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        Persons using assistive technology might not be able to fully access information in this file. For assistance, please send e-mail to: mmwrq@cdc.gov. Type 508 Accommodation and the title of the report in the subject line of e-mail.

        Tracking Progress Toward Global Polio Eradication --- Worldwide, 2009--2010

        Since the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) began in 1988 (1), progress has been tracked by 1) surveillance comprised of detection and investigation of cases of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP), coupled with environmental surveillance (sewage testing) in selected areas, and 2) timely testing of fecal specimens in accredited laboratories to identify polioviruses. The sensitivity of AFP case detection and the timeliness of AFP investigations are monitored with performance indicators. Polioviruses are isolated and characterized by the Global Polio Laboratory Network (GPLN) (2). This report assesses the quality of polio surveillance and the timeliness of poliovirus isolation reporting and characterization worldwide during 2009--2010. During that period, 77% of countries affected by wild poliovirus (WPV) met national performance standards for AFP surveillance; underperforming subnational areas were identified in two of four countries with reestablished WPV transmission and in 13 of 22 countries with WPV outbreaks. Targets for timely GPLN reporting of poliovirus isolation results were met in five World Health Organization (WHO) regions in 2009 and in four of six regions in 2010; targets for timely poliovirus characterization were met in four WHO regions in 2009 and in five regions in 2010. Monitoring of surveillance performance indicators at subnational levels continues to be critical to identifying surveillance gaps that might allow WPV circulation to be missed in certain areas or subpopulations. To achieve polio eradication, efforts are needed to further strengthen AFP surveillance, implement targeted environmental surveillance, and ensure that GPLN quality is maintained.

        AFP Surveillance

        AFP surveillance, which detects paralytic illness of many causes, 1) identifies areas in countries with WPV circulation where polio cases might go undetected and supplementary immunization activities (SIAs)* are needed, 2) detects WPV circulation in previously polio-free areas, and 3) helps confirm the absence of WPV circulation in countries with only valid nonpolio AFP (NPAFP) test results. The quality of AFP surveillance is monitored with performance indicators for detection sensitivity and investigation timeliness established by WHO. Sensitivity is measured by the annual rate of AFP cases with adequate stool specimens testing negative for WPV among children aged <15 years (the NPAFP rate); investigation timeliness is measured by the proportion of AFP cases in which two adequate stool specimens were taken ≤14 days after onset and properly transported to an accredited GPLN laboratory (the specimen adequacy proportion).

        Among the six WHO regions, the Region of the Americas was certified polio-free in 1998, the Western Pacific Region in 2000, and the European Region in 2002. During 2009--2010, Afghanistan, India, Nigeria, and Pakistan remained endemic with indigenous WPV transmission. WPV transmission in Angola, Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and Sudan, once polio-free countries, was reestablished after importation before 2009.

        During 2009--2010, the three WHO regions certified as polio-free maintained overall AFP surveillance sensitivity at ≥1 NPAFP case per 100,000 children, the WHO-specified national target, except for the European Region in 2009 (Table 1). In the three polio-endemic regions, an operational target of a national NPAFP rate of ≥2 cases per 100,000 children has been set for countries reporting WPV and for neighboring countries at risk for WPV transmission (3); this target was met in 27 (90%) of 30 polio-affected countries in both 2009 and 2010 (Table 1). Following WPV importation into the European Region in 2010, two outbreak-affected countries raised their NPAFP target rate to ≥2 from ≥1 in 2009. All WHO regions, except for the Americas in 2009, maintained an overall proportion of ≥80% AFP cases with adequate stool specimens, the WHO-specified national target (Table 1). The proportion of AFP cases with adequate stool specimens met the national target of ≥80% in 23 (77%) of the polio-affected countries in both 2009 and 2010 (Table 1).

        Surveillance quality varied substantially at subnational levels; 22 (73%) polio-affected countries achieved an NPAFP rate of ≥2 in ≥80% of subnational areas (states/provinces) in both years (Table 1, Figure). In only 18 (60%) countries was the standard of ≥80% of AFP cases having adequate specimens achieved in ≥80% of states/provinces in both years (Table 1, Figure). Analysis in relation to population distribution showed that only 15 (50%) of 30 polio-affected countries met both these standards in subnational areas: nine of 22 countries with outbreaks, all four countries with endemic WPV circulation, and two (Angola and Sudan) of the four countries with reestablished transmission. One concern is the clustering of states/provinces with suboptimal surveillance performance indicators within polio-affected countries or their neighbors and at country borders, such as Uganda/Kenya (Figure).

        Global Polio Laboratory Network

        The WHO-coordinated GPLN, which consists of 146 laboratories in 97 countries, guides program activities through timely isolation and characterization of polioviruses (PVs) as Sabin-like vaccine-related PV, vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) or WPV by intratypic differentiation (ITD), and characterization of VDPVs and WPVs through comprehensive genomic sequencing. A revised laboratory algorithm introduced in 2008 set a goal of PV detection in ≥80% of specimens within 14 days following specimen receipt.§ The introduction of real-time polymerase chain reaction tools into reference laboratories enables characterization of a virus by ITD within 7 days (4).

        Targets for timely reporting of poliovirus isolation results were met in four of six WHO regions in 2010, compared with five in 2009 (Table 2). Delays in 2010 in the European Region in part resulted from a large number of specimens processed in batches during a WPV outbreak that involved four countries (5). Allowing for case detection, investigation, and transport of specimens, the target is reporting of ITD results within 60 days of paralysis onset for ≥80% of specimens. Five WHO regions provided ≥80% of ITD results within the 60-day target in 2010, compared with four in 2009 (Table 2). Difficulties in international specimen transport contributed to failure to meet the ITD target in the African Region.

        GPLN tested 194,374 stool specimens from investigations of AFP cases in 2010, a 9% increase in workload compared with 178,968 specimens in 2009. Additionally, testing of samples and specimens from non-AFP sources (e.g., sewage samples and specimens from healthy children) increased 14.6% to 17,438 in 2010 from 15,215 in 2009.

        PV isolates are divided into three serotypes: type 1, type 2, and type 3. Isolates are divided further into three categories, based on the extent of VP1 nucleotide sequence divergence from the corresponding Sabin OPV strain**: 1) Sabin vaccine-related PVs, 2) VDPVs, and 3) WPVs. A total of 8,902 PVs (including 1,679 WPV isolates) were detected in 2010 from AFP specimens, an 8% decrease from 9,706 (including 2,963 WPV isolates) detected in 2009. Additionally, non-AFP sources yielded 151 WPVs in 2010 and 160 WPVs in 2009. During 2009--2010, 14,263 vaccine-related viruses from AFP cases were screened for VDPVs; 297 (2.1%) were characterized as VDPVs (Table 2).

        Analysis of the nucleotide sequence of the VP1 region of the viral genome is used to investigate genetic and transmission links among WPV isolates, track international spread (2,5), and estimate duration of circulation (6). Continued transmission during 2009--2010 of the four remaining WPV genotypes†† was confirmed. Sequence analysis provided virologic evidence that AFP surveillance generally meeting national and in some cases subnational standards had missed some chains of WPV transmission in Angola, Chad, DRC, Nigeria, and Pakistan (6,7).

        Environmental Surveillance

        Community transmission of WPV has been monitored through testing of sewage samples from populated areas for 70 years in several developed countries (8) and also has been implemented in selected areas of developing countries. Weekly sampling in Mumbai, India, during 2009 detected multiple WPVs (where no specimens from AFP cases had been WPV positive) closely related to WPVs circulating in several other areas of India (9); testing in 2010 produced a single WPV-positive result in November. Sampling in Delhi was begun in May 2010, producing WPV positives through August, but none since. In Pakistan, monthly environmental sampling began in six cities in 2010; a total of 80 of 157 samples tested positive for WPV, including samples collected in Karachi and Lahore, where no specimens from AFP cases had been WPV positive. Genomic sequencing of isolates indicated that multiple chains of transmission were ongoing at these sites.

        Reported by

        Polio Eradication Dept, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Div of Viral Diseases; Global Immunization Div;* National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC. *Corresponding contributor: IU Ogbuanu, MD, Global Immunization Div, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (EIS Officer), CDC, 404-639-8757, ige2@cdc.gov.

        Editorial Note

        AFP surveillance (supplemented by targeted environmental surveillance), virologic testing, and genomic sequencing analysis guide GPEI activities. Standardized case detection, field investigation, and laboratory methods provide the comparability across countries and WHO regions needed to monitor progress towards polio eradication. GPLN performance in 2009 and 2010 has continued to improve, even with increases in workload. Over 90% of isolation and ITD results have been reported within the target periods, each of which have been reduced by half since introduction of revised laboratory algorithms and methods (2,4). By providing results more promptly, the ability to implement well-timed response SIAs has been strengthened.

        Supplementary environmental surveillance has been valuable in India, where low-level transmission has occurred, as well as in Pakistan, where subnational AFP surveillance indicators have met targets but virologic analysis indicated major gaps in detection. Currently, plans are being made to implement environmental sampling in Nigeria during 2011. As fewer circulating WPVs are detected, the role of environmental sampling will increase, in addition to its use for detection of potential VDPVs.

        Continuing indigenous and reestablished transmission and recent outbreaks in previously polio-free countries highlight the necessity to continuously monitor AFP surveillance indicators everywhere. Timely investigation and specimen collection has declined for some key reservoir countries (Chad and DRC). NPAFP case detection and timely specimen collection have declined in some countries of polio-free WHO regions over the 10 or more years since certification (1). Large outbreaks can result when standard timeframes and procedures in investigation, transport, and testing are not followed, as illustrated by recent outbreaks in Tajikistan and the Republic of the Congo (5,10). In addition, substantial surveillance deficiencies exist at subnational levels in many countries, including some where national surveillance indicators have met operational targets.

        Among countries currently affected by polio, surveillance gaps discovered by virologic evidence of missed chains of transmission might have resulted from lapses in 1) AFP detection in certain local areas or among certain subpopulations (e.g., migrants), 2) AFP case investigation, and 3) specimen collection or transport. To stay on target to meet WPV transmission interruption targets of the 2010--2012 GPEI strategic plan and minimize the extent of any additional outbreaks, efforts should be made to strengthen polio surveillance at each subnational level and maintain and monitor high polio vaccination coverage at all administrative levels.

        References

        1. CDC. Progress toward interruption of wild poliovirus transmission---worldwide, 2009. MMWR 2010;59:545--50.
        2. CDC. Laboratory surveillance for wild and vaccine-derived polioviruses---worldwide, January 2008--June 2009. MMWR 2009;58:950--4.
        3. World Health Organization. Conclusions and recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Poliomyelitis Eradication, Geneva, 11--12 October 2005. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2010;80:410--6.
        4. Kilpatrick DR, Yang CF, Ching K, et al. Rapid group-, serotype-, and vaccine strain-specific identification of poliovirus isolates by real-time reverse transcription--PCR using degenerate primers and probes containing deoxyinosine residues. J Clin Microbiol 2009;47:1939--41.
        5. CDC. Outbreaks following wild poliovirus importations---Europe, Africa, and Asia, January 2009--September 2010. MMWR 2010;59:1393--9.
        6. CDC. Progress toward interrupting wild poliovirus circulation in countries with reestablished transmission---Africa, 2009--2010. MMWR 2011;60:306--11.
        7. CDC. Progress toward poliomyelitis eradication---Nigeria, January 2009--June 2010. MMWR 2010;59:802--7.
        8. Trask JD, Paul JR. Periodic examination of sewage for the virus of poliomyelitis. J Exp Med 1942;75:1--6.
        9. Deshpande JM, Shetty SJ, Siddiqui ZA. Environmental surveillance system to track wild poliovirus transmission. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003,69:2919--27.
        10. CDC. Poliomyelitis outbreak---Republic of the Congo, September 2010--February 2011. MMWR 2011;60:312--3.

        * Mass campaigns conducted for a brief period (days to weeks), during which 1 dose of oral poliovirus vaccine is administered to all children aged <5 years, regardless of vaccination history.

        Additional information available at http://www.who.int/vaccines-documents/docspdf06/843.pdf.

        § Additional information available at http://www.polioeradication.org/resourcelibrary/gplnpublications.aspx.

        For PV types 1 and 3, 10 or more VP1 nucleotide differences from the respective Sabin PV; as of 2010, for PV type 2, six or more VP1 nucleotide differences from Sabin type 2 PV.

        ** Report of the 2010 Informal Consultation of The Global Polio Laboratory Network, available at http://www.polioeradication.org/resourcelibrary/gplnpublications.aspx.

        †† Designated as West Africa-B (WEAF-B) WPV1, WEAF-B WPV3, South Asia (SOAS) WPV1, and SOAS WPV3, each containing virus isolates with >85% VP1 nucleotide similarity.


        What is already known on this topic?

        To interrupt wild poliovirus (WPV) transmission, the Global Polio Eradication Initiative relies on surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and investigation, followed by virologic testing of specimens and genomic sequencing analysis of polioviruses. Laboratory testing of stool specimens from AFP cases enables them to be characterized as nonpolio AFP or WPV cases.

        What is added by this report?

        AFP surveillance activities are suboptimal in many areas. During 2009--2010, 77% of polio-affected countries met national performance standards for AFP surveillance. Surveillance quality varied substantially at subnational (state/province) levels; underperforming subnational areas were found in 15 of 30 polio-affected countries during 2009--2010.

        What are the implications for public health practice?

        National surveillance indicators can mask subnational AFP surveillance weaknesses; monitoring performance indicators at subnational levels is critical for identifying gaps that could allow WPV circulation to be missed in areas or subpopulations. Efforts should be made to strengthen subnational AFP surveillance to detect low-level WPV transmission and promptly identify importation into previously polio-free countries.


        TABLE 1. National and subnational (state/province) acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance indicators and number of confirmed wild poliovirus (WPV) cases in persons with AFP, by World Health Organization (WHO) region and polio-affected country, 2009 and 2010*

        WHO region/ Country

        2009

        2010

        No. AFP cases

        National NPAFP rate

        % subnational areas with NPAFP rate ≥2

        National % AFP cases with adequate specimens§

        % subnational areas with ≥80% adequate specimens

        % population in areas meeting both indicators

        No. confirmed WPV cases

        No. AFP cases

        National NPAFP rate

        % subnational areas with NPAFP rate ≥2

        National % AFP cases with adequate specimens

        % subnational areas with ≥80% adequate specimens

        % population in areas meeting both indicators

        No. confirmed WPV cases

        Americas

        1,873

        1.1

        ---

        79

        ---

        ---

        0

        1,919

        1.1

        ---

        80

        ---

        ---

        0

        African

        15,127

        3.9

        ---

        89

        ---

        ---

        691

        16,436

        4.9

        ---

        87

        ---

        ---

        283

        Angola

        333

        3.0

        100

        92

        100

        100

        29

        390

        3.3

        94

        87

        89

        79

        33

        Benin**

        148

        3.2

        83

        91

        92

        71

        20

        102

        2.5

        75

        92

        83

        64

        ---

        Burkina Faso**

        257

        3.2

        92

        83

        69

        59

        15

        287

        3.9

        92

        87

        77

        72

        ---

        Burundi

        169

        4.2

        88

        84

        76

        75

        2

        126

        3.0

        53

        82

        67

        44

        ---

        Cameroon**

        198

        2.0

        40

        87

        90

        34

        3

        231

        2.4

        60

        80

        50

        21

        ---

        Central African Republic**

        163

        7.8

        100

        90

        86

        80

        14

        136

        7.3

        100

        91

        86

        87

        ---

        Chad**

        351

        4.8

        94

        83

        65

        62

        64

        302

        4.7

        100

        67

        17

        12

        26

        Republic of the Congo

        72

        3.7

        100

        85

        64

        59

        ---

        584

        5.9

        100

        23

        18

        4

        67§§

        C?te d'Ivoire**

        332

        3.2

        95

        73

        37

        23

        26

        309

        3.3

        95

        79

        53

        47

        ---

        DRC

        1,628

        4.6

        100

        85

        73

        68

        3

        2,187

        5.7

        100

        73

        18

        24

        100

        Guinea**

        173

        2.7

        75

        92

        88

        58

        42

        215

        4.5

        100

        67

        13

        11

        ---

        Kenya**

        464

        2.5

        88

        84

        63

        40

        19

        404

        2.2

        63

        88

        100

        48

        ---

        Liberia**

        59

        3.0

        80

        100

        100

        67

        11

        50

        2.9

        60

        96

        86

        39

        2

        Mali**

        154

        2.4

        75

        94

        100

        76

        2

        171

        2.6

        63

        93

        100

        70

        4

        Mauritania**

        71

        4.4

        86

        97

        92

        88

        13

        65

        4.6

        71

        97

        100

        79

        5

        Niger**

        348

        4.1

        63

        79

        50

        70

        15

        360

        4.6

        100

        72

        25

        32

        2

        Nigeria**

        5,501

        7.1

        100

        95

        100

        100

        388

        5,997

        8.6

        100

        93

        100

        100

        21

        Senegal**

        184

        3.4

        82

        95

        100

        67

        ---

        312

        5.7

        100

        59

        9

        4

        18

        Sierra Leone**

        187

        6.8

        100

        91

        75

        79

        11

        168

        6.5

        100

        86

        75

        77

        1

        Togo**

        100

        3.3

        83

        89

        100

        82

        6

        74

        2.6

        83

        93

        100

        82

        ---

        Uganda**

        609

        3.6

        69

        87

        74

        52

        8

        429

        2.5

        52

        87

        75

        37

        4

        E. Mediterranean

        10,611

        4.4

        ---

        91

        ---

        ---

        172

        11,327

        5.0

        ---

        91

        ---

        ---

        169

        Afghanistan††

        1,477

        8.4

        100

        93

        94

        89

        38

        1,572

        9.0

        100

        93

        97

        95

        25

        Pakistan††

        5,163

        6.1

        100

        90

        100

        100

        89

        5,382

        6.3

        86

        88

        100

        99

        144

        Sudan**

        624

        2.7

        88

        93

        92

        87

        45

        718

        3.4

        100

        95

        100

        100

        ---

        European

        1,363

        0.9

        ---

        84

        ---

        ---

        0

        2,085

        1.2

        ---

        86

        ---

        ---

        476

        Kazakhstan

        97

        3.1

        67

        100

        100

        64

        ---

        113

        3.5

        73

        99

        100

        80

        1

        Russian Federation

        353

        1.6

        29

        94

        89

        23

        ---

        400

        1.8

        28

        95

        93

        26

        14

        Tajikistan

        35

        1.4

        40

        86

        83

        22

        ---

        712

        5.8

        80

        87

        80

        53

        458

        Turkmenistan

        28

        1.9

        17

        93

        100

        13

        ---

        50

        3.2

        83

        100

        100

        91

        3

        South-East Asia

        54,962

        8.8

        ---

        84

        ---

        ---

        741

        60,491

        10.2

        ---

        83

        ---

        ---

        48

        India

        50,404

        11.2

        91

        83

        79

        81

        741

        55,835

        12.7

        94

        83

        76

        69

        42

        Nepal

        451

        4.1

        100

        88

        100

        100

        ---

        602

        5.5

        100

        89

        80

        90

        6

        Western Pacific

        6,291

        1.8

        ---

        87

        ---

        ---

        0

        6,403

        1.7

        ---

        89

        ---

        ---

        0

        Total

        90,227

        4.9

        ---

        86

        ---

        ---

        1,604

        98,661

        5.3

        ---

        86

        ---

        ---

        976

        Abbreviations: NPAFP = nonpolio AFP; DRC = Democratic Republic of Congo.

        * Data as of March 15, 2011.

        Per 100,000 persons aged <15 years.

        § Certification standard WHO target is adequate stool specimen collection from ≥80% of AFP cases, in which two specimens are collected ≥24 hours apart, both within 14 days of paralysis onset, shipped on ice or frozen ice packs, and arriving in good condition (without leakage or desiccation) at a WHO-accredited laboratory. For the Americas, adequate specimen is one specimen collected within 14 days of paralysis onset.

        Country with South Asia (SOAS) WPV1 or WPV3 genotype linked to viruses that originated in India.

        ** Country with West Africa-B (WEAF-B) WPV1 or WPV3 genotype linked to wild viruses that originated in Nigeria.

        †† Country with SOAS WPV1 or WPV3 genotype linked to viruses that originated in Pakistan or Afghanistan.

        §§ Republic of the Congo also provisionally reported 317 clinical polio cases in 2010. NPAFP rate might be provisionally falsely elevated in 2010, pending outstanding AFP classifications.


        FIGURE. Combined performance indicators for the quality of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance* in subnational areas (states/provinces) of 30 current or recently polio-affected countries and neighboring countries in Africa, 2010

        The figure shows combined performance indicators for the quality of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance in subnational areas (states/provinces) of 30 current or recently polio-affected countries and neighboring countries in Africa in 2010. In only 18 countries was the standard of ≥80% of AFP cases having adequate specimens achieved in ≥80% of states/provinces in both years.

        Abbreviation: NPAFP = nonpolio AFP.

        * The Global Polio Eradication Initiative 2010--2012 strategic plan sets the following targets for countries with current or recent wild poliovirus (WPV) transmission and their states/provinces: 1) a NPAFP detection rate of ≥2 cases per 100,000 persons aged <15 years and 2) adequate stool specimen collection from ≥80% of AFP cases with adequate specimens, which is defined as two specimens collected ≥24 hours apart, both within 14 days of paralysis onset, shipped on ice or frozen ice packs, and arriving in good condition (without leakage or desiccation) at a World Health Organization--accredited laboratory.

        Data are for AFP cases with onset during 2010, reported as of March 15, 2011.

        § Per 100,000 persons aged <15 years.

        Alternate Text: The figure above shows combined performance indicators for the quality of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance in subnational areas (states/provinces) of 30 current or recently polio-affected countries and neighboring countries in Africa in 2010. In only 18 countries was the standard of ≥80% of AFP cases having adequate specimens achieved in ≥80% of states/provinces in both years.


        TABLE 2. Number of poliovirus (PV) and nonpolio enterovirus (NPEV) isolates from stool specimens with acute flaccid paralysis, and timing of results, by World Health Organization (WHO) region, 2009 and 2010*

        WHO region

        2009

        2010

        No. specimens

        No. PV isolates

        % specimens with NPEV isolated

        % PV isolation results on time

        % ITD results within 60 days**

        No. specimens

        No. PV isolates

        % specimens with NPEV isolated

        % PV isolation results on time

        % ITD results within 60 days

        Wild

        Sabin

        VDPV§

        Wild

        Sabin

        VDPV

        African

        32,208

        1,944

        2,640

        50

        14

        96

        71

        34,689

        798

        2,535

        166

        12

        95

        72

        Americas

        1,464

        0

        25

        1

        6

        79

        97

        1,459

        0

        30

        0

        5

        79

        100

        E. Mediterranean

        25,624

        278

        1,224

        8

        15

        95

        89

        26,325

        326

        981

        9

        17

        92

        92

        European

        1,959

        0

        38

        1

        5

        98

        100

        3,091

        508

        93

        0

        3

        75

        100

        South-East Asia

        105,586

        741

        2,515

        46

        22

        95

        97

        116,041

        47

        3,329

        12

        21

        94

        99

        Western Pacific

        12,127

        0

        301

        3

        11

        95

        78

        12,769

        0

        255

        1

        10

        95

        80

        Total

        178,968

        2,963

        6,743

        109

        19

        95

        93

        194,374

        1,679

        7,223

        188

        17

        94

        93

        Abbreviations: VDPV = vaccine-derived poliovirus; ITD = intratypic differentiation.

        * Data as of March 15, 2011.

        Either concordant Sabin-like results in ITD tests or <1% sequence difference compared with Sabin vaccine virus.

        § For PV types 1 and 3, 10 or more VP1 nucleotide differences from the respective Sabin PV; as of 2010, for PV type 2, six or more VP1 nucleotide differences from Sabin type 2 PV.

        Results reported within 14 days for laboratories in the following WHO regions: African, Americas, Eastern Mediterranean, and South-East Asia. Reported within 28 days for the European Region. The Western Pacific Region is in transition toward implementing the new test algorithm; certain laboratories now report within 14 days, but the majority continue to report within 28 days.

        ** Within 60 days of paralysis onset.



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