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          Congenital Anomalies of the Nervous System

          Minus
          Related Pages
          Neural Tube Defects
          Anencephaly
          Craniorachischisis
          Iniencephaly
          Encephalocele
          Spina Bifida
          Page last reviewed: March 31, 2021
          Content source: Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, NCBDDD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
          homeHome
          • Manualplus icon
            • Objectives
            • 1. Surveillance of Congenital Anomaliesplus icon
              • 1.1 Introduction
              • 1.2 Purpose of congenital anomalies surveillance
              • 1.3 Types of surveillance programmes
              • 1.4 Congenital anomalies – definitions
            • 2. Planning Activities and Toolsplus icon
              • 2.1 Logic models
              • 2.2 Partners and funding
              • 2.3 Legislation
              • 2.4 Privacy and confidentiality issues
              • 2.5 Data dissemination
              • 2.6 Communicating with parents
            • 3. Approaches to Surveillanceplus icon
              • 3.1 Population coverage
              • 3.2 Case ascertainment
              • 3.3 Case finding
              • 3.4 Case inclusion
              • 3.5 Description formats for congenital anomalies
              • 3.6 Age of inclusion
              • 3.7 Inclusion of pregnancy outcomes
              • 3.8 Coding system
              • 3.9 Potential inclusion/exclusion criteria
              • 3.10 Core ascertainment variables
              • 3.11 Data-collection methods and tools
              • 3.12 Data management and protocols
              • 3.13 Data collection and management
            • 4. Diagnosing and Coding Congenital Anomaliesplus icon
              • 4.1 Lists of selected external and internal congenital anomalies to consider for monitoring
              • 4.2 Congenital Malformations of the Nervous System: Neural tube defects
              • 4.2a Anencephaly
              • 4.2b Craniorachischisis
              • 4.2c Iniencephaly
              • 4.2d Encephalocele
              • 4.2e Spina Bifida
              • 4.3 Congenital anomalies of the nervous system: Microcephaly
              • 4.4 Congenital Malformations of the Ear
              • 4.5a Overview Congenital heart defects: Prenatal diagnosis and postnatal confirmation
              • 4.5b Common Truncus
              • 4.5c Transposition of Great Arteries
              • 4.5d Tetralogy of Fallot
              • 4.5e Pulmonary Valve Atresia
              • 4.5f Tricuspid Valve Atresia
              • 4.5g Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
              • 4.5h Interrupted Aortic Arch
              • 4.6 Orofacial Clefts
              • 4.7 Congenital malformations of the digestive system
              • 4.8 Congenital Malformations of Genital Organs
              • 4.9a Congenital malformations and deformations of the musculoskeletal system: Talipes Equinovarus
              • 4.9b Congenital malformations and deformations of the musculoskeletal system: Limb reduction defects/limb deficiencies
              • 4.9c Limb Deficiency Amelia
              • 4.9d Limb Deficiency: Transverse Intercalary
              • 4.9e Limb Deficiency: Longitudinal Preaxial (Tibia, Radius, First Ray)
              • 4.9f Limb Deficiency): Longitudinal Postaxial (Fibula, Ulna, Fifth Ray)
              • 4.9g Limb Deficiency: Longitudinal Postaxial
              • 4.9h Limb Deficiency: Longitudinal Axial Limb Deficiency – Split Hand and Foot
              • 4.10 Abdominal Wall Defects
              • 4.11 Chromosomal Abnormalities
            • 5. Congenital Infectious Syndromesplus icon
              • 5.1 Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS)
              • 5.2 Congenital Syphilis
              • 5.3 Congenital Cytomegalovirus (cCMV)
              • 5.4 Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS)
            • 6. Coding and Diagnosisplus icon
              • 6.1 Coding of Congenital Anomalies
              • 6.2 International Classification of Diseases
              • 6.3 Personnel Responsible for Diagnosing and Coding
              • 6.4 Effect of the Certainty of Diagnosis on Coding
              • 6.5 Coding Multiple Congenital Anomalies
              • 6.6 Use of Codes for Surveillance, Data Analysis and Presentation
            • 7. Primer on Data Quality in Birth Defects Surveillanceplus icon
              • 7.1 Why data quality matters; A surveillance scenario
              • 7.2 Data that are “fit for use”
              • 7.3 SMART and SMARTER goals
              • 7.4 General good data strategies and practices
              • 7.5 Key Characteristics of Data Quality in Public Health Surveillance
              • 7.6 Quality Data come from Quality Processes
              • 7.7 Processes Must be Made Visible
              • 7.8 Quality and “waste” in surveillance
              • 7.9 Simple tools to improve data quality
              • Chapter 7 Concluding remark
            • Appendicesplus icon
              • Appendix A
              • Appendix B
              • Appendix C
              • Appendix D
              • Appendix E
              • Appendix F
              • Appendix G
              • Appendix H
              • Appendix I
              • Appendix J
              • Appendix K
          • Quick Reference Handbookplus icon
            • Congenital Anomalies of the Nervous Systemplus icon
              • Neural Tube Defects
              • Anencephaly
              • Craniorachischisis
              • Iniencephaly
              • Encephalocele
              • Spina Bifida
            • Congenital Anomalies of the Nervous System: Microcephaly
            • Congenital Anomalies of the Ear: Microtia/Anotia
            • Congenital Heart Defectsplus icon
              • Common Truncus
              • Transposition of Great Arteries
              • Tetralogy of Fallot
              • Pulmonary Valve Atresia
              • Tricuspid Valve Atresia
              • Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
              • Interrupted Aortic Arch
            • Orofacial Cleftsplus icon
              • Cleft Palate
              • Cleft Lip Only
              • Cleft Palate with Cleft Lip
            • Congenital Anomalies of the Digestive Systemplus icon
              • Oesophageal Atresia/Tracheo-Oesophageal Fistula
              • Large Intestinal Atresia/Stenosis
              • Anorectal Atresia/Stenosis
            • Congenital Anomalies of Genital and Urinary Organsplus icon
              • Hypospadias
              • Renal Agenesis/Hypoplasia
            • Congenital Anomalies and Deformations of the Musculoskeletal System: Talipes Equinovarus
            • Limb Reduction Defects/Limb Deficienciesplus icon
              • Amelia
              • Transverse Terminal
              • Transverse Intercalary
              • Longitudinal Preaxial (Tibia, Radius, First Ray)
              • Longitudinal Axial Defects – Split Hand and Foot
              • Longitudinal Postaxial (Fibula, Ulna, Fifth Ray)
            • Abdominal Wall Defectsplus icon
              • Omphalocele
              • Gastroschisis
            • Chromosomal Abnormalities: Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)
            • Congenital Infectious Syndromesplus icon
              • Congenital Rubella Syndrome
              • Congenital Syphilis
              • Congenital Cytomegalovirus
              • Congenital Zika Syndrome
          • Image Galleryplus icon
            • Congenital anomalies of the nervous system
            • Congenital anomalies of the ear
            • Congenital heart defects
            • Orofacial clefts
            • Congenital anomalies of the digestive system
            • Congenital anomalies of the genital and urinary organs
            • Congenital anomalies and deformations of the musculoskeletal system
            • Abdominal wall defects
            • Chromosomal abnormalities
            • Congenital infectious syndromes
          • Facilitator’s Guideplus icon
            • Birth Defects Surveillance Course Overview
            • Module 1: Introduction to Congenital Anomalies Surveillanceplus icon
              • 1.1 Public Health and Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies
              • 1.2 Congenital Anomalies
              • 1.3 Surveillance
              • 1.4 Evaluation Questions 1
            • Module 2: Introduction to Planning Activities and Toolsplus icon
              • 2.1 Logic Models
              • 2.2 Legislation
              • 2.3 Privacy and Confidentiality Issues
              • 2.4 Partnerships and Funding
              • 2.5 Communicating with Parents
              • 2.6 Evaluation Questions 2
            • Module 3: Introduction to Surveillance Approachesplus icon
              • 3.1 Epidemiology
              • 3.2 Population Coverage
              • 3.3 Case Ascertainment
              • 3.4 Case-Finding
              • 3.5 Case Inclusion
              • 3.6 Inclusion Criteria
              • 3.7 Inclusion of Pregnancy Outcomes
              • 3.8 Description Formats for Congenital Anomalies
              • 3.9 Core Ascertainment Variables
              • 3.10 Data-Collection Methods and Tools
              • 3.11 Data Collection/Management
              • 3.12 Data-Management Protocol
              • 3.13 Data Analysis
              • 3.14 Data Dissemination
              • 3.15 Evaluation Questions 3
            • Module 4: Introduction to Diagnosis of Selected Congenital Anomaliesplus icon
              • 4.1 External Major Congenital Anomalies for Monitoring
              • 4.2 Evaluation Questions 4
            • Module 5: Introduction to Codingplus icon
              • 5.1 International Classification of Diseases
              • 5.2 Certainty of Diagnosis
              • 5.3 Personnel Responsible for Diagnosis and Coding
              • 5.4 Coding Multiple Congenital Anomalies
              • 5.5 Coding of Congenital Anomalies
              • 5.6 Evaluation Questions 5
          • Resource Libraryplus icon
            • Manual (PDF)
            • Facilitator’s Guide (PDF)
            • Quick Reference Handbook (PDF)
            • Downloads
            • References
            • Glossary
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