%!PS-Adobe-3.0
%%Title: CHAP2.PDF
%%BoundingBox: 19 9 593 784 
%%CreationDate: 09/27/96 16:00:41
%%Pages: 1
%%Requirements: None
%%LanguageLevel: 1
%%EndComments

%%BeginProlog 
%%BeginProcSet: Pscript_Win_Driver_Min 2.0 0
userdict/Pscript_Win_Driver_Min 10 dict dup begin put/b{bind def}bind def/|{
def}b/LH{showpage}b/initialize{begin userdict begin}b/terminate{pop end end}b
/setjn{{statusdict/jobname known{statusdict/jobname 3 -1 roll put}if}stopped
cleartomark}b/colspRefresh{}b end
%%EndProcSet
%%BeginResource: file Pscript_Win_Utils 2.0 0
/|/def load def/,/load load |/~/exch , |/?/ifelse , |/!/pop , |/`/begin , |/^
/index , |/@/dup , |/+/translate , |/$/roll , |/U/userdict , |/M/moveto , |/-
/rlineto , |/&/currentdict , |/:/gsave , |/;/grestore , |/F/false , |/T/true ,
|/N/newpath , |/E/end , |/Ac/arc , |/An/arcn , |/A/ashow , |/D/awidthshow , |
/C/closepath , |/V/div , |/O/eofill , |/L/fill , |/I/lineto , |/-C/rcurveto ,
|/-M/rmoveto , |/+S/scale , |/Ji/setfont , |/Lc/setlinecap , |/Lj/setlinejoin
, |/Lw/setlinewidth , |/S/show , |/LH/showpage , |/K/stroke , |/W/widthshow ,
|/R/rotate , |/b{bind |}bind |/bd{bind |}bind |/xd{~ |}bd/ld{, |}bd/lw/Lw ld
/lc/Lc ld/lj/Lj ld/sg/setgray ld/L2? F/languagelevel where{! languagelevel 2
ge{! T}if}if |/g{@ not{U/DefIf_save save put}if U/DefIf_bool 2 ^ put}b
/DefIf_El{if U/DefIf_bool get not @{U/DefIf_save get restore}if}b/e{DefIf_El !
}b/self & |/reinitialize{[/TextInit/GraphInit/UtilsInit counttomark{@ where{
self eq}{F}?{cvx exec}{!}?}repeat cleartomark}b/initialize{`{/ADO_mxRot ~ |
/TextInitialised? F | reinitialize E}{U/Pscript_Win_Data 200 dict @ ` put
/ADO_mxRot ~ |/TextInitialised? F | reinitialize}?}b/terminate{!{& self eq{
exit}{E}?}loop E}b/suspend/terminate , |/resume{` Pscript_Win_Data `}b/snap{
transform 0.25 sub round 0.25 add ~ 0.25 sub round 0.25 add ~ itransform}b
/dsnap{dtransform round ~ round ~ idtransform}b<04>cvn{}|/setjn{{statusdict
/jobname known{statusdict/jobname 3 -1 $ put}if}stopped cleartomark}b/solid{[]
0 setdash}b/setdsh{0 setdash}b/colspRefresh{}b/rp{4 2 $ M 1 ^ 0 - 0 ~ - neg 0
-}b/rr{1 ^ 0 - 0 ~ - neg 0 - C}b
%%EndResource
%%BeginResource: file Pscript_Win_Utils_L1 2.0 0
L2? not g{/rf{N rp L}b/fx{1 1 dtransform @ 0 ge{1 sub 1}{1 add -0.25}? 3 -1 $
@ 0 ge{1 sub 1}{1 add -0.25}? 3 1 $ 4 1 $ idtransform 4 -2 $ idtransform}b/BZ{
4 -2 $ snap + +S fx rf}b/rs{N rp C K}b/rc{N rp clip N}b/sg{setgray}b/sco{
setrgbcolor}b/sgco{{sg}{sco}?}b}e
%%EndResource
%%BeginResource: file Pscript_Win_Utils_L2 2.0 0
L2? g{/colspA/DeviceGray |/colspABC/DeviceRGB |/setAorABC{{colspA}{colspABC}?
setcolorspace}b/rf/rectfill , |/fx{1 1 dtransform @ 0 ge{1 sub 0.5}{1 add -0.5
}? 3 -1 $ @ 0 ge{1 sub 0.5}{1 add -0.5}? 3 1 $ 4 1 $ idtransform 4 -2 $
idtransform}b/BZ{4 -2 $ snap + +S fx rf}b/rs/rectstroke , |/rc/rectclip , |/sg
{@ @ setcolor}b/sco{setcolor}b/colspRefresh{colspABC setcolorspace}b/sgco{{sg
}{sco}?}b/UtilsInit{F setglobal}b/definecolorrendering{/ColorRendering
defineresource !}b/findcolorrendering{@/ColorRendering resourcestatus{! !
/ColorRendering findresource T}{! F}?}b/selectcolorrendering{@/ColorRendering
resourcestatus{! !/ColorRendering}{!/DefaultColorRendering/ColorRendering}?
findresource setcolorrendering}b}e
%%EndResource
%%EndProlog

%%BeginSetup 
Pscript_Win_Driver_Min dup /initialize get exec
[{0 
/languagelevel where{pop languagelevel}{1}ifelse 2 ge{1 dict dup/JobTimeout  4 -1 roll put setuserparams}{statusdict/setjobtimeout get exec}ifelse 
} stopped cleartomark
[{240 
/languagelevel where{pop languagelevel}{1}ifelse 2 ge{1 dict dup/WaitTimeout 4 -1 roll put setuserparams}{statusdict/waittimeout 3 -1 roll put}ifelse 
} stopped cleartomark
[{
statusdict /manualfeed false put
} stopped cleartomark
[{
%%BeginFeature: *InputSlot AutoSelect Tray

%%EndFeature
} stopped cleartomark
[{
%%BeginFeature: *PageSize US Letter
letter
%%EndFeature
} stopped cleartomark
/mysetup [ 1.000 0 0 1.000 0 0 ] | 
%%EndSetup

%%Page: 1 1
%%BeginPageSetup
[{
%%BeginFeature: *Resolution 300dpi

%%EndFeature
} stopped cleartomark
[{
%%BeginFeature: *Duplex 

%%EndFeature
} stopped cleartomark
mysetup concat colspRefresh
: 1.000 1.000 1.000 sco 19 -8 612 792 rf ; %%EndPageSetup

%%BeginDocument: Pscript_Win_PassThrough
%%BeginFont: Optima-Bold
%!FontType1-1.0: Optima-Bold 1
13 dict begin
/FontName /Optima-Bold def 
/FontType 1 def
/FontBBox {-97 -271 1000 921} readonly def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontInfo 12 dict dup begin
/version (001.001) readonly def
/Notice (Optima is a trademark of Allied Corporation.) readonly def
/FullName (Optima Bold) readonly def
/FamilyName (Optima) readonly def
/ItalicAngle 0 def
/isFixedPitch false def
/UnderlinePosition -141 def
/UnderlineThickness 38 def
/Weight (Bold) def
/BaseFontName (Optima-Bold) def
end def
/Encoding StandardEncoding def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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%%BeginFont: Berkeley-Medium
%!FontType1-1.0: Berkeley-Medium 1
13 dict begin
/FontName /Berkeley-Medium def 
/FontType 1 def
/FontBBox {-93 -255 1083 842} readonly def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontInfo 12 dict dup begin
/version (001.000) readonly def
/Notice (Copyright (c) 1989 Adobe Systems Incorporated.  All Rights Reserved.ITC Berkeley Oldstyle is a trademark of International Typeface Corporation.) readonly def
/FullName (ITC Berkeley Oldstyle Medium) readonly def
/FamilyName (Berkeley) readonly def
/ItalicAngle 0 def
/isFixedPitch false def
/UnderlinePosition -100 def
/UnderlineThickness 50 def
/Weight (Medium) def
/BaseFontName (Berkeley-Medium) def
end def
/Encoding StandardEncoding def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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%%BeginFont: Berkeley-Bold
%!FontType1-1.0: Berkeley-Bold 1
13 dict begin
/FontName /Berkeley-Bold def 
/FontType 1 def
/FontBBox {-102 -250 1129 847} readonly def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontInfo 12 dict dup begin
/version (001.000) readonly def
/Notice (Copyright (c) 1989 Adobe Systems Incorporated.  All Rights Reserved.ITC Berkeley Oldstyle is a trademark of International Typeface Corporation.) readonly def
/FullName (ITC Berkeley Oldstyle Bold) readonly def
/FamilyName (Berkeley) readonly def
/ItalicAngle 0 def
/isFixedPitch false def
/UnderlinePosition -100 def
/UnderlineThickness 50 def
/Weight (Bold) def
/BaseFontName (Berkeley-Bold) def
end def
/Encoding StandardEncoding def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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%%BeginFont: Optima
%!FontType1-1.0: Optima 1
13 dict begin
/FontName /Optima def 
/FontType 1 def
/FontBBox {-78 -271 1000 919} readonly def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontInfo 12 dict dup begin
/version (001.001) readonly def
/Notice (Optima is a trademark of Allied Corporation.) readonly def
/FullName ( Optima.Oblique ) readonly def
/FamilyName (Optima) readonly def
/ItalicAngle -11 def
/isFixedPitch false def
/UnderlinePosition -141 def
/UnderlineThickness 38 def
/Weight (Roman) def
/BaseFontName (Optima) def
end def
/Encoding StandardEncoding def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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%%BeginFont: Berkeley-Italic
%!FontType1-1.0: Berkeley-Italic 1
13 dict begin
/FontName /Berkeley-Italic def 
/FontType 1 def
/FontBBox {-130 -260 1019 839} readonly def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontInfo 12 dict dup begin
/version (001.000) readonly def
/Notice (Copyright (c) 1989 Adobe Systems Incorporated.  All Rights Reserved.ITC Berkeley Oldstyle is a trademark of International Typeface Corporation.) readonly def
/FullName (ITC Berkeley Oldstyle Italic) readonly def
/FamilyName (Berkeley) readonly def
/ItalicAngle -8 def
/isFixedPitch false def
/UnderlinePosition -100 def
/UnderlineThickness 50 def
/Weight (Medium) def
/BaseFontName (Berkeley-Italic) def
end def
/Encoding StandardEncoding def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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%%BeginFont: Berkeley-BoldItalic
%!FontType1-1.0: Berkeley-BoldItalic 1
13 dict begin
/FontName /Berkeley-BoldItalic def 
/FontType 1 def
/FontBBox {-158 -260 1022 844} readonly def
/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def
/PaintType 0 def
/FontInfo 12 dict dup begin
/version (001.000) readonly def
/Notice (Copyright (c) 1989 Adobe Systems Incorporated.  All Rights Reserved.ITC Berkeley Oldstyle is a trademark of International Typeface Corporation.) readonly def
/FullName (ITC Berkeley Oldstyle Bold Italic) readonly def
/FamilyName (Berkeley) readonly def
/ItalicAngle -8 def
/isFixedPitch false def
/UnderlinePosition -100 def
/UnderlineThickness 50 def
/Weight (Bold) def
/BaseFontName (Berkeley-BoldItalic) def
end def
/Encoding StandardEncoding def
currentdict end
currentfile eexec
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%%Copyright: Copyright 1987-1994 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.
userdict /PDFVars 59 dict dup begin put
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/_lp /none def
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%% old (PDFVars was 51, not 59)
%% % paint operators
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%% /_sc 0 def			% set color before stroke occurs
%% % color operands
%% /_gf null def		% gray fill color
%% /_cf 4 array def	% cmyk fill color
%% /_rgbf 3 array def	% rgb fill color
%% /_gs null def		% same for stroke
%% /_cs 4 array def
%% /_rgbs 3 array def
%% end old
%% new
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%% end new
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%%Copyright: Copyright 1993 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.
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%%Copyright: Copyright 1987-1993 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.
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%%Copyright: Copyright 1987-1994 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.
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/h/closepath ld
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/j/setlinejoin ld
/J/setlinecap ld
/M/setmiterlimit ld
/w/setlinewidth ld
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/i {
dup 0 eq { pop cf } if
setflat
} bd
/ilp { /_lp /none dd } bd
/sfc {
_lp /fill ne {
_sfcs
_sfc
/_lp /fill dd
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} bd
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_sscs
_ssc
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/n {
_doClip 1 ge {
_doClip 1 eq { clip } { eoclip } ifelse
/_doClip 0 dd
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newpath
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_doClip 1 ge
{
gsave sfc fill grestore
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newpath
ilp
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{ sfc fill }
ifelse
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_doClip 1 ge
{
gsave sfc eofill grestore
_doClip 1 eq { clip } { eoclip } ifelse
newpath
ilp
/_doClip 0 dd
}
{ sfc eofill }
ifelse
} bd
/S {
_doClip 1 ge
{
gsave ssc stroke grestore
_doClip 1 eq { clip } { eoclip } ifelse
newpath
ilp
/_doClip 0 dd
}
{ ssc stroke }
ifelse
} bd
/s { h S } bd
/B {
_doClip dup 1 ge
gsave f grestore
{
gsave S grestore
1 eq { clip } { eoclip } ifelse
newpath
ilp
/_doClip 0 dd
}
{ pop S }
ifelse
} bd
/b { h B } bd
/B* {
_doClip dup 1 ge
gsave f* grestore
{
gsave S grestore
1 eq { clip } { eoclip } ifelse
newpath
ilp
/_doClip 0 dd
}
{ pop S }
ifelse
} bd
/b* { h B* } bd
/W { /_doClip 1 dd } bd
/W* { /_doClip 2 dd } bd
/q/save ld
/Q { restore ilp } bd
Level2? not StartLoad {
/cs
{
dup where { pop load } if
/_sfcs { } dd
dup type /arraytype eq
{ dup 0 get /Indexed eq { 1 } { 0 } ifelse get }
if
dup /DeviceCMYK eq
{
/_fc _f4 dd
/_sfc { _fc aload pop setcmykcolor } dd
}
{
dup /DeviceRGB eq
{
/_fc _f3 dd
/_sfc { _fc aload pop setrgbcolor } dd
}
{
/_fc _f1 dd
/_sfc { _fc aload pop setgray } dd
}
ifelse
}
ifelse
pop
} bd
/CS
{
dup where { pop load } if
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dup type /arraytype eq
{ dup 0 get /Indexed eq { 1 } { 0 } ifelse get }
if
dup /DeviceCMYK eq
{
/_sc _s4 dd
/_ssc { _sc aload pop setcmykcolor } dd
}
{
dup /DeviceRGB eq
{
/_sc _s3 dd
/_ssc { _sc aload pop setrgbcolor } dd
}
%%% /Pattern not impl'd
{
/_sc _s1 dd
/_ssc { _sc aload pop setgray } dd
}
ifelse
}
ifelse
pop
} bd
/ri { pop } bd
} EndLoad
Level2? StartLoad {
/cs
{
dup where { pop load } if
dup /_fcs xdd
/_sfcs { _fcs setcolorspace } dd
dup type /arraytype eq
{ dup 0 get /Indexed eq { 1 } { 0 } ifelse get }
if
dup /DeviceCMYK eq
{ /_fc _f4 dd }
{
dup /DeviceRGB eq dup /CIEBasedABC eq or
{ /_fc _f3 dd }
{ /_fc _f1 dd }
ifelse
}
ifelse
pop
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} bd
/CS
{
dup where { pop load } if
dup /_scs xdd
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if
dup /DeviceCMYK eq
{ /_sc _s4 dd }
{
dup /DeviceRGB eq dup /CIEBasedABC eq or
{ /_sc _s3 dd }
{ /_sc _s1 dd }
ifelse
}
ifelse
pop
/_ssc { _sc aload pop setcolor } dd
} bd
/ri {
/findcolorrendering isdefined?
{
findcolorrendering pop
dup /ColorRendering resourcestatus
{
pop pop
/ColorRendering findresource
setcolorrendering
}
{ pop }
ifelse
}
{ pop }
ifelse
} bd
} EndLoad
/sc
{
_fc astore pop
ilp
} bd
/SC
{
_sc astore pop
ilp
} bd
/g { /DefaultGray cs sc } bd
/rg { /DefaultRGB cs sc } bd
/k { /DeviceCMYK cs sc } bd
/pc { /DeviceGray cs pop 0.5 sc } bd
/G { /DefaultGray CS SC } bd
/RG { /DefaultRGB CS SC } bd
/K { /DeviceCMYK CS SC } bd
/PC { /DeviceGray CS pop 0.5 SC } bd
/cm { _mtx astore concat } bd
/re {
4 2 roll m
1 index 0 rlineto
0 exch rlineto
neg 0 rlineto
h
} bd
/RC/rectclip ld
/EF/execform ld
/PS { cvx exec } bd
/initgs {
/DefaultGray where
{ pop }
{ /DefaultGray /DeviceGray dd }
ifelse
/DefaultRGB where
{ pop }
{ /DefaultRGB /DeviceRGB dd }
ifelse
0 g 0 G
[]0 d 0 j 0 J 10 M 1 w
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%%EndFile
%%BeginFile: pdftext.prc
%%Copyright: Copyright 1987-1994 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All Rights Reserved.
PDF /PDFText 51 dict dup begin put
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/CopyFont {
{
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/modEnc {
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counttomark 1 sub -1 0
{
index
dup type /nametype eq
{
_enc _icode 3 -1 roll put
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}
if
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} for
cleartomark
_enc
} bd
/trEnc {
/_enc xdd
255 -1 0 {
exch dup -1 eq
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{ Encoding exch get }
ifelse
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} for
pop
_enc
} bd
/TE {
/_i xdd
StandardEncoding 256 array copy modEnc
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} bd
/TZ
{
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findfont
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begin
{
1 index /FID ne { def } { pop pop } ifelse
} forall
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{
/Encoding _pdfEncodings _usePDFEncoding get def
pop
}
{
_usePDFEncoding -1 eq
{
counttomark 0 eq
{ pop }
{
Encoding 256 array copy
modEnc /Encoding exch def
}
ifelse
}
{
256 array
trEnc /Encoding exch def
}
ifelse
}
ifelse
FontName currentdict
end
definefont pop
}
bd
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dup 4 1 roll
dup length exch stringwidth
exch 5 -1 roll 3 index mul add
4 1 roll 3 1 roll mul add
6 2 roll /_cnt 0 dd
{1 index eq {/_cnt _cnt 1 add dd} if} forall pop
exch _cnt mul exch _cnt mul 2 index add 4 1 roll 2 index add 4 1 roll pop pop
} bd
/jss {
4 1 roll
{
2 npop
(0) exch 2 copy 0 exch put
gsave
32 eq
{
exch 6 index 6 index 6 index 5 -1 roll widthshow
currentpoint
}
{
false charpath currentpoint
4 index setmatrix stroke
}
ifelse
grestore
moveto
2 copy rmoveto
} exch cshow
6 npop
} def
/jsp
{
{
2 npop
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32 eq
{ exch 5 index 5 index 5 index 5 -1 roll widthshow }
{ false charpath }
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2 copy rmoveto
} exch cshow
5 npop
} bd
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{
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{
trj swj rmoveto
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{
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pjsf
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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def
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GlyphProcs exch get exec
end
} def
} bd
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findfont dup dup length 2 add dict
begin
CopyFont
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/dummybold currentdict
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definefont
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{
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1 index 0 ne { exch .03 add exch }if
setcharwidth
0 0 moveto
gsave
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grestore
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show
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currentdict
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definefont pop
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findfont _italMtx makefont
dup length dict
begin
CopyFont
currentdict
end
definefont pop
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/dummybold exch
MakeBold
/dummybold
MakeItalic
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currentdict readonly pop end
%%EndFile
PDFText begin
[39/quotesingle 96/grave 128/Adieresis/Aring/Ccedilla/Eacute/Ntilde/Odieresis/Udieresis/aacute/agrave/acircumflex/adieresis/atilde/aring/ccedilla/eacute/egrave/ecircumflex/edieresis/iacute/igrave/icircumflex/idieresis/ntilde/oacute/ograve/ocircumflex/odieresis/otilde/uacute/ugrave/ucircumflex/udieresis/dagger/degree/cent/sterling/section/bullet/paragraph/germandbls/registered/copyright/trademark/acute/dieresis/.notdef/AE/Oslash/.notdef/plusminus/.notdef/.notdef/yen/mu/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/.notdef/ordfeminine/ordmasculine/.notdef/ae/oslash/questiondown/exclamdown/logicalnot/.notdef/florin/.notdef/.notdef/guillemotleft/guillemotright/ellipsis/.notdef/Agrave/Atilde/Otilde/OE/oe/endash/emdash/quotedblleft/quotedblright/quoteleft/quoteright/divide/.notdef/ydieresis/Ydieresis/fraction/currency/guilsinglleft/guilsinglright/fi/fl/daggerdbl/periodcentered/quotesinglbase/quotedblbase/perthousand/Acircumflex/Ecircumflex/Aacute/Edieresis/Egrave/Iacute/Icircumflex/Idieresis/Igrave/Oacute/Ocircumflex/.notdef/Ograve/Uacute/Ucircumflex/Ugrave/dotlessi/circumflex/tilde/macron/breve/dotaccent/ring/cedilla/hungarumlaut/ogonek/caron0 TE
[1/dotlessi/caron 39/quotesingle 96/grave 127/bullet/bullet/bullet/quotesinglbase/florin/quotedblbase/ellipsis/dagger/daggerdbl/circumflex/perthousand/Scaron/guilsinglleft/OE/bullet/bullet/bullet/bullet/quoteleft/quoteright/quotedblleft/quotedblright/bullet/endash/emdash/tilde/trademark/scaron/guilsinglright/oe/bullet/bullet/Ydieresis/space/exclamdown/cent/sterling/currency/yen/brokenbar/section/dieresis/copyright/ordfeminine/guillemotleft/logicalnot/hyphen/registered/macron/degree/plusminus/twosuperior/threesuperior/acute/mu/paragraph/periodcentered/cedilla/onesuperior/ordmasculine/guillemotright/onequarter/onehalf/threequarters/questiondown/Agrave/Aacute/Acircumflex/Atilde/Adieresis/Aring/AE/Ccedilla/Egrave/Eacute/Ecircumflex/Edieresis/Igrave/Iacute/Icircumflex/Idieresis/Eth/Ntilde/Ograve/Oacute/Ocircumflex/Otilde/Odieresis/multiply/Oslash/Ugrave/Uacute/Ucircumflex/Udieresis/Yacute/Thorn/germandbls/agrave/aacute/acircumflex/atilde/adieresis/aring/ae/ccedilla/egrave/eacute/ecircumflex/edieresis/igrave/iacute/icircumflex/idieresis/eth/ntilde/ograve/oacute/ocircumflex/otilde/odieresis/divide/oslash/ugrave/uacute/ucircumflex/udieresis/yacute/thorn/ydieresis1 TE
end
currentdict readonly pop end end
/currentpacking where {pop setpacking}if
PDFVars/InitAll{
PDF/initialize get exec
PDFText/initialize get exec
initgs 0 Tr
}put
PDFVars/TermAll{
PDFText/terminate get exec
PDF/terminate get exec
}put
PDFVars/InitAll get exec
%%Page: 1 1
save
PDFVars/InitAll get exec
%PDF_BeginEncoding: F5 Optima-Bold
[ 39/quotesingle 96/grave 127/.notdef/Adieresis/Aring/Ccedilla
/Eacute/Ntilde/Odieresis/Udieresis/aacute/agrave
/acircumflex/adieresis/atilde/aring/ccedilla/eacute
/egrave/ecircumflex/edieresis/iacute/igrave/icircumflex
/idieresis/ntilde/oacute/ograve/ocircumflex/odieresis
/otilde/uacute/ugrave/ucircumflex/udieresis/dagger
/degree/cent/sterling/section/bullet/paragraph
/germandbls/registered/copyright/trademark/acute/dieresis
/notequal/AE/Oslash/infinity/plusminus/lessequal
/greaterequal/yen/mu/partialdiff/summation/product
/pi/integral/ordfeminine/ordmasculine/Omega/ae
/oslash/questiondown/exclamdown/logicalnot/radical/florin
/approxequal/Delta/guillemotleft/guillemotright/ellipsis/blank
/Agrave/Atilde/Otilde/OE/oe/endash
/emdash/quotedblleft/quotedblright/quoteleft/quoteright/divide
/lozenge/ydieresis/Ydieresis/fraction/currency/guilsinglleft
/guilsinglright/fi/fl/daggerdbl/periodcentered/quotesinglbase
/quotedblbase/perthousand/Acircumflex/Ecircumflex/Aacute/Edieresis
/Egrave/Iacute/Icircumflex/Idieresis/Igrave/Oacute
/Ocircumflex/apple/Ograve/Uacute/Ucircumflex/Ugrave
/dotlessi/circumflex/tilde/macron/breve/dotaccent
/ring/cedilla/hungarumlaut/ogonek/caron
/F5/Optima-Bold -1 TZ
%PDF_EndEncoding 
%PDF_BeginEncoding: F7 Berkeley-Medium
[ 39/quotesingle 96/grave 127/.notdef/Adieresis/Aring/Ccedilla
/Eacute/Ntilde/Odieresis/Udieresis/aacute/agrave
/acircumflex/adieresis/atilde/aring/ccedilla/eacute
/egrave/ecircumflex/edieresis/iacute/igrave/icircumflex
/idieresis/ntilde/oacute/ograve/ocircumflex/odieresis
/otilde/uacute/ugrave/ucircumflex/udieresis/dagger
/degree/cent/sterling/section/bullet/paragraph
/germandbls/registered/copyright/trademark/acute/dieresis
/notequal/AE/Oslash/infinity/plusminus/lessequal
/greaterequal/yen/mu/partialdiff/summation/product
/pi/integral/ordfeminine/ordmasculine/Omega/ae
/oslash/questiondown/exclamdown/logicalnot/radical/florin
/approxequal/Delta/guillemotleft/guillemotright/ellipsis/blank
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[(Introduction)-353 ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\
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[(Early Promotion of Physical Activity for Health)-134 ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .)-478 (1)-2 (2)]TJ
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[(Associating Physical Inactivity with Disease)-598 ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\
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T*
[(Health, Physical Education, and Fitness)-194 ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\
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[(Measuring Physical Fitness)-437 ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .\
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(ology. Viewed through the perspective of evolu-)Tj
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[(great number)16 (s)-44 ( of people only during the last)]TJ
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(ration. )Tj
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[(\(Eaton, )21 (Shostak, )54 (K)-26 (onner )11 (1988)18 (,)-14 ( p)-14 (.)-14 ( 1)-14 (6)-14 (8)-6 (\))]TJ
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(of physical activity promotion as a means to)Tj
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(improve health among entire populations. The chap-)Tj
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(ter focuses on Western \(i.e., Greco-Roman\) history,)Tj
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(because of the near-linear development of physical)Tj
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(activity promotion across those times and cultures)Tj
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(leading to current American attitudes and guidelines)Tj
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(regarding physical activity. These guidelines are)Tj
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(discussed in detail in the last half of the chapter. To)Tj
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(flesh out this narrow focus on Western traditions, as)Tj
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(well as to provide a background for the promotional)Tj
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(emphasis of the chapter, this chapter begins by)Tj
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(briefly outlining both anthropological and historical)Tj
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(evidence of the central, \322natural\323 role of physical)Tj
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(activity in prehistoric cultures. Mention is also made)Tj
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(of the historical prominence of physical activity in)Tj
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(non-Greco-Roman cultures, including those of China,)Tj
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(India, Africa, and precolonial America.)Tj
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(Archaeologists working in conjunction with medi-)Tj
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(cal anthropologists have established that our ances-)Tj
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(tors up through the beginning of the Industrial)Tj
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(Revolution incorporated strenuous physical activity)Tj
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(as a normal part of their daily lives\321and not only for)Tj
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(the daily, subsistence requirements of their \322work\323)Tj
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(lives. Investigations of preindustrial societies still)Tj
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(intact today confirm that physical capability was not)Tj
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[(providing shelter and safety \(Eaton, Shostak, )12 (K)-20 (onner)]TJ
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[(1988\). Physical activity was enjoyed throughout every)-7 (-)]TJ
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[(day)-12 ( )9 (prehistoric life, as an integral component of)]TJ
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(religious, social, and cultural expression. Food sup-)Tj
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(plies for the most part were plentiful, allowing ample)Tj
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(time for both rest and recreational physical endeavors.)Tj
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[(Eaton, Shostak, and )-6 (Konner)33 ( \(1988\) describe a)]TJ
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[(\322Paleolithic )10 (rhythm)12 (\323 \(p. 32\) observed among con-)]TJ
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(temporary hunters and gatherers that seems to)Tj
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(mirror the medical recommendations for physical)Tj
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(activity in this report. This natural cycle of regu-)Tj
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(larly intermittent activity was likely the norm for)Tj
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(most of human existence. Sustenance preoccupa-)Tj
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(tions typically were broken into 1- or 2-day periods)Tj
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(of intense and strenuous exertion, followed by 1- or)Tj
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(2-day periods of rest and celebration. During these)Tj
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(rest days, however, less intense but still strenuous)Tj
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(exertion accompanied 6- to 20-mile round-trip vis-)Tj
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(its to other villages to see relatives and friends and)Tj
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(to trade with other clans or communities. There or)Tj
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(at home, dancing and cultural play took place.)Tj
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(As the neolithic Agricultural Revolution allowed)Tj
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(more people to live in larger group settings and)Tj
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(cities, and as the specialization of occupations re-)Tj
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(duced the amount and intensity of work-related)Tj
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(physical activities, various healers and philosophers)Tj
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(began to stress that long life and health depended on)Tj
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(preventing illnesses through proper diet, nutrition,)Tj
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(and physical activity. Such broad prescriptions for)Tj
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(health, including exercise recommendations, long)Tj
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(predate the increasingly specific guidelines of classi-)Tj
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(cal Greek philosophy and medicine, which are the)Tj
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(predominant historical focus of this chapter.)Tj
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T*
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[(has )-9 (g)-24 (uided Chinese culture through the present day.)]TJ
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[(tai )7 (c)-15 (h)2 (i)4 ( )-9 (chuan)7 (, an exercise system that teaches graceful)]TJ
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(movements, began as early as 200 B.C. with Hua T\325o)Tj
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(and has recently been shown to decrease the incidence)Tj
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[(of falls in elderly Americans \(Huard)18 ( )-9 (and )-9 (Wong)-18 ( 1968;)]TJ
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(see Chapter 4\).)Tj
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(In India, too, proper diet and physical activity)Tj
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(were known to be essential principles of daily)Tj
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(living. The )Tj
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(Ajur Veda,)Tj
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[( a collection of health and)]TJ
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(3000 B.C., developed into Yoga, a philosophy that)Tj
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(stretching and flexibility postures. The principles)Tj
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(were first codified in 600 B.C. in the )Tj
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(Upanishads)Tj
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[( and)]TJ
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(later in the )Tj
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(Yoga Sutras)Tj
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[( by Patanjali sometime be-)]TJ
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(tween 200 B.C. and 200 A.D. Yoga philosophies)Tj
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(also asserted that physical suppleness, proper breath-)Tj
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(ing, and diet were essential to control the mind and)Tj
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[(emotions )10 (and )10 (were )8 (prerequisites for religious ex-)]TJ
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(perience. In both India and China during this)Tj
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(period, the linking of exercise and health may)Tj
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(have led to the development of a medical subspe-)Tj
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(cialty that today would find its equivalent in sports)Tj
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(medicine \(Snook 1984\).)Tj
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(Though less directly concerned with physical)Tj
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(health than with social and religious attainment,)Tj
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(physical activity played a key role in other ancient)Tj
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(non-Greco-Roman cultures. In Africa, systems of)Tj
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(flexibility, agility, and endurance training not only)Tj
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(represented the essence of martial arts capability)Tj
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(but also served as an integral component of reli-)Tj
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(gious ritual and daily life. The Samburu and the)Tj
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(Masai of Kenya still feature running as a virtue of)Tj
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(the greatest prowess, linked to manhood and social)Tj
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(Similarly, in American Indian cultures, running)Tj
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(was a prominent feature of all major aspects of life)Tj
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(\(Nabokov 1981\). Long before the Europeans in-)Tj
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(vaded, Indians ran to communicate, to fight, and to)Tj
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(hunt. Running was also a means for diverse Ameri-)Tj
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(both the physical and metaphysical worlds. Among)Tj
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(of Iowa, the Chemeheuvi of California, the Inca of)Tj
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(ern-day lacrosse. Even today, the Tarahumarahe of)Tj
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(northern Mexico play a version of kickball that)Tj
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(1981; Eaton, Shostak, Konner 1988\).)Tj
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[(W)34 (estern Historical Perspective)]TJ
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(\(as is discussed throughout this section\), the ancient)Tj
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[(1)-8 (9)-11 (65)23 (\))-8 (.)-37 ( In the classical-era Olympic Games, the Greeks)]TJ
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(capability of most mortals. Although participants in)Tj
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(the ancient Greeks.)Tj
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(tributes to better health, improved physical func-)Tj
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(tioning, and increased longevity. Although some of)Tj
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(clinical judgment, others were the result of system-)Tj
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(atic observation.)Tj
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(Among the ancient Greeks, the recognition that)Tj
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(proper amounts of physical activity are necessary for)Tj
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(healthy living dates back to at least the 5th century)Tj
T*
0.185 Tw
(B.C. \(Berryman 1992\). The lessons found in the)Tj
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[( \(1584\);)]TJ
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[(\(pp. )]TJ
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(performance and health to a new focus on sports-)Tj
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(related skills and the worthy use of leisure time.)Tj
1.636 -1.227 TD
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0.068 Tw
(Physical efficiency was a term widely used in)Tj
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(the literature of the 1930s. Another term, physical)Tj
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(condition, also found its way into research reports.)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.161 Tw
(In 1936, Arthur Steinhaus published one of the)Tj
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(; in)Tj
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(Citizenship\323 appeared in the same journal.)Tj
1.636 -1.182 TD
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(among girls and women \(Park 1989; Berryman)Tj
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(Park 1989\).)Tj
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[( stated that \322from)]TJ
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0.109 Tw
(better nation now than we were in 1917,\323 but he)Tj
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(cautioned Americans not to believe \322we have at-)Tj
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(tained an optimum in physical fitness\323 \(p. 54\). He)Tj
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(realized the magnitude of the fitness problem when)Tj
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(he noted that the poor results of physical examina-)Tj
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(tions reported by the Selective Service Boards were \322a)Tj
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(challenge to the medical profession, to the social)Tj
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(officials, and all those concerned in the United States)Tj
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(with the physical improvement of our population\323)Tj
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(\(p. 55\). The goals most frequently cited for physical)Tj
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(respiratory endurance, muscular growth, flexibility,)Tj
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(speed, agility, balance, and accuracy \(Larson and)Tj
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(Yocom 1951\).)Tj
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0.212 Tw
(After World War II concluded, a continuing)Tj
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[(intere)8 (st in physical fitness convinced other key mem-)]TJ
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(bers of the medical profession and the American)Tj
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(Much of this interest can be attributed to the pioneer-)Tj
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(Fitness Research Laboratory at the University of Illinois)Tj
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(\(Shea 1993\). Cardiologists, health education special-)Tj
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(ists, and physicians in preventive medicine were be-)Tj
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(overall health and efficiency of the heart and circula-)Tj
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(tory system. In 1946, the American Medical)Tj
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(the nation in the development of satisfactory health)Tj
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(education programs\323 \(Fishbein 1947, p. 1009\). The)Tj
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(program became an important link among physical)Tj
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(educators, physicians, and physiologists.)Tj
1.636 -1.227 TD
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(to physical fitness, including that of President Dwight)Tj
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[(D. Eisenhower, was the publication of the )21 (article)]TJ
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[(\322Muscular Fitness and Health\323 in the December)17 ( )-9 (1953)]TJ
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(issue of the )Tj
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[(Journal of Health, Physical )37 (Education,)]TJ
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[(a)-10 (n)-10 (d)-24 ( Recreation)]TJ
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(. The authors, Hans Kraus and Ruth)Tj
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[(Hirschland of the Institute of Physical )12 (Medicine)]TJ
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(Bellevue Medical Center, stated that 56.6 per-)Tj
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[(cent)-24 ( o)20 (f)20 ( )]TJ
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[(the )105 (American schoolchildren tested \322failed)]TJ
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[(t)10 (o)10 ( meet even a minimum standard required)27 ( )9 (f)10 (o)10 (r)]TJ
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(the 8.3 percent failure rate for European children, a)Tj
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(Senator James Duff of these startling test results.)Tj
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(Duff, in turn, brought the research to the attention of)Tj
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(President Eisenhower, who invited several athletes)Tj
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(and exercise experts to a meeting in 1955 to examine)Tj
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(this issue in more depth. A President\325s Conference)Tj
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(on Fitness of American Youth, held in June 1956,)Tj
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(cal education, medical, public health, sports, civic,)Tj
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(and recreational organizations. This meeting even-)Tj
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(tually led to the establishment of the President\325s)Tj
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-0.103 Tw
[(Council on Youth Fitness and the President\325s Citi)30 (zens)]TJ
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(Advisory Committee on the Fitness of American)Tj
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(Youth \(Hackensmith 1966; Van Dalen and Bennett)Tj
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(1971\).)Tj
1.636 -1.227 TD
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(When John Kennedy became president in 1961,)Tj
-1.636 -1.182 TD
0.056 Tw
(one of his first actions was to call a conference on)Tj
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(physical fitness and young people. In 1963, the)Tj
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0.024 Tw
(President\325s Council on Youth Fitness was renamed)Tj
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(the President\325s Council on Physical Fitness. In 1968,)Tj
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(the word \322sports\323 was added to the name, making it)Tj
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(the President\325s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports)Tj
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(\(PCPFS\). The PCPFS was charged with promoting)Tj
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(physical activity, fitness, and sports for Americans of)Tj
T*
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(all ages.)Tj
1.636 -1.227 TD
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(During the 1960s, a number of educational and)Tj
-1.636 -1.182 TD
0.098 Tw
(public health organizations published articles and)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.042 Tw
(statements on the importance of fitness for children)Tj
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0.071 Tw
(and youths. The American Association for Health,)Tj
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(Physical Education, and Recreation \(AAHPER\) ex-)Tj
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0.134 Tw
(panded its physical fitness testing program to in-)Tj
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(clude college-aged men and women. The association)Tj
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-0.114 Tw
(developed new norms from data collected from more)Tj
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(than 11,000 boys and girls 10\32017 years old. The)Tj
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(AAHPER also joined with the President\325s Council on)Tj
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(Physical Fitness to conduct the AAHPER Youth)Tj
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(Fitness Test, which had motivational awards. In)Tj
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(1966, President Lyndon Johnson\325s newly created)Tj
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(Presidential Physical Fitness Award was incorpo-)Tj
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(rated into the program.)Tj
1.636 -1.182 TD
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(In the mid-1970s, the need to promote the health\321)Tj
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(rather than exclusively the performance\321benefits of)Tj
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(exercise and physical fitness began to reappear. In)Tj
23.955 56.409 TD
0.203 Tw
(1975, AAHPER stated it was time to differentiate)Tj
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0.09 Tw
(physical fitness related to health from performance)Tj
T*
0.181 Tw
(related to athletic ability \(Blair, Falls, Pate 1983\).)Tj
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0.161 Tw
(Accordingly, AAHPER commissioned the develop-)Tj
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-0.086 Tw
(ment of the Health Related Physical Fitness Test. This)Tj
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0.025 Tw
(move in youth fitness paralleled the adoption of the)Tj
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0.244 Tw
[(aerobic concept, which promoted endurance-)9 (type)]TJ
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(exercise among the public \(Cooper 1968\).)Tj
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(Exercise Physiology Research and Health)Tj
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(The study of the physiology of exercise in a modern)Tj
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(sense began in Paris, France, when Antoine Lavoisier)Tj
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-5.667 -1.167 TD
0 Tc
-0.054 Tw
(relates to the ability to use the senses, such as sight and hearing,)Tj
T*
0.116 Tw
(together with body parts in performing motor tasks smoothly)Tj
T*
0.001 Tw
[(and accurately)89 (.)]TJ
6.3 0 0 6.3 118.5 258 Tm
(\240)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 60 240.5 Tm
0.008 Tc
(Detraining)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
4.722 0 TD
0 Tw
(\321Changes the body undergoes in response to a)Tj
-4.722 -1.167 TD
(reduction or cessation of regular physical training.)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
6.3 0 0 6.3 258 232.5 Tm
(*)Tj
9 0 0 9 60 214.5 Tm
0 Tc
0.125 Tw
(Endurance training/endurance activities)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
17.611 0 TD
(\321Repetitive, aerobic)Tj
-17.611 -1.167 TD
0 Tw
[(use of lar)38 (ge muscles \(e.g., walking,)8 ( )-55 (bicycling, swimming\).)]TJ
6.3 0 0 6.3 282 206.5 Tm
(\340)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 60 188.5 Tm
[(Exercise)-14 ( )]TJ
/F11 1 Tf
3.778 0 TD
-0.063 Tw
[(\(exer)46 (cise training\)\321Planned, structured, and repetitive)]TJ
-3.778 -1.167 TD
0.127 Tw
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T*
0 Tw
(components of physical fitness.)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
0 -1.667 TD
-0.001 Tc
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/F11 1 Tf
4.278 0 TD
0 Tc
-0.036 Tw
(\321A health-related component of physical fitness that)Tj
-4.278 -1.167 TD
0 Tw
(relates to the range of motion available at a joint.)Tj
6.3 0 0 6.3 249 144.5 Tm
(*)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 60 126.5 Tm
-0.04 Tw
(Kilocalorie \(kcal\))Tj
/F11 1 Tf
7.389 0 TD
[(\321A)53 ( measurement of ener)11 (gy)108 (.  1 kilocalorie = 1)]TJ
-7.389 -1.167 TD
0 Tw
(Calorie = 4,184 joules = 4.184 kilojoules.)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
28.833 63.667 TD
-0.005 Tc
-0.07 Tw
(Kilojoule \(kjoule\))Tj
/F11 1 Tf
7.278 0 TD
[(\321A)43 ( measurement of ener)-16 (gy)98 (.)-5 ( )-20 (4.184 kilojoules)-234 (=)]TJ
-7.278 -1.167 TD
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0 Tw
(4,184 joules = 1 Calorie = 1 kilocalorie.)Tj
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0 -1.722 TD
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11.5 0 TD
(\321The difference between maximum)Tj
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0 Tw
(heart rate and resting heart rate.)Tj
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(*)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
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0.008 Tc
0.051 Tw
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11.333 0.222 TD
0.055 Tc
0 Tw
( \372)Tj
0.222 -0.222 TD
0.018 Tc
(VO)Tj
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(2)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
0.577 0 TD
( )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
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0.008 Tc
0.051 Tw
(max \))Tj
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2.5 0 TD
(\321The maximal capacity)Tj
-16.111 -1.167 TD
0 Tc
0.001 Tw
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T*
-0.008 Tc
-0.07 Tw
[(It is also known as aerobic power)79 (, maximal oxygen consumption,)]TJ
T*
0 Tc
0 Tw
[(and cardiorespiratory endurance capacity)98 (.)]TJ
6.3 0 0 6.3 481.5 608.5 Tm
(*)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 319.5 590.5 Tm
0.001 Tc
0.139 Tw
[(Maxima)-10 (l)12 ( heart rate \(H)-9 (R)-10 ( )-15 (max\))]TJ
/F11 1 Tf
13.389 0 TD
(\321The highest heart rate value)Tj
-13.389 -1.167 TD
0 Tc
0 Tw
(attainable during an all-out effort to the point of exhaustion.)Tj
6.3 0 0 6.3 550 582.5 Tm
(*)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 319.5 564.5 Tm
0.026 Tc
0.139 Tw
(Metabolic equivalent \(MET\))Tj
/F11 1 Tf
13.056 0 TD
(\321A unit used to estimate the)Tj
-13.056 -1.167 TD
0 Tc
-0.011 Tw
[(metabolic cost \(oxygen consumption\) of physical activity)57 (.  One)]TJ
T*
0.023 Tw
(MET equals the resting metabolic rate of approximately 3.5 ml)Tj
T*
(O)Tj
5.2 0 0 5.2 327 531 Tm
(2)Tj
6 0 0 6 331 533 Tm
(\245)Tj
9 0 0 9 337 533 Tm
-0.002 Tc
(kg)Tj
6.3 0 0 6.3 346 535.5 Tm
(-1)Tj
6 0 0 6 354 533 Tm
(\245)Tj
9 0 0 9 360 533 Tm
(min)Tj
6.3 0 0 6.3 374.5 535.5 Tm
(-1)Tj
9 0 0 9 380.5 533 Tm
(.)Tj
6.3 0 0 6.3 382.5 535.5 Tm
(*)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 319.5 517.5 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
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/F11 1 Tf
5.389 0 TD
(\321An individual muscle cell.)Tj
6.3 0 0 6.3 478 520 Tm
(*)Tj
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0.019 Tw
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/F11 1 Tf
8.944 0 TD
(\321The ability of the muscle to continue to)Tj
-8.944 -1.167 TD
0 Tw
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6.3 0 0 6.3 412.5 494 Tm
(*)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 319.5 476.5 Tm
0.025 Tc
(Overtraining)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
5.889 0 TD
0.139 Tw
(\321The attempt to do more work than can be)Tj
-5.889 -1.167 TD
0 Tc
0 Tw
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6.3 0 0 6.3 397 468.5 Tm
(*)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
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0.001 Tc
0.139 Tw
(Physical activity)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
7.222 0 TD
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-7.222 -1.167 TD
0 Tc
0.079 Tw
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T*
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[(ener)49 (gy expenditure.)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
0 -1.722 TD
-0.028 Tw
(Physical fitness)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
6.556 0 TD
(\321A set of attributes that people have or achieve)Tj
-6.556 -1.167 TD
0 Tw
[(that relates to the ability to perform physical activity)65 (.)]TJ
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0 -1.722 TD
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/F11 1 Tf
2.722 0 TD
-0.004 Tc
-0.069 Tw
(\321A skill-related component of physical fitness that relates)Tj
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0 Tc
0 Tw
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/F5 1 Tf
0 -1.722 TD
0.03 Tc
0.139 Tw
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/F11 1 Tf
15.944 0 TD
[(\321A person\325)101 (s subjective)]TJ
-15.944 -1.167 TD
0 Tc
-0.058 Tw
[(assessment of how hard he or she is working. The Bor)52 (g scale is a)]TJ
T*
0 Tw
(numerical scale for rating perceived exertion.)Tj
6.3 0 0 6.3 494 343.5 Tm
(*)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 319.5 326 Tm
-0.007 Tc
-0.07 Tw
(Reaction time)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
5.889 0 TD
(\321A skill-related component of physical fitness that)Tj
-5.889 -1.167 TD
-0.01 Tc
[(relates to the time elapsed between s)28 (t)-10 (imulation and the beginning)]TJ
T*
0 Tc
0 Tw
(of the reaction to it.)Tj
6.3 0 0 6.3 395 307.5 Tm
(\240)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 319.5 289.5 Tm
0.009 Tc
0.139 Tw
(Resistance training)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
8.556 0 TD
[(\321T)129 (raining designed to increase strength,)]TJ
-8.556 -1.167 TD
0 Tc
0 Tw
[(power)103 (, and muscle endurance.)]TJ
6.3 0 0 6.3 438.5 281.5 Tm
(*)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 319.5 263.5 Tm
0.088 Tw
(Resting heart rate)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
7.889 0 TD
(\321The heart rate at rest, averaging 60 to 80)Tj
-7.889 -1.167 TD
0 Tw
(beats per minute.)Tj
6.3 0 0 6.3 386 255.5 Tm
(*)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 319.5 237.5 Tm
-0.011 Tc
(Retraining)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
4.389 0 TD
-0.01 Tc
-0.07 Tw
[(\321Recovery of conditioning after a period of inactivity)74 (.)]TJ
6.3 0 0 6.3 558.5 240 Tm
(*)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 319.5 222 Tm
-0.002 Tc
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/F11 1 Tf
2.611 0 TD
-0.001 Tc
-0.069 Tw
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-2.611 -1.167 TD
0 Tc
0.079 Tw
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T*
-0.001 Tc
(time.)Tj
6.3 0 0 6.3 339 203.5 Tm
(\240)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 319.5 186 Tm
(Strength)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
3.667 0 TD
0 Tc
0 Tw
[(\321The ability of the muscle to exert for)40 (ce.)]TJ
6.3 0 0 6.3 512 188.5 Tm
(*)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
9 0 0 9 319.5 170.5 Tm
-0.006 Tc
-0.069 Tw
[(T)105 (raining heart rate \(THR\))]TJ
/F11 1 Tf
10.556 0 TD
[(\321A)41 ( heart rate goal established by using)]TJ
-10.556 -1.167 TD
0 Tc
-0.027 Tw
[(the heart rate equivalent to a selected training level \(per)36 (centage)]TJ
T*
(of )Tj
/F5 1 Tf
1.056 0.222 TD
-0.054 Tc
0 Tw
( \372)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
0.056 -0.222 TD
0.008 Tc
(VO)Tj
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(2 )Tj
9 0 0 9 347.5 149.5 Tm
0 Tc
-0.053 Tw
[(max \).  For example, if a training level of 75 per)49 (cent)-5 ( )]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
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/F11 1 Tf
0.056 -0.222 TD
0.008 Tc
(VO)Tj
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(2)Tj
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-0.001 Tc
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[(max)-8 ( )-16 (is desired, the)]TJ
/F5 1 Tf
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0 Tw
( \372)Tj
/F11 1 Tf
0.056 -0.222 TD
0.007 Tc
(VO)Tj
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0.021 Tc
(2 )Tj
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-9.778 -1.167 TD
0 Tc
0 Tw
(rate corresponding to this)Tj
/F5 1 Tf
10.889 0.222 TD
( )Tj
/F11 1 Tf
0.278 -0.222 TD
0.008 Tc
(VO)Tj
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(2)Tj
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0 -2.818 TD
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(ference on Physical Activity, Physical Fitness, and)Tj
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(ity.\323 Thus, when considering the role of physical)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
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(activity in promoting health, one must acknowledge)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
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(the importance of psychological well-being, as well)Tj
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/F5 1 Tf
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0 Tw
(Evolution of Physical Activity)Tj
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/F7 1 Tf
11 0 0 11 48 414.5 Tm
0.003 Tc
-0.089 Tw
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0 -1.182 TD
0.145 Tw
(for physical activity to achieve fitness and health)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.102 Tw
(benefits were based on systematic comparisons of)Tj
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0.153 Tw
(effects from different profiles of exercise training)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
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(\(Cureton 1947; Karvonen, Kentala, Mustala 1957;)Tj
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(Christensen 1960; Yakolav et al. 1961; Reindell,)Tj
T*
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(Roskamm, Gerschler 1962\). In the 1960s and 1970s,)Tj
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(grams or exercise prescriptions for improving physi-)Tj
T*
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0.259 Tw
(cal performance capacity or health \(President\325s)Tj
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(Council on Physical Fitness 1965; AHA 1972, 1975;)Tj
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0.062 Tw
(ACSM 1975\). These recommendations were based)Tj
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(on substantial clinical experience and on scientific)Tj
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[(\245)-591 (S)-22 (trength-developing activities \(resistance train-)]TJ
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[(\()-17 (Table 2-3)25 (\))-17 ( must be evaluated not only for their)]TJ
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T*
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T*
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0.259 Tw
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-0.042 Tw
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( \372)Tj
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T*
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(highly trained technicians, and time and coopera-)Tj
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(1970; King et al. 1991\).)Tj
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0.134 Tw
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( \372)Tj
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[(numbers )-9 (of )-9 (participants can be tested rapidly at low)]TJ
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T*
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T*
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1.636 -1.182 TD
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T*
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T*
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T*
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T*
0.134 Tw
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(reliability \(Wilmore and Behnke 1970\).)Tj
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(\(Lukaski et al. 1986\), magnetic resonance imaging)Tj
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[(\(Lohman 1984\), and dual-energy x-ray absorptio)-6 (-)]TJ
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-0.06 Tw
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0.003 Tw
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3.273 -1.227 TD
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/F7 1 Tf
11 0 0 11 66 314 Tm
0.003 Tc
-0.087 Tw
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3.273 -1.182 TD
0 Tw
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-3.273 -1.227 TD
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-0.014 Tw
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16.227 -2.409 TD
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[(1.7a)-1519 (Overweight Hispanic males)-19285 (24%)]TJ
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0 Tw
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-3.273 -1.227 TD
-0.106 Tw
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3.273 -1.182 TD
0.003 Tc
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/F13 1 Tf
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0 -1.182 TD
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0 -1.227 TD
0 Tw
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28.409 -1.227 TD
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3.273 -1.182 TD
0 Tw
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/F13 1 Tf
13.091 -2.455 TD
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-16.364 -1.182 TD
0.002 Tw
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0 -1.227 TD
0 Tw
[(Self Care \(per 1,000\))-23951 (2000 Target)]TJ
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0 -1.227 TD
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[( To provide physicians and the general)]TJ
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(health.)Tj
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[( A non-Federal, nonadvocate, 13-)]TJ
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(activity in their daily lives, and accumulating evi-)Tj
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(dence indicates that physical inactivity is a major)Tj
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(rehabilitation programs that combine physical ac-)Tj
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1.636 -1.227 TD
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(needed to maintain good health.)Tj
1.636 -1.182 TD
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(Physical inactivity characterizes most Ameri-)Tj
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(out of most occupations and lifestyles. In 1991, 54)Tj
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(percent of adults reported little or no regular leisure)Tj
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0.148 Tw
(physical activity. Data from the 1990 Youth Risk)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.045 Tw
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0.098 Tw
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0.034 Tw
(About 50 percent of high school students reported)Tj
T*
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1.636 -1.227 TD
0.133 Tw
(Physical activity protects against the develop-)Tj
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(ment of CVD and also favorably modifies other CVD)Tj
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0.113 Tw
(risk factors, including high blood pressure, blood)Tj
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0.211 Tw
(needed to accomplish these goals remain poorly)Tj
T*
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(defined and controversial.)Tj
1.636 -1.227 TD
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(Physical activity is also important in the treat-)Tj
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(ment of patients with CVD or those who are at)Tj
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0.139 Tw
(increased risk for developing CVD, including pa-)Tj
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0.004 Tw
(tients who have hypertension, stable angina, or pe-)Tj
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0.072 Tw
(ripheral vascular disease, or who have had a prior)Tj
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-0.118 Tw
(myocardial infarction or heart failure. Physical activ-)Tj
T*
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(ity is an important component of cardiac rehabilita-)Tj
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0.031 Tc
0.259 Tw
(tion, and people with CVD can benefit from)Tj
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0.003 Tc
0.033 Tw
(participation. However, some questions remain re-)Tj
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0.181 Tw
(garding benefits, risks, and costs associated with)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.001 Tw
(becoming physically active.)Tj
1.636 -1.227 TD
-0.01 Tc
-0.044 Tw
(Many factors influence adopting and maintaining)Tj
-1.636 -1.182 TD
-0.009 Tc
0.15 Tw
(a physically active lifestyle, such as socioeconomic)Tj
T*
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0.171 Tw
(status, cultural influences, age, and health status.)Tj
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0.024 Tw
(Understanding is needed on how such variables in-)Tj
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(fluence the adoption of this behavior at the individual)Tj
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(home can play a role in promoting physical activity.)Tj
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(These community-level factors also need to be better)Tj
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[( To address these and related issues, the NIH\325s)]TJ
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0.161 Tw
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0.194 Tw
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1.091 -1.5 TD
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[(\245)-588 (What is the health burden of a sedentary lifetyle)]TJ
1.091 -1.182 TD
0.001 Tw
(on the population?)Tj
-1.091 -1.5 TD
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[(\245)-588 (What type, what intensity, and what quantity of)]TJ
1.091 -1.182 TD
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(physical activity are important to prevent car-)Tj
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[(\245)-588 (What are the successful approaches to adopting)]TJ
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(and maintaining a physically active lifestyle?)Tj
-1.091 -1.5 TD
0.129 Tw
[(\245)-588 (What are the important questions for future)]TJ
1.091 -1.182 TD
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0.154 Tw
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T*
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1.636 -1.182 TD
0.078 Tw
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0.059 Tw
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(remain active but not participate in vigorous or)Tj
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(competitive athletics.)Tj
1.636 -1.182 TD
-0.11 Tw
(Because the risks of physical activity are very low)Tj
-1.636 -1.227 TD
0.052 Tw
(compared with the health benefits, most adults do)Tj
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0.039 Tw
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T*
0.05 Tw
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(gram. However, those with known CVD and men)Tj
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0.05 Tw
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[( More than 10 million Americans are afflicted with)]TJ
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0.014 Tc
0.259 Tw
(number to percutaneous transluminal coronary)Tj
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(tion in cardiovascular mortality, reduction of symp-)Tj
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0.16 Tw
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(logical well-being and quality of life.)Tj
1.636 -1.182 TD
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-0.079 Tw
[( )-9 (S)-26 (everal studies have shown that exercise training)]TJ
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(programs that have included control of other cardio-)Tj
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-0.031 Tw
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(of exercise required to achieve beneficial effects)Tj
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(whether stroke incidence is affected by physical)Tj
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(activity or exercise training.)Tj
1.636 -1.182 TD
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(The risk of death during medically supervised)Tj
-1.636 -1.227 TD
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(cardiac exercise training programs is very low. How-)Tj
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(ever, those who exercise infrequently and have poor)Tj
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(functional capacity at baseline may be at somewhat)Tj
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0.206 Tw
(higher risk during exercise training. All patients)Tj
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-0.057 Tw
(with CVD should have a medical evaluation prior to)Tj
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(participation in a vigorous exercise program.)Tj
1.636 -1.182 TD
0.108 Tw
(Appropriately prescribed and conducted exer-)Tj
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(cise training programs improve exercise tolerance)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
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(and physical fitness in patients with coronary heart)Tj
T*
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(disease. Moderate as well as vigorous exercise train-)Tj
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(ing regimens are of value. Patients with low basal)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
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(levels of exercise capacity experience the most func-)Tj
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0.118 Tw
(tional benefits, even at relatively modest levels of)Tj
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(physical activity. Patients with angina pectoris typi-)Tj
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(cally experience improvement in angina in associa-)Tj
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(ischemia, presumably as a result of decreased myo-)Tj
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(cardial oxygen demand and increased work capacity.)Tj
1.636 -1.182 TD
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(Patients with congestive heart failure also appear)Tj
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(to show improvement in symptoms, exercise capac-)Tj
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(ity, and functional well-being in response to exercise)Tj
T*
0.004 Tw
(training, even though left ventricular systolic func-)Tj
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(should be tailored to the needs of these patients and)Tj
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(supervised closely in view of the marked predisposi-)Tj
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0.259 Tw
(tion of these patients to ischemic events and)Tj
T*
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(arrhythmias.)Tj
1.636 -1.227 TD
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(Cardiac rehabilitation exercise training often)Tj
-1.636 -1.182 TD
(improves skeletal muscle strength and oxidative)Tj
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(capacity and, when combined with appropriate nu-)Tj
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(tritional changes, may result in weight loss. In addi-)Tj
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(tion, such training generally results in improvement)Tj
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(in measures of psychological status, social adjust-)Tj
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(ment, and functional capacity. However, cardiac)Tj
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(rates of return to work than many nonexercise vari-)Tj
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(ables, including employer attitudes, prior employ-)Tj
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1.636 -2.818 TD
-0.017 Tw
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-0.027 Tw
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(ranging from 10 to 25 percent of patients with CHD.)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
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(Referral rates are lower for women than for men and)Tj
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0.043 Tw
(lower for non-whites than for whites. Home-based)Tj
T*
-0.111 Tw
(programs have the potential to provide rehabilitative)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.174 Tw
(services to a wider population. Home-based pro-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
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-0.129 Tw
(grams incorporating limited hospital visits with regu-)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.003 Tc
0.255 Tw
(lar mail or telephone followup by a nurse case)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.036 Tw
(manager have demonstrated significant increases in)Tj
T*
-0.001 Tc
-0.129 Tw
(functional capacity, smoking cessation, and improve-)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.003 Tc
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(ment in blood lipid levels. A range of options exists)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.085 Tw
(in cardiac rehabilitation including site, number of)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0 Tw
(visits, monitoring, and other services.)Tj
1.636 -1.182 TD
0.073 Tw
(There are clear medical and economic reasons)Tj
-1.636 -1.227 TD
0.23 Tw
(for carrying out cardiac rehabilitation programs.)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.094 Tw
(Optimal outcomes are achieved when exercise train-)Tj
T*
0.254 Tw
(ing is combined with educational messages and)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.071 Tw
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0 -1.182 TD
0.104 Tw
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0 -1.227 TD
0.017 Tc
0.259 Tw
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0 -1.182 TD
0.003 Tc
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T*
0.004 Tw
(a cost-efficient therapeutic modality that should be)Tj
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/F5 1 Tf
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/F7 1 Tf
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0.003 Tc
0.003 Tw
(The cardiovascular benefits from and physiological)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
0.129 Tw
(reactions to physical activity appear to be similar)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.116 Tw
(among diverse population subgroups defined by age,)Tj
T*
-0.123 Tw
(sex, income, region of residence, ethnic background,)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.036 Tw
(and health status. However, the behavioral and atti-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
-0.059 Tw
(tudinal factors that influence the motivation for and)Tj
0 -1.227 TD
-0.075 Tw
(ability to sustain physical activity are strongly deter-)Tj
0 -1.182 TD
0.063 Tw
(mined by social experiences, cultural background,)Tj
T*
0.153 Tw
(and physical disability and health status. For ex-)Tj
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0.043 Tw
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0 -1.182 TD
0.023 Tw
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0 -1.227 TD
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0 -1.182 TD
0.017 Tw
(Thus, the following general guidelines will need to)Tj
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1.091 -1.182 TD
-0.081 Tw
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-1.091 -1.5 TD
0.003 Tc
0.242 Tw
[(\245)-588 (Experiences a minimum of negative conse-)]TJ
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-1.091 -1.455 TD
-0.109 Tw
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1.091 -1.182 TD
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-1.091 -1.5 TD
-0.113 Tw
[(\245)-588 (Recognizes the need to balance the use of labor-)]TJ
1.091 -1.182 TD
0.006 Tw
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1.636 -1.227 TD
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0.021 Tc
0.259 Tw
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1.636 -1.182 TD
0.013 Tc
0.029 Tw
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-1.636 -1.227 TD
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(reminders, and rewards for doing so. For example,)Tj
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[(\245)-588 (Are appropriate and enjoyable for children of)]TJ
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[(\245)-596 (Appeal to girls as well as to boys, and to children)]TJ
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(ent media \(e.g., TV, newspaper, radio, Internet\).)Tj
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(5. What Are the Important Considerations)Tj
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1.091 -1.5 TD
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[(\245)-588 (Maintain surveillance of physical activity levels)]TJ
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22.864 54.909 TD
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[(\245)-588 (Develop better methods for analysis and quan-)]TJ
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(applicable to both work and leisure time mea-)Tj
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-1.091 -1.5 TD
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[(\245)-588 (Conduct physiologic, biochemical, and genetic)]TJ
1.091 -1.182 TD
0.093 Tw
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0.037 Tw
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(effects. This will provide new insights into)Tj
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0.029 Tw
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(implications than for other clinical outcomes.)Tj
-1.091 -1.455 TD
0.179 Tw
[(\245)-588 (Examine the effects of physical activity and)]TJ
1.091 -1.227 TD
0.078 Tw
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-1.091 -1.5 TD
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[(\245)-588 (Conduct research on the social and psychologi-)]TJ
1.091 -1.182 TD
0.094 Tw
(cal factors that influence adoption of a more)Tj
T*
0.209 Tw
(active lifestyle and the maintenance of that)Tj
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(behavior change throughout life.)Tj
-1.091 -1.455 TD
-0.06 Tw
[(\245)-588 (Carry out controlled randomized clinical trials)]TJ
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0.213 Tw
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0.092 Tw
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T*
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(risk factor levels including obesity. The effects)Tj
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0.218 Tw
(of intensity, frequency, and duration of in-)Tj
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(creased physical activity should be examined in)Tj
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-0.13 Tw
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0.025 Tw
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T*
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(little or no physical activity in their daily lives.)Tj
1.636 -1.182 TD
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(All Americans should engage in regular physical)Tj
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T*
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