%PDF-1.5 % 1 0 obj<> endobj 2 0 obj<>stream 1 1 1 rg /GS1 gs 16 -8 612 792 re f q 1 i 16.05 784.05 580 -760 re 16.05 784.05 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F6 1 Tf 24 0 0 24 162.2 602.4 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0.025 Tw [(Physical Strength )55(Assessment )]TJ 3.0604 -1.2 TD [(in Er)18(gonomics)]TJ /F8 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 245.19 468.12 Tm [(Sean Gallagher)92(,)-275(MS,)-275(CPE)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 261.65 456.12 Tm [(Research Physiologist)]TJ -6.325 -1.2 TD (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health)Tj 4.4 -1.2 TD [(Pittsb)19(ur)18(gh Research Laboratory)]TJ 3.173 -1.2 TD [(P)111(.O. 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Box 6101)]TJ -3.251 -1.2 TD [(Mor)18(ganto)25(wn,)-245(WV 26505-6101)]TJ /F8 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 208.95 137.12 Tm [(American Industrial Hygiene )55(Association)]TJ 5.2627 -1.1818 TD [(F)25(airfax,)-231(V)37(i)0(r)10(ginia)]TJ ET Q endstream endobj 3 0 obj<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 4 0 obj<> endobj 5 0 obj<> endobj 6 0 obj<> endobj 7 0 obj<> endobj 8 0 obj<> endobj 9 0 obj<> endobj 10 0 obj<>stream 1 1 1 rg /GS2 gs 16 -8 612 792 re f q 1 i 16.05 784.05 580 -760 re 16.05 784.05 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F6 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 154.73 344.36 Tm 0 g 0 Tc 0.025 Tw [(Cop)10(yright 1998 by the )55(American Industrial Hygiene )56(Association. )56(All rights)]TJ -0.667 -1.2 TD [(reserv)15(ed. No part of this publication may be reproduced in an)15(y form or by an)15(y)]TJ 0.598 -1.2 TD [(other means \227 graphic,)-275(electronic,)-275(or mechanical,)-276(including photocop)9(ying,)]TJ -0.85 -1.2 TD [(taping,)-275(or information storage or retrie)25(v)25(al systems \227 without prior written con-)]TJ 11.848 -1.2 TD [(sent of the publisher)55(.)]TJ -0.072 -2.4 TD (ISBN 0-932627-88-9)Tj 1.833 -2.4 TD (AIHA Press)Tj -5.884 -1.2 TD [(American Industrial Hygiene )56(Association)]TJ 1.335 -1.2 TD [(2700 Prosperity )56(A)74(v)15(enue,)-275(Suite 250)]TJ 3.28 -1.2 TD [(F)15(airf)9(ax,)-225(V)135(A)0( 22031)]TJ -0.458 -2.4 TD [(T)70(el.:)-274(\(703\) 849-8888)]TJ 0.014 -1.2 TD [(F)15(ax:)-274(\(703\) 207-3561)]TJ 0.17 -1.2 TD [(http://www)65(.aiha.or)18(g)]TJ -1.06 -1.2 TD [(e-mail:)-275(infonet@aiha.or)18(g)]TJ /F10 1 Tf 0 0 0 1 k 0.795 -2.4 TD [(Stoc)20(k No. 335-ER-98)]TJ ET 0.98 g 144.55 690.8 323 -240.5 re 348.55 128.36 m f* BT /F6 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 159.95 670.14 Tm 0 g [(This book w)10(as de)26(v)14(eloped by e)15(xperts with background,)-275(training,)-275(and e)16(xpe-)]TJ -0.72 -1.2 TD [(rience in er)18(gonomics and physical strength assessment,)-274(w)9(o)0(rking with infor-)]TJ T* [(mation and conditions e)16(xisting at the time of publication. )19(The )55(American)]TJ T* [(Industrial Hygiene )56(Association \(AIHA\),)-274(as publisher)40(,)-275(and the authors ha)20(v)14(e)]TJ T* (been diligent in ensuring that the material and methods addressed in this)Tj T* [(book reflect pre)25(v)24(ailing occupational health and safety and industrial)]TJ T* [(hygiene practices. It is possible,)-275(ho)25(we)25(v)15(e)0(r)40(,)-275(that certain procedures discussed)]TJ T* [(will require modif)20(ication because of changing federal,)-275(state,)-275(and local re)15(gu-)]TJ T* [(lations,)-274(or heretofore unkno)25(wn de)25(v)15(elopments in research.)]TJ 0.72 -1.8 TD [(AIHA and the authors disclaim an)15(y liability)65(,)-275(loss,)-275(or risk resulting directly)]TJ -0.72 -1.2 TD (or indirectly from use of the practices and/or theories discussed in this)Tj T* [(book. Moreo)15(v)15(e)0(r)40(,)-275(it is the reader\222)54(s responsibility to stay informed of an)15(y)]TJ T* [(changing federal,)-274(state,)-275(or local re)15(gulations that might af)24(fect the material)]TJ T* [(contained herein,)-274(and the policies adopted specif)19(ically in the reader\222)55(s w)10(ork-)]TJ T* (place.)Tj 0.72 -1.8 TD [(Specif)20(ic mention of manuf)10(acturers and products in this book does not rep-)]TJ -0.72 -1.2 TD [(resent an endorsement by )55(AIHA.)]TJ ET 0 G 0 J 0 j 0.5 w 10 M []0 d 144.3 691.05 323.5 -241 re 285.09 466.14 m S Q endstream endobj 11 0 obj<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 12 0 obj<> endobj 13 0 obj<> endobj 14 0 obj<>stream 1 1 1 rg /GS2 gs 16 -8 612 792 re f q 1 i 16.05 784.05 580 -760 re 16.05 784.05 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F6 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 303.68 100.61 Tm 0 g 0 Tc 0 Tw (3)Tj /F8 1 Tf 18 0 0 18 271.56 678.56 Tm (Contents)Tj /F6 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 152.25 654.56 Tm 0.025 Tw (Chapter 1:)Tj 0 -1.2 TD [(Introduction)-362(. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5)]TJ 1.44 -1.2 TD [(Human Strength)-408( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5)]TJ T* [(Purposes of Strength Measurement in Er)18(gonomics)-425( . . . . . . . . . . . . .7)]TJ T* [(Purpose of this Publication)-336( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9)]TJ -1.44 -1.8 TD (Chapter 2:)Tj 0 -1.2 TD [(Isometric Strength)-516(. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11)]TJ 1.44 -1.2 TD [(Def)20(inition of Isometric Strength)-428( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11)]TJ T* [(W)80(orkplace )55(Assessment)-418( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11)]TJ T* [(Isometric )18(T)70(esting Protocol)-89( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13)]TJ T* [(Ev)25(aluation )55(According to Ph)6(ysical )54(Assessment Criteria)-11( . . . . . . . . . .18)]TJ T* [(Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19)]TJ -1.44 -1.8 TD (Chapter 3:)Tj 0 -1.2 TD [(Maximal Isoinertial Strength )18(T)70(esting)-517(. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21)]TJ 1.44 -1.2 TD [(Def)20(inition of Isoinertial Strength)-150( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21)]TJ T* [(Published Data)-408( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22)]TJ T* [(Ev)25(aluation )55(According to Ph)6(ysical )54(Assessment Criteria)-11( . . . . . . . . . .29)]TJ T* [(Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31)]TJ -1.44 -1.8 TD (Chapter 4:)Tj 0 -1.2 TD [(Psychophysical Strength)-175(. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33)]TJ 1.44 -1.2 TD [(Theory and Description of the Psychophysical Methodology)-60( . . . . .33)]TJ T* [(Why Use Psychophysical Methods?)-437( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33)]TJ T* [(Published Data)-408( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34)]TJ T* [(Experimental Procedures and Methods)-368( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34)]TJ T* [(Important Ca)19(v)15(eats)-216( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36)]TJ T* [(Related Research)-47( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36)]TJ T* [(Recommended )55(Applications)-437( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37)]TJ T* [(V)111(alidation)-305( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39)]TJ T* [(Ev)25(aluation )55(According to Ph)6(ysical )54(Assessment Criteria)-11( . . . . . . . . . .42)]TJ T* [(Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43)]TJ -1.44 -1.8 TD (Chapter 5:)Tj 0 -1.2 TD [(Isokinetic Strength)-349(. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47)]TJ 1.44 -1.2 TD [(Theory and Description of Isokinetic Strength Measurement)-114( . . . . .47)]TJ T* [(W)80(orkplace )55(Assessment)-418( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47)]TJ T* [(Published Data)-408( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48)]TJ T* [(Ev)25(aluation )55(According to Ph)6(ysical )54(Assessment Criteria)-11( . . . . . . . . . .51)]TJ T* [(Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54)]TJ -1.44 -1.8 TD (Chapter 6:)Tj 0 -1.2 TD [(Conclusion)-249(. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57)]TJ 0 -1.8 TD (Appendix)Tj 0 -1.2 TD [(T)80(ypical )29(Written Instructions for Isometric Strength )18(T)70(esting)-95(. . . . . . . . . 59)]TJ ET Q endstream endobj 15 0 obj<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 16 0 obj<> endobj 17 0 obj<>stream 1 1 1 rg /GS2 gs 16 -8 612 792 re f q 1 i 16.05 784.05 580 -760 re 16.05 784.05 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F8 1 Tf 18 0 0 18 235.66 678.56 Tm 0 g 0 Tc [(Ackno)9(wledgments)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 145.05 642.56 Tm 0.025 Tw [(This publication benef)20(itted greatly as a result of the re)25(vie)25(ws and comments by)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(a number of preeminent researchers in the f)19(ield of human strength assessment.)]TJ T* [(The authors w)10(ould lik)9(e to tak)9(e this opportunity to thank the follo)25(wing authori-)]TJ T* [(ties for graciously imparting their insight and e)15(xpertise in re)25(vie)25(ws of all or part)]TJ T* [(of the present document:)-275(Dr)55(. Don B. Chaf)26(f)20(in \(Uni)24(v)15(e)0(rsity of Michigan\),)-275(Dr)55(.)]TJ T* [(K.H.E. \(Eb\) Kroemer \(V)60(ir)18(ginia )19(T)70(ech\),)-275(Dr)55(. Joe McDaniel \(U.S. )55(Air F)14(o)0(rce\),)-276(Dr)55(.)]TJ T* [(V)60(ince Ciriello \(Liberty Mutual Insurance Co.\),)-276(and Dr)56(. Sto)15(v)15(er Snook \(Harv)25(ard)]TJ T* (School of Public Health\).)Tj 15.85 -45.795 TD 0 Tw (4)Tj ET Q endstream endobj 18 0 obj<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 19 0 obj<> endobj 20 0 obj<>stream 1 1 1 rg /GS2 gs 16 -8 612 792 re f q 1 i 16.05 784.05 580 -760 re 16.05 784.05 m W n 0 792.06 612 -792 re W n BT /F6 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 303.68 100.61 Tm 0 g 0 Tc 0 Tw (5)Tj /F8 1 Tf 18 0 0 18 145.05 678.56 Tm 0.025 Tw [(1. Intr)18(oduction)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 145.05 654.56 Tm [(Humankind\222)55(s interest in measurement of human physical strength probably)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD [(dates to the f)20(irst humans. )55(At that time,)-275(life w)10(as truly a struggle in which the)]TJ T* [(f)20(ittest survi)25(v)15(ed. )18(T)80(o)0( a great e)15(xtent,)-274(f)20(ittest meant strongest. Interestingly)64(,)-275(current)]TJ T* [(interest in human physical strength in the w)9(o)0(rkplace stems from 1970\2261980s)]TJ T* (vintage research demonstrating that persons with adequate physical strength are)Tj T* [(less lik)10(ely to be injured on physically demanding jobs. Survi)25(v)25(al in man)15(y mod-)]TJ T* [(ern w)10(orkplaces may still be a case of survi)25(v)25(al of the strongest.)]TJ 0.72 -1.2 TD [(There is,)-275(ho)25(we)25(v)15(e)0(r)40(,)-275(a flip side to this issue \227 that persons with limited)]TJ -0.72 -1.2 TD [(strength are more lik)10(ely to be injured on \223hard\224)-275(jobs. )18(T)80(o)0( address this problem,)]TJ T* [(we can apply what we kno)25(w about physical strength to job design. \223Hard\224)-275(jobs)]TJ T* (can be redesigned to be within the physical strength capability of most people.)Tj T* [(Since physical strength is important to these jobs,)-275(we must f)20(ind w)10(ays to quanti-)]TJ T* (fy it through testing.)Tj 0.72 -1.2 TD (This publication concerns human physical strength testing. Its purpose is not)Tj -0.72 -1.2 TD [(to recommend an)15(y particular type of testing,)-275(b)20(ut rather to describe the types of)]TJ T* [(testing a)20(v)25(ailable and their uses. It is up to each indi)25(vidual user of strength test-)]TJ T* (ing to decide which testing technique is most appropriate for his or her particu-)Tj T* [(lar application. )19(This booklet discusses four types of strength testing:)-275(isometric,)]TJ T* [(isoinertial,)-276(psychophysical,)-276(and isokinetic.)]TJ /F8 1 Tf 14 0 0 14 145.05 410.56 Tm [(Human Str)18(ength)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 145.05 392.56 Tm [(Before describing the dif)25(ferent types of strength measurement,)-276(we must def)19(ine)]TJ T* [(the term \223strength\224)-275(and e)15(xplain the concept of strength measurement. )]TJ /F10 1 Tf 28.251 0 TD [(Str)37(ength)]TJ /F6 1 Tf -28.251 -1.2 TD [(is def)19(ined as the capacity to produce force or torque with v)20(oluntary muscle)]TJ T* (contraction. )Tj /F10 1 Tf 5.023 0 TD [(Maximum str)37(ength)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 7.789 0 TD [(is def)20(ined as the capacity to produce force or)]TJ -12.812 -1.2 TD [(torque with a maximum v)20(oluntary muscle contraction.)]TJ 6 0 0 6 363.79 347.56 Tm (\(1,2\))Tj 10 0 0 10 377.85 344.56 Tm [(These def)20(initions)]TJ -23.28 -1.2 TD [(include some k)10(e)15(y w)10(ords that must be e)14(xplained.)]TJ 0.72 -1.2 TD [(A v)20(oluntary muscle contraction is \223v)20(oluntary)65(.)70(\224)-245(When a person\222)55(s physical)]TJ -0.72 -1.2 TD [(strength is measured,)-275(only the ef)25(fort the person willingly puts forth at the time)]TJ T* [(is measured. )18(Thus,)-275(when we test a person\222)55(s \223maximum strength,)70(\224)-275(we are not)]TJ T* [(measuring his or her actual maximum,)-275(b)20(ut some lesser v)26(alue representing what)]TJ T* [(he or she is comfortable e)15(xpressing at the time with the e)15(xisting equipment and)]TJ T* [(en)40(vironmental conditions. Interestingly)65(,)-275(when researchers startled persons being)]TJ T* [(tested \(e.g.,)-275(by setting of)25(f a starter\222)55(s pistol behind them\),)-276(the)16(y ha)20(v)14(e)0( found sig-)]TJ T* [(nif)20(icant increases in measured strength.)]TJ 6 0 0 6 303.83 239.56 Tm -0.001 Tc (\(3\))Tj 10 0 0 10 313.57 236.56 Tm 0 Tc (It has been hypothesized that the)Tj -16.852 -1.2 TD [(lo)25(wer strength displayed during normal testing pro)15(vides a mar)18(gin of safety)]TJ T* [(against o)14(v)15(erloading and damaging muscle tissue. )18(The test equipment and the)]TJ T* [(tested person\222)55(s f)10(amiliarity with the process also influence the \223v)20(oluntary\224)]TJ T* [(strength output. )18(The interf)10(ace between the tested person and the test equipment)]TJ T* [(is particularly important. )56(A poorly designed interf)10(ace induces localized tissue)]TJ T* [(pressures that v)25(a)0(ry from uncomfortable to painful. In this situation,)-275(testers are)]TJ T* [(measuring v)20(oluntary discomfort tolerance \227 not strength. It is important for)]TJ T* [(strength researchers to k)10(e)0(ep the \223v)20(oluntary\224)-275(nature of their data in mind when)]TJ T* [(the)15(y are designing their equipment and protocols.)]TJ ET Q endstream endobj 21 0 obj<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 22 0 obj<>/Width 1432/Height 1727/BitsPerComponent 1/ColorSpace/DeviceGray/Type/XObject/Name/Im1/Subtype/Image>>stream MGMC*~$??bt!}y ? ?M# _?Z?L."!?W u#"P*}0AH^?aBa0?}U4LoD&4?o?mhOzK6nE~tIz?N}^nMzZ?\xɏK???MrŜ????i;׫?moOZ_^v>?Ipm}+}WM`L0bM5?c?aJ?`?C +J#T~i?cW~b~b~wb{Q???~?ʃ@ r@c9Pֹ i??CL1-Crq`\UaA٫`CX(bbɰ0l?&Djn$? đ[?`?-d? qP_A"~H`}G]P?-3O??[??^/??|k????RLS{=q?RZId__G_#Gjo?Ȫ??;Uӏ}Nc^??K??v%X=~f\G??뺯I/?q?_QU??.?~?s??uuCTz?????_~W?G]$?_ Y%_o??W?Z?M?U??__i._????~?_??uj?U_?:?܌?k?E/v?_k???DR]_Q??K?_?hR_+_????x?]^F#?kQ?h?ZT??|_)??OWv/????????U????gj?W_?޾?*_?e?_R@M_]?U?aWo?ݛ^֟W߯\Z_E.?~?__?f|??Ut~=JsGt~_u?׍_?}U?}?O_??io}?_w?_ڪo?uwwU??_ΓT;Wk??ֵ__f/?U??Gb`??UVݷLkUk?k믛m_QWq?v}QU?T?oĜׇꫥ??U?? ?_??>bzOԖ_ڎ_?_˫kޘ?}޵k?WIdc?\U_w?U?{?o_`_Q֫;QR?]??_}W?uRM?fR?{PM?_8I?u?m?^qų??w?nC9?KޫZV???*??^?w?Pfټb1 ?QI?!%*DO|;K__AL3?TqI??"Xh?y(A2 O???ՙ脷|M??@:qN_?lGj??]K?B#ms_Z?%{?Vw~?D6?Uu4??y`Wղ JB??1?A?jI?wZ?^???_j??v}5{?R ?^^XMW6^ҷtتwn5?vO??:?w?a^?j?i?M?a ?Z?aw???^<~EɗO?j}@.@h/? d/?>*?A?lK??]ڙ ,_tE?[(?8m{?ECB?M?4}t5 S??O艎?L5g[? aL???W7$E ??Lw Otou_Nޓ,߳>?U9d?^}}.~cտ?D?O??urcw?qI%G1?և?WN??Ag??) nIoY#$z_JoҒt?I?_۰?~o}6r*o?Kw]k߯xA5?uh{ooA ?a?~?u4z Ko}?]??9wkjM?ׯcA?~?m[_?uʦ}s-/KWa[If/c?$?I^K?#nd#a/I4cӝb/߮>#fo?A&~V0zռ??0??u鋺U-Hf 0_??[a5KU{?%kja?0_xܛk}?MqM3@mz?ZD?Z`??>#??ϓ{*??yl |{T&?47ZqNiPߧD-p?A7??M"?M7`t]!?|@}2l??o??ONko`=m?gA^VC????]r ?}`oϡא?Ko%`ESC(?4 ?AKS(l0E.X򸠆??^?rZY?E?Cd?plK?/P6i~OKhFK& ?izkDl59QIEUp?׆?@%X?DCVB^IMR??D /KT$D?\]:J&Z?nZ?CZ?BzjhA X-R|}!?=^IcH_?H wMSG?????S_?Mn?I Vh|iA?GP^LDIj?B]~FOAZ h?R?T}GPA-(y?DBp??WA^}-l͢ >vKAB?^v0?R*<֡?uA]ёT}H?i ,?@?ou??AWD~ Z_@[U/?2fQI{A?? 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