HIV Infection Risk, Prevention, and Testing Behaviors Among Men Who Have Sex With Men—National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, 13 U.S. Cities, 2021: Tables

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Table 1. Selected characteristics of men who have sex with men — National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, 13 U.S. cities, 2021
HIV-negativea HIV-positiveb Presumed HIV-positivec No valid HIV test resultd Total
No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %
Age at interview (yr)
18-24 118 9.5 23 4.1 3 3.0 28 8.4 172 7.7
25-29 274 22.0 48 8.6 14 13.9 69 20.6 405 18.1
30-39 428 34.3 178 31.9 24 23.8 130 38.8 760 33.9
40-49 208 16.7 112 20.1 19 18.8 48 14.3 387 17.3
≥50 219 17.6 197 35.3 41 40.6 60 17.9 517 23.1
Race/ethnicity
American Indian/Alaska Native 2 0.2 2 0.4 0 0.0 0 0.0 4 0.2
Asian 92 7.4 4 0.7 4 4.0 10 3.0 110 4.9
Black/African American 388 31.1 270 48.4 35 34.7 157 46.9 850 37.9
Hispanic/Latinoe 307 24.6 128 22.9 33 32.7 81 24.2 549 24.5
Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander 8 0.6 3 0.5 0 0.0 4 1.2 15 0.7
White 383 30.7 122 21.9 25 24.8 67 20.0 597 26.6
Multiple races 62 5.0 29 5.2 4 4.0 16 4.8 111 5.0
Education
Less than high school 63 5.1 43 7.7 5 5.0 19 5.7 130 5.8
High school diploma or equivalent 242 19.4 171 30.6 21 20.8 96 28.7 530 23.7
Some college or technical degree 328 26.3 222 39.8 30 29.7 108 32.2 688 30.7
College degree or more 614 49.2 122 21.9 45 44.6 112 33.4 893 39.8
Household incomef
At or below the federal poverty level 291 23.3 221 39.6 35 34.7 93 27.8 640 28.6
Above the federal poverty level 950 76.2 331 59.3 66 65.3 236 70.4 1,583 70.6
Unemployment
Yes 212 17.0 116 20.8 19 18.8 59 17.6 406 18.1
No 1,035 83.0 442 79.2 82 81.2 276 82.4 1,835 81.9
Disability
Yes 323 25.9 223 40.0 34 33.7 96 28.7 676 30.2
No 922 73.9 333 59.7 67 66.3 239 71.3 1,561 69.7
Health insurance
Yes 1,046 83.9 505 90.5 86 85.1 281 83.9 1,918 85.6
No 200 16.0 53 9.5 15 14.9 54 16.1 322 14.4
Visited a health care provider, past 12 months
Yes 1,075 86.2 539 96.6 93 92.1 286 85.4 1,993 88.9
No 172 13.8 19 3.4 8 7.9 49 14.6 248 11.1
Homeless,g past 12 months
Yes 144 11.5 98 17.6 11 10.9 53 15.8 306 13.7
No 1,103 88.5 460 82.4 90 89.1 282 84.2 1,935 86.3
Incarcerated,h past 12 months
Yes 71 5.7 31 5.6 1 1.0 30 9.0 133 5.9
No 1,176 94.3 527 94.4 100 99.0 305 91.0 2,108 94.1
City
Atlanta, GA 49 3.9 18 3.2 10 9.9 0 0.0 77 3.4
Chicago, IL 26 2.1 22 3.9 10 9.9 30 9.0 88 3.9
Denver, CO 70 5.6 17 3.0 0 0.0 4 1.2 91 4.1
Los Angeles, CA 95 7.6 98 17.6 20 19.8 52 15.5 265 11.8
Memphis, TN 13 1.0 5 0.9 3 3.0 66 19.7 87 3.9
Miami, FL 175 14.0 54 9.7 2 2.0 1 0.3 232 10.4
New Orleans, LA 52 4.2 20 3.6 0 0.0 9 2.7 81 3.6
Newark, NJ 91 7.3 55 9.9 0 0.0 4 1.2 150 6.7
Philadelphia, PA 37 3.0 48 8.6 12 11.9 39 11.6 136 6.1
San Diego, CA 71 5.7 44 7.9 0 0.0 48 14.3 163 7.3
San Francisco, CA 278 22.3 48 8.6 30 29.7 75 22.4 431 19.2
Seattle, WA 137 11.0 24 4.3 13 12.9 3 0.9 177 7.9
Virginia Beach, VA 153 12.3 105 18.8 1 1.0 4 1.2 263 11.7
Total
Overall 1,247 100.0 558 100.0 101 100.0 335 100.0 2,241 100.0

Abbreviation: NHBS, National HIV Behavioral Surveillance [footnotes only].

Note. “Past 12 months” refers to the 12 months before interview.

aParticipants with a negative NHBS HIV test result who did not self-report a previous HIV-positive test result.
bParticipants who had a reactive rapid NHBS HIV test result that was supported by a second rapid test, supplemental laboratory-based testing, or self-report of a previous HIV-positive test result.
cParticipants who had a reactive NHBS HIV test result that was not supported by a second rapid test, supplemental laboratory-based testing, or self-report of a previous HIV-positive test result, as well as participants who self-reported a previous HIV-positive test result and had a nonreactive NHBS HIV test result. Of participants in this category, 79% only received 1 oral-based test.
dAll participants not classified as HIV-positive, presumed HIV-positive, or HIV-negative, including those who did not consent to the NHBS HIV test and those who had only 1 rapid test result that was invalid.
eHispanic/Latino persons can be of any race.
fPoverty level is based on household income and household size.
gLiving on the street, in a shelter, in a single-room-occupancy hotel, or in a car.
hHaving been held in a detention center, jail, or prison for more than 24 hours.

Table 2. HIV testing and preexposure prophylaxis among men without long standing HIV infection who have sex with men — National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, 13 U.S. cities, 2021
Ever tested Tested in past 12 monthsa PrEP awarenessb PrEP use in the past 12 monthsc Total
No. % No. % No. % No. % No.
Age at interview (yr)
18-24 146 93.6 129 82.7 136 87.2 62 39.7 156
25-29 319 93.8 265 77.9 303 89.1 138 40.6 340
30-39 536 97.1 450 81.5 499 90.4 255 46.2 552
40-49 244 96.1 192 75.6 229 90.2 109 42.9 254
≥50 255 93.8 167 61.4 234 86.0 91 33.5 272
Race/ethnicity
American Indian/Alaska Native 2 100.0 1 50.0 1 50.0 1 50.0 2
Asian 98 98.0 78 78.0 97 97.0 57 57.0 100
Black/African American 504 92.6 404 74.3 426 78.3 132 24.3 544
Hispanic/Latinod 369 95.1 308 79.4 352 90.7 171 44.1 388
Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander 11 100.0 6 54.5 11 100.0 1 9.1 11
White 434 97.3 345 77.4 434 97.3 253 56.7 446
Multiple races 77 98.7 56 71.8 75 96.2 37 47.4 78
City
Atlanta, GA 55 96.5 39 68.4 54 94.7 21 36.8 57
Chicago, IL 45 90.0 32 64.0 46 92.0 12 24.0 50
Denver, CO 71 97.3 59 80.8 72 98.6 46 63.0 73
Los Angeles, CA 129 94.2 96 70.1 120 87.6 46 33.6 137
Memphis, TN 55 85.9 44 68.8 31 48.4 2 3.1 64
Miami, FL 165 85.5 133 68.9 140 72.5 37 19.2 193
New Orleans, LA 57 96.6 51 86.4 57 96.6 38 64.4 59
Newark, NJ 98 94.2 84 80.8 74 71.2 28 26.9 104
Philadelphia, PA 71 100.0 60 84.5 64 90.1 21 29.6 71
San Diego, CA 102 99.0 89 86.4 99 96.1 40 38.8 103
San Francisco, CA 351 99.2 294 83.1 347 98.0 240 67.8 354
Seattle, WA 137 97.9 101 72.1 139 99.3 71 50.7 140
Virginia Beach, VA 164 97.0 121 71.6 158 93.5 53 31.4 169
Total
Overall 1,500 95.3 1,203 76.4 1,401 89.0 655 41.6 1,574

Abbreviation: PrEP, preexposure prophylaxis.

Note. Data include all participants who did not report a previous HIV-positive test result and participants who received their first HIV-positive test result less than 12 months before interview.

a“Past 12 months” refers to the 12 months before interview.
bEver heard of PrEP, an antiretroviral medicine taken for months or years to reduce the risk of getting HIV.
cTook PrEP at any point during the 12 months before interview to reduce the risk of getting HIV.
dHispanic/Latino persons can be of any race.

Table 3. Setting of most recent HIV test among men who have sex with men and who were tested for HIV in the 12 months before interview — National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, 13 U.S. cities, 2021
Clinical settinga Nonclinical settingb Total
No. % No. % No.
Age at interview (yr)
18-24 70 54.3 54 41.9 129
25-29 179 67.5 79 29.8 265
30-39 344 76.4 97 21.6 450
40-49 143 74.5 36 18.8 192
≥50 126 75.4 37 22.2 167
Race/ethnicity
American Indian/Alaska Native 0 0.0 0 0.0 1
Asian 60 76.9 18 23.1 78
Black/African American 261 64.6 129 31.9 404
Hispanic/Latinoc 211 68.5 88 28.6 308
Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander 6 100.0 0 0.0 6
White 283 82.0 51 14.8 345
Multiple races 37 66.1 16 28.6 56
City
Atlanta, GA 19 48.7 20 51.3 39
Chicago, IL 28 87.5 3 9.4 32
Denver, CO 50 84.7 8 13.6 59
Los Angeles, CA 72 75.0 22 22.9 96
Memphis, TN 37 84.1 4 9.1 44
Miami, FL 67 50.4 60 45.1 133
New Orleans, LA 41 80.4 5 9.8 51
Newark, NJ 43 51.2 41 48.8 84
Philadelphia, PA 35 58.3 22 36.7 60
San Diego, CA 67 75.3 21 23.6 89
San Francisco, CA 260 88.4 28 9.5 294
Seattle, WA 85 84.2 12 11.9 101
Virginia Beach, VA 58 47.9 57 47.1 121
Total
Overall 862 71.7 303 25.2 1,203

Abbreviation: HMO, health maintenance organization [footnotes only].

Note. Data report setting of most recent HIV test. Data exclude participants who did not report an HIV test during the 12 months before interview or who reported receiving an HIV-positive test result more than 12 months before interview. Percentages may not add to 100 because of missing data and “other” locations, which could not be classified as clinical or nonclinical settings.

aClinical settings include private doctor’s office (including HMO), emergency department, hospital (inpatient), public health clinic or community health center, family planning or obstetrics clinic, correctional facility, or drug treatment program.
bNonclinical settings include HIV counseling and testing site, HIV street outreach program or mobile unit, needle exchange program, or home.
cHispanic/Latino persons can be of any race.

Table 4: Sexual behavior with female and male sex partners in the 12 months before interview among men who have sex with men — National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, 13 U.S. cities, 2021
With female sex partners With male sex partners
Vaginal sex Condomless vaginal sex Anal sex Condomless anal sex Anal sex Condomless anal sex Total
No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No.
Age at interview (yr)
18-24 18 10.5 9 5.2 9 5.2 4 2.3 157 91.3 118 68.6 172
25-29 48 11.9 35 8.6 27 6.7 19 4.7 385 95.1 327 80.7 405
30-39 99 13.0 64 8.4 53 7.0 32 4.2 726 95.5 629 82.8 760
40-49 55 14.2 38 9.8 35 9.0 25 6.5 365 94.3 302 78.0 387
≥50 56 10.8 36 7.0 31 6.0 22 4.3 439 84.9 340 65.8 517
Race/ethnicity
American Indian/Alaska Native 1 25.0 1 25.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 4 100.0 3 75.0 4
Asian 3 2.7 3 2.7 3 2.7 3 2.7 101 91.8 95 86.4 110
Black/African American 168 19.8 103 12.1 90 10.6 54 6.4 786 92.5 573 67.4 850
Hispanic/Latinoa 57 10.4 39 7.1 37 6.7 25 4.6 520 94.7 440 80.1 549
Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander 1 6.7 1 6.7 0 0.0 0 0.0 13 86.7 8 53.3 15
White 30 5.0 26 4.4 15 2.5 12 2.0 548 91.8 508 85.1 597
Multiple races 15 13.5 8 7.2 10 9.0 8 7.2 95 85.6 84 75.7 111
Self-reported HIV-positive
Yes 49 7.1 29 4.2 24 3.5 15 2.2 638 91.9 519 74.8 694
No 227 14.7 153 9.9 131 8.5 87 5.6 1,434 92.7 1,197 77.4 1,547
City
Atlanta, GA 7 9.1 2 2.6 4 5.2 0 0.0 67 87.0 57 74.0 77
Chicago, IL 9 10.2 6 6.8 3 3.4 3 3.4 80 90.9 64 72.7 88
Denver, CO 7 7.7 6 6.6 3 3.3 2 2.2 87 95.6 81 89.0 91
Los Angeles, CA 30 11.3 21 7.9 23 8.7 19 7.2 243 91.7 204 77.0 265
Memphis, TN 13 14.9 7 8.0 9 10.3 6 6.9 78 89.7 41 47.1 87
Miami, FL 94 40.5 58 25.0 58 25.0 39 16.8 219 94.4 144 62.1 232
New Orleans, LA 10 12.3 7 8.6 6 7.4 4 4.9 77 95.1 69 85.2 81
Newark, NJ 17 11.3 13 8.7 11 7.3 7 4.7 137 91.3 101 67.3 150
Philadelphia, PA 15 11.0 11 8.1 8 5.9 5 3.7 125 91.9 95 69.9 136
San Diego, CA 8 4.9 5 3.1 6 3.7 4 2.5 153 93.9 133 81.6 163
San Francisco, CA 21 4.9 15 3.5 9 2.1 6 1.4 400 92.8 380 88.2 431
Seattle, WA 3 1.7 2 1.1 3 1.7 1 0.6 168 94.9 160 90.4 177
Virginia Beach, VA 42 16.0 29 11.0 12 4.6 6 2.3 238 90.5 187 71.1 263
Total
Overall 276 12.3 182 8.1 155 6.9 102 4.6 2,072 92.5 1,716 76.6 2,241

a Hispanic/Latino persons can be of any race.

Table 5: Sexual behavior with male partners in the 12 months before interview among men who have sex with men, by partner type — National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, 13 U.S. cities, 2021
Main male partnera  Casual male partnerb Main and casual male partners–sex of any typec Total
Anal sex Condomless anal sex Anal sex Condomless anal sex
No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No.
Age at interview (yr)
18-24 114 66.3 93 54.1 117 68.0 69 40.1 74 43.0 172
25-29 260 64.2 231 57.0 291 71.9 206 50.9 166 41.0 405
30-39 472 62.1 414 54.5 543 71.4 427 56.2 289 38.0 760
40-49 206 53.2 176 45.5 292 75.5 225 58.1 133 34.4 387
≥50 217 42.0 157 30.4 346 66.9 269 52.0 124 24.0 517
Race/ethnicity
American Indian/Alaska Native 1 25.0 1 25.0 4 100.0 3 75.0 1 25.0 4
Asian 60 54.5 56 50.9 80 72.7 66 60.0 39 35.5 110
Black/African American 508 59.8 384 45.2 550 64.7 343 40.4 272 32.0 850
Hispanic/Latinod 325 59.2 275 50.1 412 75.0 326 59.4 217 39.5 549
Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander 6 40.0 4 26.7 11 73.3 7 46.7 4 26.7 15
White 311 52.1 296 49.6 454 76.0 390 65.3 217 36.3 597
Multiple races 56 50.5 53 47.7 73 65.8 57 51.4 34 30.6 111
Self-reported HIV-positive
Yes 380 54.8 305 43.9 491 70.7 379 54.6 233 33.6 694
No 889 57.5 766 49.5 1,098 71.0 817 52.8 553 35.7 1,547
City
Atlanta, GA 45 58.4 41 53.2 51 66.2 38 49.4 29 37.7 77
Chicago, IL 50 56.8 39 44.3 59 67.0 39 44.3 29 33.0 88
Denver, CO 52 57.1 48 52.7 78 85.7 68 74.7 43 47.3 91
Los Angeles, CA 131 49.4 114 43.0 206 77.7 153 57.7 94 35.5 265
Memphis, TN 63 72.4 30 34.5 39 44.8 24 27.6 24 27.6 87
Miami, FL 102 44.0 66 28.4 165 71.1 107 46.1 48 20.7 232
New Orleans, LA 51 63.0 47 58.0 62 76.5 46 56.8 36 44.4 81
Newark, NJ 91 60.7 72 48.0 94 62.7 52 34.7 48 32.0 150
Philadelphia, PA 94 69.1 76 55.9 75 55.1 44 32.4 44 32.4 136
San Diego, CA 85 52.1 79 48.5 117 71.8 91 55.8 49 30.1 163
San Francisco, CA 237 55.0 223 51.7 342 79.4 309 71.7 179 41.5 431
Seattle, WA 109 61.6 104 58.8 139 78.5 119 67.2 80 45.2 177
Virginia Beach, VA 159 60.5 132 50.2 162 61.6 106 40.3 83 31.6 263
Total
Overall 1,269 56.6 1,071 47.8 1,589 70.9 1,196 53.4 786 35.1 2,241

aIncludes all participants who had at least 1 main male partner, including those with casual partners.
bIncludes all participants who had at least 1 casual male partner, including those with main partners.
cParticipants who reported oral or anal sex with at least 1 male main partner and at least 1 male casual partner in the 12 months before interview.
dHispanic/Latino persons can be of any race.

Table 6. Anal sex with a male sex partner at last sex among men who have sex with men — National HIV Behavioral Surveillance,13 U.S. cities, 2021
Most recent sex partner was male Most recent sex partner was not malea Total
Insertiveb anal sex only Receptivec anal sex only Both insertiveb and receptivec anal sex No
anal sexd,e
Totale Condomlessf Totale Condomlessg Totale Condomlessh
No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No.
Age at interview (yr)
18-24 41 23.8 23 13.4 63 36.6 41 23.8 32 18.6 22 12.8 29 16.9 7 4.1 172
25-29 123 30.4 78 19.3 122 30.1 87 21.5 73 18.0 47 11.6 74 18.3 13 3.2 405
30-39 274 36.1 212 27.9 194 25.5 150 19.7 149 19.6 107 14.1 112 14.7 30 3.9 760
40-49 143 37.0 110 28.4 94 24.3 78 20.2 73 18.9 42 10.9 66 17.1 11 2.8 387
≥50 135 26.1 93 18.0 118 22.8 83 16.1 97 18.8 54 10.4 148 28.6 19 3.7 517
Race/ethnicity
American Indian/Alaska Native 2 50.0 1 25.0 1 25.0 1 25.0 1 25.0 1 25.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 4
Asian 25 22.7 24 21.8 35 31.8 29 26.4 13 11.8 10 9.1 36 32.7 1 0.9 110
Black/African American 305 35.9 172 20.2 190 22.4 116 13.6 183 21.5 94 11.1 126 14.8 46 5.4 850
Hispanic/Latinoi 173 31.5 142 25.9 152 27.7 117 21.3 119 21.7 76 13.8 86 15.7 19 3.5 549
Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander 7 46.7 6 40.0 3 20.0 0 0.0 2 13.3 0 0.0 3 20.0 0 0.0 15
White 172 28.8 148 24.8 176 29.5 152 25.5 85 14.2 72 12.1 156 26.1 8 1.3 597
Multiple races 30 27.0 21 18.9 33 29.7 23 20.7 21 18.9 19 17.1 21 18.9 6 5.4 111
Self-reported HIV-positive
Yes 161 23.2 113 16.3 239 34.4 170 24.5 149 21.5 100 14.4 130 18.7 15 2.2 694
No 555 35.9 403 26.1 352 22.8 269 17.4 275 17.8 172 11.1 299 19.3 65 4.2 1,547
City
Atlanta, GA 26 33.8 15 19.5 21 27.3 17 22.1 13 16.9 8 10.4 16 20.8 1 1.3 77
Chicago, IL 21 23.9 15 17.0 24 27.3 20 22.7 20 22.7 10 11.4 21 23.9 2 2.3 88
Denver, CO 22 24.2 18 19.8 27 29.7 25 27.5 17 18.7 15 16.5 25 27.5 0 0.0 91
Los Angeles, CA 68 25.7 56 21.1 72 27.2 48 18.1 66 24.9 47 17.7 49 18.5 10 3.8 265
Memphis, TN 23 26.4 9 10.3 21 24.1 11 12.6 28 32.2 8 9.2 13 14.9 2 2.3 87
Miami, FL 102 44.0 45 19.4 35 15.1 18 7.8 61 26.3 28 12.1 5 2.2 29 12.5 232
New Orleans, LA 26 32.1 22 27.2 18 22.2 16 19.8 16 19.8 11 13.6 19 23.5 2 2.5 81
Newark, NJ 50 33.3 28 18.7 44 29.3 24 16.0 27 18.0 16 10.7 20 13.3 9 6.0 150
Philadelphia, PA 42 30.9 25 18.4 39 28.7 25 18.4 27 19.9 11 8.1 22 16.2 6 4.4 136
San Diego, CA 50 30.7 41 25.2 46 28.2 37 22.7 32 19.6 27 16.6 31 19.0 4 2.5 163
San Francisco, CA 130 30.2 117 27.1 115 26.7 105 24.4 66 15.3 57 13.2 114 26.5 5 1.2 431
Seattle, WA 62 35.0 58 32.8 57 32.2 47 26.6 20 11.3 16 9.0 38 21.5 0 0.0 177
Virginia Beach, VA 94 35.7 67 25.5 72 27.4 46 17.5 31 11.8 18 6.8 56 21.3 10 3.8 263
Total
Overall 716 32.0 516 23.0 591 26.4 439 19.6 424 18.9 272 12.1 429 19.1 80 3.6 2,241

Note. Percentages may not add to 100 because of missing data.

aIncludes participants whose most recent sex partner was female (n = 76) and participants who did not report the gender of their most recent sex partner (n = 3).
bThe participant placed his penis in his partner’s anus.
cThe participant’s sex partner placed his penis in the participant’s anus.
dThe participant reported neither insertive anal sex nor receptive anal sex with a male partner at last sex.
eThe categories—insertive anal sex, receptive anal sex, both insertive and receptive anal sex, and no anal sex—are mutually exclusive.
fAt last sex, the participant did not use a condom during insertive anal sex.
gAt last sex, the participant had receptive anal sex and his partner did not use a condom.
hAt last sex, the participant did not use a condom during insertive anal sex, or during receptive anal sex, the participant’s partner did not use a condom.
iHispanic/Latino persons can be of any race.

Table 7. Diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men — National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, 13 U.S. cities, 2021
Diagnosis during the 12 months before interview Diagnosis, ever
Any bacterial STIa Chlamydia Gonorrhea Syphilis Genital warts Genital herpes Total
No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No.
Age at interview (yr)
18-24 57 33.1 31 18.0 35 20.3 12 7.0 9 5.2 3 1.7 172
25-29 99 24.4 54 13.3 64 15.8 36 8.9 16 4.0 22 5.4 405
30-39 192 25.3 96 12.6 112 14.7 85 11.2 67 8.8 70 9.2 760
40-49 79 20.4 34 8.8 47 12.1 31 8.0 60 15.5 40 10.3 387
≥50 88 17.0 45 8.7 41 7.9 44 8.5 91 17.6 68 13.2 517
Race/ethnicity
American Indian/Alaska Native 2 50.0 0 0.0 1 25.0 1 25.0 1 25.0 0 0.0 4
Asian 28 25.5 14 12.7 22 20.0 6 5.5 7 6.4 10 9.1 110
Black/African American 178 20.9 66 7.8 93 10.9 93 10.9 38 4.5 38 4.5 850
Hispanic/Latinob 127 23.1 67 12.2 72 13.1 57 10.4 64 11.7 64 11.7 549
Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander 2 13.3 1 6.7 1 6.7 2 13.3 1 6.7 2 13.3 15
White 148 24.8 97 16.2 92 15.4 34 5.7 121 20.3 79 13.2 597
Multiple races 30 27.0 15 13.5 18 16.2 15 13.5 10 9.0 9 8.1 111
Self-reported HIV-positive
Yes 228 32.9 96 13.8 118 17.0 139 20.0 122 17.6 87 12.5 694
No 287 18.6 164 10.6 181 11.7 69 4.5 121 7.8 116 7.5 1,547
City
Atlanta, GA 25 32.5 14 18.2 13 16.9 6 7.8 4 5.2 7 9.1 77
Chicago, IL 20 22.7 10 11.4 8 9.1 12 13.6 6 6.8 3 3.4 88
Denver, CO 26 28.6 18 19.8 19 20.9 4 4.4 12 13.2 8 8.8 91
Los Angeles, CA 81 30.6 30 11.3 42 15.8 46 17.4 34 12.8 35 13.2 265
Memphis, TN 12 13.8 4 4.6 1 1.1 9 10.3 2 2.3 3 3.4 87
Miami, FL 21 9.1 5 2.2 13 5.6 13 5.6 9 3.9 6 2.6 232
New Orleans, LA 14 17.3 6 7.4 9 11.1 3 3.7 7 8.6 4 4.9 81
Newark, NJ 31 20.7 13 8.7 16 10.7 16 10.7 4 2.7 7 4.7 150
Philadelphia, PA 30 22.1 12 8.8 18 13.2 14 10.3 11 8.1 8 5.9 136
San Diego, CA 47 28.8 26 16.0 27 16.6 17 10.4 27 16.6 19 11.7 163
San Francisco, CA 110 25.5 63 14.6 79 18.3 27 6.3 83 19.3 67 15.5 431
Seattle, WA 43 24.3 31 17.5 25 14.1 12 6.8 27 15.3 24 13.6 177
Virginia Beach, VA 55 20.9 28 10.6 29 11.0 29 11.0 17 6.5 12 4.6 263
Total
Overall 515 23.0 260 11.6 299 13.3 208 9.3 243 10.8 203 9.1 2,241

Abbreviation: STI, sexually transmitted infection.

aAny bacterial STI includes having received a diagnosis of gonorrhea, chlamydia, or syphilis in the 12 months before interview.
bHispanic/Latino persons can be of any race.

Table 8. Drug use in the 12 months before interview and binge drinking in the 30 days before interview among men who have sex with men — National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, 13 U.S. cities, 2021
Used drug
No. %
Binge drinking (past 30 days)a 370 16.5
Any injection drugs 129 5.8
Any noninjection drugs (excludes binge drinking) 1,455 64.9
       Cocaine 402 17.9
       Crack 139 6.2
       Downersb 163 7.3
       Ecstasy 354 15.8
      Heroin 33 1.5
      Marijuana 1,314 58.6
      Methamphetamine 307 13.7
      Prescription opioidsc 115 5.1

Disclaimer: The use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Department of Health and Human Services or the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

aDefined as 5 or more drinks at one sitting during the 30 days before interview.
bSuch as Klonopin, Valium, Ativan, or Xanax.
cSuch as OxyContin, Vicodin, morphine, or Percocet.

National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, 13 U.S. cities, 2021
Number of male sex partners Exchange sexa Unprotected sex with HIV-discordant partner at last sexb Free condomsc Individual- or group-level interventiond Total
Median(Q1-Q3) No. % No. % No. % No. % No.
Age at interview (yr)
18-24 4(2-7) 23 13.4 12 7.0 103 59.9 55 32.0 172
25-29 4(2-10) 48 11.9 35 8.6 225 55.6 114 28.1 405
30-39 4(2-12) 100 13.2 62 8.2 382 50.3 212 27.9 760
40-49 4(2-10) 58 15.0 39 10.1 190 49.1 96 24.8 387
≥50 3(2-10) 71 13.7 38 7.4 247 47.8 129 25.0 517
Race/ethnicity
American Indian/Alaska Native 5.5(3.5-16) 2 50.0 0 0.0 3 75.0 1 25.0 4
Asian 5(3-10) 6 5.5 6 5.5 49 44.5 19 17.3 110
Black/African American 3(1-6) 123 14.5 85 10.0 498 58.6 276 32.5 850
Hispanic/Latinoe 5(2-12) 82 14.9 56 10.2 301 54.8 164 29.9 549
Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander 3(2-8) 2 13.3 2 13.3 8 53.3 4 26.7 15
White 6(3-20) 68 11.4 29 4.9 227 38.0 111 18.6 597
Multiple races 3(1-8) 16 14.4 7 6.3 57 51.4 30 27.0 111
Self-reported HIV-positive
Yes 4(2-10) 124 17.9 9 1.3 421 60.7 237 34.1 694
No 4(2-10) 176 11.4 177 11.4 726 46.9 369 23.9 1,547
City
Atlanta, GA 4(2-10) 4 5.2 5 6.5 43 55.8 18 23.4 77
Chicago, IL 3(2-8) 15 17.0 7 8.0 51 58.0 30 34.1 88
Denver, CO 9(4-20) 5 5.5 4 4.4 38 41.8 13 14.3 91
Los Angeles, CA 4(2-10) 61 23.0 29 10.9 183 69.1 98 37.0 265
Memphis, TN 1(1-4) 12 13.8 7 8.0 31 35.6 28 32.2 87
Miami, FL 2(1-5) 37 15.9 37 15.9 109 47.0 45 19.4 232
New Orleans, LA 5(2-12) 13 16.0 3 3.7 47 58.0 26 32.1 81
Newark, NJ 3(2-5) 25 16.7 17 11.3 94 62.7 64 42.7 150
Philadelphia, PA 2(1-5) 13 9.6 6 4.4 84 61.8 42 30.9 136
San Diego, CA 5(2-15) 21 12.9 16 9.8 76 46.6 46 28.2 163
San Francisco, CA 8(3-20) 44 10.2 17 3.9 137 31.8 85 19.7 431
Seattle, WA 6(3-15) 14 7.9 20 11.3 102 57.6 29 16.4 177
Virginia Beach, VA 3(1-6) 36 13.7 18 6.8 152 57.8 82 31.2 263
Total
Overall 4(2-10) 300 13.4 186 8.3 1,147 51.2 606 27.0 2,241

Abbreviations: Q, quartile; NHBS, National HIV Behavioral Surveillance [footnotes only]; PrEP, preexposure prophylaxis [footnotes only].

Note. Unless otherwise stated, outcomes are reported for the 12 months before interview.

a“Exchange sex” refers to giving or receiving money or drugs from a male casual partner in exchange for sex.
b“Unprotected sex” refers to sex without the participant’s use of either condoms or HIV medications (i.e., HIV PrEP or antiretrovirals). “HIV-discordant partner” refers to a sex partner of different or unknown HIV status.
cExcludes condoms received from friends, relatives, or sex partners.
dIndividual-level intervention defined as a one-on-one conversation with an outreach worker, a counselor, or a prevention program worker about ways to prevent HIV. Group-level intervention defined as a small group discussion that is part of an organized session about ways to prevent HIV; excludes informal discussions with friends. Conversations that were part of obtaining an HIV test were excluded.
eHispanic/Latino persons can be of any race.

Table 10: Receipt of HIV care and treatment among self-reported HIV-positive men who have sex with men — National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, 13 U.S. cities, 2021
Visited health care provider about HIV Current
antiretrovirals use		 Total
Ever Within a month after diagnosis During past 6 months
No. % No. % No. % No. % No.
Age at interview (yr)
18-24 21 95.5 19 86.4 19 86.4 21 95.5 22
25-29 68 95.8 52 73.2 61 85.9 66 93.0 71
30-39 212 97.2 154 70.6 191 87.6 202 92.7 218
40-49 133 98.5 98 72.6 120 88.9 131 97.0 135
≥50 246 99.2 157 63.3 217 87.5 241 97.2 248
Race/ethnicity
American Indian/Alaska Native 2 100.0 2 100.0 2 100.0 2 100.0 2
Asian 11 100.0 6 54.5 9 81.8 11 100.0 11
Black/African American 316 97.8 228 70.6 287 88.9 306 94.7 323
Hispanic/Latinoa 164 97.6 111 66.1 149 88.7 160 95.2 168
Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander 4 100.0 3 75.0 4 100.0 4 100.0 4
White 149 98.0 109 71.7 128 84.2 146 96.1 152
Multiple races 34 100.0 21 61.8 29 85.3 32 94.1 34
City
Atlanta, GA 22 100.0 14 63.6 21 95.5 22 100.0 22
Chicago, IL 37 97.4 28 73.7 31 81.6 37 97.4 38
Denver, CO 18 100.0 15 83.3 15 83.3 18 100.0 18
Los Angeles, CA 135 97.8 92 66.7 127 92.0 132 95.7 138
Memphis, TN 22 95.7 11 47.8 20 87.0 22 95.7 23
Miami, FL 37 92.5 30 75.0 36 90.0 35 87.5 40
New Orleans, LA 22 100.0 18 81.8 20 90.9 22 100.0 22
Newark, NJ 49 98.0 39 78.0 46 92.0 48 96.0 50
Philadelphia, PA 64 97.0 47 71.2 59 89.4 63 95.5 66
San Diego, CA 61 100.0 32 52.5 57 93.4 58 95.1 61
San Francisco, CA 79 100.0 60 75.9 62 78.5 76 96.2 79
Seattle, WA 36 97.3 27 73.0 29 78.4 34 91.9 37
Virginia Beach, VA 98 98.0 67 67.0 85 85.0 94 94.0 100
Total
Overall 680 98.0 480 69.2 608 87.6 661 95.2 694

Abbreviation: NHBS, National HIV Behavioral Surveillance [footnotes only].

Note. Data include all participants who reported having ever received an HIV-positive test result, regardless of NHBS HIV test result. “Past 6 months” refers to the 6 months before interview.

aHispanic/Latino persons can be of any race.

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