%!PS-Adobe-3.0
%%Title: CHAP6.PDF
%%BoundingBox: 19 9 593 784
%%CreationDate: 09/27/96 16:07:04
%%Pages: 1
%%Requirements: None
%%LanguageLevel: 1
%%EndComments
%%BeginProlog
%%BeginProcSet: Pscript_Win_Driver_Min 2.0 0
userdict/Pscript_Win_Driver_Min 10 dict dup begin put/b{bind def}bind def/|{
def}b/LH{showpage}b/initialize{begin userdict begin}b/terminate{pop end end}b
/setjn{{statusdict/jobname known{statusdict/jobname 3 -1 roll put}if}stopped
cleartomark}b/colspRefresh{}b end
%%EndProcSet
%%BeginResource: file Pscript_Win_Utils 2.0 0
/|/def load def/,/load load |/~/exch , |/?/ifelse , |/!/pop , |/`/begin , |/^
/index , |/@/dup , |/+/translate , |/$/roll , |/U/userdict , |/M/moveto , |/-
/rlineto , |/&/currentdict , |/:/gsave , |/;/grestore , |/F/false , |/T/true ,
|/N/newpath , |/E/end , |/Ac/arc , |/An/arcn , |/A/ashow , |/D/awidthshow , |
/C/closepath , |/V/div , |/O/eofill , |/L/fill , |/I/lineto , |/-C/rcurveto ,
|/-M/rmoveto , |/+S/scale , |/Ji/setfont , |/Lc/setlinecap , |/Lj/setlinejoin
, |/Lw/setlinewidth , |/S/show , |/LH/showpage , |/K/stroke , |/W/widthshow ,
|/R/rotate , |/b{bind |}bind |/bd{bind |}bind |/xd{~ |}bd/ld{, |}bd/lw/Lw ld
/lc/Lc ld/lj/Lj ld/sg/setgray ld/L2? F/languagelevel where{! languagelevel 2
ge{! T}if}if |/g{@ not{U/DefIf_save save put}if U/DefIf_bool 2 ^ put}b
/DefIf_El{if U/DefIf_bool get not @{U/DefIf_save get restore}if}b/e{DefIf_El !
}b/self & |/reinitialize{[/TextInit/GraphInit/UtilsInit counttomark{@ where{
self eq}{F}?{cvx exec}{!}?}repeat cleartomark}b/initialize{`{/ADO_mxRot ~ |
/TextInitialised? F | reinitialize E}{U/Pscript_Win_Data 200 dict @ ` put
/ADO_mxRot ~ |/TextInitialised? F | reinitialize}?}b/terminate{!{& self eq{
exit}{E}?}loop E}b/suspend/terminate , |/resume{` Pscript_Win_Data `}b/snap{
transform 0.25 sub round 0.25 add ~ 0.25 sub round 0.25 add ~ itransform}b
/dsnap{dtransform round ~ round ~ idtransform}b<04>cvn{}|/setjn{{statusdict
/jobname known{statusdict/jobname 3 -1 $ put}if}stopped cleartomark}b/solid{[]
0 setdash}b/setdsh{0 setdash}b/colspRefresh{}b/rp{4 2 $ M 1 ^ 0 - 0 ~ - neg 0
-}b/rr{1 ^ 0 - 0 ~ - neg 0 - C}b
%%EndResource
%%BeginResource: file Pscript_Win_Utils_L1 2.0 0
L2? not g{/rf{N rp L}b/fx{1 1 dtransform @ 0 ge{1 sub 1}{1 add -0.25}? 3 -1 $
@ 0 ge{1 sub 1}{1 add -0.25}? 3 1 $ 4 1 $ idtransform 4 -2 $ idtransform}b/BZ{
4 -2 $ snap + +S fx rf}b/rs{N rp C K}b/rc{N rp clip N}b/sg{setgray}b/sco{
setrgbcolor}b/sgco{{sg}{sco}?}b}e
%%EndResource
%%BeginResource: file Pscript_Win_Utils_L2 2.0 0
L2? g{/colspA/DeviceGray |/colspABC/DeviceRGB |/setAorABC{{colspA}{colspABC}?
setcolorspace}b/rf/rectfill , |/fx{1 1 dtransform @ 0 ge{1 sub 0.5}{1 add -0.5
}? 3 -1 $ @ 0 ge{1 sub 0.5}{1 add -0.5}? 3 1 $ 4 1 $ idtransform 4 -2 $
idtransform}b/BZ{4 -2 $ snap + +S fx rf}b/rs/rectstroke , |/rc/rectclip , |/sg
{@ @ setcolor}b/sco{setcolor}b/colspRefresh{colspABC setcolorspace}b/sgco{{sg
}{sco}?}b/UtilsInit{F setglobal}b/definecolorrendering{/ColorRendering
defineresource !}b/findcolorrendering{@/ColorRendering resourcestatus{! !
/ColorRendering findresource T}{! F}?}b/selectcolorrendering{@/ColorRendering
resourcestatus{! !/ColorRendering}{!/DefaultColorRendering/ColorRendering}?
findresource setcolorrendering}b}e
%%EndResource
%%EndProlog
%%BeginSetup
Pscript_Win_Driver_Min dup /initialize get exec
[{0
/languagelevel where{pop languagelevel}{1}ifelse 2 ge{1 dict dup/JobTimeout 4 -1 roll put setuserparams}{statusdict/setjobtimeout get exec}ifelse
} stopped cleartomark
[{240
/languagelevel where{pop languagelevel}{1}ifelse 2 ge{1 dict dup/WaitTimeout 4 -1 roll put setuserparams}{statusdict/waittimeout 3 -1 roll put}ifelse
} stopped cleartomark
[{
statusdict /manualfeed false put
} stopped cleartomark
[{
%%BeginFeature: *InputSlot AutoSelect Tray
%%EndFeature
} stopped cleartomark
[{
%%BeginFeature: *PageSize US Letter
letter
%%EndFeature
} stopped cleartomark
/mysetup [ 1.000 0 0 1.000 0 0 ] |
%%EndSetup
%%Page: 1 1
%%BeginPageSetup
[{
%%BeginFeature: *Resolution 300dpi
%%EndFeature
} stopped cleartomark
[{
%%BeginFeature: *Duplex
%%EndFeature
} stopped cleartomark
mysetup concat colspRefresh
: 1.000 1.000 1.000 sco 19 -8 612 792 rf ; %%EndPageSetup
%%BeginDocument: Pscript_Win_PassThrough
%%BeginFont: Optima-Bold
%!FontType1-1.0: Optima-Bold 1
13 dict begin
/FontName /Optima-Bold def
/FontType 1 def
/FontBBox {-97 -271 1000 921} readonly def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontInfo 12 dict dup begin
/version (001.001) readonly def
/Notice (Optima is a trademark of Allied Corporation.) readonly def
/FullName (Optima Bold) readonly def
/FamilyName (Optima) readonly def
/ItalicAngle 0 def
/isFixedPitch false def
/UnderlinePosition -141 def
/UnderlineThickness 38 def
/Weight (Bold) def
/BaseFontName (Optima-Bold) def
end def
/Encoding StandardEncoding def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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cleartomark
%%EndFont
%%BeginFont: Berkeley-Medium
%!FontType1-1.0: Berkeley-Medium 1
13 dict begin
/FontName /Berkeley-Medium def
/FontType 1 def
/FontBBox {-93 -255 1083 842} readonly def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontInfo 12 dict dup begin
/version (001.000) readonly def
/Notice (Copyright (c) 1989 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.ITC Berkeley Oldstyle is a trademark of International Typeface Corporation.) readonly def
/FullName (ITC Berkeley Oldstyle Medium) readonly def
/FamilyName (Berkeley) readonly def
/ItalicAngle 0 def
/isFixedPitch false def
/UnderlinePosition -100 def
/UnderlineThickness 50 def
/Weight (Medium) def
/BaseFontName (Berkeley-Medium) def
end def
/Encoding StandardEncoding def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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cleartomark
%%EndFont
%%BeginFont: Optima
%!FontType1-1.0: Optima 1
13 dict begin
/FontName /Optima def
/FontType 1 def
/FontBBox {-78 -271 1000 919} readonly def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontInfo 12 dict dup begin
/version (001.001) readonly def
/Notice (Optima is a trademark of Allied Corporation.) readonly def
/FullName ( Optima.Oblique ) readonly def
/FamilyName (Optima) readonly def
/ItalicAngle -11 def
/isFixedPitch false def
/UnderlinePosition -141 def
/UnderlineThickness 38 def
/Weight (Roman) def
/BaseFontName (Optima) def
end def
/Encoding StandardEncoding def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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cleartomark
%%EndFont
%%BeginFont: Berkeley-Italic
%!FontType1-1.0: Berkeley-Italic 1
13 dict begin
/FontName /Berkeley-Italic def
/FontType 1 def
/FontBBox {-130 -260 1019 839} readonly def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontInfo 12 dict dup begin
/version (001.000) readonly def
/Notice (Copyright (c) 1989 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.ITC Berkeley Oldstyle is a trademark of International Typeface Corporation.) readonly def
/FullName (ITC Berkeley Oldstyle Italic) readonly def
/FamilyName (Berkeley) readonly def
/ItalicAngle -8 def
/isFixedPitch false def
/UnderlinePosition -100 def
/UnderlineThickness 50 def
/Weight (Medium) def
/BaseFontName (Berkeley-Italic) def
end def
/Encoding StandardEncoding def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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cleartomark
%%EndFont
/currentpacking where{pop currentpacking true setpacking}if
userdict /PDF 75 dict put
%%BeginFile: pdfvars.prc
%%Copyright: Copyright 1987-1994 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.
userdict /PDFVars 59 dict dup begin put
/_save 0 def
/_cshow 0 def
/InitAll 0 def
/TermAll 0 def
/_lp /none def
/_doClip 0 def
%% old (PDFVars was 51, not 59)
%% % paint operators
%% /_fc 0 def % set color before fill occurs
%% /_sc 0 def % set color before stroke occurs
%% % color operands
%% /_gf null def % gray fill color
%% /_cf 4 array def % cmyk fill color
%% /_rgbf 3 array def % rgb fill color
%% /_gs null def % same for stroke
%% /_cs 4 array def
%% /_rgbs 3 array def
%% end old
%% new
/_sfcs 0 def
/_sfc 0 def
/_sscs 0 def
/_ssc 0 def
/_fcs 0 def
/_scs 0 def
/_f1 1 array def
/_f3 3 array def
/_f4 4 array def
/_fc null def
/_s1 1 array def
/_s3 3 array def
/_s4 4 array def
/_sc null def
%% end new
/_inT false def
/_tr -1 def
/_rise 0 def
/_ax 0 def
/_cx 0 def
/_ld 0 def
/_tm matrix def
/_ctm matrix def
/_mtx matrix def
/_hy (-) def
/_fScl 0 def
/_hs 1 def
/_pdfEncodings 2 array def
/Tj 0 def
/_italMtx[1 0 .212557 1 0 0]def
/_basefont 0 def
/_basefonto 0 def
end
%%EndFile
PDFVars begin PDF begin
%%BeginFile: pdfutil.prc
%%Copyright: Copyright 1993 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.
/bd {bind def} bind def
/ld {load def} bd
/dd { PDFVars 3 1 roll put } bd
/xdd { exch dd } bd
/Level2?
/languagelevel where { pop languagelevel 2 ge } { false } ifelse
def
/here {
dup currentdict exch known
{ currentdict exch get true }
{ pop false }
ifelse
} bd
/isdefined? { where { pop true } { false } ifelse } bd
/StartLoad { dup dup not { /_save save dd } if } bd
/EndLoad { if not { _save restore } if } bd
/npop { { pop } repeat } bd
%%EndFile
%%BeginFile: l2compat
%%Copyright: Copyright 1987-1993 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.
/cshow isdefined? not StartLoad {
/cshow {
exch /_cshow xdd
{ 0 0 _cshow exec } forall
} bd
} EndLoad
/setcmykcolor isdefined? not StartLoad {
/setcmykcolor {
1 sub 4 1 roll
3 {
3 index add neg dup 0 lt { pop 0 } if
3 1 roll
} repeat
setrgbcolor
pop
} bd
} EndLoad
/rectclip isdefined? not StartLoad {
/re 0 def
/rectclip { newpath re clip newpath } bd
} EndLoad
/execform isdefined? not StartLoad {
/execform {
gsave dup begin
Matrix concat
BBox aload pop
exch 3 index sub
exch 2 index sub
rectclip
PaintProc end grestore
} def
} EndLoad
%%EndFile
%%BeginFile: pdf.prc
%%Copyright: Copyright 1987-1994 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.
/initialize {
PDF begin
PDFVars begin
newpath
} bd
/terminate {
end
end
} bd
/setstrokeadjust isdefined?
{
true setstrokeadjust
/m/moveto ld
/l/lineto ld
/c/curveto ld
}
{
/pl {
transform
0.25 sub round 0.25 add exch
0.25 sub round 0.25 add exch
itransform
} bd
/m { pl moveto } bd
/l { pl lineto } bd
/c { pl curveto } bd
}
ifelse
/v { currentpoint 6 2 roll c } bd
/y { 2 copy c } bd
/h/closepath ld
/d/setdash ld
/j/setlinejoin ld
/J/setlinecap ld
/M/setmiterlimit ld
/w/setlinewidth ld
/cf currentflat def
/i {
dup 0 eq { pop cf } if
setflat
} bd
/ilp { /_lp /none dd } bd
/sfc {
_lp /fill ne {
_sfcs
_sfc
/_lp /fill dd
} if
} bd
/ssc {
_lp /stroke ne {
_sscs
_ssc
/_lp /stroke dd
} if
} bd
/n {
_doClip 1 ge {
_doClip 1 eq { clip } { eoclip } ifelse
/_doClip 0 dd
} if
newpath
} bd
/f {
_doClip 1 ge
{
gsave sfc fill grestore
_doClip 1 eq { clip } { eoclip } ifelse
newpath
ilp
/_doClip 0 dd
}
{ sfc fill }
ifelse
} bd
/f* {
_doClip 1 ge
{
gsave sfc eofill grestore
_doClip 1 eq { clip } { eoclip } ifelse
newpath
ilp
/_doClip 0 dd
}
{ sfc eofill }
ifelse
} bd
/S {
_doClip 1 ge
{
gsave ssc stroke grestore
_doClip 1 eq { clip } { eoclip } ifelse
newpath
ilp
/_doClip 0 dd
}
{ ssc stroke }
ifelse
} bd
/s { h S } bd
/B {
_doClip dup 1 ge
gsave f grestore
{
gsave S grestore
1 eq { clip } { eoclip } ifelse
newpath
ilp
/_doClip 0 dd
}
{ pop S }
ifelse
} bd
/b { h B } bd
/B* {
_doClip dup 1 ge
gsave f* grestore
{
gsave S grestore
1 eq { clip } { eoclip } ifelse
newpath
ilp
/_doClip 0 dd
}
{ pop S }
ifelse
} bd
/b* { h B* } bd
/W { /_doClip 1 dd } bd
/W* { /_doClip 2 dd } bd
/q/save ld
/Q { restore ilp } bd
Level2? not StartLoad {
/cs
{
dup where { pop load } if
/_sfcs { } dd
dup type /arraytype eq
{ dup 0 get /Indexed eq { 1 } { 0 } ifelse get }
if
dup /DeviceCMYK eq
{
/_fc _f4 dd
/_sfc { _fc aload pop setcmykcolor } dd
}
{
dup /DeviceRGB eq
{
/_fc _f3 dd
/_sfc { _fc aload pop setrgbcolor } dd
}
{
/_fc _f1 dd
/_sfc { _fc aload pop setgray } dd
}
ifelse
}
ifelse
pop
} bd
/CS
{
dup where { pop load } if
/_sscs { } dd
dup type /arraytype eq
{ dup 0 get /Indexed eq { 1 } { 0 } ifelse get }
if
dup /DeviceCMYK eq
{
/_sc _s4 dd
/_ssc { _sc aload pop setcmykcolor } dd
}
{
dup /DeviceRGB eq
{
/_sc _s3 dd
/_ssc { _sc aload pop setrgbcolor } dd
}
%%% /Pattern not impl'd
{
/_sc _s1 dd
/_ssc { _sc aload pop setgray } dd
}
ifelse
}
ifelse
pop
} bd
/ri { pop } bd
} EndLoad
Level2? StartLoad {
/cs
{
dup where { pop load } if
dup /_fcs xdd
/_sfcs { _fcs setcolorspace } dd
dup type /arraytype eq
{ dup 0 get /Indexed eq { 1 } { 0 } ifelse get }
if
dup /DeviceCMYK eq
{ /_fc _f4 dd }
{
dup /DeviceRGB eq dup /CIEBasedABC eq or
{ /_fc _f3 dd }
{ /_fc _f1 dd }
ifelse
}
ifelse
pop
/_sfc { _fc aload pop setcolor } dd
} bd
/CS
{
dup where { pop load } if
dup /_scs xdd
/_sscs { _scs setcolorspace } dd
dup type /arraytype eq
{ dup 0 get /Indexed eq { 1 } { 0 } ifelse get }
if
dup /DeviceCMYK eq
{ /_sc _s4 dd }
{
dup /DeviceRGB eq dup /CIEBasedABC eq or
{ /_sc _s3 dd }
{ /_sc _s1 dd }
ifelse
}
ifelse
pop
/_ssc { _sc aload pop setcolor } dd
} bd
/ri {
/findcolorrendering isdefined?
{
findcolorrendering pop
dup /ColorRendering resourcestatus
{
pop pop
/ColorRendering findresource
setcolorrendering
}
{ pop }
ifelse
}
{ pop }
ifelse
} bd
} EndLoad
/sc
{
_fc astore pop
ilp
} bd
/SC
{
_sc astore pop
ilp
} bd
/g { /DefaultGray cs sc } bd
/rg { /DefaultRGB cs sc } bd
/k { /DeviceCMYK cs sc } bd
/pc { /DeviceGray cs pop 0.5 sc } bd
/G { /DefaultGray CS SC } bd
/RG { /DefaultRGB CS SC } bd
/K { /DeviceCMYK CS SC } bd
/PC { /DeviceGray CS pop 0.5 SC } bd
/cm { _mtx astore concat } bd
/re {
4 2 roll m
1 index 0 rlineto
0 exch rlineto
neg 0 rlineto
h
} bd
/RC/rectclip ld
/EF/execform ld
/PS { cvx exec } bd
/initgs {
/DefaultGray where
{ pop }
{ /DefaultGray /DeviceGray dd }
ifelse
/DefaultRGB where
{ pop }
{ /DefaultRGB /DeviceRGB dd }
ifelse
0 g 0 G
[]0 d 0 j 0 J 10 M 1 w
} bd
%%EndFile
%%BeginFile: pdftext.prc
%%Copyright: Copyright 1987-1994 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.
PDF /PDFText 51 dict dup begin put
/initialize { /TZ isdefined? not { PDFText begin } if } bd
/terminate { currentdict PDFText eq { end } if } bd
/CopyFont {
{
1 index /FID ne 2 index /UniqueID ne and
{ def } { pop pop } ifelse
} forall
} bd
/modEnc {
/_enc xdd
/_icode 0 dd
counttomark 1 sub -1 0
{
index
dup type /nametype eq
{
_enc _icode 3 -1 roll put
_icode 1 add
}
if
/_icode xdd
} for
cleartomark
_enc
} bd
/trEnc {
/_enc xdd
255 -1 0 {
exch dup -1 eq
{ pop /.notdef }
{ Encoding exch get }
ifelse
_enc 3 1 roll put
} for
pop
_enc
} bd
/TE {
/_i xdd
StandardEncoding 256 array copy modEnc
_pdfEncodings exch _i exch put
} bd
/TZ
{
/_usePDFEncoding xdd
findfont
dup length 2 add dict
begin
{
1 index /FID ne { def } { pop pop } ifelse
} forall
/FontName exch def
_usePDFEncoding 0 ge
{
/Encoding _pdfEncodings _usePDFEncoding get def
pop
}
{
_usePDFEncoding -1 eq
{
counttomark 0 eq
{ pop }
{
Encoding 256 array copy
modEnc /Encoding exch def
}
ifelse
}
{
256 array
trEnc /Encoding exch def
}
ifelse
}
ifelse
FontName currentdict
end
definefont pop
}
bd
/swj {
dup 4 1 roll
dup length exch stringwidth
exch 5 -1 roll 3 index mul add
4 1 roll 3 1 roll mul add
6 2 roll /_cnt 0 dd
{1 index eq {/_cnt _cnt 1 add dd} if} forall pop
exch _cnt mul exch _cnt mul 2 index add 4 1 roll 2 index add 4 1 roll pop pop
} bd
/jss {
4 1 roll
{
2 npop
(0) exch 2 copy 0 exch put
gsave
32 eq
{
exch 6 index 6 index 6 index 5 -1 roll widthshow
currentpoint
}
{
false charpath currentpoint
4 index setmatrix stroke
}
ifelse
grestore
moveto
2 copy rmoveto
} exch cshow
6 npop
} def
/jsp
{
{
2 npop
(0) exch 2 copy 0 exch put
32 eq
{ exch 5 index 5 index 5 index 5 -1 roll widthshow }
{ false charpath }
ifelse
2 copy rmoveto
} exch cshow
5 npop
} bd
/trj { _cx 0 32 _ax 0 6 5 roll } bd
/pjsf { trj sfc awidthshow } bd
/pjss { trj _ctm ssc jss } bd
/pjsc { trj jsp } bd
/_Tjdef [
/pjsf load
/pjss load
{
dup
currentpoint 3 2 roll
pjsf
newpath moveto
pjss
} bind
{
trj swj rmoveto
} bind
{
dup currentpoint 4 2 roll gsave
pjsf
grestore 3 1 roll moveto
pjsc
} bind
{
dup currentpoint 4 2 roll
currentpoint gsave newpath moveto
pjss
grestore 3 1 roll moveto
pjsc
} bind
{
dup currentpoint 4 2 roll gsave
dup currentpoint 3 2 roll
pjsf
newpath moveto
pjss
grestore 3 1 roll moveto
pjsc
} bind
/pjsc load
] def
/BT
{
/_inT true dd
_ctm currentmatrix pop matrix _tm copy pop
0 _rise translate _hs 1 scale
0 0 moveto
} bd
/ET
{
/_inT false dd
_tr 3 gt {clip} if
_ctm setmatrix newpath
} bd
/Tr {
_inT { _tr 3 le {currentpoint newpath moveto} if } if
dup /_tr xdd
_Tjdef exch get /Tj xdd
} bd
/iTm { _ctm setmatrix _tm concat 0 _rise translate _hs 1 scale } bd
/Tm { _tm astore pop iTm 0 0 moveto } bd
/Td { _mtx translate _tm _tm concatmatrix pop iTm 0 0 moveto } bd
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0.259 Tw
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T*
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(ment or gratification from attaining a personal mile-)Tj
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T*
0.031 Tw
(such external reinforcement may not be reliable in)Tj
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(the benefits of taking a preventive action, and the)Tj
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(barriers to taking that action \(Hochbaum 1958;)Tj
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(Rosenstock 1960, 1966\). The model also incorpo-)Tj
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(to oneself to walk\) as important elements in eliciting)Tj
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(or maintaining patterns of behavior \(Becker 1974\).)Tj
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(The construct of self-efficacy, or a person\325s confi-)Tj
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(dence in his or her ability to successfully perform an)Tj
T*
0.047 Tw
(action \(discussed in more detail later in this chap-)Tj
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(ter\), has been added to the model \(Rosenstock 1990\),)Tj
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/F5 1 Tf
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(Transtheoretical Model)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
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T*
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(a person\325s readiness to change: precontemplation,)Tj
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(contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance)Tj
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(\(Prochaska and DiClemente 1982, 1984\). People are)Tj
T*
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0.028 Tw
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T*
0.007 Tw
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(this model, people use different processes of change)Tj
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0.037 Tw
(as they move from one stage of change to another.)Tj
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(Efficient self-change thus depends on doing the right)Tj
23.955 57.091 TD
-0.008 Tc
-0.129 Tw
(thing \(processes\) at the right time \(stages\) \(Prochaska,)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
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0.259 Tw
(DiClemente, Norcross 1992\). According to this)Tj
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(readiness or stage of change is essential \(Marcus and)Tj
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(Owen 1992\). For example, for people who are not)Tj
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(yet contemplating becoming more active, encourag-)Tj
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(ing a step-by-step movement along the continuum of)Tj
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0.237 Tw
(change may be more effective than encouraging)Tj
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(them to move directly into action \(Marcus, Banspach,)Tj
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(et al. 1992\).)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
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(Relapse Prevention Model)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
11 0 0 11 329.5 549 Tm
0.003 Tc
0.249 Tw
(Some researchers have used concepts of relapse)Tj
T*
-0.017 Tw
(prevention \(Marlatt and Gordon 1985\) to help new)Tj
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(tors that contribute to relapse include negative emo-)Tj
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(tional or physiologic states, limited coping skills,)Tj
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(social pressure, interpersonal conflict, limited social)Tj
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0.098 Tw
(support, low motivation, high-risk situations, and)Tj
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(stress \(Brownell et al. 1986; Marlatt and George)Tj
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(1990\). Principles of relapse prevention include iden-)Tj
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(tifying high-risk situations for relapse \(e.g., change)Tj
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0.248 Tw
(in season\) and developing appropriate solutions)Tj
T*
0.257 Tw
(\(e.g., finding a place to walk inside during the)Tj
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(winter\). Helping people distinguish between a lapse)Tj
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(\(e.g., a few days of not participating in their planned)Tj
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(activity\) and a relapse \(e.g., an extended period of)Tj
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0.014 Tw
(not participating\) is thought to improve adherence)Tj
T*
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(\(Dishman 1991; Marcus and Stanton 1993\).)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
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[(Theory of Reasoned Action)-181 (and)]TJ
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(Theory of Planned Behavior)Tj
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0.015 Tw
(The theory of reasoned action \(Fishbein and Ajzen)Tj
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0.166 Tw
(1975; Ajzen and Fishbein 1980\) states that indi-)Tj
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(vidual performance of a given behavior is primarily)Tj
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0.023 Tw
(determined by a person\325s intention to perform that)Tj
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(behavior. This intention is determined by two major)Tj
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(factors: the person\325s attitude toward the behavior)Tj
T*
-0.046 Tw
(\(i.e., beliefs about the outcomes of the behavior and)Tj
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(the value of these outcomes\) and the influence of the)Tj
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(person\325s social environment or subjective norm \(i.e.,)Tj
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(beliefs about what other people think the person)Tj
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(should do, as well as the person\325s motivation to)Tj
T*
0.006 Tw
(comply with the opinions of others\). The theory of)Tj
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(planned behavior \(Ajzen 1985, 1988\) adds to the)Tj
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(theory of reasoned action the concept of perceived)Tj
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0.131 Tw
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0 -1.227 TD
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(perform a behavior is believed to be a critical aspect)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
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/F5 1 Tf
12 0 0 12 48 603.5 Tm
0 Tc
0.001 Tw
(Social Learning/Social Cognitive Theory)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
11 0 0 11 48 588.5 Tm
0.013 Tc
0.088 Tw
(Social learning theory \(Bandura 1977b\), later re-)Tj
T*
0.252 Tw
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[(proposes that behavior change is affected by environ)-8 (-)]TJ
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0.003 Tc
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T*
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0.046 Tw
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(tenet of social cognitive theory is the concept of self-)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
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-0.085 Tw
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0 -1.182 TD
-0.079 Tw
(to perform the behavior \(i.e., the person must possess)Tj
T*
-0.035 Tw
(self-efficacy\) and must perceive an incentive to do so)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.095 Tw
(\(i.e., the person\325s positive expectations from perform-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.079 Tw
(ing the behavior must outweigh the negative expecta-)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
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-0.13 Tw
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0 -1.182 TD
-0.005 Tc
-0.016 Tw
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T*
0.057 Tw
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0 -1.227 TD
0.229 Tw
(Outcomes may be classified as having immediate)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.187 Tw
(benefits \(e.g., feeling energized following physical)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.252 Tw
(activity\) or long-term benefits \(e.g., experiencing)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.005 Tw
(improvements in cardiovascular health as a result of)Tj
T*
0.134 Tw
(physical activity\). But because these expected out-)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.033 Tw
(comes are filtered through a person\325s expectations or)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.005 Tw
(perceptions of being able to perform the behavior in)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.052 Tw
(the first place, self-efficacy is believed to be the single)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.008 Tc
0.258 Tw
(most important characteristic that determines a)Tj
T*
-0.005 Tc
0 Tw
(person\325s behavior change \(Bandura 1986\).)Tj
1.636 -1.227 TD
0.199 Tw
(Self-efficacy can be increased in several ways,)Tj
-1.636 -1.182 TD
-0.02 Tw
(among them by providing clear instructions, provid-)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.067 Tw
(ing the opportunity for skill development or training,)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.061 Tw
(and modeling the desired behavior. To be effective,)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.184 Tw
(models must evoke trust, admiration, and respect)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.075 Tw
(from the observer; models must not, however, appear)Tj
T*
0.077 Tw
(to represent a level of behavior that the observer is)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0 Tw
(unable to visualize attaining \(Bandura 1986\).)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
12 0 0 12 48 137.5 Tm
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(Social Support)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
11 0 0 11 48 122.5 Tm
0.013 Tc
0.231 Tw
(Often associated with health behaviors such as)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.003 Tw
(physical activity, social support is frequently used)Tj
T*
0.09 Tw
(in behavioral and social research. There is, how-)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.004 Tw
(ever, considerable variation in how social support)Tj
23.955 57.091 TD
-0.005 Tc
-0.13 Tw
[(i)-8 (s)-8 ( )-9 (c)-8 (o)-8 (n)6 (ceptualized and measured \(Israel and Schurman)]TJ
0 -1.182 TD
0.003 Tc
0.135 Tw
(1990\). Social support for physical activity can be)Tj
T*
0.065 Tw
(instrumental, as in giving a nondriver a ride to an)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.029 Tw
(exercise class; informational, as in telling someone)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.089 Tw
(about a walking program in the neighborhood; emo-)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.104 Tw
(tional, as in calling to see how someone is faring with)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.04 Tw
(a new walking program; or appraising, as in provid-)Tj
T*
0.085 Tw
(ing feedback and reinforcement in learning a new)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.107 Tw
(skill \(Israel and Schurman 1990\). Sources of support)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.001 Tc
-0.127 Tw
(for physical activity include family members, friends,)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.003 Tc
0.034 Tw
(neighbors, co-workers, and exercise program lead-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0 Tw
(ers and participants.)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
12 0 0 12 311.5 537.5 Tm
0 Tc
(Ecological Approaches)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
11 0 0 11 311.5 522.5 Tm
0.003 Tc
-0.032 Tw
(A criticism of most theories and models of behavior)Tj
T*
0.071 Tw
(change is that they emphasize individual behavior)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.104 Tw
(change processes and pay little attention to sociocul-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.008 Tw
(tural and physical environmental influences on be-)Tj
T*
-0.018 Tw
(havior \(McLeroy et al. 1988\). Recently, interest has)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.189 Tw
(developed in ecological approaches to increasing)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.206 Tw
(participation in physical activity \(McLeroy et al.)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0 Tw
(1988; CDC 1988; Stokols 1992\). These approaches)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.007 Tw
(place the creation of supportive environments on a)Tj
T*
-0.018 Tw
(par with the development of personal skills and the)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
(reorientation of health services. Stokols \(1992\) and)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.115 Tw
(Simons-Morton and colleagues \(CDC 1988; Simons-)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.207 Tw
(Morton, Simons-Morton, et al. 1988\) have illus-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.009 Tc
-0.132 Tw
[(trated this concept of a health-promoting)-8 ( )-9 (environment)]TJ
T*
0.003 Tc
0.111 Tw
(by describing how physical activity could be pro-)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.107 Tw
(moted by establishing environmental supports, such)Tj
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1.636 -1.182 TD
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0.147 Tw
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/F7 1 Tf
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T*
0.082 Tw
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0.142 Tw
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0 -1.182 TD
0.129 Tw
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T*
0.077 Tw
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0 -1.182 TD
0.124 Tw
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0 -1.227 TD
0.191 Tw
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0 -1.182 TD
-0.008 Tw
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T*
-0.066 Tw
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0 -1.227 TD
-0.107 Tw
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0 -1.182 TD
0.191 Tw
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-0.13 Tw
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-0.034 Tw
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T*
0.01 Tw
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0 -1.227 TD
0.039 Tw
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0.016 Tw
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0 -1.182 TD
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T*
0.189 Tw
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0 -1.182 TD
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0 -1.227 TD
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0 -1.182 TD
0.083 Tw
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T*
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0.001 Tw
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1.636 -1.182 TD
0.003 Tc
0.037 Tw
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-1.636 -1.227 TD
0.061 Tw
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0 -1.182 TD
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0.03 Tw
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0.026 Tw
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(tween studies is problematic.)Tj
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0 Tw
(Physical Activity among Adults)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
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0.003 Tc
0.051 Tw
(This section reviews intervention studies in which)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.039 Tw
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0.085 Tw
(ence to physical activity, or movement in stage of)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.055 Tw
[(change \()-6 (Table 6-2)-13 (\). It does not include intervention)]TJ
T*
0.248 Tw
(studies designed to assess the effect of physical)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.251 Tw
(activity on health outcomes or risk factors \(see)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.026 Tw
(Chapter 4\). Further, this review places special em-)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
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-0.129 Tw
(phasis on experimental and quasi-experimental stud-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.003 Tc
-0.027 Tw
(ies, which are better able to control the influence of)Tj
T*
-0.018 Tw
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0 -1.227 TD
0 Tw
(were due to the intervention itself \(Weiss 1972\).)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
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(Individual Approaches)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
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(Individual behavioral management approaches, in-)Tj
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-0.117 Tw
(cluding those derived from learning theories, relapse)Tj
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0.185 Tw
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T*
0.069 Tw
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0.181 Tw
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0.148 Tw
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0.012 Tw
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0.259 Tw
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0.015 Tw
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0.018 Tw
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0.024 Tw
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1.636 -1.182 TD
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0.043 Tw
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0.135 Tw
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T*
0.111 Tw
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0 -1.182 TD
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0.119 Tw
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0.095 Tw
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0.016 Tc
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0.201 Tw
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23.955 57.591 TD
0.255 Tw
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0.003 Tc
0.223 Tw
[(o)-10 (b)8 (served among the three groups at baseline, 1)]TJ
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1.636 -1.227 TD
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1.636 -1.227 TD
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0 -1.182 TD
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1.636 -1.227 TD
0.003 Tc
0.034 Tw
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0 -1.227 TD
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0 -1.182 TD
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(468)Tj
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(Education year)Tj
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104.435 493.703 l
104.435 331.875 l
409.749 331.875 l
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110.847 452.473 l
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233.663 392.174 l
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229.224 431.858 m
237.856 431.858 l
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229.224 392.56 m
237.856 392.56 l
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283.48 431.128 m
283.48 393.376 l
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279.041 431.128 m
287.673 431.128 l
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279.041 393.763 m
287.673 393.763 l
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357.98 443.969 m
357.98 403.684 l
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353.541 443.969 m
362.172 443.969 l
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353.541 404.07 m
362.172 404.07 l
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333.153 434.177 m
333.153 398.122 l
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328.714 434.177 m
337.346 434.177 l
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328.714 398.509 m
337.346 398.509 l
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444.004 377.111 m
444.004 366.259 l
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440.485 377.111 m
447.327 377.111 l
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440.485 366.567 m
447.327 366.567 l
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443.788 184.403 m
443.788 173.551 l
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440.269 184.403 m
447.112 184.403 l
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440.269 173.859 m
447.112 173.859 l
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0.955 w
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234.157 411.93 l
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0.477 w
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358.567 338.762 m
358.567 331.9 l
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307.673 338.762 m
307.673 331.9 l
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256.784 338.762 m
256.784 331.9 l
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205.895 338.762 m
205.895 331.9 l
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155.001 338.762 m
155.001 331.9 l
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454.871 350.231 l
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454.656 157.157 l
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(Education effect)Tj
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(95% Confidence\r)Tj
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411.071 137.809 m
411.071 295.043 l
103.394 295.043 l
103.394 137.809 l
411.071 137.809 l
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157.078 137.938 m
157.078 144.73 l
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[5.05 2.02 ]0 d
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258.676 137.938 m
258.676 144.73 l
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311.206 137.938 m
311.206 144.73 l
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361.427 137.938 m
361.427 144.73 l
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131.872 191.085 m
208.454 203.251 l
257.714 210.383 l
310.436 217.095 l
358.541 225.065 l
385.095 226.743 l
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[5.05 2.02 ]0 d
131.872 191.085 m
208.454 203.251 l
258.868 204.09 l
310.436 209.963 l
384.71 245.621 l
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2.02 w
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257.714 191.085 l
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310.484 223.361 m
310.484 198.191 l
S
384.758 254.797 m
384.758 234.661 l
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0.505 w
103.779 175.564 m
110.464 175.564 l
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103.779 215.338 m
110.464 215.338 l
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103.779 255.112 m
110.464 255.112 l
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2.02 w
253.535 216.448 m
262.253 216.448 l
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253.535 191.194 m
262.253 191.194 l
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306.016 223.405 m
314.733 223.405 l
S
306.016 198.152 m
314.733 198.152 l
S
380.244 255.359 m
388.961 255.359 l
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380.244 234.744 m
388.961 234.744 l
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0.955 w
[3.82 ]0 d
429.883 199.462 m
454.624 199.462 l
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430.873 392.862 m
455.614 392.862 l
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0.508 w
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208.784 295.776 l
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(American Journal of Public Health)Tj
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(Note: Adjusted for age, sex, and education.)Tj
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/F5 1 Tf
2.727 63.727 TD
0.003 Tc
0 Tw
(Understanding and Promoting Physical Activity)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
-22.818 -2.818 TD
-0.015 Tc
0.096 Tw
[( The PHHP fostered community involvement in)]TJ
-1.636 -1.182 TD
0.054 Tw
(heart healthy behavior changes in Pawtucket, Rhode)Tj
T*
-0.025 Tc
-0.129 Tw
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0 -1.227 TD
-0.015 Tc
0.015 Tw
(organizing, volunteer delivery, and partnerships with)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.004 Tw
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0 -1.227 TD
0.149 Tw
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0 -1.182 TD
-0.049 Tw
(activity promotion, the emphasis was on environmen-)Tj
T*
0.051 Tw
(tal and policy change through partnerships with city)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.108 Tw
(government and others. Working with the Department)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.014 Tc
[(of Parks and Recreation, )16 (the )-25 (PHHP was instrumental in)]TJ
0 -1.227 TD
-0.015 Tc
-0.017 Tw
(establishing cardiovascular fitness trails in both of the)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.014 Tc
-0.128 Tw
[(city\325s parks. Early in its existence,)9 ( )-9 (the )-10 (PHHP)-10 ( )-20 (also helped)]TJ
T*
-0.015 Tc
0.083 Tw
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0 -1.227 TD
-0.031 Tw
(bond issue in return for renovations \(e.g., lights, fenc-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.014 Tc
-0.001 Tw
[(ing to keep stray dogs out, resurfacing\) to an )24 (existing)]TJ
0 -1.227 TD
-0.005 Tc
0.205 Tw
(quarter-mile track for walking. The Pawtucket 6-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.003 Tw
(week Imagine Action Program, designed around the)Tj
T*
-0.003 Tc
0.228 Tw
[(stages of change model, enrolled )23 (more )-10 (than )-24 (600)]TJ
0 -1.227 TD
-0.008 Tc
0.002 Tw
[(participants,)-22 ( who )]TJ
7.318 0 TD
0.003 Tc
(subsequently )Tj
5.773 0 TD
-0.015 Tc
0.009 Tw
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-13.091 -1.182 TD
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0.085 Tw
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0 -1.182 TD
-0.083 Tw
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T*
-0.005 Tc
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1.636 -1.227 TD
-0.015 Tc
0.254 Tw
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-1.636 -1.182 TD
-0.067 Tw
(comparison communities in northern California \(only)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.086 Tw
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0 -1.182 TD
0.061 Tw
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0 -1.227 TD
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-0.025 Tw
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T*
0 Tc
0.258 Tw
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0 -1.227 TD
-0.015 Tc
-0.106 Tw
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-0.009 Tw
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0 -1.227 TD
0.184 Tw
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0 -1.182 TD
0.139 Tw
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T*
0.224 Tw
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0 -1.227 TD
-0.014 Tc
0.15 Tw
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0 -1.182 TD
-0.015 Tc
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0 -1.227 TD
-0.063 Tw
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0 -1.182 TD
-0.087 Tw
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T*
-0.067 Tw
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0.1 Tw
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0 -1.182 TD
0.128 Tw
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0 -1.227 TD
-0.101 Tw
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0 -1.182 TD
0.001 Tc
0.023 Tw
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T*
0.003 Tc
0.213 Tw
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0.009 Tw
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23.955 56.409 TD
-0.06 Tw
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T*
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-0.047 Tw
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0 Tw
(activities engaged in \(Young et al., in press\).)Tj
1.636 -1.227 TD
0.074 Tw
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-1.636 -1.182 TD
0.015 Tw
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0 -1.227 TD
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0.258 Tw
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T*
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0 -1.227 TD
-0.1 Tw
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0.139 Tw
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0.172 Tw
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0 -1.182 TD
-0.016 Tw
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T*
0.012 Tw
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-0.075 Tw
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-0.127 Tw
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0 -1.227 TD
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0 -1.182 TD
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0.189 Tw
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0.128 Tw
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0.163 Tw
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0 -1.227 TD
0 Tw
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1.636 -1.182 TD
0.013 Tc
-0.097 Tw
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0.181 Tw
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0 -1.182 TD
0.022 Tw
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T*
-0.07 Tw
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/F7 1 Tf
11 0 0 11 329.5 259.5 Tm
-0.001 Tc
-0.129 Tw
(Physical activity programs conducted on the worksite)Tj
T*
0.003 Tc
-0.026 Tw
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0.106 Tw
(U.S. population \(Bezold, Carlson, Peck 1986; Na-)Tj
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(tional Center for Health Statistics 1987\). As settings)Tj
T*
0.001 Tc
-0.127 Tw
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0 -1.227 TD
0.003 Tc
-0.012 Tw
(easy access to employees and supportive social net-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.033 Tw
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0 -1.227 TD
0.114 Tw
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0 -1.182 TD
0 Tw
(norm \(Shephard, in press\).)Tj
1.636 -1.227 TD
0.013 Tc
0.053 Tw
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-1.636 -1.182 TD
0.04 Tw
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T*
-0.124 Tw
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0.109 Tw
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0.197 Tw
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0 -1.227 TD
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0 -1.182 TD
0.22 Tw
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0 -1.227 TD
0.135 Tw
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0 -1.182 TD
0.022 Tw
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-0.054 Tw
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0.001 Tc
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/F5 1 Tf
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/F7 1 Tf
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0.003 Tc
-0.082 Tw
(have the potential for reaching individuals and com-)Tj
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0.002 Tw
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0 -1.227 TD
-0.127 Tw
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0 -1.182 TD
0.225 Tw
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0 -1.227 TD
0.012 Tw
(importance of physical activity as a health issue, to)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.076 Tw
(communicate the health and other benefits of physi-)Tj
T*
0.024 Tw
(cal activity, to generate interest in physical activity)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.042 Tw
(and awareness about available programs, to provide)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.112 Tw
(role models for physically active lifestyles, and to)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.152 Tw
(provide cues to action, such as getting people to)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.244 Tw
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T*
0.009 Tw
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1.636 -1.182 TD
0.013 Tc
0.11 Tw
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-1.636 -1.227 TD
0.196 Tw
(alone, including broadcast and print media, for)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.185 Tw
(promoting either initial adoption or subsequent)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.095 Tw
(maintenance of physical activity remains unclear)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.026 Tw
(because the few systematically evaluated interven-)Tj
T*
0.134 Tw
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0 -1.227 TD
0.12 Tw
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0 -1.182 TD
-0.015 Tw
(Booth et al. 1992; Owen et al. 1995; Luepker et al.)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.012 Tc
0.027 Tw
[(1994; Farquhar et al. 1990\). The )20 (SFCP)-4 (, discussed)]TJ
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0.013 Tc
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T*
-0.006 Tw
(moderate activities engaged in by women and vig-)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.143 Tw
(orous activity engaged in by men. Two national)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.119 Tw
(mass media campaigns to increase physical activity,)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.098 Tw
(particularly walking, to prevent cardiovascular dis-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.061 Tw
(ease were conducted in Australia in 1990 and 1991)Tj
T*
0.053 Tw
(\(Booth et al. 1992\). Drawing on social marketing)Tj
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0.138 Tw
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0 -1.227 TD
0.116 Tw
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0 -1.182 TD
0.23 Tw
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0.248 Tw
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23.955 56.636 TD
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0 -1.182 TD
0.01 Tw
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T*
0.007 Tw
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0.156 Tw
(television coverage for the 1990 and 1991 cam-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.092 Tw
(paigns were similar. Both campaigns were evalu-)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.104 Tw
(ated by one-on-one, home-based interviews with)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.069 Tw
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T*
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(proximately 2,500 people 2 weeks before and 3 to 4)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.196 Tw
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0 -1.182 TD
-0.007 Tw
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0 -1.227 TD
-0.061 Tw
(ness \(46 percent vs. 71 percent in 1990; 63 percent)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.092 Tw
(vs. 74 percent in 1991\). The 1990 postcampaign)Tj
T*
-0.072 Tw
(survey revealed significant increases in walking for)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.012 Tc
-0.127 Tw
[(exercise \(p)-254 (<)-242 (0.01\) compared with the precampaign)]TJ
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0.013 Tc
-0.119 Tw
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0 -1.227 TD
-0.079 Tw
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0 -1.182 TD
0.037 Tw
(adults over 50 years of age were nearly two times)Tj
T*
0.16 Tw
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0 -1.227 TD
-0.102 Tw
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0 -1.182 TD
0.056 Tw
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0 -1.227 TD
-0.004 Tw
(centage of persons reporting walking in the previ-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.252 Tw
(ous 2 weeks declined from precampaign levels)Tj
T*
0.02 Tw
(among all adult age groups except people over 60)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.006 Tc
0.036 Tw
[(years )-11 (of )-11 (age. Intention to become more active also)]TJ
0 -1.182 TD
0.003 Tc
0.012 Tw
(declined overall, from 26.3 percent to 24.8 percent)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.006 Tc
-0.003 Tw
(\(Owen et al. 1995\).)Tj
1.636 -1.182 TD
0.003 Tc
0.064 Tw
[( Communications intended to serve as cues to)]TJ
-1.636 -1.227 TD
0.023 Tw
(action have been tested at places where people can)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.048 Tw
(choose whether to walk or ride. This approach in-)Tj
T*
-0.021 Tw
(volves placing signs to use the stairs near escalators)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.006 Tw
(in public places like train and bus stations or shop-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.016 Tc
0.258 Tw
(ping malls \(Brownell, Stunkard, Albaum 1980;)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.003 Tc
-0.119 Tw
(Blamey, Mutrie, Aitchison 1995\). For example, signs)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.047 Tw
(that said \322Stay Healthy, Save Time, Use the Stairs\323)Tj
T*
0.068 Tw
(increased the percentage of people using stairs in-)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.022 Tw
(stead of an adjacent escalator from 8 percent to 15\320)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0 Tc
-0.128 Tw
(17 percent \(Blamey, Mutrie, Aitchison 1995\). Twelve)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.003 Tc
0.093 Tw
(weeks after the sign was removed, the increase in)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.108 Tw
(stair use remained significant but showed a trend)Tj
T*
-0.002 Tw
(toward baseline.)Tj
1.636 -1.227 TD
0.197 Tw
(In summary, communications strategies have)Tj
-1.636 -1.182 TD
-0.081 Tw
(had limited impact. It is not clear if communications)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.002 Tc
-0.127 Tw
(approaches would be more effective in getting people)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.003 Tc
-0.08 Tw
(to be regularly active if they were linked with oppor-)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.23 Tw
(tunities to act on messages or if messages were)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.034 Tw
(tailored to stages of change or to the needs of sub-)Tj
T*
0.251 Tw
(groups in the population \(Carleton et al. 1995;)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.121 Tw
(Donovan and Owen 1994; Young et al. in press\).)Tj
ET
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(Physical Activity and Health)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
0 -2.818 TD
-0.013 Tw
(Appropriately placed communications that serve as)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.037 Tw
(cues to action appear to increase the decision to use)Tj
T*
0 Tw
(the stairs instead of ride the escalator.)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
11 0 2.138 11 48 657 Tm
0.001 Tw
(Special Population Programs)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
0.345 -1.773 TD
0 Tw
(Racial and Ethnic Minorities)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
11 0 0 11 48 624.5 Tm
0.074 Tw
(The few interventions studies that have been con-)Tj
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0.05 Tw
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0.013 Tw
(duced mixed results. The Bootheel Project referred)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.082 Tw
(to earlier in this chapter found increased levels of)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.091 Tw
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T*
-0.004 Tc
-0.13 Tw
(tions. The Physical Activity for Risk Reduction project)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.003 Tc
-0.089 Tw
(\(Lewis et al. 1993\) was undertaken in black commu-)Tj
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-0.11 Tw
(nities in Birmingham, Alabama, using a combination)Tj
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0.027 Tw
(of behavioral management and community organi-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
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(zation approaches. In the intervention groups, com-)Tj
T*
0.205 Tw
(munity members played roles in defining needs,)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.118 Tw
(identifying strategies, and conducting interventions.)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.148 Tw
(In those communities where strong organization,)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.202 Tw
(leadership, and commitment to the project were)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.043 Tw
(observed, statistically significant increases in physi-)Tj
T*
0 Tw
(cal activity were also noted.)Tj
1.636 -1.227 TD
0.126 Tw
(Results of two family-based health promotion)Tj
-1.636 -1.182 TD
0.007 Tc
0.259 Tw
(programs that used behavioral management ap-)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.003 Tc
0.149 Tw
(proaches to promote physical activity showed no)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.179 Tw
(greater increase in physical activity among those)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.052 Tw
(participating in the programs than among those in a)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.142 Tw
(control group. Nader and colleagues \(1989\) con-)Tj
T*
-0.05 Tw
(ducted a nutrition and physical activity program for)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.004 Tc
-0.13 Tw
(Anglo-American and Mexican American families with)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.003 Tc
0.034 Tw
(children in fifth and sixth grades; the program im-)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.078 Tw
(proved dietary habits but did not succeed in increas-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.094 Tw
(ing physical activity levels, although participation in)Tj
T*
0.112 Tw
(the program was high. Another family-based pro-)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.004 Tw
(gram, a 14-week intervention for African American)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.001 Tc
-0.13 Tw
(families that included educational sessions and twice-)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.003 Tc
-0.001 Tw
(weekly fitness center activities, had low attendance)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.097 Tw
(and did not increase physical activity \(Baranowski et)Tj
T*
0.002 Tw
(al. 1990\).)Tj
1.636 -1.227 TD
0.043 Tc
0.215 Tw
(The Indian Health Service undertook the)Tj
-1.636 -1.182 TD
0.003 Tc
-0.064 Tw
[(c)-40 (o)-40 (m)-42 (munity-based Zuni Diabetes Project to increase)]TJ
0 -1.227 TD
-0.003 Tc
0.137 Tw
[(physical )6 (activity and decrease body weight among)]TJ
0 -1.182 TD
-0.005 Tc
-0.055 Tw
[(Zuni Indians )-16 (i)-18 (n)-18 ( )]TJ
6.486 0 TD
0.013 Tc
-0.053 Tw
[(New )54 (Mexico who had non\320insulin-)]TJ
-6.486 -1.227 TD
0.006 Tc
0.184 Tw
[(dependent )-10 (dia)9 (betes mellitus \(NIDDM\) \(Leonard,)]TJ
0 -1.182 TD
0.003 Tc
-0.013 Tw
(Leonard, Wilson 1986\). The exercise program con-)Tj
T*
-0.015 Tc
-0.068 Tw
(sisted of several 1-hour aerobic sessions offered during)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.05 Tw
(the week. Zuni Indians who were trained in exercise)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.006 Tw
(and group leadership methods helped coor)Tj
17.136 0 TD
0.003 Tc
(dinate the)Tj
6.818 57.091 TD
-0.003 Tc
-0.086 Tw
[(program )-9 (and build community ownership. After par-)]TJ
0 -1.182 TD
-0.005 Tc
-0.12 Tw
(ticipating in aerobic sessions through the program, 43)Tj
T*
-0.003 Tw
(percent of the participants began and maintained an)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.017 Tw
(at-home exercise program, whereas only 18 percent)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.009 Tw
(of a comparison group of previously sedentary non-)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.024 Tw
(participants with NIDDM did so \(Heath et al. 1987\).)Tj
/F9 1 Tf
11 0 2.138 11 311.5 617.5 Tm
0.003 Tc
0 Tw
(People Who Are Overweight)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
11 0 0 11 311.5 604 Tm
0.1 Tw
(Being overweight increases the risk of developing)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.073 Tw
(chronic diseases \(see Chapter 4\). Results of inter-)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.087 Tw
(ventions to promote physical activity for weight loss)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.132 Tw
(have been mixed \(Perri et al. 1988; Jeffery 1995;)Tj
T*
0 Tw
(King et al. 1989\).)Tj
1.636 -1.227 TD
0.002 Tc
-0.001 Tw
[(The )15 (MHHP )-7 (, one of the large community inter-)]TJ
-1.636 -1.182 TD
0.018 Tc
0.258 Tw
(vention trials discussed earlier in this chapter)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.003 Tc
-0.029 Tw
(\(Luepker et al. 1994\), developed a series of compo-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.006 Tc
-0.129 Tw
(nent programs containing strategies to increase physi-)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.003 Tc
0.063 Tw
(cal activity for losing weight or preventing weight)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.027 Tw
(gain \(Jeffery 1995\). The Building Your Fitness Fu-)Tj
T*
0.072 Tw
(tures program was a 4-week adult education class)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.067 Tw
(that focused on how to develop a regular exercise)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.111 Tw
(program. The Wise Weighs programs was an 8-week)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.014 Tw
(adult education class that emphasized weight man-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.009 Tw
(agement strategies related to diet and exercise. The)Tj
T*
0.002 Tc
-0.113 Tw
[(third )-9 (MHHP )16 ( intervention, a correspondence course,)]TJ
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0.003 Tc
-0.051 Tw
(addressed diet and exercise through monthly news-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.153 Tw
(letters and tested two levels of financial contract)Tj
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0.011 Tw
(incentives \($5 and $60 dollars\). Each of these pro-)Tj
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0.002 Tc
-0.1 Tw
[(grams was evaluated in the )9 (MHHP )29 ( randomized trial.)]TJ
T*
0.003 Tc
0.152 Tw
(The Building Your Fitness Futures and the Wise)Tj
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-0.046 Tw
(Weighs programs resulted in only small weight loss)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
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(that was not significant after 1 year. The correspon-)Tj
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-0.086 Tw
(dence course resulted in significantly greater weight)Tj
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0.126 Tw
(loss among participants with $60 incentives than)Tj
T*
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(among those with $5 incentives.)Tj
1.636 -1.227 TD
-0.015 Tc
-0.112 Tw
(Preventing weight gain may be easier than promot-)Tj
-1.636 -1.182 TD
0.059 Tw
(ing weight loss. Wing \(1995\) suggests that there are)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.015 Tw
(three time periods during which interventions to pre-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.003 Tw
(vent weight gain might be most effective: in the years)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
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[(between ages 25 and 35 years, in the peri)-10 (-menopausal)]TJ
0 -1.182 TD
-0.082 Tw
(period for women, and in the year following successful)Tj
T*
-0.001 Tw
(weight loss. A fourth MHHP program that addressed)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.192 Tw
(physical activity, the Weight Gain Prevention Pro-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
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(gram, was a randomized trial of 211 community volun-)Tj
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0.257 Tw
(teers. The participants \(approximately two-thirds)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.015 Tc
0.064 Tw
(women\) were randomly assigned to either the inter-)Tj
T*
0.161 Tw
(vention group \(n = 103\) or the no-contact control)Tj
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-0.013 Tc
-0.079 Tw
[(group \(n = 108\). Th)25 (is)-35 ( )30 ( )-9 (program )-36 (was for normal-weight)]TJ
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0.191 Tw
[(adults and included monthly news)8 (letters )-10 (and )-10 (four)]TJ
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T*
0.04 Tw
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0 -1.227 TD
0.209 Tw
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[(group \(82 percent v)-7 (s)-6 (.)11 ( 56 percent\) \(Jeffery )-8 (1995\).)]TJ
/F9 1 Tf
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/F7 1 Tf
11 0 0 11 66 604 Tm
-0.023 Tw
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0 -1.227 TD
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(ter 4\). The few interventions that have been tested to)Tj
T*
0.002 Tw
(increase physical activity levels among older adults)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.09 Tw
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0 -1.182 TD
-0.037 Tw
(Heart Week campaign reviewed earlier resulted in a)Tj
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0.071 Tw
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0 -1.182 TD
-0.075 Tw
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T*
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-0.127 Tw
(Armstrong 1992; Biddle and Goudas 1996; Dempsey,)Tj
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0.003 Tc
0.01 Tw
(Kimiecik, Horn 1993; Ferguson et al. 1989; Tappe,)Tj
T*
-0.075 Tw
(Duda, Menges-Ehrnwald 1990\) also have been posi-)Tj
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-0.021 Tw
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(children and adolescents.)Tj
1.636 -1.227 TD
0.205 Tw
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-1.636 -1.182 TD
-0.001 Tw
(activity are associated with physical activity among)Tj
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0.059 Tw
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0.253 Tw
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T*
0.044 Tc
0.258 Tw
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0.003 Tc
0.161 Tw
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0 -1.227 TD
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0.257 Tw
(DiLorenzo 1993; Tappe, Duda, Menges-)Tj
17.227 0 TD
0.008 Tc
(Ehrnwald)Tj
-17.227 -1.182 TD
0.003 Tc
-0.043 Tw
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-0.09 Tw
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0.098 Tw
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(1996; Ferguson et al. 1989; Godin and Shephard)Tj
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(1986; Reynolds et al. 1990\) .)Tj
1.636 -1.227 TD
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-0.081 Tw
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(\(Moore et al. 1991; Poest et al. 1989; Sallis, Patterson,)Tj
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0.022 Tc
0.259 Tw
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0.008 Tw
(\(McMurray et al. 1993; Sallis, Alcaraz, et al. 1992\),)Tj
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-0.094 Tw
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0 -1.182 TD
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(Garcia et al. 1995; Stucky-Ropp and DiLorenzo 1993;)Tj
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0.153 Tw
(1985; Gottlieb and Chen 1985; Stucky-Ropp and)Tj
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0.194 Tw
(DiLorenzo 1993; Sallis, Patterson, Buono, et al.)Tj
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[(1988\))-24 ( to the physical activity of middle school stu-)]TJ
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0.234 Tw
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T*
0.246 Tw
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0 -1.182 TD
0.019 Tw
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0 -1.227 TD
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T*
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0 -1.227 TD
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0 -1.182 TD
0.123 Tw
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0 -1.227 TD
0.047 Tw
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[(t)10 (e)10 (r)12 (ventions for promoting physical activity among)]TJ
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T*
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(on interventions designed to promote both unstruc-)Tj
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(tured physical activity during free time and super-)Tj
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(vised physical activity, such as physical education)Tj
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(classes. Interventions designed to increase participa-)Tj
T*
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(tion in, or adherence to, organized youth sports have)Tj
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0.032 Tw
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0.197 Tw
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(feature random assignment of individuals or groups)Tj
23.955 57.091 TD
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(to intervention \(experimental\) or comparison \(con-)Tj
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(trol\) conditions, or quasi-experimental studies, which)Tj
T*
0.003 Tc
-0.001 Tw
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/F5 1 Tf
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(School Programs)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
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-0.005 Tc
-0.088 Tw
(Because most young people between the ages of 6 and)Tj
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0.002 Tc
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(16 years attend school, schools offer an almost)Tj
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0.184 Tw
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T*
0.116 Tw
(curricula for physical education and health educa-)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
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(promoting physical activity among children and ado-)Tj
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0.081 Tw
(lescents be developed to increase knowledge about)Tj
T*
-0.105 Tw
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0 -1.227 TD
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(motor skills promoting lifelong physical activity, fos-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.153 Tw
(ter positive attitudes toward physical activity, and)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.111 Tw
(encourage physical activity outside of physical educa-)Tj
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0.008 Tw
(tion classes. CDC\325s 1994 School Health Policies and)Tj
T*
0.177 Tw
(Programs Study \(Kann et al. 1995\) examined the)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.076 Tw
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0 -1.182 TD
-0.051 Tw
(for multiple components of a school health program.)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.009 Tc
-0.129 Tw
(The study examined kindergarten through 12th-grade)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.005 Tc
0.226 Tw
(health education and physical education at state,)Tj
T*
0.02 Tw
(district, school, and classroom levels \(Errecart et al.)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.065 Tw
(1995\). Results from the health education component)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.099 Tw
(of this study revealed that physical activity and fitness)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.022 Tw
(instruction were required in 65 percent of states and)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.104 Tw
(82 percent of districts and were included in a required)Tj
T*
0.169 Tw
(health education course in 78 percent of schools.)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.125 Tw
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0 -1.182 TD
0.072 Tw
(vided more than one class period of instruction on)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
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(these )Tj
2.273 0 TD
0.013 Tc
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(physical activity topics during the school year)Tj
-2.273 -1.182 TD
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[(\(Collins)20 ( e)19 (t)19 ( )]TJ
4.704 0 TD
-0.006 Tc
(al. 1995\).)Tj
-3.067 -1.227 TD
0.003 Tc
-0.064 Tw
(Results from the physical education component)Tj
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(Zuckerman, Taggart, et al. 1989; Bush, Zuckerman,)Tj
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(Theiss, et al. 1989; Resnicow et al. 1992; Walter 1989\).)Tj
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-0.001 Tw
(Physical Activity and Health)Tj
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0.001 Tw
(Environmental and Policy Approaches)Tj
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0.05 Tw
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-0.083 Tw
(search studies are discrete programs targeting popu-)Tj
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0.044 Tw
(lation subgroups \(e.g., employees, schoolchildren\))Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.19 Tw
(or communities. Interventions have shown some)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.215 Tw
(success in promoting physical activity, but their)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.066 Tw
(results have been inconsistent. A possible reason for)Tj
T*
-0.079 Tw
(limited results is a lack of concomitant support from)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.064 Tw
(the larger environment within which such interven-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.003 Tw
(tions take place. Many physical activity researchers)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.052 Tw
(believe that environmental and policy interventions)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.018 Tw
(must occur to complement interventions that focus)Tj
T*
0.251 Tw
(on behavior change among individuals or small)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.03 Tw
(groups. This larger perspective recognizes the pow-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.21 Tw
(erful moderating effect that environment has on)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.016 Tw
(individual volition. As King, Jeffery, and colleagues)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.122 Tw
(\(1995\) observe, \322Environmental and policy inter-)Tj
T*
0.017 Tw
(ventions are based on the recognition that people\325s)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.025 Tw
(health is integrally connected to their physical and)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0 Tw
(social environments\323 \(p. 501\).)Tj
1.636 -1.227 TD
0 Tc
-0.129 Tw
(Two premises underlie environmental and policy)Tj
-1.636 -1.182 TD
0.003 Tc
-0.019 Tw
(approaches. First, interventions addressing chronic)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.051 Tw
(disease risk factors, such as physical inactivity, re-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.06 Tw
(quire comprehensive, population-based approaches)Tj
T*
0.083 Tw
(that incorporate both individual and societal-level)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.127 Tw
(strategies \(Green and Simons-Morton 1996; Schmid,)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.077 Tw
(Pratt, Howze 1995\). Second, strategies should not)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.096 Tw
(rely solely on active approaches requiring individual)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.042 Tw
(initiative, such as enrolling in exercise classes, but)Tj
T*
-0.052 Tw
(should also incorporate passive approaches, such as)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.01 Tw
(providing walking trails or policies that permit em-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.218 Tw
(ployees to exercise during work hours \(Schmid,)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.198 Tw
(Pratt, Howze 1995\). An example of intervention)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.126 Tw
(elements combining passive and active approaches is)Tj
T*
0.013 Tc
-0.02 Tw
(a school board policy that permits school facilities)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.065 Tw
(to remain open before and after school for commu-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.1 Tw
(nity use, together with health communications that)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.015 Tw
(make citizens aware of these facilities and encour-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.01 Tc
0.004 Tw
[(age their )-18 (use.)]TJ
1.636 -1.227 TD
0.003 Tc
0.134 Tw
(As presented previously, ecological models of)Tj
-1.636 -1.182 TD
0.09 Tw
(health behavior \(McLeroy et al. 1988; CDC 1988;)Tj
T*
-0.091 Tw
(Stokols 1992\) provide frameworks for conceptualiz-)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.048 Tw
(ing what the role of policy approaches is to health)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.042 Tw
(promotion and how individuals interact with their)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.009 Tw
(social, institutional, cultural, and physical environ-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.074 Tw
(ments. The concept of the health-promoting envi-)Tj
T*
-0.006 Tc
-0.13 Tw
(ronment suggests that communities and other settings)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.003 Tc
0.073 Tw
(can facilitate healthy behaviors by providing envi-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.215 Tw
(ronmental inducements to be active, such as by)Tj
23.955 57.818 TD
0.246 Tw
(offering safe, accessible, and attractive trails for)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.001 Tw
(walking and biking.)Tj
1.636 -1.227 TD
0.011 Tc
-0.127 Tw
(National objectives and recommendations have)Tj
-1.636 -1.182 TD
0.013 Tc
-0.116 Tw
(encouraged the development of policies, programs,)Tj
T*
0.026 Tw
(and surveillance strategies that would help create)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.208 Tw
(an environment that promotes physical activity)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.05 Tw
(\(USDHHS 1990; Pate, Pratt, et al. 1995; National)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.111 Tw
(Association for Sport and Physical Education 1995;)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.003 Tc
-0.127 Tw
(U.S. Department of Transportation [USDOT] 1994\).)Tj
T*
0.013 Tc
-0.123 Tw
(Increasing national levels of physical activity and of)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.089 Tw
(cardiorespiratory fitness has also been targeted as a)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.183 Tw
(priority health objective in )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
12.455 0 TD
0.177 Tw
(Healthy People 2000)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
-12.455 -1.227 TD
0.215 Tw
(\(USDHHS 1990\) and the )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
11.682 0 TD
0.207 Tw
(Dietary Guidelines for)Tj
-11.682 -1.182 TD
(Americans )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
4.773 0 TD
0.215 Tw
(\(U.S. Department of Agriculture and)Tj
-4.773 -1.182 TD
0.001 Tw
(USDHHS 1995\).)Tj
1.636 -1.227 TD
0.003 Tc
-0.024 Tw
(Many efforts to raise public awareness and pro-)Tj
-1.636 -1.182 TD
0.039 Tw
(mote physical activity are under way. In 1994, the)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.004 Tw
(American Heart Association, the American College)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.051 Tw
(of Sports Medicine, and the American Alliance for)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.06 Tw
(Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.058 Tw
(formed a National Coalition for Promoting Physical)Tj
T*
-0.032 Tw
(Activity. The coalition\325s goals are to increase public)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.06 Tw
(awareness of the benefits of physical activity, pro-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.083 Tw
(vide an opportunity for forming effective partner-)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.003 Tw
(ships, and enhance delivery of consistent messages)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.009 Tw
(about physical activity \(National Coalition for Pro-)Tj
T*
-0.083 Tw
(moting Physical Activity 1995\). The CDC has estab-)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.124 Tw
(lished guidelines for promoting physical activity and)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.166 Tw
(healthy eating among young people \(CDC 1996;)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.009 Tw
(CDC in press\) and has initiated a public education)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.029 Tw
(effort to encourage active lifestyles and healthy eat-)Tj
T*
0.146 Tw
(ing among Americans. The National Institutes of)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.037 Tw
(Health \(NIH\) has used national campaigns to pro-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.074 Tw
(mote messages to both the general public and pa-)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.045 Tw
(tients on the importance of physical activity and a)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.01 Tw
(heart healthy diet. The NIH also sponsors research)Tj
T*
0.032 Tw
(on physical activity in special populations, includ-)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.173 Tw
(ing women from diverse economic backgrounds,)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.012 Tw
(and in various settings, such as worksites, schools,)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.06 Tw
(and health care institutions. In 1995, the NIH spon-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.076 Tw
(sored the Consensus Development Conference on)Tj
T*
-0.043 Tw
(Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health, which)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.254 Tw
(recommended regular physical activity for most)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.024 Tw
(persons aged 2 years and older \(see Appendix B in)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.189 Tw
(Chapter 2\). The President\325s Council on Physical)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.198 Tw
(Fitness and Sports works with a broad range of)Tj
T*
0.211 Tw
(partners in private industry, voluntary organiza-)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.076 Tw
(tions, and the media to promote physical activity,)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.032 Tw
(fitness, and sports participation by Americans of all)Tj
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/F9 1 Tf
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0 Tr
0 g
0.006 Tc
(245)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
2.727 63.727 TD
0.003 Tc
0 Tw
(Understanding and Promoting Physical Activity)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
-24.455 -2.818 TD
-0.069 Tw
(ages. As part of the midcourse review of the physical)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.108 Tw
(activity and fitness objectives of )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
13 0 TD
-0.104 Tw
(Healthy People 2000)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
8.045 0 TD
(,)Tj
-21.045 -1.182 TD
-0.005 Tc
-0.13 Tw
(the council presented a synopsis of ongoing grassroots)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.003 Tc
-0.088 Tw
(activities by Healthy People 2000 Consortium mem-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.027 Tw
(bers in support of increasing participation in physi-)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.104 Tw
(cal activity and improvement in fitness \(USDHHS)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.011 Tw
(1995\). The President\325s Council on Physical Fitness)Tj
T*
-0.02 Tw
(and Sports is also an advisory body to the President)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.051 Tw
(and to the Secretary of the DHHS on matters involv-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.101 Tw
(ing physical activity, fitness, and sports that enhance)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.015 Tw
(and improve health. Thirty-nine Governor\325s Coun-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.092 Tw
(cils on Physical Fitness and Sports stimulate state)Tj
T*
-0.064 Tw
(and local activities and program development; these)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.011 Tc
0.259 Tw
(efforts target fitness promotion for school-aged)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.003 Tc
0.104 Tw
(youths, older adults, working adults, and families)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.2 Tw
(\(National Association of Governor\325s Councils on)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.001 Tw
(Physical Fitness and Sports 1996\).)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
12 0 0 12 66 471.5 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(Community-Based Approaches)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
11 0 0 11 66 456.5 Tm
0.003 Tc
-0.069 Tw
(Community-based programs can be tailored to meet)Tj
T*
0.121 Tw
(the needs of their specific populations. More col-)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.094 Tw
(laborative work is under way between state and local)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.069 Tw
(governments, community groups, and businesses to)Tj
T*
-0.032 Tw
(reduce risk factors among employees and residents.)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.162 Tw
(Two-year follow-up data from one such effort in)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.123 Tw
(Smyth County, Virginia, suggested that 40 percent of)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.039 Tw
(school system employees had increased their physi-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.034 Tw
(cal activity participation during the program period)Tj
T*
-0.001 Tw
(\(CDC 1992\).)Tj
1.636 -1.227 TD
-0.005 Tc
0.005 Tw
(Two large subpopulations may be especially im-)Tj
-1.636 -1.182 TD
0.176 Tw
(portant to address in community-based programs:)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.111 Tw
(young people and older adults. Communities will face)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.026 Tw
(a growing need to provide a supportive environment)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.055 Tw
(for their children and adolescents. Between 1995 and)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.077 Tw
(2020, the number of young people under 18 years old)Tj
T*
0.153 Tw
(will increase by an estimated 13 percent, from 69)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.065 Tw
(million to 78 million \(Bureau of the Census 1996\).)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.083 Tw
(The framework for community-level physical activity)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.065 Tw
(programs for young people is already in place: mil-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.016 Tw
(lions of American youths participate in sports spon-)Tj
T*
-0.078 Tw
(sored by community leagues, religious organizations,)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.026 Tw
(social service organizations, and schools. In addition)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.169 Tw
(to organized sports, communities need to provide)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.104 Tw
(recreational programs and opportunities for all young)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.012 Tw
(people in a community, because such programs may)Tj
T*
-0.018 Tw
(encourage a lifetime habit of physical activity as well)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.113 Tw
(as other immediate community benefits. According to)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.238 Tw
(The Trust for Public Land, arrests among young)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.104 Tw
(people in one community decreased by 28 percent)Tj
23.955 57.955 TD
-0.009 Tw
(after the community instituted an academic and rec-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.183 Tw
(reational support program for teenagers \(National)Tj
T*
0.014 Tw
(Park Service 1994\). In another community, juvenile)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.105 Tw
(crime dropped 55 percent when community recre-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.097 Tw
(ational facilities stayed open until 2 a.m. \(National)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0 Tw
(Park Service 1994\).)Tj
1.636 -1.182 TD
0.003 Tc
0.101 Tw
(Communities will also need to meet the chal-)Tj
-1.636 -1.227 TD
0.03 Tw
(lenges of a growing population of older adults. Be-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.093 Tw
(tween 1995 and 2020, the number of people over the)Tj
T*
-0.011 Tw
(age of 60 will increase by 43 percent, from 44 to 63)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.04 Tw
(million \(Bureau of the Census 1996\). Programs and)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.055 Tw
(facilities designed to meet the needs of aging baby)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.057 Tw
(boomers and older adults can help ensure that these)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.027 Tw
(rapidly growing segments of the population obtain)Tj
T*
0.194 Tw
(the health benefits of regular, moderate physical)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.17 Tw
(activity. In one community, 35 age-peer exercise)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.001 Tc
-0.129 Tw
(instructors for older adults were recruited and trained)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.003 Tc
0.057 Tw
(by a local university as volunteers to conduct age-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.001 Tw
(appropriate physical activity programs on a regular)Tj
T*
0.098 Tw
(basis at sites such as libraries, senior centers, and)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.106 Tw
(nursing homes in their neighborhoods. Because they)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.196 Tw
(were age peers, the instructors were sensitive to)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.097 Tw
(many of the concerns that older adults had about)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.126 Tw
(physical activity, such as fear of falling and fracturing)Tj
T*
-0.119 Tw
(a hip. Over the following year, instructors conducted)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.155 Tw
(more than 1,500 half-hour exercise programs for)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.194 Tw
(more than 500 older adults at 20 sites \(DiGilio,)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0 Tw
(Howze, Shack 1992 \).)Tj
1.636 -1.182 TD
0.04 Tw
(Places of worship represent a potentially effec-)Tj
-1.636 -1.227 TD
-0.056 Tw
(tive site for physical activity promotion programs in)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.101 Tw
(communities, since these settings can provide the)Tj
T*
0.226 Tw
(impetus for starting\321and the social support for)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.015 Tc
0.259 Tw
(maintaining\321behavioral regimens \(Eng, Hatch,)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.003 Tc
0.032 Tw
(Callan 1985; Eng and Hatch 1991\) such as regular)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.217 Tw
(physical activity. Among the advantages of such)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.065 Tw
(settings are a history of participating in a range of)Tj
T*
(community health and social projects; large mem-)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.007 Tw
(berships, including families; a presence in virtually)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.054 Tw
(every U.S. community; and connections to minority)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.091 Tw
(and low-income communities typically underserved)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.164 Tw
(by health promotion programs \(King 1991\). The)Tj
T*
0.041 Tw
(Fitness Through Churches Project promoted aero-)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.071 Tw
(bic exercise in conjunction with other health behav-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.113 Tw
(iors to African American residents of Durham, North)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.038 Tw
(Carolina \(Hatch et al. 1986\). The results from this)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.213 Tw
(pilot program suggest that physical activity pro-)Tj
T*
0.041 Tw
(grams offered at places of worship are feasible and)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.086 Tw
(attractive to clergy and their congregations. Another)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.012 Tw
(project, the Health and Religion Project \(HARP\) of)Tj
ET
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(246)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
-21.864 63.727 TD
0.003 Tc
-0.001 Tw
(Physical Activity and Health)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
0 -2.818 TD
-0.09 Tw
(Rhode Island \(Lasater et al. 1986\), found that volun-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.164 Tw
(teers can be trained to provide heart health pro-)Tj
T*
-0.121 Tw
(grams, including physical activity, in church settings)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.001 Tw
(\(DePue et al. 1990\).)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
12 0 0 12 48 643 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(Societal Barriers)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
11 0 0 11 48 628 Tm
0.003 Tc
0.061 Tw
(The major barrier to physical activity is the age in)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.077 Tw
(which we live. In the past, most activities of daily)Tj
T*
-0.124 Tw
(living involved significant expenditures of energy. In)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.101 Tw
(contrast, the overarching goal of modern technology)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.169 Tw
(has been to reduce this expenditure through the)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.204 Tw
(production of devices and services explicitly de-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.066 Tw
(signed to obviate physical labor. From the days of)Tj
T*
-0.01 Tw
(hunting and gathering to turn-of-the-century farm-)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.004 Tw
(ing practices and early industrial labor, the process)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.127 Tw
(of earning a living was once a strenuous activity.)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.005 Tc
-0.11 Tw
(Today, many Americans engage in little or no physical)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.003 Tc
-0.113 Tw
(activity in the course of a working day typically spent)Tj
T*
0.129 Tw
(sitting at a desk or standing at a counter or cash)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.003 Tw
(register. A large part of many people\325s time is spent)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.144 Tw
(inside buildings where elevators or escalators are)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.105 Tw
(prominent features and stairs are difficult to find and)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.033 Tw
(may seem unsafe. Motorized transportation carries)Tj
T*
0.174 Tw
(millions of Americans to and from work and on)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.145 Tw
(almost every errand. These inactive daily expedi-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.003 Tw
(tions occur virtually door-to-door, with the help of)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.028 Tw
(parking lots built as near to destinations as possible)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.003 Tw
(to minimize walking and increase convenience and)Tj
T*
-0.057 Tw
(safety. Whereas older cities and towns were built on)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.121 Tw
(the assumption that stores and services would be)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.114 Tw
(within walking distance of local residents, the design)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
(of most new residential areas reflects the supposition)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.069 Tw
(that people will drive from home to most destina-)Tj
T*
0.167 Tw
(tions. Thus work, home, and shopping are often)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.001 Tc
-0.127 Tw
(separated by distances that not only discourage walk-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.003 Tc
-0.014 Tw
(ing but may even necessitate commuting by motor-)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.002 Tw
(ized transportation.)Tj
1.636 -1.182 TD
-0.027 Tw
(Television viewing, video games, and computer)Tj
-1.636 -1.227 TD
-0.029 Tw
(use have contributed substantially to the amount of)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.083 Tw
(time people spend in sedentary pursuits \(President\325s)Tj
T*
-0.086 Tw
(Council on Physical Fitness and Sports and Sporting)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.163 Tw
(Goods Manufacturers Association 1993\). Next to)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.07 Tw
(sleeping, watching TV occupies the greatest amount)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.011 Tc
0.259 Tw
(of leisure time during childhood \(Dietz 1990\).)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.003 Tc
-0.084 Tw
(Preschoolers exhibit the highest rate of TV watching)Tj
T*
-0.091 Tw
(\(27\32028 hours per week\). By the time a person gradu-)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.113 Tw
(ates from high school, he or she will likely have spent)Tj
23.955 55.545 TD
0.061 Tw
(15,000\32018,000 hours in front of a television\321and)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0 Tw
(12,000 hours in school \(Strasburger 1992\).)Tj
1.636 -1.227 TD
0.138 Tw
(In the face of these powerful societal induce-)Tj
-1.636 -1.182 TD
-0.102 Tw
(ments to be inactive, efforts must be made to encour-)Tj
T*
-0.092 Tw
(age physical activity within the course of the day and)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.204 Tw
(to create environments in communities, schools,)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.122 Tw
(and workplaces that afford maximum opportunity to)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.129 Tw
(be active. Policy interventions can address public)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.021 Tw
(concerns about safety, financial costs, and access to)Tj
T*
0.199 Tw
(indoor and outdoor facilities. Such interventions)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.218 Tw
(also can address the concerns of employers and)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.088 Tw
(governments about liability in the event of injury. At)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.192 Tw
(the state and local level, governments determine)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.042 Tw
(building codes and public safety, traffic, and zoning)Tj
T*
0.022 Tw
(statutes that have potential bearing on physical ac-)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0 Tw
(tivity opportunities in communities.)Tj
1.636 -1.182 TD
-0.009 Tw
(Concerns about crime can be a major barrier to)Tj
-1.636 -1.227 TD
-0.123 Tw
(physical activity for both adults and young people. In)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.159 Tw
(a national survey of parents, 46 percent believed)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.066 Tw
(their neighborhood was not very safe from crime for)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.005 Tc
-0.047 Tw
(their children \(Princeton Survey Research Associates)Tj
T*
0.003 Tc
-0.023 Tw
(1994\). Minority parents were about half as likely as)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.172 Tw
(white parents to report that their neighborhoods)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.117 Tw
(were safe. Successful implementation of policy inter-)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.069 Tw
(ventions may help address such concerns. For ex-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.057 Tw
(ample, decisions to put more police on a beat in a)Tj
T*
0.015 Tw
(high-crime area may help residents feel safer going)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.007 Tc
0.259 Tw
(outside to walk. Similarly, neighborhood watch)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.003 Tc
0.04 Tw
(groups formed to increase safety and reduce crime)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.146 Tw
(may be a vehicle for promoting physical activity.)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0 Tc
-0.128 Tw
(Opening schools for community recreation and malls)Tj
T*
0.003 Tc
-0.046 Tw
(for walking can provide safe and all-weather venues)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.163 Tw
(that enable all members of the community to be)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
(active.)Tj
1.636 -1.227 TD
0.182 Tw
(Transportation, health, and community plan-)Tj
-1.636 -1.182 TD
0.003 Tw
(ners as well as private citizens can help ensure that)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.036 Tw
(children living in areas near schools can safely walk)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.043 Tw
(or bike to school and that adults can walk or bike to)Tj
T*
0.082 Tw
(work. Fear of traffic is one of the most frequently)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.11 Tw
(cited reasons for not bicycling \(USDOT 1993\). Adult)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.015 Tw
(pedestrians and bicyclists account for 14 percent of)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.066 Tw
(yearly traffic fatalities \(USDOT 1994\). In a survey of)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.125 Tw
(adults, those who rode a bicycle in the preceding year)Tj
T*
-0.114 Tw
(were asked whether they would commute to work by)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.136 Tw
(bicycle under specific conditions. Fifty-three per-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.061 Tw
(cent said they would do so if safe, separate, desig-)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.015 Tc
0.259 Tw
(nated paths existed; 47 percent would if their)Tj
ET
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2.727 63.727 TD
0.003 Tc
0 Tw
(Understanding and Promoting Physical Activity)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
-24.455 -2.818 TD
0.114 Tw
(employer offered financial or other incentives; 46)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.003 Tw
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T*
0.085 Tw
(45 percent would if their workplace had showers,)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.002 Tw
(lockers, and a secure area for bike storage \(USDOT)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.179 Tw
(1994\). More than half the respondents indicated)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.074 Tw
(they would walk, or walk more, if there were safe)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.02 Tw
(pathways \(protected from automobile hazards\) and)Tj
T*
0.085 Tw
(if crime were not a consideration. A majority also)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.217 Tw
(wanted their local government to provide better)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0 Tw
(opportunities to walk and bicycle.)Tj
1.636 -1.227 TD
0.049 Tw
(These percentages stand in sharp relief against)Tj
-1.636 -1.182 TD
-0.11 Tw
(current practice: only 4.5 percent of Americans com-)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.01 Tw
(mute to work by bicycle or on foot \(USDOT 1994\).)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.112 Tw
(Even in such comparatively small numbers, these)Tj
T*
0.024 Tw
(people are estimated to save as much as 1.3 billion)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.109 Tw
(gallons of gasoline yearly and to prevent 16.3 million)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.124 Tw
(metric tons of exhaust emissions \(USDOT 1994\).)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.078 Tw
(Every mile walked or cycled for transportation saves)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.003 Tw
(5 to 22 cents that would have been spent for a mile)Tj
T*
0.036 Tw
(by automobile, including reduced cost from pollu-)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.099 Tw
(tion and oil imports \(USDOT 1994\). The Intermodal)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.257 Tw
(Surface Transportation Efficiency Act, passed in)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.12 Tw
(1991, promotes alternatives to automobile use by)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.172 Tw
(making funds available for states to construct or)Tj
T*
-0.126 Tw
(improve bicycling facilities and pedestrian walkways)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.059 Tw
(\(USDOT 1993\). Decisions on how these funds are)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.151 Tw
(used are made locally, and organizations such as)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.018 Tw
(local transportation, health, and parks departments)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.155 Tw
(can promote the use of these funds in ways that)Tj
T*
0.025 Tw
(increase the prevalence of physical activity in their)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
(communities.)Tj
1.636 -1.182 TD
-0.031 Tw
(In a growing number of communities, concerns)Tj
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1.636 -1.227 TD
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(ment to make playgrounds and streets safer will)Tj
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T*
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/F14 1 Tf
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/F7 1 Tf
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19.6 0 TD
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1.2 -1.2 TD
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8.4 0 TD
0.051 Tc
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0.005 Tc
(1974;2:324\320373.)Tj
-1.2 -1.75 TD
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20.8 0 TD
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[(exploratory study of psy)-18 (chological correlates. )]TJ
/F14 1 Tf
19.8 0 TD
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T*
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T*
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0.259 Tw
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(1992;7:241\320247.)Tj
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0.056 Tw
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1.2 -1.2 TD
0.017 Tw
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T*
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(Health Educa-)Tj
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0.128 Tw
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0.048 Tw
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T*
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0.106 Tw
(Brownell KD, Marlatt AG, Lichtenstein E, Wilson GT.)Tj
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16.4 0 TD
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(American Psy-)Tj
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(chologist )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
3.8 0 TD
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-5 -1.75 TD
0.03 Tw
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1.2 -1.2 TD
0.011 Tw
(modification of exercise patterns in the natural envi-)Tj
T*
(ronment.)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
3.85 0 TD
0.193 Tw
[( American Journal of Psychiatry)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
13.65 0 TD
0.199 Tw
[( 1980;137:)]TJ
-17.5 -1.2 TD
(1540\3201545.)Tj
-1.2 -1.7 TD
0.093 Tw
(Brownson RC, Smith CA, Pratt M, Mack NE, Jackson-)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
-0.037 Tw
(Thompson J, Dean CG, et al. Preventing cardiovascu-)Tj
T*
-0.009 Tw
(lar disease through community-based risk reduction:)Tj
T*
-0.079 Tw
(the Bootheel Heart Health Project. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
14.25 0 TD
-0.076 Tw
(American Journal of)Tj
-14.25 -1.2 TD
0 Tw
(Public Health )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
5.7 0 TD
(1996;86:206\320213.)Tj
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-0.063 Tw
(Bureau of the Census. )Tj
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-8 -1.2 TD
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(tion projections of the United States by age, sex, race, and)Tj
T*
0.224 Tw
(Hispanic origin: 1995\3202050. )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
12.4 0 TD
0.232 Tw
(Washington, DC: U.S.)Tj
-12.4 -1.2 TD
0.067 Tw
(Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics)Tj
T*
0 Tw
(Administration, Bureau of the Census, 1996.)Tj
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0.055 Tw
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0.137 Tw
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16.4 0 TD
0.132 Tw
(Health Values)Tj
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-16.4 -1.2 TD
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0.024 Tw
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-0.043 Tw
(EO, Smith SA. Cardiovascular risk factor prevention)Tj
T*
-0.04 Tw
(in black schoolchildren: the Know Your Body evalu-)Tj
T*
0.149 Tw
(ation project. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
6.3 0 TD
0.143 Tw
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(215\320227.)Tj
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0.018 Tw
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T*
0.089 Tw
(vention in black schoolchildren: two-year results of)Tj
T*
0.14 Tw
(the Know Your Body program. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
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0.135 Tw
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( 1989;129:466\320482.)Tj
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(ticipation in physical activity. )Tj
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T*
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( \(in press\).)Tj
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T*
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T*
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(251)Tj
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2.727 63.727 TD
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/F7 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 66 712 Tm
0.005 Tc
0.036 Tw
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1.2 -1.2 TD
0.048 Tw
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T*
0.004 Tc
-0.128 Tw
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/F14 1 Tf
11.65 0 TD
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(American Journal of Health)Tj
-11.65 -1.2 TD
0.005 Tc
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/F7 1 Tf
4.2 0 TD
-0.001 Tw
( 1995;9:430\320432.)Tj
-5.4 -1.75 TD
-0.005 Tc
-0.129 Tw
(Carleton RA, Lasater TM, Assaf AR, Feldman HA, McKinlay)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
0.005 Tc
0.097 Tw
(S, Pawtucket Heart Health Program Writing Group.)Tj
T*
0.23 Tw
(The Pawtucket Heart Health Program: community)Tj
T*
0.088 Tw
(changes in cardiovascular risk factors and projected)Tj
T*
0.042 Tc
0.258 Tw
(disease risk. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
6.4 0 TD
0.04 Tc
0.25 Tw
(American Journal of Public Health)Tj
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0.005 Tc
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-1.2 -1.75 TD
0.02 Tw
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
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T*
0.075 Tw
(physical activity among youth. Atlanta: U.S. Depart-)Tj
T*
0.135 Tw
(ment of Health and Human Services, Public Health)Tj
T*
0.044 Tw
(Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
T*
-0.001 Tw
(Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
15.95 0 TD
( \(in press\).)Tj
-17.15 -1.7 TD
0.028 Tw
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
-0.123 Tw
[(for school health programs to promote lifelong healthy)]TJ
T*
(eating. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
3 0 TD
-0.06 Tw
(Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
15.7 0 TD
-0.062 Tw
[( 1996;45)]TJ
-18.7 -1.2 TD
-0.002 Tw
(\(No. RR-9\):1\32042.)Tj
-1.2 -1.75 TD
0.015 Tc
-0.041 Tw
(Centers for Disease Control. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
12.3 0 TD
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(Promoting physical activity)Tj
-11.1 -1.2 TD
0.137 Tw
(among adults; a CDC community intervention hand-)Tj
T*
(book. )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
2.4 0 TD
-0.074 Tw
(Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human)Tj
-2.4 -1.2 TD
0.047 Tw
(Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease)Tj
T*
(Control,1988.)Tj
-1.2 -1.75 TD
0.005 Tc
0.133 Tw
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Worksite)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
0.022 Tc
0.259 Tw
(and community health promotion/risk reduction)Tj
T*
0.005 Tc
0.03 Tw
(project-Virginia, 1987\3201991.)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
12.15 0 TD
0.029 Tw
[( Morbidity and Mortality)]TJ
-12.15 -1.2 TD
0 Tw
(Weekly Report )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
6.15 0 TD
(1992;41:55\32057.)Tj
-7.35 -1.75 TD
0.148 Tw
(Collins JL, Small ML, Kann L, Pateman BC, Gold RS,)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
0.089 Tw
(Kolbe LJ. School health education. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
15.2 0 TD
0.086 Tw
(Journal of School)Tj
-15.2 -1.2 TD
(Health)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
2.7 0 TD
-0.002 Tw
( 1995;65:302\320311.)Tj
-3.9 -1.75 TD
-0.089 Tw
(Courneya KS. Understanding readiness for regular physi-)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
0.012 Tw
(cal activity in older individuals: an application of the)Tj
T*
0.043 Tc
0.259 Tw
(theory of planned behavior. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
14 0 TD
0.042 Tc
0.25 Tw
(Health Psychology)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
-14 -1.2 TD
0.005 Tc
(1995;14:80\32087.)Tj
-1.2 -1.7 TD
0.102 Tw
(Courneya KS, McAuley E. Are there different determi-)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
0.235 Tw
(nants of the frequency, intensity, and duration of)Tj
T*
-0.06 Tw
(physical activity? )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
7.4 0 TD
-0.058 Tw
(Behavioral Medicine )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
8.3 0 TD
(1994;20:84\32090.)Tj
-16.9 -1.75 TD
0.165 Tw
(Courneya KS, McAuley E. Cognitive mediators of the)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
-0.098 Tw
(social influence-exercise adherence relationship: a test)Tj
T*
-0.11 Tw
(of the theory of planned behavior. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
13.9 0 TD
-0.106 Tw
(Journal of Behavioral)Tj
-13.9 -1.2 TD
(Medicine )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
3.85 0 TD
(1995;18:499\320515.)Tj
-5.05 -1.75 TD
0.227 Tw
(Crow R, Blackburn H, Jacobs D, Hannan P, Pirie P,)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
-0.003 Tw
(Mittelmark M, et al. Population strategies to enhance)Tj
T*
0.209 Tw
(physical activity: the Minnesota Heart Health Pro-)Tj
T*
0.052 Tc
(gram. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
3.2 0 TD
0.051 Tc
0.25 Tw
(Acta Medica Scandinavica Supplementum)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
-3.2 -1.2 TD
0.005 Tc
(1986;711:93\320112.)Tj
25.15 61.8 TD
-0.124 Tw
(Dempsey JM, Kimiecik JC, Horn TS. Parental influence on)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
-0.005 Tw
(children\325s moderate to vigorous physical activity par-)Tj
T*
0.23 Tw
(ticipation: an expectancy-value approach. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
18.65 0 TD
(Pediatric)Tj
-18.65 -1.2 TD
0.002 Tw
(Exercise Science )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
6.8 0 TD
(1993;5:151\320167.)Tj
-8 -1.75 TD
-0.115 Tw
(DePue JD, Wells BL, Lasater TM, Carleton RA. Volunteers)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
0.052 Tw
(as providers of heart health programs in churches: a)Tj
T*
-0.021 Tw
(report on implementation. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
11.3 0 TD
(American Journal of Health)Tj
-11.3 -1.2 TD
(Promotion )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
4.45 0 TD
(1990;4:361\320366.)Tj
-5.65 -1.75 TD
0.031 Tw
(Desmond AW, Conrad KM, Montgomery A, Simon KA.)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
-0.001 Tw
(Factors associated with male workers\325 engagement in)Tj
T*
0 Tw
(physical activity.)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
7.05 0 TD
( AAOHN Journal )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
7.05 0 TD
(1993;41:73\32083.)Tj
-15.3 -1.7 TD
-0.066 Tw
(Dietz WH. Children and television. In: Green M, Hagerty)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
0.234 Tw
(RJ, editors. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
5.35 0 TD
0.226 Tw
(Ambulatory pediatrics )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
9.65 0 TD
0.234 Tw
(IV. Philadelphia:)Tj
-15 -1.2 TD
-0.001 Tw
(W.B. Saunders, 1990:39\32041.)Tj
-1.2 -1.75 TD
-0.123 Tw
(DiGilio DA, Howze EA, Schack FK. The cost-effectiveness)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
0.038 Tw
(of peer-led exercise programs. In: Harris S, Harris R,)Tj
T*
-0.034 Tw
(Harris WS, editors. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
8.15 0 TD
-0.032 Tw
(Physical activity, aging, and sports.)Tj
-8.15 -1.2 TD
-0.044 Tw
(Vol. 2. Practice, program, and policy. )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
15 0 TD
-0.046 Tw
(Albany, NY: Cen-)Tj
-15 -1.2 TD
0 Tw
(ter for the Study of Aging, 1992:226\320231.)Tj
-1.2 -1.75 TD
0.112 Tw
(Dishman RK. Increasing and maintaining exercise and)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
-0.021 Tw
(physical activity. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
7.25 0 TD
(Behavior Therapy )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
7.45 0 TD
(1991;22:345\320378.)Tj
-15.9 -1.75 TD
-0.001 Tw
(Dishman RK, Steinhardt M. Health locus of control pre-)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
-0.032 Tw
(dicts free-living, but not supervised, physical activity:)Tj
T*
-0.095 Tw
(a test of exercise-specific control and outcome-expect-)Tj
T*
0.061 Tw
(ancy hypotheses. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
7.55 0 TD
0.059 Tw
(Research Quarterly for Exercise and)Tj
-7.55 -1.2 TD
(Sport )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
2.4 0 TD
(1990;61:383\320394.)Tj
-3.6 -1.75 TD
0.027 Tw
(Donovan RJ, Owen N. Social marketing and population)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
0.181 Tw
(interventions. In: Dishman RK, editor. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
17.3 0 TD
0.175 Tw
(Advances in)Tj
-17.3 -1.2 TD
0.086 Tw
(exercise adherence.)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
7.8 0 TD
0.089 Tw
[( Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics,)]TJ
-7.8 -1.2 TD
(1994:249\320290.)Tj
-1.2 -1.7 TD
0.015 Tc
0.088 Tw
(DuCharme KA, Brawley LR. Predicting the intentions)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
-0.024 Tw
(and behavior of exercise initiates using two forms of)Tj
T*
(self-efficacy. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
5.6 0 TD
-0.016 Tw
(Journal of Behavioral Medicine )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
12.9 0 TD
(1995;18:)Tj
-18.5 -1.2 TD
0.01 Tc
[(479\320)10 (497.)]TJ
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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/F14 1 Tf
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
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(Health Psychology )Tj
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T*
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T*
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0.137 Tw
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0.23 Tw
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18.05 0 TD
0.222 Tw
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T*
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T*
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(Health Psychology)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
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( 1992;11:257\320261.)Tj
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18.7 0 TD
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T*
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0.191 Tw
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0.259 Tw
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25.15 62.35 TD
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(Mayer JA, Jermanovich A, Wright BL, Elder JP, Drew JA,)Tj
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0.209 Tw
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T*
0.255 Tw
(adults: the San Diego Medicare Preventive Health)Tj
T*
(Project. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
3.5 0 TD
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(Preventive Medicine )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
8.25 0 TD
(1994;23:127\320133.)Tj
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0.002 Tc
-0.127 Tw
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0.005 Tc
0.083 Tw
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10.9 0 TD
0.08 Tw
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( 1991;13:382\320393.)Tj
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-0.069 Tw
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0.052 Tw
(ing exercise adherence in middle-aged males and fe-)Tj
T*
(males. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
2.9 0 TD
0 Tw
(Preventive Medicine )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
8.3 0 TD
(1994;23:498\320506.)Tj
-12.4 -1.7 TD
-0.013 Tw
(McAuley E, Lox C, Duncan TE. Long-term maintenance)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
0.021 Tw
(of exercise, self-efficacy, and physiological change in)Tj
T*
-0.054 Tw
(older adults. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
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(Journal of Gerontology )Tj
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9.3 0 TD
(1993;48:218\320224.)Tj
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0.013 Tc
0.258 Tw
(McKenzie TL, Feldman H, Woods SE, Romero KA,)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
0.005 Tc
-0.029 Tw
(Dahlstrom V, Stone EJ, et al. Children\325s activity levels)Tj
T*
-0.063 Tw
(and lesson context during third-grade physical educa-)Tj
T*
0.042 Tc
(tion. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
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0.041 Tc
0.25 Tw
(Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport)Tj
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(1995;66:184\320193.)Tj
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0.027 Tw
(McKenzie TL, Nader PR, Strikmiller PK, Yang M, Stone)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
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(EJ, Perry CL, et al. School physical education: effect of)Tj
T*
0.216 Tw
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T*
0.001 Tw
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0.066 Tw
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T*
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T*
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0.251 Tw
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(McKenzie TL, Sallis JF, Nader PR, Patterson TL, Elder, JP,)Tj
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0.024 Tw
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T*
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T*
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T*
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0.016 Tw
(Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis )Tj
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0.017 Tw
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(141\320151.)Tj
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T*
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(Health Education)Tj
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0.223 Tw
(perspective on health promotion programs. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
19.6 0 TD
(Health)Tj
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0.259 Tw
(McMurray RB, Bradley CB, Harrell JS, Bernthal PR,)Tj
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0.098 Tw
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T*
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(childhood fitness and activity patterns. )Tj
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16.1 0 TD
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(Research Quar-)Tj
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0.036 Tw
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/F14 1 Tf
T*
0.001 Tw
(Health Education Quarterly )Tj
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(1993;20:83\32095.)Tj
ET
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(Physical Activity and Health)Tj
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10 0 0 10 48 712 Tm
0.005 Tc
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(Mirotznik J, Feldman L, Stein R. The health belief model)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
-0.097 Tw
(and adherence with a community center-based, super-)Tj
T*
-0.082 Tw
(vised coronary heart disease exercise program. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
19.3 0 TD
(Journal)Tj
-19.3 -1.2 TD
-0.001 Tw
(of Community Health )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
8.9 0 TD
(1995;20:233\320247.)Tj
-10.1 -1.75 TD
0.231 Tw
(Mittelmark MB, Luepker RV, Jacobs DR, Bracht NF,)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
-0.063 Tw
(Carlaw RW, Crow RS, et al. Community-wide preven-)Tj
T*
-0.008 Tw
(tion of cardiovascular disease: education strategies of)Tj
T*
-0.091 Tw
(the Minnesota Heart Health Program. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
15.55 0 TD
-0.088 Tw
(Preventive Medi-)Tj
-15.55 -1.2 TD
(cine )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
1.85 0 TD
(1986;15:1\32017.)Tj
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0.004 Tc
-0.127 Tw
(Moore LL, Lombardi DA, White MJ, Campbell JL, Oliveria)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
0.005 Tc
0.079 Tw
(SA, Ellison C. Influence of parents\325 physical activity)Tj
T*
0.049 Tw
(levels on activity levels of young children. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
18.25 0 TD
0.047 Tw
(Journal of)Tj
-18.25 -1.2 TD
(Pediatrics )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
4.25 0 TD
(1991;118:215\320219.)Tj
-5.45 -1.7 TD
-0.045 Tw
(Mullen PD, Tabak ER. Patterns of counseling techniques)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
0.002 Tc
-0.127 Tw
(used by family practice physicians for smoking, weight,)Tj
T*
0.005 Tc
0 Tw
(exercise, and stress. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
8.55 0 TD
(Medical Care )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
5.65 0 TD
(1989;27:694\320704.)Tj
-15.4 -1.75 TD
-0.101 Tw
(Nader PR, Sallis JF, Patterson TL, Abramson IS, Rupp JW,)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
-0.12 Tw
(Senn KL, et al. A family approach to cardiovascular risk)Tj
T*
0.047 Tw
(reduction: results from the San Diego Family Health)Tj
T*
(Project. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
3.4 0 TD
-0.063 Tw
(Health Education Quarterly )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
11.2 0 TD
(1989;16:229\320244.)Tj
-15.8 -1.75 TD
-0.005 Tw
(Nader PR, Taras HL, Sallis JF, Patterson TL. Adult heart)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
0.01 Tw
(disease prevention in childhood: a national survey of)Tj
T*
0.035 Tc
0.259 Tw
(pediatricians\325 practices and attitudes. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
18 0 TD
0.034 Tc
(Pediatrics)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
-18 -1.2 TD
0.005 Tc
(1987;79:843\320850.)Tj
-1.2 -1.75 TD
0.061 Tw
(National Association for Sport and Physical Education.)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
1.2 -1.2 TD
-0.069 Tw
(Moving into the future: national physical education stan-)Tj
T*
0.088 Tw
(dards\321a guide to content and assessment. )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
17.7 0 TD
0.091 Tw
(New York:)Tj
-17.7 -1.2 TD
-0.001 Tw
(Mosby, 1995.)Tj
-1.2 -1.75 TD
-0.047 Tw
(National Association of Governor\325s Councils on Physical)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
-0.118 Tw
(Fitness and Sports. I)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
8.2 0 TD
-0.114 Tw
(nformation brochure.)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
8.4 0 TD
-0.118 Tw
[( Indianapolis:)]TJ
-16.6 -1.2 TD
-0.115 Tw
(National Association of Governor\325s Councils on Physi-)Tj
T*
0 Tw
(cal Fitness and Sports, 1996.)Tj
-1.2 -1.7 TD
-0.013 Tc
0.014 Tw
(National Center for Health Statistics. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
15 0 TD
(Health, United States,)Tj
-13.8 -1.2 TD
-0.014 Tc
(1990.)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
2.15 0 TD
-0.013 Tc
0.099 Tw
[( Hyattsville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and)]TJ
-2.15 -1.2 TD
-0.015 Tw
(Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Dis-)Tj
T*
-0.07 Tw
(ease Control, National Center for Health Statistics, 1991.)Tj
-1.2 -1.75 TD
0.005 Tc
-0.077 Tw
(National Center for Health Statistics, Kovar MG, LaCroix)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
0.142 Tw
(AZ. Aging in the eighties: ability to perform work-)Tj
T*
0.003 Tw
(related activities. Data from the supplement on aging)Tj
T*
-0.112 Tw
(to the National Health Interview Survey: United States,)Tj
T*
(1984. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
2.55 0 TD
-0.072 Tw
(Advance data from Vital and Health Statistics, No.)Tj
-2.55 -1.2 TD
(136. )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
2.05 0 TD
0.028 Tw
(Hyattsville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and)Tj
-2.05 -1.2 TD
-0.067 Tw
(Human Services, Public Health Service, National Cen-)Tj
T*
0.003 Tw
(ter for Health Statistics, May 8, 1987. DHHS Publica-)Tj
T*
-0.001 Tw
(tion No. \(PHS\)87-1250.)Tj
-1.2 -1.75 TD
0.008 Tw
(National Coalition for Promoting Physical Activity. Na-)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
0.047 Tw
(tional Coalition for Promoting Physical Activity sets)Tj
T*
0.066 Tw
(its sites \(sic\) on motivating America \(press release\).)Tj
T*
0 Tw
(May 31, 1995.)Tj
25.15 63 TD
-0.097 Tw
(National Park Service. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
9.25 0 TD
-0.094 Tw
(An Americans\325 network of parks and)Tj
-8.05 -1.2 TD
0.001 Tc
-0.123 Tw
(open space: creating a conservation and recreation legacy.)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
T*
0.005 Tc
0.198 Tw
(Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior,)Tj
T*
-0.071 Tw
(National Park Service, National Park System Advisory)Tj
T*
0 Tw
(Board, 1994.)Tj
-1.2 -1.75 TD
-0.06 Tw
(Neuberger GB, Kasal S, Smith KV, Hassanein R, DeViney)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
0.218 Tw
(S. Determinants of exercise and aerobic fitness in)Tj
T*
0.027 Tw
(outpatients with arthritis. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
11.1 0 TD
0.026 Tw
(Nursing Research )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
7.4 0 TD
(1994;43:)Tj
-18.5 -1.2 TD
(11\32017.)Tj
-1.2 -1.75 TD
0.004 Tw
(Oldridge NB, Streiner DL. The health belief model: pre-)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
-0.039 Tw
(dicting compliance and dropout in cardiac rehabilita-)Tj
T*
0.016 Tc
(tion. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
2.55 0 TD
0.015 Tc
0.25 Tw
(Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
-2.55 -1.2 TD
0.005 Tc
(1990;22:678\320683.)Tj
-1.2 -1.7 TD
0.113 Tw
(Orleans CT, George LK, Houpt JL, Brodie KH. Health)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
0.131 Tw
(promotion in primary care: a survey of U.S. family)Tj
T*
(practitioners. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
5.85 0 TD
-0.001 Tw
(Preventive Medicine )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
8.3 0 TD
(1985;14:636\320647.)Tj
-15.35 -1.75 TD
-0.038 Tw
(Osler M, Jespersen NB. The effect of a community-based)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
-0.03 Tw
(cardiovascular disease prevention project in a Danish)Tj
T*
-0.008 Tc
(municipality. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
5.5 0 TD
-0.007 Tc
-0.125 Tw
(Danish Medical Bulletin )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
9.25 0 TD
-0.005 Tc
[(1993;40:485\320)-15 (489.)]TJ
-15.95 -1.75 TD
0.005 Tc
0.011 Tw
(Owen N, Bauman A, Booth M, Oldenburg B, Magnus P.)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
-0.031 Tw
(Serial mass-media campaigns to promote physical ac-)Tj
T*
0.039 Tw
(tivity: reinforcing or redundant? )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
14 0 TD
0.038 Tw
(American Journal of)Tj
-14 -1.2 TD
0 Tw
(Public Health )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
5.7 0 TD
(1995;85:244\320248.)Tj
-6.9 -1.75 TD
-0.005 Tw
(Owen N, Lee C, Naccarella L, Haag K. Exercise by mail:)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
-0.103 Tw
(a mediated behavior-change program for aerobic exer-)Tj
T*
(cise. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
2.1 0 TD
0.001 Tw
(Journal of Sport Psychology )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
11.4 0 TD
(1987;9:346\320357.)Tj
-14.7 -1.75 TD
-0.005 Tw
(Parcel GS, Simons-Morton BG, O\325Hara NM, Baranowski)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
0.08 Tw
(T, Kolbe LJ, Bee DE. School promotion of healthful)Tj
T*
-0.066 Tw
(diet and exercise behavior: an integration of organiza-)Tj
T*
-0.118 Tw
(tional change and social learning theory interventions.)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
T*
0 Tw
(Journal of School Health )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
10.05 0 TD
(1987;57:150\320156.)Tj
-11.25 -1.7 TD
0.175 Tw
(Pate RR, Pratt M, Blair SN, Haskell WL, Macera CA,)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
-0.036 Tw
(Bouchard C, et al. Physical activity and public health:)Tj
T*
-0.039 Tw
(a recommendation from the Centers for Disease Con-)Tj
T*
0.254 Tw
(trol and Prevention and the American College of)Tj
T*
-0.079 Tw
(Sports Medicine. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
7.15 0 TD
-0.077 Tw
(Journal of the American Medical Asso-)Tj
-7.15 -1.2 TD
(ciation )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
3 0 TD
(1995;273:402\320407.)Tj
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-0.001 Tw
(Physical Activity and Health)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
10 0 0 10 48 712 Tm
0.005 Tc
0.229 Tw
(Sallis JF, Nader PR, Broyles SL, Berry CC, Elder JP,)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
0.044 Tw
(McKenzie TL, et al. Correlates of physical activity at)Tj
T*
-0.067 Tw
(home in Mexican-American and Anglo-American pre-)Tj
T*
-0.006 Tw
(school children. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
7 0 TD
(Health Psychology )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
7.65 0 TD
(1993;12:390\320398.)Tj
-15.85 -1.75 TD
0.012 Tw
(Sallis JF, Patterson TL, Buono MJ, Atkins CJ, Nader PR.)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
0.162 Tw
(Aggregation of physical activity habits in Mexican-)Tj
T*
0.171 Tw
(American and Anglo families. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
13.35 0 TD
0.165 Tw
(Journal of Behavioral)Tj
-13.35 -1.2 TD
(Medicine )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
3.85 0 TD
(1988;11:31\32041.)Tj
-5.05 -1.75 TD
0.011 Tw
(Sallis JF, Patterson TL, McKenzie TL, Nader PR. Family)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
0.033 Tw
(variables and physical activity in preschool children.)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
T*
0.011 Tc
0.25 Tw
(Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
T*
0.005 Tc
(1988;9:57\32061.)Tj
-1.2 -1.7 TD
0.001 Tc
-0.127 Tw
(Sallis JF, Simons-Morton BG, Stone EJ, Corbin CB, Epstein)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
0.005 Tc
-0.097 Tw
(LH, Faucette N, et al. Determinants of physical activity)Tj
T*
0.138 Tw
(and interventions in youth.)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
11.9 0 TD
0.134 Tw
[( Medicine and Science in)]TJ
-11.9 -1.2 TD
0 Tw
(Sports and Exercise)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
7.85 0 TD
( 1992;24\(6 Suppl\):S248\320S257.)Tj
-9.05 -1.75 TD
0.128 Tw
(Schmid TL, Pratt M, Howze E. Policy as intervention:)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
0.055 Tw
(environmental and policy approaches to the preven-)Tj
T*
0.223 Tw
(tion of cardiovascular disease. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
13.75 0 TD
0.216 Tw
(American Journal of)Tj
-13.75 -1.2 TD
0.001 Tw
(Public Health )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
5.7 0 TD
(1995;85:1207\3201211.)Tj
-6.9 -1.75 TD
0.109 Tw
(Sharp PA, Connell CM. Exercise beliefs and behaviors)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
0.248 Tw
(among older employees: a health promotion trial.)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
T*
(Gerontologist)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
5.45 0 TD
0.003 Tw
( 1992:32;444-449.)Tj
-6.65 -1.75 TD
0.039 Tw
(Shephard RJ. Worksite fitness and exercise programs: a)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
0.068 Tw
(review of methodology and health impact. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
18.4 0 TD
(American)Tj
-18.4 -1.2 TD
0.001 Tw
(Journal of Health Promotion )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
11.6 0 TD
(\(in press\).)Tj
-12.8 -1.75 TD
-0.003 Tw
(Simons-Morton BG, Parcel GS, Baranowski T, Forthofer)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
0.25 Tw
(R, O\325Hara NM. Promoting physical activity and a)Tj
T*
0.189 Tw
(healthful diet among children: results of a school-)Tj
T*
0.093 Tw
(based intervention study. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
11.15 0 TD
0.09 Tw
(American Journal of Public)Tj
-11.15 -1.2 TD
(Health)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
2.65 0 TD
-0.002 Tw
( 1991;81:986\320991.)Tj
-3.85 -1.7 TD
0.001 Tw
(Simons-Morton BG, Parcel GS, O\325Hara NM. Implement-)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
0.04 Tw
(ing organizational changes to promote healthful diet)Tj
T*
-0.071 Tw
(and physical activity at school. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
12.8 0 TD
-0.069 Tw
(Health Education Quar-)Tj
-12.8 -1.2 TD
(terly )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
2.15 0 TD
(1988;15:115\320130.)Tj
-3.35 -1.75 TD
-0.1 Tw
(Simons-Morton BG, Parcel GS, O\325Hara NM, Blair SN, Pate)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
-0.127 Tw
(RR. Health-related physical fitness in childhood: status)Tj
T*
-0.044 Tw
(and recommendations. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
9.75 0 TD
-0.042 Tw
(Annual Review of Public Health)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
-9.75 -1.2 TD
(1988;9:403\320425.)Tj
-1.2 -1.75 TD
0.058 Tw
(Simons-Morton BG, Taylor WC, Snider SA, Huang IW.)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
0.158 Tw
(The physical activity of fifth-grade students during)Tj
T*
-0.003 Tw
(physical education classes. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
11.45 0 TD
(American Journal of Public)Tj
-11.45 -1.2 TD
(Health )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
2.95 0 TD
(1993;83:262\320264.)Tj
-4.15 -1.75 TD
-0.003 Tc
0.124 Tw
(Simons-Morton BG, Taylor WC, Snider SA, Huang IW,)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
0.089 Tw
(Fulton JE. Observed levels of elementary and middle)Tj
T*
-0.044 Tw
(school children\325s physical activity during physical edu-)Tj
T*
0 Tw
(cation classes. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
6.05 0 TD
(Preventive Medicine )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
8.05 0 TD
-0.004 Tc
(1994;23:437\320441.)Tj
11.05 61.15 TD
0.025 Tc
0.181 Tw
(Simons-Morton DB, Simons-Morton BG, Parcel GS,)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
0.005 Tc
0.095 Tw
[(B)-20 (u)-20 (n)-34 (ker JF. Influencing personal and environmental)]TJ
T*
0.039 Tw
(conditions for community health: a multilevel inter-)Tj
T*
0.001 Tw
(vention model. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
6.6 0 TD
(Community Health )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
7.85 0 TD
(1988;11:25\32035.)Tj
-15.65 -1.75 TD
-0.038 Tw
(Skinner BF. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
5.1 0 TD
-0.037 Tw
(Science and human behavior.)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
11.55 0 TD
-0.038 Tw
[( New York: Free)]TJ
-15.45 -1.2 TD
0.001 Tw
(Press, 1953.)Tj
-1.2 -1.75 TD
0.021 Tw
(Skinner CS, Strecher VJ, Hospers H. Physicians\325 recom-)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
0.003 Tw
(mendations for mammography: do tailored messages)Tj
T*
0.044 Tw
(make a difference?)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
7.95 0 TD
0.043 Tw
[( American Journal of Public Health)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
-7.95 -1.2 TD
(1994;84:43\32049.)Tj
-1.2 -1.7 TD
-0.114 Tw
(Stokols D. Establishing and maintaining healthy environ-)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
0.05 Tw
(ments: toward a social ecology of health promotion.)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
T*
0.001 Tw
(American Psychologist )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
9.35 0 TD
(1992;47:6\32022.)Tj
-10.55 -1.75 TD
-0.006 Tc
-0.13 Tw
(Stone EJ. Foreword to process evaluation in the Multicenter)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
0.005 Tc
-0.041 Tw
(Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health)Tj
T*
0.022 Tc
(\(CATCH\). )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
5.1 0 TD
0.021 Tc
0.25 Tw
(Health Education Quarterly)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
12.05 0 TD
0.022 Tc
0.258 Tw
[( 1994;21\(2)]TJ
-17.15 -1.2 TD
0.005 Tc
(Suppl\):S3\320S4.)Tj
-1.2 -1.75 TD
0.065 Tw
(Stone EJ, Baranowski T, Sallis JF, Cutler JA. Review of)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
0.008 Tw
(behavioral research for cardiopulmonary health: em-)Tj
T*
0.22 Tw
(phasis on youth, gender, and ethnicity. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
17.95 0 TD
0.212 Tw
(Journal of)Tj
-17.95 -1.2 TD
0 Tw
(Health Education)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
6.95 0 TD
( 1995;26\(Suppl\):S9\320S17.)Tj
-8.15 -1.75 TD
0.142 Tw
(Strasburger VC. Children, adolescents, and television.)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
1.2 -1.2 TD
-0.001 Tw
(Pediatrics in Review )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
8.35 0 TD
(1992;13:144\320151.)Tj
-9.55 -1.75 TD
-0.003 Tc
-0.12 Tw
(Stucky-Ropp RC, DiLorenzo TM. Determinants of exercise)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
0 Tw
(in children. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
5 0 TD
(Preventive Medicine )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
8.1 0 TD
-0.004 Tc
(1993;22:880\320889.)Tj
-14.3 -1.7 TD
0.005 Tc
-0.116 Tw
(Taggart HM, Connor SE. The relation of exercise habits to)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
-0.124 Tw
(health beliefs and knowledge about osteoporosis. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
20.15 0 TD
(Jour-)Tj
-20.15 -1.2 TD
0 Tw
(nal of American College Health )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
12.8 0 TD
(1995;44:127\320130.)Tj
-14 -1.75 TD
0.067 Tw
(Tappe MK, Duda JL, Menges-Ehrnwald P. Personal in-)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
-0.063 Tw
(vestment predictors of adolescent motivation orienta-)Tj
T*
0.003 Tc
-0.127 Tw
(tion toward exercise.)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
8.5 0 TD
-0.123 Tw
[( Canadian Journal of Sport Sciences)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
-8.5 -1.2 TD
0.005 Tc
(1990;15:185\320192.)Tj
-1.2 -1.75 TD
-0.005 Tw
(Tinsley BJ, Holtgrave DR, Reise SP, Erdley C, Cupp RG.)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
0.03 Tw
(Developmental status, gender, age, and self-reported)Tj
T*
0.228 Tw
(decision-making influences on students\325 risky and)Tj
T*
0.087 Tw
(preventive health behaviors. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
12.4 0 TD
0.084 Tw
(Health Education Quar-)Tj
-12.4 -1.2 TD
(terly )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
2.15 0 TD
(1995;22:3244\320259.)Tj
-3.35 -1.75 TD
0.005 Tw
(Treiber FA, Baranowski T, Braden DS, Strong WB, Levy)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
-0.019 Tw
[(M, Knox W. Social support for exercise: relationship)]TJ
T*
0.026 Tw
(to physical activity in young adults. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
15.4 0 TD
0.025 Tw
(Preventive Medi-)Tj
-15.4 -1.2 TD
(cine )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
1.85 0 TD
(1991;20:737\320750.)Tj
-3.05 -1.75 TD
0.097 Tw
(Troiano RP, Flegal KM, Kaczmarski RJ, Campbell SM,)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
0.139 Tw
(Johnson CL. Overweight prevalence and trends for)Tj
T*
0.144 Tw
(children and adolescents. The National Health and)Tj
T*
0.181 Tw
(Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1963 to 1991. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
20.8 0 TD
(Ar-)Tj
-20.8 -1.2 TD
0.204 Tw
(chives. Pediatriatrics and Adolescent Medicine)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
19.3 0 TD
0.211 Tw
[( 1995;)]TJ
-19.3 -1.2 TD
(149:1085\3201091.)Tj
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0.005 Tc
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1.2 -1.2 TD
0.019 Tw
(Felton G. Gender differences in physical activity and)Tj
T*
0.084 Tw
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T*
(children. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
4.05 0 TD
-0.001 Tw
(Journal of School Health )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
10.05 0 TD
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0.005 Tc
0.084 Tw
(and Human Services. Nutrition and your health: di-)Tj
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0.063 Tw
(etary guidelines for Americans. 4th ed. Washington,)Tj
T*
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(DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1995. )Tj
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18.2 0 TD
(Home and)Tj
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(Garden Bulletin No. 232.)Tj
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(U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. )Tj
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20.3 0 TD
(Healthy)Tj
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(people 2000: national health promotion and disease pre-)Tj
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(vention objectives. )Tj
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7.6 0 TD
0.034 Tw
(Washington, DC: U.S. Department)Tj
-7.6 -1.2 TD
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(of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service,)Tj
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0 Tw
(1990. DHHS Publication No. \(PHS\)91\32050212.)Tj
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0.138 Tw
(U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. )Tj
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21.45 0 TD
(1992)Tj
-20.25 -1.2 TD
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(National Survey of Worksite Health Promotion Activities.)Tj
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T*
0.174 Tw
(Washington, DC: Office of Disease Prevention and)Tj
T*
0 Tw
(Health Promotion, Winter and Spring 1993.)Tj
-1.2 -1.75 TD
-0.005 Tw
(U.S. Department of Transportation. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
15.15 0 TD
(Final report: the Na-)Tj
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-0.004 Tc
-0.125 Tw
(tional Bicycling and Walking Study: transportation choices)Tj
T*
0.005 Tc
-0.048 Tw
(for a changing America. )Tj
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9.7 0 TD
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(Washington, DC: U.S. Depart-)Tj
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-0.089 Tw
(ment of Transportation, Federal Highway Administra-)Tj
T*
0 Tw
(tion, 1994. Publication No. FHWA\320PD\32094\320023.)Tj
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0.228 Tw
(U.S. Department of Transportation, Zehnpfenning G.)Tj
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1.2 -1.2 TD
0.002 Tc
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(Measures to overcome impediments to bicycling and walk-)Tj
T*
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0.198 Tw
(ing: the National Bicycling and Walking Study, case)Tj
T*
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(study No. 4. )Tj
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0.221 Tw
(Washington, DC: U.S. Department of)Tj
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(Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 1993.)Tj
T*
0.005 Tc
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(Publication No. FHWA\320PD\32093\320031.)Tj
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0.198 Tw
(U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. )Tj
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0.191 Tw
(Guide to clinical)Tj
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0.052 Tw
(preventive services.)Tj
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7.8 0 TD
0.054 Tw
[( Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins,)]TJ
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(1989.)Tj
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0.198 Tw
(U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. )Tj
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16.45 0 TD
0.191 Tw
(Guide to clinical)Tj
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0.113 Tw
(preventive services.)Tj
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7.85 0 TD
0.117 Tw
[( 2nd ed. Baltimore: Williams and)]TJ
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0 Tw
(Wilkins, 1996.)Tj
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0.109 Tw
(Walter HJ. Primary prevention of chronic disease among)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
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(children: the school-based Know Your Body intervention)Tj
T*
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(trials. )Tj
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2.45 0 TD
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(Health Education Quarterly )Tj
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[(1989;16:201)22 (\320214.)]TJ
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0.005 Tc
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(Weber J, Wertheim EH. Relationships of self-monitoring,)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
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(special attention, body fat percent, and self-motivation)Tj
T*
0.022 Tw
(to attendance at a community gymnasium. )Tj
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0.021 Tw
(Journal of)Tj
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(Sport and Exercise Psychology)Tj
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( 1989;11:105\320114.)Tj
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(Wechsler H, Levine S, Idelson RK, Schor EL, Coakley E.)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
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(The physician\325s role in health promotion revisited\321a)Tj
T*
0.226 Tw
(survey of primary care practitioners. )Tj
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0.218 Tw
(New England)Tj
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0 Tw
(Journal of Medicine )Tj
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8.1 0 TD
(1996;334:996\320998.)Tj
17.05 59.4 TD
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(Weiss CH. )Tj
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4.6 0 TD
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(Research evaluation; methods for assessing pro-)Tj
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(gram effectiveness. )Tj
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7.5 0 TD
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(Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall,)Tj
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0.002 Tw
(Inc., 1972.)Tj
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0.046 Tw
(Wells KB, Lewis CE, Leake B, Schleiter MK, Brook RH.)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
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(The practices of general and subspecialty internists in)Tj
T*
0.002 Tc
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(counseling about smoking and exercise. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
16.3 0 TD
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(American Jour-)Tj
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0.005 Tc
0.001 Tw
(nal of Public Health)Tj
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7.95 0 TD
( 1986;76:1009\3201013.)Tj
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(Wells KB, Lewis CE, Leake B, Ware JE Jr. Do physicians)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
0.225 Tw
(preach what they practice? A study of physicians\325)Tj
T*
0.039 Tw
(health habits and counseling practices. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
16.75 0 TD
0.038 Tw
(Journal of the)Tj
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0 Tw
(American Medical Association )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
12.35 0 TD
(1984;252:2846\3202848.)Tj
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0.027 Tw
(Wilbur CS. The Johnson and Johnson program. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
20.4 0 TD
(Preven-)Tj
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(tive Medicine)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
5.3 0 TD
( 1983;12:672\320681.)Tj
-6.5 -1.75 TD
0.131 Tw
(Williams CL, Carter BJ, Eng A. The Know Your Body)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
0.015 Tw
(program: a developmental approach to health educa-)Tj
T*
-0.074 Tw
(tion and disease prevention.)Tj
/F14 1 Tf
11.6 0 TD
-0.071 Tw
[( Preventive Medicine)]TJ
/F7 1 Tf
8.1 0 TD
-0.074 Tw
[( 1980;)]TJ
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(9:371\320383.)Tj
-1.2 -1.75 TD
0.003 Tc
-0.127 Tw
(Wilson MG, Crossman L, Davis D, McCarthy. Pychosocial)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
0.005 Tc
0.059 Tw
(and organizational characteristics of fitness program)Tj
T*
-0.004 Tc
(participants. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
5.25 0 TD
-0.003 Tc
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(American Journal of Health Promotion)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
14.55 0 TD
-0.129 Tw
[( 1994:)]TJ
-19.8 -1.2 TD
0.005 Tc
(8;422-424.)Tj
-1.2 -1.75 TD
0.008 Tw
(Wing RR. Changing diet and exercise behaviors in indi-)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
-0.025 Tw
(viduals at risk for weight gain. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
12.85 0 TD
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(Obesity Research )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
7.05 0 TD
(1995;)Tj
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0 Tw
(3\(Suppl 2\):277\320282.)Tj
-1.2 -1.75 TD
0.085 Tw
(Winkleby MA. The future of community-based cardio-)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
0.058 Tw
(vascular disease intervention studies. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
16.05 0 TD
0.056 Tw
(American Jour-)Tj
-16.05 -1.2 TD
0.001 Tw
(nal of Public Health)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
7.95 0 TD
( 1994;84:1369\3201372.)Tj
-9.15 -1.7 TD
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(Yordy GA, Lent RW. Predicting aerobic exercise partici-)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
-0.045 Tw
(pation: social cognitive, reasoned action, and planned)Tj
T*
-0.079 Tw
(behavior models. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
7.3 0 TD
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(Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychol-)Tj
-7.3 -1.2 TD
(ogy)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
1.4 0 TD
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( 1993;15:363\320374.)Tj
-2.6 -1.75 TD
(Young DR, Haskell WL, Taylor CB, Fortmann SP. Effect)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
0.11 Tw
(of community health education on physical activity)Tj
T*
-0.088 Tw
(knowledge, attitudes, and behavior: the Stanford Five-)Tj
T*
0.245 Tw
(City Project. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
6 0 TD
0.237 Tw
(American Journal of Epidemiology)Tj
/F7 1 Tf
14.5 0 TD
0.245 Tw
[( \(in)]TJ
-20.5 -1.2 TD
(press\).)Tj
-1.2 -1.75 TD
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(Zakarian JM, Hovell MF, Hofstetter CR, Sallis JF, Keating)Tj
1.2 -1.2 TD
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(KJ. Correlates of vigorous exercise in a predominantly)Tj
T*
-0.058 Tw
(low SES and minority high school population. )Tj
/F14 1 Tf
19.2 0 TD
(Preven-)Tj
-19.2 -1.2 TD
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(tive Medicine )Tj
/F7 1 Tf
5.55 0 TD
(1994;23:314\320321.)Tj
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