ORIGINAL RESEARCH

The Effect of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania Clean Indoor Air Act on Food Services and Drinking Places Sales and Numbers, 1998-2011

Figure 1 consists of 4 graphs that depict the effect of the Philadelphia and the Pennsylvania Clean Indoor Air Act on adjusted sales at 4 types of businesses: full-service restaurants, limited service eating places, special food service restaurants, and places that serve alcohol. Adjusted sales are shown for 3 areas: Philadelphia, the rest of the state, and the surrounding 4 counties.

Year/Quarter	Full-Service Restaurant			Limited Service
	Philadelphia	Rest of State	Surrounding 4 Counties	Philadelphia	Rest of State	Surrounding 4 Counties
1998/1	6.25	7.47	32.23	1.95	4.29	20.62
1998/2	6.19	6.55	30.33	2.04	4.15	20.93
1998/3	5.81	6.57	30.27	2.12	4.22	21.94
1998/4	5.25	4.51	24.78	1.77	2.81	16.48
1999/1	6.85	6.80	32.83	2.64	4.36	22.77
1999/2	6.52	6.19	31.84	2.66	4.33	23.66
1999/3	6.28	6.84	32.16	2.59	4.79	24.35
1999/4	5.47	4.49	25.23	2.25	3.03	17.99
2000/1	7.23	7.30	34.33	3.34	4.97	25.97
2000/2	7.00	6.37	33.11	3.29	4.79	26.83
2000/3	6.42	6.93	32.80	3.05	5.17	27.16
2000/4	4.67	4.51	24.58	2.21	3.21	18.62
2001/1	6.68	7.06	32.03	3.26	4.99	24.70
2001/2	6.29	6.76	32.43	3.07	4.96	25.52
2001/3	5.44	7.32	31.48	3.02	5.40	25.10
2001/4	4.89	4.66	23.61	2.49	3.20	17.55
2002/1	7.10	6.38	29.80	3.63	4.37	22.93
2002/2	9.06	6.18	26.84	4.50	4.48	21.22
2002/3	7.30	6.65	26.55	4.06	4.75	21.73
2002/4	5.76	4.50	20.34	3.01	3.00	15.17
2003/1	7.13	6.62	25.04	3.99	4.41	19.55
2003/2	7.09	5.88	23.85	3.92	4.13	19.02
2003/3	6.83	6.63	21.85	3.94	4.66	18.57
2003/4	5.58	4.42	16.98	3.09	2.96	13.50
2004/1	7.46	6.57	21.80	4.21	4.35	17.29
2004/2	7.25	5.71	20.20	4.11	4.13	16.92
2004/3	6.57	6.26	20.46	3.91	4.54	17.73
2004/4	5.28	4.22	17.43	3.02	2.92	14.26
2005/1	7.08	6.54	21.70	4.24	4.56	18.17
2005/2	7.80	6.06	21.63	4.60	4.46	18.51
2005/3	7.10	6.57	21.87	4.43	4.84	19.60
2005/4	6.19	4.32	18.16	3.30	3.01	14.60
2006/1	8.62	6.56	22.75	4.54	4.53	18.46
2006/2	8.50	5.76	20.67	4.38	4.20	17.36
2006/3	8.62	6.60	20.40	4.46	4.86	17.92
2006/4	6.59	4.54	16.34	3.36	3.16	13.06
2007/1	9.29	6.70	20.52	5.06	4.70	16.48
2007/2	8.78	6.45	18.25	4.48	4.69	14.90
2007/3	7.74	7.04	18.24	4.08	5.13	15.61
2007/4	6.34	4.77	15.20	3.36	3.31	12.09
2008/1	8.87	7.15	19.89	4.91	4.99	16.47
2008/2	8.74	6.37	17.07	4.87	4.73	14.59
2008/3	7.74	6.88	16.13	4.42	5.11	14.55
2008/4	6.29	4.84	14.70	3.59	3.48	12.52
2009/1	9.72	6.25	19.00	6.03	4.51	16.66
2009/2	8.02	6.36	16.85	5.30	4.81	15.10
2009/3	8.02	6.69	16.66	5.71	5.13	15.79
2009/4	5.20	4.78	14.96	3.51	3.58	13.25
2010/1	7.65	6.51	18.51	5.25	4.99	16.68
2010/2	7.17	6.19	17.19	4.87	4.97	16.01
2010/3	5.75	6.68	17.89	4.29	5.41	17.02
2010/4	4.31	4.83	15.42	3.00	3.72	13.63
2011/1	8.07	6.73	19.09	5.60	5.30	17.29
2011/2	7.32	6.23	16.61	5.03	5.02	15.59
2011/3	6.20	6.64	16.69	4.55	5.40	16.42
2011/4	4.35	4.77	13.87	3.13	3.75	12.53

 

Year/Quarter	Special Food			Drinking Place
	Philadelphia	Rest of State	Surrounding 4 Counties	Philadelphia	Rest of State	Surrounding 4 Counties
1998/1	1.77	0.18	2.59	1.51	0.80	3.27
1998/2	1.94	0.22	2.90	1.55	0.68	3.00
1998/3	1.96	0.25	2.70	1.41	0.67	3.08
1998/4	1.56	0.16	2.40	1.33	0.48	2.14
1999/1	1.97	0.19	2.50	1.01	0.72	2.85
1999/2	2.19	0.22	3.24	0.94	0.63	2.74
1999/3	2.04	0.26	3.19	0.88	0.69	2.74
1999/4	1.81	0.16	2.68	0.80	0.48	1.98
2000/1	2.30	0.19	3.14	1.07	0.78	2.91
2000/2	2.55	0.23	3.83	0.97	0.67	2.72
2000/3	2.38	0.27	3.79	0.92	0.71	2.78
2000/4	1.73	0.16	3.00	0.67	0.47	2.02
2001/1	2.25	0.18	3.15	1.01	0.77	2.74
2001/2	2.85	0.25	4.14	0.90	0.69	2.64
2001/3	2.15	0.27	3.89	0.82	0.72	2.54
2001/4	1.93	0.15	2.94	0.73	0.48	1.84
2002/1	2.56	0.14	3.08	1.05	0.67	2.48
2002/2	3.98	0.22	3.57	1.19	0.62	2.15
2002/3	2.84	0.23	3.55	1.07	0.64	2.19
2002/4	2.26	0.14	2.89	0.78	0.45	1.63
2003/1	2.49	0.16	2.76	0.96	0.68	2.11
2003/2	2.85	0.21	3.30	0.89	0.57	1.89
2003/3	2.86	0.24	3.07	0.83	0.60	1.81
2003/4	1.86	0.15	2.34	0.68	0.42	1.33
2004/1	2.46	0.18	2.41	0.90	0.63	1.74
2004/2	3.26	0.22	2.88	0.82	0.53	1.57
2004/3	2.95	0.26	2.86	0.74	0.57	1.64
2004/4	1.63	0.15	2.46	0.60	0.39	1.35
2005/1	1.92	0.19	2.57	0.81	0.60	1.71
2005/2	3.20	0.25	3.37	0.81	0.54	1.64
2005/3	2.98	0.27	3.08	0.77	0.56	1.66
2005/4	1.95	0.16	2.56	0.63	0.36	1.21
2006/1	2.54	0.18	2.50	0.89	0.54	1.51
2006/2	2.98	0.24	3.05	0.79	0.51	1.31
2006/3	3.14	0.29	2.87	0.80	0.52	1.31
2006/4	2.06	0.19	2.13	0.60	0.36	0.96
2007/1	2.39	0.21	2.19	0.82	0.53	1.18
2007/2	2.86	0.30	2.57	0.74	0.51	1.05
2007/3	2.73	0.33	2.44	0.59	0.53	1.05
2007/4	1.72	0.21	1.99	0.48	0.36	0.80
2008/1	2.16	0.24	2.22	0.66	0.53	1.08
2008/2	3.31	0.31	2.36	0.66	0.48	0.92
2008/3	3.09	0.35	2.08	0.56	0.50	0.88
2008/4	2.02	0.20	1.85	0.45	0.36	0.73
2009/1	2.65	0.20	1.72	0.70	0.46	0.94
2009/2	3.01	0.30	2.23	0.58	0.48	0.85
2009/3	3.35	0.33	2.06	0.59	0.49	0.89
2009/4	1.70	0.20	1.84	0.37	0.36	0.79
2010/1	1.85	0.22	1.67	0.55	0.48	0.99
2010/2	2.72	0.30	2.15	0.50	0.46	0.96
2010/3	2.46	0.36	2.22	0.40	0.47	1.01
2010/4	1.40	0.22	1.79	0.29	0.36	0.79
2011/1	2.16	0.24	1.69	0.52	0.49	1.01
2011/2	2.72	0.33	2.08	0.47	0.46	0.93
2011/3	2.38	0.35	2.21	0.42	0.48	0.97
2011/4	1.20	0.21	1.68	0.27	0.35	0.73

Figure 1. Effect of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania Clean Indoor Air Act (CIAA) on adjusted sales for each region and type of food service or drinking place, 1998–2011. Philadelphia County enacted a CIAA in January 2007, and the Pennsylvania CIAA became effective in September 2008; both dates are indicated by vertical lines.

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Figure 2 consists of 4 graphs that depict the effect of the Philadelphia and the Pennsylvania Clean Indoor Air Act on the adjusted number of businesses of 4 types: full-service restaurants, limited service eating places, special food service restaurants, and places that serve alcohol. The adjusted number of businesses shown are for 3 areas: Philadelphia, the rest of the state, and the surrounding 4 counties.

Year/Quarter	Full-Service Restaurants			Limited Service
	Philadelphia	Rest of State	Surrounding 4 Counties	Philadelphia	Rest of State	Surrounding 4 Counties
1998/1	6.55	10.19	9.65	3.09	3.90	4.92
1998/2	6.02	9.28	8.84	3.05	3.64	4.80
1998/3	6.27	10.19	9.48	3.40	4.29	5.52
1998/4	6.01	9.01	8.91	3.41	3.88	5.37
1999/1	6.13	10.29	9.47	3.83	4.80	6.03
1999/2	6.18	8.65	8.88	3.96	4.17	5.94
1999/3	6.34	9.69	9.34	4.17	5.01	6.60
1999/4	5.93	8.23	8.06	4.05	4.31	5.88
2000/1	6.06	8.91	8.49	4.37	5.05	6.51
2000/2	5.52	7.57	7.63	4.05	4.35	5.98
2000/3	5.84	8.35	7.58	4.41	5.07	6.22
2000/4	5.73	7.41	7.44	4.26	4.43	5.88
2001/1	5.76	8.22	7.94	4.37	5.05	6.34
2001/2	5.38	7.07	7.47	3.95	4.26	5.90
2001/3	5.44	7.46	7.54	4.02	4.62	6.14
2001/4	5.27	6.42	6.99	3.92	3.85	5.60
2002/1	5.26	6.61	7.27	3.91	4.06	5.84
2002/2	5.07	5.83	6.51	3.79	3.56	5.24
2002/3	4.87	5.92	6.41	3.71	3.76	5.26
2002/4	4.53	5.58	5.75	3.52	3.49	4.71
2003/1	4.48	5.50	5.99	3.61	3.59	4.99
2003/2	4.46	5.17	5.49	3.69	3.36	4.70
2003/3	4.41	5.16	5.48	3.76	3.46	4.74
2003/4	4.20	4.75	5.27	3.56	3.17	4.58
2004/1	4.32	4.84	5.49	3.84	3.35	4.87
2004/2	4.23	4.56	5.15	3.79	3.20	4.57
2004/3	4.14	4.60	5.37	3.86	3.37	4.76
2004/4	3.92	4.38	4.98	3.79	3.17	4.49
2005/1	3.80	5.08	5.27	3.83	3.86	4.89
2005/2	3.70	4.29	4.81	3.74	3.20	4.43
2005/3	3.61	4.67	5.03	3.81	3.67	4.79
2005/4	3.59	4.12	4.62	3.77	3.14	4.37
2006/1	3.59	5.23	5.36	3.81	4.27	5.23
2006/2	3.42	3.90	4.58	3.66	3.03	4.33
2006/3	3.45	4.79	5.12	3.82	3.99	5.04
2006/4	3.34	3.82	4.40	3.64	3.03	4.12
2007/1	3.53	4.95	5.40	3.88	4.19	5.20
2007/2	3.32	3.66	4.19	3.64	2.98	3.94
2007/3	3.40	4.60	4.93	3.84	3.96	4.93
2007/4	3.27	3.55	4.02	3.64	2.91	3.98
2008/1	3.45	4.79	4.66	3.88	4.14	4.84
2008/2	3.24	3.38	3.82	3.60	2.84	3.90
2008/3	3.39	4.31	4.44	3.87	3.82	4.63
2008/4	3.34	3.43	3.88	3.77	2.91	3.95
2009/1	3.48	4.36	4.39	4.01	3.88	4.64
2009/2	3.23	3.33	3.67	3.65	2.87	3.80
2009/3	3.29	3.96	4.18	3.83	3.58	4.45
2009/4	3.24	3.42	3.69	3.73	2.94	3.81
2010/1	3.35	4.46	4.36	3.96	4.07	4.63
2010/2	3.09	3.30	3.71	3.60	2.93	3.88
2010/3	3.26	4.21	4.28	3.92	3.94	4.69
2010/4	3.23	3.35	3.61	3.74	2.98	3.85
2011/1	3.44	4.55	4.46	4.13	4.20	4.88
2011/2	3.23	3.29	3.57	3.82	2.95	3.87
2011/3	3.50	4.27	4.35	4.28	3.99	4.77

 

Year/Quarter	Special Food Services			Drinking Places
	Philadelphia	Rest of State	Surrounding 4 Counties	Philadelphia	Rest of State	Surrounding 4 Counties
1998/1	0.39	0.40	0.80	4.13	5.15	2.95
1998/2	0.38	0.42	0.77	4.01	5.13	2.81
1998/3	0.42	0.48	0.87	4.00	5.21	2.96
1998/4	0.41	0.44	0.84	4.06	5.13	2.91
1999/1	0.43	0.53	0.92	4.08	5.41	2.99
1999/2	0.44	0.45	0.88	4.31	5.02	2.92
1999/3	0.46	0.51	0.98	4.19	5.17	3.01
1999/4	0.45	0.45	0.87	4.24	4.87	2.70
2000/1	0.48	0.48	0.98	4.26	4.93	2.83
2000/2	0.44	0.45	0.90	4.05	4.58	2.62
2000/3	0.50	0.52	0.91	4.14	4.69	2.62
2000/4	0.49	0.46	0.87	4.12	4.53	2.61
2001/1	0.51	0.52	0.97	3.98	4.67	2.73
2001/2	0.48	0.45	0.93	3.83	4.37	2.65
2001/3	0.50	0.49	1.00	3.67	4.22	2.67
2001/4	0.48	0.41	0.95	3.65	3.90	2.50
2002/1	0.48	0.44	0.99	3.51	3.67	2.53
2002/2	0.48	0.42	0.92	3.44	3.49	2.28
2002/3	0.47	0.44	0.97	3.17	3.21	2.19
2002/4	0.45	0.43	0.88	3.04	3.26	1.98
2003/1	0.44	0.44	0.98	2.91	2.96	2.04
2003/2	0.43	0.45	0.92	2.93	2.97	1.88
2003/3	0.43	0.47	0.93	2.75	2.72	1.83
2003/4	0.42	0.44	0.94	2.61	2.72	1.78
2004/1	0.44	0.46	1.01	2.60	2.55	1.80
2004/2	0.45	0.46	0.99	2.56	2.54	1.68
2004/3	0.44	0.48	1.04	2.39	2.36	1.68
2004/4	0.42	0.46	0.96	2.32	2.39	1.55
2005/1	0.42	0.53	1.04	2.17	2.31	1.54
2005/2	0.40	0.47	0.96	2.17	2.28	1.44
2005/3	0.40	0.50	1.02	2.02	2.07	1.37
2005/4	0.38	0.46	0.95	2.04	2.15	1.32
2006/1	0.38	0.53	1.03	1.86	2.15	1.37
2006/2	0.38	0.47	0.94	1.89	2.00	1.27
2006/3	0.40	0.55	1.00	1.79	1.94	1.29
2006/4	0.38	0.47	0.91	1.81	1.94	1.18
2007/1	0.41	0.56	0.99	1.72	1.88	1.22
2007/2	0.40	0.49	0.86	1.76	1.81	1.09
2007/3	0.42	0.60	0.91	1.64	1.71	1.08
2007/4	0.41	0.50	0.83	1.73	1.72	1.05
2008/1	0.41	0.61	0.90	1.59	1.73	1.02
2008/2	0.41	0.49	0.80	1.67	1.61	0.97
2008/3	0.43	0.59	0.87	1.52	1.55	0.95
2008/4	0.44	0.50	0.81	1.72	1.65	0.97
2009/1	0.46	0.59	0.85	1.48	1.57	0.92
2009/2	0.45	0.51	0.78	1.60	1.57	0.89
2009/3	0.45	0.57	0.84	1.39	1.40	0.86
2009/4	0.43	0.51	0.78	1.65	1.59	0.90
2010/1	0.43	0.62	0.83	1.37	1.52	0.86
2010/2	0.43	0.53	0.78	1.55	1.52	0.87
2010/3	0.47	0.65	0.83	1.32	1.41	0.83
2010/4	0.47	0.54	0.78	1.63	1.54	0.86
2011/1	0.47	0.65	0.86	1.41	1.49	0.83
2011/2	0.47	0.55	0.79	1.63	1.46	0.83
2011/3	0.51	0.68	0.85	1.40	1.36	0.80
2011/4	0.50	0.56	0.82	1.67	1.46	0.84

Figure 2. Effect of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania CIAA on adjusted number of types of food service or drinking place for each region, 1998–2011. Philadelphia County enacted a CIAA in January 2007, and the Pennsylvania CIAA became effective in September 2008; both dates are indicated by vertical lines.

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