TY - JOUR AB - Summary Background The full range of long-term health consequences of COVID-19 in patients who are discharged from hospital is largely unclear. The aim of our study was to comprehensively compare consequences between 6 months and 12 months after symptom onset among hospital survivors with COVID-19. Methods We undertook an ambidirectional cohort study of COVID-19 survivors who had been discharged from Jin Yin-tan Hospital (Wuhan, China) between Jan 7 and May 29, 2020. At 6-month and 12-month follow-up visit, survivors were interviewed with questionnaires on symptoms and health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and received a physical examination, a 6-min walking test, and laboratory tests. They were required to report their health-care use after discharge and work status at the 12-month visit. Survivors who had completed pulmonary function tests or had lung radiographic abnormality at 6 months were given the corresponding tests at 12 months. Non-COVID-19 participants (controls) matched for age, sex, and comorbidities were interviewed and completed questionnaires to assess prevalent symptoms and HRQoL. The primary outcomes were symptoms, modified British Medical Research Council (mMRC) score, HRQoL, and distance walked in 6 min (6MWD). Multivariable adjusted logistic regression models were used to evaluate the risk factors of 12-month outcomes. Findings 1276 COVID-19 survivors completed both visits. The median age of patients was 59·0 years (IQR 49·0�?7·0) and 681 (53%) were men. The median follow-up time was 185·0 days (IQR 175·0�?98·0) for the 6-month visit and 349·0 days (337·0�?61·0) for the 12-month visit after symptom onset. The proportion of patients with at least one sequelae symptom decreased from 68% (831/1227) at 6 months to 49% (620/1272) at 12 months (p<0·0001). The proportion of patients with dyspnoea, characterised by mMRC score of 1 or more, slightly increased from 26% (313/1185) at 6-month visit to 30% (380/1271) at 12-month visit (p=0·014). Additionally, more patients had anxiety or depression at 12-month visit (26% [331/1271] at 12-month visit vs 23% [274/1187] at 6-month visit; p=0·015). No significant difference on 6MWD was observed between 6 months and 12 months. 88% (422/479) of patients who were employed before COVID-19 had returned to their original work at 12 months. Compared with men, women had an odds ratio of 1·43 (95% CI 1·04�?·96) for fatigue or muscle weakness, 2·00 (1·48�?·69) for anxiety or depression, and 2·97 (1·50�?·88) for diffusion impairment. Matched COVID-19 survivors at 12 months had more problems with mobility, pain or discomfort, and anxiety or depression, and had more prevalent symptoms than did controls. Interpretation Most COVID-19 survivors had a good physical and functional recovery during 1-year follow-up, and had returned to their original work and life. The health status in our cohort of COVID-19 survivors at 12 months was still lower than that in the control population. Funding Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences, the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the National Key Research and Development Program of China, Major Projects of National Science and Technology on New Drug Creation and Development of Pulmonary Tuberculosis, the China Evergrande Group, Jack Ma Foundation, Sino Biopharmaceutical, Ping An Insurance (Group), and New Sunshine Charity Foundation. AD - Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China. | Jin Yin-tan Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; Wuhan Research Center for Communicable Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. | Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China. | Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Merieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China. | Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China. | Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China. | Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China; Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China. Electronic address: caobin_ben@163.com. AN - 34454673 AU - Huang, Lixue | Yao, Qun | Gu, Xiaoying | Wang, Qiongya | Ren, Lili | Wang, Yeming | Hu, Ping | Guo, Li | Liu, Min | Xu, Jiuyang | Zhang, Xueyang | Qu, Yali | Fan, Yanqing | Li, Xia | Li, Caihong | Yu, Ting | Xia, Jiaan | Wei, Ming | Chen, Li | Li, Yanping | Xiao, Fan | Liu, Dan | Wang, Jianwei | Wang, Xianguang | Cao, Bin C1 - 2021-09-10 C2 - PMC8389999 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09102021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - 2021/08/28/ DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01755-4 ET - 2021/08/30 IS - 10302 KW - Aged | Anxiety/etiology | COVID-19/*complications/physiopathology/psychology | Depression/etiology | Exercise Tolerance | Fatigue/etiology | Female | Follow-Up Studies | Humans | Longitudinal Studies | Lung/physiopathology | Male | Middle Aged | Muscle Weakness/etiology | Quality of Life | SARS-CoV-2 | *Survivors | Walk Test L1 - internal-pdf://4209051574/Huang-2021-1-year outcomes in hospital survivo.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Huang, Lixue | Yao, Qun | Gu, Xiaoying | Wang, Qiongya | Ren, Lili | Wang, Yeming | Hu, Ping | Guo, Li | Liu, Min | Xu, Jiuyang | Zhang, Xueyang | Qu, Yali | Fan, Yanqing | Li, Xia | Li, Caihong | Yu, Ting | Xia, Jiaan | Wei, Ming | Chen, Li | Li, Yanping | Xiao, Fan | Liu, Dan | Wang, Jianwei | Wang, Xianguang | Cao, Bin | eng | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | England | Lancet. 2021 Aug 28;398(10302):747-758. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01755-4. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 1,276 adults (median age 59 years; 53% male) surviving for 1 year after hospitalization for COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, those with any sequelae decreased from 68% at 6 months to 49% at 12 months following symptom onset (p<0.0001). Persistent symptoms at 1 year were most commonly fatigue or muscle weakness (20%), sleep difficulties (17%), joint pain (12%), and hair loss (11%). Although 88% of employed survivors had returned to work by 1 year, they had worse health status compared with community-dwelling adults without SARS-CoV-2 infection matched for age, sex, and comorbidities. Among survivors who had been critically ill (required high-flow oxygen or ventilation), lung diffusion impairment was still observed at 1 year in 54%. SN - 0140-6736 SP - 747-758 ST - 1-year outcomes in hospital survivors with COVID-19: a longitudinal cohort study T2 - Lancet TI - 1-year outcomes in hospital survivors with COVID-19: a longitudinal cohort study UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673621017554 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8389999/pdf/main.pdf VL - 398 ID - 2292 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BackgroundThe long-term health consequences of COVID-19 remain largely unclear. The aim of this study was to describe the long-term health consequences of patients with COVID-19 who have been discharged from hospital and investigate the associated risk factors, in particular disease severity. AD - Medical Department, Jin Yin-tan Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Wuhan Research Center for Communicable Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China. | Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. | Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. | Department of COVID-19 Re-examination Clinic, Jin Yin-tan Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Wuhan Research Center for Communicable Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China. | NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Merieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. | Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China; Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. | Department of Radiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China. | Department of COVID-19 Re-examination Clinic, Jin Yin-tan Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China. | Peking University Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China. | Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China. | Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China. | Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China. | NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Merieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. | Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China. | Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China. Electronic address: caobin_ben@163.com. AN - 33428867 AU - Huang, Chaolin | Huang, Lixue | Wang, Yeming | Li, Xia | Ren, Lili | Gu, Xiaoying | Kang, Liang | Guo, Li | Liu, Min | Zhou, Xing | Luo, Jianfeng | Huang, Zhenghui | Tu, Shengjin | Zhao, Yue | Chen, Li | Xu, Decui | Li, Yanping | Li, Caihong | Peng, Lu | Li, Yong | Xie, Wuxiang | Cui, Dan | Shang, Lianhan | Fan, Guohui | Xu, Jiuyang | Wang, Geng | Wang, Ying | Zhong, Jingchuan | Wang, Chen | Wang, Jianwei | Zhang, Dingyu | Cao, Bin C1 - 2021-01-22 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01222021_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 16 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32656-8 ET - 2021/01/12 IS - 10270 KW - Aged | COVID-19/*complications/epidemiology/psychology | COVID-19 Serological Testing/statistics & numerical data | China/epidemiology | Cohort Studies | Comorbidity | Fatigue/epidemiology/etiology | Female | Humans | Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data | Male | Middle Aged | Muscle Weakness/epidemiology/etiology | Pandemics | *Quality of Life | SARS-CoV-2 | Severity of Illness Index | Sleep Wake Disorders/epidemiology/etiology | Surveys and Questionnaires L1 - internal-pdf://2901639731/Huang-2021-6-month consequences of COVID-19 in.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Huang, Chaolin | Huang, Lixue | Wang, Yeming | Li, Xia | Ren, Lili | Gu, Xiaoying | Kang, Liang | Guo, Li | Liu, Min | Zhou, Xing | Luo, Jianfeng | Huang, Zhenghui | Tu, Shengjin | Zhao, Yue | Chen, Li | Xu, Decui | Li, Yanping | Li, Caihong | Peng, Lu | Li, Yong | Xie, Wuxiang | Cui, Dan | Shang, Lianhan | Fan, Guohui | Xu, Jiuyang | Wang, Geng | Wang, Ying | Zhong, Jingchuan | Wang, Chen | Wang, Jianwei | Zhang, Dingyu | Cao, Bin | eng | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | England | Lancet. 2021 Jan 16;397(10270):220-232. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32656-8. Epub 2021 Jan 8. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 1,733 patients, 76% reported post-acute COVID symptoms at 6 months; the most common symptoms were fatigue, muscle weakness, and sleep difficulties. Outpatient clinics that provide follow-up care for sequelae of COVID-19 are being established and provide an opportunity for multidisciplinary research studies (Cortinovis et al. Long-term follow-up of recovered patients with COVID-19external icon. Lancet [January 8, 2021]). SN - 0140-6736 SP - 220-232 ST - 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study T2 - Lancet TI - 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32656-8 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7833295/pdf/main.pdf VL - 397 Y2 - 2021/05/14 ID - 1421 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Summary Background Neurological and psychiatric sequelae of COVID-19 have been reported, but more data are needed to adequately assess the effects of COVID-19 on brain health. We aimed to provide robust estimates of incidence rates and relative risks of neurological and psychiatric diagnoses in patients in the 6 months following a COVID-19 diagnosis. Methods For this retrospective cohort study and time-to-event analysis, we used data obtained from the TriNetX electronic health records network (with over 81 million patients). Our primary cohort comprised patients who had a COVID-19 diagnosis; one matched control cohort included patients diagnosed with influenza, and the other matched control cohort included patients diagnosed with any respiratory tract infection including influenza in the same period. Patients with a diagnosis of COVID-19 or a positive test for SARS-CoV-2 were excluded from the control cohorts. All cohorts included patients older than 10 years who had an index event on or after Jan 20, 2020, and who were still alive on Dec 13, 2020. We estimated the incidence of 14 neurological and psychiatric outcomes in the 6 months after a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19: intracranial haemorrhage; ischaemic stroke; parkinsonism; Guillain-Barré syndrome; nerve, nerve root, and plexus disorders; myoneural junction and muscle disease; encephalitis; dementia; psychotic, mood, and anxiety disorders (grouped and separately); substance use disorder; and insomnia. Using a Cox model, we compared incidences with those in propensity score-matched cohorts of patients with influenza or other respiratory tract infections. We investigated how these estimates were affected by COVID-19 severity, as proxied by hospitalisation, intensive therapy unit (ITU) admission, and encephalopathy (delirium and related disorders). We assessed the robustness of the differences in outcomes between cohorts by repeating the analysis in different scenarios. To provide benchmarking for the incidence and risk of neurological and psychiatric sequelae, we compared our primary cohort with four cohorts of patients diagnosed in the same period with additional index events: skin infection, urolithiasis, fracture of a large bone, and pulmonary embolism. Findings Among 236�?79 patients diagnosed with COVID-19, the estimated incidence of a neurological or psychiatric diagnosis in the following 6 months was 33·62% (95% CI 33·17�?4·07), with 12·84% (12·36�?3·33) receiving their first such diagnosis. For patients who had been admitted to an ITU, the estimated incidence of a diagnosis was 46·42% (44·78�?8·09) and for a first diagnosis was 25·79% (23·50�?8·25). Regarding individual diagnoses of the study outcomes, the whole COVID-19 cohort had estimated incidences of 0·56% (0·50�?·63) for intracranial haemorrhage, 2·10% (1·97�?·23) for ischaemic stroke, 0·11% (0·08�?·14) for parkinsonism, 0·67% (0·59�?·75) for dementia, 17·39% (17·04�?7·74) for anxiety disorder, and 1·40% (1·30�?·51) for psychotic disorder, among others. In the group with ITU admission, estimated incidences were 2·66% (2·24�?·16) for intracranial haemorrhage, 6·92% (6·17�?·76) for ischaemic stroke, 0·26% (0·15�?·45) for parkinsonism, 1·74% (1·31�?·30) for dementia, 19·15% (17·90�?0·48) for anxiety disorder, and 2·77% (2·31�?·33) for psychotic disorder. Most diagnostic categories were more common in patients who had COVID-19 than in those who had influenza (hazard ratio [HR] 1·44, 95% CI 1·40�?·47, for any diagnosis; 1·78, 1·68�?·89, for any first diagnosis) and those who had other respiratory tract infections (1·16, 1·14�?·17, for any diagnosis; 1·32, 1·27�?·36, for any first diagnosis). As with incidences, HRs were higher in patients who had more severe COVID-19 (eg, those admitted to ITU compared with those who were not: 1·58, 1·50�?·67, for any diagnosis; 2·87, 2·45�?·35, for any first diagnosis). Results were robust to various sensitivity analyses and benchmarking against the four additional index health events. Interpretation Our study provides evidence for substantial neurological and psychiatric morbidity in the 6 months after COVID-19 infection. Risks were greatest in, but not limited to, patients who had severe COVID-19. This information could help in service planning and identification of research priorities. Complementary study designs, including prospective cohorts, are needed to corroborate and explain these findings. Funding National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre. AU - Taquet, Maxime | Geddes, John R. | Husain, Masud | Luciano, Sierra | Harrison, Paul J. C1 - 2021-04-23 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04232021_covidupdate.html DA - 2021/05/01/ DO - 10.1016/s2215-0366(21)00084-5 IS - 5 L1 - internal-pdf://2667598293/1-s2.0-S2215036621000845-main.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Incidence of neurological or psychiatric diagnoses among COVID-19 survivors was 33.62% (95% CI 33.17�?4.07). | Neurological and psychiatric comorbidities were more common in COVID-19 patients than in those who had influenza (HR 1.44, 95% CI 1.40�?.47) or respiratory infections (HR 1.16, 95% CI 1.14�?.17). | Methods: Retrospective, time-to-event cohort study using electronic health records 6-months post COVID-19 diagnosis. Primary cohort of 236,379 COVID-19 patients older than 10 years matched with a control cohort of patients with influenza or respiratory infections in the same period. Cohorts assessed for differences in neurological and psychiatric sequelae. Limitations: Unknown completeness of electronic health records; no validation of diagnosis; sparse information on demographic and lifestyle factors. | Implications: This study provides evidence of substantial neurological and psychiatric morbidity in the 6-months after COVID-19 infection. SE - 416 SN - 22150366 SP - 416-427 ST - 6-month neurological and psychiatric outcomes in 236�?79 survivors of COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study using electronic health records T2 - Lancet Psychiatry TI - 6-month neurological and psychiatric outcomes in 236�?79 survivors of COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study using electronic health records UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2215036621000845 VL - 8 ID - 1681 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine; The drugs being tested for repurposing to treat COVID-19 tend to fall into two categories: those that target the viral replication cycle, and those that aim to control the symptoms of the disease. The aminoquinolones chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are polymerase inhibitors classically used as anti-malarial medications. In malaria, they inhibit heme polymerase, causing the accumulation of toxic heme in the parasite, which leads to its death. In COVID-19, it is thought that the drugs keep the virus out of host cells by blocking glycosylation of host receptors and breaking down the production of viral proteins by inhibiting endosomal acidification. | However, although initial studies looked promising, there were flaws in the study design, says James Cutrell, an infectious-disease researcher at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and author of a recent review in the Journal of the American Medical Association on possible COVID-19 medications. Another randomized study of 30 patients in China that came out around the same time found that they provided no benefit over standard treatment, and an observational study, published in the New England Journal of Medicine, hydroxychloroquine administration was not associated with a reduction in death among hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Still, the drugs are the subject of more than 30 different clinical trials in the USA alone. | Lopinavir and ritonavir; The human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors lopinavir and ritonavir work against coronaviruses via inhibition of 3-chymotrypsin-like protease. In vitro tests have shown the drugs to be effective against SARS-CoV-1 and the coronavirus that causes Middle East respiratory syndrome, but no tests have confirmed that same mechanism of action against SARS-CoV-2. A randomized open-label trial in China of some 200 hospitalized patients did not find the drug combination to be more effective than standard care, but further clinical trials are pending. According to the review in the Journal of the American Medical Association, the drugs may have limited appeal because of side effects, most notably increased nausea and diarrhea and increased risk for liver damage, all of which could exacerbate the signs of COVID-19. In a randomized controlled study published in the New England Journal of Medicine, there was no association between treatment of patients with severe COVID-19 with lopinavir–ritonavir and reduction in SARS-CoV-2 viral load or significant clinical benefit. Another trial on people with mild COVID-19 shows reduced time of viral shedding, reduced time to alleviation of symptoms and reduced hospital stay in a group with lopinavir, ritonavir, IFN-B and ribavirin, as compared to a group receiving lopinavir and ritonavir alone. | Nafamostat and camostat; Nafamostat and camostat are serine protease inhibitors both approved in Japan for use against pancreatitis in humans. Camostat was previously found in vitro to block the entry of SARS-CoV by acting as an antagonist to the serine protease TMPRSS2, and researchers believe both nafamostat and camostat could have a similar effect in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2. In vitro, both have been found to block the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into cells, although one preprint study reported that nafamostat inhibited viral cell entry with an efficiency roughly 15-fold higher than that of camostat. | These drugs are undergoing phase 2 and phase 2/3 clinical trials in the USA and Japan for their effectiveness against COVID-19, the primary outcome of which will be time to clinical improvement for nafamostat and reduced viral load after treatment for camostat. | “These drugs are quite old, they’re well studied, they have known targets that are exactly the same protease that the virus uses,�?says Anton Yuryev, professional services director at Elsevier, who has done screenings for possible COVID-19 drug treatments. | Famotidine; The over-the-counter H2 receptor antagonist heartburn medication famotidine is also been investigated as a possible treatment, after Michael Callahan and colleagues in China reported that patients in Wuhan who happened to be taking heartburn medication seemed less likely to die from or to be intubated during severe COVID-19. These observations have been published as a preprint, but have yet to be peer-reviewed. Hospitals in New York are currently testing intravenous famotidine with hydroxychloroquine and are recruiting hundreds for a phase 3 randomized trial for patients with COVID-19 who have critical status. | The mechanism of action for famotidine is not clear at this time. Famotidine was thought to possibly bind a papain-like protease that is encoded by the SARS-CoV-2 genome and is known to be essential to the entry of SARS-CoV; however, none of the cell assay results so far support that hypothesis, says Robert Malone, a Virginia-based biodefense consultant working on the famotidine tests. Malone says his team is enthusiastic about the drug because of its low cost, low toxicity and bioavailability. | Umifenovir; Umifenovir is a small indole-derivative molecule licensed for use only in Russia and China as prophylaxis for influenza virus A and B and is thought by some to have broad-spectrum anti-viral properties, although the evidence of its beneficial effects for human health is still under debate. | Because it is a hydrophobic molecule that is thought to interact with both lipids and proteins, it is thought to achieve its direct-acting anti-viral and host-targeting properties by binding the viral lipid membrane and affecting cellular trafficking of the virus. A study comparing it to lopinavir/ritonavir found it to be more effective at reducing viral loads in patients. Another trial in preprint found neither treatment to be effective at improving outcomes for patients with mild to moderate COVID-19. | Nitazoxanide; Nitazoxanide is a thiazolide used as an anti-infective with efficacy in parasitic, bacterial and viral infections. In viral infections, such as infection with the coronavirus MERS-CoV, it acts by blocking maturation of the viral nucleocapsid N protein that promotes production of the viral particles. This drug is being tested in clinical trials against hydroxychloroquine and with another anti-parasitic, ivermectin. | Ivermectin; Ivermectin is a lipophilic macrolide usually used as a broad-spectrum anti-parasitic drug that also affects many invertebrates. In parasites, it acts by binding glutamate-gated chloride ion channels, which leads to depolarization of the cells and paralysis or death of the parasite. When directed against COVID-19, is thought to work by binding and destabilizing cell-transport proteins used to enter the nucleus. In an observational multi-center study with some 1,400 patients that is still under review, administration of ivermectin was associated with a lower death rate (7% versus 21% in the control group) and shorter hospital stays. Fewer intubated patients died in the ivermectin group as well (7% versus 21%). At least two trials are currently recruiting participants to test the drug; one is a pilot study in India that will compare ivermectin to standard of care, and another study in Kentucky will test the drug along with hydroxychloroquine. | Corticosteroids; Researchers are also testing molecules to offset the potential ‘cytokine storm�?that leads to lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in some patients. Along with efficacy, safety is the main concern with these types of drugs, says Cutrell, adding that immunomodulators can have negative downstream consequences, such as increasing the risk of other type of infections. | Chief among these immunomodulatory drugs being studied for treatment of COVID-19 are corticosteroids. These are well studied but are also one of the bluntest tools for muting the immune system. | These molecules inhibit the expression of many genes encoding inflammatory molecules. But long-term use is associated with cardiovascular disease and bone-density loss. A previous meta-analysis found that corticosteroids are associated with higher mortality in those with influenza pneumonia. One retrospective study in China found that its use in those who developed ARDS was associated with decreased death. A variety of clinical trials are ongoing. | Tocilizumab and sarilumab; In a retrospective study of some 200 patients with COVID-19, those experiencing severe forms of the illness had elevated levels of the inflammatory cytokine IL-6. It is thought that cytokine-release syndrome is involved in the exacerbation of severe reactions to the virus, causing ARDS even as viral loads diminish. A variety of drugs that block different cytokines are being tested in clinical trials, including tocilizumab and sarilumab, both monoclonal-antibody antagonists of the IL-6 receptor that are normally used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. The results of a randomized controlled study of tocilizumab appear to be promising, although the data have not been published yet. Preliminary results from a phase 2 study of sarilumab show some positive trends from drug administration in patient groups categorized as ‘critical�?but negative results in patients in the ‘severe�?group (those requiring oxygen supplementation but not intubation). The third phase of that trial is testing only its higher dose of the drug versus placebo in the critical group. | “I do think there may be a subset of patients who have this really exaggerated inflammatory response, that may be benefit from that, but we’ll need to watch these trials closely,�?says Cutrell. | Bevacizumab; Researchers in China and Italy are recruiting for clinical trials to test bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody that serves as a medication directed against the signaling protein VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) in a variety of cancer treatments. The drug suppresses tumors by inhibiting the growth of blood vessels that feed the tumor. By suppressing VEGF, this drug can also potentially reduce vascular permeability and thereby decrease the amount fluid entering the lungs of patients with COVID-19 who are suffering from ARDS. | Fluvoxamine; A surprising source of immunomodulation could be the antidepressant fluvoxamine, which is normally used to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder. Previous studies in animals found that this selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor binds to the sigma-1 receptor to shut down the inflammatory cascade from the endoplasmic reticulum in cells. | Researchers are hoping to recruit some 150 people from Missouri and Illinois to participate in a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Patients with mild symptoms of COVID-19 will be mailed either the drug or a placebo, and doctors will monitor results remotely. | Caline Mattar, an infectious-disease researcher at the Washington University in St. Louis, says this trial also will be in outpatient setting, another advantage to the use of an oral medication such as fluvoxamine. | “It’s a drug that we have used in many patients and we know that it’s safe,�?she says. | All of these drug repurposing studies are under the microscope of public scrutiny; For any of these drugs, researchers need solid clinical trials, but that is even more difficult with public scrutiny over readily available drugs. | Malone is anxious not to repeat the mistakes made with chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, which became overhyped in a way that stymies clinical trials and supplies of the drug. | “We need to allow good science to be done before drawing conclusions,�?says Malone. | He is also worried about finding the money to do those trials, especially when much of the funding is going toward the development of vaccines in what he considers to be an unrealistic timeline. | “One cannot raise capital when senior government officials are touting that a vaccine is going to be available in 12 to 18 months,�?he says. | If repurposed drugs play a part in helping the public endure the pandemic, researchers do not have the luxury to try to build perfect compounds. | “Perfect is the enemy of the good, and we kind of have to work with what we have,�?says Malone. AN - 32415251 AU - Shaffer, L. C1 - 2020-05-26 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052620_covidupdate.html DA - May 15 DO - 10.1038/d41591-020-00019-9 ET - 2020/05/18 LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Shaffer, Leah; eng; News; Nat Med. 2020 May 15. pii: 10.1038/d41591-020-00019-9. doi: 10.1038/d41591-020-00019-9. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Listing of 15 drugs being examined as potential treatments for COVID-19. SN - 1546-170X (Electronic); 1078-8956 (Linking) ST - 15 drugs being tested to treat COVID-19 and how they would work T2 - Nat Med TI - 15 drugs being tested to treat COVID-19 and how they would work UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32415251 | https://www.nature.com/articles/d41591-020-00019-9 ID - 256 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The onset of the 2019-20 winter influenza season in Hong Kong coincided with the emergence of the coronavirus disease epidemic in neighboring mainland China. After widespread adoption of large-scale social distancing interventions in response to the impending coronavirus disease outbreak, the influenza season ended abruptly with a decrease to a low trough. AN - 32852264 AU - Wong, N. S. | Leung, C. C. | Lee, S. S. C1 - 2020-09-04 C2 - Respiratory Viruses CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090420_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.3201/eid2611.200861 ET - 2020/08/28 IS - 11 KW - Adult | Aged | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/virology | Disease Outbreaks/*statistics & numerical data | Female | Hong Kong/epidemiology | Humans | Influenza, Human/*epidemiology/virology | Male | Middle Aged | *Orthomyxoviridae | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/virology | SARS-CoV-2 | Seasons | China | Hong Kong | coronavirus | coronavirus disease | influenza | influenza virus | respiratory infections | seasonal influenza | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 | subsistence | viruses | zoonoses L1 - internal-pdf://0721218167/Wong-2020-Abrupt Subsidence of Seasonal Influe.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Wong, Ngai-Sze; Leung, Chi-Chiu; Lee, Shui-Shan; eng; Emerg Infect Dis. 2020 Nov;26(11):2753-2755. doi: 10.3201/eid2611.200861. Epub 2020 Aug 27. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Social distancing interventions undertaken to halt the spread of COVID-19 correlated with rapid reduction of influenza A and B infections in Hong Kong, China. SN - 1080-6059 (Electronic); 1080-6040 (Linking) SP - 2753-2755 ST - Abrupt Subsidence of Seasonal Influenza after COVID-19 Outbreak, Hong Kong, China T2 - Emerg Infect Dis TI - Abrupt Subsidence of Seasonal Influenza after COVID-19 Outbreak, Hong Kong, China UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32852264 VL - 26 ID - 823 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. | Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. | Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. | Department of Dermatology, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA. AN - 32471009 AU - Lester, J. C. | Jia, J. L. | Zhang, L. | Okoye, G. A. | Linos, E. C1 - 2020-06-09 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060920_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1111/bjd.19258 ET - 2020/05/30 IS - 3 KW - Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity | Covid-19 | Color | Continental Population Groups/statistics & numerical data | Coronavirus Infections/*complications/epidemiology/virology | Ethnic Groups/statistics & numerical data | Healthcare Disparities/statistics & numerical data | Humans | Pandemics | Photography/*statistics & numerical data | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications/epidemiology/virology | SARS-CoV-2 | Skin/*diagnostic imaging | Skin Diseases/*diagnosis/ethnology/etiology | *Skin Pigmentation L1 - internal-pdf://3541045089/Lester-2020-Absence of images of skin of colou.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Lester, J C; Jia, J L; Zhang, L; Okoye, G A; Linos, E; eng; Letter; Systematic Review; England; Br J Dermatol. 2020 Sep;183(3):593-595. doi: 10.1111/bjd.19258. Epub 2020 Jul 16. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Systematic review demonstrates a lack of published clinical images of COVID-19 dermatologic manifestations from patients with darker skin, which might reinforce existing health disparities. SN - 1365-2133 (Electronic); 0007-0963 (Linking) SP - 593-595 ST - Absence of images of skin of colour in publications of COVID-19 skin manifestations T2 - Br J Dermatol TI - Absence of images of skin of colour in publications of COVID-19 skin manifestations UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32471009 VL - 183 ID - 338 ER - TY - JOUR AD - From the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (M.E.D., K.M.N.), the Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (N.L.M.), and the Henry Jackson Foundation, Bethesda (M.R.) - all in Maryland; and the Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (M.S.C.). AN - 32610006 AU - Deming, M. E. | Michael, N. L. | Robb, M. | Cohen, M. S. | Neuzil, K. M. C1 - 2020-09-11 C2 - Vaccine Development CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091120_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 3 DO - 10.1056/NEJMp2020076 ET - 2020/07/02 IS - 10 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | Coronavirus Infections/*prevention & control | Human Experimentation/ethics/*standards | Humans | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Patient Safety | Pneumonia, Viral/*prevention & control | Risk | SARS-CoV-2 | *Viral Vaccines L1 - internal-pdf://2013848716/Deming-2020-Accelerating Development of SARS-C.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Deming, Meagan E; Michael, Nelson L; Robb, Merlin; Cohen, Myron S; Neuzil, Kathleen M; eng; T32 AI007524/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; N Engl J Med. 2020 Sep 3;383(10):e63. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2020076. Epub 2020 Jul 1. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A SARS-CoV-2 controlled human infection model might accelerate later rounds of vaccine development and elucidate immunopathogenesis, duration of vaccine-induced immunity, and correlates of infection. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - e63 ST - Accelerating Development of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines - The Role for Controlled Human Infection Models T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Accelerating Development of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines - The Role for Controlled Human Infection Models UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32610006 VL - 383 ID - 863 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia. tanveer.adyel@monash.edu. AN - 32913095 AU - Adyel, T. M. C1 - 2020-09-22 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/092220_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 11 DO - 10.1126/science.abd9925 ET - 2020/09/12 IS - 6509 KW - Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Humans | *Medical Waste | Pandemics | *Personal Protective Equipment | *Plastics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | Recycling/economics L1 - internal-pdf://0112588991/Adyel-2020-Accumulation of plastic waste durin.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Adyel, Tanveer M; eng; Letter; Science. 2020 Sep 11;369(6509):1314-1315. doi: 10.1126/science.abd9925. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Describes the significant increase in plastic waste during pandemic due to PPE (billions of gloves used) and lifestyle changes. The writer warns the United Nations sustainable development goals may not be met. SN - 1095-9203 (Electronic); 0036-8075 (Linking) SP - 1314-1315 ST - Accumulation of plastic waste during COVID-19 T2 - Science TI - Accumulation of plastic waste during COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32913095 VL - 369 ID - 924 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background As the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) progresses, prognostic markers for early identification of high-risk individuals are an urgent medical need. Italy has the highest rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the highest number of deaths, and the highest mortality rate among large countries. Worldwide, a more severe course of COVID-19 is associated with older age, comorbidities, and male sex. Hence, we searched for possible genetic components of the peculiar severity of COVID-19 among Italians, by looking at expression levels and variants in ACE2 and TMPRSS2 genes, which are crucial for viral infection.Methods Exome and SNP array data from a large Italian cohort representative of the country’s population were used to compare the burden of rare variants and the frequency of polymorphisms with European and East Asian populations. Moreover, we looked into gene expression databases to check for sex-unbalanced expression.Results While we found no significant evidence that ACE2 is associated with disease severity/sex bias in the Italian population, TMPRSS2 levels and genetic variants proved to be possible candidate disease modulators, contributing to the observed epidemiological data among Italian patients.Conclusions Our analysis suggests a role for TMPRSS2 variants and expression levels in modulating COVID-19 severity, a hypothesis that fosters a rapid experimental validation on large cohorts of patients with different clinical manifestations.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis work was supported by Ricerca Corrente (Italian Ministry of Health), intramural funding (Fondazione Humanitas per la Ricerca). A generous contribution of the Dolce&Gabbana Fashion Firm is gratefully acknowledged.Author DeclarationsAll relevant ethical guidelines have been followed; any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained and details of the IRB/oversight body are included in the manuscript.YesAll necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData used for the analysis are already available on research databases AU - Asselta, Rosanna | Paraboschi, Elvezia Maria | Mantovani, Alberto | Duga, Stefano C1 - 2020-04-10 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/041020_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.03.30.20047878 L1 - internal-pdf://1127743551/Asselta-2020-ACE2 and TMPRSS2 variants and exp.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The transmembrane protease TMPRSS2 is critical for entry of SARS-CoV-2 into cells after it binds to the ACE-2 receptor. | The TMPRSS gene was expressed slightly more in males than females (Figure). | Genetic variants in TMPRSS2 that may predispose to more severe COVID-19 were more common in East Asians and Italians than in other Europeans. | Expression of the ACE2 gene in lung tissue did not differ by sex. | Genetic variant in ACE2 that predisposes to hypertension, diabetes, and coronary artery disease was more common in East Asians than Italians. | Methods: Using exome and single nucleotide polymorphism array data from a large (>3,000 persons) population-based Italian cohort, investigators assessed the frequency of genetic variants in the Italian, other European, and East Asian populations. Limitations: Only examined two genes; did not account for non-genetic factors affecting differences in disease severity (e.g., smoking, population age distributions, environmental factors). | Implications: These preliminary data suggest host genetic factors may alter COVID-19 disease severity. SP - 2020.03.30.20047878 ST - ACE2 and TMPRSS2 variants and expression as candidates to sex and country differences in COVID-19 severity in Italy T2 - medRxiv TI - ACE2 and TMPRSS2 variants and expression as candidates to sex and country differences in COVID-19 severity in Italy TT - Published article: ACE2 and TMPRSS2 variants and expression as candidates to sex and country differences in COVID-19 severity in Italy UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2020/04/11/2020.03.30.20047878.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/04/11/2020.03.30.20047878.full.pdf ID - 28 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel coronavirus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in human beings, has caused a serious public health issue.(1) Attention to pancreatic injury is lacking, which may impact patients' prognosis. In this study, we explored the expression and distribution of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor of SARS-CoV-2, in the pancreas. Combined with clinical data, we showed that pancreatic injury can occur in some COVID-19 patients. AD - Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Hubei Province for the Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery, Wuhan, Hubei, China. | Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Hubei Province for the Clinical Medicine Research Center of Hepatic Surgery, Wuhan, Hubei, China. Electronic address: zhanguo_tjh@hust.edu.cn. AN - 32334082 AU - Liu, F. | Long, X. | Zhang, B. | Zhang, W. | Chen, X. | Zhang, Z. C1 - 2020-05-05 C2 - PMC7194639 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050520_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.04.040 ET - 2020/04/26 IS - 9 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 | Betacoronavirus/*growth & development | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*complications | Female | *Gene Expression Profiling | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pancreas/*enzymology | Pancreatic Diseases/*physiopathology | Pandemics | Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/*analysis | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications | Receptors, Virus/*analysis | SARS-CoV-2 | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://1080544425/Liu-2020-ACE2 Expression in Pancreas May Cause.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Liu, Furong; Long, Xin; Zhang, Bixiang; Zhang, Wanguang; Chen, Xiaoping; Zhang, Zhanguo; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Aug;18(9):2128-2130.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.04.040. Epub 2020 Apr 22. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Pancreatic injury (elevated serum amylase and lipase) was present in 1 of 54 patients (2%) with mild COVID-19, and 12 of 64 patients (18%) with severe disease (of whom 5 [8%] died). | Analysis of pancreatic cells from healthy people showed the presence of receptors (ACE2) that can bind SARS-CoV-2 and lead to infection of the cell. There were significantly more receptors on pancreas cells than lung cells. | Methods: (1) Case series of 121 COVID-19 patients at 2 hospitals, Wuhan, China between January 1 and February 15, 2020. Comparison of lab values with Wilcoxon sign rank test. (2) RNA analysis of cells from 4 pancreases donated by health donors for transplant. Limitations: Clinical symptoms and imaging results not reported for all patients; pancreatitis could also be explained by severe illness (known phenomenon) or other emerging sequelae of COVID-19 including inflammatory injury, endothelial injury, and/or “micro-clots�? | Implications: SARS-CoV-2 infection may cause injury to the pancreas, particularly in patients with severe disease. SN - 1542-7714 (Electronic); 1542-3565 (Linking) SP - 2128-2130 e2 ST - ACE2 Expression in Pancreas May Cause Pancreatic Damage After SARS-CoV-2 Infection T2 - Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol TI - ACE2 Expression in Pancreas May Cause Pancreatic Damage After SARS-CoV-2 Infection UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32334082 VL - 18 ID - 139 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Black and Latinx individuals in the US continue to be less likely than White individuals to have received the COVID-19 vaccine. Achieving racial and ethnic equity in COVID-19 vaccination requires both individual and health system readiness. Individuals must be ready to get vaccinated, and systems administering vaccines must be ready to reach historically marginalized populations to ensure equitable access. Readiness is often viewed as a static proposition. Individuals are characterized as being either vaccine willing or hesitant, systems as prepared or unprepared.Our work with community members, patients, public health departments, and health care organizations has led us to conclude that for both individuals and systems, vaccination readiness is a dynamic and deliberative process. One of us (O.O.H.) adapted a theoretical model of stages of individual readiness to the training of contact tracers in California to conduct vaccination outreach. Two of us (K.G. and M.C.) have conducted community-based focus groups and interviews with Black/African American, Chinese American, and Latinx residents in the San Francisco area to gain insight into their views about vaccination. One of us (K.G.) helps to lead the COVID Equity Work Group at UCSF Health, an academic health center; collaborates with the San Francisco Department of Public Health and community-based organizations on vaccine access and outreach programs; and assists patients in his primary care practice with vaccination decision-making. In this Viewpoint, we describe a model for stages of health system readiness for equitable vaccine delivery that may be used by public health departments, health care systems, federally qualified health centers, and other organizations involved in vaccine administration to assess and improve their capacity for achieving vaccination equity. AU - Grumbach, Kevin | Carson, Mariam | Harris, Orlando O. C1 - 2021-08-06 C2 - Social, Behavioral, and Communication Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08062021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1001/jamahealthforum.2021.1724 IS - 7 L1 - internal-pdf://0558797636/Grumbach-2021-Achieving Racial and Ethnic Equi.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Creating and sustaining low-barrier vaccination systems will be needed to achieve public health goals to increase community immunity in an equitable manner. SE - e211724 SN - 2689-0186 SP - e211724-e211724 ST - Achieving Racial and Ethnic Equity in COVID-19 Vaccination: From Individual Readiness to Health System Readiness T2 - JAMA Health Forum TI - Achieving Racial and Ethnic Equity in COVID-19 Vaccination: From Individual Readiness to Health System Readiness UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamahealthforum.2021.1724 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama-health-forum/articlepdf/2782620/grumbach_2021_vp_210018_1627315581.40434.pdf VL - 2 Y2 - 8/9/2021 ID - 2197 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The recent rise in mutational variants of SARS-CoV-2, especially with changes in the Spike protein, is of significant concern due to the potential ability for these mutations to increase viral infectivity, virulence and/or ability to escape protective antibodies. Here, we investigated genetic variations in a 414-583 amino acid region of the Spike protein, partially encompassing the ACE2 receptor-binding domain (RBD), across a subset of 570 nasopharyngeal samples isolated between April 2020 and February 2021, from Washington, California, Arizona, Colorado, Minnesota and Illinois. We found that samples isolated since November have an increased number of amino acid mutations in the region, with L452R being the dominant mutation. This mutation is associated with a recently discovered CAL.20C viral variant from clade 20C, lineage B.1.429, that since November-December 2020 is associated with multiple outbreaks and is undergoing massive expansion across California. In some samples, however, we found a distinct L452R-carrying variant of the virus that, upon detailed analysis of the GISAID database genomes, is also circulating primarily in California, but emerged even more recently. The newly identified variant derives from the clade 20A (lineage B.1.232) and is named CAL.20A. We also found that the SARS-CoV-2 strain that caused the only recorded case of infection in an ape - gorillas in the San Diego Zoo, reported in January 2021 - is CAL.20A. In contrast to CAL.20C that carries two additional to L452R mutations in the Spike protein, L452R is the only mutation found in CAL.20A. According to the phylogenetic analysis, however, emergence of CAL.20C was also specifically triggered by acquisition of the L452R mutation. Further analysis of GISAID-deposited genomes revealed that several independent L452R-carrying lineages have recently emerged across the globe, with over 90% of the isolates reported between December 2020 - February 2021. Taken together, these results indicate that the L452R mutation alone is of significant adaptive value to SARS-CoV-2 and, apparently, the positive selection for this mutation became particularly strong only recently, possibly reflecting viral adaptation to the containment measures or increasing population immunity. While the functional impact of L452R has not yet been extensively evaluated, leucine-452 is positioned in the receptor-binding motif of RBD, in the interface of direct contact with the ACE2 receptor. Its replacement with arginine is predicted to result in both a much stronger binding to the receptor and escape from neutralizing antibodies. If true, this in turn might lead to significantly increased infectivity of the L452R variants, warranting their close surveillance and in-depth functional studies. AN - 33758861 AU - Tchesnokova, V. | Kulakesara, H. | Larson, L. | Bowers, V. | Rechkina, E. | Kisiela, D. | Sledneva, Y. | Choudhury, D. | Maslova, I. | Deng, K. | Kutumbaka, K. | Geng, H. | Fowler, C. | Greene, D. | Ralston, J. | Samadpour, M. | Sokurenko, E. C1 - 2021-03-05 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03052021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 11 DO - 10.1101/2021.02.22.432189 ET - 2021/03/25 L1 - internal-pdf://4179303991/Tchesnokova-2021-Acquisition of the L452R muta.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Tchesnokova, Veronika; Kulakesara, Hemantha; Larson, Lydia; Bowers, Victoria; Rechkina, Elena; Kisiela, Dagmara; Sledneva, Yulia; Choudhury, Debarati; Maslova, Iryna; Deng, Kai; Kutumbaka, Kirthi; Geng, Hao; Fowler, Curtis; Greene, Dina; Ralston, James; Samadpour, Mansour; Sokurenko, Evgeni; eng; Preprint; bioRxiv. 2021 Mar 11. doi: 10.1101/2021.02.22.432189. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; L452R is associated with a CAL.20C viral variant (lineage B.1.429), that since November-December 2020 has been associated with multiple outbreaks and spread across California (Figure). | A L452R-carrying CAL.20A variant (lineage B.1.232) emerged more recently and is also circulating primarily in California. | Several independent L452R-carrying lineages have recently emerged internationally; >90% of these isolates were reported between December 2020–February 2021. | Methods: Sequenced the spike protein 414-583 amino acid region (Figure), partially encompassing the ACE2 receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, from a subset of 570 SARS-CoV-2 RNA samples isolated between April 2020 and February 2021, from Washington, California, Arizona, Colorado, Minnesota and Illinois. Sequences from the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data (GISAIDexternal icon) database were checked for L452 substitutions. Limitations: Possible sample collection bias; relatively small sample size; limited to publicly available genomes. | Implications: Emergence of the L452R mutation suggests potential adaptive value to SARS-CoV-2. Further research is needed to determine whether L452R facilitates escape from neutralizing antibodies and increased infectivity. SP - 2021.02.22.432189 ST - Acquisition of the L452R mutation in the ACE2-binding interface of Spike protein triggers recent massive expansion of SARS-Cov-2 variants T2 - bioRxiv TI - Acquisition of the L452R mutation in the ACE2-binding interface of Spike protein triggers recent massive expansion of SARS-Cov-2 variants UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33758861 ID - 1558 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Anaphylaxis to the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines is currently estimated to occur in 2.5 to 11.1 cases per 1 million doses, largely in individuals with a history of allergy. Allergic concerns contribute to vaccine hesitancy; we investigated acute allergic reaction incidence after more than 60�?00 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine administrations. AD - Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. | Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. | Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. | Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. AN - 33683290 AU - Blumenthal, K. G. | Robinson, L. B. | Camargo, C. A., Jr. | Shenoy, E. S. | Banerji, A. | Landman, A. B. | Wickner, P. C1 - 2021-03-19 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03192021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 20 DO - 10.1001/jama.2021.3976 ET - 2021/03/09 IS - 15 KW - Adult | Anaphylaxis/epidemiology/*etiology | Boston | COVID-19/prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/*adverse effects | Cohort Studies | Female | Hospitals, General | Humans | Hypersensitivity/*etiology | Hypotension/etiology | Incidence | Male | Nausea/etiology | Personnel, Hospital | Prospective Studies | Vaccines, Synthetic/adverse effects L1 - internal-pdf://0138673067/Blumenthal-2021-Acute Allergic Reactions to mR.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Blumenthal, Kimberly G; Robinson, Lacey B; Camargo, Carlos A Jr; Shenoy, Erica S; Banerji, Aleena; Landman, Adam B; Wickner, Paige; eng; K01 AI125631/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA. 2021 Apr 20;325(15):1562-1565. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.3976. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 98% of health care workers (HCW) who received an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine did not have symptoms of an allergic reaction. | Acute allergic reactions were slightly more frequent with the Moderna vaccine (2.20%, 95% CI 2.06%-2.35%) compared with Pfizer-BioNTech (1.95%, 95% CI 1.79%-2.13%). | Anaphylaxis occurred at a rate of 2.47 cases per 10,000 vaccinations with similar rates between the Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech vaccines. | Anaphylaxis was confirmed in 16 HCWs, of whom 63% (n = 10) reported prior allergic reaction and 31% (n = 5) reported prior anaphylaxis. | Methods: Prospective observational cohort of Mass General Brigham employees (n = 64,900), from December 16, 2020–February 12, 2021 who received 1st dose of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, with follow-up through February 18, 2021. For 3 days after vaccination, employees completed symptom surveys. Anaphylaxis was confirmed via medical record review. Limitations: Use of self-reported data to identify potential anaphylaxis cases; may not be generalizable. | Implications: Risk of anaphylaxis following an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine appears to be comparable to other common health care exposures. Likewise, the overall risk of allergic reaction to mRNA COVID-19 vaccines was also extremely low. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1562-1565 ST - Acute Allergic Reactions to mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines T2 - JAMA TI - Acute Allergic Reactions to mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33683290 VL - 325 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1602 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) predisposes to arterial and venous thromboembolic complications. We describe the clinical presentation, management, and outcomes of acute arterial ischemia and concomitant infection at the epicenter of cases in the United States. METHODS: Patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection between March 1, 2020 and May 15, 2020 with an acute arterial thromboembolic event were reviewed. Data collected included demographics, anatomical location of the thromboembolism, treatments, and outcomes. RESULTS: Over the 11-week period, the Northwell Health System cared for 12,630 hospitalized patients with COVID-19. A total of 49 patients with arterial thromboembolism and confirmed COVID-19 were identified. The median age was 67 years (58-75) and 37 (76%) were men. The most common preexisting conditions were hypertension (53%) and diabetes (35%). The median D-dimer level was 2,673 ng/mL (723-7,139). The distribution of thromboembolic events included upper 7 (14%) and lower 35 (71%) extremity ischemia, bowel ischemia 2 (4%), and cerebral ischemia 5 (10%). Six patients (12%) had thrombus in multiple locations. Concomitant deep vein thrombosis was found in 8 patients (16%). Twenty-two (45%) patients presented with signs of acute arterial ischemia and were subsequently diagnosed with COVID-19. The remaining 27 (55%) developed ischemia during hospitalization. Revascularization was performed in 13 (27%) patients, primary amputation in 5 (10%), administration of systemic tissue- plasminogen activator in 3 (6%), and 28 (57%) were treated with systemic anticoagulation only. The rate of limb loss was 18%. Twenty-one patients (46%) died in the hospital. Twenty-five (51%) were successfully discharged, and 3 patients are still in the hospital. CONCLUSIONS: While the mechanism of thromboembolic events in patients with COVID-19 remains unclear, the occurrence of such complication is associated with acute arterial ischemia which results in a high limb loss and mortality. AD - Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY. Electronic address: yetkin@northwell.edu. | Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY. AN - 32866580 AU - Etkin, Y. | Conway, A. M. | Silpe, J. | Qato, K. | Carroccio, A. | Manvar-Singh, P. | Giangola, G. | Deitch, J. S. | Davila-Santini, L. | Schor, J. A. | Singh, K. | Mussa, F. F. | Landis, G. S. C1 - 2020-09-11 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091120_covidupdate.html DA - Jan DO - 10.1016/j.avsg.2020.08.085 ET - 2020/09/01 KW - Acute Disease | Aged | Amputation | Anticoagulants/therapeutic use | Arterial Occlusive Diseases/diagnostic imaging/*epidemiology/mortality/therapy | COVID-19/diagnosis/*epidemiology/mortality/therapy | Databases, Factual | Female | Hospital Mortality | Humans | Incidence | Male | Middle Aged | New York City/epidemiology | Retrospective Studies | Thromboembolism/diagnostic imaging/*epidemiology/mortality/therapy | Thrombolytic Therapy | Treatment Outcome | Vascular Surgical Procedures L1 - internal-pdf://1186595569/Etkin-2021-Acute Arterial Thromboembolism in P.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Etkin, Yana; Conway, Allan M; Silpe, Jeffrey; Qato, Khalil; Carroccio, Alfio; Manvar-Singh, Pallavi; Giangola, Gary; Deitch, Jonathan S; Davila-Santini, Luis; Schor, Jonathan A; Singh, Kuldeep; Mussa, Firas F; Landis, Gregg S; eng; Netherlands; Ann Vasc Surg. 2021 Jan;70:290-294. doi: 10.1016/j.avsg.2020.08.085. Epub 2020 Aug 28. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 49 COVID-19 patients had arterial thromboembolism diagnosed during hospitalization (median age 67 years [IQR 58-75]). | 22 (45%) COVID-19 patients had acute arterial ischemia on presentation and were subsequently diagnosed with COVID-19. | The most common preexisting conditions were hypertension (53%) and diabetes (35%); 18% were current or former smokers. | 21 (46%) patients died in the hospital. | Mortality in 35 patients with lower limb ischemia was 50% and in 2 patients with mesenteric ischemia was 100%. | 9 (18%) patients experienced limb loss. | Methods: Retrospective multisite study of 12,630 hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 over 11 weeks (March 1, 2020 to May 15, 2020) in New York State. Limitations: Not randomized, (no control group); limited clinical laboratory information; descriptive analyses only; study cohort might have had underlying risks for thromboembolism prior to hospital admission. | Implications: In persons with COVID-19, morbidity and mortality were greater in the presence of arterial thromboembolism, particularly for patients with chronic medical comorbidities. Efforts are warranted to identify the most effective preventive and treatment strategies to reduce thromboembolic risk among persons with COVID-19 and to rapidly detect and address arterial thromboembolism. SN - 1615-5947 (Electronic); 0890-5096 (Linking) SP - 290-294 ST - Acute Arterial Thromboembolism in Patients with COVID-19 in the New York City Area T2 - Ann Vasc Surg TI - Acute Arterial Thromboembolism in Patients with COVID-19 in the New York City Area UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32866580 VL - 70 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 880 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: Despite vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19), individuals may still develop acute COVID-19 illness. We examined the clinical profile and outcomes of healthcare workers (HCW) in India who developed Covid-19 infection despite being vaccinated. | Methods: HCWs in India who developed acute Covid-19 infection despite receiving at least 1 dose of the vaccination were invited to complete an online questionnaire. Out of contacted 2160 HCWs, 316 (14.6%) developed acute Covid-19 infection post- vaccination. We compared their clinical profile based on whether they had received the first or second dose of vaccine, presence or absence of pneumonia and fever at presentation. | Results: Of the 316 participants, 50 (15.8%) had developed Covid-19 after receiving only the first dose of the vaccine. Participants who completed both doses of vaccine (n=266) were more likely to be asymptomatic (13.9% vs 2.0%, p=0.016), but clinical outcomes such as hospitalization, need for mechanical ventilation and supplemental oxygen were similar. Participants with pneumonia (n=105, 33.2%) had elevated C-reactive protein (CRP, 25.4�u21.2 vs 6.8�u8.8 mg/L, p<0.001) compared with those without, and were more likely to require hospitalization (30.5% vs 6.2%, p<0.001) and supplemental oxygen (9.5% vs 0.0%, p<0.001). On multivariable analyses, the completion of both doses of vaccination was protective for the development of fever in Covid-19 illness (adjusted OR 0.33, 95%CI 0.15-0.72), after adjusting for age, prior medical conditions and CRP. Post-vaccination antibody titres to the spike protein were not significantly associated with symptoms or outcomes. | Conclusion: Among HCWs vaccinated against Covid-19, a significant proportion (14.6%) developed acute infection. Although similar in terms of clinical outcomes and biochemical markers, participants who completed both doses of vaccination developed milder symptoms. | Funding Statement: None. | Declaration of Interests: VKS is the current recipient of Senior Clinician Scientist Award from National Medical Research Council, Ministry of Health, Singapore. Other authors have no financial disclosures. ACYC has received grant funding from the National Medical Research Council (NMRC), Singapore and support from the Ministry of Health (MOH), Singapore. | Ethics Approval Statement: Ethics approval was obtained from the institutional review board (Zydus Hospitals Ethics Committee (Ref: 2021/05/04) prior to the conduct of this study. Informed consent was obtained from each participant prior to the conduct of the online questionnaire. AU - Ngiam, Jinghao Nicholas | Tan, Benjamin Y. Q. | Khan, Erum | Chew, Nicholas W. S. | Pms, Suryanarayana Sharma | Batra, Amit | Kulkarni, Amit | Rn, Komalkumar | Pv, Meenaakshi | Chan, Amanda C. Y. | Ong, Jonathan J. Y. | Yeo, Leonard L. L. | Talati, Kalpesh | Sharma, Arvind K. | Sharma, Vijay K. C1 - 2021-06-04 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06042021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.2139/ssrn.3847774 KW - COVID-19, post-vaccine, India, Immunity, Healthcare workers L1 - internal-pdf://1877655570/SSRN-id3847774.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: 14.6% of 2,160 vaccinated healthcare workers had a positive RT-PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 2 weeks after first or both vaccine doses; 84.2% of infections were in persons receiving 2 doses (98.4% received Covishield vaccine, a version of the Oxford/AstraZeneca ChAdOx1 vaccine manufactured by the Serum Institute of India). Infections in persons with 2 doses were more likely to be asymptomatic compared with 1 dose, but outcomes were similar between groups. SN - 1556-5068 ST - Acute Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Vaccinated Frontline Healthcare Workers in India: An Observational Cohort Study T2 - SSRN TI - Acute Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Vaccinated Frontline Healthcare Workers in India: An Observational Cohort Study UR - https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3847774 ID - 1810 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The novel coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the binding of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors present on various locations such as the pulmonary alveolar epithelium and vascular endothelium. In COVID-19 patients, the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with these receptors in the cerebral blood vessels has been attributed to stroke. Although the incidence of acute ischemic stroke is relatively low, ranging from 1% to 6%, the mortality associated with it is substantially high, reaching as high as 38%. This case series describes three distinct yet similar scenarios of COVID-19 positive patients with several underlying comorbidities, wherein two of the patients presented to our hospital with sudden onset right-sided weakness, later diagnosed with ischemic stroke, and one patient who developed an acute intracerebral hemorrhage during his hospital stay. The patients were diagnosed with acute stroke as a complication of COVID-19 infection. We also provide an insight into the possible mechanisms responsible for the life-threatening complication. Physicians should have a low threshold for suspecting stroke in COVID-19 patients, and close observation should be kept on such patients particularly those with clinical evidence of traditional risk factors. AD - Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA. | Internal Medicine, University College of Medical Sciences, Delhi, IND. | Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA. AN - 33014653 AU - Rajdev, K. | Lahan, S. | Klein, K. | Piquette, C. A. | Thi, M. C1 - 2020-10-16 C2 - Clinical Complications and Sequelae CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/101620_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 31 DO - 10.7759/cureus.10157 DP - NLM ET - 2020/10/06 IS - 8 KW - co-morbidity | complication | covid-19 | intracerebral hemorrhage | mortality | stroke L1 - internal-pdf://2941656515/Rajdev-2020-Acute Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Str.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Rajdev, Kartikeya; Lahan, Shubham; Klein, Kate; Piquette, Craig A; Thi, Meilinh; eng; Case Reports; Cureus. 2020 Aug 31;12(8):e10157. doi: 10.7759/cureus.10157. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Three case reports describing stroke in SARS-CoV-2-positive patients. SN - 2168-8184 (Print); 2168-8184 (Linking) SP - e10157 ST - Acute Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke in COVID-19: Mounting Evidence T2 - Cureus TI - Acute Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke in COVID-19: Mounting Evidence UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33014653 VL - 12 ID - 1064 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Division of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Children's Hospital V Buzzi, ASST FBF Sacco, Milan, Italy. Electronic address: wolfler69@gmail.com. | Division of Cardiology, Children's Hospital V Buzzi, ASST FBF Sacco, Milan, Italy. | Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital V Buzzi, ASST FBF Sacco, Milan, Italy. | Division of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Children's Hospital V Buzzi, ASST FBF Sacco, Milan, Italy. AN - 32497521 AU - Wolfler, A. | Mannarino, S. | Giacomet, V. | Camporesi, A. | Zuccotti, G. C1 - 2020-06-12 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061220_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30168-1 ET - 2020/06/05 IS - 8 KW - Arrhythmias, Cardiac/*virology | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Child | Child, Preschool | Coronavirus Infections/*complications/physiopathology | Epidemics | Humans | Infant | Italy | Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome/virology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications/physiopathology | SARS-CoV-2 | Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/virology L1 - internal-pdf://2032861496/Wolfler-2020-Acute myocardial injury_ a novel.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Wolfler, Andrea; Mannarino, Savina; Giacomet, Vania; Camporesi, Anna; Zuccotti, Gianvincenzo; eng; Letter; England; Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020 Aug;4(8):e26-e27. doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30168-1. Epub 2020 Jun 1. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Characterizes myocardial injury in children with COVID-19 admitted to the pediatric ICU. SN - 2352-4650 (Electronic); 2352-4642 (Linking) SP - e26-e27 ST - Acute myocardial injury: a novel clinical pattern in children with COVID-19 T2 - Lancet Child Adolesc Health TI - Acute myocardial injury: a novel clinical pattern in children with COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32497521 VL - 4 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 356 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Vaccination is an essential component of the public health strategy to end the COVID-19 pandemic. Recently, there have been reports of acute myocarditis following COVID-19 mRNA vaccine administration. We evaluated acute myocarditis incidence and clinical outcomes among adults following mRNA vaccination in an integrated health care system in the US. AD - Department of Cardiology, Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, California. | Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California. | Department of Cardiology, Kaiser Permanente Orange County Medical Center, Irvine, California. | Department of Family Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, California. AN - 34605853 AU - Simone, Anthony | Herald, John | Chen, Aiyu | Gulati, Neil | Shen, Albert Yuh-Jer | Lewin, Bruno | Lee, Ming-Sum C1 - 2021-10-15 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10152021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - Oct 4 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.5511 ET - 2021/10/05 L1 - internal-pdf://2444755528/Simone-2021-Acute Myocarditis Following COVID-.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Simone, Anthony | Herald, John | Chen, Aiyu | Gulati, Neil | Shen, Albert Yuh-Jer | Lewin, Bruno | Lee, Ming-Sum | eng | JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Oct 4. pii: 2784800. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.5511. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A study of acute myocarditis among adults (>18 years; n ~2.4 million) after mRNA vaccination (December 2020–July 2021) found 15 confirmed cases in the vaccinated group (n = 2 after dose 1; n = 13 after dose 2), for an observed incidence of 0.8 cases per 1 million and 5.8 cases per 1 million (doses 1 and 2, respectively). All cases were among men, with a median age of 25 years. SN - 2168-6106 ST - Acute Myocarditis Following COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination in Adults Aged 18 Years or Older T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - Acute Myocarditis Following COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination in Adults Aged 18 Years or Older UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.5511 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/articlepdf/2784800/jamainternal_simone_2021_ld_210053_1632859194.09846.pdf Y2 - 10/18/2021 ID - 2479 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: A novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in China in late 2019 and subsequently caused a pandemic. Surveillance is important to better appreciate this evolving pandemic and to longitudinally monitor the effectiveness of public health measures. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to provide a rapid, easy to establish and costeffective laboratory-based surveillance tool for SARS-CoV-2. STUDY DESIGN: We used minipools of RNA prepared from nucleic acid extractions of routine respiratory samples. We technically validated the assay and distributed the protocol within an informal network of five German university laboratories. RESULTS: We tested a total of 70 minipools resembling 700 samples shortly before the upsurge of cases in Germany from 17.02.2020 to 10.03.2020. One minipool reacted positive and after resolution one individual sample tested SARS-CoV-2 positive. This sample was from a hospitalized patient not suspected of having contracted SARS-CoV-2. CONCLUSIONS: Our approach of a laboratory-based surveillance for SARSCoV-2 using minipools proved its concept is easily adaptable and resource-saving. It might assist not only public health laboratories in SARS-CoV-2 surveillance. AD - Institute of Virology, University of Bonn, Faculty of Medicine, Bonn, Germany. | Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. | Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany. | Institute of Medical Virology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany. | Institute of Virology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. | Institute of Virology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. Electronic address: marcus.panning@uniklinik-freiburg.de. AN - 32344319 AU - Eis-Hubinger, A. M. | Honemann, M. | Wenzel, J. J. | Berger, A. | Widera, M. | Schmidt, B. | Aldabbagh, S. | Marx, B. | Streeck, H. | Ciesek, S. | Liebert, U. G. | Huzly, D. | Hengel, H. | Panning, M. C1 - 2020-05-05 C2 - PMC7175872 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050520_covidupdate.html DA - Jun DO - 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104381 DP - NLM ET - 2020/04/29 KW - Betacoronavirus/isolation & purification | Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/virology | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis | *Epidemiological Monitoring | Germany/epidemiology | Humans | Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/*methods | Pandemics | Pharynx/virology | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis | Prospective Studies | RNA, Viral/*isolation & purification | *Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction | SARS-CoV-2 | Sputum/virology | *Laboratory | *Minipools | *rt-pcr | *SARS-CoV-2 | *Surveillance | declare. L1 - internal-pdf://2041922119/Eis-Hubinger-2020-Ad hoc laboratory-based surv.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Eis-Hubinger, Anna M; Honemann, Mario; Wenzel, Jurgen J; Berger, Annemarie; Widera, Marek; Schmidt, Barbara; Aldabbagh, Souhaib; Marx, Benjamin; Streeck, Hendrik; Ciesek, Sandra; Liebert, Uwe G; Huzly, Daniela; Hengel, Hartmut; Panning, Marcus; eng; Netherlands; J Clin Virol. 2020 Jun;127:104381. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104381. Epub 2020 Apr 22. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; SARS CoV-2 RT-PCR testing of 70 minipools, each containing 10 respiratory specimens collected in Germany during 2020, identified one case that was later confirmed by individual testing. | There were no false positive results when testing minipools. | Methods: Minipools of respiratory samples tested with SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR in multiple German laboratories. | Implications: Minipool testing using RT-PCR could enable rapid, efficient screening for SARS-CoV-2 cases that might be missed by symptom-based case definitions. SN - 1873-5967 (Electronic); 1386-6532 (Linking) SP - 104381 ST - Ad hoc laboratory-based surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 by real-time RT-PCR using minipools of RNA prepared from routine respiratory samples T2 - J Clin Virol TI - Ad hoc laboratory-based surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 by real-time RT-PCR using minipools of RNA prepared from routine respiratory samples UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32344319 VL - 127 ID - 125 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to evolve and recently emerging variants with substitutions in the Spike protein have led to growing concerns over increased transmissibility and decreased vaccine coverage due to immune evasion. Here, sera from recipients of a single dose of our Ad26.COV2.S COVID-19 vaccine were tested for neutralizing activity against several SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. All tested variants demonstrated susceptibility to Ad26.COV2.S-induced serum neutralization albeit mainly reduced as compared to the B.1 strain. Most pronounced reduction was observed for the B.1.351 (Beta; 3.6-fold) and P.1 (Gamma; 3.4-fold) variants that contain similar mutations in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) while only a 1.6-fold reduction was observed for the widely spreading B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant.Competing Interest StatementAll authors are employed by Janssen Vaccine & Prevention B.V., Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson. AU - Jongeneelen, Mandy | Kaszas, Krisztian | Veldman, Daniel | Huizingh, Jeroen | van der Vlugt, Remko | Schouten, Theo | Zuijdgeest, David | Uil, Taco | van Roey, Griet | Guimera, Nuria | Navis, Marjon | Bos, Rinke | le Gars, Mathieu | Sadoff, Jerald | Muchene, Leacky | Juraszek, Jarek | Langedijk, Johannes P. M. | Vogels, Ronald | Custers, Jerome | Schuitemaker, Hanneke | Brandenburg, Boerries C1 - 2021-07-09 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07092021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.07.01.450707 L1 - internal-pdf://1119730823/Jongeneelen-2021-Ad26.COV2.S elicited neutrali.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Compared to B.1, a single dose of Ad26.COV1.2 (Johnson & Johnson/Janssen) vaccine had reduced neutralization sensitivity to SARS-Cov-2 variants B.1.351 (3.6-fold less), P.1 (3.4-fold less), and B.1.617.2 (1.6-fold less). | Methods: Sera collected 71 days post vaccination with Ad26.COV2.Sfrom 8 participants in a phase 3 clinical trial (age range: 47�?1) were tested for neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern including B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (Gamma), and B.1.617.2 (Delta). Limitations: Results from a clinical trial may not be representative of real-world vaccine effectiveness; small sample size. | Implications: In a small in-vitro study, Ad26.COV2.S vaccine neutralization was reduced against a variety of variants, though less so for B.1.617.2. Real world evidence will be necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of this vaccine against variant 1.617.2. SP - 2021.07.01.450707 ST - Ad26.COV2.S elicited neutralizing activity against Delta and other SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern T2 - bioRxiv TI - Ad26.COV2.S elicited neutralizing activity against Delta and other SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern UR - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2021/07/01/2021.07.01.450707.abstract | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2021/07/01/2021.07.01.450707.full.pdf ID - 1948 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Each year, influenza poses a substantial burden on communities and health care systems. During the 3 most recent influenza seasons (2016-2017, 2017-2018, and 2018-2019), influenza is estimated to have been associated with 29 million to 45 million illnesses, 14 million to 21 million medical visits, 490�?00 to 810�?00 hospitalizations, and 34�?00 to 61�?00 deaths each season in the US. During the fall of 2020, both influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2; the virus associated with coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]) are anticipated to circulate.As of August 17, 2020, SARS-CoV-2 has been associated with more than 5.3 million infections and more than 168�?00 deaths in the US. Even a moderately severe influenza season in the presence of circulating SARS-CoV-2 would significantly amplify cases of acute respiratory illness, and more intensely stress health care personnel and resources, including hospitals, emergency departments, outpatient departments, and physicians�?offices. AD - US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia. AN - 32930764 AU - Grohskopf, Lisa A. | Liburd, Leandris C. | Redfield, Robert R. C1 - 2020-09-01 C2 - COVID-19 and Flu Season CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090120_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 15 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.15845 ET - 2020/09/16 IS - 11 KW - Adult | Attitude to Health/ethnology | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus Infections | Healthcare Disparities/ethnology | Humans | *Influenza Vaccines | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral | SARS-CoV-2 | United States | Vaccination/*statistics & numerical data L1 - internal-pdf://2752778631/Grohskopf-2020-Addressing Influenza Vaccinatio.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Vaccines | N1 - Grohskopf, Lisa A | Liburd, Leandris C | Redfield, Robert R | eng | JAMA. 2020 Sep 15;324(11):1029-1030. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.15845. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Vaccination rates in the US will need to dramatically increase in order to reduce the potential for severe co-infections with flu and SARS CoV-2, particularly among non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, and American Indian/Alaskan Native adults. SE - 1029 SN - 0098-7484 SP - 1029-1030 ST - Addressing Influenza Vaccination Disparities During the COVID-19 Pandemic T2 - JAMA TI - Addressing Influenza Vaccination Disparities During the COVID-19 Pandemic UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.15845 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/2769837/jama_grohskopf_2020_vp_200181_1600070052.16222.pdf VL - 324 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 806 ER - TY - JOUR AB - “The health care system has failed me and my family many times before. Why should I believe this vaccine will be any different?�?Clinicians may feel ill-equipped to address concerns about the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine that are rooted in the sociopolitical mistrust of communities that experience health disparities, discrimination, and structural injustice in their everyday lives. Current recommendations for talking to patients about COVID-19 vaccines do not provide specific guidance on how to discuss mistrust (1). We suggest specific strategies and language that clinicians can use to address mistrust of COVID-19 vaccines among racial and ethnic minorities. | Reducing COVID-19 vaccine mistrust is a national priority. Mistrust of COVID-19 vaccines is widespread, particularly among people of color. Only 18% of Black Americans and 40% of Latinx Americans trust that a COVID-19 vaccine will be effective (2). Even fewer trust that it will be safe. The impact of this mistrust is alarming: Fewer than half of Black Americans intend to get vaccinated against COVID-19 (3). | Mistrust in COVID-19 vaccines must be addressed to reduce the disproportionate burden of COVID-19 morbidity and mortality among people of color. This mistrust is multifactorial and is not restricted to concerns about COVID-19 vaccine safety and efficacy. It is rooted in a history of unethical medical and public health experimentation involving communities of color, as well as structural inequities in government institutions (for example, police, criminal justice, child welfare, and public schools). As a result, a primary strategy to decrease mistrust has been to leverage trusted community leaders to engage communities of color in public health campaigns. | Clinicians can play an important role in mitigating mistrust of COVID-19 vaccines. The personal clinicians of Black and Latinx patients, regardless of clinician race, remain trustworthy sources of COVID-19 vaccine information (4). Although race-concordant patient–clinician relationships may nurture trust among patients of color and may even facilitate information-seeking behaviors about COVID-19 (5), most patients of color do not have a race-concordant clinician. Addressing COVID-19 vaccine mistrust can be a powerful way for any clinician to convey an openness to discussing patient concerns about COVID-19 vaccination and also an interest in patients' lived experiences with structural injustice. | These discussions with patients about COVID-19 vaccines can occur now as an important part of health promotion and counseling. Initiating these discussions early can start the process of building trust in COVID-19 vaccines among patients of color. Anticipate the possibility of a multivisit process, rather than a single discussion. | Four specific communication strategies may help promote trust among patients of color about COVID-19 vaccines. First, lead with listening. Patients, particularly those from marginalized communities, desire health care interactions in which their experiences are heard and validated. Consider beginning the COVID-19 vaccine conversation with an open-ended invitation for the patient to share their perspective, such as “You may be hearing a lot about COVID vaccines. Tell me what you think about them.�?Doing so can also help avoid erroneous assumptions about a patient's self-identity or experience. | This approach differs from standard vaccine communication practices for well-established and routinely recommended vaccines. For these vaccines, starting the conversation with the implicit assumption that vaccination will happen, such as “You're due for your tetanus booster today,�?has been associated with increased vaccine uptake. For COVID-19 vaccines, however, which have, to date, been made available only through an emergency use authorization, a more appropriate approach is to facilitate shared decision making. | Second, tailor responses to patient concerns. If patients respond to an invitation to share their perspective about COVID-19 vaccines either equivocally (such as “I'm not sure.�? or negatively (such as “Those vaccines aren't for me.�?, do not provide reassurance prematurely. Doing so may be ineffective if it is done before listening to and exploring the patient's concerns in detail. Rather, engage with the patient nonjudgmentally and collaboratively. Motivational interviewing (MI) techniques can facilitate this engagement (6) (Table, top) and have been found to be effective in improving vaccine uptake among those who voice reluctance (7). These techniques can also be used to explore and address COVID-19 vaccine concerns rooted in structural injustice (Table, bottom), complementing other suggested COVID-19 communication approaches (8). Of importance, a clinician's vaccine recommendation, a factor associated with increased uptake (9), can be integrated with MI. For instance, consider asking permission to make a recommendation and, if granted, stating, “In my view, the benefits of COVID-19 vaccination outweigh the risks. I am strongly recommending these vaccines to my patients.�? | Table. COVID-19 Vaccine Communication Strategies for the Clinical Encounter to Help Address Mistrust; | Table. | Third, briefly describe the regulatory and development processes surrounding COVID-19 vaccines using accessible language. There may be confusion about and negative connotations with terms used to describe the vaccine regulatory process (10). The term “emergency use authorization,�?for instance, may lead to misunderstanding or exacerbate mistrust. Patients may believe that a new vaccine, for instance, has been authorized “emergently�?before any data could be reviewed, harking back to days of experimentation on enslaved people, indigenous people, prisoners, immigrants, and unknowing Black Americans. Consider simple factual statements that avoid confusing terminology, such as “The FDA has authorized these vaccines now after reviewing a lot of evidence carefully�?(see also the bottom part of the Table). | Lastly, acknowledge uncertainty. The shortage of COVID-19 vaccines is unprecedented, and delivery schedules are changeable. There is much not yet known about COVID-19 vaccines, particularly regarding their long-term safety, their effect on transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, and their efficacy against new strains. Acknowledging uncertainty creates transparency, and transparency is key to facilitating trust during public health emergencies. | COVID-19 vaccines are not routine vaccines, nor are these routine circumstances. This past year has laid bare harsh health disparities and structural injustice in the United States, activating and exacerbating mistrust among people of color. Clinicians need to address this mistrust to help patients at highest risk for COVID-19 gain the benefits of COVID-19 vaccines. Prioritizing these discussions now in routine clinic visits, even over other health maintenance or stable chronic disease management issues, may help increase the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccinations and improve health outcomes among persons of color. AD - University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington (D.J.O.). | University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California (B.L.). | University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (M.E.P.). AN - 33556271 AU - Opel, Douglas J | Lo, Bernard | Peek, Monica E. C1 - 2021-02-26 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02262021_covidupdate.html DA - May DO - 10.7326/m21-0055 ET - 2021/02/09 IS - 5 KW - COVID-19/*ethnology/*prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/*administration & dosage | Humans | Pandemics/prevention & control | Professional-Patient Relations | SARS-CoV-2 | Trust/*psychology | United States | Vaccination Refusal/*ethnology/*psychology L1 - internal-pdf://1019771779/m21-0055.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Opel, Douglas J | Lo, Bernard | Peek, Monica E | eng | Editorial | Ann Intern Med. 2021 May;174(5):698-700. doi: 10.7326/M21-0055. Epub 2021 Feb 9. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: highlight the importance of the physician-patient relationship, particularly clinicians of the same race, in outcomes for African American persons. SN - 1539-3704 (Electronic) | 0003-4819 (Linking) SP - 698-700 ST - Addressing Mistrust About COVID-19 Vaccines Among Patients of Color T2 - Ann Intern Med TI - Addressing Mistrust About COVID-19 Vaccines Among Patients of Color UR - https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/abs/10.7326/M21-0055 VL - 174 ID - 1901 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic will present an unprecedented stressor to patients and health care systems across the globe. Because there is currently no vaccine or treatment for the underlying infection, current health efforts are focused on providing prevention and screening, maintaining continuity of treatment for other chronic conditions, and ensuring access to appropriately intensive services for those with the most severe symptoms.Disasters disproportionately affect poor and vulnerable populations, and patients with serious mental illness may be among the hardest hit. High rates of smoking in this population may raise the risk of infection and confer a worse prognosis among those who develop the illness. Residential instability and homelessness can raise the risk of infection and make it harder to identify, follow up, and treat those who are infected. Individuals with serious mental illnesses who are employed may have challenges taking time off from work and may lack sufficient insurance coverage to cover testing or treatment. Small social networks may limit opportunities to obtain support from friends and family members should individuals with serious mental illness become ill. Taken together, these factors may lead to elevated infection rates and worse prognoses in this population. AD - Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. AN - 32242888 AU - Druss, B. G. C1 - 2020-04-10 C2 - Mental Health CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/041020_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 1 DO - 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.0894 ET - 2020/04/04 IS - 9 KW - Covid-19 | *Coronavirus Infections | Humans | Mental Disorders/*therapy | Mental Health Services/legislation & jurisprudence/organization & | administration/*standards | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral | Poverty | *Vulnerable Populations L1 - internal-pdf://2001530960/Druss-2020-Addressing the COVID-19 Pandemic in.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Druss, Benjamin G; eng; JAMA Psychiatry. 2020 Sep 1;77(9):891-892. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.0894. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Describes strategies to mitigate the outcome of this epidemic among patients with serious mental illness. SN - 2168-6238 (Electronic); 2168-622X (Linking) SP - 891-892 ST - Addressing the COVID-19 Pandemic in Populations With Serious Mental Illness T2 - JAMA Psychiatry TI - Addressing the COVID-19 Pandemic in Populations With Serious Mental Illness UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32242888 VL - 77 Y2 - 5/11/2021 ID - 33 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Bourguignon, Alex | Arnold, Donald M. | Warkentin, Theodore E. | Smith, James W. | Pannu, Tania | Shrum, Jeffrey M. | Al Maqrashi, Zainab A.A. | Shroff, Anjali | Lessard, Marie-Claude | Blais, Normand | Kelton, John G. | Nazy, Ishac C1 - 2021-06-18 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06182021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2107051 IS - 8 L1 - internal-pdf://1556052938/Bourguignon-2021-Adjunct Immune Globulin for V.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Three patients (aged 63, 69 and 72 years) who developed vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) 7�?8 days after vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (Covishield) were successfully treated with high-dose intravenous immune globulin (IVIG), which reduced antibody-induced platelet activation. VITT Abs were monitored with a serotonin-release assay adapted from heparin-induced thrombocytopenia use. SE - 720 SN - 0028-4793 | 1533-4406 SP - 720-728 ST - Adjunct Immune Globulin for Vaccine-Induced Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Adjunct Immune Globulin for Vaccine-Induced Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia UR - https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2107051 | https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa2107051?articleTools=true VL - 385 ID - 1851 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Ronald O Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA. | Ronald O Perelman Department of Emergency Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA. | Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA. | Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA. | Ronald O Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA. Electronic address: alisa.femia@nyumc.org. AN - 32659211 AU - Shaigany, S. | Gnirke, M. | Guttmann, A. | Chong, H. | Meehan, S. | Raabe, V. | Louie, E. | Solitar, B. | Femia, A. C1 - 2020-07-21 C2 - Kawasaki-like Illness in Adults with COVID-19 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072120_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 25 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31526-9 ET - 2020/07/14 IS - 10246 KW - Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*complications | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome/*etiology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications | Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/*etiology L1 - internal-pdf://4156806993/1-s2.0-S0140673620315269-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Shaigany, Sheila; Gnirke, Marlis; Guttmann, Allison; Chong, Hong; Meehan, Shane; Raabe, Vanessa; Louie, Eddie; Solitar, Bruce; Femia, Alisa; eng; Case Reports; Letter; England; Lancet. 2020 Jul 25;396(10246):e8-e10. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31526-9. Epub 2020 Jul 10. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Kawasaki-like multisystem inflammatory syndrome was diagnosed in an adult with COVID-19. | Features included non-exudative conjunctivitis, periorbital edema with overlying erythema, lip cheilitis (i.e., red, cracked, swollen), and erythema on back, and palms (Figure). | Methods: A case study of a previously healthy Hispanic male aged 45 years with SARS-CoV-2 infection and Kawasaki-like multisystem inflammatory syndrome. Limitations: Atypical features of multisystem inflammatory syndrome presented; single case. | Implications of both studies (Sokolovsky et al. & Shaigany et al.): Similarly, to MIS-C being identified in children, clinicians and public health officials need to be vigilant about COVID-19-associated cases of Kawasaki-like illness in adults. Robust studies are needed to understand the extent of Kawasaki-like illness in adults. SE - e8 SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - e8-e10 ST - An adult with Kawasaki-like multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated with COVID-19 T2 - Lancet TI - An adult with Kawasaki-like multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated with COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32659211 VL - 396 ID - 553 ER - TY - JOUR AB - As the SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) pandemic persists across the US and the world, the spotlight on vaccine science has never been more intense. Researchers across the globe are working rapidly to produce a potential vaccine, and 7 candidates are already in clinical trials. Operation Warp Speed, the vaccine development project announced by President Trump, has advocated for a vaccine to be made available in the US by the beginning of 2021. But for scientists and physicians, the term “warp speed�?should trigger concern. Good science requires rigor, discipline, and deliberate caution. Any medical therapy approved for public use in the absence of extensive safeguards has the potential to cause harm, not only for COVID-19 prevention efforts and vaccine recipients, but also for public trust in vaccination efforts worldwide. AD - NYU Langone Health, New York, New York. AN - 32453392 AU - Trogen, B. | Oshinsky, D. | Caplan, A. C1 - 2020-06-05 C2 - Vaccine Development and Cliniacl Trials CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060520_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 23 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.8917 ET - 2020/05/27 IS - 24 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | Coronavirus Infections/*prevention & control | *Drug Approval | Drug Industry/history | Health Communication/methods | History, 20th Century | Humans | Immunization Programs/*organization & administration | Pandemics/*prevention & control | *Patient Acceptance of Health Care | Pneumonia, Viral/*prevention & control | Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated/adverse effects/history | SARS-CoV-2 | Safety/standards | Trust | United States | Vaccination Refusal | *Viral Vaccines/adverse effects L1 - internal-pdf://2493573966/Trogen-2020-Adverse Consequences of Rushing a.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Trogen, Brit; Oshinsky, David; Caplan, Arthur; eng; Historical Article; JAMA. 2020 Jun 23;323(24):2460-2461. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.8917. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Cautions against rushing a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine to market; highlights the importance of having enough data, including clinical trials, for vaccine development. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 2460-2461 ST - Adverse Consequences of Rushing a SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine: Implications for Public Trust T2 - JAMA TI - Adverse Consequences of Rushing a SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine: Implications for Public Trust UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32453392 VL - 323 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 324 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Concerns over the safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use during severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection have been raised. We studied whether use of NSAIDs was associated with adverse outcomes and mortality during SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We conducted a population-based cohort study using Danish administrative and health registries. We included individuals who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 during the period 27 February 2020 to 29 April 2020. NSAID users (defined as individuals having filled a prescription for NSAIDs up to 30 days before the SARS-CoV-2 test) were matched to up to 4 non-users on calendar week of the test date and propensity scores based on age, sex, relevant comorbidities, and use of selected prescription drugs. The main outcome was 30-day mortality, and NSAID users were compared to non-users using risk ratios (RRs) and risk differences (RDs). Secondary outcomes included hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mechanical ventilation, and acute renal replacement therapy. A total of 9,236 SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive individuals were eligible for inclusion. The median age in the study cohort was 50 years, and 58% were female. Of these, 248 (2.7%) had filled a prescription for NSAIDs, and 535 (5.8%) died within 30 days. In the matched analyses, treatment with NSAIDs was not associated with 30-day mortality (RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.57 to 1.82, p = 0.95; RD 0.1%, 95% CI -3.5% to 3.7%, p = 0.95), risk of hospitalization (RR 1.16, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.53, p = 0.31; RD 3.3%, 95% CI -3.4% to 10%, p = 0.33), ICU admission (RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.54 to 2.02, p = 0.90; RD 0.2%, 95% CI -3.0% to 3.4%, p = 0.90), mechanical ventilation (RR 1.14, 95% CI 0.56 to 2.30, p = 0.72; RD 0.5%, 95% CI -2.5% to 3.6%, p = 0.73), or renal replacement therapy (RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.24 to 3.09, p = 0.81; RD -0.2%, 95% CI -2.0% to 1.6%, p = 0.81). The main limitations of the study are possible exposure misclassification, as not all individuals who fill an NSAID prescription use the drug continuously, and possible residual confounding by indication, as NSAIDs may generally be prescribed to healthier individuals due to their side effects, but on the other hand may also be prescribed for early symptoms of severe COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: Use of NSAIDs was not associated with 30-day mortality, hospitalization, ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, or renal replacement therapy in Danish individuals who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The European Union electronic Register of Post-Authorisation Studies EUPAS34734. AD - Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. | Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. | Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. | Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. | Department of Medical Evaluation and Biostatistics, Danish Medicines Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark. AN - 32898149 AU - Lund, L. C. | Kristensen, K. B. | Reilev, M. | Christensen, S. | Thomsen, R. W. | Christiansen, C. F. | Stovring, H. | Johansen, N. B. | Brun, N. C. | Hallas, J. | Pottegard, A. C1 - 2020-09-18 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091820_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003308 ET - 2020/09/09 IS - 9 KW - Adult | Aged | *Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/adverse effects | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Cohort Studies | *Coronavirus Infections/mortality/virology | Denmark | Drug Prescriptions | Female | Hospitalization | Humans | Intensive Care Units | Kidney | Male | Middle Aged | Odds Ratio | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral/mortality/virology | Renal Dialysis | Respiration, Artificial | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://0475800144/Lund-2020-Adverse outcomes and mortality in us.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Lund, Lars Christian; Kristensen, Kasper Bruun; Reilev, Mette; Christensen, Steffen; Thomsen, Reimar Wernich; Christiansen, Christian Fynbo; Stovring, Henrik; Johansen, Nanna Borup; Brun, Nikolai Constantin; Hallas, Jesper; Pottegard, Anton; eng; PLoS Med. 2020 Sep 8;17(9):e1003308. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003308. eCollection 2020 Sep. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID)s for treatment of symptoms related to COVID-19 infection was not associated with an increased risk of 30-day mortality. | The NSAID user group had a mortality of 6.3%, (95% CI: 3.1% to 9.4%) while non-users had a mortality of 6.1% (95% CI 4.4% to 7.8%). | The NSAID user group did not have an increased risk of hospitalization, ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, or renal replacement therapy compared with the non-users group. | Methods: Population-based cohort study of all individuals who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR between February 27 and April 29, 2020 in Denmark. Infected individuals were grouped according to those who did (n = 248) or did not (n = 8,988) have a prescription filled for NSAIDs up to 30 days prior to diagnosis. Limitations: Potential misclassification of non-users and users as it is not known if NSAIDs were taken. | Implications: It is reassuring that NSAIDs do not appear to lead to a more severe course of COVID-19 as this class of drugs offers benefit in the treatment of constitutional symptoms associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. SN - 1549-1676 (Electronic); 1549-1277 (Linking) SP - e1003308 ST - Adverse outcomes and mortality in users of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2: A Danish nationwide cohort study T2 - PLoS Med TI - Adverse outcomes and mortality in users of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2: A Danish nationwide cohort study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32898149 VL - 17 ID - 917 ER - TY - JOUR AB - On December 11, 2020, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 (BNT162b2) vaccine (Pfizer, Inc; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), a lipid nanoparticle-formulated, nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccine encoding the prefusion spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (1). Vaccination with the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine consists of 2 doses (30 μg, 0.3 mL each) administered intramuscularly, 3 weeks apart. On December 12, 2020, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) issued an interim recommendation* for use of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine in persons aged �?6 years for the prevention of COVID-19. To guide its deliberations regarding the vaccine, ACIP employed the Evidence to Recommendation (EtR) Framework,(�? using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach.(��) The recommendation for the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine should be implemented in conjunction with ACIP's interim recommendation for allocating initial supplies of COVID-19 vaccines (2). The ACIP recommendation for the use of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine under EUA is interim and will be updated as additional information becomes available. AN - 33332292 AU - Oliver, S. E. | Gargano, J. W. | Marin, M. | Wallace, M. | Curran, K. G. | Chamberland, M. | McClung, N. | Campos-Outcalt, D. | Morgan, R. L. | Mbaeyi, S. | Romero, J. R. | Talbot, H. K. | Lee, G. M. | Bell, B. P. | Dooling, K. C1 - 2020-12-22 C2 - PMC7745957 Journal Editors form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed. CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/122220_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 18 DO - 10.15585/mmwr.mm6950e2 DP - NLM ET - 2020/12/18 IS - 50 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems | Advisory Committees | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/*administration & dosage/adverse effects | Drug Approval | Humans | Immunization/*standards | Middle Aged | *Practice Guidelines as Topic | United States/epidemiology | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://3675591689/33332292.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - 1545-861x; Oliver, Sara E; Gargano, Julia W; Marin, Mona; Wallace, Megan; Curran, Kathryn G; Chamberland, Mary; McClung, Nancy; Campos-Outcalt, Doug; Morgan, Rebecca L; Mbaeyi, Sarah; Romero, José R; Talbot, H Keipp; Lee, Grace M; Bell, Beth P; Dooling, Kathleen; Journal Article; MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 Dec 18;69(50):1922-1924. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6950e2. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Implications: In a remarkable historical public health achievement, the FDA approvedexternal icon the first mRNA COVID-19 vaccine that was developed in record time and that achieved 95% efficacy in a large randomized trial with minimal adverse events. Implementation should follow ACIP’s interim guidance, however there remains open questions, pointed out in Callaway et alexternal icon., such as how much protection the vaccine offers, to whom, and for how long. SN - 0149-2195 (Print); 0149-2195 SP - 1922-1924 ST - The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices' Interim Recommendation for Use of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine - United States, December 2020 T2 - MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep TI - The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices' Interim Recommendation for Use of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine - United States, December 2020 UR - http://www.cy118119.com/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6950e2.htm VL - 69 ID - 1890 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The ongoing outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread rapidly on a global scale. Although it is clear that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is transmitted through human respiratory droplets and direct contact, the potential for aerosol transmission is poorly understood(1-3). Here we investigated the aerodynamic nature of SARS-CoV-2 by measuring viral RNA in aerosols in different areas of two Wuhan hospitals during the outbreak of COVID-19 in February and March 2020. The concentration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in aerosols that was detected in isolation wards and ventilated patient rooms was very low, but it was higher in the toilet areas used by the patients. Levels of airborne SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the most public areas was undetectable, except in two areas that were prone to crowding; this increase was possibly due to individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 in the crowd. We found that some medical staff areas initially had high concentrations of viral RNA with aerosol size distributions that showed peaks in the submicrometre and/or supermicrometre regions; however, these levels were reduced to undetectable levels after implementation of rigorous sanitization procedures. Although we have not established the infectivity of the virus detected in these hospital areas, we propose that SARS-CoV-2 may have the potential to be transmitted through aerosols. Our results indicate that room ventilation, open space, sanitization of protective apparel, and proper use and disinfection of toilet areas can effectively limit the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in aerosols. Future work should explore the infectivity of aerosolized virus. AD - State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China. | Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, P. R. China. zhining@ust.hk. | State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China. chenyu@whu.edu.cn. | Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, P. R. China. | Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai, P. R. China. | School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China. | JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, P. R. China. kfho@cuhk.edu.hk. | School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China. kanh@fudan.edu.cn. | Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, Shanghai, P. R. China. qingyanf@sheemc.cn. | State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China. klan@whu.edu.cn. AN - 32340022 AU - Liu, Y. | Ning, Z. | Chen, Y. | Guo, M. | Liu, Y. | Gali, N. K. | Sun, L. | Duan, Y. | Cai, J. | Westerdahl, D. | Liu, X. | Xu, K. | Ho, K. F. | Kan, H. | Fu, Q. | Lan, K. C1 - 2020-05-08 C2 - Modeling and Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050820_covidupdate.html DA - Jun DO - 10.1038/s41586-020-2271-3 ET - 2020/04/28 IS - 7813 KW - Aerosols/*analysis/*chemistry | *Bathroom Equipment | Betacoronavirus/genetics/*isolation & purification | Covid-19 | China/epidemiology | Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/prevention & control/transmission/*virology | Crowding | Disinfection | *Hospitals | Humans | Intensive Care Units | Masks | Medical Staff | Pandemics/prevention & control | Patients/statistics & numerical data | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/prevention & control/transmission/*virology | RNA, Viral/analysis | SARS-CoV-2 | Social Isolation | Ventilation | *Workplace L1 - internal-pdf://1527245614/Liu-2020-Aerodynamic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Liu, Yuan; Ning, Zhi; Chen, Yu; Guo, Ming; Liu, Yingle; Gali, Nirmal Kumar; Sun, Li; Duan, Yusen; Cai, Jing; Westerdahl, Dane; Liu, Xinjin; Xu, Ke; Ho, Kin-Fai; Kan, Haidong; Fu, Qingyan; Lan, Ke; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Nature. 2020 Jun;582(7813):557-560. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2271-3. Epub 2020 Apr 27. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In patient areas, the concentration of aerosolized SARS-CoV-2 RNA was higher in unventilated spaces than ventilated spaces; it was high in a small unventilated patient bathroom (1 m3). | In some areas accessed by medical staff, concentrations of aerosolized SARS-CoV2 RNA were higher, especially where staff removed personal protective equipment in hospital #2. | RNA-evidence of SARS-CoV-2 became undetectable after thorough sanitation procedures were implemented. | Concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 particles were low in most public areas, except for 2 high-traffic areas: outside a department store and outside hospital #1. | Methods: During February and March 2020, authors took air samples from 30 sites in public areas and 2 hospitals treating COVID-19 patients. Hospital #1 was designated to treat more severe COVID-19 patients, and hospital #2 was a “makeshift�?healthcare setting repurposed from a large multipurpose facility. Samples were taken from areas: (1) where patients were treated, (2) only accessed by medical staff who were exposed to COVID-19 patients, and (3) open to the public, such as inside the hospital pharmacy and outside the hospital. Authors determined aerosolized concentration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA using droplet digital PCR-based detection. Limitations: Concentration of viral RNA may not represent infectivity; no cultures were performed, so it is unclear whether RNA detected was from active virus; the relationship between viral particle size and infectivity is unknown; authors could not establish whether aerosolized SARS-CoV-2 was resuspended from surrounding fomites, other patients or staff, or remained in the air for long periods of time. | Implications: Viral RNA was detected in patient areas, medical staff areas, and public areas, but concentrations were relatively low and viral infectivity was not established. This study does not conclusively demonstrate that airborne transmission can occur, but suggests that transmission risk may be limited through ventilation and sanitation of frequently used areas (e.g., toilets), social distancing, and use of masks in public. SN - 1476-4687 (Electronic); 0028-0836 (Linking) SP - 557-560 ST - Aerodynamic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in two Wuhan hospitals T2 - Nature TI - Aerodynamic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in two Wuhan hospitals UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32340022 VL - 582 ID - 163 ER - TY - JOUR AB - There is limited information concerning the viral load of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in aerosols deposited on environmental surfaces and the effectiveness of infection prevention and control procedures on eliminating SARS-CoV-2 contamination in hospital settings. We examined the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 in aerosol samples and on environmental surfaces in a hospital designated for treating severe COVID-19 patients. Aerosol samples were collected by a microbial air sampler, and environmental surfaces were sampled using sterile premoistened swabs at multiple sites. Ninety surface swabs and 135 aerosol samples were collected. Only two swabs, sampled from the inside of a patient's mask, were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. All other swabs and aerosol samples were negative for the virus. Our study indicated that strict implementation of infection prevention and control procedures was highly effective in eliminating aerosol and environmental borne SARS-CoV-2 RNA thereby reducing the risk of cross-infection in hospitals. AD - Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430022, China. | Hospital Infection Control Department, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430022, China. AN - 32660668 AU - Li, Y. H. | Fan, Y. Z. | Jiang, L. | Wang, H. B. C1 - 2020-07-24 C2 - Prevention C7 - e154 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072420_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 14 DB - Cambridge Core DO - 10.1017/S0950268820001570 DP - Cambridge University Press ET - 2020/07/15 KW - Aerosols | Betacoronavirus/genetics/*isolation & purification | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*prevention & control/transmission/*virology | Cross Infection/*prevention & control/transmission/virology | Environment | Environmental Microbiology | Hospitals, University | Humans | Masks/virology | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*prevention & control/transmission/*virology | RNA, Viral/*isolation & purification | SARS-CoV-2 | *Viral Load | *Aerosol | *SARS-CoV-2 | *environmental surface L1 - internal-pdf://3862713940/Li-2020-Aerosol and environmental surface moni.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Li, Y H; Fan, Y Z; Jiang, L; Wang, H B; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Epidemiol Infect. 2020 Jul 14;148:e154. doi: 10.1017/S0950268820001570. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Rigorous implementation of infection prevention and control procedures (cleaning) reduced aerosol and environmental-borne SARS-CoV-2 RNA in a hospital designed to care for COVID-19 patients. SN - 1469-4409 (Electronic); 0950-2688 (Linking) SP - e154 ST - Aerosol and environmental surface monitoring for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in a designated hospital for severe COVID-19 patients T2 - Epidemiol Infect TI - Aerosol and environmental surface monitoring for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in a designated hospital for severe COVID-19 patients UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32660668 VL - 148 ID - 586 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The potential airborne transmission of COVID-19 has raised significant concerns regarding the safety of musical activities involving wind instruments. However, currently, there is a lack of systematic study and quantitative information of the aerosol generation during these instruments, which is crucial for offering risk assessment and the corresponding mitigation strategies for the reopening of these activities. Collaborating with 15 musicians from the Minnesota Orchestra, we conduct a systematic study of the aerosol generation from a large variety of wind instruments under different music dynamic levels and articulation patterns. We find that the aerosol concentration from different brass and woodwinds exhibits two orders of magnitude variation. Accordingly, we categorize the instruments into low (tuba), intermediate (piccolo, flute, bass clarinet, French horn, and clarinet) and high risk (trumpet, bass trombone, and oboe) levels based on a comparison of their aerosol generation with those from normal breathing and speaking. In addition, we observe that the aerosol generation can be affected by the changing dynamic level, articulation pattern, the normal respiratory behaviors of individuals, and even the usage of some special techniques during the instrument play. However, such effects vary substantially for different types of instrument, depending on specific breathing techniques as well as the tube structure and inlet design of the instrument. Overall, our findings can bring insights into the risk assessment of airborne decrease transmission and the corresponding mitigation strategies for various musical activities involving wind instrument plays, including orchestras, community and worship bands, music classes, etc.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis work was support by the School of Medicine of the University of Minnesota.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:STUDY00009795: Aerosol generation during human activities was approved by the IRB of the University of Minnesota.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThe data will be available upon request. AD - Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA. | Saint Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA. AN - 32952210 AU - He, Ruichen | Gao, Linyue | Trifonov, Maximilian | Hong, Jiarong C1 - 2020-08-18 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/081820_covidupdate.html DA - Jan DO - 10.1101/2020.08.03.20167833 ET - 2020/09/22 KW - Aerosol concentration | Aerosol size distribution | Aerosol transmission | Articulation | Dynamic level | Wind instruments | personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in | this paper. L1 - internal-pdf://3447117857/He-2020-Aerosol Generation from Different Wind.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - He, Ruichen | Gao, Linyue | Trifonov, Maximilian | Hong, Jiarong | eng | England | J Aerosol Sci. 2021 Jan;151:105669. doi: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105669. Epub 2020 Sep 16. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Production of respiratory particles from playing different brass and woodwinds exhibited wide variation (Figure). | Compared with normal breathing and speaking, the tuba produced a lower concentration of respiratory particles in the 5-20 μm range, whereas other instruments produced intermediate (equivalent) or higher concentrations. | Methods: Concentration of respiratory particles 0.5-20 μm was measured when 10 different instruments were played and compared with that from normal speaking and breathing. Limitations: Instruments played alone and not in groups. | Implications: Understanding the concentrations of respiratory particles produced by different wind instruments can inform considerations for return-to-play decisions for various musical activities. | SN - 0021-8502 (Print) | 0021-8502 (Linking) SP - 2020.08.03.20167833 ST - Aerosol Generation from Different Wind Instruments T2 - medRxiv TI - Aerosol Generation from Different Wind Instruments TT - Published article: Aerosol generation from different wind instruments UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2020/08/11/2020.08.03.20167833.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/09/07/2020.08.03.20167833.full.pdf VL - 151 ID - 2028 ER - TY - JOUR AD - From ICAP at Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, New York. AN - 32302075 AU - El-Sadr, W. M. | Justman, J. C1 - 2020-04-24 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/042420_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 16 DO - 10.1056/NEJMp2008193 ET - 2020/04/18 IS - 3 KW - Africa/epidemiology | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Communicable Disease Control | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/prevention & control | Health Resources/supply & distribution | Humans | Pandemics/prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/prevention & control | SARS-CoV-2 | Sanitation L1 - internal-pdf://1196615480/El-Sadr-2020-Africa in the Path of Covid-19.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - El-Sadr, Wafaa M; Justman, Jessica; eng; N Engl J Med. 2020 Jul 16;383(3):e11. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2008193. Epub 2020 Apr 17. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Although African countries reported a combined ~14,000 cases as of April 13, challenges are numerous (e.g., ICU beds, ability to social distance) and will require global coordination. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - e11 ST - Africa in the Path of Covid-19 T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Africa in the Path of Covid-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32302075 VL - 383 ID - 76 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Allergy/Immunology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA. | Department of Pediatrics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA. AN - 32469426 AU - Bandi, S. | Nevid, M. Z. | Mahdavinia, M. C1 - 2020-06-12 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061220_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1111/pai.13298 ET - 2020/05/30 IS - 7 KW - Adolescent | *African Americans | Asthma/complications/ethnology | COVID-19/diagnosis/*ethnology/etiology | Chicago/epidemiology | Child | Child, Preschool | Female | Humans | Infant | Infant, Newborn | Logistic Models | Male | Risk Factors | *covid-19 | *asthma | *pediatrics | *race | *risk factors L1 - internal-pdf://1149104661/Bandi-2020-African American children are at hi.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Bandi, Sindhura; Nevid, Michael Z; Mahdavinia, Mahboobeh; eng; KL2 TR002387/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; Brinson Foundation/International; KL2TR002387-02/Foundation for the National Institutes of Health/International; Letter; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2020 Oct;31(7):861-864. doi: 10.1111/pai.13298. Epub 2020 Jun 10. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 5.3% (25/474) children tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. | 5 were hospitalized; 3 of whom were admitted to pediatric ICU (PICU). | 80% (4/5) of hospitalized children and all children admitted to PICU were African American (AA). | Age and race/ethnicity were associated with positive SARS-CoV-2 RNA results. | Children with positive results were older than those with negative results (9.3 vs. 4.9 years, respectively). | Percent testing positive was higher for AA (6.8% (14/250)) and Hispanic (6.6% (2/119)) compared with non-Hispanic white children (1.7% (2/119)). | Asthma was not associated with positive test result. | Methods: 474 children (<18 years old) in Chicago with fever, cough, dyspnea, myalgia, sore throat, or anosmia were tested by RT-PCR. Demographics, risk factors, and asthma status were recorded. Associations were evaluated by unadjusted and adjusted (age, race, gender) logistic regression and random step-wise matching. Limitations: Small sample size; asymptomatic children not tested. | Implications: AA and Hispanic children might be at higher risk for COVID-19 infection, and AA children may have a more severe infection course. Older children might also be at higher risk for COVID-19 infection. Studies are needed to corroborate these findings. SN - 1399-3038 (Electronic); 0905-6157 (Linking) SP - 861-864 ST - African American children are at higher risk of COVID-19 infection T2 - Pediatr Allergy Immunol TI - African American children are at higher risk of COVID-19 infection UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32469426 VL - 31 ID - 368 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVES: Our study aims to explore the differential impact of this pandemic on clinical presentations and outcomes in African Americans (AAs) compared to white patients. BACKGROUND: AAs have worse outcomes compared to whites while facing heart diseases, stroke, cancer, asthma, influenza and pneumonia, diabetes, and HIV/AIDS. However, there is no current study to show the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the AA communities. METHODS: This is a retrospective study that included patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 from 2 tertiary centers in New Orleans, LA. Clinical and laboratory data were collected. Multivariate analyses were performed to identify the risk factors associated with adverse events. RESULTS: A total of 157 patients were identified. Of these, 134 (77%) were AAs, whereas 23.4% of patients were Whites. Interestingly, AA were younger, with a mean age of 63 +/- 13.4 compared to 75.7 +/- 23 years in Whites (P < 0.001). Thirty-seven patients presented with no insurance, and 34 of them were AA. SOFA Score was significantly higher in AA (2.57 +/- 2.1) compared to White patients (1.69 +/- 1.7), P = 0.041. Elevated SOFA score was associated with higher odds for intubation (odds ratio = 1.6, 95% confidence interval = 1.32-1.93, P < 0.001). AA had more prolonged length of hospital stays (11.1 +/- 13.4 days vs 7.7 +/- 23 days) than in Whites, P = 0.01. CONCLUSION: AAs present with more advanced disease and eventually have worse outcomes from COVID-19 infection. Future studies are warranted for further investigations that should impact the need for providing additional resources to the AA communities. AD - Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA. | University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA. AN - 33759842 AU - Kandil, E. | Attia, A. S. | Youssef, M. R. | Hussein, M. | Ibraheem, K. | Abdelgawad, M. | Al-Qurayshi, Z. | Duchesne, J. C1 - 2020-08-11 C2 - COVID-19 Related Health Disparities CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/081120_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 1 DO - 10.1097/SLA.0000000000004185 ET - 2021/03/25 IS - 3 KW - *African Americans | Aged | COVID-19/*ethnology | European Continental Ancestry Group | Female | Humans | Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data | Male | Middle Aged | New Orleans | Organ Dysfunction Scores | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*ethnology/virology | Retrospective Studies | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | United States L1 - internal-pdf://1393790197/Kandil-2020-African Americans Struggle With th.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Kandil, Emad; Attia, Abdallah S; Youssef, Mohanad R; Hussein, Mohammad; Ibraheem, Kareem; Abdelgawad, Mohamed; Al-Qurayshi, Zaid; Duchesne, Juan; eng; Comparative Study; Multicenter Study; Ann Surg. 2020 Sep 1;272(3):e187-e190. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000004185. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Hospitalized African Americans with COVID-19 were over-represented in hospital admissions (77% African American; 23% Caucasians) and of younger age (63 years old) than Caucasians (76 years old). SN - 1528-1140 (Electronic); 0003-4932 (Linking) SP - e187-e190 ST - African Americans Struggle With the Current COVID-19 T2 - Ann Surg TI - African Americans Struggle With the Current COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33759842 VL - 272 ID - 687 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Increased mortality has been demonstrated in older adults with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but the effect of frailty has been unclear.This multi-centre cohort study involved patients aged 18 years and older hospitalised with COVID-19, using routinely collected data. We used Cox regression analysis to assess the impact of age, frailty and delirium on the risk of inpatient mortality, adjusting for sex, illness severity, inflammation and co-morbidities. We used ordinal logistic regression analysis to assess the impact of age, Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) and delirium on risk of increased care requirements on discharge, adjusting for the same variables.Data from 5,711 patients from 55 hospitals in 12 countries were included (median age 74, interquartile range [IQR] 54�?3; 55.2% male). The risk of death increased independently with increasing age (>80 versus 18�?9: hazard ratio [HR] 3.57, confidence interval [CI] 2.54�?.02), frailty (CFS 8 versus 1�?: HR 3.03, CI 2.29�?.00) inflammation, renal disease, cardiovascular disease and cancer, but not delirium. Age, frailty (CFS 7 versus 1�?: odds ratio 7.00, CI 5.27�?.32), delirium, dementia and mental health diagnoses were all associated with increased risk of higher care needs on discharge. The likelihood of adverse outcomes increased across all grades of CFS from 4 to 9.Age and frailty are independently associated with adverse outcomes in COVID-19. Risk of increased care needs was also increased in survivors of COVID-19 with frailty or older age. AN - 33543243 AU - Alsahab, Mustafa | Beishon, Lucy | Brown, Bryony | Burn, Elinor | Burton, Jenni K. | Cox, Natalie | Dani, Melanie | Elhadi, Muhammed | Freshwater, Sarah | Gaunt, Victoria | Gordon, Adam | Goujon, Marie | Hale, Matthew | Hughes, Terry | Jackson, Thomas A. | Jelley, Benjamin | Khan, Asma | Khiroya, Heena | Lal, Rajni | Madden, Katy | Magill, Laura | Masoli, Jane | Masud, Tahir | McCluskey, Lauren | McNeela, Natalie | Mohammedseid-Nurhussien, Awolkhier | Moorey, Hannah | Lochlainn, Mary Ni | Nirantharakumar, Krishnarajah | Okoth, Kelvin | Osuafor, Christopher N. | Patterson, Katherine | Pearson, Grace M. E. | Perry, Rita | Pettitt, Michala | Pigott, Jennifer | Pinkney, Thomas | Quinn, Terence | Reynolds, Abigail | Richardson, Sarah | Sanyal, Nik | Seed, Adam | Sleeman, Isobel | Soo, Chee | Steves, Claire | Strain, W. David | Taylor, Joanne | Torsney, Kelli | Welch, Carly | Wilson, Daisy | Witham, Miles | Elazeem, Hossam Aldein S. Abd | Abdelhafez, Mohammed H. | Abdelmalak, Amir | Abdelwahab, Omar A. | Abdulhadi, Osama M. A. S. | Adewole, Olubayode | Ahmad, Mohammed | Ahmed, Eltayeb A. | Ahmed, Hazem | Ahmed, Islam A. | Akcay, Mertcan | Akdeniz, Yeşim | Ak�\n, Emrah | Akladious, Carolyn | Alessandri, Francesco | Ali, Ali | Aljafari, Abdulmalek | Aljafari, Abdulmoiz | Al-Sadawi, Mohammed | Al-Sodani, Lobna | Altintoprak, Fatih | Amaratungaz, Gitanjali | Amer, Jocelyn | Amini, Sylvia | Amir, Taha | Anandarajah, Cheran | Anders, Rachael | Ansari, Muhammed H. | Appiah, Kingsley | Atia, Jolene | Atkin, Catherine | Aujayeb, Avinash | Awad, Elsayed M. | Azab, Mohammed A. | Azam, Mohammad T. | Aziz, Sally | Azzam, Ahmed Y. | Babar, Laxmi | Babb, Laura | Badh, Manpreet | Baguneid, Clare | Bailey, Emily | Baili, Efstratia | Baldwin, Sarah | Baloyiannis, Ioannis | Bannerjee, Moulinath | Barnard, Anna | Barra, Fabio | Bashir, Hannah | Bawor, Monica | Bayhan, Zülfü | Beishon, Lucy | Belcher, James | Belgamwar, Ravindra | Bentley, Corrina | Birchenough, Amy | Bo, Yen Nee J. | Boden, Hayley R. | Bouhuwaish, Ahmad | Brachini, Gioia | Bremner, Laura | Bridgwater, Hannah | Bryant, Catherine | Budd, Gabrielle | Budd, Sharon | Budzikoski, Adam | Bulla, Reem | Buondonno, Antonio | Buondonno, Antonio | Burden, Nicole | Burn, Elinor | Butt, Hejab | Capoglu, Recayi | Caracostea, Andra | Cardoso, Rifa | Carr, Alexis | Carrasco-Prats, Milagros | Cattel, Caterina | Ceccarelli, Giancarlo | Cecere, Giuseppe | Charalabopoulos, Alexandros | Charsley, Evelyn | Cheney-Lowe, Hannah | Chevallier, Theodore | Choudhry, Asad J. | Ciccarone, Flavia | Cicerchia, Pierfranco M. | Cirillo, Bruno | Collins, Fatma D. | Comerford, Victoria | Cordie, Ahmed | Coulter, Siobhan | Coulthard, Nick | Cox, Catrin | Cox, Victoria | Crowe, Andrew | Cullen, Jack | Cummings, Jean | Cunningham, Niamh | Curley, Daniel | Currie, Hannah | Daly, Madeleine | Darley, Jay | Dattani, Nikhita | Davakis, Spyridon | Davies, Rowan | De Paola, Gilda | De Toma, Giorgio | Del Valle-Ruiz, Sergio | Deldar, Benyamin | Demir, Hakan | Desai, Arjun | Desai, Nirali | Devaney, Alice | Dew, Lindsey | Dhesi, Jugdeep | Dias, Maria | Dick, Gordon | Doddamani, Parveen | Dogra, Gurinder | Doll, Tina | Dooley, Hannah C. | Dost, Samiullah | Dotchin, Catherine | Dowell, Hannah | Draghita, Ioan M. | Dundas, James M. | Duranti, Giulia | Dusara, Hiren | Dwivedi, Rajesh | Dyer, Adam H. | Eastaugh, Alison | Edwards, Elinor | Elghazaly, Shrouk M. | Elmehrath, Ahmed O. | Elrick, Hope | El-Shazly, Mostafa | Emery, Alexander | Etchill, Eric W. | Evans, Sarah | Evison, Felicity | Fairhead, Cassandra | Faulkner, Margherita | Felska, Agnieszka | Fernandez, Antia | Fern֙ndez-Fern֙ndez, Pedro V. | Ferraiolo, Antonella | Ferrero, Simone | Fiori, Enrico | Firat, Necattin | Fisk, Gracie | Fleck, Anna | Fonsi, Giovanni B. | Gabre-Kidan, Alodia | Gallo, Gaetano | Gandhi, Ratnam | Garner, Madeleine | Georgiou, Nikolaos | Gerretsen, Hannah | Ghannam, Nourhan A. A. | Ghobrial, Andrew | Ghobrial, Hedra | Ghufoor, Zaynub | Gibbon, Jake | Gilbert, Georgia F. | Giles, Marie | Giménez-Francés, Clara | Gonullu, Emre | Gray, Amy | Gray, Joshua H. | Green, Deirdre | Greene, Charlotte | Griffin, Ellanna | Griffith, Karla | Grubb, Anthony | Guan, Yue | Guerero, Daniel N. | Gupta, Ayushi | Gustavino, Claudio | Guzman, Laurenny | Hadreiez, Ahmed K. M. | Hajiioannou, Jiannis | Hanji, Deevia | Madhavan, Deepthy Hari | Harmantepe, Tar�\k | Harrison, Patrick | Hart, Barbara | Haslam, Aidan | Haunton, Victoria | Haut, Elliott R. | Heinsohn, Torben | Hennah, Lindsay | Hetta, Helal F. | Hickman, Alexander | Hobill, Abigail | Hogan, Patrick C. P. | Hogan, Vesna | Holmes, Elizabeth | Honney, Katie | Hood, Katharine | Hopkinson, Katherine | Howells, Lara | Hrouda, Nicole | Hunsley, Danielle | Hurst, William | Hussein, Rand A. | Ibrahim, Mohamed Eltaher A. A. | Ibtida, Ishmam | Ibukunoluwakitan, Aina | Ishlek, Irem | Iyer, Rishi | Jackson, Karl | Jackson, Rosie | James, Ellen | Jarvis, Hayley | Jeffs, Sophie | Jenko, Nathan | Jeyakumar, Sasha | Kabir, Shahriar | Kainth, Harjinder | Kalloo, Jason | Kanzaria, Akhil | Karapanou, Amalia | Kardaman, Nuha | Karthikeyan, Sandeep | Karunatilleke, Anne | Kelly, Mairead | Kelly, Nicola I. | Khalid, Hesham | Khan, Haris | Khan, Muhammad S. | King, Matthew | Kneen, Thomas | Kok, Li | Kratochwila, Chiara | Kuzeva, Aneliya | Lapolla, Pierfrancesco | Lau, Rebecca | Law, Kar Yee | Leadbetter, Aimee | Lee, Gabriel | Lee, Helena | Lee, Helena | Levinson, Gavriella | Lewis, Grace | Liakakos, Theodore | Lim, Stephen | Lis, Danielle | Livesey, Emma | L�Qpez-Morales, Pedro | Lowes, Lily | Lunt, Eleanor | Lyon, Emily | Madan, Suvira | Majid, Zeinab | Malapati, Harsha | Man, Jade | Mandane, Baguiasri | Manning, Sarah H. | Mantoglu, Baris | Mart�Tnez-Sanz, Nuria | Marx, William | Masood, Almontacer E. B. | Maughan, Tom | Mawhinney, Jamie | Maxfield, Dominic | Mayer, Jordan | Maynard, Henry | McDonald, Claire | McGovern, Aine | McLachlan, Sophie | Medina-Manuel, Esther | Meneghini, Simona | Metcalf, Michelle | Millwood-Hargrave, John | Mingoli, Andrea | Miu, Kelvin | Mohamed, Fawsiya | Mohamed, Soha M. | Hussein, Aliae A. R. Mohamed | Mohammad, Abdulkader | Mohammed, Aaliya | Momen, Ahmed A. | Moomo, Farhana | Mora-Guzm֙n, Ismael | Moriarty, Lizzie | Morrin, Hamilton | Morris, Claire | Moss, Nicholas | Moustafa, Mohamed M. | Mpoura, Maria | Mubin, Mohammed | Muhtaroglu, Ali | Muir, Georgina | Mulhern, Stephanie | Muller, Daniel | Murphy, Declan C. | Muzammil, Bushra | Nadkarni, Varun | Nageh, Mariam Albatoul | NasrEldin, Yasmin K. | Nawaz, Wasim | Nguyen, Hanna | Cheallaigh, Cliona Ni | Noar, Alexander | North, Samuel | Nwolu, Favour | O’Docherty, Alice | Odutola, Omoteniola | O’Dwyer, Sinead | Ogochukwu, Olebu | O’Mahony, Catherine | Orlando, Lia | Osterdahl, Marc | Page, Christina | Panayotidis, Ismini | Pancholi, Shivam | Parkin, Jessica | Passby, Lauren C. | Pastor-Pérez, Patricia | Patel, Harnish | Patel, Shefali | Penfold, Rose | Perinpanathan, Rupini | Perivoliotis, Konstantinos | Perra, Teresa | Pinkney, Martha | Pinotti, Enrico | Porcu, Alberto | Price, Angeline | Pugliese, Francesco | Puri, Prabhleen | Pytraczyk, Sylvia | Qaiser, Yusra | Qurashi, Maria | Radenkovic, Dina | Rajeswaran, Thurkka | Rapaport, Sarah F. | Razzak, Tahmina | Reilly, Lara | Reynolds, Paul | Richardson, Alexandra | Roberts, Amelia | Roberts, Amelia | Roberts-Rhodes, Charlotte | Robinson, Tanya | Rocca, Aldo | Ross-Skinner, Emily | Ruiz-Mar�Tn, Miguel | Ryall, Rebecca | Saad, Alshaimaa M. | Saad, Mahmoud M. | Sadiq, Ambreen | Sammarco, Giuseppe | Sampanis, Michail A. | Sanghvi, Hazel | Sapienza, Paolo | Sayers, Ross | Scott, Luca | Sen, Michael | Shaban, Mosab A. A. | Shakespeare, Kathleen T. | Shaw, Ellie | Shaw, Hannah | Sheldrake, Jonathan | Sim, Sing Yang | Simonelli, Luigi | Sipsas, Nikolaos V. | Sivam, Jarita | Sivarajan, Sri | Smith, Jennifer | Speranza, Fabio | Spice, Claire | Stafford, Amanda | Stambollouian, Katharine | Stevens, Kent A. | Stewart, Jack | Stratton, Emma | Street, Hannah | Surtees, Michael | Swinnerton, Emma | Taher, Ahmed S. A. | Tait, Caroline | Taylor, Amybel | Thake, Miriam | Thin, Katie | Thould, Hannah | Thyn, Thyn | To, Benjaman | Tobiss, Hannah | Toppley, Kathryn | Townsend, Liam | Tullo, Ellen | Tzovaras, George | Umeadi, Anthony | Vaidya, Hrisheekesh | Valero-Soriano, Mar�Ta | Varden, Rosanna | Vergani, Vittoria | Vervoort, Dominique | Vescio, Giuseppina | Vettasseri, Mark | Virk, Madiha | Vyas, Vaishali | Wagland, Joanne | Wallis, Stephanie | Warner, Chloe | Watkins, Eleanor | Watson, Hannah | Webb, Rachael | Welsh, Sarah H. | West, Ruth | Whelan, Elisha | Whitney, Julie | Whitsey, Mark | Wilcock, Catherine | Wilkinson, Iain | Williams, David | Williamson, Megan | Willott, Ruth H. | Wimalasundera, Mettha | Win, Yu Lelt | Winter, Laura | Worrall, Stephanie | Wright, Rebecca | Yeo, Natalie | Yeung, Eirene | Yigit, Merve | Yildiz, Yasin A. | Yusuf, Humza | Zambon, Martina | Zaw, Hein | Elabedeen, Omar Zein | Welch, Carly C1 - 2021-02-19 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02192021_covidupdate.html DA - May 5 DO - 10.1093/ageing/afab026 ET - 2021/02/06 IS - 3 KW - Aged | *covid-19 | Cohort Studies | Female | Frail Elderly | *Frailty/diagnosis | Humans | Male | SARS-CoV-2 | Survivors | *delirium | *frailty | *mortality | *transitions of care L1 - internal-pdf://1732300314/Alsahab-2021-Age and frailty are independently.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Welch, Carly | eng | NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre | British Geriatrics Society | Multicenter Study | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | England | Age Ageing. 2021 May 5;50(3):617-630. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afab026. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Analysis of data from 5,711 hospitalized adults in 12 countries in a multi-center cohort study found that increasing age (hazard ratio [HR] 3.57, CI 2.54-5.02) and severity of frailty (HR 3.03, CI 2.29-4.00) were independently associated with increased risk of death from COVID-19. SE - 617 SN - 0002-0729; 1468-2834 SP - 617-630 ST - Age and frailty are independently associated with increased COVID-19 mortality and increased care needs in survivors: results of an international multi-centre study T2 - Age and Ageing TI - Age and frailty are independently associated with increased COVID-19 mortality and increased care needs in survivors: results of an international multi-centre study UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afab026 VL - 50 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1511 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background SARS-CoV-2 vaccines show high effectiveness against infection and (severe) disease. However, few studies estimate population level vaccine effectiveness against multiple COVID-19 outcomes, by age and including homologous and heterologous vaccine regimens.Methods Using Cox proportional hazard models on data from 4 293 544 individuals (99% of Norwegian adults), we estimated overall, age-, and product-specific vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infection, hospitalisation, ICU admission and death in Norway, using data from national registries. Vaccine status was included as time-dependent variable and we adjusted for sex, pre-existing medical conditions, country of birth, county of residence, and crowded living conditions.Findings Adjusted vaccine effectiveness among fully vaccinated is 72·1% (71·2�?3·0) against SARS-CoV-2 infection, 92·9% (91·2�?4·2) against hospitalisation, 95·5% (92·6�?7·2) against ICU admission, and 88·0% (82·5�?1·8) against death. Among partially vaccinated, the effectiveness is 24·3% (22·3�?6·2) against infection and 82·7% (77·7�?6·6) against hospitalisation. Vaccine effectiveness against infection is 84·7% (83·1-86·1) for heterologous mRNA vaccine regimens, 78·3% (76·8-79·7) for Spikevax (Moderna; mRNA-1273), 69·7% (68·6-70·8) for Comirnaty (Pfizer/BioNTech; BNT162b2), and 60·7% (57·5-63·6) for Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca; ChAdOx nCoV-19; AZD1222) with a mRNA dose among fully vaccinated.Interpretation We demonstrate good protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe disease in fully vaccinated, including heterologous vaccine regimens, which could facilitate rapid immunization. Partially vaccinated were less likely to get severe disease than unvaccinated, though protection against infection was not as high, which could be essential in making vaccine prioritisation policies especially when availability is limited.Funding Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Helse Bergen Health TrustCompeting Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis study was performed without external funding.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Ethical approval was granted by Regional Committees for Medical and Health Research Ethics (REC) South East, Norway (reference number 122745).I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesLegal restrictions prevent sharing the dataset used in this study. However, researchers are able to request access to linked data from the same registries, as per normal procedure for conducting health research on registry data in Norway. Further information on the preparedness registry, including access to data from each data source, is available at https://www.fhi.no/en/id/infectiousdiseases/coronavirus/emergency-preparedness-register-for-covid-19/ AU - Starrfelt, Jostein | Buanes, Eirik Alnes | Juvet, Lene Kristine | Lyngstad, Trude Marie | Isaksson Rø, Gunnar Øyvind | Veneti, Lamprini | Meijerink, Hinta C1 - 2021-12-03 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/12032021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1101/2021.11.12.21266222 L1 - internal-pdf://2836502156/Starrfelt-2021-Age and product dependent vacci.pdf LB - Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 4.3 million adults in Norway during January–September 2021, adjusted vaccine effectiveness (VE) against infection among fully vaccinated persons was highest among those who received a heterologous mRNA COVID-19 vaccine series (VE 84.7%, 95% CI 83.1%-86.1%), followed by mRNA-1273 (VE 78.2%, 95% CI 76.7%-79.6%), and BNT162b2 (VE 69.7%, 95% CI 68.6%-70.8%) vaccine series. SP - 2021.11.12.21266222 ST - Age and product dependent vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infection and hospitalisation among adults in Norway: a national cohort study, January �?September 2021 T2 - medRxiv TI - Age and product dependent vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infection and hospitalisation among adults in Norway: a national cohort study, January �?September 2021 UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/11/12/2021.11.12.21266222.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/11/12/2021.11.12.21266222.full.pdf ID - 2673 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Objective: We aimed to determine antibody (Ab) titres 3 months after the second dose of the BNT162b2 coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) vaccine and to explore clinical variables predicting these titres in Japan. Methods: We enrolled 378 healthcare workers (255 women, 123 men) whose blood samples were collected 91 �u 15 days after the second of two inoculations of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA vaccine (Pfizer/BioNTech) given 3 weeks apart. Medical histories and demographic characteristics were recorded using a structured self-reported questionnaire. The relationships between Ab titres and these factors were analysed. Results: Median age (interquartile range (IQR)) of the participants was 44 (32�?4) years. Median Ab titre (IQR) against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike antigen was 764 (423�?140) U/mL. Older participants had significantly lower Ab titres; median (IQR) Ab titres were 942 (675�?390) and 1095 (741�?613) U/mL in men and women in their 20s, respectively, but 490 (297�?71) and 519 (285�?61) U/mL in men and women in their 60�?0s, respectively. In the age-adjusted analysis, the only risk factors for lower Ab titres were male sex and smoking. However, the sex difference may have arisen from the sex difference in smoking rate. Moreover, Ab titres were significantly lower in current smokers than in ex-smokers. Conclusions: The most important factors associated with low Ab titres were age and smoking habit. In particular, current smoking status caused lower Ab titres, and smoking cessation before vaccination may improve the individual efficacy of the BNT162b2 vaccine AN - 34579279 AU - Nomura, Yushi | Sawahata, Michiru | Nakamura, Yosikazu | Kurihara, Momoko | Koike, Ryousuke | Katsube, Otohiro | Hagiwara, Koichi | Niho, Seiji | Masuda, Norihiro | Tanaka, Takaaki | Sugiyama, Kumiya C1 - 2021-10-08 C2 - PMC8472889 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10082021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.3390/vaccines9091042 IS - 9 L1 - internal-pdf://2890600069/Nomura-2021-Age and Smoking Predict Antibody T.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 378 fully vaccinated (BNT16b2) healthcare workers (255 women, 123 men; median age 44 years) in Japan, male gender and having ever smoked were risk factors for lower antibody (Ab) titers against SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen, after adjusting for age. In the study, 61% of men and 31% of women had ever smoked, and median Ab titers among those who ever smoked did not differ by sex. Median Ab titers were lower in current smokers than in ex-smokers (p = 0.019). SN - 2076-393X SP - 1042 ST - Age and Smoking Predict Antibody Titres at 3 Months after the Second Dose of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 Vaccine T2 - Vaccines TI - Age and Smoking Predict Antibody Titres at 3 Months after the Second Dose of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 Vaccine UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/9/9/1042 | https://mdpi-res.com/d_attachment/vaccines/vaccines-09-01042/article_deploy/vaccines-09-01042-v3.pdf VL - 9 ID - 2455 ER - TY - JOUR AB - After initial declines, in mid-2020 a resurgence in transmission of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) occurred in the United States and Europe. As efforts to control COVID-19 disease are reintensified, understanding the age demographics driving transmission and how these affect the loosening of interventions is crucial. We analyze aggregated, age-specific mobility trends from more than 10 million individuals in the United States and link these mechanistically to age-specific COVID-19 mortality data. We estimate that as of October 2020, individuals aged 20 to 49 are the only age groups sustaining resurgent SARS-CoV-2 transmission with reproduction numbers well above one and that at least 65 of 100 COVID-19 infections originate from individuals aged 20 to 49 in the United States. Targeting interventions-including transmission-blocking vaccines-to adults aged 20 to 49 is an important consideration in halting resurgent epidemics and preventing COVID-19-attributable deaths. AD - Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, UK. | Foursquare Inc., New York, NY, USA. | Emodo, San Francisco, CA, USA. | MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis; and the Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK. | Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland. | Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, UK. oliver.ratmann@imperial.ac.uk s.bhatt@imperial.ac.uk s.flaxman@imperial.ac.uk. | MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis; and the Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics (J-IDEA), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK. oliver.ratmann@imperial.ac.uk s.bhatt@imperial.ac.uk s.flaxman@imperial.ac.uk. | Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. AN - 33531384 AU - Monod, M. | Blenkinsop, A. | Xi, X. | Hebert, D. | Bershan, S. | Tietze, S. | Baguelin, M. | Bradley, V. C. | Chen, Y. | Coupland, H. | Filippi, S. | Ish-Horowicz, J. | McManus, M. | Mellan, T. | Gandy, A. | Hutchinson, M. | Unwin, H. J. T. | van Elsland, S. L. | Vollmer, M. A. C. | Weber, S. | Zhu, H. | Bezancon, A. | Ferguson, N. M. | Mishra, S. | Flaxman, S. | Bhatt, S. | Ratmann, O. | Imperial College, Covid-Response Team C1 - 2021-02-12 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02122021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 26 DO - 10.1126/science.abe8372 ET - 2021/02/04 IS - 6536 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Age Factors | Basic Reproduction Number | COVID-19/*epidemiology/mortality/prevention & control/*transmission | COVID-19 Vaccines | Cell Phone | Child | Child, Preschool | Communicable Disease Control | *Epidemics/prevention & control | Humans | Infant | Middle Aged | Models, Theoretical | Pandemics/prevention & control | Schools | United States/epidemiology | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://0870369045/Monod-2021-Age groups that sustain resurging C.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Monod, Melodie; Blenkinsop, Alexandra; Xi, Xiaoyue; Hebert, Daniel; Bershan, Sivan; Tietze, Simon; Baguelin, Marc; Bradley, Valerie C; Chen, Yu; Coupland, Helen; Filippi, Sarah; Ish-Horowicz, Jonathan; McManus, Martin; Mellan, Thomas; Gandy, Axel; Hutchinson, Michael; Unwin, H Juliette T; van Elsland, Sabine L; Vollmer, Michaela A C; Weber, Sebastian; Zhu, Harrison; Bezancon, Anne; Ferguson, Neil M; Mishra, Swapnil; Flaxman, Seth; Bhatt, Samir; Ratmann, Oliver; eng; WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; MC_PC_19012/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; MR/R015600/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Science. 2021 Mar 26;371(6536). pii: science.abe8372. doi: 10.1126/science.abe8372. Epub 2021 Feb 2. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Model using national-level, aggregate mobility data from 10 million cell phone users in the US found that persons aged 20-49 years are driving the COVID-19 resurgence and should be targeted with prevention interventions. SN - 1095-9203 (Electronic); 0036-8075 (Linking) SP - eabe8372 ST - Age groups that sustain resurging COVID-19 epidemics in the United States T2 - Science TI - Age groups that sustain resurging COVID-19 epidemics in the United States UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33531384 VL - 371 ID - 1485 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has led to the development of various vaccines. Real-life data on immune responses elicited in the most vulnerable group of vaccinees over 80 years old is still underrepresented despite the prioritization of the elderly in vaccination campaigns. METHODS: We conducted a cohort study with two age groups, young vaccinees below the age of 60 and elderly vaccinees over the age of 80, to compare their antibody responses to the first and second dose of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccination. RESULTS: While the majority of participants in both groups produced specific IgG antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, titers were significantly lower in elderly participants. Although the increment of antibody levels after the second immunization was higher in elderly participants, the absolute mean titer of this group remained lower than the <60 group. After the second vaccination, 31.3 % of the elderly had no detectable neutralizing antibodies in contrast to the younger group, in which only 2.2% had no detectable neutralizing antibodies. CONCLUSION: Our data showed differences between the antibody responses raised after the first and second BNT162b2 vaccination, in particular lower frequencies of neutralizing antibodies in the elderly group. This suggests that this population needs to be closely monitored and may require earlier revaccination or/and an increased vaccine dose to ensure stronger long lasting immunity and protection against infection. AD - Institute of Virology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Dusseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany. | Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Dusseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany. AN - 33906236 AU - Muller, L. | Andree, M. | Moskorz, W. | Drexler, I. | Walotka, L. | Grothmann, R. | Ptok, J. | Hillebrandt, J. | Ritchie, A. | Rabl, D. | Ostermann, P. N. | Robitzsch, R. | Hauka, S. | Walker, A. | Menne, C. | Grutza, R. | Timm, J. | Adams, O. | Schaal, H. C1 - 2021-03-12 C2 - Protection in Healthcare and Non-Healthcare Work Settings CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03122021_covidupdate.html DA - 4/27/2021 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciab381 ET - 3/5/2021 L1 - internal-pdf://1564684235/Muller-2021-Age-dependent immune response to t.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Muller, Lisa; Andree, Marcel; Moskorz, Wiebke; Drexler, Ingo; Walotka, Lara; Grothmann, Ramona; Ptok, Johannes; Hillebrandt, Jonas; Ritchie, Anastasia; Rabl, Denise; Ostermann, Philipp Niklas; Robitzsch, Rebekka; Hauka, Sandra; Walker, Andreas; Menne, Christopher; Grutza, Ralf; Timm, Jorg; Adams, Ortwin; Schaal, Heiner; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Apr 27. pii: 6255965. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab381. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The majority of older (>80 years) and younger (<60 years) adults produced specific IgG antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. | Titers were lower in those >80 years; although the titer increase after the 2nd dose was greater in adults >80 years, the absolute mean titer remained lower than in adults <60 years (Figure 1). | There was no correlation between IgG titers and presence of symptoms. | After the 2nd dose, 31.3% of older and 2.2% of younger adults had no detectable neutralizing antibodies (Figure 2). | Methods: Cohort study of 176 German adults <60 (n = 91) and >80 (n = 85) years old who received BNT162b2 vaccine. Measured SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific IgG and SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody titers 17-19 days after 1st dose and 17 days after 2nd dose. Summed self-reported number of post-vaccination symptoms (fever, chills, pain at injection site, head/limb pain, fatigue, nausea). Limitations: Data on 60-80 year-olds not included. | Implications: It is unclear whether absent neutralizing antibody responses to vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in some older adults will translate to reduced protection from infection and disease. Observational data from Scotlandexternal icon suggest that one dose of the BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 vaccine protects older adults against hospitalization in the near term. Further study is needed to confirm the long-term effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in older adults and to determine the duration of protection, specifically for adults over 80 in order to assess need for and ideal schedule for revaccination. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - 2021.03.03.21251066 ST - Age-dependent immune response to the Biontech/Pfizer BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccination T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Age-dependent immune response to the Biontech/Pfizer BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccination TT - Preprint: Age-dependent immune response to the Biontech/Pfizer BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccination UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33906236 ID - 1579 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Among individuals who tested positive for coronavirus disease 2019, smell and taste sensations were significantly less impaired among children than among adults, in a stepwise manner. Sensory impairment was correlated with recent data of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 expression in the corresponding age groups. This is the first report to compare sensory impairment in children and adults testing positive for coronavirus disease 2019. AD - From the Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel. | Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. | Department of Pediatrics, Mayanei Hayeshuah Medical Center, Bnei Brak, Israel. | Maccabi Healthcare Services, Bnei Brak, Israel. AN - 32658093 AU - Somekh, I. | Yakub Hanna, H. | Heller, E. | Bibi, H. | Somekh, E. C1 - 2020-07-24 C2 - Clinical Manifestations and Complications CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072420_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1097/INF.0000000000002817 ET - 2020/07/14 IS - 9 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Age Factors | Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 | Betacoronavirus/isolation & purification | Covid-19 | Child | Child, Preschool | Coronavirus Infections/enzymology/epidemiology/*physiopathology/virology | Humans | Hypesthesia/enzymology/physiopathology/*virology | Israel/epidemiology | Pandemics | Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/*biosynthesis/metabolism | Pneumonia, Viral/enzymology/epidemiology/*physiopathology/virology | SARS-CoV-2 | Smell/physiology | Taste/physiology | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://2939730832/Age_Dependent_Sensory_Impairment_in_COVID_19.3.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Somekh, Ido; Yakub Hanna, Husam; Heller, Eli; Bibi, Haim; Somekh, Eli; eng; Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2020 Sep;39(9):e270-e272. doi: 10.1097/INF.0000000000002817. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among individuals who tested positive for coronavirus disease 2019, smell and taste sensations were significantly less impaired among children than among adults. SN - 1532-0987 (Electronic); 0891-3668 (Linking) SP - e270-e272 ST - Age-Dependent Sensory Impairment in COVID-19 Infection and its Correlation with ACE2 Expression T2 - Pediatr Infect Dis J TI - Age-Dependent Sensory Impairment in COVID-19 Infection and its Correlation with ACE2 Expression UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32658093 VL - 39 ID - 583 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Children are susceptible to infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) but generally present with mild symptoms compared with adults. Children drive spread of respiratory and gastrointestinal illnesses in the population, but data on children as sources of SARS-CoV-2 spread are sparse.Early reports did not find strong evidence of children as major contributors to SARS-CoV-2 spread, but school closures early in pandemic responses thwarted larger-scale investigations of schools as a source of community transmission. As public health systems look to reopen schools and day cares, understanding transmission potential in children will be important to guide public health measures. Here, we report that replication of SARS-CoV-2 in older children leads to similar levels of viral nucleic acid as adults, but significantly greater amounts of viral nucleic acid are detected in children younger than 5 years. AD - Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois. | Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois. AN - 32745201 AU - Heald-Sargent, T. | Muller, W. J. | Zheng, X. | Rippe, J. | Patel, A. B. | Kociolek, L. K. C1 - 2020-08-11 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/081120_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 1 DO - 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.3651 ET - 2020/08/04 IS - 9 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Age Factors | Aged | Betacoronavirus/*isolation & purification | Covid-19 | Child | Child, Preschool | Coronavirus Infections/*virology | Humans | Infant | Infant, Newborn | Middle Aged | Nasopharynx/*virology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*virology | SARS-CoV-2 | Severity of Illness Index | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://4049624894/Heald-Sargent-2020-Age-Related Differences in.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Heald-Sargent, Taylor; Muller, William J; Zheng, Xiaotian; Rippe, Jason; Patel, Ami B; Kociolek, Larry K; eng; T32 AI095207/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; K23 AI123525/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Comparative Study; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; JAMA Pediatr. 2020 Sep 1;174(9):902-903. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.3651. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Children age < 5 years had lower median cycle threshold (Ct) values (6.5) than children aged 5-17 years (11.1; p =�?.02) and adults (11.0; p =�?.001), indicating that young children had a 10- to 100-fold greater amount of SARS-CoV-2 viral nucleic acid in the upper respiratory tract than older children and adults. | Ct values were similar between children aged 5-17 years and adults (p=�?.34). | Methods: Cross-sectional study of 145 patients (46 children aged 1 month to 5 years, 51 children aged 5 to 17 years, and 48 adults aged 18 to 65 years) presenting for SARS-CoV-2 testing within 1 week of the onset of mild-to-moderate illness, Chicago, Illinois, March 23-April 27, 2020. NP swabs were collected and PCR Ct values were measured (NB: Ct values are inversely proportional to the amount of viral RNA present in a sample). Limitations: Relatively small sample, single-center, measured viral RNA and not infectious virus, did not assess person-to-person spread. | Implications: Despite milder symptoms of COVID-19 in children age < 5 years, these data suggest such children could be more infectious than adults and older children. More information on the correlation of respiratory tract viral load and infectiousness is needed as communities work to re-open day cares and schools. SN - 2168-6211 (Electronic); 2168-6203 (Linking) SP - 902-903 ST - Age-Related Differences in Nasopharyngeal Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Levels in Patients With Mild to Moderate Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) T2 - JAMA Pediatr TI - Age-Related Differences in Nasopharyngeal Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Levels in Patients With Mild to Moderate Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32745201 VL - 174 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 681 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Although two-dose mRNA vaccination provides excellent protection against SARS-CoV-2, there is little information about vaccine efficacy against variants of concern (VOC) in individuals above eighty years of age(1). Here we analysed immune responses following vaccination with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine(2) in elderly participants and younger healthcare workers. Serum neutralization and levels of binding IgG or IgA after the first vaccine dose were lower in older individuals, with a marked drop in participants over eighty years old. Sera from participants above eighty showed lower neutralization potency against the B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta) and P.1. (Gamma) VOC than against the wild-type virus and were more likely to lack any neutralization against VOC following the first dose. However, following the second dose, neutralization against VOC was detectable regardless of age. The frequency of SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific memory B cells was higher in elderly responders (whose serum showed neutralization activity) than in non-responders after the first dose. Elderly participants showed a clear reduction in somatic hypermutation of class-switched cells. The production of interferon-�� and interleukin-2 by SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific T cells was lower in older participants, and both cytokines were secreted primarily by CD4 T cells. We conclude that the elderly are a high-risk population and that specific measures to boost vaccine responses in this population are warranted, particularly where variants of concern are circulating. AD - Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK. | Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. | Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK. | NIHR Bioresource, Cambridge, UK. | Department of Public Health and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK. | Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK. | Laboratorio de Inmunolog�Ta, FES-Cuautitl֙n, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico. | Immunology Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK. | MRC Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. | Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK. efm30@medschl.cam.ac.uk. | Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. efm30@medschl.cam.ac.uk. | Department of Public Health and Primary Care, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK. rd270@medschl.cam.ac.uk. | Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK. mrw1004@cam.ac.uk. | Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. mrw1004@cam.ac.uk. | Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK. rkg20@cam.ac.uk. | Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. rkg20@cam.ac.uk. AN - 34192737 AU - Collier, D. A. | Ferreira, Iatm | Kotagiri, P. | Datir, R. P. | Lim, E. Y. | Touizer, E. | Meng, B. | Abdullahi, A. | Elmer, A. | Kingston, N. | Graves, B. | Le Gresley, E. | Caputo, D. | Bergamaschi, L. | Smith, K. G. C. | Bradley, J. R. | Ceron-Gutierrez, L. | Cortes-Acevedo, P. | Barcenas-Morales, G. | Linterman, M. A. | McCoy, L. E. | Davis, C. | Thomson, E. | Lyons, P. A. | McKinney, E. | Doffinger, R. | Wills, M. | Gupta, R. K. C1 - 2021-07-09 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07092021_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 30 DO - 10.1038/s41586-021-03739-1 DP - NLM ET - 2021/07/01 IS - 7872 KW - Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Aging/blood/*immunology | Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood/immunology | Antibodies, Viral/blood/immunology | Autoantibodies/immunology | B-Lymphocytes/cytology/immunology/metabolism | COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage/*immunology | Female | Health Personnel | Humans | *Immunity/genetics | Immunization, Secondary | Immunoglobulin A/immunology | Immunoglobulin Class Switching | Immunoglobulin G/genetics/immunology | Immunologic Memory/immunology | Inflammation/blood/immunology | Interferon-gamma/immunology | Interleukin-2/immunology | Male | Middle Aged | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology | Somatic Hypermutation, Immunoglobulin | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology | T-Lymphocytes/immunology | Vaccination | Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage/immunology L1 - internal-pdf://3028444300/Collier-2021-Age-related immune response heter.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - 1476-4687; Collier, Dami A; Orcid: 0000-0001-5446-4423; Ferreira, Isabella A T M; Kotagiri, Prasanti; Datir, Rawlings P; Orcid: 0000-0003-0521-2144; Lim, Eleanor Y; Touizer, Emma; Meng, Bo; Abdullahi, Adam; CITIID-NIHR BioResource COVID-19 Collaboration; Elmer, Anne; Kingston, Nathalie; Graves, Barbara; Le Gresley, Emma; Caputo, Daniela; Bergamaschi, Laura; Smith, Kenneth G C; Orcid: 0000-0003-3829-4326; Bradley, John R; Ceron-Gutierrez, Lourdes; Cortes-Acevedo, Paulina; Barcenas-Morales, Gabriela; Linterman, Michelle A; Orcid: 0000-0001-6047-1996; McCoy, Laura E; Orcid: 0000-0001-9503-7946; Davis, Chris; Thomson, Emma; Orcid: 0000-0003-1482-0889; Lyons, Paul A; Orcid: 0000-0001-7035-8997; McKinney, Eoin; Doffinger, Rainer; Wills, Mark; Gupta, Ravindra K; Orcid: 0000-0001-9751-1808; Journal Article; England; Nature. 2021 Jun 30. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03739-1. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; SARS-CoV-2 virus neutralization after 1 dose of BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) drops off precipitously at age 80 years (Figure A). | Following 2 doses, persons <80 years (n = 15) and �?0 years (n = 24) show detectable neutralizing titers against B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta) and P.1 (Gamma) variants of concern (VOCs). | Serum neutralization against wild-type, B.1.1.7, and B.1.351 was lower among persons �?80 years compared to <80 years (Figure B). | Methods: UK community members and healthcare workers receiving 1st dose of BNT162b2 (n = 140, median age 72 years) were recruited December 14, 2020–February 10, 2021 and followed for up to 3 weeks after 2nd dose (n = 39). Antibody levels, serum neutralization and T-cell function were compared for persons <80 and �?0 years of age after 1st and 2nd doses. Limitations: Results were limited to the BNT162b2 vaccine; study only considered 3 VOCs (B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1); small number of participants may limit generalizability. | Implications: It is unknown how serum neutralization correlates with protection from infection. BNT162b2 has been found to prevent symptomatic COVID-19 in persons �?0 years (Bernal et al.external icon). SN - 0028-0836 SP - 417-422 ST - Age-related immune response heterogeneity to SARS-CoV-2 vaccine BNT162b2 T2 - Nature TI - Age-related immune response heterogeneity to SARS-CoV-2 vaccine BNT162b2 UR - https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03739-1.pdf VL - 596 ID - 1938 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Estimating the size of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the infection severity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is made challenging by inconsistencies in the available data. The number of deaths associated with COVID-19 is often used as a key indicator for the size of the epidemic, but the observed number of deaths represents only a minority of all infections(1,2). In addition, the heterogeneous burdens in nursing homes and the variable reporting of deaths of older individuals can hinder direct comparisons of mortality rates and the underlying levels of transmission across countries(3). Here we use age-specific COVID-19-associated death data from 45 countries and the results of 22 seroprevalence studies to investigate the consistency of infection and fatality patterns across multiple countries. We find that the age distribution of deaths in younger age groups (less than 65 years of age) is very consistent across different settings and demonstrate how these data can provide robust estimates of the share of the population that has been infected. We estimate that the infection fatality ratio is lowest among 5-9-year-old children, with a log-linear increase by age among individuals older than 30 years. Population age structures and heterogeneous burdens in nursing homes explain some but not all of the heterogeneity between countries in infection fatality ratios. Among the 45 countries included in our analysis, we estimate that approximately 5% of these populations had been infected by 1 September 2020, and that much higher transmission rates have probably occurred in a number of Latin American countries. This simple modelling framework can help countries to assess the progression of the pandemic and can be applied in any scenario for which reliable age-specific death data are available. AD - Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. mo487@cam.ac.uk. | Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, Paris, France. mo487@cam.ac.uk. | Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. | Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, Paris, France. | Department of Biology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. | Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. | Unit of Population Epidemiology, Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland. | Emerging Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. | PACRI Unit, Conservatoire National des Arts et Metiers, Paris, France. | Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, Paris, France. simon.cauchemez@pasteur.fr. | Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. hs743@cam.ac.uk. | Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, Paris, France. hs743@cam.ac.uk. AN - 33137809 AU - O'Driscoll, M. | Ribeiro Dos Santos, G. | Wang, L. | Cummings, D. A. T. | Azman, A. S. | Paireau, J. | Fontanet, A. | Cauchemez, S. | Salje, H. C1 - 2020-11-24 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/112420_covidupdate.html DA - Feb DO - 10.1038/s41586-020-2918-0 ET - 2020/11/03 IS - 7844 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Age Distribution | Age Factors | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Aging/*immunology | COVID-19/*immunology/*mortality/virology | COVID-19 Serological Testing/*statistics & numerical data | Child | Child, Preschool | Female | Humans | Infant | Infant, Newborn | *Internationality | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics/*statistics & numerical data | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://0807797679/O'Driscoll-2021-Age-specific mortality and imm.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - O'Driscoll, Megan; Ribeiro Dos Santos, Gabriel; Wang, Lin; Cummings, Derek A T; Azman, Andrew S; Paireau, Juliette; Fontanet, Arnaud; Cauchemez, Simon; Salje, Henrik; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Nature. 2021 Feb;590(7844):140-145. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2918-0. Epub 2020 Nov 2. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Infection fatality rates (IFRs) were higher in countries with older populations, such as Japan (1.09%, 95% Credible Interval [CrI] 0.94%-1.26%) and Italy (0.94%, 95% CrI 0.80%-1.08%), compared with countries with younger populations, such as Kenya (0.09%, 95% CrI 0.08%-0.10%), and Pakistan (0.16%, 95% CrI 0.14% �?0.19%) (Figure). | IFR increased a mean of 0.59% per 5-year increase in age. | Risk of death was higher for men than women, and for persons >80 years (10.83%; 95% CrI 9.28%-12.52% vs 5.76%, 95% CrI 4.94%-6.66%, respectively); Methods: Modeling study integrating COVID-19 death rates with SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence data. Expected age- and sex-specific IFR were derived from seroprevalence studies and compared with reported numbers of deaths. Limitations: Both reported death and seroprevalence data could be inaccurate; heterogeneity in transmission across countries might have limited the ability to estimate IFR. | Implications: Significant IFR variability across settings is likely to occur, in part as a result of the age of the population and variation in transmission patterns. SN - 1476-4687 (Electronic); 0028-0836 (Linking) SP - 140-145 ST - Age-specific mortality and immunity patterns of SARS-CoV-2 T2 - Nature TI - Age-specific mortality and immunity patterns of SARS-CoV-2 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33137809 VL - 590 ID - 1257 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. eogburn@jhsph.edu. | Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. | Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. | Fielding School of Public Health and Department of Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. | Swiss Data Science Center, ETH Zurich and EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. | Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. | Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. | Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics and Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. | Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA. | Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. | Johns Hopkins Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA. | Covid-19 Collaboration Platform, Boston, MA 02118, USA. | Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA. | Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. AN - 32527823 AU - Ogburn, E. L. | Bierer, B. E. | Brookmeyer, R. | Choirat, C. | Dean, N. E. | De Gruttola, V. | Ellenberg, S. S. | Halloran, M. E. | Hanley, D. F., Jr. | Lee, J. K. | Wang, R. | Scharfstein, D. O. C1 - 2020-06-23 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/062320_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 12 DO - 10.1126/science.abc8993 ET - 2020/06/13 IS - 6496 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | *Clinical Trials as Topic | *Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control | *Data Aggregation | Humans | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral | SARS-CoV-2 | Viral Vaccines L1 - internal-pdf://1383142982/Ogburn-2020-Aggregating data from COVID-19 tri.pdf LA - en LB - Vaccines | N1 - Ogburn, Elizabeth L; Bierer, Barbara E; Brookmeyer, Ron; Choirat, Christine; Dean, Natalie E; De Gruttola, Victor; Ellenberg, Susan S; Halloran, M Elizabeth; Hanley, Daniel F Jr; Lee, Joseph K; Wang, Rui; Scharfstein, Daniel O; eng; Letter; Comment; Science. 2020 Jun 12;368(6496):1198-1199. doi: 10.1126/science.abc8993. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Discusses a platform for sharing RCT protocols, which may facilitate efficient collaborative research. SN - 1095-9203 (Electronic); 0036-8075 (Linking) SP - 1198-1199 ST - Aggregating data from COVID-19 trials T2 - Science TI - Aggregating data from COVID-19 trials UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32527823 VL - 368 ID - 418 ER - TY - JOUR AU - The Lancet Infectious, Diseases C1 - 2020-09-01 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090120_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30647-2 IS - 9 L1 - internal-pdf://3365692136/1-s2.0-S1473309920306472-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: new rules such as mask requirements and physical distancing, reductions in passengers allowed on flights, increased cleaning of airport spaces, and other new or enhanced prevention measures introduced during the pandemic may become permanent to rebuild travelers�?confidence in air travel. SE - 993 SN - 14733099 SP - 993 ST - Air travel in the time of COVID-19 T2 - Lancet Infect Dis TI - Air travel in the time of COVID-19 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30647-2 VL - 20 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 811 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background A large cluster of 59 cases were linked to a single flight with 146 passengers from New Delhi to Hong Kong in April 2021. This outbreak coincided with early reports of exponential pandemic growth in New Delhi, which reached a peak of >400,000 newly confirmed cases on 7 May 2021.Methods Epidemiological information including date of symptom onset, date of positive-sample detection, and travel and contact history for individual cases from this flight were collected. Whole genome sequencing was performed, and sequences were classified based on the dynamic Pango nomenclature system. Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis compared sequences from this flight alongside other cases imported from India to Hong Kong on 26 flights between June 2020 and April 2021, as well as sequences from India or associated with India-related travel from February to April 2021, and 1,217 reference sequences.Results Sequence analysis identified six lineages of SARS-CoV-2 belonging to two variants of concern (Alpha and Delta) and one variant of public health interest (Kappa) involved in this outbreak. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed at least three independent sub-lineages of Alpha with limited onward transmission, a superspreading event comprising 37 cases of Kappa, and transmission of Delta to only one passenger. Additional analysis of another 26 flights from India to Hong Kong confirmed widespread circulation of all three variants in India since early March 2021.Conclusions The broad spectrum of disease severity and long incubation period of SARS-CoV-2 pose a challenge for surveillance and control. As illustrated by this particular outbreak, opportunistic infections of SARS-CoV-2 can occur irrespective of variant lineage, and requiring a nucleic acid test within 72 hours of departure may be insufficient to prevent importation or in-flight transmission.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis work was supported by the Health and Medical Research Fund, Food and Health Bureau of the Hong Kong SAR Government [grant number COVID190205]; and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, under contract numbers U01AI151810 and 75N93021C00016. The funding bodies had no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and writing of the manuscript.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Hong Kong/Hospital Authority Hong Kong West Cluster (HKU/HA HKW) (IRB No.UW 20-168)All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesHong Kong SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences and associated metadata is deposited at gisaid.org. All anonymized data and sequence accession numbers are available within the manuscript. AD - School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. | HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. | Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, The Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China. | Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, China. | Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Hong Kong, China. AN - 34542623 AU - Dhanasekaran, Vijaykrishna | Edwards, Kimberly M. | Xie, Ruopeng | Gu, Haogao | Adam, Dillon C. | Chang, Lydia D. J. | Cheuk, Sammi S. Y. | Gurung, Shreya | Krishnan, Pavithra | Ng, Daisy Y. M. | Liu, Gigi Y. Z. | Wan, Carrie K. C. | Cheng, Samuel S. M. | Tsang, Dominic N. C. | Cowling, Benjamin | Peiris, Malik | Poon, Leo L. M. C1 - 2021-08-06 C2 - Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08062021_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 20 DO - 10.1101/2021.07.22.21260854 ET - 2021/09/21 KW - Genomic epidemiology | SARS-CoV-2 | air travel-related outbreak | whole genome sequencing L1 - internal-pdf://2933345149/Dhanasekaran-2021-Air travel-related outbreak.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Dhanasekaran, Vijaykrishna | Edwards, Kimberly M | Xie, Ruopeng | Gu, Haogao | Adam, Dillon C | Chang, Lydia D J | Cheuk, Sammi S Y | Gurung, Shreya | Krishnan, Pavithra | Ng, Daisy Y M | Liu, Gigi Y Z | Wan, Carrie K C | Cheng, Samuel S M | Tsang, Dominic N C | Cowling, Benjamin J | Peiris, Malik | Poon, Leo L M | eng | 75N93021C00016/NH/NIH HHS/ | England | J Travel Med. 2021 Sep 20. pii: 6372544. doi: 10.1093/jtm/taab149. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Despite a requirement that air travelers produce a negative nucleic acid test result for SARS-CoV-2 within 72 hours before departure from New Delhi, 7 of 146 passengers on an April 2021 flight tested positive on arrival in Hong Kong. During subsequent quarantine, an additional 52 cases were confirmed, �?2 of which were Kappa, suggesting that infection occurred in flight or during quarantine, by a single source. SN - 1708-8305 (Electronic) | 1195-1982 (Linking) SP - 2021.07.22.21260854 ST - Air travel-related outbreak of multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants T2 - medRxiv TI - Air travel-related outbreak of multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/07/23/2021.07.22.21260854.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/07/23/2021.07.22.21260854.full.pdf ID - 2195 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Aerosols represent a potential transmission route of COVID-19. This study examined effect of simulated sunlight, relative humidity, and suspension matrix on stability of SARS-CoV-2 in aerosols. Simulated sunlight and matrix significantly affected decay rate of the virus. Relative humidity alone did not affect the decay rate; however, minor interactions between relative humidity and other factors were observed. Mean decay rates (+/- SD) in simulated saliva, under simulated sunlight levels representative of late winter/early fall and summer were 0.121 +/- 0.017 min-1 (90% loss, 19 minutes) and 0.306 +/- 0.097 min-1 (90% loss, 8 minutes), respectively. Mean decay rate without simulated sunlight across all relative humidity levels was 0.008 +/- 0.011 min-1 (90% loss, 286 minutes). These results suggest that the potential for aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 may be dependent on environmental conditions, particularly sunlight. These data may be useful to inform mitigation strategies to minimize the potential for aerosol transmission. AD - National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Operated by Battelle National Biodefense Institute for the US Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate, Frederick, Maryland, USA. AN - 32525979 AU - Schuit, M. | Ratnesar-Shumate, S. | Yolitz, J. | Williams, G. | Weaver, W. | Green, B. | Miller, D. | Krause, M. | Beck, K. | Wood, S. | Holland, B. | Bohannon, J. | Freeburger, D. | Hooper, I. | Biryukov, J. | Altamura, L. A. | Wahl, V. | Hevey, M. | Dabisch, P. C1 - 2020-06-23 C2 - Laboratory Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/062320_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 23 DO - 10.1093/infdis/jiaa334 ET - 2020/06/12 IS - 4 KW - Aerosols | *Air Microbiology | Animals | Betacoronavirus/*radiation effects | Covid-19 | Chlorocebus aethiops | Computer Simulation | Coronavirus Infections/*transmission | Culture Media | Humidity | Hydrogen-Ion Concentration | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*transmission | Regression Analysis | SARS-CoV-2 | Saliva/chemistry/virology | *Sunlight | Vero Cells | *covid-19 | *SARS-CoV-2 | *aerosol decay | *aerosol persistence | *relative humidity L1 - internal-pdf://1893086614/Schuit-2020-Airborne SARS-CoV-2 Is Rapidly Ina.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Schuit, Michael; Ratnesar-Shumate, Shanna; Yolitz, Jason; Williams, Gregory; Weaver, Wade; Green, Brian; Miller, David; Krause, Melissa; Beck, Katie; Wood, Stewart; Holland, Brian; Bohannon, Jordan; Freeburger, Denise; Hooper, Idris; Biryukov, Jennifer; Altamura, Louis A; Wahl, Victoria; Hevey, Michael; Dabisch, Paul; eng; J Infect Dis. 2020 Jul 23;222(4):564-571. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa334. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 90% of aerosolized SARS-CoV-2 was inactivated within 6 minutes of exposure to simulated high-intensity summer sunlight. | 90% inactivation took 19 minutes in simulated mid-intensity sunlight (early fall/late winter conditions) and >2 hours in darkness. | Relative humidity did not affect inactivation times. | Methods: Aerosol particles (~2 microns) of SARS-CoV-2 suspended in artificial saliva were exposed to simulated sunlight at different intensities mimicking summer or early fall/late winter in the middle of the US. Viral titers determined via infection assays using Vero-6 cells. Limitations: The role of aerosol-based SARS-CoV-2 transmission not fully established. | Implications: Natural sunlight may be an effective disinfectant for SARS-CoV-2 in aerosols and on surfaces (as previously demonstrated, Ratnesar-Schumate et alexternal icon., see May 29, 2020 Edition of the Science Update). Outdoor gatherings may be less risky than indoor gatherings. Further studies are needed to determine SARS-CoV-2 infectious dose and role of aerosols in spreading SARS-CoV-2. SN - 1537-6613 (Electronic); 0022-1899 (Linking) SP - 564-571 ST - Airborne SARS-CoV-2 Is Rapidly Inactivated by Simulated Sunlight T2 - J Infect Dis TI - Airborne SARS-CoV-2 Is Rapidly Inactivated by Simulated Sunlight UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32525979 VL - 222 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 410 ER - TY - JOUR AB - An April 2, 2020, expert consultation from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy concluded that available studies are consistent with the potential aerosol spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), not only through coughing and sneezing, but by normal breathing. This response to a White House request for a rapid review of the literature likely contributed to the recommendation from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) that healthy persons wear nonmedical face coverings, when in public, to reduce virus spread from undiagnosed infectious cases. AD - Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Global Health Equity, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. | Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. AN - 32478797 AU - Nardell, E. A. | Nathavitharana, R. R. C1 - 2020-06-12 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061220_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 14 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.7603 ET - 2020/06/02 IS - 2 KW - Aerosols | *Air Microbiology | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*prevention & control/*transmission | *Disinfection | Humans | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*prevention & control/*transmission | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://0411507293/Nardell-2020-Airborne Spread of SARS-CoV-2 and.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Nardell, Edward A; Nathavitharana, Ruvandhi R; eng; K23 AI132648/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. | JAMA. 2020 Jul 14;324(2):141-142. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.7603. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Air disinfection in hospitals may be used to reduce potential airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 141-142 ST - Airborne Spread of SARS-CoV-2 and a Potential Role for Air Disinfection T2 - JAMA TI - Airborne Spread of SARS-CoV-2 and a Potential Role for Air Disinfection UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32478797 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 358 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: Much remains unknown about COVID-19 transmission. We evaluated potential transmission routes from two community COVID-19 outbreaks.Methods: In the first outbreak, 126 passengers took two buses (59 from Bus #1 and 67 from #2) on a 100-minute round trip to attend a 150-minute worship event. The source patient was a passenger on Bus #2. We compared risks of COVID-19 among individuals taking Bus #1 (n=60) and Bus #2 (n=67), and among all other individuals (n=172) attending the worship event. We also divided seats on the exposed bus into high- and low-risk zones according to distance to the source patient and compared COVID-19 risks in each zone. The second outbreak occurred among 30 trainees attending a 3-day workshop in several conference rooms. In both buses and conference rooms, central air-conditioners were in indoor re-circulation mode. Results: In the first COVID-19 outbreak, passengers in Bus #2 had a 41.5 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.6�?69.5) times higher risk of getting COVID-19 compared to those in Bus #1, and 11.4 (95% CI: 5.1�?5.4) times higher risk compared to all other individuals attending the worship event. Within Bus #2, passengers in high-risk zones had moderately, but non-significantly, higher risk for COVID-19 compared to those in the low-risk zones. In the second outbreak, the overall attack rate was 48.3%.Conclusion: Airborne spread of COVID-19 appears to at least partially explain the high attack rates in the exposed bus and conference rooms. Future efforts at prevention and control must consider the potential for airborne spread of the virus. AU - Shen, Ye | Li, Changwei | Dong, Hongjun | Wang, Zhen | Martinez, Leonardo | Sun, Zhou | Handel, Andreas | Chen, Zhiping | Chen, Enfu | Ebell, Mark | Wang, Fan | Yi, Bo | Wang, Haibin | Wang, Xiaoxiao | Wang, Aihong | Chen, Bingbing | Qi, Yanling | Liang, Lirong | Li, Yang | Ling, Feng | Chen, Junfang | Xu, Guozhang C1 - 2020-07-24 C2 - Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072420_covidupdate.html DA - 01/01 DO - 10.2139/ssrn.3567505 LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Outbreak #1: 23 COVID-19 cases were diagnosed after a bus trip that included an infected passenger but no cases were identified in a comparable bus trip with no infected passengers. | Persons in the “exposed�?bus were 41.5 times (95% CI 2.6�?69.5) more likely to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 than persons in the “non-exposed�?bus. | Passengers in high-risk zones close to the infected passenger were not at higher risk of getting infected than those in the low-risk zones further from the infected passenger. | Attack rate in the exposed bus of 34.3% (95% CI 24.1�?6.3). | Outbreak #2: 14/29 persons at a 2-day training workshop were diagnosed with COVID-19. | Some workshop trainees reported poor air quality in the conference rooms. | Attack rate in the training workshop = 48.3% (95% CI 31.4�?5.6). | Methods: Risk assessment of 2 outbreaks in China, January 2020. Outbreak #1: A driver and 66 passengers in a bus with the air conditioning system on re-circulating mode were exposed to SARS-CoV-2 from a pre-symptomatic infected passenger (index patient). High-risk zones were seating areas within 2 meters (Classification 1) or 2 rows (Classification 2) of the index patient. A second bus with no infected people on board was used as a comparison. Outbreak #2: 29 persons, attending a 2-day training workshop in two conference rooms with central air conditioning set to indoor re-circulating mode were exposed to SARS-CoV-2 from a minimally symptomatic infected trainee. All exposed persons were tested with RT-PCR or viral genome sequencing. Limitations: Transmission through close contact or touching of inanimate objects cannot be ruled out; bus had windows but unclear if they were opened at any point. | Implications for both studies (Shen et al. & Hota et al.): Limited air exchange in poorly ventilated small spaces and close or prolonged exposure to COVID-19 cases appears to have been conducive to SARS-CoV-2 transmission that may have been airborne. Modeling demonstrated that airborne SARS-CoV-2 transmission was reduced with increased ventilation. Ventilation-related interventions to improve air quality (as described by Morawska et al. How can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimised?external icon) include increased air exchanges, particle filtration, air disinfection, and avoiding air recirculation. These interventions may be used with other approaches (social distancing, use of face-coverings, hand-hygiene, and cleaning of hand-touch sites) to minimize risk of contact and droplet transmission. SN - 1556-5068 ST - Airborne Transmission of COVID-19: Epidemiologic Evidence from Two Outbreak Investigations T2 - SSRN TI - Airborne Transmission of COVID-19: Epidemiologic Evidence from Two Outbreak Investigations TT - Published article: Community Outbreak Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission Among Bus Riders in Eastern China UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340418430_Airborne_transmission_of_COVID-19_epidemiologic_evidence_from_two_outbreak_investigations ID - 577 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has reawakened the long-standing debate about the extent to which common respiratory viruses, including the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), are transmitted via respiratory droplets vs aerosols. Droplets are classically described as larger entities (>5 μm) that rapidly drop to the ground by force of gravity, typically within 3 to 6 feet of the source person. Aerosols are smaller particles (�? μm) that rapidly evaporate in the air, leaving behind droplet nuclei that are small enough and light enough to remain suspended in the air for hours (analogous to pollen). AU - Klompas, Michael | Baker, Meghan A. | Rhee, Chanu C1 - 2020-07-21 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072120_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.12458 IS - 5 L1 - internal-pdf://2828699557/Klompas-2020-Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Available evidence suggests that long-range aerosol-based transmission is not the dominant mode of SARS-CoV-2 transmission SE - 441 SN - 0098-7484 SP - 441-442 ST - Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 T2 - JAMA TI - Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.12458 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/2768396/jama_klompas_2020_vp_200144.pdf VL - 324 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 566 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Transmission of highly infectious respiratory diseases, including SARS-CoV-2, is facilitated by the transport of exhaled droplets and aerosols that can remain suspended in air for extended periods of time. A passenger car cabin represents one such situation with an elevated risk of pathogen transmission. Here, we present results from numerical simulations to assess how the in-cabin microclimate of a car can potentially spread pathogenic species between occupants for a variety of open and closed window configurations. We estimate relative concentrations and residence times of a noninteracting, passive scalar-a proxy for infectious particles-being advected and diffused by turbulent airflows inside the cabin. An airflow pattern that travels across the cabin, farthest from the occupants, can potentially reduce the transmission risk. Our findings reveal the complex fluid dynamics during everyday commutes and nonintuitive ways in which open windows can either increase or suppress airborne transmission. AD - Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA. vmathai@umass.edu. | Center for Fluid Mechanics, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA. | Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA. AN - 33277325 AU - Mathai, V. | Das, A. | Bailey, J. A. | Breuer, K. C1 - 2021-01-29 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01292021_covidupdate.html DA - Jan DO - 10.1126/sciadv.abe0166 ET - 2020/12/06 IS - 1 KW - Aerosols | *Air Microbiology | *Air Pollution, Indoor | *Automobiles | COVID-19/transmission | Communicable Diseases/*transmission | Computer Simulation | Humans | Hydrodynamics | Pressure | Risk | Travel L1 - internal-pdf://1002213676/Mathai-2021-Airflows inside passenger cars and.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Mathai, Varghese; Das, Asimanshu; Bailey, Jeffrey A; Breuer, Kenneth; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. | Sci Adv. 2021 Jan 1;7(1). pii: sciadv.abe0166. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abe0166. Print 2021 Jan. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Air changes per hour (ACH) varied based on which windows were open in the car: | Highest (250) when all 4 car windows were open. | Intermediate (approximately 150) when 3 windows were open (all 3 except the window next to the driver or the passenger respectively), and when only the 2 windows (front right and left rear) across from the 2 occupants were open (Figure). | Relatively low (89) when only the front left and right rear windows were open. | Lowest (62) when all were closed. | When the rear left and front right windows were open, a strong incoming clean air stream from the rear left window acted as an “air curtain�?that could reduce infectious particles reaching the passenger (Figure). | Methods: Calculated flow patterns associated with a range of ventilation options using 6 combinations of fully open and closed windows in a model 4-door car moving at 50 miles per hour, with 2 occupants—a driver in the front left seat and a passenger sitting in the rear right seat. Limitations: Variations such as slower car speeds, larger vehicles, and open moonroofs could be associated with different airflow patterns. SN - 2375-2548 (Electronic); 2375-2548 (Linking) SP - eabe0166 ST - Airflows inside passenger cars and implications for airborne disease transmission T2 - Sci Adv TI - Airflows inside passenger cars and implications for airborne disease transmission UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33277325 VL - 7 ID - 1453 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Airlines have recently instituted practices to reduce the risk of their passengers becoming infected with the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Some airlines block their airplanes' middle seats to preserve social distancing among seated passengers. In this context, we present six new boarding methods and compare their performance with that of the two best boarding methods used to date with social distancing. We evaluate the eight boarding methods using three performance metrics related to passenger health and one operational metric (airplane boarding time) for a one-door airplane. The three health metrics reflect the risks of virus spread by passengers through the air and surfaces (e.g. headrests and seat arms) and consider the amount of aisle social distancing between adjacent boarding passengers walking towards their seats. For an airline that highly values the avoidance of window seat risk, the best method to use is one of the new methods: back-to-front by row - WilMA, though it will result in a longer time to complete boarding of the airplane. Airlines placing greater emphasis on fast boarding times- while still providing favorable values for the health metrics-will be best served by using new methods back-to-front by row - WilMA - offset 2 and - offset 3 when aisle social distancing is 1 m and 2 m respectively. AD - David D. Reh School of Business, Clarkson University, 333 B.H. Snell Hall, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA. | Department of Economic Informatics and Cybernetics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest 010552, Romania. AN - 33132534 AU - John Milne, R. | Delcea, C. | Cotfas, L. A. C1 - 2020-11-17 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/111720_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 26 DO - 10.1016/j.ssci.2020.105061 ET - 2020/11/03 KW - Covid-19 | SARS-CoV-2 | agent-based modeling | airplane boarding | social distancing L1 - internal-pdf://0328596947/John Milne-2020-Airplane Boarding Methods that.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - John Milne, R; Delcea, Camelia; Cotfas, Liviu-Adrian; eng; Netherlands; Saf Sci. 2020 Oct 26:105061. doi: 10.1016/j.ssci.2020.105061. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A number of methods for airplane boarding to minimize both risk and boarding times are evaluated, with videos demonstrating the process. SN - 0925-7535 (Print); 0925-7535 (Linking) SP - 105061 ST - Airplane Boarding Methods that Reduce Risk from COVID-19 T2 - Saf Sci TI - Airplane Boarding Methods that Reduce Risk from COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33132534 VL - 134 ID - 1240 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Kendall Regional Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA. | Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Kendall Regional Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA; University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA. | Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Kendall Regional Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA. Electronic address: Adel.Elkbuli@hcahealthcare.com. AN - 32402499 AU - Boserup, B. | McKenney, M. | Elkbuli, A. C1 - 2020-05-08 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050820_covidupdate.html DA - Dec DO - 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.04.077 ET - 2020/05/14 IS - 12 KW - COVID-19/*epidemiology | Domestic Violence/*trends | Humans | Intimate Partner Violence/trends | *Pandemics | United States L1 - internal-pdf://1177808334/Boserup-2020-Alarming trends in US domestic vi.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | N1 - Boserup, Brad; McKenney, Mark; Elkbuli, Adel; eng; Letter; Am J Emerg Med. 2020 Dec;38(12):2753-2755. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.04.077. Epub 2020 Apr 28. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Reports of domestic violence have increased since the start of the COVID -19 pandemic in some US cities following the implementation of stay at home orders. SN - 1532-8171 (Electronic); 0735-6757 (Linking) SP - 2753-2755 ST - Alarming trends in US domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic T2 - Am J Emerg Med TI - Alarming trends in US domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32402499 VL - 38 Y2 - 2021/05/12 ID - 155 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUNDPeople with mental disorders and intellectual disabilities experience excess mortality compared with the general population. The impact of COVID-19 on exacerbating this, and in widening ethnic inequalities, is unclear. AU - Das-Munshi, Jayati | Chang, Chin Kuo | Bakolis, Ioannis | Broadbent, Matthew | Dregan, Alex | Hotopf, Matthew | Morgan, Craig | Stewart, Robert C1 - 2021-10-15 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10152021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100228 L1 - internal-pdf://3169256087/PIIS2666776221002143.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: An analysis of prospective data (n = 167,122) from a large mental healthcare provider in the United Kingdom showed that by the 2nd quarter of 2020 (after the pandemic began), age- and gender-standardized mortality ratios (SMR) among persons with 9 psychiatric diagnoses were 2�? times higher than the general population. SMRs among persons with learning disabilities (9.24, 95% CI 5.98-13.64) were particularly high. SE - 100228 SN - 2666-7762 ST - All-cause and cause-specific mortality in people with mental disorders and intellectual disabilities, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: cohort study T2 - Lancet Reg Health Eur TI - All-cause and cause-specific mortality in people with mental disorders and intellectual disabilities, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: cohort study UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100228 Y2 - 2021/10/18 ID - 2491 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused a marked increase in all-cause deaths in the US, mostly among older adults. Although the burden of COVID-19 among hospitalized younger adults has been described, fewer data focus on mortality in this demographic, owing to lower case-fatality rates.Excess mortality reflects the full burden of the pandemic that may go uncaptured due to uncoded COVID-19 and other pandemic-related deaths. Accordingly, we examined all-cause excess mortality and COVID-19–related mortality during the early pandemic period among adults aged 25 to 44 years. Because unintentional drug overdoses are the usual leading cause of death in this demographic, COVID-19 deaths were compared with unintentional opioid deaths. AD - Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. | Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut. | Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut. | Harvard Affiliated Emergency Medicine Residency, Boston, Massachusetts. | Emergency Medicine Department, Yuma Regional Medical Center, Yuma, Arizona. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. AN - 33325994 AU - Faust, J. S. | Krumholz, H. M. | Du, C. | Mayes, K. D. | Lin, Z. | Gilman, C. | Walensky, R. P. C1 - 2020-12-22 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/122220_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 23 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.24243 ET - 2020/12/17 IS - 8 KW - Adult | Analgesics, Opioid/poisoning | COVID-19/*mortality | Cause of Death | Drug Overdose/*mortality | Female | Humans | Male | Mortality, Premature | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://0676557772/Faust-2021-All-Cause Excess Mortality and COVI.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Faust, Jeremy Samuel; Krumholz, Harlan M; Du, Chengan; Mayes, Katherine Dickerson; Lin, Zhenqiu; Gilman, Cleavon; Walensky, Rochelle P; eng; Comparative Study; JAMA. 2021 Feb 23;325(8):785-787. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.24243. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 76,088 persons aged 25 to 44 years died from all causes during March through July 2020; this was 11,899 more deaths (incident rate ratio 1.19, 95% CI 1.14-1.23) than expected. | 4,535 COVID-19 deaths accounted for 38% (95% CI 32%-48%) of the excess mortality. | Data are not yet available to account for the remaining excess deaths. | Methods: 2020 all-cause and COVID-19 deaths, from provisional CDC data, were compared with expected all cause deaths for 2020 (calculated from 2015-2019 US population and mortality counts). Limitations: Incomplete data due to reporting lags. | Implications for both studies (Faust et al. & Shiels et al.): After age adjustment, the majority of overall excess deaths in the U.S. in 2020 are related to COVID-19, which has impacted younger age groups as well. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 785-787 ST - All-Cause Excess Mortality and COVID-19-Related Mortality Among US Adults Aged 25-44 Years, March-July 2020 T2 - JAMA TI - All-Cause Excess Mortality and COVID-19-Related Mortality Among US Adults Aged 25-44 Years, March-July 2020 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33325994 VL - 325 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1376 ER - TY - JOUR AB - On December 11, 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for the Pfizer-BioNTech coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine, administered as 2 doses separated by 21 days. Shortly after, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) issued an interim recommendation for its use. Following implementation of vaccination, reports of anaphylaxis after the first dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine emerged. Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening allergic reaction that occurs rarely after vaccination, with onset typically within minutes to hours. AD - Immunization Safety Office, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia. | Division of Epidemiology, Office of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland. AN - 33475702 AU - Shimabukuro, T. | Nair, N. C1 - 2021-01-29 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01292021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 23 DO - 10.1001/jama.2021.0600 ET - 2021/01/22 IS - 8 KW - Adult | Anaphylaxis/epidemiology/*etiology | COVID-19 Vaccines/*adverse effects | Female | Humans | Hypersensitivity/epidemiology/*etiology | Male | Middle Aged | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://2251196108/Shimabukuro-2021-Allergic Reactions Including.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Shimabukuro, Tom; Nair, Narayan; eng; JAMA. 2021 Feb 23;325(8):780-781. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.0600. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Based on case reports submitted to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting Systemexternal icon during December 14-23, 2020, anaphylaxis after the first dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine occurred at an estimated rate of 11.1 cases per million doses administered. The reports of anaphylaxis may lead to vaccine hesitancy but it is important to note that a history of severe allergies is not a contraindication to vaccination unless the allergy is to the vaccine or one of its components (Glover et al. Vaccinating against COVID-19 in people who report allergiesexternal icon. BMJ). SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 780-781 ST - Allergic Reactions Including Anaphylaxis After Receipt of the First Dose of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine T2 - JAMA TI - Allergic Reactions Including Anaphylaxis After Receipt of the First Dose of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33475702 VL - 325 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1446 ER - TY - JOUR AB - SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in healthy individuals generates effective immune protection against COVID-19. Little is known, however, about the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine-induced responses in immunosuppressed patients. We investigated induction of antigen-specific antibody, B cell and T cell responses in patients with multiple sclerosis on anti-CD20 (MS-aCD20) monotherapy following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination. Treatment with aCD20 significantly reduced Spike and RBD specific antibody and memory B cell responses in most patients, an effect that was ameliorated with longer duration from last aCD20 treatment and extent of B cell reconstitution. In contrast, all MS-aCD20 patients generated antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses following vaccination. However, treatment with aCD20 skewed these responses compromising circulating Tfh responses and augmenting CD8 T cell induction, while largely preserving Th1 priming. These data also revealed underlying features of coordinated immune responses following mRNA vaccination. Specifically, the MS-aCD20 patients who failed to generate anti-RBD IgG had the most severe defect in cTfh cell responses and more robust CD8 T cell responses compared to those who generated anti-RBD IgG, whose T cell responses were more similar to healthy controls. These data define the nature of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced immune landscape in aCD20-treated patients, and provide insights into coordinated mRNA vaccine-induced immune responses in humans. Our findings have implications for clinical decision-making, patient education and public health policy for patients treated with aCD20 and other immunosuppressed patients.Competing Interest StatementSEH has received consultancy fees from Sanofi Pasteur, Lumen, Novavax, and Merk for work unrelated to this report. EJW is consulting or is an advisor for Merck, Marengo, Janssen, Related Sciences, Synthekine and Surface Oncology. EJW is a founder of Danger Bio, Surface Oncology and Arsenal Biosciences. EJW is an inventor on a patent (US Patent number 10,370,446) submitted by Emory University that covers the use of PD-1 blockade to treat infections and cancer. AS is a consultant for Gritstone, Flow Pharma, CellCarta, Arcturus, Oxfordimmunotech, and Avalia. La Jolla Institute for Immunology has filed for patent protection for various aspects of T cell epitope and vaccine design work. ETLP is consulting or is an advisor for Roche Diagnostics, Enpicom, The Antibody Society, IEDB, and The American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association. DJ is on the advisory boards for Biogen, Genentech, Novartis, EMD Serono, Banner Life Sciences, Bristol Myers Squibb and Sanofi Genzyme and has received research support (clinical trial site PI) from Biogen, Genentech and UCLA. ABO has participated as a speaker in meetings sponsored by and received consulting fees and/or grant support from Accure, Atara Biotherapeutics, Biogen, BMS/Celgene/Receptos, GlaxoSmithKline, Gossamer, Janssen/Actelion, Medimmune, Merck/EMD Serono, Novartis, Roche/Genentech, Sanofi-Genzyme.Funding StatementThis work was supported by grants from the NIH AI105343, AI082630, AI108545, AI155577, AI149680 (to EJW), AI152236 (to PB), P30-AI0450080 (to ETLP), R01 AI118694 and UC4 DK112217 (to M.R.B.), T32 AR076951-01 (to SAA), T32 CA009140 (to DM), U19AI082630 (to SEH and EJW), UM1 AI144288 (ABO), NMSS SI-2011-37160 (ABO), funding from the Allen Institute for Immunology (to SAA, EJW), Chen Family Research Fund (to SAA), the National Multiple Sclerosis Society-American Brain Foundation Clinician Scientist Award (to MK), the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy (to EJW), the Penn Center for Research on Coronavirus and Other Emerging Pathogens (to PB), the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine COVID Fund (to RRG, EJW), the University of Pennsylvania Institute for Immunology Glick COVID-19 research award (to M.R.B.), the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine 21st Century Scholar Fund (to RRG), and a philanthropic gift from Jeffrey Lurie, Joel Embiid, Josh Harris, and David Blitze (to SEH). Work in the Wherry lab is supported by the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy. This work was also supported by NIH contract Nr. 75N9301900065 (to DW, AS).Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:University of Pennsylvania IRB IRB Protocol #: 848377 Protocol title: The Multiple Sclerosis COVID-19 Vaccine-Response StudyAll necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll data are available in the main text or the supplementary materials. Raw data files and reagents are available from the authors upon request. AU - Apostolidis, Sokratis A. | Kakara, Mihir | Painter, Mark M. | Goel, Rishi R. | Mathew, Divij | Lenzi, Kerry | Rezk, Ayman | Patterson, Kristina R. | Espinoza, Diego A. | Kadri, Jessy C. | Markowitz, Daniel M. | Markowitz, Clyde | Mexhitaj, Ina | Jacobs, Dina | Babb, Allison | Betts, Michael R. | Prak, Eline T. Luning | Weiskopf, Daniela | Grifoni, Alba | Lundgreen, Kendall A. | Gouma, Sigrid | Sette, Alessandro | Bates, Paul | Hensley, Scott E. | Greenplate, Allison R. | Wherry, E. John | Li, Rui | Bar-Or, Amit C1 - 2021-07-09 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07092021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.06.23.21259389 L1 - internal-pdf://3501328532/Apostolidis-2021-Altered cellular and humoral.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Compared to all 10 healthy controls who generated both anti-pike and anti-RBD IgG responses after vaccination, of 20 multiple sclerosis patients on anti-CD20 therapy, 85% developed detectable anti-Spike IgG and 50% mounted detectable anti-RBD responses 25-30 days after 2nd vaccine dose. There was increased serologic response as time from last aCD20 infusion increased. SP - 2021.06.23.21259389 ST - Altered cellular and humoral immune responses following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in patients with multiple sclerosis on anti-CD20 therapy T2 - medRxiv TI - Altered cellular and humoral immune responses following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in patients with multiple sclerosis on anti-CD20 therapy UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/06/30/2021.06.23.21259389.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/06/30/2021.06.23.21259389.full.pdf ID - 1957 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. | Center for Health Policy, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California. AN - 33395334 AU - Tuite, A. R. | Fisman, D. N. | Zhu, L. | Salomon, J. A. C1 - 2021-01-15 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01152021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr DO - 10.7326/M20-8137 ET - 2021/01/05 IS - 4 KW - COVID-19/epidemiology/*prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/*administration & dosage/*supply & distribution | Decision Support Techniques | Health Policy | Humans | Mass Vaccination | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Resource Allocation | SARS-CoV-2 | United States/epidemiology | United States Food and Drug Administration L1 - internal-pdf://0660385072/Tuite-2021-Alternative Dose Allocation Strateg.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Tuite, Ashleigh R; Fisman, David N; Zhu, Lin; Salomon, Joshua A; eng; R37 DA015612/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/; Letter; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Ann Intern Med. 2021 Apr;174(4):570-572. doi: 10.7326/M20-8137. Epub 2021 Jan 5. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Modeling study implies flexible vaccine dosing strategies can facilitate creating reserves of supplies for the second dose and may result in up to 30% of additional COVID-19 cases averted compared with the fixed strategy (Figure). SN - 1539-3704 (Electronic); 0003-4819 (Linking) SP - 570-572 ST - Alternative Dose Allocation Strategies to Increase Benefits From Constrained COVID-19 Vaccine Supply T2 - Ann Intern Med TI - Alternative Dose Allocation Strategies to Increase Benefits From Constrained COVID-19 Vaccine Supply UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33395334 VL - 174 ID - 1401 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Patients with specific cancers may be at higher risk than those without cancer for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its severe outcomes. At present, limited data are available on the risk, racial disparity, and outcomes for COVID-19 illness in patients with cancer. Objectives: To investigate how patients with specific types of cancer are at risk for COVID-19 infection and its adverse outcomes and whether there are cancer-specific race disparities for COVID-19 infection. Design, Setting, and Participants: This retrospective case-control analysis of patient electronic health records included 73.4 million patients from 360 hospitals and 317000 clinicians across 50 US states to August 14, 2020. The odds of COVID-19 infections for 13 common cancer types and adverse outcomes were assessed. Exposures: The exposure groups were patients diagnosed with a specific cancer, whereas the unexposed groups were patients without the specific cancer. Main Outcomes and Measures: The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and 95% CI were estimated using the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test for the risk of COVID-19 infection. Results: Among the 73.4 million patients included in the analysis (53.6% female), 2523920 had at least 1 of the 13 common cancers diagnosed (all cancer diagnosed within or before the last year), and 273140 had recent cancer (cancer diagnosed within the last year). Among 16570 patients diagnosed with COVID-19, 1200 had a cancer diagnosis and 690 had a recent cancer diagnosis of at least 1 of the 13 common cancers. Those with recent cancer diagnosis were at significantly increased risk for COVID-19 infection (aOR, 7.14 [95% CI, 6.91-7.39]; P < .001), with the strongest association for recently diagnosed leukemia (aOR, 12.16 [95% CI, 11.03-13.40]; P < .001), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (aOR, 8.54 [95% CI, 7.80-9.36]; P < .001), and lung cancer (aOR, 7.66 [95% CI, 7.07-8.29]; P < .001) and weakest for thyroid cancer (aOR, 3.10 [95% CI, 2.47-3.87]; P < .001). Among patients with recent cancer diagnosis, African Americans had a significantly higher risk for COVID-19 infection than White patients; this racial disparity was largest for breast cancer (aOR, 5.44 [95% CI, 4.69-6.31]; P < .001), followed by prostate cancer (aOR, 5.10 [95% CI, 4.34-5.98]; P < .001), colorectal cancer (aOR, 3.30 [95% CI, 2.55-4.26]; P < .001), and lung cancer (aOR, 2.53 [95% CI, 2.10-3.06]; P < .001). Patients with cancer and COVID-19 had significantly worse outcomes (hospitalization, 47.46%; death, 14.93%) than patients with COVID-19 without cancer (hospitalization, 24.26%; death, 5.26%) (P < .001) and patients with cancer without COVID-19 (hospitalization, 12.39%; death, 4.03%) (P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance: In this case-control study, patients with cancer were at significantly increased risk for COVID-19 infection and worse outcomes, which was further exacerbated among African Americans. These findings highlight the need to protect and monitor patients with cancer as part of the strategy to control the pandemic. AD - Center for Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. | Center for Science, Health, and Society, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. | Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. AN - 33300956 AU - Wang, Q. | Berger, N. A. | Xu, R. C1 - 2021-01-08 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01082021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 1 DO - 10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.6178 ET - 2020/12/11 IS - 2 KW - Adult | African Americans/*statistics & numerical data | Aged | Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology | COVID-19/*epidemiology/ethnology | Case-Control Studies | Colorectal Neoplasms/epidemiology | European Continental Ancestry Group/*statistics & numerical data | Female | Hospitalization/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Lung Neoplasms/epidemiology | Male | Middle Aged | *Mortality | Neoplasms/*epidemiology | Odds Ratio | Prostatic Neoplasms/epidemiology | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://1140765452/Wang-2021-Analyses of Risk, Racial Disparity.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Wang, QuanQiu; Berger, Nathan A; Xu, Rong; eng; R01 AG057557/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; UL1 TR002548/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; DP2 HD084068/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/; R56 AG062272/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; R01 AG061388/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; P30 CA043703/CA/NCI NIH HHS/; R01 EY029297/EY/NEI NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; JAMA Oncol. 2021 Feb 1;7(2):220-227. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.6178. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Patients with a recent diagnosis of cancer were at significantly increased risk for COVID-19 infection and adverse outcomes. | Hospitalization and death rates for patients with a recent cancer diagnosis and COVID-19 were higher than for patients with COVID-19 but no recent cancer diagnosis and that for patients with recent cancer diagnosis but no COVID-19. | African American patients with recently diagnosed cancers and/or COVID-19 had higher hospitalization and death rates than did White patients (Figure). | Breast cancer showed the largest racial disparity (aOR 5.44, 95% CI 4.69-6.31). | Methods: A retrospective case-control analysis using electronic health records of 73.4 million adult patients from 360 hospitals across the US in August 2020. COVID-19 infection and 13 common cancer types and adverse outcomes were assessed by demographic factors. Limitations: Limited covariates assessed, underreporting of COVID-19 cases. | Implications: Cancer and COVID-19 had synergistic effects on adverse patient outcome. This study identified high risk groups such as African American patients with cancer who are more vulnerable to COVID-19. SN - 2374-2445 (Electronic); 2374-2437 (Linking) SP - 220-227 ST - Analyses of Risk, Racial Disparity, and Outcomes Among US Patients With Cancer and COVID-19 Infection T2 - JAMA Oncol TI - Analyses of Risk, Racial Disparity, and Outcomes Among US Patients With Cancer and COVID-19 Infection UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33300956 VL - 7 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1388 ER - TY - JOUR AB - On March 19 World Health Organization declare the pandemic situation by outbreak coronavirus disease 2019 in the world. The pressure on the health care system has been very high in several countries. Spanish National Transplant Organization (ONT) have made many efforts in maintaining transplantation activity. Although the impact of the pandemic on organ activity has been analysed, to date, less data exist regarding the impact on tissue activity. The aim of this study has been the evaluation of the possible impact on the procurement, processing and distribution of tissues during the peak period of the pandemic COVID-19 in Spain. For this study, a multicentre analysis has been made with a survey of the tissue banks in Spain, during the period March 1 to April 30, 2020. Our data suggest that the impact of coronavirus in Spain has affected dramatically tissue donation but with a moderate effect on stored tissues such as bone, valves, vessels or skin. Tissue banks should prepare if future next pandemic waves surges so that tissue provision is guaranteed both in urgent and elective surgeries. AD - Center for Blood Transfusion, Tissue and Cells, Avda. San Alberto Magno s/n, 14004, Cordoba, Spain. rafael.villalba.sspa@juntadeandalucia.es. | Center for Blood Transfusion and Tissue Bank of Basque Country, Galdakao, Spain. | Blood and Tissue Bank of Aragon, Zaragoza, Spain. | Center for Blood Transfusion, Tissue and Cells, Malaga, Spain. | Blood Transfusion Center and Tissue Bank of Asturias, Oviedo, Spain. | Blood Transfusion Center and Tissue Bank of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. | Tissue Bank of Getafe Hospital, Madrid, Spain. | Center for Blood Transfusion and Tissue Bank of Valencian Community, Valencia, Spain. AN - 33063150 AU - Villalba, R. | Santos, S. | Martinez, M. J. | Diaz, M. | Pevida, M. | Cemborain, A. | Casares, C. | Mirabet, V. C1 - 2020-10-30 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/103020_covidupdate.html DA - Dec DO - 10.1007/s10561-020-09853-0 ET - 2020/10/17 IS - 4 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Humans | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | SARS-CoV-2 | Spain/epidemiology | Surveys and Questionnaires | Tissue Banks/*statistics & numerical data | Tissue and Organ Procurement/*statistics & numerical data | Transplantation/*statistics & numerical data | Outbreak | Pandemic period | Spain | Tissue bank L1 - internal-pdf://0892916119/Villalba-2020-Analysis of impact on tissue act.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Villalba, Rafael; Santos, Silvia; Martinez, Maria Jose; Diaz, Macarena; Pevida, Marta; Cemborain, Arantxa; Casares, Celia; Mirabet, Vicente; eng; Multicenter Study; Netherlands; Cell Tissue Bank. 2020 Dec;21(4):557-562. doi: 10.1007/s10561-020-09853-0. Epub 2020 Oct 15. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Between March and April of 2020, there was a drop in tissue donor number ranging from 33.3% to 78.8% compared to the prior three years in Spain, attributed to the overall decrease in surgical activity during this period. SN - 1573-6814 (Electronic); 1389-9333 (Linking) SP - 557-562 ST - Analysis of impact on tissue activity during COVID-19 outbreak: a survey of 8 banks in Spain T2 - Cell Tissue Bank TI - Analysis of impact on tissue activity during COVID-19 outbreak: a survey of 8 banks in Spain UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33063150 VL - 21 ID - 1143 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine has been theorized to provide protection against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Our aim was to determine whether any MMR IgG titers are inversely correlated with severity in recovered COVID-19 patients previously vaccinated with MMR II. We divided 80 subjects into two groups, comparing MMR titers to recent COVID-19 severity levels. The MMR II group consisted of 50 subjects who would primarily have MMR antibodies from the MMR II vaccine, and a comparison group of 30 subjects consisted of those who would primarily have MMR antibodies from sources other than MMR II, including prior measles, mumps, and/or rubella illnesses. There was a significant inverse correlation (rs = -0.71, P < 0.001) between mumps virus titers (mumps titers) and COVID-19 severity within the MMR II group. There were no significant correlations between mumps titers and severity in the comparison group, between mumps titers and age in the MMR II group, or between severity and measles or rubella titers in either group. Within the MMR II group, mumps titers of 134 to 300 arbitrary units (AU)/ml (n = 8) were found only in those who were functionally immune or asymptomatic; all with mild symptoms had mumps titers below 134 AU/ml (n = 17); all with moderate symptoms had mumps titers below 75 AU/ml (n = 11); all who had been hospitalized and had required oxygen had mumps titers below 32 AU/ml (n = 5). Our results demonstrate that there is a significant inverse correlation between mumps titers from MMR II and COVID-19 severity.IMPORTANCE COVID-19 has presented various paradoxes that, if understood better, may provide clues to controlling the pandemic, even before a COVID-19 vaccine is widely available. First, young children are largely spared from severe disease. Second, numerous countries have COVID-19 death rates that are as low as 1% of the death rates of other countries. Third, many people, despite prolonged close contact with someone who is COVID-19 positive, never test positive themselves. Fourth, nearly half of people who test positive for COVID-19 are asymptomatic. Some researchers have theorized that the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine may be responsible for these disparities. The significance of our study is that it showed that mumps titers related to the MMR II vaccine are significantly and inversely correlated with the severity of COVID-19-related symptoms, supporting the theorized association between the MMR vaccine and COVID-19 severity. AD - World Organization, Watkinsville, Georgia, USA jeff_gold@world.org. | Nevada Spine Center, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA. | Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Kahramanmaras, Turkey. | Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA. | Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. | Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. | VetMed Consultants, Inc., Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA. | College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA. | Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. AN - 33219096 AU - Gold, J. E. | Baumgartl, W. H. | Okyay, R. A. | Licht, W. E. | Fidel, P. L., Jr. | Noverr, M. C. | Tilley, L. P. | Hurley, D. J. | Rada, B. | Ashford, J. W. C1 - 2020-12-22 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/122220_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 20 DO - 10.1128/mBio.02628-20 ET - 2020/11/22 IS - 6 KW - Adult | Aged | Antibodies, Viral/*blood | Asymptomatic Infections | COVID-19/*immunology | *Convalescence | Female | Humans | Immunoglobulin G/*blood | Male | Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine/*immunology | Middle Aged | Severity of Illness Index | Vaccination/statistics & numerical data | Young Adult | *covid-19 | *mmr | *SARS-CoV-2 | *coronavirus | *immunization | *measles | *mumps | *rubella | *titers | *vaccines L1 - internal-pdf://4247821255/Gold-2020-Analysis of Measles-Mumps-Rubella (M.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Gold, Jeffrey E; Baumgartl, William H; Okyay, Ramazan A; Licht, Warren E; Fidel, Paul L Jr; Noverr, Mairi C; Tilley, Larry P; Hurley, David J; Rada, Balazs; Ashford, John W; eng; mBio. 2020 Nov 20;11(6). pii: mBio.02628-20. doi: 10.1128/mBio.02628-20. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; There was a significant inverse correlation (rs�? −0.71, p�?0.001) between mumps virus IgG titers (but not measles or rubella) and COVID-19 severity among those vaccinated with the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR II) vaccine (Figure). | Methods: Retrospective descriptive analysis comparing MMR II IgG titers and COVID-19 severity in 80 participants with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection or exposure in the US, with or without prior MMR IIexternal icon vaccination. Limitations: Small sample size; no randomization of participants; limited generalizability. | Implications: A protective effect of mumps-specific antibodies could lead to new vaccination strategies for SARS-CoV-2. A large scale trialexternal icon is underway that could help shed light on whether MMR vaccines can boost the immune response and be effective in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection. SN - 2150-7511 (Electronic) SP - e02628-20 ST - Analysis of Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) Titers of Recovered COVID-19 Patients T2 - mBio TI - Analysis of Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) Titers of Recovered COVID-19 Patients UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33219096 VL - 11 ID - 1368 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Anonymous C1 - 2020-06-19 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061920_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1038/d41586-020-01679-w IS - 7811 L1 - internal-pdf://3292490352/d41586-020-01679-w.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: African countries priced out of the market for COVID-19 diagnostics access supplies through European and US collaborators. SE - 153 SN - 0028-0836; 1476-4687 SP - 153-153 ST - Animals and coronavirus, help for African labs and a short flu season T2 - Nature TI - Animals and coronavirus, help for African labs and a short flu season UR - https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-01679-w VL - 582 ID - 398 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (J.P.M., K.A.A.). AN - 32311735 AU - Metlay, J. P. | Armstrong, K. A. C1 - 2020-04-24 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/042420_covidupdate.html DA - May 5 DO - 10.7326/M19-1941 ET - 2020/04/21 IS - 9 KW - *Clinical Decision-Making | Clinical Trials as Topic | *Evidence-Based Practice | Humans | Practice Guidelines as Topic | Practice Patterns, Physicians' L1 - internal-pdf://4008769921/m19-1941.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Metlay, Joshua P; Armstrong, Katrina A; eng; Ann Intern Med. 2020 May 5;172(9):599-603. doi: 10.7326/M19-1941. Epub 2020 Apr 21. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Discusses how to make informed COVID-19 patient care decisions when evidence-base is scant, conflicting, and growing. SN - 1539-3704 (Electronic); 0003-4819 (Linking) SP - 599-603 ST - Annals Clinical Decision Making: Weighing Evidence to Inform Clinical Decisions T2 - Ann Intern Med TI - Annals Clinical Decision Making: Weighing Evidence to Inform Clinical Decisions UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32311735 VL - 172 ID - 78 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The US government is investing in rapid development of vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), several relying on new technologies. In the US, 4 vaccine candidates are in phase 3 studies with initial results expected soon. If studies succeed, 1 or more vaccines may become available within a few months. Clinicians are likely among the first to be offered COVID-19 vaccines and have a key role in helping patients make decisions about vaccination. Providing evidence-based information will be particularly important in an environment of polarization and mistrust. This Viewpoint focuses on common questions patients are likely to ask about COVID-19 vaccines. AD - Medicine and Infectious Disease, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC. | Immunization Action Coalition, St Paul, Minnesota. | Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC. AN - 33064145 AU - Goodman, J. L. | Grabenstein, J. D. | Braun, M. M. C1 - 2020-10-27 C2 - Vaccines CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102720_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 24 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.20590 ET - 2020/10/17 IS - 20 KW - Attitude to Health | COVID-19/*prevention & control/transmission | *COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects | Drug Approval | Humans | Legislation, Drug | SARS-CoV-2 | United States | United States Food and Drug Administration L1 - internal-pdf://3680807637/Goodman-2020-Answering Key Questions About COV.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Goodman, Jesse L; Grabenstein, John D; Braun, M Miles; eng; JAMA. 2020 Nov 24;324(20):2027-2028. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.20590. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Authors answer frequent questions about safety, efficacy and other issues concerning potential SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 2027-2028 ST - Answering Key Questions About COVID-19 Vaccines T2 - JAMA TI - Answering Key Questions About COVID-19 Vaccines UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33064145 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1123 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Talus Analytics, Boulder, CO, USA; Center for Global Health Science and Security, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA. | Center for Global Health Science and Security, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA. | Center for Global Health Science and Security, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA. Electronic address: rk952@georgetown.edu. AN - 32325018 AU - Graeden, E. | Carlson, C. | Katz, R. C1 - 2020-05-01 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050120_covidupdate.html DA - Jun DO - 10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30191-1 ET - 2020/04/24 IS - 6 KW - Administrative Personnel/*psychology | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/*prevention & control | Evidence-Based Practice | Humans | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/*prevention & control | Policy Making | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://0694619625/Graeden-2020-Answering the right questions for.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Graeden, Ellie; Carlson, Colin; Katz, Rebecca; eng; Letter; England; Lancet Glob Health. 2020 Jun;8(6):e768-e769. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30191-1. Epub 2020 Apr 21. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: On the need to bridge science and policy during emergencies through effective communication, focused on 5 key questions policy makers can answer. SN - 2214-109X (Electronic); 2214-109X (Linking) SP - e768-e769 ST - Answering the right questions for policymakers on COVID-19 T2 - Lancet Glob Health TI - Answering the right questions for policymakers on COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32325018 VL - 8 Y2 - 2021/05/12 ID - 109 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In late May, as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) stay-at-home orders and closures eased, George Floyd’s on-camera death in police custody in Minneapolis sparked antiracist demonstrations across the nation. Some turned violent. With the protests and the pandemic colliding, fears arose that new COVID-19 outbreaks could soon follow.The possibility of protest-related infections came up when JAMA Editor in Chief Howard Bauchner, MD, spoke by video with Anthony Fauci, MD, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and a member of the White House’s coronavirus task force. Their June 2 discussion ranged from COVID-19 vaccine development to immunity passports to the recent death of prominent AIDS activist Larry Kramer, whose relationship with Fauci evolved over decades. The following is an edited version of the conversation. AN - 32511680 AU - Abbasi, J. C1 - 2020-06-19 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061920_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 21 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.9222 ET - 2020/06/09 IS - 3 KW - Covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic | Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/*prevention & control/therapy | Humans | National Institutes of Health (U.S.) | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis/*prevention & control/therapy | Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic | United States | *Viral Vaccines L1 - internal-pdf://0280641729/Abbasi-2020-Anthony Fauci, MD, on COVID-19 Vac.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Abbasi, Jennifer; eng; Interview; JAMA. 2020 Jul 21;324(3):220-222. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.9222. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Discussion between Anthony Fauci and Howard Bauchner on a range of COVID-19- related topics, ranging from vaccine development to immunity passports. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 220-222 ST - Anthony Fauci, MD, on COVID-19 Vaccines, Schools, and Larry Kramer T2 - JAMA TI - Anthony Fauci, MD, on COVID-19 Vaccines, Schools, and Larry Kramer UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32511680 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 400 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: Characterizing the kinetics of the antibody response to SARS squareCoV square2 is of critical importance to developing strategies that may mitigate the public health burden of COVID-19. We sought to determine how circulating antibody levels change over time following natural infection. Methods/Materials: We conducted a prospective, longitudinal analysis of COVID-19 convalescent plasma (CCP) donors at multiple time points over a 9-month period. At each study visit, subjects either donated plasma or only had study samples drawn. In all cases, anti-SARS-CoV-2 donor testing was performed using semi-quantitative chemiluminescent immunoassays (ChLIA) targeting subunit 1 (S1) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein, and an in-house fluorescence reduction neutralization assay (FRNA). Results: From April to November 2020 we enrolled 202 donors, mean age 47.3 +/-14.7 years, 55% female, 75% Caucasian. Most donors reported a mild clinical course (91%, n=171) without hospitalization. One hundred and five (105) (52%) donors presented for repeat visits with a median 42 (12-163) days between visits. The final visit occurred at a median 160 (53-273) days post-symptom resolution. Total anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (Ab), SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG and neutralizing antibodies were detected in 97.5%, 91.1%, and 74% of donors respectively at initial presentation. Neutralizing Ab titers based on FRNA 50 were positively associated with mean IgG levels (p = <0.0001). Mean IgG levels and neutralizing titers were positively associated with COVID-19 severity, increased donor age and BMI (p=0.0006 and p=0.0028, p=0.0083 and p=0.0363, (p=0.0008 and p=0.0018, respectively). Over the course of repeat visits, IgG decreased in 74.1% of donors; FRNA 50 decreased in 44.4% and remained unchanged in 33.3% of repeat donors. A weak negative correlation was observed between total Ab levels and number of days post-symptom recovery (r = 0.09). Conclusion: Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were identified in 97% of convalescent donors at initial presentation. In a cohort that largely did not require hospitalization. IgG and neutralizing antibodies were positively correlated with age, BMI and clinical severity, and persisted for up to 9 months post-recovery from natural infection. On repeat presentation, IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 levels decreased in 56% of repeat donors. Overall, these data suggest that CP donors possess a wide range of IgG and neutralizing antibody levels that are proportionally distributed across demographics, with the exception of age, BMI and clinical severity. AN - 33758897 AU - De Giorgi, V. | West, K. A. | Henning, A. N. | Chen, L. | Holbrook, M. R. | Gross, R. | Liang, J. | Postnikova, E. | Trenbeath, J. | Pogue, S. | Scinto, T. | Alter, H. J. | Cantilena, C. C. C1 - 2021-03-19 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03192021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 10 DO - 10.1101/2021.03.08.21253093 ET - 2021/03/25 L1 - internal-pdf://1493570565/De Giorgi-2021-Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Serology persis.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - De Giorgi, Valeria; West, Kamille A; Henning, Amanda N; Chen, Leonard; Holbrook, Michael R; Gross, Robin; Liang, Janie; Postnikova, Elena; Trenbeath, Joni; Pogue, Sarah; Scinto, Tania; Alter, Harvey J; Cantilena, Cathy Corny; eng; Preprint; medRxiv. 2021 Mar 10. doi: 10.1101/2021.03.08.21253093. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; A positive correlation between SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies and neutralizing activity was found at initial presentation (Figure). | 91.1% (184/202) of donors had detectable IgG Ab. | 73.8% (149/202) of donors had measurable neutralizing activity. | SARS-CoV-2 IgG Ab levels decreased in 56.2% (59/105) of repeat plasma donors. | Neutralizing activity decreased in 27.6% (29/105) or did not change in 29.5% (31/105) of repeat plasma donors. | No cases of reinfection were identified within study timeframe. | Methods: Prospective longitudinal study of 202 plasma donors who had recovered from molecular or serology confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection from April–November 2020. Plasma was collected at least 28 days apart and was tested for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Neutralization assays were also performed on plasma samples. Limitations: Generalizability limited; sample consisted of plasma donors with mostly mild symptoms. | Implications: Results show that even in mild cases of COVID-19 there remains a sustained immunological memory of circulating IgG and neutralizing Abs for at least 9 months post recovery. Longer term studies tracking Ab levels need to be conducted to determine trends in immune system memory. SP - 2021.03.08.21253093 ST - Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Serology persistence over time in COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma Donors T2 - medRxiv TI - Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Serology persistence over time in COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma Donors TT - Published article: Naturally acquired SARS-CoV-2 immunity persists for up to 11 months following infection UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33758897 ID - 1596 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We estimated the duration and determinants of antibody response after SARS-CoV-2 infection in the general population using representative data from 7,256 United Kingdom COVID-19 infection survey participants who had positive swab SARS-CoV-2 PCR tests from 26-April-2020 to 14-June-2021. A latent class model classified 24% of participants as ‘non-responders�?not developing anti-spike antibodies. These seronegative non-responders were older, had higher SARS-CoV-2 cycle threshold values during infection (i.e. lower viral burden), and less frequently reported any symptoms. Among those who seroconverted, using Bayesian linear mixed models, the estimated anti-spike IgG peak level was 7.3-fold higher than the level previously associated with 50% protection against reinfection, with higher peak levels in older participants and those of non-white ethnicity. The estimated anti-spike IgG half-life was 184 days, being longer in females and those of white ethnicity. We estimated antibody levels associated with protection against reinfection likely last 1.5-2 years on average, with levels associated with protection from severe infection present for several years. These estimates could inform planning for vaccination booster strategies.Competing Interest StatementDWE declares lecture fees from Gilead, outside the submitted work. No other author has a conflict of interest to declare.Funding StatementThis study is funded by the Department of Health and Social Care with in-kind support from the Welsh Government, the Department of Health on behalf of the Northern Ireland Government and the Scottish Government. ASW, TEAP, NS, DE, KBP are supported by the National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at the University of Oxford in partnership with Public Health England (PHE) (NIHR200915). ASW and TEAP are also supported by the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. KBP is also supported by the Huo Family Foundation. ASW is also supported by core support from the Medical Research Council UK to the MRC Clinical Trials Unit [MC_UU_12023/22] and is an NIHR Senior Investigator. PCM is funded by Wellcome (intermediate fellowship, grant ref 110110/Z/15/Z) and holds an NIHR Oxford BRC Senior Fellowship award. DWE is supported by a Robertson Fellowship and an NIHR Oxford BRC Senior Fellowship. NS is an Oxford Martin Fellow and holds an NIHR Oxford BRC Senior Fellowship. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the National Health Service, NIHR, Department of Health, or PHE.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The study received ethical approval from the South Central Berkshire B Research Ethics Committee (20/SC/0195).All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData are still being collected for the COVID-19 Infection Survey. De-identified study data are available for access by accredited researchers in the ONS Secure Research Service (SRS) for accredited research purposes under part 5, chapter 5 of the Digital Economy Act 2017. For further info mation about accreditation, contact Research.Support{at}ons.gov.uk or visit the SRS website. AU - Wei, Jia | Matthews, Philippa C. | Stoesser, Nicole | Maddox, Thomas | Lorenzi, Luke | Studley, Ruth | Bell, John I. | Newton, John N. | Farrar, Jeremy | Diamond, Ian | Rourke, Emma | Howarth, Alison | Marsden, Brian D. | Hoosdally, Sarah | Jones, E. Yvonne | Stuart, David I. | Crook, Derrick W. | Peto, Tim E. A. | Pouwels, Koen B. | Walker, A. Sarah | Eyre, David W. | the, Covid-Infection Survey team C1 - 2021-07-16 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07162021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.07.02.21259897 L1 - internal-pdf://3659238348/Wei-2021-Anti-spike antibody response to natur.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: 24% of 7,256 individuals in the UK testing swab SARS-CoV-2 positive by PCR did not develop anti-spike IgG antibodies. Non-responders tended to be older and not report symptoms. Among those who did seroconvert, estimated anti-spike IgG half-life was 184 days and estimated protection against reinfection was an average of 1.5�? years. SP - 2021.07.02.21259897 ST - Anti-spike antibody response to natural SARS-CoV-2 infection in the general population T2 - medRxiv TI - Anti-spike antibody response to natural SARS-CoV-2 infection in the general population UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/07/05/2021.07.02.21259897.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/07/05/2021.07.02.21259897.full.pdf ID - 1976 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The proportion of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 that are prescribed antibiotics is uncertain, and may contribute to patient harm and global antibiotic resistance. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to estimate the prevalence and associated factors of antibiotic prescribing in patients with COVID-19. DATA SOURCES: We searched MEDLINE, OVID Epub and EMBASE for published literature on human subjects in English up to June 9 2020. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: We included randomized controlled trials; cohort studies; case series with >/=10 patients; and experimental or observational design that evaluated antibiotic prescribing. PARTICIPANTS: The study participants were patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, across all healthcare settings (hospital and community) and age groups (paediatric and adult). METHODS: The main outcome of interest was proportion of COVID-19 patients prescribed an antibiotic, stratified by geographical region, severity of illness and age. We pooled proportion data using random effects meta-analysis. RESULTS: We screened 7469 studies, from which 154 were included in the final analysis. Antibiotic data were available from 30 623 patients. The prevalence of antibiotic prescribing was 74.6% (95% CI 68.3-80.0%). On univariable meta-regression, antibiotic prescribing was lower in children (prescribing prevalence odds ratio (OR) 0.10, 95% CI 0.03-0.33) compared with adults. Antibiotic prescribing was higher with increasing patient age (OR 1.45 per 10 year increase, 95% CI 1.18-1.77) and higher with increasing proportion of patients requiring mechanical ventilation (OR 1.33 per 10% increase, 95% CI 1.15-1.54). Estimated bacterial co-infection was 8.6% (95% CI 4.7-15.2%) from 31 studies. CONCLUSIONS: Three-quarters of patients with COVID-19 receive antibiotics, prescribing is significantly higher than the estimated prevalence of bacterial co-infection. Unnecessary antibiotic use is likely to be high in patients with COVID-19. AD - Public Health Ontario, ON, Canada; Hotel Dieu Shaver Health and Rehabilitation Centre, ON, Canada. Electronic address: brad.langford@gmail.com. | Sinai Health-University Health Network Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada. | North York General Hospital, ON, Canada. | Public Health Ontario, ON, Canada; Toronto East Health Network, Michael Garron Hospital, ON, Canada. | Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, ON, Canada. | Sunnybrook Research Institute, ON, Canada. | Public Health Ontario, ON, Canada; University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Sunnybrook Research Institute, ON, Canada; ICES (formerly Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences), ON, Canada. | Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, ON, Canada. AN - 33418017 AU - Langford, B. J. | So, M. | Raybardhan, S. | Leung, V. | Soucy, J. R. | Westwood, D. | Daneman, N. | MacFadden, D. R. C1 - 2021-01-22 C2 - Other topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01222021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr DO - 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.12.018 DP - NLM ET - 2021/01/09 IS - 4 KW - Age Factors | Anti-Bacterial Agents/*therapeutic use | Antimicrobial Stewardship | Bacterial Infections/complications/drug therapy/epidemiology | *COVID-19/complications | Coinfection/drug therapy/epidemiology | *Drug Prescriptions | *Drug Utilization | Female | Humans | Male | Antibiotic Prescribing | Antibiotics | Antimicrobial therapy | Covid-19 | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://2469711788/Langford-2021-Antibiotic prescribing in patien.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Langford, Bradley J; So, Miranda; Raybardhan, Sumit; Leung, Valerie; Soucy, Jean-Paul R; Westwood, Duncan; Daneman, Nick; MacFadden, Derek R; eng; Meta-Analysis; Review; England; Clin Microbiol Infect. 2021 Apr;27(4):520-531. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.12.018. Epub 2021 Jan 5. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A review of 154 studies found that among 35,263 patients, the antibiotic prescribing prevalence was 74.6% but the prevalence of bacterial infection was 8.6%; antimicrobial stewardship initiatives among patients with COVID-19 are urgently needed. SN - 1469-0691 (Electronic); 1198-743X (Linking) SP - 520-531 ST - Antibiotic prescribing in patients with COVID-19: rapid review and meta-analysis T2 - Clin Microbiol Infect TI - Antibiotic prescribing in patients with COVID-19: rapid review and meta-analysis UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33418017 VL - 27 ID - 1426 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In her regular job, Priya Nori runs Montefiore Medical Center’s antibiotic stewardship program, and spends most of her time ensuring that the Bronx-based hospital doesn’t overuse the drugs and allow bacteria resistant to them to thrive. But like many physicians, Nori is now spending all of her time helping treat COVID-19 patients at her New York City hospital, which like other medical centers in the pandemic hot spot, is crowded with 50% more patients than normal. As part of that care, she and other doctors are administering many more antibiotics than normal, which is a recipe for the rapid rise or spread of resistant bacteria, especially given the crowded conditions. | Antibiotics do not directly affect SARS-CoV-2, the respiratory virus responsible for COVID-19, but viral respiratory infections often lead to bacterial pneumonia. Physicians can struggle to tell which pathogen is causing a person’s lung problems. “We tend not to hold back on antibiotics in these patients,�?Nori says, especially when that decision could mean life or death. “Is that a bad thing right now? I have trouble saying that it is.�?But she and others worry the surge of COVID-19 patients could ultimately lead to a surge in antibiotic-resistant bacteria—a concern serious enough that the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) is assembling a group of at least 10 medical centers to study “secondary�?bacterial and fungal infections in these patients and the antibiotics being used to prevent them. | Related; A CDC billboard in Times Square during COVID-19; Crushing coronavirus means ‘breaking the habits of a lifetime.�?Behavior scientists have some tips; Roman-Catholic priest Johannes Laichner attaches a new photograph of members of his congregation to a bench at his church. | Ending coronavirus lockdowns will be a dangerous process of trial and error; a woman touches the head of her father who is on a stretcher rolling into an ambulance; How can we save black and brown lives during a pandemic? Data from past studies can point the way; See all of our coverage of the coronavirus outbreak; Hospitals, particularly intensive care units, are hotbeds of antimicrobial resistance, and they have long been struggling to rein in the use of antibiotics. But COVID-19 has put many such efforts on hold. Although the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention requires medical centers to report their antibiotic use and the rates of infections acquired in the facility, Nori and other physicians say compliance has fallen off in the pandemic. | Some researchers suggest the pandemic could slow the spread of both bacteria and antibiotic resistance within hospitals. Surgeries, which account for many hospital-acquired infections, have largely been canceled to keep beds open for COVID-19 patients, and hospital staff routinely wear robes, masks, and other personal protective equipment (PPE) during patient care. “Nothing gets people’s attention like a new pathogen that has the risk to be spread within a hospital,�?says Neil Clancy, an infectious disease physician at the University of Pittsburgh. | But Bo Shopsin, an infectious disease physician at New York University’s Langone Health Center who is involved in DOD’s planned study, notes that some hospitals are being forced to reuse PPE and share ventilators between patients. “It’s quite clear that COVID is transmitting in hospitals and if it is, [resistant bacteria are] too.�? | More important, antibiotic use appears to be surging. Several recent studies from China suggest that nearly all serious cases of COVID-19 are treated with antibiotics, and anecdotally, many U.S. and European physicians say the same. But often the antibiotics are necessary, researchers say. Many COVID-19 patients die of secondary infections rather than the virus itself, growing evidence suggests. A recent paper in The Lancet detailing the outcomes of 247 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, China, found that 15% of them—and half of those who died—acquired bacterial infections. Major outbreaks of other respiratory viruses illustrate the concern: up to half the 300,000 people who died of the 2009 H1N1 flu and the majority of deaths from the 1918 flu actually died of bacterial pneumonia. | “We do have some guidelines on when to treat and when not to treat,�?says Leopoldo Segal, a pulmonologist at Langone.�?But in the current situation, it’s hard to imagine those guidelines are totally applicable.�?Several of his COVID-19 patients, he says, have antibiotic-resistant infections, and nearly all are receiving azithromycin: a widely used antibiotic that kills both of the two major classes of bacteria. | In combination with the antimalarial drug hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin has become a popular treatment for COVID-19 patients after President Donald Trump and others highlighted small, uncontrolled studies that appeared to show the combination was effective. It is impossible to know how often the combination is prescribed, but the rate is high enough to have caused an azithromycin shortage in the United States. | Infectious disease physician Marisa Holubar of Stanford University says it’s still too early to know the extent to which COVID-19 will affect global antibiotic resistance rates. But in some parts of the United States, 30% to 40% of some common types of bacteria were already resistant to the class of drugs that includes azithromycin, and overuse could render those or other antibiotics even less effective. “In terms of a nightmare scenario, it’s quite scary,�?Clancy says. | The DOD study will investigate just how widely antibiotics are being given to COVID-19 patients, and how often they have secondary infections that warrant antibiotic use. The results should help experts develop guidelines for when and how doctors should prescribe antibiotics to COVID-19 patients, as well as provide a data set on potentially thousands of patients to help researchers better understand how infections spread in hospitals and why bacterial and viral infections are linked. “People have been studying [secondary] infections for decades with flu,�?Shopsin says. “Things will move faster with COVID.�? AU - Reardon, Sara C1 - 2020-04-28 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/042820_covidupdate.html LA - en PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Discusses the possible impact on development of antibiotic resistance. ST - Antibiotic treatment for COVID-19 complications could fuel resistant bacteria T2 - Science Magazine TI - Antibiotic treatment for COVID-19 complications could fuel resistant bacteria UR - https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/04/antibiotic-treatment-covid-19-complications-could-fuel-resistant-bacteria ID - 94 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants raises concerns about their resistance to neutralizing antibodies elicited from previous infection, or from vaccination. Here we examined whether sera and monoclonal antibodies from convalescent donors, prior to and following a single immunization with the Pfizer or Moderna mRNA vaccines, neutralize the Wuhan-Hu-1 strain and a variant, B.1.351 from South Africa. Pre-vaccination sera weakly neutralized Wuhan-Hu-1 and sporadically neutralized B.1.351. Immunization with either vaccine generated anamnestic B and CD4+ T cell responses and a 1000-fold increase in neutralizing antibody titers against both strains and SARS-CoV-1. Neutralization was likely due to anti-RBD and anti-S2 antibodies. Our study highlights the importance of vaccination of both uninfected and of previously infected subjects, as the elicited immune response will neutralize distinct viral strains.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis work was supported by generous donations to Fred Hutch COVID-19 Research Fund, and to MJM from the Paul G. Allen Family Foundation, the Joel D. Meyers Endowed Chair, and NIAID UM1 AI068618-14S1, 2UM1 AI069481-15, and UM1A057266-S1.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and serum were collected from donors who recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection and were the first 10 who then subsequently received a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine as part of the study: Seattle COVID-19 Cohort Study to Evaluate Immune Responses in Persons at Risk and with SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Serum from pre-pandemic controls were blindly selected at random from the study: Establishing Immunologic Assays for Determining HIV-1 Prevention and Control, with no considerations made for age, or sex. Both studies were recruited at the Seattle HIV Vaccine Trials Unit (Seattle, Washington, USA). Informed consent was obtained from all participants and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Institutional Review Board approved the studies and procedures (IR10440 and IR5567).All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll data is provided in the manuscript. AN - 33758873 AU - Stamatatos, Leonidas | Czartoski, Julie | Wan, Yu-Hsin | Homad, Leah J. | Rubin, Vanessa | Glantz, Hayley | Neradilek, Moni | Seydoux, Emilie | Jennewein, Maedeline F. | MacCamy, Anna J. | Feng, Junli | Mize, Gregory | De Rosa, Stephen C. | Finzi, Andrés | Lemos, Maria | Cohen, Kristen W. | Moodie, Zoe | McElrath, M. Juliana | McGuire, Andrew T. C1 - 2021-02-19 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Internvention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02192021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 10 DO - 10.1101/2021.02.05.21251182 ET - 2021/03/25 L1 - internal-pdf://0485326263/Stamatatos-2021-Antibodies elicited by SARS-Co.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Stamatatos, Leonidas | Czartoski, Julie | Wan, Yu-Hsin | Homad, Leah J | Rubin, Vanessa | Glantz, Hayley | Neradilek, Moni | Seydoux, Emilie | Jennewein, Madeleine F | MacCamy, Anna J | Feng, Junli | Mize, Gregory | De Rosa, Stephen C | Finzi, Andres | Lemos, Maria P | Cohen, Kristen W | Moodie, Zoe | McElrath, M Juliana | McGuire, Andrew T | eng | U19 AI057266/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | UM1 AI068618/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | UM1 AI069481/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | Preprint | medRxiv. 2021 Mar 10. doi: 10.1101/2021.02.05.21251182. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Convalescent sera displayed neutralizing activity against both the Wuhan-Hu-1 and B.1.351 strains, but less against B.1.351, 4-8 months post-SARS-CoV-2 infection. | Following a single dose of either the Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna mRNA vaccine, neutralizing antibody (NAbs) titers were boosted approximately up to 1000-fold for each strain. | NAbs titers were 2�?-fold lower for B.1.351 compared to Wuhan-Hu-1. | Methods: Blood and isolated serum were collected from 10 recovered SARS-CoV-2 persons. Antibody binding and neutralization titers were measured before (mean = 202 days post-symptom onset) and after (mean = 16 days post-vaccination) receiving a single dose of either the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) or mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccine. Limitations: Small sample size. | Implications for both studies (Tada et al. and Stamatatos et al.): Current COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are effective in protecting against variants among persons previously infected and uninfected with SARS-CoV-2. However, mRNA vaccines likely offer reduced protection against B.1351 in some individuals. Although persons previously infected by SARS-CoV-2 have some protection against variants, they might benefit from boosted vaccination. SP - 2021.02.05.21251182 ST - Antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection and boosted by vaccination neutralize an emerging variant and SARS-CoV-1 T2 - medRxiv TI - Antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection and boosted by vaccination neutralize an emerging variant and SARS-CoV-1 TT - Published article: mRNA vaccination boosts cross-variant neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/02/08/2021.02.05.21251182.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/03/10/2021.02.05.21251182.full.pdf ID - 1899 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Introduction: Data on immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in patients with autoimmune diseases are still scarce, because these patients were largely excluded from SARS-CoV-2 vaccine trials. | ; Methods: Serum samples of patients with autoimmune diseases (n = 480) and healthy controls (n = 204) included in two ongoing prospective cohort studies were collected after first or second SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations. Seroconversion rates and IgG antibody titers against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein were measured. Multivariable logistic and linear regression analyses were used to investigate associations between medication, seroconversion rates and IgG antibody titers respectively. | Findings: Seroconversion rates after a first SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in 111 patients on methotrexate (25%, adjusted OR: 0.1, 95% CI: 0.1 �?0.2, P < 0.001) and 15 patients on anti-CD20 therapies (0%, P < 0.001) were lower compared to 103 healthy controls (71%). For patients on tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors (adjusted OR: 0.7, 95% CI: 0.4 �?1.4, P = 0.20) and patients on prednisone monotherapy (adjusted OR: 0.6, 95% CI: 0.2 �?1.5, P = 0.25) seroconversion rates were similar compared to controls. After the second SARS-CoV-2 vaccination seroconversion rates exceeded 88% in all patient subgroups, except in patients treated with anti-CD20 therapies (2 (33%) of 6). Seroconversion rates and IgG antibody titers were similar for patients with a prior SARS-CoV-2 infection who had received a single vaccine dose and patients without a prior SARS-CoV-2 who had received two vaccine doses. | ; Interpretation: Treatment regimens other than anti-CD20 therapies of patients with autoimmune diseases do not need to be postponed when these patients receive a SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Patients receiving anti-CD20 therapies may benefit from a second booster vaccination, as our data suggest that repeated exposure to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines or the virus itself enhances the development of humoral immunity in these patients. AU - Boekel, Laura | Steenhuis, Maurice | Hooijberg, Femke | Besten, Yaëlle | van Kempen, Zoé | Kummer, Laura | van Dam, P. J. | Stalman, Eileen | Vogelzang, Erik | Christianawati, Olfi | Keijzer, Sofie | Vidarsson, Gestur | Voskuyl, Alexandre | Wieske, Luuk | Eftimov, Filip | van Vollenhoven, Ronald | Kuijpers, Taco | van Ham, Marieke | Tas, Sander | Killestein, Joep | Boers, Maarten | Nurmohamed, Michael | Rispens, Theo | Wolbink, Gertjan C1 - 2021-07-09 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07092021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.2139/ssrn.3869656 L1 - internal-pdf://2312722546/SSRN-id3869656.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; After 1st dose of BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech), ChAdOx1 (AstraZeneca), or CX021414 (Moderna) COVID-19 vaccines, neutralizing antibody (NAb) anti-receptor binding domain IgG levels were lower for COVID-19 naïve patients on methotrexate or anti-CD20 vs. healthy controls (Figure A). | Compared to 71% of healthy controls, 25% of 111 patients on methotrexate and none of 15 patients on anti-CD20 therapies seroconverted. | After 2nd vaccine dose, except for those on anti-CD20 therapies, more than 88% of all patient groups seroconverted (Figure B). | Methods: Vaccine-elicited antibody responses of patients with autoimmune diseases (n = 480) were compared to health controls (n = 204). Post-vaccination sera were analyzed by receptor binding domain (RBD) antibody ELISAs and compared by treatment type. Limitations: Serology was not available longitudinally after a 2nd vaccination dose; some subgroups among immunocompromised persons are small. | Implications: Two doses of COVID-19 vaccines effectively generate an immune response among patients who are being treated with many immunomodulatory therapies, except anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies. SN - 1556-5068 ST - Antibody Development after SARS-CoV-2 Vaccinations in Elderly Patients with Autoimmune Diseases: Data From a Prospective Controlled Cohort Study T2 - SSRN TI - Antibody Development after SARS-CoV-2 Vaccinations in Elderly Patients with Autoimmune Diseases: Data From a Prospective Controlled Cohort Study UR - https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3869656 ID - 1939 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection produces B-cell responses that continue to evolve for at least one year. During that time, memory B cells express increasingly broad and potent antibodies that are resistant to mutations found in variants of concern1. As a result, vaccination of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) convalescent individuals with currently available mRNA vaccines produces high levels of plasma neutralizing activity against all variants tested1, 2. Here, we examine memory B cell evolution 5 months after vaccination with either Moderna (mRNA-1273) or Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2) mRNA vaccines in a cohort of SARS-CoV-2 naïve individuals. Between prime and boost, memory B cells produce antibodies that evolve increased neutralizing activity, but there is no further increase in potency or breadth thereafter. Instead, memory B cells that emerge 5 months after vaccination of naïve individuals express antibodies that are equivalent to those that dominate the initial response. We conclude that memory antibodies selected over time by natural infection have greater potency and breadth than antibodies elicited by vaccination. These results suggest that boosting vaccinated individuals with currently available mRNA vaccines would produce a quantitative increase in plasma neutralizing activity but not the qualitative advantage against variants obtained by vaccinating convalescent individuals.Competing Interest StatementThe Rockefeller University has filed a provisional patent application in connection with this work on which M.C.N.is an inventor (US patent 63/021,387). The patent has been licensed by Rockefeller University to Bristol Meyers Squib. AU - Cho, Alice | Muecksch, Frauke | Schaefer-Babajew, Dennis | Wang, Zijun | Finkin, Shlomo | Gaebler, Christian | Ramos, Victor | Cipolla, Melissa | Agudelo, Marianna | Bednarski, Eva | DaSilva, Justin | Shimeliovich, Irina | Dizon, Juan | Daga, Mridushi | Millard, Katrina | Turroja, Martina | Schmidt, Fabian | Zhang, Fengwen | Tanfous, Tarek Ben | Jankovic, Mila | Oliveria, Thiago Y. | Gazumyan, Anna | Caskey, Marina | Bieniasz, Paul D. | Hatziioannou, Theodora | Nussenzweig, Michel C. C1 - 2021-08-06 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08062021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.07.29.454333 L1 - internal-pdf://2633306169/Cho-2021-Antibody Evolution after SARS-CoV-2 m.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In the 5 months between 1st and 2nd doses of either mRNA vaccine, memory B-cells in SARS-CoV-2-naïve recipients increased neutralizing activity, but only to those SARS-CoV-2 strains that dominated the initial response. In contrast, B-cells produced in convalescents had greater potential breadth and potency against mutant pseudoviruses. This suggests that boosting naïve vaccinees with currently formulated mRNA vaccines might provide less protection against variants than vaccinating convalescents. SP - 2021.07.29.454333 ST - Antibody Evolution after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination T2 - bioRxiv TI - Antibody Evolution after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination UR - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2021/07/29/2021.07.29.454333.abstract | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2021/07/29/2021.07.29.454333.full.pdf | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2021/08/30/2021.07.29.454333.full.pdf ID - 2193 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background England, UK has experienced a large outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 infection. As in USA and elsewhere, disadvantaged communities have been disproportionately affected.Methods National REal-time Assessment of Community Transmission-2 (REACT-2) seroprevalence study using self-administered lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) test for IgG among a random population sample of 100,000 adults over 18 years in England, 20 June to 13 July 2020.Results Completed questionnaires were available for 109,076 participants, yielding 5,544 IgG positive results and adjusted (for test performance), re-weighted (for sampling) prevalence of 6.0% (95% CI: 5.8, 6.1). Highest prevalence was in London (13.0% [12.3, 13.6]), among people of Black or Asian (mainly South Asian) ethnicity (17.3% [15.8, 19.1] and 11.9% [11.0, 12.8] respectively) and those aged 18-24 years (7.9% [7.3, 8.5]). Care home workers with client-facing roles had adjusted odds ratio of 3.1 (2.5, 3.8) compared with non-essential workers. One third (32.2%, [31.0-33.4]) of antibody positive individuals reported no symptoms. Among symptomatic cases, the majority (78.8%) reported symptoms during the peak of the epidemic in England in March (31.3%) and April (47.5%) 2020. We estimate that 3.36 million (3.21, 3.51) people have been infected with SARS-CoV-2 in England to end June 2020, with an overall infection fatality ratio of 0.90% (0.86, 0.94).Conclusion The pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 infection in England disproportionately affected ethnic minority groups and health and care home workers. The higher risk of infection in these groups may explain, at least in part, their increased risk of hospitalisation and mortality from COVID-19.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis work was funded by the Department of Health and Social Care in England.HW is a NIHR Senior Investigator and acknowledges support from NIHR Biomedical Research Centre of Imperial College NHS Trust, NIHR School of Public Health Research, NIHR Applied Research Collaborative North West London, Wellcome Trust (UNS32973).GC is supported by an NIHR Professorship. WSB is the Action Medical Research Professor, AD is an NIHR senior investigator and DA is an Emeritus NIHR Senior Investigator.SR acknowledges support from MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit (HPRU), Wellcome Trust (200861/Z/16/Z, 200187/Z/15/Z), and Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (US, U01CK0005-01-02)PE is Director of the MRC Centre for Environment and Health (MR/L01341X/1, MR/S019669/1). PE acknowledges support from the NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre and the NIHR HPRUs in Environmental Exposures and Health and Chemical and Radiation Threats and Hazards, the British Heart Foundation Centre for Research Excellence at Imperial College London (RE/18/4/34215) and the UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial (MC_PC_17114).Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:We obtained research ethics approval from the South Central-Berkshire B Research Ethics Committee (IRAS ID: 283787)All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting chec list(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThe original datasets generated or analysed, or both, during this study are not publicly available because of governance restrictions and the identifiable nature of the data. AU - Ward, Helen | Atchison, Christina | Whitaker, Matthew | Ainslie, Kylie E. C. | Elliott, Joshua | Okell, Lucy | Redd, Rozlyn | Ashby, Deborah | Donnelly, Christl A. | Barclay, Wendy | Darzi, Ara | Cooke, Graham | Riley, Steven | Elliott, Paul C1 - 2020-08-21 C2 - Seroprevalence Studies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082120_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.08.12.20173690 L1 - internal-pdf://1047293693/Ward-2020-Antibody prevalence for SARS-CoV-2 f.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 86.6% completed the self-test they were provided; 5.4% reported an invalid or unreadable result. | Adjusted prevalence was 6.0% (95% CI 5.8-6.1), equivalent to a total 3.36 million persons (95% CI 3.21-3.51) infected with SARS-CoV-2 by end of June 2020 in England. | Estimated overall infection fatality ratio was 0.90% (95% CI 0.86-0.94). | Age, type of employment, ethnicity and household size were associated with increased odds of seropositivity (Figure). | Of those who were antibody-positive, 61.4% (95% CI 60.1-62.7) reported more than one symptom (fever, persistent cough, loss of taste or smell). | A greater number of symptoms was associated with greater odds of seropositivity. | Methods: Nationally representative seroprevalence study among 129,976 adults who self-tested for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, England, June 10 to July 13, 2020. Prevalence estimates were adjusted for test performance and sociodemographic sampling weights. Limitations: Response rate varied by ethnicity and socioeconomic status. | Implications for 3 studies (Atchison et al., Moscola et al. & Ward et al.): National surveys of antibody prevalence provide assessments of populations at greatest risk for previous infection, which may be used to target prevention approaches and assess potential development of herd immunity. Self-testing for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies appears sufficiently acceptable and valid to support large scale serosurveys. Seroprevalence rates in HCW that were comparable to general population suggest availability and appropriate use of PPE can mitigate exposure risk among these essential workers (see Jeremias et al. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among health care workers in a tertiary care hospital.external icon JAMA Internal Medicine). SP - 2020.08.12.20173690 ST - Antibody prevalence for SARS-CoV-2 following the peak of the pandemic in England: REACT2 study in 100,000 adults T2 - medRxiv TI - Antibody prevalence for SARS-CoV-2 following the peak of the pandemic in England: REACT2 study in 100,000 adults TT - Published article: SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence in England following the first peak of the pandemic UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/08/14/2020.08.12.20173690.full.pdf | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/08/21/2020.08.12.20173690.full.pdf ID - 736 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Among patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19), IgM levels increased early after symptom onset for those with mild and severe disease, but IgG levels increased early only in those with severe disease. A similar pattern was observed in a separate serosurveillance cohort. Mild COVID-19 should be investigated separately from severe COVID-19. AN - 32857691 AU - Hu, W. T. | Howell, J. C. | Ozturk, T. | Benameur, K. | Bassit, L. C. | Ramonell, R. | Cashman, K. S. | Pirmohammed, S. | Roback, J. D. | Marconi, V. C. | Yang, I. | Mac, V. V. | Smith, D. | Sanz, I. | Wharton, W. | Lee, F. E. | Schinazi, R. F. C1 - 2020-09-08 C2 - Laboratory Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090820_covidupdate.html DA - Dec DO - 10.3201/eid2612.203334 ET - 2020/08/29 IS - 12 KW - Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | COVID-19/*immunology/physiopathology | Case-Control Studies | Disease Progression | Female | Georgia | Humans | Immunoglobulin G/*immunology | Immunoglobulin M/*immunology | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Prospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 | *Severity of Illness Index | *2019 novel coronavirus disease | *Atlanta | *covid-19 | *Georgia | *SARS-CoV-2 | *USA | *antibody profiles | *coronavirus disease | *immunoglobulin | *infection severity | *neutralization | *respiratory infections | *severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 | *viruses | *zoonoses L1 - internal-pdf://0877907145/Hu-2020-Antibody Profiles According to Mild or.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Hu, William T; Howell, J Christina; Ozturk, Tugba; Benameur, Karima; Bassit, Leda C; Ramonell, Richard; Cashman, Kevin S; Pirmohammed, Shama; Roback, John D; Marconi, Vincent C; Yang, Irene; Mac, Valerie V; Smith, Daniel; Sanz, Ignacio; Wharton, Whitney; Lee, F Eun-Hyung; Schinazi, Raymond F; eng; R01 AG054046/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; RF1 AG054991/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; T32 HL116271/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; U19 AI110483/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Emerg Infect Dis. 2020 Dec;26(12):2974-2978. doi: 10.3201/eid2612.203334. Epub 2020 Aug 28. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels increased early after symptom onset and remained elevated in hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 (Figure A). | The group with mild disease had lower IgG levels early after symptom onset. | Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM levels were detectable early after symptom onset regardless of disease severity (Figure B). | A diagnostic algorithm of IgG from hospitalized participants performed poorly for detection of mild COVID-19. | Methods: Characterization of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG directed at the spike protein receptor binding domain (S1-RBD) in specimens collected from COVID-19 patients (28 severe hospitalized, 15 mild recovered), 103 healthy adults (collected before 2020 and used as control for background antibody levels) and 116 persons who had recovered from an influenza-like illness. Limitations: Small sample; IgA not measured; certain viral protein targets not tested. | Implications: Absence of IgG may not exclude mild COVID-19 and serologic testing should include both IgG and IgM when using serology for diagnosis of recent infection. SN - 1080-6059 (Electronic); 1080-6040 (Linking) SP - 2974-2978 ST - Antibody Profiles According to Mild or Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, 2020 T2 - Emerg Infect Dis TI - Antibody Profiles According to Mild or Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, 2020 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32857691 VL - 26 ID - 844 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The COVID-19 pandemic has had widespread effects across the globe, and its causative agent, SARS-CoV-2, continues to spread. Effective interventions need to be developed to end this pandemic. Single and combination therapies with monoclonal antibodies have received emergency use authorization(1-3), and more treatments are under development(4-7). Furthermore, multiple vaccine constructs have shown promise(8), including two that have an approximately 95% protective efficacy against COVID-19(9,10). However, these interventions were directed against the initial SARS-CoV-2 virus that emerged in 2019. The recent detection of SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.1.7 in the UK(11) and B.1.351 in South Africa(12) is of concern because of their purported ease of transmission and extensive mutations in the spike protein. Here we show that B.1.1.7 is refractory to neutralization by most monoclonal antibodies against the N-terminal domain of the spike protein and is relatively resistant to a few monoclonal antibodies against the receptor-binding domain. It is not more resistant to plasma from individuals who have recovered from COVID-19 or sera from individuals who have been vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2. The B.1.351 variant is not only refractory to neutralization by most monoclonal antibodies against the N-terminal domain but also by multiple individual monoclonal antibodies against the receptor-binding motif of the receptor-binding domain, which is mostly due to a mutation causing an E484K substitution. Moreover, compared to wild-type SARS-CoV-2, B.1.351 is markedly more resistant to neutralization by convalescent plasma (9.4-fold) and sera from individuals who have been vaccinated (10.3-12.4-fold). B.1.351 and emergent variants(13,14) with similar mutations in the spike protein present new challenges for monoclonal antibody therapies and threaten the protective efficacy of current vaccines. AD - Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. | Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. | Department of Biochemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA. | Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA. | Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. | Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA. yh3253@cumc.columbia.edu. | Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA. dh2994@cumc.columbia.edu. | Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. dh2994@cumc.columbia.edu. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA. dh2994@cumc.columbia.edu. AN - 33684923 AU - Wang, P. | Nair, M. S. | Liu, L. | Iketani, S. | Luo, Y. | Guo, Y. | Wang, M. | Yu, J. | Zhang, B. | Kwong, P. D. | Graham, B. S. | Mascola, J. R. | Chang, J. Y. | Yin, M. T. | Sobieszczyk, M. | Kyratsous, C. A. | Shapiro, L. | Sheng, Z. | Huang, Y. | Ho, D. D. C1 - 2021-03-19 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03192021_covidupdate.html DA - May DO - 10.1038/s41586-021-03398-2 ET - 2021/03/09 IS - 7857 KW - Adult | Aged | Animals | Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology/therapeutic use | Antibodies, Neutralizing/*immunology | Antibodies, Viral/*immunology | COVID-19/drug therapy/*immunology/prevention & control/*therapy/virology | COVID-19 Vaccines/*immunology | Chlorocebus aethiops | Drug Resistance, Viral/immunology | HEK293 Cells | Humans | Immune Evasion/genetics/*immunology | Immunization, Passive | Middle Aged | Models, Molecular | Mutation | Neutralization Tests | Protein Domains/immunology | SARS-CoV-2/chemistry/genetics/*immunology | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry/genetics/*immunology | Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology | Vero Cells L1 - internal-pdf://3570411030/Wang-2021-Antibody resistance of SARS-CoV-2 va.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Wang, Pengfei; Nair, Manoj S; Liu, Lihong; Iketani, Sho; Luo, Yang; Guo, Yicheng; Wang, Maple; Yu, Jian; Zhang, Baoshan; Kwong, Peter D; Graham, Barney S; Mascola, John R; Chang, Jennifer Y; Yin, Michael T; Sobieszczyk, Magdalena; Kyratsous, Christos A; Shapiro, Lawrence; Sheng, Zizhang; Huang, Yaoxing; Ho, David D; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Nature. 2021 May;593(7857):130-135. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03398-2. Epub 2021 Mar 8. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A series of experiments found that the B.1.351 variant was refractory to many monoclonal antibodies (mABs) and resistant to neutralization of convalescent plasma and vaccinee sera; rampant viral spread with critical mutations could necessitate having to chase an evolving SARS-CoV-2, much like influenza. SN - 1476-4687 (Electronic); 0028-0836 (Linking) SP - 130-135 ST - Antibody resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.351 and B.1.1.7 T2 - Nature TI - Antibody resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.351 and B.1.1.7 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33684923 VL - 593 ID - 1583 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Studies have reported low seroconversion rates (58% after the second dose) in solid organ transplant recipients who received a messenger RNA (mRNA) SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Based on this evidence, the French National Authority for Health issued a recommendation in April 2021 to administer a third vaccine dose in immunosuppressed patients who did not respond after 2 doses. We examined the antibody responses of kidney transplant recipients who did not respond to 2 doses and received a third dose (100 μg) of the mRNA-1273 vaccine (Moderna). AD - Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France. | Department of Virology, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France. AN - 34297036 AU - Benotmane, Ilies | Gautier, Gabriela | Perrin, Peggy | Olagne, Jérôme | Cognard, Noëlle | Fafi-Kremer, Samira | Caillard, Sophie C1 - 2021-07-30 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07302021_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 23 DO - 10.1001/jama.2021.12339 ET - 2021/07/24 L1 - internal-pdf://0541222892/Benotmane-2021-Antibody Response After a Third.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Benotmane, Ilies | Gautier, Gabriela | Perrin, Peggy | Olagne, Jerome | Cognard, Noelle | Fafi-Kremer, Samira | Caillard, Sophie | eng | JAMA. 2021 Jul 23. pii: 2782538. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.12339. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Almost half (49%) of 159 kidney transplant recipients who did not respond (titer �?9.9 AU/mL) after 2 doses of mRNA-1273 had an antibody response after a 3rd dose (median titer 586 AU/mL; IQR, 197.2-1920.1 AU/mL) (Figure). | 35% of patients taking tacrolimus, mycophenolate, and steroids developed antibodies compared to 63% on other regimens. | Methods: Kidney transplant recipients (n = 159) with a negative COVID-19 history and SARS-CoV-2 antispike IgG <50 AU/mL on day of 1st vaccine dose and 1 month after 2nd dose were selected from a Kidney Transplantation Department in France between January 20, 2021 and June 3, 2021. A 3rd dose of mRNA-1273 (Moderna) was administered a median of 51 days following 2nd dose and antispike IgG response was measured 28 days later. Median time from transplantation was 5.3 years. Limitations: Lack of B- and T-cell studies. | Implications: Transplant patients on specific therapies may not be protected following 2 SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine doses. These individuals should continue to follow current prevention measures (masking, distancing, avoiding crowds and poorly ventilated indoor spaces) after vaccination, and their close contacts should be vaccinated against COVID-19. SN - 0098-7484 ST - Antibody Response After a Third Dose of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Kidney Transplant Recipients With Minimal Serologic Response to 2 Doses T2 - JAMA TI - Antibody Response After a Third Dose of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Kidney Transplant Recipients With Minimal Serologic Response to 2 Doses UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.12339 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/2782538/jama_benotmane_2021_ld_210048_1626975710.75219.pdf Y2 - 8/2/2021 ID - 2173 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Hopital Henri Mondor, 94000 Creteil, France. | Hopital Henri Mondor, 94000 Creteil, France. Electronic address: sebastien.maury@aphp.fr. AN - 34270933 AU - Redjoul, Rabah | Le Bouter, Anne | Beckerich, Florence | Fourati, Slim | Maury, Sébastien C1 - 2021-07-23 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07232021_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 24 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01594-4 ET - 2021/07/17 IS - 10297 KW - Antibodies, Viral/*immunology | COVID-19/prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/*immunology | *Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation | Humans | *Immunocompromised Host | Pandemics | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://0934494473/Redjoul-2021-Antibody response after second BN.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Redjoul, Rabah | Le Bouter, Anne | Beckerich, Florence | Fourati, Slim | Maury, Sebastien | eng | Letter | England | Lancet. 2021 Jul 24;398(10297):298-299. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01594-4. Epub 2021 Jul 13. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 88 allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) patients receiving 2 doses of BNT162b2, titers against SARS-CoV-2 reached neutralization levels > 4160 AU/mL in those more than 12 months beyond HSCT (n = 52) and having absolute lymphocyte counts in peripheral blood above 1G/L. Immunosuppressive treatments within 3 months of vaccination together with lymphocyte count below 1G/L remained independently correlated with low IgG (S-RBD) titers in multivariable analysis. SN - 0140-6736 SP - 298-299 ST - Antibody response after second BNT162b2 dose in allogeneic HSCT recipients T2 - Lancet TI - Antibody response after second BNT162b2 dose in allogeneic HSCT recipients UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01594-4 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8277189/pdf/main.pdf VL - 398 Y2 - 2021/07/26 ID - 2137 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In contrast to immunocompetent participants in vaccine trials, a low proportion (17%) of solid organ transplant recipients mounted a positive antibody response to the first dose of SARS-CoV-2 messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines, with those receiving anti–metabolite maintenance immunosuppression less likely to respond. In this study, we assessed antibody response after the second dose. AD - Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. | Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. | Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. AN - 33950155 AU - Boyarsky, B. J. | Werbel, W. A. | Avery, R. K. | Tobian, A. A. R. | Massie, A. B. | Segev, D. L. | Garonzik-Wang, J. M. C1 - 2021-05-14 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05142021_covidupdate.html DA - May 5 DO - 10.1001/jama.2021.7489 ET - 2021/05/06 IS - 21 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Antibodies, Viral/*blood | COVID-19/*immunology | COVID-19 Vaccines/*immunology | Female | Humans | Immunization, Secondary | Male | Middle Aged | Organ Transplantation | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/*immunology | *Transplant Recipients | Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://3382598346/Boyarsky-2021-Antibody Response to 2-Dose SARS.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Boyarsky, Brian J; Werbel, William A; Avery, Robin K; Tobian, Aaron A R; Massie, Allan B; Segev, Dorry L; Garonzik-Wang, Jacqueline M; eng; JAMA. 2021 May 5. pii: 2779852. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.7489. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Only 357 of 658 (54%, 95% CI 50%-58%) transplant recipients had a measurable antibody response to 2 doses (median 29 days after dose 2) of mRNA vaccines (Figure). | At a median of 21 days after dose 1, antibody was detectable in 98 participants (15%, 95% CI 12%-18%). | Only 43% (205/473) of transplant recipients receiving anti-metabolite maintenance immunosuppression therapy had an antibody response after 2 doses compared with 82% (152/185) of transplant recipients not receiving antimetabolites. | Methods: Prospective cohort study of transplant recipients who received 2 doses of either Pfizer/BioNTech or Moderna SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines between December 16, 2020 and March 13, 2021. Antibodies to the spike protein and the receptor binding domain were measured by Roche Elecsys or EURIMMUNE immunoassays, respectively. Limitations: No immunocompetent control group; did not measure post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infection; did not measure memory B-cell or T-cell responses. | Implications: While more transplant recipients developed detectable antibodies following a 2nd dose of mRNA vaccines compared with dose 1external icon, a substantial proportion likely remain at risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection even after vaccination. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 2204-2206 ST - Antibody Response to 2-Dose SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine Series in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients T2 - JAMA TI - Antibody Response to 2-Dose SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine Series in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33950155 VL - 325 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1741 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. | Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins Unveristy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. | Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. | Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA dorry@jhmi.edu. | Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. AN - 33757968 AU - Boyarsky, B. J. | Ruddy, J. A. | Connolly, C. M. | Ou, M. T. | Werbel, W. A. | Garonzik-Wang, J. M. | Segev, D. L. | Paik, J. J. C1 - 2021-04-09 C2 - COVID-19 Vaccines in Immunocompromised People CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04092021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 23 DO - 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-220289 ET - 2021/03/25 KW - Covid-19 | antirheumatic agents | autoimmune diseases | vaccination | speaking honoraria from Sanofi, Novartis, CSL Behring, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, | Veloxis, Mallincrodt and Thermo Fisher Scientific. L1 - internal-pdf://1333456908/Boyarsky-2021-Antibody response to a single do.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Boyarsky, Brian J; Ruddy, Jake A; Connolly, Caoilfhionn M; Ou, Michael T; Werbel, William A; Garonzik-Wang, Jacqueline M; Segev, Dorry L; Paik, Julie J; eng; K23 AR073927/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/; Letter; England; Ann Rheum Dis. 2021 Mar 23. pii: annrheumdis-2021-220289. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-220289. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Most patients (74% [95% CI 65%-81%]) with rheumatic and musculoskeletal (RMD) diseases had antibody responses to one SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine dose. | There were no reported differences by specific vaccine received. | Patients receiving mycophenolate or rituximab were less likely to develop antibody responses compared to patients not receiving these therapies. | Methods: Antispike antibody responses in 126 RMD patients, most of whom were receiving therapies including non-biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs, n = 23), biologic DMARDs (n = 17), corticosteroids (n = 4) or combinations (n = 45), were assessed at a median of 20 days after the first dose of either BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273. Limitations: Small sample; antibody responses assessed only after the first vaccine dose. | Implications for both studies (Boyarsky et al. A. and B.): Solid organ transplant recipients and patients receiving specific immunosuppressive therapies, including antimetabolites and rituximab, might have reduced antibody responses to one dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine compared to the general population. Further research is needed to determine whether people with immunosuppressive conditions or receiving specific immunotherapies would benefit from additional doses of COVID-19 vaccines or re-vaccination at a certain interval. SN - 1468-2060 (Electronic); 0003-4967 (Linking) SP - annrheumdis-2021-220289 ST - Antibody response to a single dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine in patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases T2 - Ann Rheum Dis TI - Antibody response to a single dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine in patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33757968 ID - 1659 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: Patients receiving dialysis may mount impaired responses to COVID19 vaccination. Methods: We report antibody response to vaccination from 1140 patients without, and 493 patients with pre-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 RBD antibody. We used commercially available assays (Siemens) to test remainder plasma monthly in association with vaccination date and type, and assess prevalence of absent total receptor binding antibody, and absent or attenuated (index value < 10) semiquantitative receptor binding domain IgG index values. We used Poisson regression to evaluate risk factors for absent or attenuated response to vaccination. Results: Among patients who were seronegative versus seropositive before vaccination, 62% and 56% were >/=65 years old, 20% and 24% were Hispanic, and 22% and 23% were Black. Median IgG index values rose steadily over time, and were higher among the seropositive than in the seronegative patients after completing vaccination (150 [25 (th) , 75 (th) percentile 23.2, 150.0] versus 41.6 [11.3, 150.0]). Among 610 patients who completed vaccination (assessed >/=14 days later, median 29 days later), the prevalence of absent total RBD response, and absent and attenuated semiquantitative IgG response was 4.4% (95% CI 3.1, 6.4%), 3.4% (2.4, 5.2%), and 14.3% (11.7, 17.3%) respectively. Risk factors for absent or attenuated response included longer vintage of end-stage kidney disease, and lower pre-vaccination serum albumin. Conclusions: More than one in five patients receiving dialysis had evidence of an attenuated immune response to COVID19 vaccination. Significance statement: Patients receiving dialysis face high likelihood of severe COVID19; at the same time, vaccination may be less efficacious, as prior data indicate impaired immune responses to influenza and Hepatitis B vaccination. We found that 22% of patients receiving dialysis had suboptimal responses to vaccination, irrespective of whether or not they had evidence of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Poorer health status and longer duration of end-stage kidney disease increased likelihood of suboptimal response. Ongoing vigilance for COVID19 in dialysis facilities and studies of modified vaccination dosing schedules will be critical to protecting patients receiving dialysis. AD - Department of Medicine (Nephrology), Stanford University. | Ascend Clinical Laboratory. | US Renal Care. | Department of Pathology, Stanford University. | Departments of Medicine (Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine), and Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University. | Departments of Medicine (Nephrology), and Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University. AN - 34013281 AU - Anand, S. | Montez-Rath, M. E. | Han, J. | Garcia, P. | Cadden, L. | Hunsader, P. | Kerschmann, R. | Beyer, P. | Dittrich, M. | Block, G. A. | Boyd, S. D. | Parsonnet, J. | Chertow, G. M. C1 - 2021-05-21 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategy CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05212021_covidupdate.html DA - May 12 DO - 10.1101/2021.05.06.21256768 ET - 2021/05/21 L1 - internal-pdf://3313348196/Anand-2021-Antibody Response to COVID-19 vacci.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Anand, Shuchi; Montez-Rath, Maria E; Han, Jialin; Garcia, Pablo; Cadden, LinaCel; Hunsader, Patti; Kerschmann, Russell; Beyer, Paul; Dittrich, Mary; Block, Geoffrey A; Boyd, Scott D; Parsonnet, Julie; Chertow, Glenn M; eng; Preprint; medRxiv. 2021 May 12. doi: 10.1101/2021.05.06.21256768. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 610 fully vaccinated dialysis patients, approximately 135 (22.1%) had absent or attenuated antibody responses at least 14 days following vaccination with Moderna mRNA-1273, Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2, or Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) Ad26.CoV2.S vaccines. SP - 2021.05.06.21256768 ST - Antibody Response to COVID-19 vaccination in Patients Receiving Dialysis T2 - medRxiv TI - Antibody Response to COVID-19 vaccination in Patients Receiving Dialysis TT - Published article: Antibody Response to COVID-19 Vaccination in Patients Receiving Dialysis UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34013281 ID - 1777 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK; Department of Cardiology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK. | National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK. | The Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK. | Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK. | Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK. | Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; Lung Division, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, London, UK. Electronic address: r.boyton@imperial.ac.uk. AN - 33640038 AU - Manisty, C. | Otter, A. D. | Treibel, T. A. | McKnight, A. | Altmann, D. M. | Brooks, T. | Noursadeghi, M. | Boyton, R. J. | Semper, A. | Moon, J. C. C1 - 2021-03-12 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03122021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 20 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00501-8 ET - 2021/03/01 IS - 10279 KW - Antibodies, Viral/*blood/immunology | Asymptomatic Infections | COVID-19/immunology/*prevention & control/virology | COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage/*immunology | Case-Control Studies | Humans | Immunization Schedule | Immunogenicity, Vaccine | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology L1 - internal-pdf://2344432203/Manisty-2021-Antibody response to first BNT162.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Manisty, Charlotte; Otter, Ashley D; Treibel, Thomas A; McKnight, Aine; Altmann, Daniel M; Brooks, Timothy; Noursadeghi, Mahdad; Boyton, Rosemary J; Semper, Amanda; Moon, James C; eng; Letter; England; Lancet. 2021 Mar 20;397(10279):1057-1058. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00501-8. Epub 2021 Feb 25. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A case-control study including serologic data from 51 health care workers found that anti-S titers after the first dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine were comparable to peak titers after natural infection, while for persons with previous natural infection, vaccination increased anti-S titers more than 140-fold greater. SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 1057-1058 ST - Antibody response to first BNT162b2 dose in previously SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals T2 - Lancet TI - Antibody response to first BNT162b2 dose in previously SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33640038 VL - 397 ID - 1571 ER - TY - JOUR AB - AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The aim of the study was to characterise the humoral response against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in patients with diabetes. Demonstrating the ability to mount an appropriate antibody response in the presence of hyperglycaemia is relevant for the comprehension of mechanisms related to the observed worse clinical outcome of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia in patients with diabetes and for the development of any future vaccination campaign to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS: Using a highly specific and sensitive measurement of antibodies by fluid-phase luciferase immunoprecipitation assays, we characterised the IgG, IgM and IgA response against multiple antigens of SARS-CoV-2 in a cohort of 509 patients with documented diagnosis of COVID-19, prospectively followed at our institution. We analysed clinical outcomes and antibody titres according to the presence of hyperglycaemia, i.e., either diagnosed or undiagnosed diabetes, at the time of, or during, hospitalisation. RESULTS: Among patients with confirmed COVID-19, 139 (27.3%) had diabetes: 90 (17.7%) had diabetes diagnosed prior to the hospital admission (comorbid diabetes) while 49 (9.6%) had diabetes diagnosed at the time of admission (newly diagnosed). Diabetes was associated with increased levels of inflammatory biomarkers and hypercoagulopathy, as well as leucocytosis and neutrophilia. Diabetes was independently associated with risk of death (HR 2.32 [95% CI 1.44, 3.75], p = 0.001), even after adjustment for age, sex and other relevant comorbidities. Moreover, a strong association between higher glucose levels and risk of death was documented irrespective of diabetes diagnosis (HR 1.14 x 1.1 mmol/l [95% CI 1.08, 1.21], p < 0.001). The humoral response against SARS-CoV-2 in patients with diabetes was present and superimposable, as for timing and antibody titres, to that of non-diabetic patients, with marginal differences, and was not influenced by glucose levels. Of the measured antibody responses, positivity for IgG against the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) was predictive of survival rate, both in the presence or absence of diabetes. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: The observed increased severity and mortality risk of COVID-19 pneumonia in patients with hyperglycaemia was not the result of an impaired humoral response against SARS-CoV-2. RBD IgG positivity was associated with a remarkable protective effect, allowing for a cautious optimism about the efficacy of future vaccines against SARs-COV-2 in people with diabetes. Graphical abstract. AD - San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. | Molecular Hematology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. | Department of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. | School of Medicine and Surgery, Universita Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. | Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. | Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. | San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. piemonti.lorenzo@hsr.it. | School of Medicine and Surgery, Universita Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. piemonti.lorenzo@hsr.it. AN - 33029657 AU - Lampasona, V. | Secchi, M. | Scavini, M. | Bazzigaluppi, E. | Brigatti, C. | Marzinotto, I. | Davalli, A. | Caretto, A. | Laurenzi, A. | Martinenghi, S. | Molinari, C. | Vitali, G. | Di Filippo, L. | Mercalli, A. | Melzi, R. | Tresoldi, C. | Rovere-Querini, P. | Landoni, G. | Ciceri, F. | Bosi, E. | Piemonti, L. C1 - 2020-10-20 C2 - Laboratory Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102020_covidupdate.html DA - Dec DO - 10.1007/s00125-020-05284-4 ET - 2020/10/09 IS - 12 KW - Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Antibodies, Viral/chemistry/immunology/isolation & purification | *Antibody Formation | Antigens, Viral/*immunology | Biomarkers/analysis | Blood Coagulation Disorders/complications/immunology | Blood Glucose/analysis | Covid-19 | Cohort Studies | Coronavirus Infections/*immunology/mortality | Diabetes Mellitus/*immunology | Female | Humans | Immunity, Humoral | Immunoglobulin G/analysis/immunology | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*immunology/mortality | Risk Factors | Survival Analysis | *Antibodies | *covid-19 | *Diabetes | *Human | *Humoral response | *Receptor-binding domain | *SARS-CoV-2 | *Survival rate L1 - internal-pdf://3024072100/Lampasona-2020-Antibody response to multiple a.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Lampasona, Vito; Secchi, Massimiliano; Scavini, Marina; Bazzigaluppi, Elena; Brigatti, Cristina; Marzinotto, Ilaria; Davalli, Alberto; Caretto, Amelia; Laurenzi, Andrea; Martinenghi, Sabina; Molinari, Chiara; Vitali, Giordano; Di Filippo, Luigi; Mercalli, Alessia; Melzi, Raffaella; Tresoldi, Cristina; Rovere-Querini, Patrizia; Landoni, Giovanni; Ciceri, Fabio; Bosi, Emanuele; Piemonti, Lorenzo; eng; Observational Study; Germany; Diabetologia. 2020 Dec;63(12):2548-2558. doi: 10.1007/s00125-020-05284-4. Epub 2020 Oct 8. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Diabetes was associated with increased risk of death (hazard ratio 2.32, 95% CI 1.44-3.75, p = 0.001) (Figure). | There were negligible differences in SARS-CoV-2 humoral response in patients with and without diabetes (Figure). | Immune response was not influenced by glucose levels. | Presence of IgG antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain of the spike protein was predictive of survival in patients with and without diabetes. | Methods: Cohort study of 509 adult patients (139 with diabetes) hospitalized for COVID-19 between February 25 and April 19, 2020. Clinical outcomes and SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers were determined and compared by presence of hyperglycemia. Limitations: Unclear what comorbid conditions were adjusted for in the analyses; antibody neutralizing activity was not measured. | Implications: The increased severity and mortality of COVID-19, in persons with diabetes, does not appear to be caused by impaired antibody production in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. SN - 1432-0428 (Electronic); 0012-186X (Linking) SP - 2548-2558 ST - Antibody response to multiple antigens of SARS-CoV-2 in patients with diabetes: an observational cohort study T2 - Diabetologia TI - Antibody response to multiple antigens of SARS-CoV-2 in patients with diabetes: an observational cohort study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33029657 VL - 63 ID - 1071 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. | Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. | Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. AN - 34098566 AU - Boyarsky, Brian J. | Chiang, Teresa P-Y | Ou, Michael T. | Werbel, William A. | Massie, Allan B. | Segev, Dorry L. | Garonzik-Wang, Jacqueline M. C1 - 2021-06-18 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06182021_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 1 DO - 10.1097/tp.0000000000003850 ET - 2021/06/08 IS - 8 KW - Antibodies, Viral/*blood | Biomarkers/blood | COVID-19/immunology/*prevention & control/virology | COVID-19 Vaccines/*administration & dosage | Humans | Immunity, Humoral | *Immunogenicity, Vaccine | *Organ Transplantation | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/*immunology | Vaccination L1 - internal-pdf://3545518143/Antibody_Response_to_the_Janssen_COVID_19_Vacc.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Boyarsky, Brian J | Chiang, Teresa P-Y | Ou, Michael T | Werbel, William A | Massie, Allan B | Segev, Dorry L | Garonzik-Wang, Jacqueline M | eng | F32 DK124941/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ | K01 DK101677/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ | K23 DK115908/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ | K24 AI144954/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | Comparative Study | Letter | Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | Transplantation. 2021 Aug 1;105(8):e82-e83. doi: 10.1097/TP.0000000000003850. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) were detectable in 17% of transplant recipients vaccinated with Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) Ad26.COV2.S and in 59% (p = 0.005) of those who completed an mRNA vaccine series. | 83.3% of patients receiving Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) Ad26.COV2.S and 41.1% of those receiving an mRNA vaccine had anti-RBD antibody titers <0.8 Ig U/mL. (Figure). | Methods: SARS-CoV-2 RBD-specific antibody responses in solid organ transplant recipients, without prior COVID-19, who were fully vaccinated with Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) Ad26.COV2.S (n = 12) or an mRNA vaccine (n = 725), between December 2020 and March 2021 were compared approximately 1 month after the last vaccine dose. Limitations: Small sample size of Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) Ad26.COV2.S vaccine group. | Implications: The Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) Ad26.COV2.S vaccine may result in lower humoral immunity than mRNA vaccines in transplant patients, which might make SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines a better option for these individuals. SN - 0041-1337 SP - e82-e83 ST - Antibody Response to the Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients T2 - Transplantation TI - Antibody Response to the Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients UR - https://journals.lww.com/transplantjournal/Fulltext/9000/Antibody_Response_to_the_Janssen_COVID_19_Vaccine.95233.aspx VL - Online First ID - 1838 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: B cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is associated with immune suppression and patients are at increased clinical risk following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Covid-19 vaccines offer the potential for protection against severe infection but relatively little is known regarding the profile of the antibody response following first or second vaccination. | Methods: We studied spike-specific antibody responses following first and/or second Covid-19 vaccination in 299 patients with CLL compared with healthy donors. 13 patients underwent a standard interval (3-week) vaccine regimen whilst 286 underwent extended interval (10-12 week) vaccination. 154 patients received the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine and 145 patients received ChAdOx1. Blood samples were taken either by venepuncture or as dried blood spots on filter paper. 267 samples were taken at 5 weeks after the first vaccine for patients on the extended interval regimen and 13 and 42 samples were taken at 2-4 weeks after the second vaccine in patients on the standard or extended vaccine regimens respectively. | Findings: Spike-specific antibody responses were detectable in 34% of patients with CLL after one vaccine compared to 94% in healthy donors with antibody titres 104-fold lower in the patient group. Antibody responses increased to 75% after second vaccine, compared to 100% in healthy donors, although titres remained lower. Multivariate analysis showed that current treatment with BTK inhibitors or IgA deficiency were independently associated with failure to generate an antibody response after the second vaccine. | Interpretation: Antibody responses after both the first and second Covid-19 vaccine are lower in patients with CLL compared to age-matched donors. This is particularly marked in patients who are taking BTK inhibitors or have serum IgA deficiency. Further approaches such as repeat vaccination or administration of prophylactic antibody may be worthy of investigation for some patients. | Funding Information: This work was partially supported by the UK Coronavirus Immunology Consortium (UK-CIC) funded by DHSC/UKRI and the National Core Studies Immunity programme. | Declaration of Interests: None to declare. | Ethics Approval Statement: The work was performed under the CIA UPH IRAS approval (REC 20\NW\0240) and conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki and good clinical practice. Ethical approval was obtained from North West Preston Research Ethics Committee with favourable outcome. Informed consent was obtained in person or by remote consultation. AD - Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. | Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. | Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. | National infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 OJG, UK. | Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK. | St. James's University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK. | Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK. | Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, Bordesley Green East, B9 5SS, Birmingham, UK. | Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK. P.moss@bham.ac.uk. | Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK. P.moss@bham.ac.uk. AN - 34330895 AU - Parry, Helen Marie | McIlroy, Graham | Bruton, Rachel | Ali, Myah | Stephens, Christine | Damery, S. | Otter, Ashley | McSkeane, Tina | Rolfe, Hayley | Faustini, Sian | Wall, Nadezhda | Hillmen, P. | Pratt, Guy | Paneesha, Shankara | Zuo, Jianmin | Richter, Alex G. | Moss, Paul C1 - 2021-06-04 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06042021_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 30 DO - 10.2139/ssrn.3845994 ET - 2021/08/01 IS - 7 KW - Vaccination | CLL | Leukaemia | SARS-CoV-2 | COVID | Antibody L1 - internal-pdf://4264864576/SSRN-id3845994.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Parry, H | McIlroy, G | Bruton, R | Ali, M | Stephens, C | Damery, S | Otter, A | McSkeane, T | Rolfe, H | Faustini, S | Wall, N | Hillmen, P | Pratt, G | Paneesha, S | Zuo, J | Richter, A | Moss, P | eng | Clinical Trial | Blood Cancer J. 2021 Jul 30;11(7):136. doi: 10.1038/s41408-021-00528-x. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients vaccinated for COVID-19: | 34% were seropositive after 1 vaccine dose compared with 94% of controls. | 75% were seropositive after 2 vaccine doses compared with 100% of controls. | Antibody titers were approximately 104-fold lower compared with controls. | CLL patients receiving Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor (BTKi) treatment and those with IgA deficiency were least likely to develop antibody responses following vaccination. | Methods: SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific antibody responses were examined in CLL patients following vaccination with either Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2 (n = 154) or Oxford/AstraZeneca ChAdOx1 (n = 145) and compared with healthy donors (n = 93). Patients were vaccinated on either a 3-week or extended 10�?2-week interval. Antibody response was determined 2�? weeks after vaccination. Limitations: Most samples obtained before the second vaccine dose and inability to test for previous infection in many samples. | Implications: Vaccinated patients with CLL, particularly those on BTKi therapy or with IgA deficiency, produce reduced spike-specific antibody titers, which might represent reduced vaccine-induced immunity to SARS-CoV-2. SN - 2044-5385 (Electronic) | 2044-5385 (Linking) SP - 136 ST - Antibody Responses After First and Second COVID-19 Vaccination in Patients With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia T2 - SSRN TI - Antibody Responses After First and Second COVID-19 Vaccination in Patients With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia TT - Published article: Antibody responses after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with lymphoma UR - https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3845994 VL - 11 ID - 1807 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Individuals with lymphoid malignancies have an increased mortality risk from COVID-19. Paradoxically, this population is least likely to be protected by SARS-CoV-2 vaccination as a result of disease- or treatment-related immunosuppression. Current data on vaccine responses in persons with lymphoid malignancies is limited.PROSECO is a UK multi-centre prospective observational study evaluating COVID-19 vaccine immune responses in individuals with lymphoma. This early interim analysis details the antibody responses to first- and second-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination with either BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) and ChAdOx1 (AstraZeneca), in 129 participants. Responses are compared to those obtained in healthy volunteers.The key findings of this interim analysis are first, 61% of participants who are vaccinated during or within 6 months of receiving systemic anti-lymphoma treatment, do not have detectable antibodies despite two doses of vaccine. Second, individuals with curable disease such has Hodgkin (6/6) and aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (13/16) develop robust antibody levels to either first or second doses, when vaccinated > 6 months after treatment completion. Third, participants incurable, indolent lymphomas have reduced antibody levels to first and second vaccine doses, irrespective of treatment history. Finally, whilst there was no difference in antibody responses between BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 in lymphoma participants, BNT162b2 induces 11-fold higher antibody responses than ChAdOx1 after the second dose in healthy donors.These findings serve to reassure the community that individuals with treated Hodgkin and aggressive B-NHL can develop antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Simultaneously it also highlights the critical need to identify an alternative strategy against COVID-19 for those undergoing systemic anti-lymphoma treatment, and for individuals with indolent lymphomas.Competing Interest StatementSHL, NC, MJ, DJP, AO, PWMJ and DG declare no competing interests. CF receives consultancy fees from AstraZeneca and participates in an advisory board for AstraZeneca, MA receives research funding from Pfizer, GPC receives research funding from Pfizer and participates in advisory boards for AstraZeneca and Pfizer, and AJD reports receiving research funding and honoraria from AstraZeneca and Janssen. Clinical TrialNCT04858568Funding StatementThe PROSECO study is funded by The Vaccine Blood Cancer Research Funding Consortium, and all charity partners including Blood Cancer UK (21009), and supported by Cancer Research UK Advanced Clinician Scientist Fellowship to SHL (A27179), Cancer Research UK/NIHR Southampton Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre funding and the NIHR Clinical Research Facility Southampton Research Biorepository (SRB). DG receives support from the NIHR Great Ormond Street Biomedical Research Centre. No pharmaceutical company contributed to this study or the writing of this article.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:This work is approved by local research ethics committees and the UK NHS Health Research Authority (IRAS 294739; 233768). Healthy controls were vaccinees who received vaccine as part of the government rollout and donated serum post vaccination for essay evaluation. All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have follow d all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThe data from this study is available after study completion on request to the corresponding author. AD - Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK; Cancer Research UK Research Centre, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK; University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK. Electronic address: s.h.lim@soton.ac.uk. | University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK. | Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK. | NIHR/Cancer Research UK Southampton Experimental Medicine Cancer Centre, WISH Laboratory, University Hospital Southampton, UK. | NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK. | Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK. | Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK. | University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK. | Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK; Cancer Research UK Research Centre, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK; University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK. | Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK; Cancer Research UK Research Centre, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK; University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK; NIHR/Cancer Research UK Southampton Experimental Medicine Cancer Centre, WISH Laboratory, University Hospital Southampton, UK. AN - 34224667 AU - Lim, Sean Hua | Campbell, Nicola | Johnson, Marina | Joseph-Pietras, Debora | Collins, Graham P. | O’Callaghan, Ann | Fox, Christopher P. | Ahearne, Matthew | Johnson, Peter W. M. | Goldblatt, David | Davies, Andrew J. C1 - 2021-06-25 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06252021_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.1101/2021.06.05.21258311 ET - 2021/07/06 IS - 8 KW - Aged | Antibodies, Viral/immunology | Antibody Formation | COVID-19/immunology/*prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology/*therapeutic use | Female | Humans | *Lymphoma/complications/immunology | Male | Middle Aged | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology | Vaccination L1 - internal-pdf://1732043515/Lim-2021-Antibody Responses after SARS-CoV-2 V.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Lim, Sean H | Campbell, Nicola | Johnson, Marina | Joseph-Pietras, Debora | Collins, Graham P | O'Callaghan, Ann | Fox, Christopher P | Ahearne, Matthew | Johnson, Peter W M | Goldblatt, David | Davies, Andrew J | eng | Clinical Trial | Multicenter Study | Observational Study | England | Lancet Haematol. 2021 Aug;8(8):e542-e544. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3026(21)00199-X. Epub 2021 Jul 2. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 129 lymphoma patients vaccinated with BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) or ChAdOx1 (Oxford/AstraZeneca), antibody titers were lower among patients “on treatment�?(ongoing treatment or completed �?6 months before vaccination) compared to “no treatment�?(treatment-naive or completed therapy > 6 months before 1st dose). Among those on treatment, 61% did not have detectable antibodies after 2 doses. SN - 2352-3026 (Electronic) | 2352-3026 (Linking) SP - 2021.06.05.21258311 ST - Antibody Responses after SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Lymphoma T2 - medRxiv TI - Antibody Responses after SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Lymphoma TT - Published article: Antibody responses after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with lymphoma UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/06/12/2021.06.05.21258311.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/06/12/2021.06.05.21258311.full.pdf VL - 8 ID - 1870 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Current guidelines recommend that individuals who have had COVID-19 should receive the identical vaccine regimen as those who have not had the infection. This includes two doses of the mRNA platform vaccines (BNT162b2/Pfizer; mRNA-1273/Moderna) that are approved for use in the United States. In this brief report, we show that after a single dose of the Pfizer SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, individuals that had prior SARS-CoV-2 infection had significantly higher antibody levels than individuals that had no history of infection. This provides the rationale for changing vaccination policy to deliver only a single dose to individuals with recent SARS-CoV-2 infection that may free up additional doses for individuals that have no preexisting immunity to the virus. Future study of other immune parameters such as T cell response and durability of immune response should be rapidly undertaken in individuals that had COVID-19 prior to vaccination.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis work was funded through internal institutional funds from Childrens Mercy Research Institute and Childrens Mercy Kansas City. The work was also supported by a CTSA grant from NCATS awarded to the University of Kansas for Frontiers: University of Kansas Clinical and Translational Science Institute (# UL1TR002366) The contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH or NCATS. E.G. holds the Roberta D. Harding & William F. Bradley, Jr. Endowed Chair in Genomic ResearchAuthor DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The vaccinee biospecimens were collected under a clinical study at Childrens Mercy Kansas City and reviewed and approved by the Childrens Mercy IRB (#00001670 and #00001317).All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesPrimary data are available from the authors at reasonable request. AN - 33564797 AU - Bradley, Todd | Grundberg, Elin | Selvarangan, Rangaraj C1 - 2021-02-19 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Internvention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02192021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 5 DO - 10.1101/2021.02.03.21251078 ET - 2021/02/11 L1 - internal-pdf://3766832234/Bradley-2021-Antibody responses boosted in ser.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Bradley, Todd | Grundberg, Elin | Selvarangan, Rangaraj | eng | UL1 TR002366/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ | Preprint | medRxiv. 2021 Feb 5. doi: 10.1101/2021.02.03.21251078. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: observed similar findings [as Samanovic et al.] after the first dose of the BNT162b2 (Pfizer) mRNA vaccine in healthcare workers with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. SP - 2021.02.03.21251078 ST - Antibody responses boosted in seropositive healthcare workers after single dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine T2 - medRxiv TI - Antibody responses boosted in seropositive healthcare workers after single dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine TT - Published article: Antibody Responses after a Single Dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/02/05/2021.02.03.21251078.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/02/05/2021.02.03.21251078.full.pdf ID - 1898 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Characterization of neutralization antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination in children and young adults with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) receiving biologic therapies is crucial.Methods We performed a prospective longitudinal cohort study evaluating SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein receptor binding domain (S-RBD) IgG positivity along with consistent clinical symptoms in patients with IBD receiving infliximab or vedolizumab. Serum was also obtained following immunization with approved vaccines. IgG antibody to the spike protein binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 was assayed with a fluorescent bead-based immunoassay that takes advantage of the high dynamic range of fluorescent molecules using flow cytometry. A sensitive and high-throughput neutralization assay that incorporates SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein onto a lentivirus and measures pseudoviral entry into ACE2 expressing HEK-293 cells was used.Results 436 patients were enrolled (mean age 17 years, range 2-26 years, 58% male, 71% Crohn’s disease, 29% ulcerative colitis, IBD-unspecified). 44 (10%) of enrolled subjects had SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD IgG antibodies. Compared to non-IBD adults (ambulatory) and hospitalized pediatric patients with PCR documented SARS-CoV-2 infection, S-RBD IgG antibody levels were significantly lower in the IBD cohort and by 6 months post infection most patients lacked neutralizing antibody. Following vaccination (n=33) patients had a 15-fold higher S-RBD antibody response in comparison to natural infection, and all developed neutralizing antibodies to both wild type and variant SARS-CoV-2.Conclusions and Relevance The lower and less durable SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD IgG response to natural infection in IBD patients receiving biologics puts them at risk of reinfection. The robust response to immunization is likely protective.Summary Our study showed a low and poorly durable SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD neutralizing IgG response to natural infection in IBD patients receiving biologics potentially putting them at risk of reinfection. However, they also had a robust response to immunization that is likely protectiveCompeting Interest StatementJeffrey Hyams serves on an Advisory Board for Janssen, TakedaClinical TrialClinicaltrials.gov NCT04838834Funding StatementNo payment has been made from a third party. All funding has been internal.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:This study was reviewed by the Institutional Review Board at Connecticut Childrens and deemed minimal riskAll necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAvailable upon request AN - 34159338 AU - Dailey, Joelynn | Kozhaya, Lina | Dogan, Mikail | Hopkins, Dena | Lapin, Blaine | Herbst, Katherine | Brimacombe, Michael | Grandonico, Kristen | Karabacak, Faith | Schreiber, John | Liang, Bruce Tsan-Liang | Salazar, Juan C. | Unutmaz, Derya | Hyams, Jeffrey S. C1 - 2021-06-25 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06252021_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 15 DO - 10.1101/2021.06.12.21258810 ET - 2021/06/24 L1 - internal-pdf://2401891283/Dailey-2021-Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 a.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Dailey, Joelynn | Kozhaya, Lina | Dogan, Mikail | Hopkins, Dena | Lapin, Blaine | Herbst, Katherine | Brimacombe, Michael | Grandonico, Kristen | Karabacak, Faith | Schreiber, John | Liang, Bruce Tsan-Liang | Salazar, Juan C | Unutmaz, Derya | Hyams, Jeffrey S | eng | Preprint | medRxiv. 2021 Jun 15. doi: 10.1101/2021.06.12.21258810. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 44/436 of children and young adults being treated with infliximab or vedolizumab for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) had SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain (S-RBD) antibodies. | 6 months post-infection these patients lacked neutralizing antibody. | Anti-S-RBD antibody levels and neutralization capacity were approximately 15 and 10 times higher, respectively, following COVID-19 vaccination compared to natural infection (Figure). | Methods: Single-center prospective study (May 2020–April 2021) evaluating SARS-CoV-2 S-RBD antibody positivity in 436 persons aged 2�?6 years with IBD who were treated with infliximab or vedolizumab. Antibody response and neutralization capacity determined approximately 3 weeks after complete vaccination, [BNT1682b (Pfizer/BioNTech) = 21, mRNA-1273 (Moderna) = 7, Ad26.COV2.S (Johnson & Johnson/Janssen) = 5] and compared to that of natural infection. Limitations: No control data from IBD patients not receiving biologics; no longitudinal data on durability of post-vaccination antibody response. | Implications: Young persons with IBD who are treated with biologics could be at increased risk for SARS-CoV-2 reinfection due to the short durability of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody response after natural infection. However, at least initially, COVID-19 vaccination appears to provide robust protection. SP - 2021.06.12.21258810 ST - Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 after Infection or Vaccination in Children and Young Adults with Inflammatory Bowel Disease T2 - medRxiv TI - Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 after Infection or Vaccination in Children and Young Adults with Inflammatory Bowel Disease UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/06/15/2021.06.12.21258810.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/06/15/2021.06.12.21258810.full.pdf ID - 1859 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We report that in a cohort of 45,965 adults, who were receiving either the ChAdOx1 or the BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, in those who had no prior infection with SARS-CoV-2, seroconversion rates and quantitative antibody levels after a single dose were lower in older individuals, especially in those aged >60 years. Two vaccine doses achieved high responses across all ages. Antibody levels increased more slowly and to lower levels with a single dose of ChAdOx1 compared with a single dose of BNT162b2, but waned following a single dose of BNT162b2 in older individuals. In descriptive latent class models, we identified four responder subgroups, including a ‘low responder�?group that more commonly consisted of people aged >75 years, males and individuals with long-term health conditions. Given our findings, we propose that available vaccines should be prioritized for those not previously infected and that second doses should be prioritized for individuals aged >60 years. Further data are needed to better understand the extent to which quantitative antibody responses are associated with vaccine-mediated protection. AD - Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | The National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK. | Office for National Statistics, Newport, UK. | Office of the Regius Professor of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Health Improvement Directorate, Public Health England, London, UK. | Wellcome Trust, London, UK. | Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. david.eyre@bdi.ox.ac.uk. | The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at the University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. david.eyre@bdi.ox.ac.uk. | The National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. david.eyre@bdi.ox.ac.uk. | Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK. david.eyre@bdi.ox.ac.uk. | MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, UCL, London, UK. AN - 34290390 AU - Wei, Jia | Stoesser, Nicole | Matthews, Philippa C. | Ayoubkhani, Daniel | Studley, Ruth | Bell, Iain | Bell, John I. | Newton, John N. | Farrar, Jeremy | Diamond, Ian | Rourke, Emma | Howarth, Alison | Marsden, Brian D. | Hoosdally, Sarah | Jones, E. Yvonne | Stuart, David I. | Crook, Derrick W. | Peto, Tim E. A. | Pouwels, Koen B. | Eyre, David W. | Walker, A. Sarah | Lambert, Alex | Thomas, Tina | Black, Russell | Felton, Antonio | Crees, Megan | Jones, Joel | Lloyd, Lina | Sutherland, Esther | Pritchard, Emma | Vihta, Karina-Doris | Doherty, George | Kavanagh, James | Chau, Kevin K. | Hatch, Stephanie B. | Ebner, Daniel | Ferreira, Lucas Martins | Christott, Thomas | Dejnirattisai, Wanwisa | Mongkolsapaya, Juthathip | Cameron, Sarah | Tamblin-Hopper, Phoebe | Wolna, Magda | Brown, Rachael | Cornall, Richard | Screaton, Gavin | Lythgoe, Katrina | Bonsall, David | Golubchik, Tanya | Fryer, Helen | Cox, Stuart | Paddon, Kevin | James, Tim | House, Thomas | Robotham, Julie | Birrell, Paul | Jordan, Helena | Sheppard, Tim | Athey, Graham | Moody, Dan | Curry, Leigh | Brereton, Pamela | Jarvis, Ian | Godsmark, Anna | Morris, George | Mallick, Bobby | Eeles, Phil | Hay, Jodie | VanSteenhouse, Harper | Lee, Jessica | the, Covid-Infection Survey team C1 - 2021-07-30 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07302021_covidupdate.html DA - 2021/07/21 DO - 10.1038/s41564-021-00947-3 ET - 2021/07/23 IS - 9 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Antibodies, Viral | Antibody Formation | COVID-19/*immunology/prevention & control/virology | COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage/*immunology | Child | Cohort Studies | Female | Humans | Immunoglobulin G/immunology | Male | Middle Aged | SARS-CoV-2/genetics/*immunology | United Kingdom | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://4002487841/Wei-2021-Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 vacc.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Wei, Jia | Stoesser, Nicole | Matthews, Philippa C | Ayoubkhani, Daniel | Studley, Ruth | Bell, Iain | Bell, John I | Newton, John N | Farrar, Jeremy | Diamond, Ian | Rourke, Emma | Howarth, Alison | Marsden, Brian D | Hoosdally, Sarah | Jones, E Yvonne | Stuart, David I | Crook, Derrick W | Peto, Tim E A | Pouwels, Koen B | Eyre, David W | Walker, A Sarah | eng | WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom | 110110/Z/15/Z/Wellcome Trust (Wellcome) | Clinical Trial | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | England | Nat Microbiol. 2021 Sep;6(9):1140-1149. doi: 10.1038/s41564-021-00947-3. Epub 2021 Jul 21. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings: | ; Following 1st dose of either vaccine, previously infected adults achieved higher antibody responses compared to those uninfected in all age groups. | Among infection-naïve adults, antibody levels were lower after 1 dose of ChAdOx1 compared with 1 dose of BNT162b2 (Figure). | 80-year-olds were less likely to be seropositive after a single dose of either vaccine vs. 40-year-olds: | ChAdOx1: 74% (95% CI�?6-80%) vs. 84% (95% CI�?6-89%). | BNT162b2: 85% (95% CI�?0-89%) vs. 95% (95% CI�?2-97%). | Seropositivity was less likely among those with long-term health conditions (adjusted OR�?�?.64 [0.60�?.69]) at >60 days after 1st dose of either vaccine. | Methods: Representative sample of UK population �?6 years of age (n = 45,965) who were first vaccinated between December 8, 2020 and April 6, 2021. SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike IgG was measured from 91 days before 1st vaccine dose until April 6, 2021. Probability of anti-spike IgG positivity after 1st vaccination was modeled by age and time. Limitations: Insufficient data to analyze participants with 2 doses of ChAdOx1; fewer data on younger adults due to vaccination prioritization of older adults; data gathered prior to dominance of B.1.617.2 SARS-CoV-2 in the UK. | Implications: Vaccination boosts antibody responses in individuals with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and is likely to provide further protection against reinfection; when vaccine supplies are limited, 2nd doses could be prioritized for individuals without previous infection. SN - 2058-5276 SP - 1140-1149 ST - Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in 45,965 adults from the general population of the United Kingdom T2 - Nat Microbiol TI - Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in 45,965 adults from the general population of the United Kingdom UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-021-00947-3 | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-021-00947-3.pdf VL - 6 ID - 2189 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The relationship between the presence of antibodies to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the risk of subsequent reinfection remains unclear. METHODS: We investigated the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in seropositive and seronegative health care workers attending testing of asymptomatic and symptomatic staff at Oxford University Hospitals in the United Kingdom. Baseline antibody status was determined by anti-spike (primary analysis) and anti-nucleocapsid IgG assays, and staff members were followed for up to 31 weeks. We estimated the relative incidence of PCR-positive test results and new symptomatic infection according to antibody status, adjusting for age, participant-reported gender, and changes in incidence over time. RESULTS: A total of 12,541 health care workers participated and had anti-spike IgG measured; 11,364 were followed up after negative antibody results and 1265 after positive results, including 88 in whom seroconversion occurred during follow-up. A total of 223 anti-spike-seronegative health care workers had a positive PCR test (1.09 per 10,000 days at risk), 100 during screening while they were asymptomatic and 123 while symptomatic, whereas 2 anti-spike-seropositive health care workers had a positive PCR test (0.13 per 10,000 days at risk), and both workers were asymptomatic when tested (adjusted incidence rate ratio, 0.11; 95% confidence interval, 0.03 to 0.44; P = 0.002). There were no symptomatic infections in workers with anti-spike antibodies. Rate ratios were similar when the anti-nucleocapsid IgG assay was used alone or in combination with the anti-spike IgG assay to determine baseline status. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of anti-spike or anti-nucleocapsid IgG antibodies was associated with a substantially reduced risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in the ensuing 6 months. (Funded by the U.K. Government Department of Health and Social Care and others.). AD - From Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (S.F.L., N.E.S., P.C.M., S.C., T.J., F.W., L.W., D.A., A.-M.O., K.J.), Nuffield Department of Medicine (S.F.L., D.O., N.E.S., P.C.M., A.H., S.B.H., B.D.M., R.J.C., E.Y.J., D.I.S., G.S., D.E., S. Hoosdally, D.W.C., C.P.C., A.S.W., T.E.A.P., T.M.W.), the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (N.E.S., P.C.M., S. Hoosdally, D.W.C., A.S.W., T.E.A.P., D.W.E.), the Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Research (B.D.M.), the Medical School, University of Oxford (L.J.P., T.G.R., Z.T.), Target Discovery Institute (D.E.), Nuffield Department of Population Health (A.-M.O., K.B.P., D.W.E.), and the Big Data Institute (D.W.E.), University of Oxford, and the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at University of Oxford in partnership with Public Health England (N.E.S., P.C.M., S. Hoosdally, D.W.C., K.B.P., A.S.W., T.E.A.P., D.W.E.), Oxford, and the National Infection Service, Public Health England at Colindale, London (M.C., S. Hopkins) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (T.M.W.). AN - 33369366 AU - Lumley, S. F. | O'Donnell, D. | Stoesser, N. E. | Matthews, P. C. | Howarth, A. | Hatch, S. B. | Marsden, B. D. | Cox, S. | James, T. | Warren, F. | Peck, L. J. | Ritter, T. G. | de Toledo, Z. | Warren, L. | Axten, D. | Cornall, R. J. | Jones, E. Y. | Stuart, D. I. | Screaton, G. | Ebner, D. | Hoosdally, S. | Chand, M. | Crook, D. W. | O'Donnell, A. M. | Conlon, C. P. | Pouwels, K. B. | Walker, A. S. | Peto, T. E. A. | Hopkins, S. | Walker, T. M. | Jeffery, K. | Eyre, D. W. | Oxford University Hospitals Staff Testing, Group C1 - 2021-01-15 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01152021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 11 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2034545 ET - 2020/12/29 IS - 6 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Antibodies, Viral/*blood | COVID-19/diagnosis/epidemiology/*immunology | COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing | COVID-19 Serological Testing | Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins/*immunology | Female | *Health Personnel | Humans | Immunoglobulin G/blood/*immunology | Incidence | Longitudinal Studies | Male | Middle Aged | Polymerase Chain Reaction | Recurrence | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology/isolation & purification | Seroconversion | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/*immunology | United Kingdom | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://4134650821/Lumley-2021-Antibody Status and Incidence of S.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Lumley, Sheila F; O'Donnell, Denise; Stoesser, Nicole E; Matthews, Philippa C; Howarth, Alison; Hatch, Stephanie B; Marsden, Brian D; Cox, Stuart; James, Tim; Warren, Fiona; Peck, Liam J; Ritter, Thomas G; de Toledo, Zoe; Warren, Laura; Axten, David; Cornall, Richard J; Jones, E Yvonne; Stuart, David I; Screaton, Gavin; Ebner, Daniel; Hoosdally, Sarah; Chand, Meera; Crook, Derrick W; O'Donnell, Anne-Marie; Conlon, Christopher P; Pouwels, Koen B; Walker, A Sarah; Peto, Tim E A; Hopkins, Susan; Walker, Timothy M; Jeffery, Katie; Eyre, David W; eng; WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; G1100525/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; MC_UU_00008/6/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; MR/N00065X/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; N Engl J Med. 2021 Feb 11;384(6):533-540. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2034545. Epub 2020 Dec 23. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection was lower among healthcare workers (HCWs) who were anti-spike IgG seropositive (n = 1,265) compared with HCWs who were seronegative (n = 11,364) after up to 31 weeks of follow-up and adjusting for calendar time (Figure). | Among 3 seropositive HCWs, the time between initial symptoms or seropositivity and reinfection with positive PCR testing ranged from 160 to 199 days. | Methods: Longitudinal cohort study of 12,541 HCWs enrolled at 4 hospitals in the United Kingdom from March 27 to November 30, 2020 investigated the incidence of RT-PCR confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection according to baseline antibody status. Limitations: Healthy cohort of HCWs <65 years old; short follow-up period; potential for outcome ascertainment bias given less frequent screening among seropositive HCWs. | Implications: Findings suggests that SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity may protect against reinfection for up to 6 months. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 533-540 ST - Antibody Status and Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Health Care Workers T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Antibody Status and Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Health Care Workers UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33369366 VL - 384 ID - 1417 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Two-dose messenger RNA vaccines (BNT162b2/Pfizer and mRNA-1273/Moderna) against SARS-CoV-2 were rolled out in the US in December 2020, and provide protection against hospitalization and death from COVID-19 for at least six months. Breakthrough infections have increased with waning immunity and the spread of the B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant in summer 2021, prompting approval of boosters for all adults over 18. We measured anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) IgG and surrogate virus neutralization of the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and the human angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2) receptor, before and after boosters in N=33 healthy adults. We document large antibody responses 6-10 days after booster, with antibody levels that exceed levels documented after natural infection with COVID-19, after two doses of vaccine, or after both natural infection and vaccination. Surrogate neutralization of B.1.617.2 is high but reduced in comparison with wild-type SARS-CoV-2. These data support the use of boosters to prevent breakthrough infections and suggest that antibody-mediated immunity may last longer than after the second vaccine dose.Competing Interest StatementThomas McDade has a financial interest in EnMed Microanalytics, a company that specializes in laboratory testing of dried blood spot samples. All other authors declare no conflicts of interest.Funding StatementSupported by the National Science Foundation 2035114, NIH 3UL1TR001422-06S4, Northwestern University Office of Research, and a generous gift from Dr. Andrew Senyei and Noni Senyei. The funding sources had no role in the study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation, or writing of the report.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:All research activities were implemented under protocols approved by the institutional review board at Northwestern University (#STU00212457 and #STU00212472).I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesRequests for the potentially identifiable dataset should be made by qualified researchers trained in human subject confidentiality protocols to Dr. Thomas McDade at Northwestern University. AU - Demonbreun, Alexis R. | Sancilio, Amelia | Vaught, Lauren A. | Reiser, Nina L. | Pesce, Lorenzo | McNally, Elizabeth M. | McDade, Thomas W. C1 - 2021-12-03 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/12032021_covidupdate.html#anchor_Vaccines DO - 10.1101/2021.11.19.21266555 L1 - internal-pdf://1151047277/Demonbreun-2021-Antibody titers before and aft.pdf LB - Natural History | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Adults who received a booster dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine 182�?90 days after a primary series had a ~25-fold increase in anti-RBD IgG concentration relative to pre-booster (Figure). | Median antibody concentration was significantly higher post-booster than after infection, after a primary 2-dose series among infection-naïve individuals, and after a primary series among previously infected individuals. | Post-booster IgG levels were similar in females and males, and lower with older age. | Post-booster neutralization titers were high for the SARS-CoV-2 Delta (B.1.617.2) variant and higher for wild-type SARS-CoV-2. | Methods: Fingerstick dried blood spot specimens were collected from adults previously fully vaccinated with an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine series (n = 33) before and 6�?0 days after booster dose administration (mean 237.9 days after last dose). Antibody (anti-RBD IgG) and surrogate virus neutralization (spike-ACE2 receptor interaction) results were compared to results from a prior community-based study that used the same protocols to quantify antibody responses after diagnosis of COVID-19 or administration of COVID-19 vaccine. Limitations: Small sample size; lack of stratification by mRNA vaccine type and long-term immune response assessment. | | Implications: In this study, mRNA COVID-19 vaccine boosters augmented immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 among individuals already vaccinated against and/or exposed to SARS-CoV-2. CDC now recommends that everyone ages �?8 years should receive a COVID-19 vaccine booster. SP - 2021.11.19.21266555 ST - Antibody titers before and after booster doses of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines in healthy adults T2 - medRxiv TI - Antibody titers before and after booster doses of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines in healthy adults UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/11/21/2021.11.19.21266555.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/11/21/2021.11.19.21266555.full.pdf ID - 2665 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN. Electronic address: Kathryn.edwards@vumc.org. | Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA. AN - 32565096 AU - Edwards, K. M. | Orenstein, W. A. C1 - 2021-07-02 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/070220_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.06.048 ET - 2020/06/23 KW - Betacoronavirus/immunology | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | Child | Clinical Trials as Topic | Coronavirus Infections/*prevention & control | *Drug Approval | Drug Industry | Humans | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Patient Safety | Pneumonia, Viral/*prevention & control | SARS-CoV-2 | United States | United States Food and Drug Administration | Viral Vaccines/*standards/*therapeutic use L1 - internal-pdf://0055028679/Edwards-2020-Anticipating Severe Acute Respira.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Edwards, Kathryn M; Orenstein, Walter A; eng; J Pediatr. 2020 Sep;224:124-128. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.06.048. Epub 2020 Jun 19. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Discusses the various steps of vaccine development and licensure to ensure the production and use of safe and effective vaccines. SN - 1097-6833 (Electronic); 0022-3476 (Linking) SP - 124-128 ST - Anticipating Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Vaccine Testing, Licensure, and Recommendations for Use T2 - J Pediatr TI - Anticipating Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Vaccine Testing, Licensure, and Recommendations for Use UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32565096 VL - 224 ID - 491 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The COVID-19 pandemic has currently overtaken every other health issue throughout the world. There are numerous ways in which this will impact existing public health issues. Here we reflect on the interactions between COVID-19 and tuberculosis (TB), which still ranks as the leading cause of death from a single infectious disease globally. There may be grave consequences for existing and undiagnosed TB patients globally, particularly in low and middle income countries (LMICs) where TB is endemic and health services poorly equipped. TB control programmes will be strained due to diversion of resources, and an inevitable loss of health system focus, such that some activities cannot or will not be prioritised. This is likely to lead to a reduction in quality of TB care and worse outcomes. Further, TB patients often have underlying co-morbidities and lung damage that may make them prone to more severe COVID-19. The symptoms of TB and COVID-19 can be similar, with for example cough and fever. Not only can this create diagnostic confusion, but it could worsen the stigmatization of TB patients especially in LMICs, given the fear of COVID-19. Children with TB are a vulnerable group especially likely to suffer as part of the "collateral damage". There will be a confounding of symptoms and epidemiological data through co-infection, as happens already with TB-HIV, and this will require unpicking. Lessons for COVID-19 could be learned from the vast experience of running global TB control programmes, while the astonishingly rapid and relatively well co-ordinated response to COVID-19 demonstrates how existing programmes could be significantly improved. AD - Vaccines and Immunity Theme, Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (MRCG at LSHTM), Atlantic Boulevard, Fajara, The Gambia. | Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Keppel Street, London, UK. | UCL Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London, UK. | UCL-TB & UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK. marclipman@nhs.net. | Respiratory Medicine, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. marclipman@nhs.net. AN - 32446305 AU - Togun, T. | Kampmann, B. | Stoker, N. G. | Lipman, M. C1 - 2020-06-02 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060220_covidupdate.html DA - May 23 DO - 10.1186/s12941-020-00363-1 DP - NLM ET - 2020/05/25 IS - 1 KW - Africa | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coinfection/*diagnosis/therapy | Coronavirus Infections/complications/*diagnosis/therapy | Developing Countries | Humans | Infection Control/*methods | Lung/pathology | Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/complications/*diagnosis/therapy | SARS-CoV-2 | Tuberculosis/complications/*diagnosis/therapy | United Kingdom | Children | Co-morbidity | Global | Isolation | Pandemic | Poverty | Transmission | Tuberculosis L1 - internal-pdf://2604882016/Togun-2020-Anticipating the impact of the COVI.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Togun, Toyin; Kampmann, Beate; Stoker, Neil Graham; Lipman, Marc; eng; Review; England; Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2020 May 23;19(1):21. doi: 10.1186/s12941-020-00363-1. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Describes effect of COVID-19 on tuberculosis and lessons from experience from tuberculosis control. SN - 1476-0711 (Electronic); 1476-0711 (Linking) SP - 21 ST - Anticipating the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on TB patients and TB control programmes T2 - Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob TI - Anticipating the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on TB patients and TB control programmes UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32446305 VL - 19 ID - 299 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Thromboembolic disease is common in coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). There is limited evidence on the association of in-hospital anticoagulation (AC) with outcomes and postmortem findings. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine association of AC with in-hospital outcomes and describe thromboembolic findings on autopsies. METHODS: This retrospective analysis examined the association of AC with mortality, intubation, and major bleeding. Subanalyses were also conducted on the association of therapeutic versus prophylactic AC initiated 18 years old with either symptoms compatible with COVID-19 (96%) or more minor symptoms and close contact with a documented COVID-19 case (4%). Patient specimens were tested using NP RT-PCR, saliva (self-collected) RT-PCR, or one of three Ag RDTs (selected on a rotating basis) on NP swabs. Ag RDT results were read in 15-20 minutes; PCR tests were sent to a laboratory. Limitations: Performance statistics not generalizable to asymptomatic persons, hospitalized patients, or to people presenting after 7 days of symptoms. | Implications: Ag RDT use would permit rapid identification and isolation of most persons with SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially those who are most contagious. The ability to use saliva samples for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis may lead to more widespread testing due to acceptability. SP - 2020.11.23.20237057 ST - Antigen rapid tests, nasopharyngeal PCR and saliva PCR to detect SARS-CoV-2: a prospective comparative clinical trial T2 - medRxiv TI - Antigen rapid tests, nasopharyngeal PCR and saliva PCR to detect SARS-CoV-2: a prospective comparative clinical trial UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/11/24/2020.11.23.20237057.full.pdf ID - 1330 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Individuals can test positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by molecular assays following the resolution of their clinical disease. Recent studies indicate that SARS-CoV-2 antigen-based tests are likely to be positive early in the disease course, when there is an increased likelihood of high levels of infectious virus. METHODS: Upper respiratory specimens from 251 participants with coronavirus disease 2019 symptoms (/=10 people, patronizing restaurants or bars, and public transportation (adjusted OR range, 3.1-16.2). Respirator use during aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) was associated with lower odds of HCP infection (adjusted OR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-0.8, P = .005), as was exposure to intensive care and dedicated COVID units, negative pressure rooms, and personal protective equipment (PPE) observers (adjusted OR range, 0.4-0.7). CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 transmission to HCP was associated with medical exposures currently considered lower-risk and multiple extra-occupational exposures, and exposures associated with proper use of appropriate PPE were protective. Closer scrutiny of infection control measures surrounding healthcare activities and medical settings considered lower risk, and continued awareness of the risks of public congregation, may reduce the incidence of HCP infection. AD - Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States. | Departments of Thoracic Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States. | Department of Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States. | Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine (Emeritus), University of California, Irvine, California, United States. | Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States. | Department of Pulmonology, Interventional Pulmonary Unit, Salamanca University Hospital, Salamanca, Spain. | Department of Pulmonology, Interventional Pulmonology Unit, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia. | Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Bangladesh Institute of Child Health, Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh. | Pulmonology Unit, Azienda Ospedali Riuniti Marche Nord, Pesaro, Italy. | Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Interventional Pulmonary Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy. | Department of Respiratory Medicine and Cardiothoracic Transplantation, Institute of Transplantation, Freeman Hospital and Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom. | Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom. | HCA Healthcare, Ocala Health System, Ocala, Florida, United States. | Division of Infectious Diseases and Department of Infection Prevention, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States. AN - 32900402 AU - Lentz, R. J. | Colt, H. | Chen, H. | Cordovilla, R. | Popevic, S. | Tahura, S. | Candoli, P. | Tomassetti, S. | Meachery, G. J. | Cohen, B. P. | Harris, B. D. | Talbot, T. R. | Maldonado, F. C1 - 2020-09-18 C2 - Healthcare Setting Associated COVID-19 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091820_covidupdate.html DA - Apr DB - Cambridge Core DO - 10.1017/ice.2020.455 DP - Cambridge University Press ET - 2020/09/10 IS - 4 KW - Adult | Aged | COVID-19/prevention & control/*transmission | Case-Control Studies | Female | Global Health/statistics & numerical data | Humans | Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional/*prevention & | control/statistics & numerical data | Logistic Models | Male | Middle Aged | Occupational Exposure/prevention & control/statistics & numerical data | Personal Protective Equipment/statistics & numerical data/virology | Respiratory Protective Devices/statistics & numerical data/virology | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://4199040735/Lentz-2021-Assessing coronavirus disease 2019.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Lentz, Robert J; Colt, Henri; Chen, Heidi; Cordovilla, Rosa; Popevic, Spasoje; Tahura, Sarabon; Candoli, Piero; Tomassetti, Sara; Meachery, Gerard J; Cohen, Brandon P; Harris, Bryan D; Talbot, Thomas R; Maldonado, Fabien; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2021 Apr;42(4):381-387. doi: 10.1017/ice.2020.455. Epub 2020 Sep 9. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The proportion of COVID-19 cases was greater among nurses (41%) than either physicians and nurse practitioners (20%) or respiratory therapists (6%). | At work, contact with a sick colleague, contact with patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19, and performing non-aerosol-generating procedures (AGP) on patients with laboratory-confirmed or suspect COVID-19 were significantly associated with testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 (Figure 1). | Outside of work, attending gatherings of >10 people, going to a restaurant or bar, using public transportation, or being exposed to a household member with COVID-19 were significantly associated with testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 (Figure 2). | Methods: Case-control study among 1,678 healthcare personnel from 67 countries using an online survey tool, between April 20 and May 5, 2020. Inclusion criteria included working in a healthcare setting between January 1, 2020 and survey completion. Cases (n = 244) were those reporting a laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis and controls (n = 886) were those who remained healthy. Possible cases who experienced COVID-19 symptoms without laboratory confirmation were excluded. Limitations: Mid-level providers and physicians were overrepresented; confirmation of case or control status was not possible; asymptomatic cases may have been present in the control group. | Implications for 3 studies (Shields et al., Lentz et al. & Rhee et al.): Healthcare settings present risks for SARS-CoV-2 infection to both healthcare personnel and patients. Healthcare personnel face different risks based on occupation and afterwork activities. With comprehensive infection control programs, risk of nosocomial and healthcare-associated SARS-CoV-2 infection among patients and staff, respectively, can be minimized even in the context of high-risk procedures and settings. SN - 1559-6834 (Electronic); 0899-823X (Linking) SP - 381-387 ST - Assessing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission to healthcare personnel: The global ACT-HCP case-control study T2 - Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol TI - Assessing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission to healthcare personnel: The global ACT-HCP case-control study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32900402 VL - 42 ID - 912 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Purpose Given incomplete data reporting by race, we used data on COVID-19 cases and deaths in US counties to describe racial disparities in COVID-19 disease and death and associated determinants.Methods Using publicly available data (accessed April 13, 2020), predictors of COVID-19 cases and deaths were compared between disproportionately (�?3%) black and all other (<13% black) counties. Rate ratios were calculated and population attributable fractions (PAF) were estimated using COVID-19 cases and deaths via zero-inflated negative binomial regression model. National maps with county-level data and an interactive scatterplot of COVID-19 cases were generated.Results Nearly ninety-seven percent of disproportionately black counties (656/677) reported a case and 49% (330/677) reported a death versus 81% (1987/2,465) and 28% (684/ 2465), respectively, for all other counties. Counties with higher proportions of black people have higher prevalence of comorbidities and greater air pollution. Counties with higher proportions of black residents had more COVID-19 diagnoses (RR 1.24, 95% CI 1.17-1.33) and deaths (RR 1.18, 95% CI 1.00-1.40), after adjusting for county-level characteristics such as age, poverty, comorbidities, and epidemic duration. COVID-19 deaths were higher in disproportionally black rural and small metro counties. The PAF of COVID-19 diagnosis due to lack of health insurance was 3.3% for counties with <13% black residents and 4.2% for counties with �?3% black residents.Conclusions Nearly twenty-two percent of US counties are disproportionately black and they accounted for 52% of COVID-19 diagnoses and 58% of COVID-19 deaths nationally. County-level comparisons can both inform COVID-19 responses and identify epidemic hot spots. Social conditions, structural racism, and other factors elevate risk for COVID-19 diagnoses and deaths in black communities.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementNo external funding was received.Author DeclarationsAll relevant ethical guidelines have been followed; any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained and details of the IRB/oversight body are included in the manuscript.YesAll necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll data used in the analysis are publicly available sources and are referenced to allow readers to access the public files. AD - Public Policy Office, amfAR, Foundation for AIDS Research, Washington, DC. | Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA. | Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. | Center for Vaccine Innovation and Access, PATH, Seattle, WA. | John D. Bower School of Population Health, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS. | O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown University, Washington, DC. | Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA. AN - 32419766 AU - Millett, Gregorio A. | Jones, Austin T. | Benkeser, David | Baral, Stefan | Mercer, Laina | Beyrer, Chris | Honermann, Brian | Lankiewicz, Elise | Mena, Leandro | Crowley, Jeffrey S. | Sherwood, Jennifer | Sullivan, Patrick C1 - 2020-05-12 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051220_covidupdate.html DA - Jul DO - 10.1101/2020.05.04.20090274 ET - 2020/05/19 KW - African Americans/*statistics & numerical data | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus | Coronavirus Infections/ethnology/*mortality | *Health Status Disparities | Humans | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/ethnology/*mortality | Rural Population | SARS-CoV-2 | *African-American | *Black | *covid-19 | *Disparity | *Race L1 - internal-pdf://1837145194/Millett-2020-Assessing Differential Impacts of.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Millett, Gregorio A | Jones, Austin T | Benkeser, David | Baral, Stefan | Mercer, Laina | Beyrer, Chris | Honermann, Brian | Lankiewicz, Elise | Mena, Leandro | Crowley, Jeffrey S | Sherwood, Jennifer | Sullivan, Patrick S | eng | Ann Epidemiol. 2020 Jul;47:37-44. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.05.003. Epub 2020 May 14. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 97% of US counties with an above average percentage of Black residents (�?3%) had at least one COVID-19 diagnosis compared with 80% of all other US counties. | US counties with higher a percentage of Black residents had a 23% higher rate of COVID-19 diagnoses and an 18% higher rate of COVID-19-related deaths after adjusting for county-level characteristics such as age, poverty, comorbidities, and epidemic duration (Figure). | Methods: Analysis of COVID-19 cases and deaths in US counties with above average (�?3%) percentage of Black residents compared with all other US counties. Rate ratios were calculated via a zero-inflated negative binomial regression model. Limitations: Ecological analysis; race/ethnicity of persons diagnosed and who died were unknown and assumed to be represented by county-level overall race/ethnicity profile. | Implications: US counties with a higher percentage of Black residents are disproportionately affected by COVID-19 diagnoses and death. | SN - 1873-2585 (Electronic) | 1047-2797 (Linking) SP - 2020.05.04.20090274 ST - Assessing Differential Impacts of COVID-19 on Black Communities T2 - medRxiv TI - Assessing Differential Impacts of COVID-19 on Black Communities TT - Published article: Assessing differential impacts of COVID-19 on black communities UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2020/05/08/2020.05.04.20090274.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/05/08/2020.05.04.20090274.full.pdf VL - 47 ID - 2003 ER - TY - JOUR AB - PURPOSE: Heightened COVID-19 mortality among Black non-Hispanic and Hispanic communities (relative to white non-Hispanic) is well established. This study aims to estimate the relative contributions to fatality disparities in terms of differences in SARS-CoV-2 infections, diagnoses, and disease severity. METHODS: We constructed COVID-19 outcome continua (similar to the HIV care continuum) for white non-Hispanic, Black non-Hispanic, and Hispanic adults in New York State. For each stage in the COVID-19 outcome continua (population, infection experience, diagnosis, hospitalization, fatality), we synthesized the most recent publicly available data. We described each continuum using overall percentages, fatality rates, and relative changes between stages, with comparisons between race and ethnicity using risk ratios. RESULTS: Estimated per-population COVID-19 fatality rates were 0.03%, 0.18%, and 0.12% for white non-Hispanic, Black non-Hispanic, and Hispanic adults, respectively. The 3.48-fold disparity for Hispanic, relative to white, communities was explained by differences in infection experience, whereas the 5.38-fold disparity for non-Hispanic Black, relative to white, communities was primarily driven by differences in both infection experience and in the need for hospitalization, given infection. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest the most impactful stages on which to intervene with programs and policies to build COVID-19 health equity. AD - Department of Health Policy, Management, and Behavior, University at Albany School of Public Health, State University of New York, Rensselaer; Center For Collaborative HIV Research in Practice and Policy, University at Albany School of Public Health, State University of New York, Rensselaer. | Center For Collaborative HIV Research in Practice and Policy, University at Albany School of Public Health, State University of New York, Rensselaer; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany School of Public Health, State University of New York, Rensselaer. | Center For Collaborative HIV Research in Practice and Policy, University at Albany School of Public Health, State University of New York, Rensselaer; New York State Department of Health, Albany NY. | New York State Department of Health, Albany NY. | Center For Collaborative HIV Research in Practice and Policy, University at Albany School of Public Health, State University of New York, Rensselaer; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany School of Public Health, State University of New York, Rensselaer. Electronic address: erosenberg2@albany.edu. AN - 32723697 AU - Holtgrave, D. R. | Barranco, M. A. | Tesoriero, J. M. | Blog, D. S. | Rosenberg, E. S. C1 - 2020-07-17 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071720_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.06.010 DP - NLM ET - 2020/07/30 KW - Covid-19 | Continental Population Groups/*statistics & numerical data | Coronavirus Infections/*ethnology/mortality/*therapy | Ethnic Groups/*statistics & numerical data | *Health Status Disparities | Humans | Mortality/ethnology | New York/epidemiology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*ethnology/mortality/*therapy | Treatment Outcome | *Coronavirus | *Epidemics | *Epidemiology | *Infectious diseases | *Race factors | *Surveillance L1 - internal-pdf://1516880304/Holtgrave-2020-Assessing racial and ethnic dis.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Holtgrave, David R; Barranco, Meredith A; Tesoriero, James M; Blog, Debra S; Rosenberg, Eli S; eng; Ann Epidemiol. 2020 Aug;48:9-14. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.06.010. Epub 2020 Jun 29. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Authors estimated 8.0% of White non-Hispanic, 18.7% of Black non-Hispanic, and 28.4% of Hispanic adults were infected with SARS-CoV-2. | Compared with white non-Hispanics, Black non-Hispanic and Hispanic populations had higher proportions of COVID-19 diagnosis, hospitalization and death (Figure). | Black non-Hispanic adults were 5.4 times, and Hispanic adults were 3.5 times more likely to die of COVID-19 compared with white non-Hispanic adults. | Black non-Hispanic adults were 4.5 times, and Hispanic adults were 4.4. times more likely to be hospitalized as a result of COVID-19 compared with white non-Hispanic adults. | Methods: Evaluation of race and ethnicity, COVID-19 incidence and diagnosis, hospitalization, and fatality using an outcomes continuum of data from public and peer-reviewed data sources, New York State. Limitations: Data sources varied, race and ethnicity data were incomplete, estimates are not adjusted for factors such as comorbidities. | Implications: COVID-19 outcomes examined by race and ethnicity may be useful to identify health disparities and focus efforts to mitigate them. SN - 1873-2585 (Electronic); 1047-2797 (Linking) SP - 9-14 ST - Assessing racial and ethnic disparities using a COVID-19 outcomes continuum for New York State T2 - Ann Epidemiol TI - Assessing racial and ethnic disparities using a COVID-19 outcomes continuum for New York State UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32723697 VL - 48 ID - 542 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Han, Mingfeng | Zhang, Yafei | Liu, Zhongping | Li, Shasha | Xu, Mengyuan | He, Tengfei | Li, Jinsong | Gao, Yong | Liu, Wanjun | Li, Tuantuan | Chen, Zixiang | Huang, Xin | Cheng, Guoling | Wang, Jun | Dittmer, Ulf | Witzke, Oliver | Zou, Guizhou | Li, Xiuyong | Lu, Mengji | Zhang, Zhenhua C1 - 2020-04-10 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/041020_covidupdate.html DO - 10.2139/ssrn.3556670 KW - SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, lymphocyte, Viral RNA level, disease severity L1 - internal-pdf://0991429107/SSRN-id3556670.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; On admission, patients with severe COVID-19 had more comorbidities; lower absolute serum lymphocyte counts (especially T cell counts: Figures 1 and 2); and higher immune markers (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, serum amyloid A protein, procalcitonin). | At 3�? days after admission, SARS-Cov-2 RNA viral loads were highest among the most severely ill patients. | Total lymphocyte and T cell count levels were most predictive of disease severity. | Methods: Retrospective study of 154 COVID-19 patients from China. Researchers estimated viral RNA levels with cycle threshold values, as well as lymphocyte and cytokine profiles, with flow cytometry and immunoassays. Principal component analyses were used to identify most relevant immunological markers for predicting mild vs severe cases. Limitation: Single center study. | Implications: Severe COVID-19 was more common among persons with lower total lymphocyte and T cell counts, regardless of SARS-CoV-2 viral loads at admission. Weakened immunity might lead to higher viral loads, and early antiviral treatments may be particularly beneficial for such persons. SN - 1556-5068 ST - Assessing SARS-CoV-2 RNA Levels and Lymphocyte/T Cell Counts in COVID-19 Patients Revealed Initial Immune Status of Patients as a Major Determinant of Disease Severity T2 - SSRN TI - Assessing SARS-CoV-2 RNA Levels and Lymphocyte/T Cell Counts in COVID-19 Patients Revealed Initial Immune Status of Patients as a Major Determinant of Disease Severity TT - Published Article: Assessing SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels and lymphocyte/T cell counts in COVID-19 patients revealed initial immune status as a major determinant of disease severity UR - https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3556670 ID - 26 ER - TY - JOUR AB - There has been a massive shift to telemedicine during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic to protect medical personnel and patients, with the Department of Health and Human Services and others promoting video visits to reach patients at home. Video visits require patients to have the knowledge and capacity to get online, operate and troubleshoot audiovisual equipment, and communicate without the cues available in person. Many older adults may be unable to do this because of disabilities or inexperience with technology. This study estimated how many older adults may be left behind in the United States in the migration to telemedicine. AD - Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. AN - 32744593 AU - Lam, K. | Lu, A. D. | Shi, Y. | Covinsky, K. E. C1 - 2020-08-14 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08142020_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 1 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.2671 ET - 2020/08/04 IS - 10 KW - Aged | Aged, 80 and over | *Aging/physiology/psychology | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Cell Phone Use/statistics & numerical data | *Communication Disorders/epidemiology/etiology | Computer Literacy/*statistics & numerical data | *Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/ethnology/therapy | *Disability Evaluation | Female | Health Services Accessibility/standards/statistics & numerical data | Humans | Independent Living/statistics & numerical data | Internet Access | Male | Needs Assessment | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/ethnology/therapy | SARS-CoV-2 | *Telemedicine/methods/statistics & numerical data | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://4115042869/Lam-2020-Assessing Telemedicine Unreadiness Am.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | N1 - Lam, Kenneth; Lu, Amy D; Shi, Ying; Covinsky, Kenneth E; eng; P01 AG066605/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; P30 AG044281/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Oct 1;180(10):1389-1391. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.2671. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; An estimated 13 million older adults (38%) reported technological inexperience or physical disabilities that left them unready for video visits and 6.7 million (20%) were unready for telephone visits (Figure 1). | The largest sociodemographic differences between those who were unready and those who were ready were age, racial or ethnic minority status, education, and income. | Unreadiness was more prevalent as age increased and with worse self-reported health status (Figure 2). | Methods: Cross-sectional study with data from 4,525 adults age �?5 years to assess physical disabilities and inexperience with technology that would inhibit capacity to use telemedicine (unreadiness). Limitations: Self-reported data; sample limited to Medicare beneficiaries; data drawn from 2018. | Implications: A substantial proportion of the US population that is vulnerable to COVID-19 based on age would have difficulty benefiting from telemedicine. Health policies and practices are needed to bridge this digital divide. SN - 2168-6114 (Electronic); 2168-6106 (Linking) SP - 1389-1391 ST - Assessing Telemedicine Unreadiness Among Older Adults in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - Assessing Telemedicine Unreadiness Among Older Adults in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32744593 VL - 180 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 713 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Many policies designed to stop the spread of COVID-19 address formal gatherings, such as workplaces and dining locations. Informal social gatherings are a potentially important mode of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, but studying their role in transmission is challenged by data and methodological limitations; birthdays offer an opportunity to empirically quantify the potential role of small social gatherings in COVID-19 spread.To assess the association between social gatherings and SARS-CoV-2 transmission by studying whether COVID-19 rates increase after birthdays in a household.This cross-sectional study used nationwide data from January 1 to November 8, 2020, from 2.9 million US households with private insurance to compare COVID-19 infections between households with and without a birthday in the preceding 2 weeks, stratified according to county-level COVID-19 prevalence in that week and adjusting for household size and both week- and county-specific differences. The study also compared how birthday-associated infection rates differed by type of birthday (eg, child vs adult birthday, or a milestone birthday such as a 50th birthday), county-level precipitation on the Saturday of each week (which could move gatherings indoors), political leanings in the county, and state shelter-in-place policies.Household-level COVID-19 infection.Among the 2.9 million households in the study, in the top decile of counties in COVID-19 prevalence, households with a birthday in the 2 weeks prior had 8.6 more diagnoses per 10�?00 individuals (95% CI, 6.6-10.7 per 10�?00 individuals) compared with households without a birthday in the 2 weeks prior, a relative increase of 31% above the county-level prevalence of 27.8 cases per 10�?00 individuals, vs 0.9 more diagnoses per 10�?00 individuals (95% CI, 0.6-1.3 per 10�?00 individuals) in the fifth decile (P�?lt;�?001 for interaction). Households in the tenth decile of COVID-19 prevalence had an increase in COVID-19 diagnoses of 15.8 per 10�?00 persons (95% CI, 11.7-19.9 per 10�?00 persons) after a child birthday, compared with an increase of 5.8 per 10�?00 persons (95% CI, 3.7-7.9 per 10�?00 persons) among households with an adult birthday (P�?lt;�?001 in a test of interactions). No differences were found by milestone birthdays, county political leaning, precipitation, or shelter-in-place policies.This cross-sectional study suggests that birthdays, which likely correspond with social gatherings and celebrations, were associated with increased rates of diagnosed COVID-19 infection within households in counties with high COVID-19 prevalence. AD - RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California. | Castlight Health, San Francisco, California. | Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. | Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. | National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts. AN - 34152363 AU - Whaley, Christopher M. | Cantor, Jonathan | Pera, Megan | Jena, Anupam B. C1 - 2021-07-02 C2 - Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07022021_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 1 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.2915 ET - 2021/06/22 IS - 8 KW - Adolescent | Adult | COVID-19/*epidemiology | Child | Cross-Sectional Studies | *Family Characteristics | Female | Humans | Male | *Pandemics | *Population Surveillance | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 | United States/epidemiology | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://0483840290/Whaley-2021-Assessing the Association Between.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Whaley, Christopher M | Cantor, Jonathan | Pera, Megan | Jena, Anupam B | eng | K01 AG061274/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ | Multicenter Study | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Aug 1;181(8):1090-1099. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.2915. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 2.9 million US households, COVID-19 diagnoses among households in counties in the 10th decile of COVID-19 prevalence were 15.8 per 10,000 persons (95% CI 11.7-19.9) higher than among households in counties in the 1st and 2nd deciles after a child birthday, compared with 5.8 per 10,000 persons (95% CI 3.7-7.9) higher after an adult birthday. SN - 2168-6106 SP - 1090-1099 ST - Assessing the Association Between Social Gatherings and COVID-19 Risk Using Birthdays T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - Assessing the Association Between Social Gatherings and COVID-19 Risk Using Birthdays UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.2915 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/articlepdf/2781306/jamainternal_whaley_2021_oi_210031_1623701142.14264.pdf VL - 181 Y2 - 7/16/2021 ID - 1930 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Exposure to respiratory droplets contributes greatly to the spread of SARS-CoV-2 virus during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study investigates the effectiveness of various face coverings to reduce cough-generated airborne particle concentrations at 0.3, 0.9, and 1.8?m away from the source in an indoor environment. We measured the particle number concentration (PNC) and particle size distribution under seven different conditions: (1) no face covering; (2) face shield only; (3) cloth mask; (4) face shield?+?cloth mask; (5) surgical mask; (6) face shield?+?surgical mask; (7) N95 respirator or equivalent (i.e., KN95 mask). We observed significant increases in PNCs at 0.3?m under conditions #1-4 and a trend toward an increase at 1.8?m, compared to the background. The face shield by itself provided little protection with a particle reduction of 4?�u?23% relative to no face covering, while the cloth masks reduced the particles by 77?�u?7%. Surgical and N95/KN95 masks performed well and substantially reduced the cough droplets to �?% at 0.3?m. In this study, most cough-generated particles were found less than 2.5?µm with an average mode diameter of ?0.6?µm at 0.3?m. Approximately 80% of the particles �?.5?µm were able to travel to 0.9?m, and 10% of the particles �?.1?µm likely reached 1.8?m. Based on these results, face coverings, especially surgical and N95/KN95 masks, should be recommended as effective preventive measures to reduce outward transport of respiratory droplets during the COVID-19 pandemic. Copyright ? 2020 American Association for Aerosol Research AU - Li, Liqiao | Niu, Muchuan | Zhu, Yifang C1 - 2020-12-22 C2 - Protection in Healthcare and Non-Healthcare Work Settings CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/122220_covidupdate.html DA - 2021/03/04 DO - 10.1080/02786826.2020.1846679 IS - 3 L1 - internal-pdf://1997385410/Li-2020-Assessing the effectiveness of using v.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The difference in concentrations of particles (PNC) detected when a volunteer coughed compared with background concentrations with no cough were impacted differently by various face coverings (Figure): | PNC increased approximately 40-fold after cough when using no covering or only a face shield. | PNC increased approximately 10-fold after cough using a cloth mask with or without a face shield. | PNC did not increase after cough when surgical masks or N95 respirators were used. | 6 feet of distance reduced detected PNC as well as masks (Figure). | Methods: A volunteer coughed with and without a variety of face coverings, and cough-generated PNCs ranging from 0.01 to >1.0 µm, at 1, 3, and 6 feet away, were detected by an instrument indoors and compared to background with no coughing. Limitations: A single volunteer and setting; relationship between PNC and infectious SARS-CoV-2 dose unknown. | Implications: Cloth masks alone, but not face shields, were effective at reducing respiratory droplet spread, Surgical masks or N95 respirators were much more efficient. Data support recommendations to wear masks and maintain physical distance from others to prevent SARS-CoV-2 spread. SE - 332 SN - 0278-6826; 1521-7388 SP - 332-339 ST - Assessing the effectiveness of using various face coverings to mitigate the transport of airborne particles produced by coughing indoors T2 - Aerosol Science and Technology TI - Assessing the effectiveness of using various face coverings to mitigate the transport of airborne particles produced by coughing indoors UR - https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2020.1846679 | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02786826.2020.1846679?needAccess=true VL - 55 ID - 1372 ER - TY - JOUR AB - INTRODUCTION: The COVID-19 pandemic will test the capacity of health systems worldwide and especially so in low- and middle-income countries. The objective of this study was to assess the surge capacity of the Kenyan of the Kenyan health system in terms of general hospital and ICU beds in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: We assumed that 2% of the Kenyan population get symptomatic infection by SARS-Cov-2 based on modelled estimates for Kenya and determined the health system surge capacity for COVID-19 under three transmission curve scenarios, 6, 12, and 18 months. We estimated four measures of hospital surge capacity namely: 1) hospital bed surge capacity 2) ICU bed surge capacity 3) Hospital bed tipping point, and 5) ICU bed tipping point. We computed this nationally and for all the 47 county governments. RESULTS: The capacity of Kenyan hospitals to absorb increases in caseload due to COVID-19 is constrained by the availability of oxygen, with only 58% of hospital beds in hospitals with oxygen supply. There is substantial variation in hospital bed surge capacity across counties. For example, under the 6 months transmission scenario, the percentage of available general hospital beds that would be taken up by COVID-19 cases varied from 12% Tharaka Nithi county, to 145% in Trans Nzoia county. Kenya faces substantial gaps in ICU beds and ventilator capacity. Only 22 out of the 47 counties have at least 1 ICU unit. Kenya will need an additional 1,511 ICU beds and 1,609 ventilators (6 months transmission curve) to 374 ICU beds and 472 ventilators (18 months transmission curve) to absorb caseloads due to COVID-19. CONCLUSION: Significant gaps exist in Kenya's capacity for hospitals to accommodate a potential surge in caseload due to COVID-19. Alongside efforts to slow and supress the transmission of the infection, the Kenyan government will need to implement adaptive measures and additional investments to expand the hospital surge capacity for COVID-19. Additional investments will however need to be strategically prioritized to focus on strengthening essential services first, such as oxygen availability before higher cost investments such as ICU beds and ventilators. AD - Health Economics Research Unit, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya. | Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. | Population Health Unit, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya. AN - 32687538 AU - Barasa, E. W. | Ouma, P. O. | Okiro, E. A. C1 - 2020-08-07 C2 - COVID-19 Across the World CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/080720_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0236308 ET - 2020/07/21 IS - 7 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | *Hospital Bed Capacity | Humans | Intensive Care Units/supply & distribution | Kenya/epidemiology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | SARS-CoV-2 | *Surge Capacity | Ventilators, Mechanical/*supply & distribution L1 - internal-pdf://0240445336/Barasa-2020-Assessing the hospital surge capac.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Barasa, Edwine W; Ouma, Paul O; Okiro, Emelda A; eng; 203077/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; 201866/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; 107769/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; PLoS One. 2020 Jul 20;15(7):e0236308. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236308. eCollection 2020. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Describes capacity of Kenya’s hospitals to manage a surge in COVID-19 caseload and discusses strategic priorities for strengthening essential services. SN - 1932-6203 (Electronic); 1932-6203 (Linking) SP - e0236308 ST - Assessing the hospital surge capacity of the Kenyan health system in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic T2 - PLoS One TI - Assessing the hospital surge capacity of the Kenyan health system in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32687538 VL - 15 ID - 666 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 pandemic quickly challenged New York City health care systems. Telemedicine has been suggested to manage acute complaints and divert patients from in-person care. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to describe and assess the impact of a rapidly scaled virtual urgent care platform during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of all patients who presented to a virtual urgent care platform over 1 month during the COVID-19 pandemic surge. We described scaling our telemedicine urgent care capacity, described patient clinical characteristics, assessed for emergency department (ED) referrals, and analyzed postvisit surveys. RESULTS: During the study period, a total of 17,730 patients were seen via virtual urgent care; 454 (2.56%) were referred to an ED. The most frequent diagnoses were COVID-19 related or upper respiratory symptoms. Geospatial analysis indicated a wide catchment area. There were 251 providers onboarded to the platform; at peak, 62 providers supplied 364 h of coverage in 1 day. The average patient satisfaction score was 4.4/5. There were 2668 patients (15.05%) who responded to the postvisit survey; 1236 (49.35%) would have sought care in an ED (11.86%) or in-person urgent care (37.49%). CONCLUSIONS: A virtual urgent care platform was scaled to manage a volume of more than 800 patients a day across a large catchment area during the pandemic surge. About half of the patients would otherwise have presented to an ED or urgent care in person. Virtual urgent care is an option for appropriate patients while minimizing in-person visits during the COVID-19 pandemic. AD - Ronald O. Perelman Department of Emergency Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York; Department of Emergency Medicine, Bellevue Hospital Center, New York, New York. | Ronald O. Perelman Department of Emergency Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York; Department of Emergency Medicine, Bellevue Hospital Center, New York, New York; Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York. | Ronald O. Perelman Department of Emergency Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York; Department of Emergency Medicine, Bellevue Hospital Center, New York, New York; Institute for Innovations in Medical Education, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York. | Ronald O. Perelman Department of Emergency Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York. AN - 32737005 AU - Koziatek, C. A. | Rubin, A. | Lakdawala, V. | Lee, D. C. | Swartz, J. | Auld, E. | Smith, S. W. | Reddy, H. | Jamin, C. | Testa, P. | Femia, R. | Caspers, C. C1 - 2020-06-26 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/062620_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.06.041 ET - 2020/08/02 IS - 4 KW - Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Ambulatory Care/*methods | COVID-19/*epidemiology | Emergency Service, Hospital | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | New York City/epidemiology | Pandemics | Patient Satisfaction | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 | *Telemedicine | *covid-19 | *New York City | *telehealth | *urgent care L1 - internal-pdf://2359600284/Koziatek-2020-Assessing the Impact of a Rapidl.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Koziatek, Christian A; Rubin, Ada; Lakdawala, Viraj; Lee, David C; Swartz, Jordan; Auld, Elizabeth; Smith, Silas W; Reddy, Harita; Jamin, Catherine; Testa, Paul; Femia, Robert; Caspers, Christopher; eng; J Emerg Med. 2020 Oct;59(4):610-618. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2020.06.041. Epub 2020 Jun 12. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 17,730 patients were seen via virtual urgent care (VUC) where patients interact with a healthcare provider via video teleconference. | Daily VUC visits rapidly increased and peaked at 869 by mid-March (Figure 1). | Median wait time and visit duration for VUC was 6 and 8 minutes, respectively (Figure 2). | If VUC was unavailable, 81% of patients responding to the post-visit survey reported they would have sought care in-person from the emergency department, urgent care or primary care provider. | Methods: Description of the rapid scaling of a VUC to evaluate and treat patients in New York City during March 8-April 7, 2020. 15% (2668/17,730) participated in a post-visit online survey. Limitations: Quality of care was not assessed; results not generalizable outside of New York City in a pandemic situation; low post-visit survey response rate. | Implications: Rapid scale up of telemedicine VUC is feasible and could help alleviate crowded emergency departments and urgent care centers. SN - 0736-4679 (Print); 0736-4679 (Linking) SP - 610-618 ST - Assessing the Impact of a Rapidly Scaled Virtual Urgent Care in New York City During the COVID-19 Pandemic T2 - J Emerg Med TI - Assessing the Impact of a Rapidly Scaled Virtual Urgent Care in New York City During the COVID-19 Pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32737005 VL - 59 ID - 441 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Anti–SARS-CoV-2 antibodies have been detected in up to approximately 70% of solid organ transplant recipients who were given 3 doses of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.1,2 In France, it has been allowed to offer a fourth dose on a case-by-case basis.3 We assessed whether a fourth dose of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is associated with improved anti–SARS-CoV-2 antibody concentrations in solid organ transplant recipients in France. AD - Department of Nephrology and Organ Transplantation, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France. | Universite Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France. | Toulouse Institute for Inflammatory and Infectious Diseases (Infinity), Inserm, French National Centre for Scientific Research, Toulouse, France. | Department of Virology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France. AN - 34817587 AU - Kamar, Nassim | Abravanel, Florence | Marion, Olivier | Romieu-Mourez, Raphaelle | Couat, Chloé | Del Bello, Arnaud | Izopet, Jacques C1 - 2021-12-10 C2 - PMC8613594 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/12102021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - Nov 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.36030 ET - 2021/11/25 IS - 11 L1 - internal-pdf://3881428317/Kamar-2021-Assessment of 4 Doses of SARS-CoV-2.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Kamar, Nassim | Abravanel, Florence | Marion, Olivier | Romieu-Mourez, Raphaelle | Couat, Chloe | Del Bello, Arnaud | Izopet, Jacques | eng | JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Nov 1;4(11):e2136030. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.36030. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 37 solid organ transplant recipients in France, including 5 who had a weak response and 31 who had no response to the 1st 3 doses of BNT162b2 vaccine, a 4th dose was associated with continued suboptimal immune response. No adverse events were associated with the 4th SN - 2574-3805 SP - e2136030-e2136030 ST - Assessment of 4 Doses of SARS-CoV-2 Messenger RNA–Based Vaccine in Recipients of a Solid Organ Transplant T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Assessment of 4 Doses of SARS-CoV-2 Messenger RNA–Based Vaccine in Recipients of a Solid Organ Transplant UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.36030 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/articlepdf/2786552/kamar_2021_ld_210260_1637099513.32395.pdf VL - 4 Y2 - 12/14/2021 ID - 2695 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: There is limited information on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) testing and infection among pediatric patients across the United States. Objective: To describe testing for SARS-CoV-2 and the epidemiology of infected patients. Design, Setting, and Participants: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using electronic health record data from 135794 patients younger than 25 years who were tested for SARS-CoV-2 from January 1 through September 8, 2020. Data were from PEDSnet, a network of 7 US pediatric health systems, comprising 6.5 million patients primarily from 11 states. Data analysis was performed from September 8 to 24, 2020. Exposure: Testing for SARS-CoV-2. Main Outcomes and Measures: SARS-CoV-2 infection and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) illness. Results: A total of 135794 pediatric patients (53% male; mean [SD] age, 8.8 [6.7] years; 3% Asian patients, 15% Black patients, 11% Hispanic patients, and 59% White patients; 290 per 10000 population [range, 155-395 per 10000 population across health systems]) were tested for SARS-CoV-2, and 5374 (4%) were infected with the virus (12 per 10000 population [range, 7-16 per 10000 population]). Compared with White patients, those of Black, Hispanic, and Asian race/ethnicity had lower rates of testing (Black: odds ratio [OR], 0.70 [95% CI, 0.68-0.72]; Hispanic: OR, 0.65 [95% CI, 0.63-0.67]; Asian: OR, 0.60 [95% CI, 0.57-0.63]); however, they were significantly more likely to have positive test results (Black: OR, 2.66 [95% CI, 2.43-2.90]; Hispanic: OR, 3.75 [95% CI, 3.39-4.15]; Asian: OR, 2.04 [95% CI, 1.69-2.48]). Older age (5-11 years: OR, 1.25 [95% CI, 1.13-1.38]; 12-17 years: OR, 1.92 [95% CI, 1.73-2.12]; 18-24 years: OR, 3.51 [95% CI, 3.11-3.97]), public payer (OR, 1.43 [95% CI, 1.31-1.57]), outpatient testing (OR, 2.13 [1.86-2.44]), and emergency department testing (OR, 3.16 [95% CI, 2.72-3.67]) were also associated with increased risk of infection. In univariate analyses, nonmalignant chronic disease was associated with lower likelihood of testing, and preexisting respiratory conditions were associated with lower risk of positive test results (standardized ratio [SR], 0.78 [95% CI, 0.73-0.84]). However, several other diagnosis groups were associated with a higher risk of positive test results: malignant disorders (SR, 1.54 [95% CI, 1.19-1.93]), cardiac disorders (SR, 1.18 [95% CI, 1.05-1.32]), endocrinologic disorders (SR, 1.52 [95% CI, 1.31-1.75]), gastrointestinal disorders (SR, 2.00 [95% CI, 1.04-1.38]), genetic disorders (SR, 1.19 [95% CI, 1.00-1.40]), hematologic disorders (SR, 1.26 [95% CI, 1.06-1.47]), musculoskeletal disorders (SR, 1.18 [95% CI, 1.07-1.30]), mental health disorders (SR, 1.20 [95% CI, 1.10-1.30]), and metabolic disorders (SR, 1.42 [95% CI, 1.24-1.61]). Among the 5374 patients with positive test results, 359 (7%) were hospitalized for respiratory, hypotensive, or COVID-19-specific illness. Of these, 99 (28%) required intensive care unit services, and 33 (9%) required mechanical ventilation. The case fatality rate was 0.2% (8 of 5374). The number of patients with a diagnosis of Kawasaki disease in early 2020 was 40% lower (259 vs 433 and 430) than in 2018 or 2019. Conclusions and Relevance: In this large cohort study of US pediatric patients, SARS-CoV-2 infection rates were low, and clinical manifestations were typically mild. Black, Hispanic, and Asian race/ethnicity; adolescence and young adulthood; and nonrespiratory chronic medical conditions were associated with identified infection. Kawasaki disease diagnosis is not an effective proxy for multisystem inflammatory syndrome of childhood. AD - Applied Clinical Research Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. | Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. | Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. | Biomedical Research Informatics Center, Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware. | Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle. | Editor, JAMA Pediatrics. | Research IT R&D, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio. | Department of Research Information Solutions and Innovation, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio. | Institute for Informatics, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri. | Department of Pediatrics, St Louis Children's Hospital, St Louis, Missouri. | Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio. | Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio. | Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio. | Department of Pediatrics (Infectious Diseases, Hospital Medicine and Epidemiology), University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora. | Research Informatics-Analytics Resource Center, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora. AN - 33226415 AU - Bailey, L. C. | Razzaghi, H. | Burrows, E. K. | Bunnell, H. T. | Camacho, P. E. F. | Christakis, D. A. | Eckrich, D. | Kitzmiller, M. | Lin, S. M. | Magnusen, B. C. | Newland, J. | Pajor, N. M. | Ranade, D. | Rao, S. | Sofela, O. | Zahner, J. | Bruno, C. | Forrest, C. B. C1 - 2021-02-19 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02192021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 1 DO - 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.5052 ET - 2020/11/24 IS - 2 KW - Adolescent | Age Factors | COVID-19/*diagnosis/epidemiology | COVID-19 Testing/*statistics & numerical data | Child | Child, Preschool | Cohort Studies | Comorbidity | Ethnic Groups/*statistics & numerical data | Female | Humans | Male | Retrospective Studies | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification | Socioeconomic Factors | United States | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://2807340983/Bailey-2021-Assessment of 135794 Pediatric Pat.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Bailey, L Charles; Razzaghi, Hanieh; Burrows, Evanette K; Bunnell, H Timothy; Camacho, Peter E F; Christakis, Dimitri A; Eckrich, Daniel; Kitzmiller, Melody; Lin, Simon M; Magnusen, Brianna C; Newland, Jason; Pajor, Nathan M; Ranade, Daksha; Rao, Suchitra; Sofela, Olamiji; Zahner, Janet; Bruno, Cortney; Forrest, Christopher B; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA Pediatr. 2021 Feb 1;175(2):176-184. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.5052. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In this retrospective cohort study of persons <25 years old (PEDSnet), increasing age, chronic conditions, and non-White race/ethnicity were associated with higher rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection; this study also noted a 40% decline in rates of Kawasaki Disease (KD) from March 1-May 15 2020 compared with same intervals in 2018 and 2019, suggesting that KD may not be a good proxy for multisystem inflammatory syndrome. SN - 2168-6211 (Electronic); 2168-6203 (Linking) SP - 176-184 ST - Assessment of 135794 Pediatric Patients Tested for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Across the United States T2 - JAMA Pediatr TI - Assessment of 135794 Pediatric Patients Tested for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Across the United States UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33226415 VL - 175 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1513 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Scalable programs for school-based SARS-CoV-2 testing and surveillance are needed to guide in-person learning practices and inform risk assessments in kindergarten through 12th grade settings.To characterize SARS-CoV-2 infections in staff and students in an urban public school setting and evaluate test-based strategies to support ongoing risk assessment and mitigation for kindergarten through 12th grade in-person learning.This pilot quality improvement program engaged 3 schools in Omaha, Nebraska, for weekly saliva polymerase chain reaction testing of staff and students participating in in-person learning over a 5-week period from November 9 to December 11, 2020. Wastewater, air, and surface samples were collected weekly and tested for SARS-CoV-2 RNA to evaluate surrogacy for case detection and interrogate transmission risk of in-building activities.SARS-CoV-2 detection in saliva and environmental samples and risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection.A total of 2885 supervised, self-collected saliva samples were tested from 458 asymptomatic staff members (mean [SD] age, 42.9 [12.4] years; 303 women [66.2%]; 25 Black or African American [5.5%], 83 Hispanic [18.1%], 312 White [68.1%], and 35 other or not provided [7.6%]) and 315 students (mean age, 14.2 [0.7] years; 151 female students [48%]; 20 Black or African American [6.3%], 201 Hispanic [63.8%], 75 White [23.8%], and 19 other race or not provided [6.0%]). A total of 46 cases of SARS-CoV-2 (22 students and 24 staff members) were detected, representing an increase in cumulative case detection rates from 1.2% (12 of 1000) to 7.0% (70 of 1000) among students and from 2.1% (21 of 1000) to 5.3% (53 of 1000) among staff compared with conventional reporting mechanisms during the pilot period. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in wastewater samples from all pilot schools as well as in air samples collected from 2 choir rooms. Sequencing of 21 viral genomes in saliva specimens demonstrated minimal clustering associated with 1 school. Geographical analysis of SARS-CoV-2 cases reported district-wide demonstrated higher community risk in zip codes proximal to the pilot schools.In this study of staff and students in 3 urban public schools in Omaha, Nebraska, weekly screening of asymptomatic staff and students by saliva polymerase chain reaction testing was associated with increased SARS-CoV-2 case detection, exceeding infection rates reported at the county level. Experiences differed among schools, and virus sequencing and geographical analyses suggested a dynamic interplay of school-based and community-derived transmission risk. Collectively, these findings provide insight into the performance and community value of test-based SARS-CoV-2 screening and surveillance strategies in the kindergarten through 12th grade educational setting. AD - Omaha Public School District, Omaha, Nebraska. | Department of Neurosurgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha. | Department of Epidemiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha. | Department of Environmental, Agricultural, and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha. | Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln. | Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha. | Department of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha. | Global Center for Health Security, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha. AN - 34550382 AU - Crowe, John | Schnaubelt, Andy T. | SchmidtBonne, Scott | Angell, Kathleen | Bai, Julia | Eske, Teresa | Nicklin, Molly | Pratt, Catherine | White, Bailey | Crotts-Hannibal, Brodie | Staffend, Nicholas | Herrera, Vicki | Cobb, Jeramie | Conner, Jennifer | Carstens, Julie | Tempero, Jonell | Bouda, Lori | Ray, Matthew | Lawler, James V. | Campbell, W. Scott | Lowe, John-Martin | Santarpia, Joshua | Bartelt-Hunt, Shannon | Wiley, Michael | Brett-Major, David | Logan, Cheryl | Broadhurst, M. Jana C1 - 2021-10-01 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10012021_covidupdate.html#anchor_Testing DA - Sep 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.26447 ET - 2021/09/23 IS - 9 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Air Microbiology | COVID-19/*epidemiology/virology | COVID-19 Testing/*methods | *Environmental Monitoring | Female | Humans | Male | *Mass Screening | Middle Aged | Nebraska | Pandemics | Pilot Projects | Polymerase Chain Reaction | *Program Evaluation | Risk Assessment | SARS-CoV-2 | Saliva | School Teachers | *Schools | Students | *Urban Population | Waste Water/virology L1 - internal-pdf://2152748274/Crowe-2021-Assessment of a Program for SARS-Co.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Crowe, John | Schnaubelt, Andy T | SchmidtBonne, Scott | Angell, Kathleen | Bai, Julia | Eske, Teresa | Nicklin, Molly | Pratt, Catherine | White, Bailey | Crotts-Hannibal, Brodie | Staffend, Nicholas | Herrera, Vicki | Cobb, Jeramie | Conner, Jennifer | Carstens, Julie | Tempero, Jonell | Bouda, Lori | Ray, Matthew | Lawler, James V | Campbell, W Scott | Lowe, John-Martin | Santarpia, Joshua | Bartelt-Hunt, Shannon | Wiley, Michael | Brett-Major, David | Logan, Cheryl | Broadhurst, M Jana | eng | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Sep 1;4(9):e2126447. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.26447. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Weekly SARS-CoV-2 saliva testing over 5 weeks resulted in higher cumulative case detection rates (per 1,000) among students (7.0%) and staff (5.3%) compared with conventional passive case reporting (1.2% and 2.1%, respectively) (Figure). | 46 individuals were found to have SARS-CoV-2 and 2 clustering events were identified through genome sequencing. | Participating schools detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater samples. | Methods: Evaluation of a school-based weekly saliva PCR COVID-19 testing and environmental monitoring (wastewater, air, surface) pilot program in 3 Omaha, NE public schools (November 9–December 11, 2020); 773 in-person students and faculty were included. Genome sequencing conducted on positive saliva samples. Limitations: Findings may not be generalizable to other schools; incomplete testing among students may underestimate findings; conducted before vaccines were available. | | Implications: Routine COVID-19 testing and environmental monitoring may be an effective school-based strategy to rapidly identify SARS-CoV-2 infections and enable implementation of risk-mitigation plans. SN - 2574-3805 SP - e2126447-e2126447 ST - Assessment of a Program for SARS-CoV-2 Screening and Environmental Monitoring in an Urban Public School District T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Assessment of a Program for SARS-CoV-2 Screening and Environmental Monitoring in an Urban Public School District UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.26447 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/articlepdf/2784428/crowe_2021_oi_210774_1631712561.56882.pdf VL - 4 Y2 - 10/4/2021 ID - 2412 ER - TY - JOUR AB - People who have survived COVID-19 frequently complain of cognitive dysfunction, which has been described as brain fog. The prevalence of post–COVID-19 cognitive impairment and the association with disease severity are not well characterized. Previous studies on the topic have been limited by small sample sizes and suboptimal measurement of cognitive functioning.1 We investigated rates of cognitive impairment in survivors of COVID-19 who were treated in outpatient, emergency department (ED), or inpatient hospital settings. AD - Division of General Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York. | Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York. | The Catherine and Henry J. Gaisman Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York. AN - 34677597 AU - Becker, Jacqueline H. | Lin, Jenny J. | Doernberg, Molly | Stone, Kimberly | Navis, Allison | Festa, Joanne R. | Wisnivesky, Juan P. C1 - 2021-10-29 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10292021_covidupdate.html#anchor_NaturalHistory DA - Oct 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.30645 ET - 2021/10/23 IS - 10 L1 - internal-pdf://0809952731/Becker-2021-Assessment of Cognitive Function i.pdf LB - Natural History | Testing | N1 - Becker, Jacqueline H | Lin, Jenny J | Doernberg, Molly | Stone, Kimberly | Navis, Allison | Festa, Joanne R | Wisnivesky, Juan P | eng | JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Oct 1;4(10):e2130645. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.30645. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among 740 adult patients with prior COVID-19 infection, ~24% had memory impairment (encoding and recall), 18% had impaired processing speed, and 16% had impaired executive functioning (16%). | Adults who were hospitalized for COVID-19 were more likely to have impairments in attention (aOR = 2.8, 95% CI 1.3-5.9), memory encoding (aOR = 2.3, 95% CI 1.3-4.1), memory recall (aOR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.3-3.8), and executive functioning (aOR = 1.8, 95% CI 1.0-3.4) compared with those treated in outpatient settings. | Methods: Cross-sectional study of post-COVID-19 cognitive functioning (mean 7.6 months [SD 2.7] after acute infection) among adults (mean age = 49 years) with no history of dementia. Validated neuropsychological measures used; impairment defined as a z-score of �?1.5 SD below the age-, educational level-, and sex-adjusted norms. Limitations: Sample may not be representative; lack of non-COVID-19 comparison group limits ability to attribute causality to COVID-19 (as opposed to potential effects from severe illness or hospitalization). | | Implications: The substantial proportion of patients with cognitive impairment several months after COVID-19 highlights the importance of continued efforts to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection and reduce severe disease. SN - 2574-3805 SP - e2130645-e2130645 ST - Assessment of Cognitive Function in Patients After COVID-19 Infection T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Assessment of Cognitive Function in Patients After COVID-19 Infection UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.30645 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/articlepdf/2785388/becker_2021_ld_210227_1634243164.56313.pdf VL - 4 Y2 - 11/2/2021 ID - 2551 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Ensuring widespread uptake of available COVID-19 vaccinations, each with different safety and efficacy profiles, is essential to combating the unfolding pandemic.To test communication interventions that may encourage the uptake of less-preferred vaccines.This online survey was conducted from March 24 to 30, 2021, using a nonprobability convenience sample of Canadian citizens aged 18 years or older, with quota sampling to match 2016 Canadian Census benchmarks on age, gender, region, and language. Respondents completed a 2-by-2-by-2 factorial experiment with random assignment of brand (AstraZeneca or Johnson & Johnson), information about the vaccine’s effectiveness against symptomatic infection (yes or no), and information about the vaccine’s effectiveness at preventing death from COVID-19 (yes or no) before being asked about their willingness to receive their assigned vaccine and their beliefs about its effectiveness.Respondents were randomly assigned a vaccine brand (AstraZeneca or Johnson & Johnson) and information about the vaccine’s effectiveness against symptomatic COVID-19 infection (yes or no) and at preventing death from COVID-19 (yes or no).Respondents�?self-reported likelihood of taking their assigned vaccine if offered (response categories: very likely, somewhat likely, not very likely, or not at all likely, scaled 0-1) and their beliefs about their assigned vaccine’s effectiveness (response categories: very effective, somewhat effective, not very effective, or not at all effective, scaled 0-1) were measured.A total of 2556 Canadian adults responded to the survey (median [IQR] age, 50 [34-63] years; 1339 women [52%]). The self-reported likelihood of taking an assigned AstraZeneca or Johnson & Johnson vaccine was higher for respondents given information about their assigned vaccine’s effectiveness at preventing death from COVID-19 (b,�?.04; 95% CI,�?.01 to 0.06) and lower among those given information about its overall effectiveness at preventing symptomatic transmission (b, −0.03; 95% CI, −0.05 to 0.00), compared with those who were not given the information. Perceived effectiveness was also higher among those given information about their assigned vaccine’s effectiveness at preventing death from COVID-19 (b,�?.03; 95% CI,�?.01 to 0.05) and lower among those given information about their assigned vaccine’s overall efficacy at preventing symptomatic infection (b, −0.05; 95% CI, −0.08 to �?.03), compared with those who were not given this information. The interaction between these treatments was neither substantively nor statistically significant.These findings suggest that providing information on the effectiveness of less-preferred vaccines at preventing death from COVID-19 is associated with more confidence in their effectiveness and less vaccine-specific hesitancy. These results can inform public health communication strategies to reduce hesitancy toward specific COVID-19 vaccines. AN - 34591105 AU - Merkley, Eric | Loewen, Peter John C1 - 2021-10-08 C2 - PMC8485173 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10082021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.26635 IS - 9 L1 - internal-pdf://3467054662/Merkley-2021-Assessment of Communication Strat.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Respondents to an online study (March 2021) in Canada were more confident in vaccine effectiveness and were more willing to receive less-preferred vaccines (i.e., those produced by AstraZeneca or Johnson & Johnson) if they were informed about the vaccine’s effectiveness at preventing death from COVID-19. Among persons aged 35�?4 years and women, intention was 0.08 and 0.07 point higher, respectively, on a scale of 0�?, for those informed about death prevention compared with those who were not informed. SN - 2574-3805 SP - e2126635-e2126635 ST - Assessment of Communication Strategies for Mitigating COVID-19 Vaccine-Specific Hesitancy in Canada T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Assessment of Communication Strategies for Mitigating COVID-19 Vaccine-Specific Hesitancy in Canada UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.26635 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/articlepdf/2784594/merkley_2021_oi_210780_1632404318.53047.pdf VL - 4 Y2 - 10/12/2021 ID - 2442 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine. | Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine. AN - 32721027 AU - Adhikari, S. | Pantaleo, N. P. | Feldman, J. M. | Ogedegbe, O. | Thorpe, L. | Troxel, A. B. C1 - 2020-08-07 C2 - Racial and Ethnic Disparities CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/080720_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.16938 ET - 2020/07/29 IS - 7 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*mortality | Cross-Sectional Studies | Humans | Minority Groups/*statistics & numerical data | *Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*mortality | Poverty/*statistics & numerical data | SARS-CoV-2 | United States/epidemiology | Urban Population/*statistics & numerical data L1 - internal-pdf://0564677131/Adhikari-2020-Assessment of Community-Level Di.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Adhikari, Samrachana; Pantaleo, Nicholas P; Feldman, Justin M; Ogedegbe, Olugbenga; Thorpe, Lorna; Troxel, Andrea B; eng; U54 MD000538/MD/NIMHD NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Jul 1;3(7):e2016938. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.16938. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Counties with the highest proportions of racial and ethnic minorities had higher COVID-19 rates than counties with highest proportions of White residents (Figure). | For more-poverty counties, rate ratio (RR) 7.8 (95% CI, 5.1�?2.0). | For less-poverty counties, RR 2.8 (95% CI, 1.8�?.4). | The death rate from COVID-19 was higher in counties with the highest proportions of racial and ethnic minorities, compared to counties with the highest proportions of White residents. | For more-poverty counties, RR 9.3 (95% CI, 4.7�?8.4). | For less-poverty counties, RR 2.6 (95% CI, 1.1�?.5). | Methods: 158 counties in 10 US urban centers containing 63.5% of COVID-19 cases as of May 10, 2020 were used for the study. Racial/ethnic quartiles were calculated using percent of racial/ethnic minorities for each county: “substantially White�?(3.0%-17.9%), “less diverse�?(18.0%-29.4%), “more diverse�?(29.5%-44.5%), and “substantially non-White�?(>44.5%). Counties were classified as “more-poverty�?if >10.7% of residents were living below the poverty level. Limitations: County-level health data do not necessarily reflect risk or outcomes among individuals. | Implications for 2 studies (Adhikari et al. and Cowger et al.): Racial and ethnic minorities continue to bear a disproportionate burden of COVID infections and deaths, and weighting schemes that are based on COVID-19 rates and that are also associated with racial and ethnic population distributions might bias disparity estimates. Accurately quantifying excess burden will assist public health authorities in designing and targeting prevention appropriately. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e2016938 ST - Assessment of Community-Level Disparities in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infections and Deaths in Large US Metropolitan Areas T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Assessment of Community-Level Disparities in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infections and Deaths in Large US Metropolitan Areas UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32721027 VL - 3 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 654 ER - TY - JOUR AB - As of early May 2020, approximately 65�?00 people in the US had died of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This number appears to be similar to the estimated number of seasonal influenza deaths reported annually by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (http://www.cy118119.com/flu/about/burden/preliminary-in-season-estimates.htm).This apparent equivalence of deaths from COVID-19 and seasonal influenza does not match frontline clinical conditions, especially in some hot zones of the pandemic where ventilators have been in short supply and many hospitals have been stretched beyond their limits. The demand on hospital resources during the COVID-19 crisis has not occurred before in the US, even during the worst of influenza seasons. Yet public officials continue to draw comparisons between seasonal influenza and SARS-CoV-2 mortality, often in an attempt to minimize the effects of the unfolding pandemic. AD - Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Health Policy and Public Health, Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts. | Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia. | Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. AN - 32407441 AU - Faust, J. S. | Del Rio, C. C1 - 2020-05-26 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052620_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 1 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.2306 ET - 2020/05/15 IS - 8 KW - Age Distribution | Age Factors | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*mortality | Death Certificates | Humans | Influenza, Human/*mortality | Mortality/*trends | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*mortality | SARS-CoV-2 | Seasons | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://2779197884/Faust-2020-Assessment of Deaths From COVID-19.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Faust, Jeremy Samuel; Del Rio, Carlos; eng; JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Aug 1;180(8):1045-1046. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.2306. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Comment on comparisons of SARS-CoV-2 mortality and seasonal influenza mortality. SN - 2168-6114 (Electronic); 2168-6106 (Linking) SP - 1045-1046 ST - Assessment of Deaths From COVID-19 and From Seasonal Influenza T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - Assessment of Deaths From COVID-19 and From Seasonal Influenza UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32407441 VL - 180 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 251 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China. | Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei, Anhui, China. | Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China. AN - 32915233 AU - Zhang, L. | Zhang, D. | Fang, J. | Wan, Y. | Tao, F. | Sun, Y. C1 - 2020-09-22 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/092220_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.21482 ET - 2020/09/12 IS - 9 KW - Adolescent | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Child | *Child Health | China/epidemiology | *Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/psychology/virology | Female | Humans | Male | *Mental Health | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/psychology/virology | SARS-CoV-2 | *Schools | Students/*psychology L1 - internal-pdf://3290832202/Zhang-2020-Assessment of Mental Health of Chin.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Zhang, Lei; Zhang, Dandan; Fang, Jiao; Wan, Yuhui; Tao, Fangbiao; Sun, Ying; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Sep 1;3(9):e2021482. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.21482. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The prevalence of depression and suicidality increased significantly among students after school closing (Wave 2) from levels before school closing (Wave 1) (Figure). | Methods: Longitudinal cohort study of 1,241 Chinese schoolchildren in grades 4 through 8 comparing physical and mental health factors before the COVID-19 outbreak (Wave 1, early November 2019) with 2 weeks after school reopening (Wave 2, mid-May 2020) in a low risk area of China. Limitations: Response and recall bias; unmeasured confounders and measurement errors in mental health outcomes; limited representativeness of the sample. | Implications: School closures adversely affected mental health of students. Healthcare and government agencies need to plan for the impact of prolonged school closures and be prepared to provide increased level of mental health services to the children and their families. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e2021482 ST - Assessment of Mental Health of Chinese Primary School Students Before and After School Closing and Opening During the COVID-19 Pandemic T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Assessment of Mental Health of Chinese Primary School Students Before and After School Closing and Opening During the COVID-19 Pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32915233 VL - 3 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 933 ER - TY - JOUR AD - University Medicine Cluster, National University Hospital, Singapore. | Laboratory for Computational Physiology, Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge. | Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore. | Division of Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore. | Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore. AN - 32432708 AU - Yeung, W. | Ng, K. | Fong, J. M. N. | Sng, J. | Tai, B. C. | Chia, S. E. C1 - 2020-05-29 C2 - Modeling and Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052920_covidupdate.html DA - May 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.9670 ET - 2020/05/21 IS - 5 KW - Adult | Aged | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control | Cross-Sectional Studies | Female | Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice | Humans | Male | Masks/standards/*statistics & numerical data | Middle Aged | Pandemics/prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control | Singapore | Surveys and Questionnaires | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://3142953450/Yeung-2020-Assessment of Proficiency of N95 Ma.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Yeung, Wesley; Ng, Kennedy; Fong, J M Nigel; Sng, Judy; Tai, Bee Choo; Chia, Sin Eng; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA Netw Open. 2020 May 1;3(5):e209670. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.9670. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In 2015, a very low proportion of the general public in Singapore correctly wore N95 masks; Only 12.6% of participants (90/714) passed the visual mask fit (VMF) test. | Younger adults and those with previous mask-fit training had higher likelihood of passing the VMF test (Figure). | Methods: A 2015 cross-sectional study of Singapore residents who experienced the 2013 episode of severe smoky haze from nearby fires to assess proficiency donning N95 masks. Participants aged �?1 years were recruited by simple random sampling without replacement from 2,231 eligible households and were provided N95 masks and multilingual pictorial instructions. Persons from 714 (32%) households agreed to be interviewed. Interviewers administered a VMF test. Limitations: Non-response bias. | Implications: The general public exhibited poor proficiency properly donning N95 masks with a good fit and may be falsely assured of protection when using them. Any recommendations for mask use by the general public may benefit from being coupled with effective training materials. SE - e209670 SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e209670 ST - Assessment of Proficiency of N95 Mask Donning Among the General Public in Singapore T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Assessment of Proficiency of N95 Mask Donning Among the General Public in Singapore UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32432708 VL - 3 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 270 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BackgroundThe degree to which infection with SARS-CoV-2 confers protection towards subsequent reinfection is not well described. In 2020, as part of Denmark's extensive, free-of-charge PCR-testing strategy, approximately 4 million individuals (69% of the population) underwent 10·6 million tests. Using these national PCR-test data from 2020, we estimated protection towards repeat infection with SARS-CoV-2. AU - Hansen, Christian Holm | Michlmayr, Daniela | Gubbels, Sophie Madeleine | Mølbak, Kåre | Ethelberg, Steen C1 - 2021-03-26 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03262021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00575-4 IS - 10280 L1 - internal-pdf://0366832288/1-s2.0-S0140673621005754-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Overall protection against repeat infection for those previously infected was 78.8% (95% CI 74.9-82.1%). | Protection was 47.1% (95% CI 24.7-62.8) among those aged �?5 years, 81.3% (95% CI 72.6-87.3) among those aged 50�?4 years, 80.1% (95% CI 71.8-85.9) among those aged 35�?9 years, and 82.7% (95% CI 77.1-86.9) among those aged 0-34 years. | There were no differences in in estimated protection against repeat infection by sex or evidence of waning protection over time (3�? �? months of follow-up). | Methods: Analysis of Danish population-level cohort (n = 2,432,509) tested for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR between February 26 and December 31, 2020. Calculated rate ratios (RRs) for persons testing positive among those with a positive or negative test �? months earlier, adjusted for potential confounders. Estimated protection against repeat infection (1-RR). Findings pertain to the alternative cohort analysis that includes data from both surges. Limitations: Potential selection bias in obtaining testing based on presumed risk; misclassification based on imperfect sensitivity and specificity of RT-PCR tests or on persistent infections counted as reinfections; unknown applicability of findings to reinfections with new SARS-CoV-2 variants. | Implications: Findings support vaccination of previously infected individuals because natural protection is robust but not absolute. Persons �?5 years, even if previously infected, should receive enhanced protective measures including vaccination. SE - 1204 SN - 01406736 SP - 1204-1212 ST - Assessment of protection against reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 among 4 million PCR-tested individuals in Denmark in 2020: a population-level observational study T2 - Lancet TI - Assessment of protection against reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 among 4 million PCR-tested individuals in Denmark in 2020: a population-level observational study UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00575-4 VL - 397 Y2 - 2021/05/17 ID - 1613 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Face masks have been associated with effective prevention of diffusion of viruses via droplets. However, the use of face masks among children, especially those aged younger than 3 years, is debated, and the US Centers for Disease Control and American Academy of Physicians recommend the use of face mask only among individuals aged 3 years or older. Objective: To examine whether the use of surgical facial masks among children is associated with episodes of oxygen desaturation or respiratory distress. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study was conducted from May through June 2020 in a secondary-level hospital pediatric unit in Italy. Included participants were 47 healthy children divided by age (ie, group A, aged 24 months to 70%) test, coupled with strict behavioral interventions to keep Rt less than 2.5, is estimated to maintain a controllable number of COVID-19 infections and permit the safe return of students to campus. AD - Public Health Modeling Unit, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut. | Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. | Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. AN - 32735339 AU - Paltiel, A. D. | Zheng, A. | Walensky, R. P. C1 - 2020-08-11 C2 - Reopening Colleges CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/081120_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.16818 ET - 2020/08/01 IS - 7 KW - Basic Reproduction Number | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/*transmission | Cost-Benefit Analysis | Disease Transmission, Infectious/*prevention & control | Humans | *Mass Screening/economics | Pandemics | Patient Isolation | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/*transmission | *Risk Assessment/economics | SARS-CoV-2 | Sensitivity and Specificity | United States/epidemiology | Universities/economics/*organization & administration L1 - internal-pdf://4102300458/Paltiel-2020-Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Screenin.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Paltiel, A David; Zheng, Amy; Walensky, Rochelle P; eng; R37 DA015612/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Jul 1;3(7):e2016818. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.16818. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Screening every 2 days with a rapid inexpensive test with sensitivity >70%, plus strict adherence to behavioral interventions could maintain a low number of COVID-19 cases within a pre-defined cost threshold (Figure). | Screening strategies based on weekly testing or solely on symptoms would be comparably less effective. | Cost to implement the preferred screening strategy ranged from $120-$910 per student. | Methods: Modeling study with a hypothetical college student cohort in three scenarios—base case, worst case, and best case defined by varying reproductive number (Rt), testing frequency, test characteristics, and number of weekly infections imported to the student population by university employees or community members. Model assumed an 80-day fall semester, 3-day incubation period, 14-day recovery time, and availability of an isolation dormitory. Inputs for the decision and cost-effectiveness analyses included symptom-based screening and varying test frequency, sensitivity, specificity, and cost. Limitations: Model results are based on assumptions; multiple parameters not included, e.g., clinical harms and costs incurred, effects of contact tracing, pre-existing immunity in the cohort, logistic challenges of testing, and faculty and staff screening. | Implications for study (Paltiel et al.) and commentary (Bradley et al.): Frequent test-based screening may be necessary to reduce the risk of uncontrolled infections and allow the safe return of students to campus. Robust combinations of interventions that substantially reduce Rt may keep both SARS-CoV-2 infections and frequency of required testing as low as possible. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e2016818 ST - Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Screening Strategies to Permit the Safe Reopening of College Campuses in the United States T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Screening Strategies to Permit the Safe Reopening of College Campuses in the United States UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32735339 VL - 3 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 679 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hoehl, Sebastian | Karaca, Onur | Kohmer, Niko | Westhaus, Sandra | Graf, Jürgen | Goetsch, Udo | Ciesek, Sandra C1 - 2020-09-01 C2 - Transmission Risk in Air Travel CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090120_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.18044 IS - 8 L1 - internal-pdf://3735512576/Hoehl-2020-Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Transmissi.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Seven (29.2%) of a 24-member tour group tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, indicating they were infected before boarding the plane. | 13 (16.7%) of 78 other passengers had a serology test done, 2 were positive and both sat within one row of a confirmed index case (Figure). | Methods: Because of a pre-flight exposure, a tour group (n = 24) was tested by NP swab RT-PCR upon arrival in Germany following a 4-hour 40-minute flight on March 9, 2020. IgG testing 6 to 9 weeks post-arrival was offered to passengers symptomatic within 14 days of arrival and those seated within 2 rows of a confirmed COVID-19 case. Limitations: Risk factors for transmission during flight were not assessed; flight crew and many passengers were not tested; exposure apart from that on the flight was not determined. | Implications for both studies (Hoehl et al. & Bae et al.): SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted among flight passengers even when index cases are asymptomatic and passengers use masks. Risk could potentially be decreased through physical distancing before boarding and after disembarking at airports, mask use including during toilet use, and hand hygiene. As noted in a recent editorial in The Lancetexternal icon, new rules such as mask requirements and physical distancing, reductions in passengers allowed on flights, increased cleaning of airport spaces, and other new or enhanced prevention measures introduced during the pandemic may become permanent to rebuild travelers�?confidence in air travel. SE - e2018044 SN - 2574-3805 SP - e2018044-e2018044 ST - Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission on an International Flight and Among a Tourist Group T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission on an International Flight and Among a Tourist Group UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.18044 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/articlepdf/2769383/hoehl_2020_ld_200137_1599757948.13821.pdf VL - 3 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 800 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Medical research has not equitably included members of racial/ethnic minority groups or female and older individuals. There are limited data on participant demographic characteristics in vaccine trials despite the importance of these data to current trials aimed at preventing coronavirus disease 2019. Objective: To investigate whether racial/ethnic minority groups and female and older adults are underrepresented among participants in vaccine clinical trials. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study examined data from completed US-based vaccine trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov from July 1, 2011, through June 30, 2020. The terms vaccine, vaccination, immunization, and inoculation were used to identify trials. Only those addressing vaccine immunogenicity or efficacy of preventative vaccines were included. Main Outcomes and Measures: The numbers and percentages of racial/ethnic minority, female, and older individuals compared with US census data from 2011 and 2018. Secondary outcome measures were inclusion by trial phase and year of completion. Results: A total of 230 US-based trials with 219555 participants were included in the study. Most trials were randomized (180 [78.3%]), included viral vaccinations (159 [69.1%]), and represented all trial phases. Every trial reported age and sex; 134 (58.3%) reported race and 79 (34.3%) reported ethnicity. Overall, among adult study participants, White individuals were overrepresented (77.9%; 95% CI, 77.4%-78.4%), and Black or African American individuals (10.6%; 95% CI, 10.2%-11.0%) and American Indian or Alaska Native individuals (0.4%; 95% CI, 0.3%-0.5%) were underrepresented compared with US census data; enrollment of Asian individuals was similar (5.7%; 95% CI, 5.5%-6.0%). Enrollment of Hispanic or Latino individuals (11.6%; 95% CI, 11.1%-12.0%) was also low even among the limited number of adult trials reporting ethnicity. Adult trials were composed of more female participants (75325 [56.0%]), but among those reporting age as a percentage, enrollment of participants who were aged 65 years or older was low (12.1%; 95% CI, 12.0%-12.3%). Black or African American participants (10.1%; 95% CI, 9.7%-10.6%) and Hispanic or Latino participants (22.5%; 95% CI, 21.6%-23.4%) were also underrepresented in pediatric trials. Among trials reporting race/ethnicity, 65 (48.5%) did not include American Indian or Alaska Native participants and 81 (60.4%) did not include Hawaiian or Pacific Islander participants. Conclusions and Relevance: This cross-sectional study found that among US-based vaccine clinical trials, members of racial/ethnic minority groups and older adults were underrepresented, whereas female adults were overrepresented. These findings suggest that diversity enrollment targets should be included for all vaccine trials targeting epidemiologically important infections. AD - College of Allied Health Professions, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha. | Department of Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine and Department of Physiology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, San Juan. | Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. | Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia. | Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollin School of Public Health of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. | Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamon, Puerto Rico. | Hellen Keller International, New York, New York. | Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. | Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts. | Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. | Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. AN - 33606033 AU - Flores, L. E. | Frontera, W. R. | Andrasik, M. P. | Del Rio, C. | Mondriguez-Gonzalez, A. | Price, S. A. | Krantz, E. M. | Pergam, S. A. | Silver, J. K. C1 - 2021-02-26 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02262021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.37640 ET - 2021/02/20 IS - 2 KW - Adult | African Continental Ancestry Group/ethnology/statistics & numerical data | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Asian Continental Ancestry Group/ethnology/statistics & numerical data | Clinical Trials as Topic/*standards/statistics & numerical data | Continental Population Groups/ethnology/statistics & numerical data | Cross-Sectional Studies | Ethnic Groups/*statistics & numerical data | European Continental Ancestry Group/ethnology/statistics & numerical data | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Oceanic Ancestry Group/ethnology/statistics & numerical data | *Patient Selection | Sexism/ethnology/*statistics & numerical data | *Vaccines L1 - internal-pdf://3209711737/Flores-2021-Assessment of the Inclusion of Rac.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Flores, Laura E; Frontera, Walter R; Andrasik, Michele P; Del Rio, Carlos; Mondriguez-Gonzalez, Antonio; Price, Stephanie A; Krantz, Elizabeth M; Pergam, Steven A; Silver, Julie K; eng; Review; JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Feb 1;4(2):e2037640. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.37640. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In adult vaccine trials, African American persons (10.6% [95% CI, 10.2-11.0] and American Indian or Alaska Native persons (0.4% [95% CI 0.3%-0.5%] were underrepresented overall and by trial phase (Figure). | White persons (77.9%; 95% CI 77.4%-78.4%) and female participants (56.0%; 95% CI 55.7-56.2) were overrepresented and persons >65 years old (12.1%; 95% CI 12.0%-12.3%) were underrepresented. | Among the limited number of trials that reported ethnicity data (34.3%), Hispanic persons were also underrepresented (11.6%; 95% CI 11.1%-12.0%). | Methods: Cross-sectional study using data from 230 vaccine trials with 219,555 participants from July 1, 2011–June 30, 2020 were compared with US census data from 2011 and 2018 for race/ethnicity, gender, and age overall and by trial phase. Limitations: Many trials did not meet federal reporting requirements and had missing race (41.7%) and ethnicity (65.7%) data. | Implications: Racial and ethnic minority groups and older persons, who experience disproportionate burden of infectious diseases such as COVID-19, are underrepresented in vaccine trials. A significant amount of missing race and ethnicity data underscores the need for these data to truly understand representation. Equitable representation in these trials may have downstream effects of addressing vaccine hesitancy in these groups, leading to improved vaccination rates. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e2037640 ST - Assessment of the Inclusion of Racial/Ethnic Minority, Female, and Older Individuals in Vaccine Clinical Trials T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Assessment of the Inclusion of Racial/Ethnic Minority, Female, and Older Individuals in Vaccine Clinical Trials UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33606033 VL - 4 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1540 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Reinfection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been a subject of debate. We aimed to assess the risk and incidence rate of documented SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in a large cohort of laboratory-confirmed cases in Qatar.Methods All SARS-CoV-2 laboratory-confirmed cases with at least one PCR positive swab that is �?5 days after a first positive swab were individually investigated for evidence of reinfection, and classified as showing strong, good, some, or weak/no evidence for reinfection. Risk and incidence rate of reinfection were estimated.Results Out of 133,266 laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases, 243 persons (0.18%) had at least one subsequent positive swab �?5 days after the first positive swab. Of these, 54 cases (22.2%) had strong or good evidence for reinfection. Median time between first and reinfection swab was 64.5 days (range: 45-129). Twenty-three of the 54 cases (42.6%) were diagnosed at a health facility suggesting presence of symptoms, while 31 (57.4%) were identified incidentally through random testing campaigns/surveys or contact tracing. Only one person was hospitalized at or following time of reinfection swab, but still had relatively mild infection. No deaths were recorded. Risk of reinfection was estimated at 0.04% (95% CI: 0.03-0.05%) and incidence rate of reinfection was estimated at 1.09 (95% CI: 0.84-1.42) per 10,000 person-weeks.Conclusions SARS-CoV-2 reinfection appears to be a rare phenomenon suggestive of a strong protective immunity against reinfection that lasts for at least a few months post primary infection.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThe authors are grateful for support provided by the Ministry of Public Health, Hamad Medical Corporation, and the Biomedical Research Program and the Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Biomathematics Research Core, both at Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar. The statements made herein are solely the responsibility of the authors.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Studies were approved by HMC and Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar Institutional Review Boards.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData are available within the manuscript. AD - Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Doha, Qatar. | World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation - Education City, Doha, Qatar. | Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York, USA. | Genomics Laboratory, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Doha, Qatar. | Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Doha, Qatar. | Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar. | Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar. | College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar. | Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar. | Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar. | Primary Health Care Corporation, Doha, Qatar. | Ministry of Public Health, Doha, Qatar. AN - 33315061 AU - Raddad, Laith J. Abu | Chemaitelly, Hiam | Ayoub, Houssein H. | Al Kanaani, Zaina | Al Khal, Abdullatif | Al Kuwari, Einas | Butt, Adeel A. | Coyle, Peter | Jeremijenko, Andrew | Kaleeckal, Anvar Hassan | Latif, Ali Nizar | Rahim, Hanan F. Abdul | Al Kuwari, Mohamed G. | Al Romaihi, Hamad Eid | Al Thani, Sheikh Mohammad | Bertollini, Roberto C1 - 2020-09-04 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090420_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 14 DO - 10.1101/2020.08.24.20179457 ET - 2020/12/15 KW - SARS-CoV-2 | epidemiology | genetics | immunity | reinfection L1 - internal-pdf://3114237179/Raddad-2020-Assessment of the risk of SARS-CoV.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Abu-Raddad, Laith J | Chemaitelly, Hiam | Malek, Joel A | Ahmed, Ayeda A | Mohamoud, Yasmin A | Younuskunju, Shameem | Ayoub, Houssein H | Al Kanaani, Zaina | Al Khal, Abdullatif | Al Kuwari, Einas | Butt, Adeel A | Coyle, Peter | Jeremijenko, Andrew | Kaleeckal, Anvar Hassan | Latif, Ali Nizar | Shaik, Riyazuddin Mohammad | Rahim, Hanan F Abdul | Yassine, Hadi M | Al Kuwari, Mohamed G | Al Romaihi, Hamad Eid | Al-Thani, Mohamed H | Bertollini, Roberto | eng | Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Dec 14. pii: 6033728. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1846. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 243 (0.18%) of 133,266 persons with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 had at least one positive swab �?5 days after the first positive swab; 54 (22.2%) had “strong�?or “good�?evidence of reinfection (Figure). | Risk of reinfection estimated at 0.04% (95% CI 0.03%-0.05%); estimated incidence rate 1.09 (CI 0.84-1.42%) per 10,000 person-weeks. | Methods: Surveillance study in a high-prevalence population (Qatar) from February 2 to August 12, 2020 using a centralized, national database of SARS-CoV-2 cases. All laboratory-confirmed cases with at least 1 RT-PCR-positive test �?5 days after initial positive test were investigated and classified by degree of evidence of reinfection: strong, good, some, or weak based on pattern and magnitude of the change in PCR Ct. Swabs with Ct <30 (suggestive of active recent infection) were considered strong evidence of reinfection. Limitations: Evidence of reinfection used epidemiological criteria based upon serial molecular testing only; viral culture, serial serology, and sequencing were not performed. | Implications: SARS-CoV-2 reinfection during the first few months post-primary infection appears to be rare. Standard criteria to determine what constitutes a reinfection is needed to guide investigations such as this. | SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic) | 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - 2020.08.24.20179457 ST - Assessment of the risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in an intense re-exposure setting T2 - medRxiv TI - Assessment of the risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in an intense re-exposure setting TT - Published article: Assessment of the Risk of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Reinfection in an Intense Reexposure Setting UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2020/08/26/2020.08.24.20179457.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/09/28/2020.08.24.20179457.full.pdf ID - 2040 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: As a priority group, healthcare personnel (HCP) will be key to success of COVID-19 vaccination programs. The purpose of this study was to assess HCP willingness to get vaccinated and identify specific concerns that would undermine vaccination efforts. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of HCP, including clinical and non-clinical staff, researchers, and trainees between November 23 rd ,2020 and December 5 th ,2020. The survey evaluated attitudes, beliefs and willingness to get vaccinated. RESULTS: A total of 5287 respondents had a mean age of 42.5 years (SD=13.56), and were 72.8% female (n=3842). Overall 57.5 % of individuals expressed intent to receive COVID-19 vaccine. 80.4% were physicians and scientists representing the largest group. 33.6% of registered nurses, 31.6% of allied health professionals, and 32% of master's level clinicians were unsure they would take the vaccine (p<.001). Respondents who were older, males, White, or Asian were more likely to get vaccinated compared to other groups. Vaccine safety, potential adverse events, efficacy and speed of vaccine development dominated concerns listed by participants. Fewer (54.0%) providers of direct care vs. non-care providers (62.4%), and 52.0% of those who had provided care for COVID-19 patients (vs. 60.6% of those who had not) indicated they would take the vaccine if offered (p<.001). CONCLUSIONS: We observed that self-reported willingness to receive vaccination against COVID-19 differs by hospital roles, with physicians and research scientists showing the highest acceptance. These findings highlight important heterogeneity in personal attitudes among HCPs around COVID-19 vaccines and highlight a need for tailored communication strategies. AD - Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY. | Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY. | Department of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Institute for Global Health and Translational Science, Syracuse, NY. | Institute for Vaccine Safety, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. AN - 33491049 AU - Shaw, J. | Stewart, T. | Anderson, K. B. | Hanley, S. | Thomas, S. J. | Salmon, D. A. | Morley, C. C1 - 2021-02-12 C2 - Protection in Healthcare and Non-Healthcare Work Settings CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02122021_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 25 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciab054 ET - 2021/01/26 KW - Covid-19 | education | health care personnel | safety | vaccine L1 - internal-pdf://2056785519/Shaw-2021-Assessment of US Healthcare Personne.pdf LA - en LB - Vaccines | N1 - Shaw, Jana; Stewart, Telisa; Anderson, Kathryn B; Hanley, Samantha; Thomas, Stephen J; Salmon, Daniel A; Morley, Christopher; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Jan 25. pii: 6118651. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab054. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among health care personnel (HCP), intent to vaccinate was higher among men (72.5%) vs. women (52.4%), Asian persons (73.8%) or White persons (58.4%) vs. Black persons (30.8%), and those who did not provide direct patient care (62.4%) vs. those who did (54.0%). | Of 1,198 registered nurses, 41.2% agreed that they would vaccinate if offered free of charge. | Adverse events (47%) were most common concern about vaccination. | Only 16.3% of participants reported that research influences COVID-19 vaccine decision making. | Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of data from 5,287 HCP at SUNY Upstate Medical University, conducted from November 23–December 5, 2020 who completed a validated 22-question electronic survey to ascertain attitudes and beliefs towards vaccination. Limitations: Timing of study one week before the first vaccine emergency use authorization may bias results; ethnicity data were not collected; excluded HCW from nursing homes. | Implications: By identifying concerns about vaccinations and subgroups who are less likely to get vaccinated, these data could inform the vaccine messaging for HCP which might improve vaccine uptake both among HCP and the general public. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) ST - Assessment of U.S. health care personnel (HCP) attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccination in a large university health care system T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Assessment of U.S. health care personnel (HCP) attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccination in a large university health care system UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33491049 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1501 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Effective therapies for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are needed, and clinical trial data have demonstrated that low-dose dexamethasone reduced mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 who required respiratory support. Objective: To estimate the association between administration of corticosteroids compared with usual care or placebo and 28-day all-cause mortality. Design, Setting, and Participants: Prospective meta-analysis that pooled data from 7 randomized clinical trials that evaluated the efficacy of corticosteroids in 1703 critically ill patients with COVID-19. The trials were conducted in 12 countries from February 26, 2020, to June 9, 2020, and the date of final follow-up was July 6, 2020. Pooled data were aggregated from the individual trials, overall, and in predefined subgroups. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool. Inconsistency among trial results was assessed using the I2 statistic. The primary analysis was an inverse variance-weighted fixed-effect meta-analysis of overall mortality, with the association between the intervention and mortality quantified using odds ratios (ORs). Random-effects meta-analyses also were conducted (with the Paule-Mandel estimate of heterogeneity and the Hartung-Knapp adjustment) and an inverse variance-weighted fixed-effect analysis using risk ratios. Exposures: Patients had been randomized to receive systemic dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, or methylprednisolone (678 patients) or to receive usual care or placebo (1025 patients). Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome measure was all-cause mortality at 28 days after randomization. A secondary outcome was investigator-defined serious adverse events. Results: A total of 1703 patients (median age, 60 years [interquartile range, 52-68 years]; 488 [29%] women) were included in the analysis. Risk of bias was assessed as "low" for 6 of the 7 mortality results and as "some concerns" in 1 trial because of the randomization method. Five trials reported mortality at 28 days, 1 trial at 21 days, and 1 trial at 30 days. There were 222 deaths among the 678 patients randomized to corticosteroids and 425 deaths among the 1025 patients randomized to usual care or placebo (summary OR, 0.66 [95% CI, 0.53-0.82]; P < .001 based on a fixed-effect meta-analysis). There was little inconsistency between the trial results (I2 = 15.6%; P = .31 for heterogeneity) and the summary OR was 0.70 (95% CI, 0.48-1.01; P = .053) based on the random-effects meta-analysis. The fixed-effect summary OR for the association with mortality was 0.64 (95% CI, 0.50-0.82; P < .001) for dexamethasone compared with usual care or placebo (3 trials, 1282 patients, and 527 deaths), the OR was 0.69 (95% CI, 0.43-1.12; P = .13) for hydrocortisone (3 trials, 374 patients, and 94 deaths), and the OR was 0.91 (95% CI, 0.29-2.87; P = .87) for methylprednisolone (1 trial, 47 patients, and 26 deaths). Among the 6 trials that reported serious adverse events, 64 events occurred among 354 patients randomized to corticosteroids and 80 events occurred among 342 patients randomized to usual care or placebo. Conclusions and Relevance: In this prospective meta-analysis of clinical trials of critically ill patients with COVID-19, administration of systemic corticosteroids, compared with usual care or placebo, was associated with lower 28-day all-cause mortality. AD - Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, England. | NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, England. | Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. | Clinical Unit, Health Emergencies Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. | Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St Michael's Hospital, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. | Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Dr Negrin, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain. | CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. | Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. | Department of Intensive Care, Raymond Poincare Hospital (APHP), School of Medicine Simone Veil, University Paris Saclay-UVSQ, Paris, France. | Hospital Sirio-Libanes, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Emergency Medicine Department, University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | HCor Research Insitute, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Medecine Intensive-Reanimation, INSERM CIC1415, CHRU de Tours, Tours, France. | CRICS-TriGGERSep Network, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Universite de Tours, Tours, France. | Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China. | Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, England. | MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, England. | MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, England. | CIC INSERM 1415-CHRU de Tours, Tours, France. | Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Imperial College London, London, England. | Department of Intensive Care, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. | Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia. | NIHR Applied Research Collaboration West, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, England. | Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, England. | NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, England. | Respiratory Medicine Department, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, England. | Anesthesiology, Pain, and Intensive Care Department, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Department of Critical Care Medicine, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand. | Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Service de Medecine Intensive Reanimation, Nouvel Hopital Civil, Strasbourg, France. | INSERM UMR 1260, Regenerative Nanomedicine, FMTS, Strasbourg, France. | Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | BP-A Beneficencia Portuguesa de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | St John of God Healthcare, Subiaco, Australia. | Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. AN - 32876694 AU - W. H. O. Rapid Evidence Appraisal for COVID-19 Therapies Working Group | Sterne, J. A. C. | Murthy, S. | Diaz, J. V. | Slutsky, A. S. | Villar, J. | Angus, D. C. | Annane, D. | Azevedo, L. C. P. | Berwanger, O. | Cavalcanti, A. B. | Dequin, P. F. | Du, B. | Emberson, J. | Fisher, D. | Giraudeau, B. | Gordon, A. C. | Granholm, A. | Green, C. | Haynes, R. | Heming, N. | Higgins, J. P. T. | Horby, P. | Juni, P. | Landray, M. J. | Le Gouge, A. | Leclerc, M. | Lim, W. S. | Machado, F. R. | McArthur, C. | Meziani, F. | Moller, M. H. | Perner, A. | Petersen, M. W. | Savovic, J. | Tomazini, B. | Veiga, V. C. | Webb, S. | Marshall, J. C. C1 - 2020-09-11 C2 - Corticosteroid Randomized Clinical Trials CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091120_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 6 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.17023 DP - NLM ET - 2020/09/03 IS - 13 KW - Adrenal Cortex Hormones/*therapeutic use | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Cause of Death | Coronavirus Infections/*drug therapy/mortality | Critical Illness | Dexamethasone/therapeutic use | Glucocorticoids/*therapeutic use | Humans | Hydrocortisone/therapeutic use | Methylprednisolone/therapeutic use | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*drug therapy/mortality | Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://1094905778/Sterne-2020-Association Between Administration.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | N1 - (REACT); Sterne, Jonathan A C; Murthy, Srinivas; Diaz, Janet V; Slutsky, Arthur S; Villar, Jesus; Angus, Derek C; Annane, Djillali; Azevedo, Luciano Cesar Pontes; Berwanger, Otavio; Cavalcanti, Alexandre B; Dequin, Pierre-Francois; Du, Bin; Emberson, Jonathan; Fisher, David; Giraudeau, Bruno; Gordon, Anthony C; Granholm, Anders; Green, Cameron; Haynes, Richard; Heming, Nicholas; Higgins, Julian P T; Horby, Peter; Juni, Peter; Landray, Martin J; Le Gouge, Amelie; Leclerc, Marie; Lim, Wei Shen; Machado, Flavia R; McArthur, Colin; Meziani, Ferhat; Moller, Morten Hylander; Perner, Anders; Petersen, Marie Warrer; Savovic, Jelena; Tomazini, Bruno; Veiga, Viviane C; Webb, Steve; Marshall, John C; eng; MC_UU_12023/21/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; RP-2015-06-018/DH_/Department of Health/United Kingdom; MC_U137686861/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; MC_PC_18033/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; MC_UU_00017/3/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; MC_U137686860/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; 001/WHO_/World Health Organization/International; MC_PC_19056/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; MC_UU_12023/22/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; MC_UU_12026/4/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; Meta-Analysis; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA. 2020 Oct 6;324(13):1330-1341. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.17023. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 28-day all-cause mortality was lower among patients who received corticosteroids compared with those who received usual care or placebo (summary odds ratio, 0.66), (Figure). | Methods: Prospective meta-analysis of pooled data from 7 RCTs (including the above trials: CoDEX trial, CAPE COVID trial and REMAP-CAP trial) to estimate the association between administration of corticosteroids vs usual care or placebo among ciritcally ill patients with COVID-19. Main outcome was 28-day all-cause mortality post randomization. Limitations: Inconsistent definitions and reporting of adverse events across trials; outcomes censored once patients discharged from the hospital; one trial contributed 57% of weight to outcome of all-cause mortality. | Implications for 4 studies (Tomazini et al., Dequin et al., REACT Working Group & Writing Committee for the REMAP-CAP Investigators): The results of individual studies and the meta-analysis have shifted usual care of persons with COVID-19 to include corticosteroids. An accompanying editorialexternal icon (Prescott, JAMA, 2020) notes actions and collaborations among researchers undertaken to overcome challenges that have been encountered in the context of the pandemic. It describes the importance of analysis of pooled data, especially when ongoing randomized controlled trials were halted early as in the three studies reported here. SE - 1330 SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1330-1341 ST - Association Between Administration of Systemic Corticosteroids and Mortality Among Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19: A Meta-analysis T2 - JAMA TI - Association Between Administration of Systemic Corticosteroids and Mortality Among Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19: A Meta-analysis UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32876694 VL - 324 ID - 879 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Data on BNT162b2 messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech) effectiveness and safety in pregnancy are currently lacking because pregnant women were excluded from the phase 3 trial.To assess the association between receipt of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine and risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection among pregnant women.This was a retrospective cohort study within the pregnancy registry of a large state-mandated health care organization in Israel. Pregnant women vaccinated with a first dose from December 19, 2020, through February 28, 2021, were 1:1 matched to unvaccinated women by age, gestational age, residential area, population subgroup, parity, and influenza immunization status. Follow-up ended on April 11, 2021.Exposure was defined by receipt of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. To maintain comparability, nonexposed women who were subsequently vaccinated were censored 10 days after their exposure, along with their matched pair.The primary outcome was polymerase chain reaction–validated SARS-CoV-2 infection at 28 days or more after the first vaccine dose.The cohort included 7530 vaccinated and 7530 matched unvaccinated women, 46% and 33% in the second and third trimester, respectively, with a mean age of 31.1 years (SD, 4.9 years). The median follow-up for the primary outcome was 37 days (interquartile range, 21-54 days; range, 0-70). There were 118 SARS-CoV-2 infections in the vaccinated group and 202 in the unvaccinated group. Among infected women, 88 of 105 (83.8%) were symptomatic in the vaccinated group vs 149 of 179 (83.2%) in the unvaccinated group (P ≥�?99). During 28 to 70 days of follow-up, there were 10 infections in the vaccinated group and 46 in the unvaccinated group. The hazards of infection were 0.33% vs 1.64% in the vaccinated and unvaccinated groups, respectively, representing an absolute difference of 1.31% (95% CI, 0.89%-1.74%), with an adjusted hazard ratio of 0.22 (95% CI, 0.11-0.43). Vaccine-related adverse events were reported by 68 patients; none was severe. The most commonly reported symptoms were headache (n�?�?0, 0.1%), general weakness (n�?�?, 0.1%), nonspecified pain (n�?�?, <0.1%), and stomachache (n�?�?, <0.1%).In this retrospective cohort study of pregnant women, BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination compared with no vaccination was associated with a significantly lower risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Interpretation of study findings is limited by the observational design. AD - Maccabitech Institute for Research and Innovation, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv, Israel. | Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. | Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. | Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. | Primary Health Division, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv, Israel. AN - 34251417 AU - Goldshtein, Inbal | Nevo, Daniel | Steinberg, David M. | Rotem, Ran S. | Gorfine, Malka | Chodick, Gabriel | Segal, Yaakov C1 - 2021-07-23 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07232021_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 24 DO - 10.1001/jama.2021.11035 ET - 2021/07/13 IS - 8 KW - Adult | COVID-19/*epidemiology/immunology/prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/*administration & dosage/adverse effects/immunology | Case-Control Studies | Confidence Intervals | Female | Gestational Age | Humans | Incidence | Israel/epidemiology | Kaplan-Meier Estimate | Pregnancy | Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/*epidemiology/immunology/prevention & control | *Pregnant Women | Regression Analysis | Retrospective Studies | Risk | Time Factors | Vaccination/statistics & numerical data L1 - internal-pdf://1264155813/Goldshtein-2021-Association Between BNT162b2 V.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Goldshtein, Inbal | Nevo, Daniel | Steinberg, David M | Rotem, Ran S | Gorfine, Malka | Chodick, Gabriel | Segal, Yaakov | eng | Observational Study | JAMA. 2021 Aug 24;326(8):728-735. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.11035. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among vaccinated pregnant women, effectiveness of BNT162b2 >28 days after 1st dose was 78% (adjusted hazard ratio of infection 0.22; 95% CI 0.11-0.43). | There were no notable differences in pregnancy-related outcomes between vaccinated and unvaccinated women in exploratory analysis (Table). | Methods: Retrospective cohort study using an Israeli health care organization pregnancy registry. Pregnant women receiving 1st dose of BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) between December 9, 2020 and February 28, 2021 (n = 7,530) were matched by age and gestational age with unvaccinated pregnant women (n = 7,530). Limitations: Observational study underpowered to compare adverse events; no data on strain of SARS-CoV-2 infections. | Implications: Vaccination with BNT162b2, consistent with a US-based preliminary analysis on the safety of mRNA vaccinesexternal icon, appears to be effective and safe in pregnant woman, a demographic currently without published Phase 3 data. SN - 0098-7484 SP - 728-735 ST - Association Between BNT162b2 Vaccination and Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Pregnant Women T2 - JAMA TI - Association Between BNT162b2 Vaccination and Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Pregnant Women UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.11035 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/2782047/jama_goldshtein_2021_oi_210077_1625848124.94855.pdf VL - 326 Y2 - 7/26/2021 ID - 2126 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Therapies that improve survival in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are needed. Tocilizumab, a monoclonal antibody against the interleukin 6 receptor, may counteract the inflammatory cytokine release syndrome in patients with severe COVID-19 illness. Objective: To test whether tocilizumab decreases mortality in this population. Design, Setting, and Participants: The data for this study were derived from a multicenter cohort study of 4485 adults with COVID-19 admitted to participating intensive care units (ICUs) at 68 hospitals across the US from March 4 to May 10, 2020. Critically ill adults with COVID-19 were categorized according to whether they received or did not receive tocilizumab in the first 2 days of admission to the ICU. Data were collected retrospectively until June 12, 2020. A Cox regression model with inverse probability weighting was used to adjust for confounding. Exposures: Treatment with tocilizumab in the first 2 days of ICU admission. Main Outcomes and Measures: Time to death, compared via hazard ratios (HRs), and 30-day mortality, compared via risk differences. Results: Among the 3924 patients included in the analysis (2464 male [62.8%]; median age, 62 [interquartile range {IQR}, 52-71] years), 433 (11.0%) received tocilizumab in the first 2 days of ICU admission. Patients treated with tocilizumab were younger (median age, 58 [IQR, 48-65] vs 63 [IQR, 52-72] years) and had a higher prevalence of hypoxemia on ICU admission (205 of 433 [47.3%] vs 1322 of 3491 [37.9%] with mechanical ventilation and a ratio of partial pressure of arterial oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen of <200 mm Hg) than patients not treated with tocilizumab. After applying inverse probability weighting, baseline and severity-of-illness characteristics were well balanced between groups. A total of 1544 patients (39.3%) died, including 125 (28.9%) treated with tocilizumab and 1419 (40.6%) not treated with tocilizumab. In the primary analysis, during a median follow-up of 27 (IQR, 14-37) days, patients treated with tocilizumab had a lower risk of death compared with those not treated with tocilizumab (HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.56-0.92). The estimated 30-day mortality was 27.5% (95% CI, 21.2%-33.8%) in the tocilizumab-treated patients and 37.1% (95% CI, 35.5%-38.7%) in the non-tocilizumab-treated patients (risk difference, 9.6%; 95% CI, 3.1%-16.0%). Conclusions and Relevance: Among critically ill patients with COVID-19 in this cohort study, the risk of in-hospital mortality in this study was lower in patients treated with tocilizumab in the first 2 days of ICU admission compared with patients whose treatment did not include early use of tocilizumab. However, the findings may be susceptible to unmeasured confounding, and further research from randomized clinical trials is needed. AD - Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. | Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. | Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. | Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York. | Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York. | Department of Emergency Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York. | Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York. | Department of Internal Medicine, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine at Seton Hall, Nutley, New Jersey. | Department of Internal Medicine, Hackensack Meridian Health, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey. | Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. | Divison of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine Center, New York, New York. | Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey. | Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois. | Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus Aurora, Aurora. | Center for Translational Metabolism and Health, Institute for Public Health and Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois. | Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee. | Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark. | Division of Critical Care, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, New Jersey. | Division of Nephrology, Kings County Hospital Center, New York City Health and Hospital Corporation, Brooklyn, New York. | Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts. | Division of Nephrology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. | Department of Nephrology, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, Louisiana. | Ochsner Clinical School, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. | Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts. | Division of Nephrology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. | Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, NYU (New York University) Langone Medical Center, New York, New York. | Division of Nephrology, Cook County Health, Chicago, Illinois. | Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine/Indiana University Health, Indianapolis. | ProMedica Research, ProMedica Toledo Hospital, Toledo, Ohio. | University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington. | Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. | Department of Learning Health Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor. | Institute for Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. | Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida. | Division of Critical Care Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York. | Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora. | Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. | Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. | Harvard-MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Boston, Massachusetts. AN - 33080002 AU - Gupta, S. | Wang, W. | Hayek, S. S. | Chan, L. | Mathews, K. S. | Melamed, M. L. | Brenner, S. K. | Leonberg-Yoo, A. | Schenck, E. J. | Radbel, J. | Reiser, J. | Bansal, A. | Srivastava, A. | Zhou, Y. | Finkel, D. | Green, A. | Mallappallil, M. | Faugno, A. J. | Zhang, J. | Velez, J. C. Q. | Shaefi, S. | Parikh, C. R. | Charytan, D. M. | Athavale, A. M. | Friedman, A. N. | Redfern, R. E. | Short, S. A. P. | Correa, S. | Pokharel, K. K. | Admon, A. J. | Donnelly, J. P. | Gershengorn, H. B. | Douin, D. J. | Semler, M. W. | Hernan, M. A. | Leaf, D. E. | Stop-Covid Investigators C1 - 2020-10-30 C2 - IL-6 and Tocilizumab CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/103020_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 1 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.6252 ET - 2020/10/21 IS - 1 KW - Adolescent | Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use | Adult | Aged | Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/*therapeutic use | Anticoagulants/therapeutic use | COVID-19/*drug therapy/physiopathology | Cohort Studies | Critical Illness | Early Medical Intervention | Female | *Hospital Mortality | Hospitalization | Humans | Intensive Care Units | Male | Middle Aged | Mortality | Organ Dysfunction Scores | Patient Positioning | Prone Position | Proportional Hazards Models | Receptors, Interleukin-6/antagonists & inhibitors | Respiration, Artificial | Respiratory Insufficiency/physiopathology/*therapy | SARS-CoV-2 | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://3108169600/Gupta-2021-Association Between Early Treatment.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Gupta, Shruti; Wang, Wei; Hayek, Salim S; Chan, Lili; Mathews, Kusum S; Melamed, Michal L; Brenner, Samantha K; Leonberg-Yoo, Amanda; Schenck, Edward J; Radbel, Jared; Reiser, Jochen; Bansal, Anip; Srivastava, Anand; Zhou, Yan; Finkel, Diana; Green, Adam; Mallappallil, Mary; Faugno, Anthony J; Zhang, Jingjing; Velez, Juan Carlos Q; Shaefi, Shahzad; Parikh, Chirag R; Charytan, David M; Athavale, Ambarish M; Friedman, Allon N; Redfern, Roberta E; Short, Samuel A P; Correa, Simon; Pokharel, Kapil K; Admon, Andrew J; Donnelly, John P; Gershengorn, Hayley B; Douin, David J; Semler, Matthew W; Hernan, Miguel A; Leaf, David E; eng; K23 HL143053/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; F32 HL149337/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; R01 HL144566/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; R01 DK125786/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/; K12 HL138039/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; R01 HL085757/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; P30 DK114857/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/; K23 HL130648/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; K08 GM134220/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/; K23 DK116967/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/; L30 HL149016/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; R37 AI102634/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; UL1 TR001422/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; F32 DC017342/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/; R01 HL153384/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; R03 AG060179/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; K23 DK120811/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/; UL1 TR002389/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Jan 1;181(1):41-51. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.6252. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Patients treated within 2 days of ICU admission with tocilizumab (n = 433) had a lower risk of death compared with those not treated with tocilizumab (n = 3,491) (hazard ratio [HR] 0.71, 95% CI 0.56-0.92) (Figure). | 125 (28.9%) of patients treated with tocilizumab and 1,419 (40.6%) of patients not treated with tocilizumab died. | The estimated 30-day mortality was 27.5% (95% CI 21.2%-33.8%) in the tocilizumab-treated patients and 37.1% (95% CI 35.5%-38.7%) in the non-tocilizumab-treated patients (risk difference, 9.6%, 95% CI 3.1%-16.0%). | Compared to patients who did not receive tocilizumab, tocilizumab-treated patients: | Were younger (median age, 58 vs 63 years). | Had fewer comorbidities (hypertension, 54.0% vs 62.6%, coronary artery disease, 9.0% vs 14.4%, or congestive heart failure, 5.3% vs 11.1%). | Were more likely to have severe hypoxemia (47.3% vs 37.9%). | Were more likely to receive corticosteroids on ICU admission (18.7% vs 12.6%). | Methods: Multicenter cohort study of 3,924 COVID-19 ICU patients at 68 hospitals in the US from March 4 to May 10, 2020. Patients were followed until hospital discharge, death, or June 12, 2020. The primary outcome was in-hospital death. Limitations: No details of other medications given; not randomized. | Implications from Guirao et al., Hermine et al., Gupta et al., Stone et al., & Salvarini et al.: High serum concentrations of IL-6 are strongly associated with severe COVID-19 and serve as the biologic basis for early off-label use of tocilizumab for COVID-19. While the two cohort studies (Gupta & Hermine) did see a benefit of tocilizumab, the RCTs presented did not show that tocilizumab shortened the COVID-19 clinical course or decreased mortality (Stone & Salvarini). A commentary on these studies by Parr elaborates on the confounders associated with observational studies and why high-quality RCTs should guide decisions about tocilizumab use in COVID-19 patients. The studies presented here support current National Institutes of Health and Infectious Disease Society of America guidelines that do not recommend routine tocilizumab use for treatment of COVID-19. SN - 2168-6114 (Electronic); 2168-6106 (Linking) SP - 41-51 ST - Association Between Early Treatment With Tocilizumab and Mortality Among Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19 T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - Association Between Early Treatment With Tocilizumab and Mortality Among Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33080002 VL - 181 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1155 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Economic hardship due to the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated concerns about the threat of evictions and foreclosures.1,2 While prior research has documented an association between housing insecurity and health,3 the magnitude of this relationship has not been examined during the COVID-19 pandemic. Understanding the association between housing insecurity and health in a nationally representative sample during the pandemic is critical to inform efforts to support people harmed by the economic downturn. AN - 34591109 AU - Linton, Sabriya L. | Leifheit, Kathryn M. | McGinty, Emma E. | Barry, Colleen L. | Pollack, Craig Evan C1 - 2021-10-08 C2 - PMC8485162 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10082021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.27772 IS - 9 L1 - internal-pdf://1337069111/Linton-2021-Association Between Housing Insecu.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 1,218 adults responding to an online survey (November 2020), 128 (12%) reported experiencing housing insecurity, which was associated with lower self-rated health but was not associated with greater psychological distress, potentially due to the presence of an eviction moratorium. SN - 2574-3805 SP - e2127772-e2127772 ST - Association Between Housing Insecurity, Psychological Distress, and Self-rated Health Among US Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Association Between Housing Insecurity, Psychological Distress, and Self-rated Health Among US Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.27772 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/articlepdf/2784598/linton_2021_ld_210202_1632404342.07302.pdf VL - 4 Y2 - 10/12/2021 ID - 2438 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Socioeconomically marginalized communities have been disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Income inequality may be a risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection and death from COVID-19. Objective: To evaluate the association between county-level income inequality and COVID-19 cases and deaths from March 2020 through February 2021 in bimonthly time epochs. Design, Setting, and Participants: This ecological cohort study used longitudinal data on county-level COVID-19 cases and deaths from March 1, 2020, through February 28, 2021, in 3220 counties from all 50 states, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia. Main Outcomes and Measures: County-level daily COVID-19 case and death data from March 1, 2020, through February 28, 2021, were extracted from the COVID-19 Data Repository by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. Exposure: The Gini coefficient, a measure of unequal income distribution (presented as a value between 0 and 1, where 0 represents a perfectly equal geographical region where all income is equally shared and 1 represents a perfectly unequal society where all income is earned by 1 individual), and other county-level data were obtained primarily from the 2014 to 2018 American Community Survey 5-year estimates. Covariates included median proportions of poverty, age, race/ethnicity, crowding given by occupancy per room, urbanicity and rurality, educational level, number of physicians per 100000 individuals, state, and mask use at the county level. Results: As of February 28, 2021, on average, each county recorded a median of 8891 cases of COVID-19 per 100000 individuals (interquartile range, 6935-10666 cases per 100000 individuals) and 156 deaths per 100000 individuals (interquartile range, 94-228 deaths per 100000 individuals). The median county-level Gini coefficient was 0.44 (interquartile range, 0.42-0.47). There was a positive correlation between Gini coefficients and county-level COVID-19 cases (Spearman rho = 0.052; P < .001) and deaths (Spearman rho = 0.134; P < .001) during the study period. This association varied over time; each 0.05-unit increase in Gini coefficient was associated with an adjusted relative risk of COVID-19 deaths: 1.25 (95% CI, 1.17-1.33) in March and April 2020, 1.20 (95% CI, 1.13-1.28) in May and June 2020, 1.46 (95% CI, 1.37-1.55) in July and August 2020, 1.04 (95% CI, 0.98-1.10) in September and October 2020, 0.76 (95% CI, 0.72-0.81) in November and December 2020, and 1.02 (95% CI, 0.96-1.07) in January and February 2021 (P < .001 for interaction). The adjusted association of the Gini coefficient with COVID-19 cases also reached a peak in July and August 2020 (relative risk, 1.28 [95% CI, 1.22-1.33]). Conclusions and Relevance: This study suggests that income inequality within US counties was associated with more cases and deaths due to COVID-19 in the summer months of 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the vast disparities that exist in health outcomes owing to income inequality in the US. Targeted interventions should be focused on areas of income inequality to both flatten the curve and lessen the burden of inequality. AD - Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, California. AN - 33938935 AU - Tan, A. X. | Hinman, J. A. | Abdel Magid, H. S. | Nelson, L. M. | Odden, M. C. C1 - 2021-05-14 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05142021_covidupdate.html DA - May 3 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.8799 ET - 2021/05/04 IS - 5 KW - *COVID-19/economics/epidemiology/prevention & control | *Communicable Disease Control/methods/standards | Ethnic Groups/statistics & numerical data | Female | *Health Status Disparities | Healthcare Disparities/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Income/*statistics & numerical data | Male | Middle Aged | Mortality | Needs Assessment | SARS-CoV-2 | Social Determinants of Health | Social Marginalization | *Socioeconomic Factors | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://2365782774/Tan-2021-Association Between Income Inequality.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Tan, Annabel X; Hinman, Jessica A; Abdel Magid, Hoda S; Nelson, Lorene M; Odden, Michelle C; eng; JAMA Netw Open. 2021 May 3;4(5):e218799. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.8799. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; County-level income inequality was weakly positively associated with COVID-19 cases (Spearman ρ�?�?.052; p <0.001) and deaths (Spearman ρ�?�?.134; p�?0.001) over the period between March 2020 and February 2021. | Methods: Ecological analysis of cases and deaths adjusted for county-level factors, with income inequality measured by Gini coefficient (where 0 represents all income equally shared and 1 represents all income going to 1 individual). Cases and deaths were obtained from the Johns Hopkins University COVID-19 data repository. County level data were obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey (2014-2018). Limitations: No individual-level data. | Implications: Interventions targeted to areas with high inequality could help flatten the curve and lessen the COVID-19 burden driven by inequality. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e218799 ST - Association Between Income Inequality and County-Level COVID-19 Cases and Deaths in the US T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Association Between Income Inequality and County-Level COVID-19 Cases and Deaths in the US UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33938935 VL - 4 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1743 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Male sex has been associated with severe Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) infection. We examined the association between male sex and severe Covid-19 infection and if an increased risk remains after adjustment for age and comorbidities. METHODS: Nationwide register-based follow-up study of Covid-19 patients in Denmark until May 16, 2020. Average risk ratio comparing 30-day composite outcome of all-cause death, severe Covid-19 diagnosis or intensive care unit (ICU) admission for men versus women standardized to the age and comorbidity distribution of all patients were derived from multivariable Cox regression. Included covariates were age, hypertension, diagnoses including obesity, alcohol, sleep apnea, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, previous myocardial infarction (MI), ischemic heart disease (IHD), heart failure (HF), atrial fibrillation (AF), stroke, peripheral artery disease, cancer, liver-, rheumatic-, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). RESULTS: Of 4,842 Covid-19 patients, 2,281 (47.1%) were men. Median age was 57 [25%-75% 43-73] for men versus 52 [38-71] for women (P<0.001); however, octogenarians had equal sex distribution. Alcohol diagnosis, diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnea, prior MI and IHD (all P<0.001) as well as AF, stroke and HF (all P=0.01) were more often seen in men, and so was CKD (P=0.03). Obesity diagnosis (P<0.001) were more often seen in women. Other comorbidity differences were insignificant (P>0.05). The fully adjusted average risk ratio was 1.63 [95% CI 1.44-1.84]. CONCLUSIONS: Men with Covid-19 infection have >50% higher risk of all-cause death, severe Covid-19 infection, or ICU admission than women. The excess risk was not explained by age and comorbidities. AD - Unit of Clinical Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark. | Department of Cardiology, North Denmark Regional Hospital, Denmark. | Department of Cardiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark. | Department of Clinical Research, Nordsjaellands Hospital, Denmark. | Department of Biostatistics, Copenhagen University, Denmark. | Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark. | The Danish Heart Foundation, Copenhagen, Denmark. | Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. AN - 32634827 AU - Kragholm, K. | Andersen, M. P. | Gerds, T. A. | Butt, J. H. | Ostergaard, L. | Polcwiartek, C. | Phelps, M. | Andersson, C. | Gislason, G. H. | Torp-Pedersen, C. | Kober, L. | Schou, M. | Fosbol, E. L. C1 - 2020-07-17 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071720_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 8 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa924 ET - 2020/07/08 KW - Covid-19 | Sex | outcomes | severity L1 - internal-pdf://3978682983/Kragholm-2020-Association between male sex and.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Kragholm, Kristian; Andersen, Mikkel Porsborg; Gerds, Thomas A; Butt, Jawad H; Ostergaard, Lauge; Polcwiartek, Christoffer; Phelps, Matthew; Andersson, Charlotte; Gislason, Gunnar H; Torp-Pedersen, Christian; Kober, Lars; Schou, Morten; Fosbol, Emil L; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Jul 8. pii: 5868546. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa924. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The risks for the 30-day composite outcome for men and women were 20.2% and 12.4%, respectively (Table). | Male sex was significantly associated with all-cause death and ICU admission within 30 days after COVID-19 diagnosis compared with female sex (Table). | Methods: Nationwide registry-based follow-up study of 4,842 COVID-19 patients (2,281 male, 2,561 female) comparing 30-day composite outcome of all-cause death, severe COVID-19 diagnosis or intensive care unit (ICU) admission for men versus women, adjusted for age and comorbidity. Limitations: Non-randomized study; short study follow-up period. | Implications: Men with SARS-Cov-2 infection have greater mortality than do women. The excess risk was not explained by age and comorbidities. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) ST - Association between male sex and outcomes of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) - a Danish nationwide, register-based study T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Association between male sex and outcomes of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) - a Danish nationwide, register-based study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32634827 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 538 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Data from China found severe complications in 8% of pregnant women with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, the high rate of cesarean deliveries (>90%) in Chinese reports is concerning, and whether mode of delivery is associated with maternal complications or neonatal transmission is unknown. We assessed births to women with COVID-19 by mode of delivery. AD - Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital, Madrid, Spain. | Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland. | Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, 12 Octubre University Hospital, Madrid, Spain. | Service of Pharmacy, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland. | Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, Gregorio Maranon University Hospital, Madrid, Spain. AN - 32511673 AU - Martinez-Perez, O. | Vouga, M. | Cruz Melguizo, S. | Forcen Acebal, L. | Panchaud, A. | Munoz-Chapuli, M. | Baud, D. C1 - 2020-06-19 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061920_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 21 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.10125 ET - 2020/06/09 IS - 3 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Cesarean Section/adverse effects | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Delivery, Obstetric/*methods | Female | Humans | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | Pregnancy | Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/*virology | *Pregnancy Outcome | SARS-CoV-2 | Spain/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://1829559819/Martinez-Perez-2020-Association Between Mode o.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Martinez-Perez, Oscar; Vouga, Manon; Cruz Melguizo, Sara; Forcen Acebal, Laura; Panchaud, Alice; Munoz-Chapuli, Mar; Baud, David; eng; Letter; JAMA. 2020 Jul 21;324(3):296-299. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.10125. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among pregnant women who were asymptomatic or had mild COVID-19 symptoms, cesarean delivery was associated with an increased maternal need for oxygen supplementation after delivery compared with women who delivered vaginally (Figure). | Cesarean birth was also associated with higher neonatal ICU admission (Figure). | Methods: Cross sectional study of 82 pregnant women who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA at delivery during March 12 and April 6, 2020 (asymptomatic/mild symptoms: n = 78; severe symptoms: n = 4). For women with asymptomatic/mild symptoms, association between delivery mode (vaginal vs. cesarean) and maternal and neonatal outcomes was estimated with multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for maternal age, body mass index, comorbidities, maternal need for oxygen supplementation at admission, abnormal chest x-ray findings at admission, nulliparity, smoking, and prematurity. Limitations: Small sample size; wide confidence intervals; residual and unmeasured confounding may bias results; women with cesarean deliveries had obstetrical indications and 8 had cesarean section due to COVID-19 symptoms. | Implications: Cesarean delivery may be associated with poorer maternal and neonatal outcomes for women with asymptomatic or mild COVID-19. | Correction issued by authors: The second key finding, the implications section and the created figure above are no longer in keeping with the data presented in the paper. | The authors explained that there were errors in the data and had erroneously reported statistical significance for the outcome of admission to the neonatal intensive care unit. The authors conclude: “Limitations include a lack of sufficient information on newborns to determine vertical transmission. The lack of association between cesarean delivery and risk of NICU admission may have been related to the lack of statistical power. Also, the 95% CIs around the odds ratios for cesarean birth and clinical deterioration were wide and the estimates fragile.�? SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 296-299 ST - Association Between Mode of Delivery Among Pregnant Women With COVID-19 and Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes in Spain T2 - JAMA TI - Association Between Mode of Delivery Among Pregnant Women With COVID-19 and Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes in Spain UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32511673 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 404 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A comprehensive understanding of the benefits of COVID-19 vaccination requires consideration of disease attenuation, determined as whether people who develop COVID-19 despite vaccination have lower disease severity than unvaccinated people.To evaluate the association between vaccination with mRNA COVID-19 vaccines—mRNA-1273 (Moderna) and BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech)—and COVID-19 hospitalization, and, among patients hospitalized with COVID-19, the association with progression to critical disease.A US 21-site case-control analysis of 4513 adults hospitalized between March 11 and August 15, 2021, with 28-day outcome data on death and mechanical ventilation available for patients enrolled through July 14, 2021. Date of final follow-up was August 8, 2021.COVID-19 vaccination.Associations were evaluated between prior vaccination and (1) hospitalization for COVID-19, in which case patients were those hospitalized for COVID-19 and control patients were those hospitalized for an alternative diagnosis; and (2) disease progression among patients hospitalized for COVID-19, in which cases and controls were COVID-19 patients with and without progression to death or mechanical ventilation, respectively. Associations were measured with multivariable logistic regression.Among 4513 patients (median age, 59 years [IQR, 45-69]; 2202 [48.8%] women; 23.0% non-Hispanic Black individuals, 15.9% Hispanic individuals, and 20.1% with an immunocompromising condition), 1983 were case patients with COVID-19 and 2530 were controls without COVID-19. Unvaccinated patients accounted for 84.2% (1669/1983) of COVID-19 hospitalizations. Hospitalization for COVID-19 was significantly associated with decreased likelihood of vaccination (cases, 15.8%; controls, 54.8%; adjusted OR, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.13-0.18), including for sequenced SARS-CoV-2 Alpha (8.7% vs 51.7%; aOR, 0.10; 95% CI, 0.06-0.16) and Delta variants (21.9% vs 61.8%; aOR, 0.14; 95% CI, 0.10-0.21). This association was stronger for immunocompetent patients (11.2% vs 53.5%; aOR, 0.10; 95% CI, 0.09-0.13) than immunocompromised patients (40.1% vs 58.8%; aOR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.35-0.69) (P�?lt;�?001) and weaker at more than 120 days since vaccination with BNT162b2 (5.8% vs 11.5%; aOR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.27-0.49) than with mRNA-1273 (1.9% vs 8.3%; aOR, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.09-0.23) (P�?lt;�?001). Among 1197 patients hospitalized with COVID-19, death or invasive mechanical ventilation by day 28 was associated with decreased likelihood of vaccination (12.0% vs 24.7%; aOR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.19-0.58).Vaccination with an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine was significantly less likely among patients with COVID-19 hospitalization and disease progression to death or mechanical ventilation. These findings are consistent with risk reduction among vaccine breakthrough infections compared with absence of vaccination. AD - CDC COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta, Georgia. | Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. | Baylor Scott & White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple. | Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora. | Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora. | Departments of Medicine and Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. | Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. | Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City. | Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts. | Department of Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina. | Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. | Departments of Emergency Medicine and Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota. | Department of Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota. | Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus. | Department of Medicine, Montefiore Health System, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York. | Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York. | Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle. | Department of Medicine, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts. | Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, Utah; and University of Utah, Salt Lake City. | School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. | Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland. | Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. | Emory Critical Care Center, Emory Healthcare, Atlanta, Georgia. | Department of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio. | Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. | Department of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles. | Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida. | Department of Medicine, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri. | Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. | Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. | Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. | Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. | Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. | Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. AN - 34734975 AU - Tenforde, Mark W. | Self, Wesley H. | Adams, Katherine | Gaglani, Manjusha | Ginde, Adit A. | McNeal, Tresa | Ghamande, Shekhar | Douin, David J. | Talbot, H. Keipp | Casey, Jonathan D. | Mohr, Nicholas M. | Zepeski, Anne | Shapiro, Nathan I. | Gibbs, Kevin W. | Files, D. Clark | Hager, David N. | Shehu, Arber | Prekker, Matthew E. | Erickson, Heidi L. | Exline, Matthew C. | Gong, Michelle N. | Mohamed, Amira | Henning, Daniel J. | Steingrub, Jay S. | Peltan, Ithan D. | Brown, Samuel M. | Martin, Emily T. | Monto, Arnold S. | Khan, Akram | Hough, Catherine L. | Busse, Laurence W. | ten Lohuis, Caitlin C. | Duggal, Abhijit | Wilson, Jennifer G. | Gordon, Alexandra June | Qadir, Nida | Chang, Steven Y. | Mallow, Christopher | Rivas, Carolina | Babcock, Hilary M. | Kwon, Jennie H. | Halasa, Natasha | Chappell, James D. | Lauring, Adam S. | Grijalva, Carlos G. | Rice, Todd W. | Jones, Ian D. | Stubblefield, William B. | Baughman, Adrienne | Womack, Kelsey N. | Rhoads, Jillian P. | Lindsell, Christopher J. | Hart, Kimberly W. | Zhu, Yuwei | Olson, Samantha M. | Kobayashi, Miwako | Verani, Jennifer R. | Patel, Manish M. | Influenza | Other Viruses in the Acutely Ill Network C1 - 2021-11-15 C2 - PMC8569602 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/11152021_covidupdate.html#anchor_Vaccines DA - Nov 4 DO - 10.1001/jama.2021.19499 ET - 2021/11/05 L1 - internal-pdf://3817055907/Tenforde-2021-Association Between mRNA Vaccina.pdf LB - Natural History | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - (IVY) PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among adults hospitalized with COVID-19, 93.9% of patients who required mechanical ventilation or who died were unvaccinated. | mRNA vaccination was associated with decreased likelihood of mechanical ventilation or death (aOR 0.33, 95% CI 0.19-0.58). | Vaccinated patients were less likely than unvaccinated patients to require ICU-level care (24.6% vs. 40.1%, p�?0.001) and more likely to have been discharged within 28 days (88.0% vs. 77.2%, p = 0.003). | These findings remained consistent when stratified by age and immune status (Figure). | Methods: Case-control analysis of adults hospitalized with COVID-19 at 21 hospitals, United States, March–July 2021 (n = 1,187). Outcomes of fully vaccinated persons at 28 days compared to those of unvaccinated persons, adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and comorbidities. Patients considered fully vaccinated 14 days after 2nd mRNA vaccine dose. Limitations: Limited to hospitalized patients, did not assess out-of-hospital deaths; sample size limited assessment by vaccine type, SARS-CoV-2 variant, and time since vaccination; some data accrued prior to Delta period. | | Implications: Breakthrough infections following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination among hospitalized patients were less severe than SARS-CoV-2 infections among unvaccinated persons hospitalized for COVID-19. These findings support prior data that COVID-19 vaccination can reduce COVID-19 severity and mortality. SN - 0098-7484 ST - Association Between mRNA Vaccination and COVID-19 Hospitalization and Disease Severity T2 - JAMA TI - Association Between mRNA Vaccination and COVID-19 Hospitalization and Disease Severity UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.19499 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/2786039/jama_tenforde_2021_oi_210120_1635974019.79079.pdf Y2 - 11/22/2021 ID - 2631 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A major concern that has emerged from the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic is patient avoidance of necessary medical care. Data regarding how in-person visits to medical facilities influence the risk of contracting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection are limited. Obstetrical patients are a unique group who have required frequent in-person health care visits during the pandemic. The aim of this analysis was to examine whether the number of in-person health care visits was associated with the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. AD - Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. | Division of Pharmacoepidemiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. AN - 32797148 AU - Reale, S. C. | Fields, K. G. | Lumbreras-Marquez, M. I. | King, C. H. | Burns, S. L. | Huybrechts, K. F. | Bateman, B. T. C1 - 2020-08-28 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082820_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 22 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.15242 ET - 2020/08/17 IS - 12 KW - Betacoronavirus | Boston | Covid-19 | Case-Control Studies | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Female | Humans | Obstetrics | Office Visits/*statistics & numerical data | Pandemics | Patient Acceptance of Health Care/statistics & numerical data | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | Pregnancy | Prenatal Care/*statistics & numerical data | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://0165995112/Reale-2020-Association Between Number of In-Pe.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Reale, Sharon C; Fields, Kara G; Lumbreras-Marquez, Mario I; King, Chih H; Burns, Stacey L; Huybrechts, Krista F; Bateman, Brian T; eng; JAMA. 2020 Sep 22;324(12):1210-1212. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.15242. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among 2,968 deliveries, 111 patients (3.7%, 95% CI 3.1% -4.5%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. | No association was found between number of in-person health care visits (mean 2.5 vs 2.6 visits) and SARS-CoV-2 infection (aOR for infection was 0.93 [95% CI 0.80-1.08] per additional health care visit). | Methods: Surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 was conducted for 2,968 deliveries from 4 hospitals, Boston, Massachusetts, April 19 to June 27, 2020. Nested case-control study of obstetric patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and matched control patients without SARS Co-V-2 infection (93 and 372, respectively). Conditional logistic regression was used to assess association of the number of in-person visits with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Limitations: One US community; results might not be externally generalizable. | Implications: This study suggests necessary in-person health care visits can be safely conducted without increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, offering some reassurance to patients, providers, and the community. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1210-1212 ST - Association Between Number of In-Person Health Care Visits and SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Obstetrical Patients T2 - JAMA TI - Association Between Number of In-Person Health Care Visits and SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Obstetrical Patients UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32797148 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 795 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: As part of postauthorization safety surveillance, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has identified a potential safety concern for Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) following receipt of the Ad26.COV2.S (Janssen/Johnson & Johnson) COVID-19 vaccine. | | Objective: To assess reports of GBS received in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) following Ad26.COV2.S vaccination. | | Design, setting, and participants: Reports of presumptive GBS were identified in a US passive reporting system (VAERS) February-July 2021 and characterized, including demographics, clinical characteristics, and relevant medical history. | | Exposures: Receipt of the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine; the comparator was the background rate of GBS in the general (unvaccinated) population that had been estimated and published based on a standardized case definition. | | Main outcomes and measures: Presumptive GBS; the reporting rate was analyzed, including calculation of the observed to expected ratio based on background rates and vaccine administration data. Because of limited availability of medical records, cases were not assessed according to the Brighton Collaboration criteria for GBS. | | Results: As of July 24, 2021, 130 reports of presumptive GBS were identified in VAERS following Ad26.COV2.S vaccination (median age, 56 years; IQR, 45-62 years; 111 individuals [86.0%] were < 65 years; 77 men [59.7%]). The median time to onset of GBS following vaccination was 13 days (IQR, 10-18 days), with 105 cases (81.4%) beginning within 21 days and 123 (95.3%) within 42 days. One hundred twenty-one reports (93.1%) were serious, including 1 death. With approximately 13 209 858 doses of vaccine administered to adults in the US, the estimated crude reporting rate was 1 case of GBS per 100 000 doses administered. The overall estimated observed to expected rate ratio was 4.18 (95% CI, 3.47-4.98) for the 42-day window, and in the worst-case scenario analysis for adults 18 years or older, corresponded to an estimated absolute rate increase of 6.36 per 100 000 person-years (based on a rate of approximately 8.36 cases per 100 000 person-years [123 cases per 1 472 162 person-years] compared with a background rate of approximately 2 cases per 100 000 person-years). For both risk windows, the observed to expected rate ratio was elevated in all age groups except individuals aged 18 through 29 years. | | Conclusions and relevance: These findings suggest a potential small but statistically significant safety concern for Guillain-Barré syndrome following receipt of the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine. However, the findings are subject to the limitations of passive reporting systems and presumptive case definition, and they must be considered preliminary pending analysis of medical records to establish a definitive diagnosis. AD - 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. | 2Division of General Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. | 6Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. | 3Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. | 5PolicyLab, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. | 4Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. AN - 34469330 AU - Otto, William R. | Grundmeier, Robert W. | Montoya-Williams, Diana | Njoroge, Wanjik�r F. M. | Wallis, Kate E. | Gerber, Jeffrey S. | Yun, Katherine C1 - 2021-10-15 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10152021_covidupdate.html#anchor_NaturalHistory DA - 01 Sep. 2021 DO - 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0779 ET - 2021/09/02 L1 - internal-pdf://0115802743/Otto-2021-Association between Preferred Langua.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Otto, William R | Grundmeier, Robert W | Montoya-Williams, Diana | Njoroge, Wanjiku F M | Wallis, Kate E | Gerber, Jeffrey S | Yun, Katherine | eng | T32 HD043021/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ | Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2021 Sep 1. pii: tpmd210779. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0779. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; A higher proportion of children from Spanish-speaking families tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection than children from English-speaking families (22.5% vs. 12.3%). | This difference was largest during the first wave and diminished over time (Figure). | Methods: Electronic health record data from 6 Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Care Network primary care practices extracted for children aged <19 years (n = 10,138), March 1, 2020–February 28, 2021. Data included preferred language of caregiver, age, race/ethnicity, and SARS-CoV-2 PCR test result. Limitations: Data derived from single health system in single city; preferred language may be a surrogate for other unmeasured factors. | | Implications: Children from non-English speaking families may be at greater risk for SARS-CoV-2 infections. Equitable access to healthcare and public health information may be improved with culturally and linguistically appropriate interventions. SN - 1476-1645 (Electronic) | 0002-9637 (Linking) SP - tpmd210779 ST - Association between Preferred Language and Risk of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection in Children in the United States T2 - Am J Trop Med Hyg TI - Association between Preferred Language and Risk of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection in Children in the United States UR - https://www.ajtmh.org/view/journals/tpmd/aop/article-10.4269-ajtmh.21-0779/article-10.4269-ajtmh.21-0779.xml | https://www.ajtmh.org/downloadpdf/journals/tpmd/aop/article-10.4269-ajtmh.21-0779/article-10.4269-ajtmh.21-0779.pdf ID - 2488 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Although children mainly experience mild COVID-19 disease, hospitalization rates are increasing, with limited understanding of underlying factors. There is an established association between race and severe COVID-19 outcomes in adults in England; however, whether a similar association exists in children is unclear.To investigate the association between race and childhood COVID-19 testing and hospital outcomes.In this cohort study, children (0-18 years of age) from participating family practices in England were identified in the QResearch database between January 24 and November 30, 2020. The QResearch database has individually linked patients with national SARS-CoV-2 testing, hospital admission, and mortality data.The main characteristic of interest is self-reported race. Other exposures were age, sex, deprivation level, geographic region, household size, and comorbidities (asthma; diabetes; and cardiac, neurologic, and hematologic conditions).The primary outcome was hospital admission with confirmed COVID-19. Secondary outcomes were SARS-CoV-2–positive test result and any hospital attendance with confirmed COVID-19 and intensive care admission.Of 2�?76�?53 children (mean [SD] age, 9.23 [5.24] years; 48.8% female), 410�?26 (15.9%) were tested for SARS-CoV-2 and 26�?22 (6.4%) tested positive. A total of 1853 children (0.07%) with confirmed COVID-19 attended hospital, 343 (0.01%) were admitted to the hospital, and 73 (0.002%) required intensive care. Testing varied across race. White children had the highest proportion of SARS-CoV-2 tests (223�?01/1�?11�?41 [17.1%]), whereas Asian children (33�?13/243�?45 [13.6%]), Black children (7727/93�?20 [8.3%]), and children of mixed or other races (18�?71/147�?29 [12.9%]) had lower proportions. Compared with White children, Asian children were more likely to have COVID-19 hospital admissions (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.62; 95% CI, 1.12-2.36), whereas Black children (adjusted OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 0.90-2.31) and children of mixed or other races (adjusted OR, 1.40; 95% CI, 0.93-2.10) had comparable hospital admissions. Asian children were more likely to be admitted to intensive care (adjusted OR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.07-4.14), and Black children (adjusted OR, 2.31; 95% CI, 1.08-4.94) and children of mixed or other races (adjusted OR, 2.14; 95% CI, 1.25-3.65) had longer hospital admissions (�?6 hours).In this large population-based study exploring the association between race and childhood COVID-19 testing and hospital outcomes, several race-specific disparities were observed in severe COVID-19 outcomes. However, ascertainment bias and residual confounding in this cohort study should be considered before drawing any further conclusions. Overall, findings of this study have important public health implications internationally. AU - Saatci, Defne | Ranger, Tom A. | Garriga, Cesar | Clift, Ash Kieran | Zaccardi, Francesco | Tan, Pui San | Patone, Martina | Coupland, Carol | Harnden, Anthony | Griffin, Simon J. | Khunti, Kamlesh | Dambha-Miller, Hajira | Hippisley-Cox, Julia C1 - 2021-07-02 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07022021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.1685 IS - 9 L1 - internal-pdf://1459309065/Saatci-2021-Association Between Race and COVID.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 26,322 children testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 between January 24 and November 30, 2020, 343 were admitted to hospital and 73 required intensive care. Compared with White children, Asian children were more likely to be admitted to hospital (aOR, 1.62; 95% CI 1.12-2.36) and intensive care (aOR, 2.11; 95% CI 1.07-4.14). Black children (aOR, 2.31; 95% CI 1.08-4.94) and mixed/other race children (aOR, 2.14; 95% CI 1.25-3.65) had longer hospital stays (�?6 h). An editorialexternal icon emphasized that race likely impacts health through racism and race-associated experiences, opportunities, and access. SE - 928 SN - 2168-6203 ST - Association Between Race and COVID-19 Outcomes Among 2.6 Million Children in England T2 - JAMA Pediatr TI - Association Between Race and COVID-19 Outcomes Among 2.6 Million Children in England UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.1685 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/articlepdf/2780966/jamapediatrics_saatci_2021_oi_210032_1622826707.62207.pdf VL - 175 Y2 - 7/16/2021 ID - 1926 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The association between COVID-19 immunity within families and the risk of infection in nonimmune family members is unknown.To investigate the association between risk of COVID-19 in nonimmune individuals and the number of their family members with known immunity acquired from a previous COVID-19 infection or full vaccination (2 vaccine doses).In this cohort study of data from nationwide registries in Sweden, all individuals who acquired immunity from either previous COVID-19 infection or full vaccination until May 26, 2021, were considered for inclusion. Each person with immunity was matched 1:1 to an individual without immunity from an identified cohort of individuals with families comprising 2 to 5 members.Number of immune family members in each family on April 14, 2021 (index date), who acquired immunity from a previous COVID-19 infection or full vaccination (2 doses of the mRNA-1273, BNT162b2 mRNA, or ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine).Incident COVID-19 infection in nonimmune family members from April 15 to May 26, 2021.A total of 1 789 728 individuals from 814 806 families were included in the analysis. Each family comprised 2 to 5 family members, with a mean (SD) age at baseline of 51.3 (19.5) years. During a mean (range) follow-up time of 26.3 (1-40) days, 88�?97 of 1�?49�?89 (5.7%) nonimmune family members (mean [SD] age, 51.6 [17.7] years; 790 276 men [51.0%]) were diagnosed with COVID-19. There was an inverse dose-response association between the number of immune members in each family and the risk of incident COVID-19 infection in nonimmune family members. Nonimmune families with 1 immune family member had a 45% to 61% lower risk of contracting COVID-19 (hazard ratio [HR], 0.39-0.55; 95% CI, 0.37-0.61, P�?lt;�?001). The risk reduction increased to 75% to 86% in families with 2 immune family members (HR, 0.14-0.25; 95% CI, 0.11-0.27; P�?lt;�?001), 91% to 94% with 3 immune family members (HR, 0.06-0.09; 95% CI, 0.04-0.10; P�?lt;�?001), and 97% with 4 immune family members (HR, 0.03; 95% CI, 0.02-0.05; P�?lt;�?001). The results were similar for the outcome of COVID-19 infection that was severe enough to warrant a hospital stay.In this cohort study, family members without immunity had a 45% to 97% lower risk of contracting COVID-19 as the number of immune family members increased. Vaccination is a key strategy for decreasing the transmission of the virus within families. AD - Unit of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Umea University, Umea, Sweden. | Section of Sustainable Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umea University, Umea, Sweden. | School of Sport Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway. AN - 34633407 AU - Nordström, Peter | Ballin, Marcel | Nordström, Anna C1 - 2021-10-22 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10222021_covidupdate.html#anchor_TransmissionRisks DA - Oct 11 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.5814 ET - 2021/10/12 L1 - internal-pdf://1776964473/Nordström-2021-Association Between Risk of COV.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Natural History | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Nordstrom, Peter | Ballin, Marcel | Nordstrom, Anna | eng | JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Oct 11. pii: 2785141. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.5814. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Incident COVID-19 in nonimmune household family members decreased as the number of immune family members increased (Figure). | Compared with individuals without any immune family members, nonimmune individuals with 1, 2, 3 or 4 immune family members had a 45%�?1%,75%�?6%, 91%�?4%, and 97% lower risk of infection, respectively. | Methods: Cohort study using nationwide registry data of 1,789,728 individuals and 814,806 families with 2�? members, Sweden, April–May 2021. Family members with previous infection or full vaccination were considered immune. Limitations: Small number of large families. | | Implications: Vaccination remains a key prevention strategy. Increased vaccination coverage of family members may reduce household SARS-CoV-2 transmission. SN - 2168-6106 ST - Association Between Risk of COVID-19 Infection in Nonimmune Individuals and COVID-19 Immunity in Their Family Members T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - Association Between Risk of COVID-19 Infection in Nonimmune Individuals and COVID-19 Immunity in Their Family Members UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.5814 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/articlepdf/2785141/jamainternal_nordstrm_2021_oi_210059_1633629719.0761.pdf Y2 - 10/25/2021 ID - 2516 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVES: To investigate SARS-CoV-2 (the virus causing COVID-19) infection and exposure risks among grocery retail workers, and to investigate their mental health state during the pandemic. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in May 2020 in a single grocery retail store in Massachusetts, USA. We assessed workers' personal/occupational history and perception of COVID-19 by questionnaire. The health outcomes were measured by nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) results, General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). RESULTS: Among 104 workers tested, 21 (20%) had positive viral assays. Seventy-six per cent positive cases were asymptomatic. Employees with direct customer exposure had an odds of 5.1 (95% CI 1.1 to 24.8) being tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 after adjustments. As to mental health, the prevalence of anxiety and depression (ie, GAD-7 score >4 or PHQ-9 score >4) was 24% and 8%, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounders, those able to practice social distancing consistently at work had odds of 0.3 (95% CI 0.1 to 0.9) and 0.2 (95% CI 0.03 to 0.99) screening positive for anxiety and depression, respectively. Workers commuting by foot, bike or private cars were less likely to screen positive for depression (OR 0.1, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.7). CONCLUSIONS: In this single store sample, we found a considerable asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection rate among grocery workers. Employees with direct customer exposure were five times more likely to test positive for SARS-CoV-2. Those able to practice social distancing consistently at work had significantly lower risk of anxiety or depression. AD - Environmental & Occupational Medicine & Epidemiology Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. | Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. | Management Sciences for Health, Medford, Massachusetts, USA. | Department of Occupational Medicine, Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. | Environmental & Occupational Medicine & Epidemiology Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA justin.yang@mail.harvard.edu. | Department of General Internal Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. AN - 33127659 AU - Lan, F. Y. | Suharlim, C. | Kales, S. N. | Yang, J. C1 - 2020-11-10 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/111020_covidupdate.html DA - Apr DO - 10.1136/oemed-2020-106774 DP - NLM ET - 2020/11/01 IS - 4 KW - Adult | Anxiety/epidemiology/psychology | COVID-19/diagnosis/*epidemiology/prevention & control/transmission | Cross-Sectional Studies | Depression/epidemiology/psychology | Female | Humans | Male | Mental Health/*statistics & numerical data | Middle Aged | Occupational Exposure/*statistics & numerical data | Occupational Health | Prevalence | Risk | SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification | *Supermarkets | Surveys and Questionnaires | United States/epidemiology | Workplace/statistics & numerical data | *communicable diseases | *health and safety | *hygiene / occupational hygiene | *occupational health practice | *public health | Health. L1 - internal-pdf://0293084841/Lan-2021-Association between SARS-CoV-2 infect.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Lan, Fan-Yun; Suharlim, Christian; Kales, Stefanos N; Yang, Justin; eng; England; Occup Environ Med. 2021 Apr;78(4):237-243. doi: 10.1136/oemed-2020-106774. Epub 2020 Oct 30. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 20% of retail workers surveyed tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR. | The majority (76%) of positive workers were asymptomatic at the time of testing. | Workers with direct customer exposure were more likely to test positive (OR 1, 95% CI 1.1-24.8). | There was an inverse relationship between practicing social distancing consistently at work and both anxiety (OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.1-0.9) and depression (OR 2, 95% CI 0.03-0.99). | Workers suffering from depression were more likely to commute by public transportation or share rides compared with those without depression (OR 0.1, 95% CI 0.02-7). | Methods: Survey of 104 adults employed at a single grocery retail store that included basic demographic information, SARS-CoV-2-related exposure, personal protective equipment usage and mental health status. Participants underwent clinical evaluation and nasopharyngeal swab testing in early May 2020. Limitations: Small sample size. | Implications: This study offers insight on the potential occupational risks of infection and mental health impact of COVID-19 on workers with customer interaction during early onset of the pandemic. SN - 1470-7926 (Electronic); 1351-0711 (Linking) SP - 237-243 ST - Association between SARS-CoV-2 infection, exposure risk and mental health among a cohort of essential retail workers in the USA T2 - Occup Environ Med TI - Association between SARS-CoV-2 infection, exposure risk and mental health among a cohort of essential retail workers in the USA UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33127659 VL - 78 ID - 1211 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In the United States, the COVID-19 vaccination rate slowed from a peak of 3.6 million vaccinations per day during the week of April 5, 2021, to fewer than 2 million vaccinations per day by the week of May 3, 2021. To boost vaccine uptake, 19 states announced large cash lotteries by July 1, 2021, that were tied to COVID-19 vaccination. | | For instance, on May 12, 2021, Ohio announced Vax-a-Million, a set of weekly $1 million drawings to be held over 5 weeks for Ohio residents 18 years or older who had received at least 1 COVID-19 vaccine dose. One recent study failed to find an association between the Ohio drawings and increased vaccinations.1 In this case-control study, we assessed if announcements of cash drawings in 19 states were associated with increased vaccine uptake by comparing vaccination trends in states that announced drawings with states that did not using a difference-in-differences framework. AU - Dave, Dhaval | Friedson, Andrew I. | Hansen, Benjamin | Sabia, Joseph J. C1 - 2021-10-22 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10222021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1001/jamahealthforum.2021.3117 IS - 10 L1 - internal-pdf://1426346873/Dave-2021-Association Between Statewide COVID-.pdf LA - en LB - Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: No association was found between cash lottery incentives and vaccination rates, April 28–July 1, 2021. Findings were based on a differences-in-differences method to compare COVID-19 vaccination rates before and after lottery announcements in 19 states vs. states that did not use lottery incentives. SE - e213117 SN - 2689-0186 SP - e213117-e213117 ST - Association Between Statewide COVID-19 Lottery Announcements and Vaccinations T2 - JAMA Health Forum TI - Association Between Statewide COVID-19 Lottery Announcements and Vaccinations UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamahealthforum.2021.3117 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama-health-forum/articlepdf/2785288/dave_2021_ld_210020_1634051836.15691.pdf VL - 2 Y2 - 10/25/2021 ID - 2515 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has severely affected health care workers (HCWs). As a result, hospital systems began testing HCWs and implementing infection control measures to mitigate workforce depletion and prevent disease spread. Mass General Brigham (MGB) is the largest health care system in Massachusetts, with 12 hospitals and more than 75�?00 employees. In March 2020, MGB implemented a multipronged infection reduction strategy involving systematic testing of symptomatic HCWs and universal masking of all HCWs and patients with surgical masks. This study assessed the association of hospital masking policies with the SARS-CoV-2 infection rate among HCWs. AD - Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. | Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. | Center for Clinical Investigation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. | Occupational Health Services, Mass General Brigham, Boston, Massachusetts. AN - 32663246 AU - Wang, X. | Ferro, E. G. | Zhou, G. | Hashimoto, D. | Bhatt, D. L. C1 - 2020-07-24 C2 - Prevention CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072420_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 18 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.12897 ET - 2020/07/15 IS - 7 KW - Adult | COVID-19/*epidemiology/prevention & control/transmission | Disease Transmission, Infectious/*prevention & control | Female | *Health Personnel | Hospitals | Humans | *Infection Control | Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional/prevention & control | Male | *Masks | Massachusetts/epidemiology | SARS-CoV-2/*isolation & purification L1 - internal-pdf://0518471094/Wang-2020-Association Between Universal Maskin.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Wang, Xiaowen; Ferro, Enrico G; Zhou, Guohai; Hashimoto, Dean; Bhatt, Deepak L; eng; JAMA. 2020 Aug 18;324(7):703-704. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.12897. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In a large Massachusetts hospital system, universal masking was associated with lower rate of SARS-CoV-2 among HCWs, supporting effectiveness of universal masking policies. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 703-704 ST - Association Between Universal Masking in a Health Care System and SARS-CoV-2 Positivity Among Health Care Workers T2 - JAMA TI - Association Between Universal Masking in a Health Care System and SARS-CoV-2 Positivity Among Health Care Workers UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32663246 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 593 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Randomized clinical trials have provided estimates of the effectiveness of the BNT162b2 vaccine against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, but its effect on asymptomatic infections remains unclear. Objective: To estimate the association of vaccination with the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccine with symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections among health care workers. Design, Setting, and Participants: This was a single-center, retrospective cohort study conducted at a tertiary medical center in Tel Aviv, Israel. Data were collected on symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections confirmed via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests in health care workers undergoing regular screening with nasopharyngeal swabs between December 20, 2020, and February 25, 2021. Logistic regression was used to calculate incidence rate ratios (IRRs) comparing the incidence of infection between fully vaccinated and unvaccinated participants, controlling for demographics and the number of PCR tests performed. Exposures: Vaccination with the BNT162b2 vaccine vs unvaccinated status was ascertained from the employee health database. Full vaccination was defined as more than 7 days after receipt of the second vaccine dose. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was the regression-adjusted IRR for symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection of fully vaccinated vs unvaccinated health care workers. The secondary outcomes included IRRs for partially vaccinated health care workers (days 7-28 after first dose) and for those considered as late fully vaccinated (>21 days after second dose). Results: A total of 6710 health care workers (mean [SD] age, 44.3 [12.5] years; 4465 [66.5%] women) were followed up for a median period of 63 days; 5953 health care workers (88.7%) received at least 1 dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine, 5517 (82.2%) received 2 doses, and 757 (11.3%) were not vaccinated. Vaccination was associated with older age compared with those who were not vaccinated (mean age, 44.8 vs 40.7 years, respectively) and male sex (31.4% vs 17.7%). Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection occurred in 8 fully vaccinated health care workers and 38 unvaccinated health care workers (incidence rate, 4.7 vs 149.8 per 100000 person-days, respectively, adjusted IRR, 0.03 [95% CI, 0.01-0.06]). Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection occurred in 19 fully vaccinated health care workers and 17 unvaccinated health care workers (incidence rate, 11.3 vs 67.0 per 100000 person-days, respectively, adjusted IRR, 0.14 [95% CI, 0.07-0.31]). The results were qualitatively unchanged by the propensity score sensitivity analysis. Conclusions and Relevance: Among health care workers at a single center in Tel Aviv, Israel, receipt of the BNT162b2 vaccine compared with no vaccine was associated with a significantly lower incidence of symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection more than 7 days after the second dose. Findings are limited by the observational design. AD - Department of Physician Affairs, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel. | Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. | Department of Oncology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel. | Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel. | Department of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel. | Department of Information Systems and Operations, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel. | Department of Research and Development, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel. | Department of Dermatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel. | Department of Patient Safety, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel. AN - 33956048 AU - Angel, Y. | Spitzer, A. | Henig, O. | Saiag, E. | Sprecher, E. | Padova, H. | Ben-Ami, R. C1 - 2021-05-14 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05142021_covidupdate.html DA - May 6 DO - 10.1001/jama.2021.7152 ET - 2021/05/07 IS - 24 L1 - internal-pdf://2266685499/Angel-2021-Association Between Vaccination Wit.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Angel, Yoel; Spitzer, Avishay; Henig, Oryan; Saiag, Esther; Sprecher, Eli; Padova, Hagit; Ben-Ami, Ronen; eng; JAMA. 2021 May 6. pii: 2779853. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.7152. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among a cohort of 6,274 health care workers (HCW), the adjusted incidence rate ratio for HCWs fully vaccinated with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine was 0.14 (95% CI 0.07-0.31) for asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection and 0.03 (95% CI, 0.01-0.06) for symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. SE - 2457 SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) ST - Association Between Vaccination With BNT162b2 and Incidence of Symptomatic and Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections Among Health Care Workers T2 - JAMA TI - Association Between Vaccination With BNT162b2 and Incidence of Symptomatic and Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections Among Health Care Workers UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33956048 VL - 325 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1749 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BackgroundAn excess risk of Bell's palsy has been suggested after mRNA vaccines. We examined the association between the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine and Bell's palsy. AD - Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel. | Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. | Infecion Control and Prevention Unit, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel. | Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel. AN - 34751262 AU - Shibli, Rana | Barnett, Ofra | Abu-Full, Zomoroda | Gronich, Naomi | Najjar-Debbiny, Ronza | Doweck, Ilana | Rennert, Gad | Saliba, Walid C1 - 2021-11-15 C2 - PMC8566165 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/11152021_covidupdate.html#anchor_Effectiveness%20 DA - Dec DO - 10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100236 ET - 2021/11/10 KW - BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine | Bell's palsy | Covid-19 | adverse events | facial paralysis | mRNA vaccines L1 - internal-pdf://1374856867/PIIS2666776221002222.pdf LB - Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Shibli, Rana | Barnett, Ofra | Abu-Full, Zomoroda | Gronich, Naomi | Najjar-Debbiny, Ronza | Doweck, Ilana | Rennert, Gad | Saliba, Walid | eng | England | Lancet Reg Health Eur. 2021 Dec;11:100236. doi: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100236. Epub 2021 Nov 4. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among persons without a history of Bell’s palsy who received BNT162b2 (Comirnaty, Pfizer/BioNTech) vaccine, the standardized incident ratio (SIR) of observed Bell’s palsy was modestly higher than expected within 21 days following the 1st dose (1.36, 95% CI 1.14-1.61) and within 30 days following the 2nd dose (1.16, 95% CI 0.99-1.36). | The highest attributable risk (4.46 per 100,000 vaccinees) was observed among females aged >65 years following the 1st dose (IR 2.51, 95% CI 1.65-3.68). | Among individuals with a prior history of Bell’s palsy, SIRs were 1.15 (95% CI 0.36-2.76) and 2.15 (95% CI 1.09-3.83) following the 1st and 2nd doses, respectively. | Methods: Retrospective cohort study of >2.4 million individuals aged �?6 years and vaccinated during December 2020–April 2021, using data from a large health system in Israel. SIRs calculated by dividing observed incidence after vaccination by expected incidence (incidence during January–May 2019) and weighted for age and sex. Limitations: No concurrent comparison group; adverse events not systematically collected; causal link not established. | | Implications: BNT162b2 vaccination might be associated with a small increase in risk of Bell’s palsy, particularly among those with previous Bell’s palsy. However, the risk of Bell’s palsy following vaccination is low. More studies are needed, especially in older women and those who previously experienced Bell’s palsy. | SN - 2666-7762 SP - 100236 ST - Association between vaccination with the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine and Bell's palsy: a population-based study T2 - Lancet Reg Health Eur TI - Association between vaccination with the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine and Bell's palsy: a population-based study UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100236 VL - 11 Y2 - 2021/11/22 ID - 2630 ER - TY - JOUR AB - PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess whether youth cigarette and electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use are associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptoms, testing, and diagnosis. METHODS: An online national survey of adolescents and young adults (n = 4,351) aged 13-24 years was conducted in May 2020. Multivariable logistic regression assessed relationships among COVID-19-related symptoms, testing, and diagnosis and cigarettes only, e-cigarettes only and dual use, sociodemographic factors, obesity, and complying with shelter-in-place. RESULTS: COVID-19 diagnosis was five times more likely among ever-users of e-cigarettes only (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.82-13.96), seven times more likely among ever-dual-users (95% CI: 1.98-24.55), and 6.8 times more likely among past 30-day dual-users (95% CI: 2.40-19.55). Testing was nine times more likely among past 30-day dual-users (95% CI: 5.43-15.47) and 2.6 times more likely among past 30-day e-cigarette only users (95% CI: 1.33-4.87). Symptoms were 4.7 times more likely among past 30-day dual-users (95% CI: 3.07-7.16). CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 is associated with youth use of e-cigarettes only and dual use of e-cigarettes and cigarettes, suggesting the need for screening and education. AD - Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California. | Division of Oral Epidemiology and Dental Public Health, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. | Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California. Electronic address: bonnie.halpernfelsher@stanford.edu. AN - 32798097 AU - Gaiha, S. M. | Cheng, J. | Halpern-Felsher, B. C1 - 2020-08-21 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082120_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.07.002 ET - 2020/08/17 IS - 4 KW - Adolescent | *Adolescent Behavior | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Cigarette Smoking/*adverse effects/epidemiology | Coronavirus Infections/*etiology | Cross-Sectional Studies | Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems | Female | Humans | Male | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*etiology | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | Surveys and Questionnaires | Vaping/*adverse effects/epidemiology | Young Adult | *covid | *Communicable disease | *Coronavirus | *Electronic cigarette | *Infectious disease | *Lung | *Pandemic | *Smoking | *Tobacco L1 - internal-pdf://2799576256/Gaiha-2020-Association Between Youth Smoking.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Gaiha, Shivani Mathur; Cheng, Jing; Halpern-Felsher, Bonnie; eng; U54 HL147127/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. | J Adolesc Health. 2020 Oct;67(4):519-523. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.07.002. Epub 2020 Aug 11. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Compared to adolescents and young adults who had never used inhaled tobacco, those who had ever used electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), with or without tobacco cigarette use, were more likely to report being diagnosed with COVID-19 (Figure). | Reported diagnosis with COVID-19 did not differ between tobacco non-users and tobacco cigarette-only users (Figure). | Tobacco users (all forms) were more likely to be tested for infection than were non-users. | For tobacco cigarette use, aOR 3.94 (95% CI 1.43-10.86). | For e-cigarette only, aOR 3.25 (95% CI 1.77-5.94). | For e-cigarette use and tobacco cigarette use, aOR 3.58 (95% CI 1.96-6.54). | Methods: Online national-level cross-sectional survey in 4,351 U.S. adolescents and young adults, 13 to 24 years, May, 2020. Respondents reported history of testing and diagnosis of COVID-19, cigarette use and e-cigarette use. Limitations: Self-report data; obesity was the only measured comorbidity; testing more common in tobacco users. | Implications: Findings indicate that e-cigarette use appears to be a risk factor for adolescents and young adults. Targeted education is warranted. SN - 1879-1972 (Electronic); 1054-139X (Linking) SP - 519-523 ST - Association Between Youth Smoking, Electronic Cigarette Use, and COVID-19 T2 - J Adolesc Health TI - Association Between Youth Smoking, Electronic Cigarette Use, and COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32798097 VL - 67 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 737 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, Connecticut. | Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut. AN - 32997123 AU - Li, L. | Li, F. | Fortunati, F. | Krystal, J. H. C1 - 2020-10-13 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/101320_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.23282 ET - 2020/10/01 IS - 9 KW - Age Factors | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Cerebrovascular Disorders/epidemiology | Cohort Studies | Comorbidity | Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/*mortality | Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology | Female | HIV Infections/epidemiology | Heart Failure/epidemiology | Hospitalization | Humans | Kaplan-Meier Estimate | Kidney Diseases/epidemiology | Liver Diseases/epidemiology | Male | Mental Disorders/*epidemiology | Middle Aged | Myocardial Infarction/epidemiology | Neoplasms/epidemiology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/*mortality | Proportional Hazards Models | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://2905213265/Li-2020-Association of a Prior Psychiatric Dia.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Li, Luming; Li, Fangyong; Fortunati, Frank; Krystal, John H; eng; JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Sep 1;3(9):e2023282. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.23282. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Inpatients with COVID-19 who had a pre-existing psychiatric condition were 1.5 times more likely to die (95% CI 1.1-1.9) during their hospital admission than those without a previous psychiatric diagnosis (Figure). | 28% of persons admitted had pre-existing psychiatric conditions. | Methods: Cohort study of 1,685 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 admitted between February 15 and April 25, 2020 and followed until May 27, 2020. Mortality rates for patients with and without previously diagnosed psychiatric conditions were compared after adjustment for comorbidities and other potential confounders. Limitations: Limited knowledge of admitting diagnosis and clinical disposition which could affect mortality; no information on previous or current medications. | Implications: Persons hospitalized with COVID-19 with a history of a pre-existing psychiatric conditions were at higher risk of death. Healthcare practitioners need to be vigilant when treating COVID-19 patients who have pre-existing psychiatric conditions. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e2023282 ST - Association of a Prior Psychiatric Diagnosis With Mortality Among Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Association of a Prior Psychiatric Diagnosis With Mortality Among Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32997123 VL - 3 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 1032 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Studies on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1) suggest a protective effect of anti-A antibodies against viral cell entry that may hold relevance for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether ABO blood groups are associated with different severities of COVID-19. We conducted a multicenter retrospective analysis and nested prospective observational substudy of critically ill patients with COVID-19. We collected data pertaining to age, sex, comorbidities, dates of symptom onset, hospital admission, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mechanical ventilation, continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), standard laboratory parameters, and serum inflammatory cytokines. National (N = 398 671; P = .38) and provincial (n = 62 246; P = .60) ABO blood group distributions did not differ from our cohort (n = 95). A higher proportion of COVID-19 patients with blood group A or AB required mechanical ventilation (P = .02) and CRRT (P = .004) and had a longer ICU stay (P = .03) compared with patients with blood group O or B. Blood group A or AB also had an increased probability of requiring mechanical ventilation and CRRT after adjusting for age, sex, and presence of >/=1 comorbidity. Inflammatory cytokines did not differ between patients with blood group A or AB (n = 11) vs O or B (n = 14; P > .10 for all cytokines). Collectively, our data indicate that critically ill COVID-19 patients with blood group A or AB are at increased risk for requiring mechanical ventilation, CRRT, and prolonged ICU admission compared with patients with blood group O or B. Further work is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms. AD - Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. | Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada. | MD Undergraduate Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. | Medicine, Quality, and Safety, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada. | Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. | Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Evaluation, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada. | Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. | Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, ON, Canada; and. | Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Institute. | Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine. | Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health. | School of Biomedical Engineering, and. | International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. AN - 33057633 AU - Hoiland, R. L. | Fergusson, N. A. | Mitra, A. R. | Griesdale, D. E. G. | Devine, D. V. | Stukas, S. | Cooper, J. | Thiara, S. | Foster, D. | Chen, L. Y. C. | Lee, A. Y. Y. | Conway, E. M. | Wellington, C. L. | Sekhon, M. S. C1 - 2020-10-23 C2 - Blood Group and COVID-19 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102320_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 27 DO - 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002623 ET - 2020/10/16 IS - 20 KW - ABO Blood-Group System/*blood | Aged | Betacoronavirus/*isolation & purification | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*blood/epidemiology/therapy | Critical Illness/epidemiology/therapy | Cytokines/blood | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*blood/epidemiology/therapy | Prospective Studies | Respiration, Artificial | Retrospective Studies | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | Severity of Illness Index L1 - internal-pdf://2140722414/Hoiland-2020-The association of ABO blood grou.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Hoiland, Ryan L; Fergusson, Nicholas A; Mitra, Anish R; Griesdale, Donald E G; Devine, Dana V; Stukas, Sophie; Cooper, Jennifer; Thiara, Sonny; Foster, Denise; Chen, Luke Y C; Lee, Agnes Y Y; Conway, Edward M; Wellington, Cheryl L; Sekhon, Mypinder S; eng; Multicenter Study; Observational Study; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Blood Adv. 2020 Oct 27;4(20):4981-4989. doi: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002623. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: COVID-19 patients with blood group A or AB are at increased risk for mechanical ventilation and appear to have more severe disease than patients with blood group O or B. SN - 2473-9537 (Electronic); 2473-9529 (Linking) SP - 4981-4989 ST - The association of ABO blood group with indices of disease severity and multiorgan dysfunction in COVID-19 T2 - Blood Adv TI - The association of ABO blood group with indices of disease severity and multiorgan dysfunction in COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33057633 VL - 4 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1104 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. | Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. | Associate Editor, JAMA Network Open. | Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey. | Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. | Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts. | Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois. AN - 33710287 AU - Perlis, R. H. | Ognyanova, K. | Santillana, M. | Baum, M. A. | Lazer, D. | Druckman, J. | Della Volpe, J. C1 - 2021-03-19 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03192021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.3223 ET - 2021/03/13 IS - 3 KW - Adult | *Anxiety/etiology | COVID-19/*complications/psychology | *Depression/etiology | *Depressive Disorder, Major/etiology | Female | Headache | Humans | Male | SARS-CoV-2 | Severity of Illness Index L1 - internal-pdf://0862281934/Perlis-2021-Association of Acute Symptoms of C.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Perlis, Roy H; Ognyanova, Katherine; Santillana, Mauricio; Baum, Matthew A; Lazer, David; Druckman, James; Della Volpe, John; eng; R01 MH116270/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. | JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Mar 1;4(3):e213223. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.3223. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In a self-reported cross-sectional online survey (n = 3,904), 52.4% of participants met criteria for moderate or greater depressive disorder; depressive symptoms were more common among younger persons (vs. older), men (vs. women), and those who reported greater severity of COVID-19 symptoms (vs. lower severity). SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e213223 ST - Association of Acute Symptoms of COVID-19 and Symptoms of Depression in Adults T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Association of Acute Symptoms of COVID-19 and Symptoms of Depression in Adults UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33710287 VL - 4 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1591 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Accumulating evidence suggests that children infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are more likely to manifest mild symptoms and are at a lower risk of developing severe respiratory disease compared with adults. It remains unknown how the immune response in children differs from that of adolescents and adults. Objective: To investigate the association of age with the quantity and quality of SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study used 31426 SARS-CoV-2 antibody test results from pediatric and adult patients. Data were collected from a New York City hospital from April 9 to August 31, 2020. The semiquantitative immunoglobin (Ig) G levels were compared between 85 pediatric and 3648 adult patients. Further analysis of SARS-CoV-2 antibody profiles was performed on sera from 126 patients aged 1 to 24 years. Main Outcomes and Measures: SARS-CoV-2 antibody positivity rates and IgG levels were evaluated in patients from a wide range of age groups (1-102 years). SARS-CoV-2 IgG level, total antibody (TAb) level, surrogate neutralizing antibody (SNAb) activity, and antibody binding avidity were compared between children (aged 1-10 years), adolescents (aged 11-18 years), and young adults (aged 19-24 years). Results: Among 31426 antibody test results (19797 [63.0%] female patients), with 1194 pediatric patients (mean [SD] age, 11.0 [5.3] years) and 30232 adult patients (mean [SD] age, 49.2 [17.1] years), the seroprevalence in the pediatric (197 [16.5%; 95% CI, 14.4%-18.7%]) and adult (5630 [18.6%; 95% CI, 18.2%-19.1%]) patient populations was similar. The SARS-CoV-2 IgG level showed a negative correlation with age in the pediatric population (r = -0.45, P < .001) and a moderate but positive correlation with age in adults (r = 0.24, P < .001). Patients aged 19 to 30 years exhibited the lowest IgG levels (eg, aged 25-30 years vs 1-10 years: 99 [44-180] relative fluorescence units [RFU] vs 443 [188-851] RFU). In the subset cohort aged 1 to 24 years, IgG, TAb, SNAb and avidity were negatively correlated with age (eg, IgG: r = -0.51; P < .001). Children exhibited higher median (IQR) IgG levels, TAb levels, and SNAb activity compared with adolescents (eg, IgG levels: 473 [233-656] RFU vs 191 [82-349] RFU; P < .001) and young adults (eg, IgG levels: 473 [233-656] RFU vs 85 [38-150] RFU; P < .001). Adolescents also exhibited higher median (IQR) TAb levels, IgG levels, and SNAb activity than young adults (eg, TAb levels: 961 [290-2074] RFU vs 370 [125-697]; P = .006). In addition, children had higher antibody binding avidity compared with young adults, but the difference was not significant. Conclusions and Relevance: The results of this study suggest that SARS-CoV-2 viral specific antibody response profiles are distinct in different age groups. Age-targeted strategies for disease screening and management as well as vaccine development may be warranted. AD - Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York. | NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Campus, New York, New York. | Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York. | Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York. | ET HealthCare, Palo Alto, California. | Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York. AN - 33749770 AU - Yang, H. S. | Costa, V. | Racine-Brzostek, S. E. | Acker, K. P. | Yee, J. | Chen, Z. | Karbaschi, M. | Zuk, R. | Rand, S. | Sukhu, A. | Klasse, P. J. | Cushing, M. M. | Chadburn, A. | Zhao, Z. C1 - 2021-04-02 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04022021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.4302 ET - 2021/03/23 IS - 3 KW - Age Factors | Antibodies, Neutralizing/*blood | Antibodies, Viral/*blood | Antibody Affinity/*immunology | Antibody Formation/*immunology | *COVID-19/diagnosis/epidemiology/immunology | COVID-19 Serological Testing/methods/statistics & numerical data | Child | Correlation of Data | Cross-Sectional Studies | Female | Humans | Immunoglobulin G/blood | Male | Middle Aged | New York City/epidemiology | *SARS-CoV-2/immunology/isolation & purification L1 - internal-pdf://1684540963/Yang-2021-Association of Age With SARS-CoV-2 A.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Yang, He S; Costa, Victoria; Racine-Brzostek, Sabrina E; Acker, Karen P; Yee, Jim; Chen, Zhengming; Karbaschi, Mohsen; Zuk, Robert; Rand, Sophie; Sukhu, Ashley; Klasse, P J; Cushing, Melissa M; Chadburn, Amy; Zhao, Zhen; eng; P01 AI110657/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 AI036082/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Mar 1;4(3):e214302. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.4302. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Seroprevalence among pediatric (16.5%, 95% CI 14.4%-18.7%) and adult (18.6%, 95% CI 18.2%-19.1%) populations was similar. | SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels showed negative correlation with age in the pediatric population (r = -0.45, p <0.001) and positive correlation with age in adults (r = 0.24, p <0.001) (Figure). | In patients ages 1 to 24 years, SARS-CoV-2 IgG and total antibody levels, neutralizing activity, and avidity were negatively correlated with age. | Methods: Cross-sectional study including 31,426 SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests performed between April 9, 2020 and August 31, 2020 from pediatric (1�?8 years) and adult (>18 years) inpatients and outpatients at a New York City hospital. Semiquantitative IgG levels from a subsample (85 pediatric and 3,648 adult patients) were compared between age groups. Limitations: Selection bias for testing given retrospective study using existing data; unknown time between disease onset and antibody testing. | Implications: Unexpectedly, patients ages 19�?0 years showed lower antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 than children and older adults. Differing antibody responses in pediatric and adult populations suggests that differences in clinical manifestations between these two groups may be due in part to age-related immune responses, potentially necessitating age-targeted strategies for disease screening and vaccine development. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e214302 ST - Association of Age With SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Response T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Association of Age With SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Response UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33749770 VL - 4 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1638 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Two mRNA-based vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were found to be highly efficacious in phase 3 clinical trials in the US. However, patients with chronic illnesses, including cirrhosis, were excluded from clinical trials. Patients with cirrhosis have immune dysregulation that is associated with vaccine hyporesponsiveness.To study the association of receipt of the Pfizer BNT162b2 mRNA or the Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccines in patients with cirrhosis compared with a propensity-matched control group of patients at similar risk of infection and severe disease from COVID-19.We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients with cirrhosis who received at least 1 dose of a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine at the Veterans Health Administration. Patients who received at least 1 dose of the vaccine (n�?�?0�?37) were propensity matched with 20�?37 controls to assess the associations of vaccination with new COVID-19 infection and COVID-19 hospitalization and death.Receipt of at least 1 dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA or the mRNA-1273 vaccines between December 18, 2020, and March 17, 2021.COVID-19 infection as documented by a positive result for COVID-19 by polymerase chain reaction, hospitalization, and death due to COVID-19 infection.The median (interquartile range) age of the vaccinated individuals in the study cohort was 69.1 (8.4) years and 19�?65 (97.2%) of the participants in each of the vaccinated and unvaccinated groups were male, consistent with a US veteran population. The mRNA-1273 vaccine was administered in 10�?36 (51%) and the BNT162b2 mRNA in 9801 (49%) patients. Approximately 99.7% of patients who received the first dose of either vaccine with a follow-up of 42 days or more received a second dose. The number of COVID-19 infections in the vaccine recipients was similar to the control group in days 0 to 7, 7 to 14, 14 to 21, and 21 to 28 after the first dose. After 28 days, receipt of 1 dose of an mRNA vaccine was associated with a 64.8% reduction in COVID-19 infections and 100% protection against hospitalization or death due to COVID-19 infection. The association of reduced COVID-19 infections after the first dose was lower among patients with decompensated (50.3%) compared with compensated cirrhosis (66.8%).Receipt of a second dose was associated with a 78.6% reduction in COVID-19 infections and 100% reduction in COVID-19–related hospitalization or death after 7 days.This cohort study of US veterans found that mRNA vaccine administration was associated with a delayed but modest reduction in COVID-19 infection but an excellent reduction in COVID-19–related hospitalization or death in patients with cirrhosis. AD - Division of Hepatology, Bruce W Carter VA Medical Center, Miami, Florida. | Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida. | Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond. | Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. | Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. | Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut. | VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut. | Department of Medicine, Bruce W. Carter VA Medical Center, Miami, Florida. | Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bruce W. Carter VA Medical Center, Miami, Florida. AN - 34254978 AU - John, Binu V. | Deng, Yangyang | Scheinberg, Andrew | Mahmud, Nadim | Taddei, Tamar H. | Kaplan, David | Labrada, Mabel | Baracco, Gio | Dahman, Bassam C1 - 2021-07-23 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07232021_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 13 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.4325 ET - 2021/07/14 L1 - internal-pdf://2584710541/John-2021-Association of BNT162b2 mRNA and mRN.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - John, Binu V | Deng, Yangyang | Scheinberg, Andrew | Mahmud, Nadim | Taddei, Tamar H | Kaplan, David | Labrada, Mabel | Baracco, Gio | Dahman, Bassam | eng | JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Jul 13. pii: 2782121. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.4325. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among veterans with cirrhosis, a single dose of mRNA vaccine reduced SARS-CoV-2 infections by 64.8%, and hospitalizations or death by 100%, after 28 days. Two doses reduced infection by 78.6%. | The adjusted association between vaccination and infection was significant for patients with compensated cirrhosis (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.69; 95% CI 0.54-0.89) but not for patients with decompensated cirrhosis (aHR, 0.90; 95% CI 0.62-1.30) (Figure). | Methods: Retrospective cohort study among US veterans (18 years or older) diagnosed with cirrhosis. Vaccine recipients (n = 20,037) were matched by propensity score based on age group, sex, race, alcohol use, electronic Child-Turcotte-Pugh score, and cirrhosis comorbidity score to unvaccinated controls (n = 20,037). Primary outcomes were assessed 28 days following 1st dose and secondary outcomes 7 days after 2nd dose. Limitations: Study only tested mRNA-based vaccines; participants were predominantly male (97.3%) and white (60.6%). | Implications: Patients with cirrhosis benefit from mRNA vaccines, although vaccine efficacy related to infection is lower than in RCTs for both mRNA-1273external icon and BNT162b2external icon. Vaccinated cirrhosis patients, especially decompensated ones, should continue practicing nonpharmaceutical interventions following vaccination. SN - 2168-6106 ST - Association of BNT162b2 mRNA and mRNA-1273 Vaccines With COVID-19 Infection and Hospitalization Among Patients With Cirrhosis T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - Association of BNT162b2 mRNA and mRNA-1273 Vaccines With COVID-19 Infection and Hospitalization Among Patients With Cirrhosis UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.4325 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/articlepdf/2782121/jamainternal_john_2021_oi_210042_1626102699.18621.pdf Y2 - 7/26/2021 ID - 2128 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can be documented in various tissues, but the frequency of cardiac involvement as well as possible consequences are unknown. Objective: To evaluate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the myocardial tissue from autopsy cases and to document a possible cardiac response to that infection. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study used data from consecutive autopsy cases from Germany between April 8 and April 18, 2020. All patients had tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in pharyngeal swab tests. Exposures: Patients who died of coronavirus disease 2019. Main Outcomes and Measures: Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 positivity in cardiac tissue as well as CD3+, CD45+, and CD68+ cells in the myocardium and gene expression of tumor necrosis growth factor alpha, interferon gamma, chemokine ligand 5, as well as interleukin-6, -8, and -18. Results: Cardiac tissue from 39 consecutive autopsy cases were included. The median (interquartile range) age of patients was 85 (78-89) years, and 23 (59.0%) were women. SARS-CoV-2 could be documented in 24 of 39 patients (61.5%). Viral load above 1000 copies per mug RNA could be documented in 16 of 39 patients (41.0%). A cytokine response panel consisting of 6 proinflammatory genes was increased in those 16 patients compared with 15 patients without any SARS-CoV-2 in the heart. Comparison of 15 patients without cardiac infection with 16 patients with more than 1000 copies revealed no inflammatory cell infiltrates or differences in leukocyte numbers per high power field. Conclusions and Relevance: In this analysis of autopsy cases, viral presence within the myocardium could be documented. While a response to this infection could be reported in cases with higher virus load vs no virus infection, this was not associated with an influx of inflammatory cells. Future investigations should focus on evaluating the long-term consequences of this cardiac involvement. AD - Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Centre, Hamburg, Germany. | DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site, Hamburg/Kiel/Lubeck, Germany. | Department of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. | Institute for Cardiac Diagnostics and Therapy, Berlin, Germany. | Department of Cardiology, Charite Campus Virchow-Klinikum, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany. | DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Berlin, Germany. AN - 32730555 AU - Lindner, D. | Fitzek, A. | Brauninger, H. | Aleshcheva, G. | Edler, C. | Meissner, K. | Scherschel, K. | Kirchhof, P. | Escher, F. | Schultheiss, H. P. | Blankenberg, S. | Puschel, K. | Westermann, D. C1 - 2020-08-07 C2 - Cardiovascular Damage and COVID-19 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/080720_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 1 DO - 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.3551 ET - 2020/07/31 IS - 11 KW - Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Autopsy/*methods | COVID-19/*complications/diagnosis/epidemiology/virology | Cardiovascular Infections/*etiology/metabolism/virology | Chemokines/metabolism | Cohort Studies | Female | Germany/epidemiology | Humans | Incidence | Interferon-gamma/metabolism | Interleukin-18/metabolism | Interleukin-6/metabolism | Interleukin-8/metabolism | Male | Myocarditis/etiology/metabolism/virology | Myocardium/immunology/metabolism | Pandemics | Peptide Fragments/metabolism | SARS-CoV-2/*genetics/isolation & purification | Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism | Viral Load/statistics & numerical data L1 - internal-pdf://0056098256/Lindner-2020-Association of Cardiac Infection.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Lindner, Diana; Fitzek, Antonia; Brauninger, Hanna; Aleshcheva, Ganna; Edler, Caroline; Meissner, Kira; Scherschel, Katharina; Kirchhof, Paulus; Escher, Felicitas; Schultheiss, Heinz-Peter; Blankenberg, Stefan; Puschel, Klaus; Westermann, Dirk; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA Cardiol. 2020 Nov 1;5(11):1281-1285. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.3551. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 24 patients (61.5%) had evidence of SARS-CoV-2 present in the heart. | In 16 of these patients, viral load was more than 1,000 copies per μg of RNA, and there was evidence of elevated cytokine response (Figure 1). | Evidence of viral replication was observed in interstitial cells within tissue surrounding myocytes, but not within myocytes (heart tissue cells) (Figure 2). | Methods: Study of cardiac tissue from 39 consecutive autopsy cases from Germany, between April 8 and 18, 2020. All patients (median 85 years, IQR 78-89, at death) had tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 with pharyngeal swab. RNA isolation from tissue, RT-PCR, gene expression analysis of cytokines, and histological in-situ hybridization were conducted to evaluate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the myocardial tissues from autopsy cases. Limitations: Small sample size with restricted age range; autopsy study only; no myocardial biomarker information. | Implications for 3 studies (Puntmann et al., Lindner et al., & Raad et al.): SARS-CoV-2 infection appears to cause heart damage that might last beyond the acute phase. The finding of the three studies indicate the need for research to fully understand how SARS-CoV-2 virus affects patients�?hearts—and for how long. Potential preventive strategies and longitudinal care models may be needed for patients recovering from COVID-19 with transient or permanent cardiac injury. SN - 2380-6591 (Electronic) SP - 1281-1285 ST - Association of Cardiac Infection With SARS-CoV-2 in Confirmed COVID-19 Autopsy Cases T2 - JAMA Cardiol TI - Association of Cardiac Infection With SARS-CoV-2 in Confirmed COVID-19 Autopsy Cases UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32730555 VL - 5 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 659 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has resulted in considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide since December 2019. However, information on cardiac injury in patients affected by COVID-19 is limited. Objective: To explore the association between cardiac injury and mortality in patients with COVID-19. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study was conducted from January 20, 2020, to February 10, 2020, in a single center at Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; the final date of follow-up was February 15, 2020. All consecutive inpatients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 were included in this study. Main Outcomes and Measures: Clinical laboratory, radiological, and treatment data were collected and analyzed. Outcomes of patients with and without cardiac injury were compared. The association between cardiac injury and mortality was analyzed. Results: A total of 416 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 were included in the final analysis; the median age was 64 years (range, 21-95 years), and 211 (50.7%) were female. Common symptoms included fever (334 patients [80.3%]), cough (144 [34.6%]), and shortness of breath (117 [28.1%]). A total of 82 patients (19.7%) had cardiac injury, and compared with patients without cardiac injury, these patients were older (median [range] age, 74 [34-95] vs 60 [21-90] years; P < .001); had more comorbidities (eg, hypertension in 49 of 82 [59.8%] vs 78 of 334 [23.4%]; P < .001); had higher leukocyte counts (median [interquartile range (IQR)], 9400 [6900-13800] vs 5500 [4200-7400] cells/muL) and levels of C-reactive protein (median [IQR], 10.2 [6.4-17.0] vs 3.7 [1.0-7.3] mg/dL), procalcitonin (median [IQR], 0.27 [0.10-1.22] vs 0.06 [0.03-0.10] ng/mL), creatinine kinase-myocardial band (median [IQR], 3.2 [1.8-6.2] vs 0.9 [0.6-1.3] ng/mL), myohemoglobin (median [IQR], 128 [68-305] vs 39 [27-65] mug/L), high-sensitivity troponin I (median [IQR], 0.19 [0.08-1.12] vs <0.006 [<0.006-0.009] mug/L), N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (median [IQR], 1689 [698-3327] vs 139 [51-335] pg/mL), aspartate aminotransferase (median [IQR], 40 [27-60] vs 29 [21-40] U/L), and creatinine (median [IQR], 1.15 [0.72-1.92] vs 0.64 [0.54-0.78] mg/dL); and had a higher proportion of multiple mottling and ground-glass opacity in radiographic findings (53 of 82 patients [64.6%] vs 15 of 334 patients [4.5%]). Greater proportions of patients with cardiac injury required noninvasive mechanical ventilation (38 of 82 [46.3%] vs 13 of 334 [3.9%]; P < .001) or invasive mechanical ventilation (18 of 82 [22.0%] vs 14 of 334 [4.2%]; P < .001) than those without cardiac injury. Complications were more common in patients with cardiac injury than those without cardiac injury and included acute respiratory distress syndrome (48 of 82 [58.5%] vs 49 of 334 [14.7%]; P < .001), acute kidney injury (7 of 82 [8.5%] vs 1 of 334 [0.3%]; P < .001), electrolyte disturbances (13 of 82 [15.9%] vs 17 of 334 [5.1%]; P = .003), hypoproteinemia (11 of 82 [13.4%] vs 16 of 334 [4.8%]; P = .01), and coagulation disorders (6 of 82 [7.3%] vs 6 of 334 [1.8%]; P = .02). Patients with cardiac injury had higher mortality than those without cardiac injury (42 of 82 [51.2%] vs 15 of 334 [4.5%]; P < .001). In a Cox regression model, patients with vs those without cardiac injury were at a higher risk of death, both during the time from symptom onset (hazard ratio, 4.26 [95% CI, 1.92-9.49]) and from admission to end point (hazard ratio, 3.41 [95% CI, 1.62-7.16]). Conclusions and Relevance: Cardiac injury is a common condition among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, and it is associated with higher risk of in-hospital mortality. AD - Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China. | Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China. | Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China. | Shanghai Chest Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China. | Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China. | Department of Infectious Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China. | Department of Radiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China. AN - 32211816 AU - Shi, S. | Qin, M. | Shen, B. | Cai, Y. | Liu, T. | Yang, F. | Gong, W. | Liu, X. | Liang, J. | Zhao, Q. | Huang, H. | Yang, B. | Huang, C. C1 - 2020-04-07 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/040720_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 1 DO - 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.0950 ET - 2020/03/27 IS - 7 KW - Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | China | Cohort Studies | Coronavirus Infections/*complications/*mortality/therapy | Female | Heart Diseases/diagnosis/*epidemiology/therapy | Hospital Mortality | *Hospitalization | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications/*mortality/therapy | SARS-CoV-2 | Survival Rate | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://2761829034/Shi-2020-Association of Cardiac Injury With Mo.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Shi, Shaobo; Qin, Mu; Shen, Bo; Cai, Yuli; Liu, Tao; Yang, Fan; Gong, Wei; Liu, Xu; Liang, Jinjun; Zhao, Qinyan; Huang, He; Yang, Bo; Huang, Congxin; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA Cardiol. 2020 Jul 1;5(7):802-810. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.0950. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among 416 persons hospitalized with COVID-19, 19.7% experienced cardiac injury (i.e., elevated high-sensitivity troponin I) during their admission. | Patients with cardiac injury were older (median age 74 vs 60 years) and had more comorbidities (e.g., hypertension in 60% vs 23%). | High proportions of patients with underlying health conditions had cardiac injury. | 51% of patients with cardiac injury died compared to 5% without cardiac injury (Figure). | Patients with cardiac injury were more likely to require invasive mechanical ventilation (46% vs 4%) and to have ARDS (56% vs. 15%) and acute renal injury (9% vs 0.3%). | After multivariable adjustment, cardiac injury and ARDS were associated with death following admission. | Methods: Cohort study of 416 hospitalized adults (�?1 years of age) with COVID-19, consecutively admitted between January 20 and February 10, 2020 and with follow-up through February 15, 2020 (Renmin Hospital, Wuhan, China). Investigators assessed the incidence of cardiac injury (serum troponin-I levels above 99th-percentile upper limit) and associations of cardiac injury with mortality. Survival curves plotted by Kaplan-Meier method and compared using log-rank test. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to evaluate risk factors for COVID-19-associated death. | Implications: Cardiac injury was common among patients admitted with COVID-19, especially among those with underlying health conditions, and was associated with higher mortality than those without cardiac injury. SN - 2380-6591 (Electronic) SP - 802-810 ST - Association of Cardiac Injury With Mortality in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 in Wuhan, China T2 - JAMA Cardiol TI - Association of Cardiac Injury With Mortality in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 in Wuhan, China UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32211816 VL - 5 Y2 - 5/11/2021 ID - 15 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The COVID-19 pandemic led to numerous measures to mitigate the spread of SARS-CoV-2, including cancellations of gatherings, closure of businesses and schools, social distancing, wearing face masks, and other hygiene measures. These may have unintended positive associations with reducing other respiratory infections. As antibiotics are frequently inappropriately prescribed for viral respiratory diseases, we hypothesized that a decreased respiratory virus incidence would be associated with reduced ambulatory antibiotic orders. AD - University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison. | University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison. | Division of Public Health, Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Madison. AN - 34152385 AU - Lepak, Alexander J. | Taylor, Lindsay N. | Stone, Carolyn A. | Schulz, Lucas T. | Anderson, Matthew C. | Fox, Barry C. | Temte, Jonathan L. C1 - 2021-07-02 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07022021_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 21 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.2621 ET - 2021/06/22 L1 - internal-pdf://2413964324/Lepak-2021-Association of Changes in Seasonal.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Lepak, Alexander J | Taylor, Lindsay N | Stone, Carolyn A | Schulz, Lucas T | Anderson, Matthew C | Fox, Barry C | Temte, Jonathan L | eng | JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Jun 21. pii: 2781312. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.2621. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Based on data from the Wisconsin Health System during the pre-COVID-19 period and the COVID-19 period, monthly antibiotic prescriptions for respiratory tract infections fell 79% from 10.5 to 2.2 prescriptions per 1,000 patient encounters. SN - 2168-6106 ST - Association of Changes in Seasonal Respiratory Virus Activity and Ambulatory Antibiotic Prescriptions With the COVID-19 Pandemic T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - Association of Changes in Seasonal Respiratory Virus Activity and Ambulatory Antibiotic Prescriptions With the COVID-19 Pandemic UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.2621 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/articlepdf/2781312/jamainternal_lepak_2021_ld_210031_1623701163.06558.pdf Y2 - 7/16/2021 ID - 1928 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND. An increase in frequency of acute ischemic strokes has been observed among patients presenting with acute neurologic symptoms during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between COVID-19 and stroke subtypes in patients presenting with acute neurologic symptoms. METHODS. This retrospective case-control study included patients for whom a code for stroke was activated from March 16 to April 30, 2020, at any of six New York City hospitals that are part of a single health system. Demographic data (age, sex, and race or ethnicity), COVID-19 status, stroke-related risk factors, and clinical and imaging findings pertaining to stroke were collected. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to evaluate the association between COVID-19 and stroke subtypes. RESULTS. The study sample consisted of 329 patients for whom a code for stroke was activated (175 [53.2%] men, 154 [46.8%] women; mean age, 66.9 +/- 14.9 [SD] years). Among the 329 patients, 35.3% (116) had acute ischemic stroke confirmed with imaging; 21.6% (71) had large vessel occlusion (LVO) stroke; and 14.6% (48) had small vessel occlusion (SVO) stroke. Among LVO strokes, the most common location was middle cerebral artery segments M1 and M2 (62.0% [44/71]). Multifocal LVOs were present in 9.9% (7/71) of LVO strokes. COVID-19 was present in 38.3% (126/329) of the patients. The 61.7% (203/329) of patients without COVID-19 formed the negative control group. Among individual stroke-related risk factors, only Hispanic ethnicity was significantly associated with COVID-19 (38.1% of patients with COVID-19 vs 20.7% of patients without COVID-19; p = 0.001). LVO was present in 31.7% of patients with COVID-19 compared with 15.3% of patients without COVID-19 (p = 0.001). SVO was present in 15.9% of patients with COVID-19 and 13.8% of patients without COVID-19 (p = 0.632). In multivariate analysis controlled for race and ethnicity, presence of COVID-19 had a significant independent association with LVO stroke (odds ratio, 2.4) compared with absence of COVID-19 (p = 0.011). CONCLUSION. COVID-19 is associated with LVO strokes but not with SVO strokes. CLINICAL IMPACT. Patients with COVID-19 presenting with acute neurologic symptoms warrant a lower threshold for suspicion of large vessel stroke, and prompt workup for large vessel stroke is recommended. AD - Department of Diagnostic, Molecular and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Pl, Box 1234, New York, NY 10029. | Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY. AN - 32755225 AU - Kihira, S. | Schefflein, J. | Mahmoudi, K. | Rigney, B. | N. Delman B | Mocco, J. | Doshi, A. | Belani, P. C1 - 2020-08-11 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/081120_covidupdate.html DA - Jan DO - 10.2214/AJR.20.23847 DP - NLM ET - 2020/08/07 IS - 1 KW - Aged | Arterial Occlusive Diseases/*diagnostic imaging/*etiology | COVID-19/*complications | Case-Control Studies | Cerebral Angiography | Computed Tomography Angiography | Female | Humans | Magnetic Resonance Angiography | Male | Neuroimaging/*methods | New York City | Retrospective Studies | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | Stroke/*diagnostic imaging/*etiology | Covid-19 | coronavirus disease | ischemic strokes | large vessel strokes L1 - internal-pdf://0089416287/ajr.20.23847.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Testing | N1 - Kihira, Shingo; Schefflein, Javin; Mahmoudi, Keon; Rigney, Brian; N Delman, Bradley; Mocco, J; Doshi, Amish; Belani, Puneet; eng; Multicenter Study; AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2021 Jan;216(1):150-156. doi: 10.2214/AJR.20.23847. Epub 2020 Jul 29. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Large vessel occlusion strokes were more common in persons diagnosed with COVID-19 (31.7% vs. 15.3%, p = 0.001) (Figure 1). | No association found with small vessel occlusion. | The association with large vessel stroke remained significant after controlling for White race and Hispanic ethnicity (2.4 odds ratio, p = 0.011); other stroke risk factors were not associated with COVID-19 status (Figure 2). | Methods: Retrospective case control study in a New York City hospital system March 15-April 30, 2020 of 329 persons evaluated for suspected acute strokes (126 with COVID-19; 203 without COVID-19) clinically and with neuroimaging. Stroke-related variables were compared in the COVID-19 group versus controls. Limitations: Small sample; causality not evaluated. | Implications: Among persons with COVID-19, a lower threshold for stroke evaluation for large vessel occlusion is warranted. Patients presenting with large vessel occlusion stroke may warrant evaluation for COVID-19 depending on community prevalence of infection. Studies with larger patient populations would be helpful. SN - 1546-3141 (Electronic); 0361-803X (Linking) SP - 150-156 ST - Association of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) With Large Vessel Occlusion Strokes: A Case-Control Study T2 - AJR Am J Roentgenol TI - Association of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) With Large Vessel Occlusion Strokes: A Case-Control Study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32755225 VL - 216 ID - 673 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We studied sources of variation between countries in per-capita mortality from COVID-19 (caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus). Potential predictors of per-capita coronavirus-related mortality in 200 countries by May 9, 2020 were examined, including age, gender, obesity prevalence, temperature, urbanization, smoking, duration of the outbreak, lockdowns, viral testing, contact-tracing policies, and public mask-wearing norms and policies. Multivariable linear regression analysis was performed. In univariate analysis, the prevalence of smoking, per-capita gross domestic product, urbanization, and colder average country temperature were positively associated with coronavirus-related mortality. In a multivariable analysis of 196 countries, the duration of the outbreak in the country, and the proportion of the population aged 60 years or older were positively associated with per-capita mortality, whereas duration of mask-wearing by the public was negatively associated with mortality (all P < 0.001). Obesity and less stringent international travel restrictions were independently associated with mortality in a model which controlled for testing policy. Viral testing policies and levels were not associated with mortality. Internal lockdown was associated with a nonsignificant 2.4% reduction in mortality each week (P = 0.83). The association of contact-tracing policy with mortality was not statistically significant (P = 0.06). In countries with cultural norms or government policies supporting public mask-wearing, per-capita coronavirus mortality increased on average by just 16.2% each week, as compared with 61.9% each week in remaining countries. Societal norms and government policies supporting the wearing of masks by the public, as well as international travel controls, are independently associated with lower per-capita mortality from COVID-19. AD - Department of Ophthalmology, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia. | Department of Ophthalmology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia. | Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. | Department of Emergency Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia. | Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia. | School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia. | Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida. | Institute for Research in Ophthalmology, Poznan, Poland. | Department of Ophthalmology, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland. AN - 33124541 AU - Leffler, C. T. | Ing, E. | Lykins, J. D. | Hogan, M. C. | McKeown, C. A. | Grzybowski, A. C1 - 2020-11-24 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/112420_covidupdate.html DA - Dec DO - 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1015 DP - NLM ET - 2020/10/31 IS - 6 KW - Age Factors | COVID-19/diagnosis/*epidemiology/*mortality | COVID-19 Testing/methods | Cold Temperature | Comorbidity | Contact Tracing/legislation & jurisprudence | Global Health/statistics & numerical data | Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data | Humans | Linear Models | Masks/*supply & distribution | Multivariate Analysis | Obesity | *Pandemics | Physical Distancing | Quarantine/*organization & administration | SARS-CoV-2/*pathogenicity | Severity of Illness Index | Sex Factors | Smoking/physiopathology | Survival Analysis | Urbanization L1 - internal-pdf://3964933287/Leffler-2020-Association of Country-wide Coron.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Leffler, Christopher T; Ing, Edsel; Lykins, Joseph D; Hogan, Matthew C; McKeown, Craig A; Grzybowski, Andrzej; eng; Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020 Dec;103(6):2400-2411. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1015. Epub 2020 Oct 26. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Early adoption of mask wearing recommendations was associated with low per-capita mortality (Figure). | Duration of outbreak and proportion of population >60 years was associated with high mortality. | COVID-19 mortality increased on average by 16.2% each week in countries with mask wearing norms and policies, compared with 61.9% each week in countries without. | Societal norms and government policies supporting mask wearing and international travel restrictions were independently associated with low per-capita COVID-19 mortality. | Methods: Multivariable linear regression analysis of 196 countries examining association of COVID-19 mortality and age, gender, obesity prevalence, temperature, urbanization, smoking, during of outbreak, lockdowns, viral testing, contact-tracing policies, and public mask-wearing norms and policies. Limitations: COVID-19 mortality rates relied on country reporting and assumed no geographic variation within country; predictor variables not standardized. | Implications: Recommended mask-wearing and international travel restrictions are effective mitigation strategies to reduce the spread of COVID-19. SN - 1476-1645 (Electronic); 0002-9637 (Linking) SP - 2400-2411 ST - Association of Country-wide Coronavirus Mortality with Demographics, Testing, Lockdowns, and Public Wearing of Masks T2 - Am J Trop Med Hyg TI - Association of Country-wide Coronavirus Mortality with Demographics, Testing, Lockdowns, and Public Wearing of Masks UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33124541 VL - 103 ID - 1263 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance This study assessed the longitudinal impact of new COVID-19 cases when a mask ordinance was implemented in 2 of a 5-county Midwestern U.S. metropolitan region over a 3-month period of time. Reduction in case growth was significant and reduced infection inequities by race and population density.Objective The objective of this study was to assess the impact that a mandatory mask wearing requirement had on the rate of COVID-19 infections by comparing counties with a mandatory policy with those neighboring counties without a mandatory masking policy.Design This was a quasi-experimental longitudinal study conducted over the period of June 12-September 25, 2020.Setting This study was a population-based study. Data were abstracted from local health department reports of COVID-19 cases.Participants Raw cases reported to the county health departments and abstracted for this study; census-level data were synthesized to address county-level population, income and race.Intervention(s) (for clinical trials) or Exposure(s) (for observational studies) The essential features of this intervention was an instituted mask mandate that occurred in St. Louis City and St. Louis County over a 12 week period.Main Outcome(s) and Measure(s) The primary study outcome measurement was daily COVID-19 infection growth rate. The mask mandate was hypothesized to lower daily infection growth rate.Results Over the 15-week period, the average daily percent growth of reported COVID-19 cases across all five counties was 1.81% (�u1.62%). The average daily percent growth in incident COVID-19 cases was similar between M+ and M- counties in the 3 weeks prior to implementation of mandatory mask policies (0.90% [�u0.68] vs. 1.27% [�u1.23%], respectively, p=0.269). Crude modeling with a difference-in-difference indicator showed that after 3 weeks of mask mandate implementation, M+ counties had a daily percent COVID-19 growth rate that was 1.32 times lower, or a 32% decrease. At 12 weeks post-mask policy implementation, the average daily COVID-19 case growth among M- was 2.42% (�u1.92), and was significantly higher than the average daily COVID case growth among M+ counties (1.36% (�u0.96%)) (p<0.001). A significant negative association was identified among counties between percent growth of COVID-19 cases and percent racial minorities per county (p<0.001), as well as population density (p<0.001).Conclusions and Relevance These data demonstrate that county-level mask mandates were associated with significantly lower incident COVID-19 case growth over time, compared to neighboring counties that did not implement a mask mandate. The results highlight the swiftness of how a mask ordinance can impact the trajectory of infection rate growth. Another notable finding was that following implementation of mask mandates, the disparity of infection rate by race and population density was no longer significant, suggesting that regional-level policies can not only slow the spread of COVID-19, but simultaneously create more equal environment.Question How are local mask ordinances associated with growth of COVID-19 cases among adjacent counties?Findings Ecological longitudinal analysis reveals a significant slowing of daily COVID-19 case growth after mask ordinance implementation among counties.Meaning Local-level policy of mask ordinances are shown to be an effective COVID-19 mitigation strategy even within locations of diverse populations.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementNo funding to declare.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:This study falls under IRB exemption relative to secondary data analysis. All protocols and methods relevant to the study followed the ethical standards of the Helsinki Declaration.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAccess to data is freely available from the Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, New York Times, and U.S. Census Bureau. AU - Shacham, Enbal | Scroggins, Stephen | Ellis, Matthew | Garza, Alexander C1 - 2020-11-10 C2 - Face Masks CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/111020_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.10.28.20221705 L1 - internal-pdf://3915981989/Shacham-2020-Association of County-Wide Mask O.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The two counties with mandatory mask policies (M[+]) had lower rates of new COVID-19 cases than the three that did not (M[-]). | In the three weeks preceding the mandatory mask policies, the average daily percent growth (ADPG) of reported COVID-19 cases was similar [0.90% for M(+) vs 1.27% for M(-), p = 0.269]. | At three weeks after implementation, the ADPG of COVID-19 cases was 1.08% for M(+) counties vs. 2.44% for M(-) counties. | At 12 weeks after implementation, the ADPG of COVID-19 cases was 1.36% for M(+) counties vs. 2.42% for M(-) counties (p <0.001). | Methods: Longitudinal study in five metropolitan counties in St. Louis, MO, of COVID-19 cases diagnosed between June 12 and September 25, 2020. During the study period, two counties instituted mandatory mask policies while the other three did not. Limitations: This study may not be generalizable to other areas of the US; compliance with the mask policies unknown. | Implications: Mandatory mask wearing in public areas is an effective way to reduce COVID-19 transmission. SP - 2020.10.28.20221705 ST - Association of County-Wide Mask Ordinances with Reductions in Daily CoVID-19 Incident Case Growth in a Midwestern Region Over 12 Weeks T2 - medRxiv TI - Association of County-Wide Mask Ordinances with Reductions in Daily CoVID-19 Incident Case Growth in a Midwestern Region Over 12 Weeks UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/10/30/2020.10.28.20221705.full.pdf | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/11/20/2020.10.28.20221705.full.pdf ID - 1204 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: The proportion of daily wearers of eyeglasses among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is small, and the association between daily wear of eyeglasses and COVID-19 susceptibility has not been reported. Objective: To study the association between the daily wearing of eyeglasses and the susceptibility to COVID-19. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study enrolled all inpatients with COVID-19 in Suizhou Zengdu Hospital, Suizhou, China, a designated hospital for COVID-19 treatment in the area, from January 27 to March 13, 2020. COVID-19 was diagnosed according to the fifth edition of Chinese COVID-19 diagnostic guidelines. The proportion of persons with myopia who wore eyeglasses in Hubei province was based on data from a previous study. Exposures: Daily wearing of eyeglasses for more than 8 hours. Main Outcomes and Measures: The main outcomes were the proportions of daily wearers of eyeglasses among patients admitted to the hospital with COVID-19 and among the local population. Data on exposure history, clinical symptoms, underlying diseases, duration of wearing glasses, and myopia status and the proportion of people with myopia who wore eyeglasses in Hubei province were collected. People who wore glasses for more than 8 hours a day were defined as long-term wearers. Results: A total of 276 patients with COVID-19 were enrolled. Of these, 155 (56.2%) were male, and the median age was 51 (interquartile range, 41-58) years. All those who wore glasses for more than 8 hours a day had myopia and included 16 of 276 patients (5.8%; 95% CI, 3.04%-8.55%). The proportion of people with myopia in Hubei province, based on a previous study, was 31.5%, which was much higher than the proportion of patients with COVID-19 who had myopia in this sample. Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in Suizhou, China, the proportion of inpatients with COVID-19 who wore glasses for extended daily periods (>8 h/d) was smaller than that in the general population, suggesting that daily wearers of eyeglasses may be less susceptible to COVID-19. AD - Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China. | Department of Critical Care Medicine, Suizhou Zengdu Hospital, Suizhou, China. | Department of Radiotherapy, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital, Nanchang, China. | Department of Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China. AN - 32936214 AU - Zeng, W. | Wang, X. | Li, J. | Yang, Y. | Qiu, X. | Song, P. | Xu, J. | Wei, Y. C1 - 2020-09-25 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/092520_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 1 DO - 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.3906 ET - 2020/09/17 IS - 11 KW - Adult | COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control/*transmission | China/epidemiology | Disease Susceptibility | *Eyeglasses | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Myopia/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://4276787181/Zeng-2020-Association of Daily Wear of Eyeglas.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Zeng, Weibiao; Wang, Xiaolin; Li, Junyu; Yang, Yong; Qiu, Xingting; Song, Pinhong; Xu, Jianjun; Wei, Yiping; eng; JAMA Ophthalmol. 2020 Nov 1;138(11):1196-1199. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.3906. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; A review of 276 COVID-19 patients found 16 (5.8%; 95% CI, 3.04% �?8.55%) wore glasses. | The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection for people who wear glasses (5.8%) was lower than the population prevalence described in a previous study (31.5%). | Underlying diseases as well as COVID-19 symptoms and severity were not significantly different between patients who did and did not wear eyeglasses. | Methods: Cross-sectional evaluation of 276 hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection in Suizhou, China between January 27 and March 13, 2020. The proportion of hospitalized persons who wore eyeglasses for more than 8 hours a day (wearing glasses for an extended period) were compared with the regional proportion of people with myopia from a 1985 study of 7 to 22-year-old students who by 2020 comprised an age-matched comparison cohort. Limitations: Single center study with small sample size; comparison to previous study of youth rather than a contemporary age-matched comparison group. | Implications: Whether SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted through the ocular route and what protective measures are needed remain a source of debate. This study suggests eyeglasses may provide some protection, however, as noted in an accompanying editorialexternal icon, caution is needed as association may not imply causation, and additional data are needed to confirm this finding. SN - 2168-6173 (Electronic); 2168-6165 (Linking) SP - 1196-1199 ST - Association of Daily Wear of Eyeglasses With Susceptibility to Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection T2 - JAMA Ophthalmol TI - Association of Daily Wear of Eyeglasses With Susceptibility to Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32936214 VL - 138 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 949 ER - TY - JOUR AB - During the pivotal phase 3 clinical trials of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, several cases of facial paralysis were observed in the vaccine groups (7 of 35�?54) compared with 1 case among people who received placebo (1 of 35�?11). Although a causal relationship could not be established from clinical trials, the US Food and Drug Administration recommended monitoring vaccine recipients for facial paralysis. We thus explored this potential safety signal through a disproportionality analysis using the World Health Organization pharmacovigilance database, VigiBase. AD - Pharmacovigilance Department, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France. | Clinical Pharmacology Department, Inserm CIC1406, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France. | Inserm UMR U1300-HP2 Laboratory, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France. AN - 33904857 AU - Renoud, Lucie | Khouri, Charles | Revol, Bruno | Lepelley, Marion | Perez, Justine | Roustit, Matthieu | Cracowski, Jean-Luc C1 - 2021-05-07 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05072021_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 1 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.2219 ET - 2021/04/28 IS - 9 KW - Adult | Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems/*statistics & numerical data | Aged | COVID-19/epidemiology/*prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/*adverse effects/therapeutic use | Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/*epidemiology | Facial Paralysis/*chemically induced | Female | Guillain-Barre Syndrome/chemically induced | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | *Pharmacovigilance | World Health Organization L1 - internal-pdf://0543434129/Renoud-2021-Association of Facial Paralysis Wi.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Renoud, Lucie | Khouri, Charles | Revol, Bruno | Lepelley, Marion | Perez, Justine | Roustit, Matthieu | Cracowski, Jean-Luc | eng | JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Sep 1;181(9):1243-1245. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.2219. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Risk for facial paralysis associated with COVID-19 mRNA vaccines is likely very low and was not found to be higher than the risk with influenza or other viral vaccines. SN - 2168-6106 SP - 1243-1245 ST - Association of Facial Paralysis With mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - Association of Facial Paralysis With mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.2219 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/articlepdf/2779389/jamainternal_renoud_2021_ld_210024_1619106711.26039.pdf VL - 181 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1732 ER - TY - JOUR AB - RATIONALE: Use of ACEIs (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors) and ARBs (angiotensin II receptor blockers) is a major concern for clinicians treating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients with hypertension. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between in-hospital use of ACEI/ARB and all-cause mortality in patients with hypertension and hospitalized due to COVID-19. METHODS AND RESULTS: This retrospective, multi-center study included 1128 adult patients with hypertension diagnosed with COVID-19, including 188 taking ACEI/ARB (ACEI/ARB group; median age 64 [interquartile range, 55-68] years; 53.2% men) and 940 without using ACEI/ARB (non-ACEI/ARB group; median age 64 [interquartile range 57-69]; 53.5% men), who were admitted to 9 hospitals in Hubei Province, China from December 31, 2019 to February 20, 2020. In mixed-effect Cox model treating site as a random effect, after adjusting for age, gender, comorbidities, and in-hospital medications, the detected risk for all-cause mortality was lower in the ACEI/ARB group versus the non-ACEI/ARB group (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.42 [95% CI, 0.19-0.92]; P=0.03). In a propensity score-matched analysis followed by adjusting imbalanced variables in mixed-effect Cox model, the results consistently demonstrated lower risk of COVID-19 mortality in patients who received ACEI/ARB versus those who did not receive ACEI/ARB (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.37 [95% CI, 0.15-0.89]; P=0.03). Further subgroup propensity score-matched analysis indicated that, compared with use of other antihypertensive drugs, ACEI/ARB was also associated with decreased mortality (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.30 [95% CI, 0.12-0.70]; P=0.01) in patients with COVID-19 and coexisting hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: Among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and coexisting hypertension, inpatient use of ACEI/ARB was associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality compared with ACEI/ARB nonusers. While study interpretation needs to consider the potential for residual confounders, it is unlikely that in-hospital use of ACEI/ARB was associated with an increased mortality risk. AD - From the Cardiology (P.Z., L.Z., J.-J.Q., J. Xie, Y.-M.L., Y.-C.Z., X. Huang, M.-M.C., X.C., Z.-G.S., X.-J.Z., H.L.), Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University. | Medical Science Research Center (P.Z., Y.-X.J., H.L.), Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University. | Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University (P.Z., L.Z., F.L., J.-J.Q., Y.-M.L., Y.-C.Z., X. Huang, L. Lin, M.X., M.-M.C., X.C., Y.-X.J., J. Chen, Z.-G.S., X.-J.Z., H.L.). | Basic Medical School, Wuhan University (P.Z., L. Lin, H.L.). | Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China (J. Cai). | Eye Center (X.Z.), Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University. | Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery (D.G., H.W., Y. Yuan), Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University. | Cardiology (Y.P.), Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University. | Anesthesiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (Y.W.). | Centre for Clinic Pharmacology, The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom (Q.X.). | Wuhan Kanghuashuhai Technology Company (R.T.), Wuhan. | Gastroenterology (J.L.), Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University. | Urology (P.L.), Wuhan Third Hospital & Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University. | Intensive Care Unit (S.F.), Wuhan Third Hospital & Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University. | Wuhan Ninth Hospital (H.C., M.L.). | Cardiology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan (P.Y., M.C.). | Stomatology, Xiantao First People's Hospital (B.X.). | General Surgery, Huanggang Central Hospital, Wuhan, China (W.M.). | General Surgery, Ezhou Central Hospital (L. Liu). | Infections Department, Wuhan Seventh Hospital (Y. Yan). | Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine (X.W.), Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University. | Urology (X.W.), Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University. | Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (R.M.T.). | Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital (J.Xia), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology. | Neonatology (B.-H.Z.), Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University. | Gastroenterology (X.H.), Wuhan Third Hospital & Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University. | NAFLD Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Epidemiology, University of California San Diego, CA (L.R.). | Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ontario, Canada (P.P.L.). AN - 32302265 AU - Zhang, P. | Zhu, L. | Cai, J. | Lei, F. | Qin, J. J. | Xie, J. | Liu, Y. M. | Zhao, Y. C. | Huang, X. | Lin, L. | Xia, M. | Chen, M. M. | Cheng, X. | Zhang, X. | Guo, D. | Peng, Y. | Ji, Y. X. | Chen, J. | She, Z. G. | Wang, Y. | Xu, Q. | Tan, R. | Wang, H. | Lin, J. | Luo, P. | Fu, S. | Cai, H. | Ye, P. | Xiao, B. | Mao, W. | Liu, L. | Yan, Y. | Liu, M. | Chen, M. | Zhang, X. J. | Wang, X. | Touyz, R. M. | Xia, J. | Zhang, B. H. | Huang, X. | Yuan, Y. | Loomba, R. | Liu, P. P. | Li, H. C1 - 2020-04-28 C2 - In-Hospital Use of ACEI/ARB CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/042820_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 5 DO - 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.317134 DP - NLM ET - 2020/04/18 IS - 12 KW - Aged | Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists/*adverse effects/therapeutic use | Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/*adverse effects/therapeutic use | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/complications/*epidemiology | Female | *Hospital Mortality | Humans | Hypertension/complications/drug therapy/*epidemiology | Inpatients/statistics & numerical data | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/complications/*epidemiology | *covid-19 | *angiotensin II receptor blocker | *angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor | *coronavirus | *hypertension | *inpatients L1 - internal-pdf://1824475954/Zhang-2020-Association of Inpatient Use of Ang.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Testing | N1 - Zhang, Peng; Zhu, Lihua; Cai, Jingjing; Lei, Fang; Qin, Juan-Juan; Xie, Jing; Liu, Ye-Mao; Zhao, Yan-Ci; Huang, Xuewei; Lin, Lijin; Xia, Meng; Chen, Ming-Ming; Cheng, Xu; Zhang, Xiao; Guo, Deliang; Peng, Yuanyuan; Ji, Yan-Xiao; Chen, Jing; She, Zhi-Gang; Wang, Yibin; Xu, Qingbo; Tan, Renfu; Wang, Haitao; Lin, Jun; Luo, Pengcheng; Fu, Shouzhi; Cai, Hongbin; Ye, Ping; Xiao, Bing; Mao, Weiming; Liu, Liming; Yan, Youqin; Liu, Mingyu; Chen, Manhua; Zhang, Xiao-Jing; Wang, Xinghuan; Touyz, Rhian M; Xia, Jiahong; Zhang, Bing-Hong; Huang, Xiaodong; Yuan, Yufeng; Loomba, Rohit; Liu, Peter P; Li, Hongliang; eng; Multicenter Study; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Circ Res. 2020 Jun 5;126(12):1671-1681. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.317134. Epub 2020 Apr 17. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among COVID-19 patients with hypertension, in-hospital use of ACEI/ARB antihypertensive medications was associated with lower 28-day all-cause mortality and lower risk of septic shock vs those who did not (Figure). | Methods: Retrospective, multi-center study of 1,128 adults hospitalized with COVID-19 who had a documented medical history of systolic blood pressure �?40 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure �?0 mm Hg. 188 patients (17%) received and 940 (83%) did not receive ACEI/ARB medications during hospitalization (including 383 [34%] with no antihypertensive medications). Cox proportional hazards models with propensity scoring measured the association of ACEI/ARB use with death. Models included only patients taking antihypertensive medication and were adjusted for demographics, symptoms, other in-hospital medication use, and comorbidities. Limitations: Did not have power to detect different effect of ACEI and ARB; unable to account for impact of pre-hospital medications. | Implications of both studies (Zhang et al. & Li et al.): Among COVID-19 patients with hypertension, use of ACEI/ARBs vs. other or no antihypertensives does not appear to increase risk of mortality. Evidence of whether these drugs decrease risk of mortality is unclear. Findings support current US recommendations to not stop, start, or adjust the dose of ACEIs/ARBs in persons with COVID-19. SN - 1524-4571 (Electronic); 0009-7330 (Linking) SP - 1671-1681 ST - Association of Inpatient Use of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers With Mortality Among Patients With Hypertension Hospitalized With COVID-19 T2 - Circ Res TI - Association of Inpatient Use of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers With Mortality Among Patients With Hypertension Hospitalized With COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32302265 VL - 126 ID - 105 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Critical Care Medicine, Saint Luc University Hospital, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium. | Intensive Care Unit Department and Inserm Centre Investigation Clinique 1435 and Unite Mixte de Recherche 1092, University Hospital of Limoges, Limoges, France. | Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Anaesthesiology, University Hospital of Limoges, Limoges, France. | Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri. | Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri. | Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri. | Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri. AN - 32697322 AU - Laterre, P. F. | Francois, B. | Collienne, C. | Hantson, P. | Jeannet, R. | Remy, K. E. | Hotchkiss, R. S. C1 - 2020-07-31 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/073120_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.16485 ET - 2020/07/23 IS - 7 KW - Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Betacoronavirus/*immunology | Covid-19 | Case-Control Studies | Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/immunology/*therapy/virology | Cytokines/immunology | Female | Humans | Immunotherapy/*methods | Interleukin-7/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use | Lymphocyte Count/methods | Lymphopenia/etiology/mortality | Male | Middle Aged | Outcome Assessment, Health Care | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/immunology/*therapy/virology | Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://1999118833/Laterre-2020-Association of Interleukin 7 Immu.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Laterre, Pierre Francois; Francois, Bruno; Collienne, Christine; Hantson, Philippe; Jeannet, Robin; Remy, Kenneth E; Hotchkiss, Richard S; eng; R35 GM126928/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Jul 1;3(7):e2016485. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.16485. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; IL-7 was associated with restored lymphocyte counts to reference levels at 30 days after administration. | Patients who received IL-7 had than twice the number of lymphocytes 30 days after its administration than patients who did not: 1734/μL versus 885/μL, respectively, p = 0.02. | At 30 days post administration, secondary infections had occurred in 7 patients (58%) in the IL-7 group compared with 11 (85%) in the control group; 30-day mortality was 42% (5) and 46% (6), respectively. | Methods: Series of 12 critically ill COVID-19 patients receiving interleukin 7 (IL-7, a cytokine essential for lymphocyte survival and expansion) treatment, compared with 13 COVID-19 patients who received standard-of-care treatment, matched for comorbidities and other factors. Proinflammatory cytokines were measured before and at 7 and 24 hours after IL-7 administration. Lymphocyte levels, secondary infections and mortality were measured out to 30 days after administration of IL-7. Limitations: Small samples; potential competing mechanisms to recovery in some patients; no phenotypic or functional studies of immune cells. | Implications: This small trial indicates that IL-7 can be administered to critically ill patients with COVID-19 without exacerbating inflammation or pulmonary injury and with possible clinical benefit. SE - e2016485 SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e2016485 ST - Association of Interleukin 7 Immunotherapy With Lymphocyte Counts Among Patients With Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Association of Interleukin 7 Immunotherapy With Lymphocyte Counts Among Patients With Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32697322 VL - 3 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 630 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Mass incarceration is known to foster infectious disease outbreaks, amplification of infectious diseases in surrounding communities, and exacerbation of health disparities in disproportionately policed communities. To date, however, policy interventions intended to achieve epidemic mitigation in US communities have neglected to account for decarceration as a possible means of protecting public health and safety.To evaluate the association of jail decarceration and government anticontagion policies with reductions in the spread of SARS-CoV-2.This cohort study used county-level data from January to November 2020 to analyze COVID-19 cases, jail populations, and anticontagion policies in a panel regression model to estimate the association of jail decarceration and anticontagion policies with COVID-19 growth rates. A total of 1605 counties with data available on both jail population and COVID-19 cases were included in the analysis. This sample represents approximately 51% of US counties, 72% of the US population, and 60% of the US jail population.Changes to jail populations and implementation of 10 anticontagion policies: nursing home visitation bans, school closures, mask mandates, prison visitation bans, stay-at-home orders, and closure of nonessential businesses, gyms, bars, movie theaters, and restaurants.Daily COVID-19 case growth rates.In the 1605 counties included in this study, the mean (SD) prison population was 283.38 (657.78) individuals, and the mean (SD) population was 315.24 (2151.01) persons per square mile. An estimated 80% reduction in US jail populations, achievable through noncarceral management of nonviolent alleged offenses and in line with average international incarceration rates, would have been associated with a 2.0% (95% CI, 0.8%-3.1%) reduction in daily COVID-19 case growth rates. Jail decarceration was associated with 8 times larger reductions in COVID-19 growth rates in counties with above-median population density (4.6%; 95% CI, 2.2%- 7.1%) relative to those below this median (0.5%; 95% CI, 0.1%-0.9%). Nursing home visitation bans were associated with a 7.3% (95% CI, 5.8%-8.9%) reduction in COVID-19 case growth rates, followed by school closures (4.3%; 95% CI, 2.0%-6.6%), mask mandates (2.5%; 95% CI, 1.7%-3.3%), prison visitation bans (1.2%; 95% CI, 0.2%-2.2%), and stay-at-home orders (0.8%; 95% CI, 0.1%-1.6%).Although many studies have documented that high incarceration rates are associated with communitywide health harms, this study is, to date, the first to show that decarceration is associated with population-level public health benefits. Its findings suggest that, among other anticontagion interventions, large-scale decarceration and changes to pretrial detention policies are likely to be important for improving US public health, biosecurity, and pandemic preparedness. AD - Data and Evidence for Justice Reform, The World Bank, Washington, DC. | Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. | Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois. | Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France. | Toulouse School of Economics, Toulouse, France. | Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, Toulouse, France. AN - 34473257 AU - Reinhart, Eric | Chen, Daniel L. C1 - 2021-09-10 C2 - PMC8414192 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09102021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - Sep 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.23405 ET - 2021/09/03 IS - 9 KW - COVID-19/*epidemiology | Cohort Studies | Communicable Disease Control/legislation & jurisprudence/*methods/statistics & | numerical data | Humans | Jails/*organization & administration | Pandemics | Prisoners/*statistics & numerical data | SARS-CoV-2 | United States L1 - internal-pdf://1053296582/Reinhart-2021-Association of Jail Decarceratio.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Reinhart, Eric | Chen, Daniel L | eng | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Sep 1;4(9):e2123405. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.23405. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Regression models using data from 1,605 counties representing 72% of the U.S. population predicted that reducing numbers of people in jails, prisons, and immigrant detention facilities by 80% (large-scale decarceration) would lower COVID-19 case growth rates by 2% daily, with larger decreases in counties with above-median population density and above-median proportion of Black residents. In these models, daily COVID-19 growth rates were also slowed by nursing home visitation bans (7.3%), school closures (4.3%), mask mandates (2.5%), prison visitation bans (1.2%), and stay-at-home orders (0.8%), but not other policy interventions. SN - 2574-3805 SP - e2123405-e2123405 ST - Association of Jail Decarceration and Anticontagion Policies With COVID-19 Case Growth Rates in US Counties T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Association of Jail Decarceration and Anticontagion Policies With COVID-19 Case Growth Rates in US Counties UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.23405 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/articlepdf/2783680/reinhart_2021_oi_210687_1629985562.2228.pdf VL - 4 Y2 - 9/13/2021 ID - 2296 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Institute for Policy & Social Research, University of Kansas, Lawrence. | National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts. AN - 34160607 AU - Ginther, Donna K. | Zambrana, Carlos C1 - 2021-07-02 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07022021_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.14514 ET - 2021/06/24 IS - 6 KW - Adult | Aged | COVID-19/*mortality/*prevention & control | Case-Control Studies | Communicable Disease Control/legislation & jurisprudence/*statistics & numerical | data | Female | Hospitalization/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Kansas/epidemiology | Local Government | Male | Masks/*statistics & numerical data | Middle Aged | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://2370217598/Ginther-2021-Association of Mask Mandates and.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Ginther, Donna K | Zambrana, Carlos | eng | Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. | JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Jun 1;4(6):e2114514. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.14514. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: By mid-October 2020, counties that adopted the July mask mandate (n = 15) in Kansas experienced significantly lower rates of COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and deaths compared with those that did not (n = 68). Through December 4, cases were 20.33 (95% CI -26.54 to -14.12) per day lower in mask counties. Similar patterns were seen for hospitalizations and deaths. SN - 2574-3805 SP - e2114514-e2114514 ST - Association of Mask Mandates and COVID-19 Case Rates, Hospitalizations, and Deaths in Kansas T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Association of Mask Mandates and COVID-19 Case Rates, Hospitalizations, and Deaths in Kansas UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.14514 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/articlepdf/2781283/ginther_2021_ld_210111_1623443541.74448.pdf VL - 4 Y2 - 7/16/2021 ID - 1936 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Vaccines have been instrumental in reducing COVID-19 cases and related deaths among US nursing home residents. However, low vaccination coverage among nursing home staff, who may introduce COVID-19 into facilities, could contribute to future outbreaks, especially in the presence of more transmissible variants. Maximizing vaccination coverage among nursing home staff and residents is critical because of the extreme vulnerability of this population to COVID-19, but little is known about which nursing homes have been successful at achieving high vaccination coverage. AD - Division of Geriatrics and Aging, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York. | Department of Economics, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts. | Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. | Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. | Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. | Anderson School of Management, University of California, Los Angeles. AN - 34529009 AU - McGarry, Brian E. | Shen, Karen | Barnett, Michael L. | Grabowski, David C. | Gandhi, Ashvin D. C1 - 2021-09-24 C2 - PMC8446903 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09242021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - Sep 16 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.5890 ET - 2021/09/17 L1 - internal-pdf://1119015995/McGarry-2021-Association of Nursing Home Chara.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - McGarry, Brian E | Shen, Karen | Barnett, Michael L | Grabowski, David C | Gandhi, Ashvin D | eng | JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Sep 16. pii: 2784414. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.5890. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: As of July 18, 2021, across 14,900 nursing homes, 60.0% of staff and 81.4% of residents were fully vaccinated, with lowest coverage (49.2%) in certified nursing assistants. Increased coverage was associated with nonprofit facilities, higher Medicare quality rating, and long tenured employees; lower coverage was associated with higher percentage non-White staff and residents, and lower county-level vaccination coverage. SN - 2168-6106 ST - Association of Nursing Home Characteristics With Staff and Resident COVID-19 Vaccination Coverage T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - Association of Nursing Home Characteristics With Staff and Resident COVID-19 Vaccination Coverage UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.5890 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/articlepdf/2784414/jamainternal_mcgarry_2021_ld_210054_1631639302.37414.pdf Y2 - 9/27/2021 ID - 2377 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In the US, approximately 27% of deaths due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have occurred among residents of nursing homes (NHs). However, why some facilities have been more successful at limiting the spread of infection than others is unclear. For example, those with greater staffing or higher performance on quality measures may be better at containing the spread of COVID-19 among staff and residents.We evaluated whether NHs rated highly by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) across 3 unique domains—health inspections, quality measures, and nurse staffing—had lower COVID-19 cases than facilities with lower ratings. AD - Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. | Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts. | Department of Social and Health Policy, London School of Economics, London, United Kingdom. AN - 32790822 AU - Figueroa, J. F. | Wadhera, R. K. | Papanicolas, I. | Riley, K. | Zheng, J. | Orav, E. J. | Jha, A. K. C1 - 2020-08-18 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/081820_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 15 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.14709 ET - 2020/08/14 IS - 11 KW - Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Humans | Nursing Homes/organization & administration/*standards | Nursing Staff/*supply & distribution | Pandemics | Personnel Staffing and Scheduling | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | Public Health Surveillance | *Quality of Health Care | United States/epidemiology | *Workforce L1 - internal-pdf://1820031742/Figueroa-2020-Association of Nursing Home Rati.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Figueroa, Jose F; Wadhera, Rishi K; Papanicolas, Irene; Riley, Kristen; Zheng, Jie; Orav, E John; Jha, Ashish K; eng; JAMA. 2020 Sep 15;324(11):1103-1105. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.14709. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among 4,254 nursing homes (NHs), 34.1% were ranked as “high performing�?in terms of health inspections, 70.1% in terms of quality measures, and 35.9% in terms of nurse staffing. | NHs that were ranked as high performing in terms of nursing staff were less likely to have > 30 cases of COVID-19 than NHs with 11-30 and <10 cases (Figure). | Methods: Cross-sectional study examining number of COVID-19 cases and NH performance as rated by CMS in terms of 3 domains (health inspection, quality measures, and nurse staffing) January 1 to June 30, 2020 in eight states. Odds that high-performing NHs compared with low-performing NHs had high number of COVID-19 cases (>30 cases vs. to 11-30 and <10 cases) according to each of these 3 domains were calculated and adjusted for certified number of beds in NHs. Limitations: No information provided regarding dates on which CMS ratings were obtained; limited to eight states; differential NH capacity to test and diagnose cases; no clinical outcomes. | Implications: NHs with staffing shortages might be vulnerable to COVID-19. Policies aimed at staffing support for NHs might help to mitigate disease spread. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1103-1105 ST - Association of Nursing Home Ratings on Health Inspections, Quality of Care, and Nurse Staffing With COVID-19 Cases T2 - JAMA TI - Association of Nursing Home Ratings on Health Inspections, Quality of Care, and Nurse Staffing With COVID-19 Cases UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32790822 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 732 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Abstract Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and mortality. However, it is not known whether patients with obesity are at a greater risk of developing postacute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). In a median follow-up time of 8 months and counting from 30 days following a positive viral test of 2839 patients who did not require intensive care unit admission and survived the acute phase of COVID-19, 1230 (43%) patients required medical diagnostic tests, 1255 (44%) patients underwent hospital admission, and 29 (1%) patients died. Compared with patients with a normal body mass index (BMI), the risk of hospital admission was 28% and 30% higher in patients with moderate and severe obesity, respectively. The need for diagnostic tests to assess different medical problems, compared with patients with normal BMI, was 25% and 39% higher in patients with moderate and severe obesity, respectively. The findings of this study suggest that moderate and severe obesity (BMI ≥�?5 kg/m2) are associated with a greater risk of PASC. AD - Bariatric and Metabolic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA. | Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA. | Endocrinology and Metabolism Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA. AN - 34060194 AU - Aminian, Ali | Bena, James | Pantalone, Kevin M. | Burguera, Bartolome C1 - 2021-06-11 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06112021_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1111/dom.14454 ET - 2021/06/02 IS - n/a KW - Body Mass Index | *covid-19 | Hospitalization | Humans | Intensive Care Units | Obesity/complications/epidemiology | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | *cohort study | *observational study | *weight control L1 - internal-pdf://1013421133/Aminian-Association of obesity with postacute.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Aminian, Ali | Bena, James | Pantalone, Kevin M | Burguera, Bartolome | eng | England | Diabetes Obes Metab. 2021 Sep;23(9):2183-2188. doi: 10.1111/dom.14454. Epub 2021 Jun 15. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 2,839 SARS-CoV-2 patients that did not initially require hospitalization, patients with body mass index (BMI) >40 (HR 1.30, 95% CI 1.06-1.59 ) or BMI 30�?5 (HR 1.28, 95% CI 1.05-1.56) had increased risk of hospitalization compared with patients with a normal BMI (18�?4), at a median of 8 months after a positive test. SN - 1462-8902 SP - 2183-2188 ST - Association of obesity with postacute sequelae of COVID-19 T2 - Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism TI - Association of obesity with postacute sequelae of COVID-19 UR - https://dom-pubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dom.14454 | https://dom-pubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/dom.14454?download=true VL - n/a ID - 1833 ER - TY - JOUR AB - This paper examines whether the opening of K�?2 schools may lead to the spread of COVID-19. Analyzing how an increase of COVID-19 cases is related to the timing of opening K�?2 schools in the United States, we find that counties that opened K�?2 schools with in-person learning experienced an increase in the growth rate of cases by 5 percentage points on average, controlling for a variety of policies, past infection rates, and other factors. This association of K�?2 school visits with case growth is stronger when mask wearing is not mandated for staff at school. These findings support policies that promote masking and other precautionary measures at schools and giving vaccine priority to education workers.This paper empirically examines how the opening of K�?2 schools is associated with the spread of COVID-19 using county-level panel data in the United States. As preliminary evidence, our event-study analysis indicates that cases and deaths in counties with in-person or hybrid opening relative to those with remote opening substantially increased after the school opening date, especially for counties without any mask mandate for staff. Our main analysis uses a dynamic panel data model for case and death growth rates, where we control for dynamically evolving mitigation policies, past infection levels, and additive county-level and state-week “fixed�?effects. This analysis shows that an increase in visits to both K�?2 schools and colleges is associated with a subsequent increase in case and death growth rates. The estimates indicate that fully opening K�?2 schools with in-person learning is associated with a 5 (SE = 2) percentage points increase in the growth rate of cases. We also find that the association of K�?2 school visits or in-person school openings with case growth is stronger for counties that do not require staff to wear masks at schools. These findings support policies that promote masking and other precautionary measures at schools and giving vaccine priority to education workers.Anonymized comma-separated values data have been deposited in https://github.com/ubcecon/covid-schools. AD - Department of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142. | Center for Statistics and Data Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139. | Vancouver School of Economics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1L4, Canada hkasahar@mail.ubc.ca. | Vancouver School of Economics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1L4, Canada. AN - 34642247 AU - Chernozhukov, Victor | Kasahara, Hiroyuki | Schrimpf, Paul C1 - 2021-10-22 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10222021_covidupdate.html#anchor_PreventionStrategies DA - Oct 19 DO - 10.1073/pnas.2103420118 ET - 2021/10/14 IS - 42 KW - *K-12 school openings | *and remote | *debiased estimator | *foot traffic data | *hybrid | *in-person | *mask-wearing requirements for staff L1 - internal-pdf://1180652456/Chernozhukov-2021-The association of opening K.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Chernozhukov, Victor | Kasahara, Hiroyuki | Schrimpf, Paul | eng | Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021 Oct 19;118(42). pii: 2103420118. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2103420118. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In-person K�?2 school openings were associated with increased county-level COVID-19 cases and deaths (Figure). | The association was stronger in counties without staff mask mandates (Figure). | K�?2 school openings were associated with case growth rate increases of 5�?%. | In-person school openings coincided with increased mobility (Figure). | Methods: Modeling of U.S. county-level data from April–December 2020, including 14,703 school districts and controlled for prior infection rates and mitigation policies. Mobility (school and workplace visits) ascertained from mobile phone location data. Limitations: Testing strategy data not available; observed link between school openings and case and death growth rates may not be causal. | | Implications: Masking and other school-based mitigation policies may slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the community upon school reopening. SN - 1091-6490 (Electronic) | 0027-8424 (Linking) SP - e2103420118 ST - The association of opening K�?2 schools with the spread of COVID-19 in the United States: County-level panel data analysis T2 - Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A TI - The association of opening K�?2 schools with the spread of COVID-19 in the United States: County-level panel data analysis UR - http://www.pnas.org/content/118/42/e2103420118.abstract | https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/118/42/e2103420118.full.pdf VL - 118 ID - 2520 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The effect of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection on vaccine protection remains poorly understood.To assess protection from SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection after mRNA vaccination among persons with vs without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection.Matched-cohort studies in Qatar for the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) and mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccines. A total of 1 531 736 individuals vaccinated with either vaccine between December 21, 2020, and September 19, 2021, were followed up beginning 14 days after receiving the second dose until September 19, 2021.Prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination.Incident SARS-CoV-2 infection, defined as a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–positive nasopharyngeal swab regardless of reason for PCR testing or presence of symptoms. Cumulative incidence was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier estimator method.The BNT162b2-vaccinated cohort comprised 99 226 individuals with and 290 432 matched individuals without prior PCR-confirmed infection (median age, 37 years; 68% male). The mRNA-1273–vaccinated cohort comprised 58 096 individuals with and 169 514 matched individuals without prior PCR-confirmed infection (median age, 36 years; 73% male). Among BNT162b2-vaccinated persons, 159 reinfections occurred in those with and 2509 in those without prior infection 14 days or more after dose 2. Among mRNA-1273–vaccinated persons, 43 reinfections occurred in those with and 368 infections in those without prior infection. Cumulative infection incidence among BNT162b2-vaccinated individuals was an estimated 0.15% (95% CI, 0.12%-0.18%) in those with and 0.83% (95% CI, 0.79%-0.87%) in those without prior infection at 120 days of follow-up (adjusted hazard ratio for breakthrough infection with prior infection, 0.18 [95% CI, 0.15-0.21]; P�?lt;�?001). Cumulative infection incidence among mRNA-1273–vaccinated individuals was an estimated 0.11% (95% CI, 0.08%-0.15%) in those with and 0.35% (95% CI, 0.32%-0.40%) in those without prior infection at 120 days of follow-up (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.35 [95% CI, 0.25-0.48]; P�?lt;�?001). Vaccinated individuals with prior infection 6 months or more before dose 1 had statistically significantly lower risk for breakthrough infection than those infected less than 6 months before dose 1 (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.62 [95% CI, 0.42-0.92]; P�?�?02 for BNT162b2 and 0.40 [95% CI, 0.18-0.91]; P�?�?03 for mRNA-1273 vaccination).Prior SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with a statistically significantly lower risk for breakthrough infection among individuals receiving the BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 vaccines in Qatar between December 21, 2020, and September 19, 2021. The observational study design precludes direct comparisons of infection risk between the 2 vaccines. AD - Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Doha, Qatar. | World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Disease Epidemiology Analytics on HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, and Viral Hepatitis, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Qatar Foundation-Education City, Doha, Qatar. | Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York. | Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar. | Mathematics Program, Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar. | Biomedical Research Center, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar. | Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar. | Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar. | Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar. | Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queens University, Belfast, United Kingdom. | College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar. | Primary Health Care Corporation, Doha, Qatar. | Ministry of Public Health, Doha, Qatar. AN - 34724027 AU - Abu-Raddad, Laith J. | Chemaitelly, Hiam | Ayoub, Houssein H. | Yassine, Hadi M. | Benslimane, Fatiha M. | Al Khatib, Hebah A. | Tang, Patrick | Hasan, Mohammad R. | Coyle, Peter | Al Kanaani, Zaina | Al Kuwari, Einas | Jeremijenko, Andrew | Kaleeckal, Anvar Hassan | Latif, Ali Nizar | Shaik, Riyazuddin Mohammad | Abdul Rahim, Hanan F. | Nasrallah, Gheyath K. | Al Kuwari, Mohamed Ghaith | Butt, Adeel A. | Al Romaihi, Hamad Eid | Al-Thani, Mohamed H. | Al Khal, Abdullatif | Bertollini, Roberto C1 - 2021-11-15 C2 - PMC8561432 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/11152021_covidupdate.html#anchor_Vaccines DA - Nov 16 DO - 10.1001/jama.2021.19623 ET - 2021/11/02 IS - 19 L1 - internal-pdf://0318482005/Abu-Raddad-2021-Association of Prior SARS-CoV-.pdf LB - Health Equity | Natural History | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Abu-Raddad, Laith J | Chemaitelly, Hiam | Ayoub, Houssein H | Yassine, Hadi M | Benslimane, Fatiha M | Al Khatib, Hebah A | Tang, Patrick | Hasan, Mohammad R | Coyle, Peter | Al Kanaani, Zaina | Al Kuwari, Einas | Jeremijenko, Andrew | Kaleeckal, Anvar Hassan | Latif, Ali Nizar | Shaik, Riyazuddin Mohammad | Abdul Rahim, Hanan F | Nasrallah, Gheyath K | Al Kuwari, Mohamed Ghaith | Butt, Adeel A | Al Romaihi, Hamad Eid | Al-Thani, Mohamed H | Al Khal, Abdullatif | Bertollini, Roberto | eng | JAMA. 2021 Nov 16;326(19):1930-1939. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.19623. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among mRNA-vaccinated individuals, prior SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with a lower risk of breakthrough infection. | Among individuals vaccinated with BNT162b2 (Comirnaty, Pfizer/BioNTech), cumulative incidence of breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection at 120 days of follow-up was 0.15% (95% CI 0.12%-0.18%) among those with and 0.83% (95% CI 0.79%-0.87%) among those without prior infection (aHR 0.18, 95% CI 0.15-0.21) (Figure). | Among those vaccinated with mRNA-1273 (Moderna), cumulative incidence was 0.11% (95% CI 0.08%-0.15%) among those with and 0.35% (95% CI 0.32%-0.40%) among those without prior infection (aHR 0.35, 95% CI 0.25-0.48) (Figure). | Methods: Matched-cohort study (n = 617,268), Qatar, December 2020–September 2021. Each individual with prior infection matched by sex, 5-year age group, nationality, and calendar week of 1st vaccine dose to 3 individuals without prior infection. Incident infection was determined �?4 days post-2nd vaccine dose. Limitations: Only PCR-confirmed infections included; may not be generalizable to specific age groups or to U.S. population. | | Implications: Among persons fully vaccinated with mRNA vaccines, prior SARS-CoV-2 infection appears to provide additional protection against breakthrough infections. SN - 0098-7484 SP - 1930-1939 ST - Association of Prior SARS-CoV-2 Infection With Risk of Breakthrough Infection Following mRNA Vaccination in Qatar T2 - JAMA TI - Association of Prior SARS-CoV-2 Infection With Risk of Breakthrough Infection Following mRNA Vaccination in Qatar UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.19623 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/2785918/jama_aburaddad_2021_oi_210122_1637269030.96237.pdf VL - 326 Y2 - 11/22/2021 ID - 2619 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: To date, the association of psychiatric diagnoses with mortality in patients infected with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has not been evaluated. Objective: To assess whether a diagnosis of a schizophrenia spectrum disorder, mood disorder, or anxiety disorder is associated with mortality in patients with COVID-19. Design, Setting, and Participants: This retrospective cohort study assessed 7348 consecutive adult patients for 45 days following laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 between March 3 and May 31, 2020, in a large academic medical system in New York. The final date of follow-up was July 15, 2020. Patients without available medical records before testing were excluded. Exposures: Patients were categorized based on the following International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnoses before their testing date: (1) schizophrenia spectrum disorders, (2) mood disorders, and (3) anxiety disorders. Patients with these diagnoses were compared with a reference group without psychiatric disorders. Main Outcomes and Measures: Mortality, defined as death or discharge to hospice within 45 days following a positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) test result. Results: Of the 26540 patients tested, 7348 tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (mean [SD] age, 54 [18.6] years; 3891 [53.0%] women). Of eligible patients with positive test results, 75 patients (1.0%) had a history of a schizophrenia spectrum illness, 564 (7.7%) had a history of a mood disorder, and 360 (4.9%) had a history of an anxiety disorder. After adjusting for demographic and medical risk factors, a premorbid diagnosis of a schizophrenia spectrum disorder was significantly associated with mortality (odds ratio [OR], 2.67; 95% CI, 1.48-4.80). Diagnoses of mood disorders (OR, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.87-1.49) and anxiety disorders (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.65-1.41) were not associated with mortality after adjustment. In comparison with other risk factors, a diagnosis of schizophrenia ranked behind only age in strength of an association with mortality. Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study of adults with SARS-CoV-2-positive test results in a large New York medical system, adults with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder diagnosis were associated with an increased risk for mortality, but those with mood and anxiety disorders were not associated with a risk of mortality. These results suggest that schizophrenia spectrum disorders may be a risk factor for mortality in patients with COVID-19. AD - Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York. | Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York. | Department of Population Health, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York. | Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York. AN - 33502436 AU - Nemani, K. | Li, C. | Olfson, M. | Blessing, E. M. | Razavian, N. | Chen, J. | Petkova, E. | Goff, D. C. C1 - 2021-02-05 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02052021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 1 DO - 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.4442 ET - 2021/01/28 IS - 4 KW - *Anxiety Disorders/diagnosis/epidemiology | *COVID-19/mortality/therapy | Comorbidity | Female | Humans | International Classification of Diseases | Male | Middle Aged | *Mood Disorders/diagnosis/epidemiology | Mortality | New York/epidemiology | Retrospective Studies | Risk Assessment | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2/*isolation & purification | *Schizophrenia/diagnosis/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://1203965004/Nemani-2021-Association of Psychiatric Disorde.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Natural History | Testing | Variants | N1 - Nemani, Katlyn; Li, Chenxiang; Olfson, Mark; Blessing, Esther M; Razavian, Narges; Chen, Ji; Petkova, Eva; Goff, Donald C; eng; P30 AG066512/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; JAMA Psychiatry. 2021 Apr 1;78(4):380-386. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.4442. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In a retrospective cohort study of 7,348 patients with confirmed COVID-19 at 4 acute care hospitals in New York City from March 3 to May 31, 2020, persons with schizophrenia had significantly increased odds of 45-day mortality. SN - 2168-6238 (Electronic); 2168-622X (Linking) SP - 380-386 ST - Association of Psychiatric Disorders With Mortality Among Patients With COVID-19 T2 - JAMA Psychiatry TI - Association of Psychiatric Disorders With Mortality Among Patients With COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33502436 VL - 78 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1462 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a pandemic, and it is unknown whether a combination of public health interventions can improve control of the outbreak. Objective: To evaluate the association of public health interventions with the epidemiological features of the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan by 5 periods according to key events and interventions. Design, Setting, and Participants: In this cohort study, individual-level data on 32583 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases reported between December 8, 2019, and March 8, 2020, were extracted from the municipal Notifiable Disease Report System, including patients' age, sex, residential location, occupation, and severity classification. Exposures: Nonpharmaceutical public health interventions including cordons sanitaire, traffic restriction, social distancing, home confinement, centralized quarantine, and universal symptom survey. Main Outcomes and Measures: Rates of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infections (defined as the number of cases per day per million people), across age, sex, and geographic locations were calculated across 5 periods: December 8 to January 9 (no intervention), January 10 to 22 (massive human movement due to the Chinese New Year holiday), January 23 to February 1 (cordons sanitaire, traffic restriction and home quarantine), February 2 to 16 (centralized quarantine and treatment), and February 17 to March 8 (universal symptom survey). The effective reproduction number of SARS-CoV-2 (an indicator of secondary transmission) was also calculated over the periods. Results: Among 32 583 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases, the median patient age was 56.7 years (range, 0-103; interquartile range, 43.4-66.8) and 16 817 (51.6%) were women. The daily confirmed case rate peaked in the third period and declined afterward across geographic regions and sex and age groups, except for children and adolescents, whose rate of confirmed cases continued to increase. The daily confirmed case rate over the whole period in local health care workers (130.5 per million people [95% CI, 123.9-137.2]) was higher than that in the general population (41.5 per million people [95% CI, 41.0-41.9]). The proportion of severe and critical cases decreased from 53.1% to 10.3% over the 5 periods. The severity risk increased with age: compared with those aged 20 to 39 years (proportion of severe and critical cases, 12.1%), elderly people (>/=80 years) had a higher risk of having severe or critical disease (proportion, 41.3%; risk ratio, 3.61 [95% CI, 3.31-3.95]) while younger people (<20 years) had a lower risk (proportion, 4.1%; risk ratio, 0.47 [95% CI, 0.31-0.70]). The effective reproduction number fluctuated above 3.0 before January 26, decreased to below 1.0 after February 6, and decreased further to less than 0.3 after March 1. Conclusions and Relevance: A series of multifaceted public health interventions was temporally associated with improved control of the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China. These findings may inform public health policy in other countries and regions. AD - Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. | Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. | School of Public Health, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. | Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. | Department of Statistics, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts. AN - 32275295 AU - Pan, A. | Liu, L. | Wang, C. | Guo, H. | Hao, X. | Wang, Q. | Huang, J. | He, N. | Yu, H. | Lin, X. | Wei, S. | Wu, T. C1 - 2020-04-21 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/042120_covidupdate.html DA - May 19 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.6130 ET - 2020/04/11 IS - 19 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Child | China/epidemiology | Communicable Disease Control/*methods/statistics & numerical data | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/prevention & control | Disease Outbreaks | Disease Transmission, Infectious/prevention & control | Female | Health Policy | Humans | Incidence | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/prevention & control | SARS-CoV-2 | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://2094300119/Pan-2020-Association of Public Health Interven.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Pan, An; Liu, Li; Wang, Chaolong; Guo, Huan; Hao, Xingjie; Wang, Qi; Huang, Jiao; He, Na; Yu, Hongjie; Lin, Xihong; Wei, Sheng; Wu, Tangchun; eng; JAMA. 2020 May 19;323(19):1915-1923. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.6130. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Across 5 periods in the response, the effective reproduction number (Rt) early in the outbreak was 3.0-4.0 and decreased to <1.0 after multiple interventions, including movement and traffic restrictions, social distancing, home and central quarantine, centralized isolation, and universal symptom survey (Figure). | The case rate peaked when city lockdown, traffic suspension, and home quarantine were first implemented, and then declined across all sex and age groups, except for children and adolescents. | The case rate in health care workers was >3 times that of the general population, peaking in the third period and decreasing in the last 2 periods when PPE was more widely used. | The percentage of severe and critical cases decreased from 53.1% to 10.3% over the 5 periods. | Methods: Cohort study of 32,583 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases reported between December 8, 2019 and March 8, 2020 in Wuhan. Rates of infection and effective reproduction number were assessed during 5 time periods that were divided according to key events and interventions. Limitations: Impact of individual interventions could not be evaluated; data on testing availability and asymptomatic infections unavailable. | Implications: Multiple sustained public health interventions ─ including movement and traffic restrictions, social distancing, intensive contact tracing, home and centralized quarantine, centralized isolation, and universal symptom survey ─ were temporally associated with achieving an Rt <1 and decreased COVID-19 spread in Wuhan. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1915-1923 ST - Association of Public Health Interventions With the Epidemiology of the COVID-19 Outbreak in Wuhan, China T2 - JAMA TI - Association of Public Health Interventions With the Epidemiology of the COVID-19 Outbreak in Wuhan, China UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32275295 VL - 323 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 67 ER - TY - JOUR AB - RATIONALE: Black race and Hispanic ethnicity are associated with increased risks for COVID-19 infection and severity. It is purported that socioeconomic factors may drive this association, but data supporting this assertion are sparse. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether socioeconomic factors mediate the association of race/ethnicity with COVID-19 incidence and outcomes. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of adults tested for (cohort 1) or hospitalized with (cohort 2) COVID-19 between March 1 - July 23, 2020 at the University of Miami Hospital and Clinics. Our primary exposure was race/ethnicity. We considered socioeconomic factors as potential mediators of our exposure's association with outcomes. We used standard statistics to describe our cohorts and multivariable regression modeling to identify associations of race/ethnicity with our primary outcomes, one for each cohort, of test positivity (cohort 1) and hospital mortality (cohort 2). We performed a mediation analysis to see if household income, population density, and household size mediated the association of race/ethnicity with outcomes. RESULTS: Our cohorts included 15,473 patients tested (29.0% non-Hispanic White, 48.1% Hispanic White, 15.0% non-Hispanic Black, 1.7% Hispanic Black, 1.6% Other) and 295 patients hospitalized (9.2% non-Hispanic White, 56.9% Hispanic White, 21.4% non-Hispanic Black, 2.4% Hispanic Black, 10.2% Other). Among those tested, 1,256 patients (8.1%) tested positive and, of the hospitalized patients, 47 (15.9%) died. After adjustment for demographics, race/ethnicity was associated with test positivity-odds-ratio (95% CI) vs. non-Hispanic White for Non-Hispanic Black: 3.21 (2.60-3.96), Hispanic White: 2.72 (2.28-3.26), and Hispanic Black: 3.55 (2.33-5.28). Population density mediated this association (percent mediated (95% CI): 17% (11%-31%)), as did median income (27% (18%-52%)), and household size (20% (12%-45%)). There was no association between race/ethnicity and mortality although this analysis was underpowered. CONCLUSIONS: Black race and Hispanic ethnicity are associated with an increased odds of COVID-19 positivity. This association is substantially mediated by socioeconomic factors. AD - University of Miami School of Medicine, 12235, Miami, Florida, United States; hbg20@med.miami.edu. | University of Miami Hospital and Clinics, 158424, Care Transformation, Miami, Florida, United States. | University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 12235, Infectious Diseases, Miami, Florida, United States. | University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 12235, Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States. | University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 12235, Urology, Miami, Florida, United States. | University of Miami School of Medicine, 12235, Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States. AN - 33724166 AU - Gershengorn, H. B. | Patel, S. | Shukla, B. | Warde, P. R. | Bhatia, M. | Parekh, D. | Ferreira, T. | U. Health-DART Research Group C1 - 2021-03-26 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03262021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 16 DO - 10.1513/AnnalsATS.202011-1448OC DP - NLM ET - 2021/03/17 IS - 8 KW - Adult | *covid-19 | *Ethnic Groups | Hispanic Americans | Hospitalization | Humans | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 | Socioeconomic Factors | *coronavirus | *incidence | *race factors | *socioeconomic factors L1 - internal-pdf://1337315032/annalsats.202011-1448oc.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Gershengorn, Hayley B; Patel, Samira; Shukla, Bhavarth; Warde, Prem R; Bhatia, Monisha; Parekh, Dipen; Ferreira, Tanira; eng; Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2021 Mar 16. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.202011-1448OC. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In a retrospective cohort study in Miami (March–July 2020), racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19 incidence and outcomes were found to be mediated by socioeconomic factors, including population density at the patient’s home address, median income, and household size. SN - 2325-6621 (Electronic); 2325-6621 (Linking) SP - 1326-1334 ST - Association of Race and Ethnicity with COVID-19 Test Positivity and Hospitalization Is Mediated by Socioeconomic Factors T2 - Ann Am Thorac Soc TI - Association of Race and Ethnicity with COVID-19 Test Positivity and Hospitalization Is Mediated by Socioeconomic Factors UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33724166 VL - 18 ID - 1610 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: While current reports suggest that a disproportionate share of US coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases and deaths are among Black residents, little information is available regarding how race is associated with in-hospital mortality. Objective: To evaluate the association of race, adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical factors, on all-cause, in-hospital mortality for patients with COVID-19. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study included 11210 adult patients (age >/=18 years) hospitalized with confirmed severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) between February 19, 2020, and May 31, 2020, in 92 hospitals in 12 states: Alabama (6 hospitals), Maryland (1 hospital), Florida (5 hospitals), Illinois (8 hospitals), Indiana (14 hospitals), Kansas (4 hospitals), Michigan (13 hospitals), New York (2 hospitals), Oklahoma (6 hospitals), Tennessee (4 hospitals), Texas (11 hospitals), and Wisconsin (18 hospitals). Exposures: Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection by positive result on polymerase chain reaction testing of a nasopharyngeal sample. Main Outcomes and Measures: Death during hospitalization was examined overall and by race. Race was self-reported and categorized as Black, White, and other or missing. Cox proportional hazards regression with mixed effects was used to evaluate associations between all-cause in-hospital mortality and patient characteristics while accounting for the random effects of hospital on the outcome. Results: Of 11210 patients with confirmed COVID-19 presenting to hospitals, 4180 (37.3%) were Black patients and 5583 (49.8%) were men. The median (interquartile range) age was 61 (46 to 74) years. Compared with White patients, Black patients were younger (median [interquartile range] age, 66 [50 to 80] years vs 61 [46 to 72] years), were more likely to be women (2259 [49.0%] vs 2293 [54.9%]), were more likely to have Medicaid insurance (611 [13.3%] vs 1031 [24.7%]), and had higher median (interquartile range) scores on the Neighborhood Deprivation Index (-0.11 [-0.70 to 0.56] vs 0.82 [0.08 to 1.76]) and the Elixhauser Comorbidity Index (21 [0 to 44] vs 22 [0 to 46]). All-cause in-hospital mortality among hospitalized White and Black patients was 23.1% (724 of 3218) and 19.2% (540 of 2812), respectively. After adjustment for age, sex, insurance, comorbidities, neighborhood deprivation, and site of care, there was no statistically significant difference in risk of mortality between Black and White patients (hazard ratio, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.80 to 1.09). Conclusions and Relevance: Although current reports suggest that Black patients represent a disproportionate share of COVID-19 infections and death in the United States, in this study, mortality for those able to access hospital care did not differ between Black and White patients after adjusting for sociodemographic factors and comorbidities. AD - Ascension Health, St Louis, Missouri. | Ascension Data Science Institute, St Louis, Missouri. | Ascension Clinical Research Institute, St Louis, Missouri. AN - 32809033 AU - Yehia, B. R. | Winegar, A. | Fogel, R. | Fakih, M. | Ottenbacher, A. | Jesser, C. | Bufalino, A. | Huang, R. H. | Cacchione, J. C1 - 2020-08-28 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082820_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 3 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.18039 ET - 2020/08/19 IS - 8 KW - Adult | *African Americans | Aged | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Comorbidity | *Continental Population Groups | Coronavirus Infections/ethnology/*mortality/virology | European Continental Ancestry Group | Female | Health Services Accessibility | Hospital Mortality/*ethnology | *Hospitalization | *Hospitals | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/ethnology/*mortality/virology | Proportional Hazards Models | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://0774898677/Yehia-2020-Association of Race With Mortality.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Testing | N1 - Yehia, Baligh R; Winegar, Angela; Fogel, Richard; Fakih, Mohamad; Ottenbacher, Allison; Jesser, Christine; Bufalino, Angelo; Huang, Ren-Huai; Cacchione, Joseph; eng; JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Aug 3;3(8):e2018039. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.18039. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; After adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical factors, there was no association between mortality risk and Black race (hazard ratio = 0.93, 95% CI 0.90 �?1.09). | In-hospital mortality among White and Black hospital patients was similar (23.1% vs 19.2%, respectively). | Among persons requiring ICU care, 36.4% of White patients and 35.2% of Black patients died. | In the final model, older age, male sex, persons with Medicare or unknown insurance, and persons with chronic kidney or heart disease had increased risk. | Methods: Cohort of 11,210 adults with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 from 92 hospitals in 12 states from February 19 to May 31, 2020. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to evaluate associations between patient characteristics and time to all-cause, in-hospital mortality. Limitations: Results apply to persons able to access hospital care; mortality might vary when accounting for death before and after hospitalization; neighborhood deprivation measured at zip code level. | Implications: Studies examining race and risk of death before and after hospitalization for SARS-CoV-2 are warranted. As suggested in the accompanying commentary by Boulwareexternal icon, greater neighborhood deprivation and comorbidities in Black Americans should be addressed. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e2018039 ST - Association of Race With Mortality Among Patients Hospitalized With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) at 92 US Hospitals T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Association of Race With Mortality Among Patients Hospitalized With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) at 92 US Hospitals UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32809033 VL - 3 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 793 ER - TY - JOUR AB - IMPORTANCE: As part of postauthorization safety surveillance, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has identified a potential safety concern for Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) following receipt of the Ad26.COV2.S (Janssen/Johnson & Johnson) COVID-19 vaccine. OBJECTIVE: To assess reports of GBS received in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) following Ad26.COV2.S vaccination. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Reports of presumptive GBS were identified in a US passive reporting system (VAERS) February-July 2021 and characterized, including demographics, clinical characteristics, and relevant medical history. EXPOSURES: Receipt of the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine; the comparator was the background rate of GBS in the general (unvaccinated) population that had been estimated and published based on a standardized case definition. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Presumptive GBS; the reporting rate was analyzed, including calculation of the observed to expected ratio based on background rates and vaccine administration data. Because of limited availability of medical records, cases were not assessed according to the Brighton Collaboration criteria for GBS. RESULTS: As of July 24, 2021, 130 reports of presumptive GBS were identified in VAERS following Ad26.COV2.S vaccination (median age, 56 years; IQR, 45-62 years; 111 individuals [86.0%] were < 65 years; 77 men [59.7%]). The median time to onset of GBS following vaccination was 13 days (IQR, 10-18 days), with 105 cases (81.4%) beginning within 21 days and 123 (95.3%) within 42 days. One hundred twenty-one reports (93.1%) were serious, including 1 death. With approximately 13�?09�?58 doses of vaccine administered to adults in the US, the estimated crude reporting rate was 1 case of GBS per 100�?00 doses administered. The overall estimated observed to expected rate ratio was 4.18 (95% CI, 3.47-4.98) for the 42-day window, and in the worst-case scenario analysis for adults 18 years or older, corresponded to an estimated absolute rate increase of 6.36 per 100�?00 person-years (based on a rate of approximately 8.36 cases per 100�?00 person-years [123 cases per 1�?72�?62 person-years] compared with a background rate of approximately 2 cases per 100�?00 person-years). For both risk windows, the observed to expected rate ratio was elevated in all age groups except individuals aged 18 through 29 years. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: These findings suggest a potential small but statistically significant safety concern for Guillain-Barré syndrome following receipt of the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine. However, the findings are subject to the limitations of passive reporting systems and presumptive case definition, and they must be considered preliminary pending analysis of medical records to establish a definitive diagnosis. AD - Office of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland. AN - 34617967 AU - Woo, E. J. | Mba-Jonas, A. | Dimova, R. B. | Alimchandani, M. | Zinderman, C. E. | Nair, N. C1 - 2021-10-15 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10152021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - Oct 7 DO - 10.1001/jama.2021.16496 DP - NLM ET - 2021/10/08 L1 - internal-pdf://3601269305/Woo-2021-Association of Receipt of the Ad26.CO.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - 1538-3598 | Woo, Emily Jane | Mba-Jonas, Adamma | Dimova, Rositsa B | Alimchandani, Meghna | Zinderman, Craig E | Nair, Narayan | Journal Article | United States | JAMA. 2021 Oct 7. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.16496. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: As of July 24, 2021, the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System identified 130 reports of presumptive Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) after receipt of Ad26.COV2.S vaccine (median age = 56 years; 59.7% men), including 122 hospitalized patients (93.8%) and 1 death. Median time to GBS onset was 13 days after vaccination; 95.3% had onset within 42 days. Among those with onset �?2 days, the estimated observed-to-expected rate ratio was 4.18 (95% CI 3.47-4.98), corresponding to an absolute rate increase of 6.36 cases per 100,000 person-years, assuming a background rate of 2 cases per 100,000 person-years. SN - 0098-7484 ST - Association of Receipt of the Ad26.COV2.S COVID-19 Vaccine With Presumptive Guillain-Barré Syndrome, February-July 2021 T2 - JAMA TI - Association of Receipt of the Ad26.COV2.S COVID-19 Vaccine With Presumptive Guillain-Barré Syndrome, February-July 2021 UR - https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/2785009/jama_woo_2021_oi_210106_1633533564.47144.pdf ID - 2477 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Data are lacking whether patients with hypertension who are taking angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) have increased severity or risk of mortality during hospitalization for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Objective: To investigate the association between ACEIs/ARBs and severity of illness and mortality in patients with hypertension hospitalized for COVID-19 infection. Design, Setting, and Participants: Retrospective, single-center case series of the 1178 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 infections at the Central Hospital of Wuhan, China, from January 15 to March 15, 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures: COVID-19 was confirmed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and epidemiologic, clinical, radiologic, laboratory, and drug therapy data were analyzed in all patients. The percentage of patients with hypertension taking ACEIs/ARBs was compared between those with severe vs nonsevere illness and between survivors vs nonsurvivors. Results: Of the 1178 patients with COVID-19, the median age was 55.5 years (interquartile range, 38-67 years) and 545 (46.3%) were men. The overall in-hospital mortality was 11.0%. There were 362 patients with hypertension (30.7% of the total group; median age, 66.0 years [interquartile range, 59-73 years]; 189 [52.2%] were men), of whom 115 (31.8%) were taking ACEI/ARBs. The in-hospital mortality in the patients with hypertension was 21.3%. The percentage of patients with hypertension taking ACEIs/ARBs did not differ between those with severe and nonsevere infections (32.9% vs 30.7%; P = .65) nor did it differ between nonsurvivors and survivors (27.3% vs 33.0%; P = .34). Similar findings were observed when data were analyzed for patients taking ACEIs and those taking ARBs. Conclusions and Relevance: This study provides clinical data on the association between ACEIs/ARBs and outcomes in patients with hypertension hospitalized with COVID-19 infections, suggesting that ACEIs/ARBs are not associated with the severity or mortality of COVID-19 in such patients. These data support current guidelines and societal recommendations for treating hypertension during the COVID-19 pandemic. AD - Department of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. | Department of Pain, Tongji Medical College, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. | Department of Information, Tongji Medical College, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. | Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Medical College, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. AN - 32324209 AU - Li, J. | Wang, X. | Chen, J. | Zhang, H. | Deng, A. C1 - 2020-04-28 C2 - In-Hospital Use of ACEI/ARB CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/042820_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 1 DO - 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1624 ET - 2020/04/24 IS - 7 KW - Aged | Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists/*therapeutic use | Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/*therapeutic use | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | China | Coronavirus Infections/complications/*mortality | Female | Hospital Mortality | *Hospitalization | Humans | Hypertension/complications/*drug therapy | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/complications/*mortality | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://0949457454/Li-2020-Association of Renin-Angiotensin Syste.pdf LA - en N1 - Li, Juyi; Wang, Xiufang; Chen, Jian; Zhang, Hongmei; Deng, Aiping; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA Cardiol. 2020 Jul 1;5(7):825-830. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1624. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among COVID-19 patients with hypertension, use of ACEI/ARB antihypertensive medications at time of admission and continued through hospitalization (vs. no ACEI/ARBs) was not associated with disease severity or death (Figure). | Findings were similar when assessing ACEI and ARB medication use separately. | Methods: Retrospective, single-center study of 362 adults with COVID-19 who had a history of systolic blood pressure �?40 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure �?0 mm Hg, or who had a history of antihypertensive treatment. 115 patients (32%) received ACEI/ARB during hospitalization, and 247 patients (68%) did not including 65 (18%) who received no antihypertensive medication. Association of receiving ACEI/ARB with severity of COVID-19 and death assessed with descriptive statistics. Limitations: Did not adjust for higher prevalence of coronary artery disease (undefined) among patients receiving vs. not receiving ACEI/ARB medications (24% vs. 14%, respectively) which may have confounded the association of ACEI/ARB use with COVID-19 severity and death. | Implications of both studies (Zhang et al. & Li et al.): Among COVID-19 patients with hypertension, use of ACEI/ARBs vs. other or no antihypertensives does not appear to increase risk of mortality. Evidence of whether these drugs decrease risk of mortality is unclear. Findings support current US recommendations to not stop, start, or adjust the dose of ACEIs/ARBs in persons with COVID-19. SN - 2380-6591 (Electronic) SP - 825-830 ST - Association of Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors With Severity or Risk of Death in Patients With Hypertension Hospitalized for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection in Wuhan, China T2 - JAMA Cardiol TI - Association of Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors With Severity or Risk of Death in Patients With Hypertension Hospitalized for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection in Wuhan, China UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32324209 VL - 5 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 91 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Rationale The Infectious Diseases Society of America has identified the use of SARS-CoV-2 genomic load for prognostication purposes as a key research question.Objectives We explored the SARS-CoV-2 genomic load as a risk factor for adverse patient outcomes.Methods A retrospective cohort study among adult patients admitted to the hospital between March 31st to April 10th, 2020 with COVID-19 pneumonia was conducted. We segregated patients into 3 genomic load groups: low (Cycle threshold (Ct) �?5), intermediate (25<Ct<35), and high (Ct�?25) using real-time polymerase chain reaction.Measurements A composite outcome of death, intubation, and/or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was used. Secondary outcomes included the severity of pneumonia on admission, as measured by the Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI).Main Results Of 457 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia from March 31st to April 10th, 2020, 316 met inclusion criteria. Included patients were followed for a median of 25days (IQR 21-28). High genomic load at presentation was associated with higher Charlson Comorbidity Index (p=0.005), transplant recipient status (p<0.001), and duration of illness less than 7 days (p=0.005). Importantly, patients with high genomic load were more likely to reach the primary endpoint (p=0.001), and had higher PSI scores on admission (p=0.03). In multivariate analysis, a high genomic load remained an independent predictor of the primary outcome. Results remained significant in sensitivity analyses.Conclusions Our findings suggest that a high genomic load of SARS-CoV-2 at the time of admission is an independent predictor of adverse outcomes, that above and beyond age, comorbidity, and severity of illness on presentation, may be used to risk-stratify patients, and call for a quantitative diagnostic assay to become available.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementNo funding was received for this work.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:This study was approved with a waiver of informed consent by the New York University Institutional Review Board.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesRaw data were generated at NYU Langone Health, New York. Derived data supporting the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author on request. AU - Zacharioudakis, Ioannis M. | Prasad, Prithiv J. | Zervou, Fainareti N. | Basu, Atreyee | Inglima, Kenneth | Weisenberg, Scott A. | Aguero-Rosenfeld, Maria E. C1 - 2020-07-10 C2 - Baseline Viral Load and Clinical Outcomes CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071020_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.07.02.20145151 L1 - internal-pdf://0617141326/Zacharioudakis-2020-Association of SARS-CoV-2.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; High SARS-CoV-2 viral load at hospital admission (compared with lower viral load) was associated with: | Death, hospice care, mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (aOR: 2.89; 95% CI: 1.7-14.5). | Higher Charlson Comorbidity Index (predicts risk of death within 1 year of hospitalization for specific comorbidities), transplant recipient status, duration of illness (p<0.005) and higher pneumonia severity indices (p=0.03). | Among patients with high pneumonia severity index, the robability of death, hospice care, mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was higher for those with high viral loads compared with lower viral loads (Figure). | Methods: Cohort study of 316 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with clinical evidence of pneumonia. SARS-CoV-2 viral load measured at hospital admission by RT-PCR of NP swabs and defined as low (Ct �?5), intermediate (Ct 25-35), and high (Ct�?25). Logistic regression adjusted for demographics, risk factors, comorbidities, and clinical characteristics was used to examine the association between baseline viral load and a composite outcome of death, hospice care, mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Limitations: Convenience sample; Ct values obtained at a single time point. | Implications for 2 studies (Magleby et al & Zacharioudakis et al): SARS-CoV-2 viral load (reported as Ct values) may be a clinical marker to identify patients at high risk for adverse outcomes. Antiviral treatments that decrease viral load by inhibiting viral replication could improve outcomes. SP - 2020.07.02.20145151 ST - Association of SARS-CoV-2 Genomic Load with COVID-19 Patient Outcomes T2 - medRxiv TI - Association of SARS-CoV-2 Genomic Load with COVID-19 Patient Outcomes TT - Published article: Association of SARS-CoV-2 Genomic Load with Outcomes in Patients with COVID-19 UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/07/04/2020.07.02.20145151.full.pdf ID - 513 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Associations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pregnancy outcomes remain unclear because most studies are case reports or case series without contemporary comparators.We compared pregnant persons in labor who were infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) compared with those uninfected. AD - Clinical Epidemiology Division, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. | Department of Women's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. AN - 32965467 AU - Ahlberg, M. | Neovius, M. | Saltvedt, S. | Soderling, J. | Pettersson, K. | Brandkvist, C. | Stephansson, O. C1 - 2020-10-06 C2 - Care and Treatment CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100620_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 3 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.19124 ET - 2020/09/24 IS - 17 KW - Adolescent | Adult | *COVID-19/diagnosis | COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing | Female | Hospitals, University | Humans | Infant, Newborn | Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical | Labor, Induced/statistics & numerical data | Pre-Eclampsia/epidemiology | Pregnancy | *Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/diagnosis/epidemiology | *Pregnancy Outcome | Prevalence | SARS-CoV-2/*isolation & purification | Sweden | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://2406492789/Ahlberg-2020-Association of SARS-CoV-2 Test St.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Ahlberg, Mia; Neovius, Martin; Saltvedt, Sissel; Soderling, Jonas; Pettersson, Karin; Brandkvist, Clara; Stephansson, Olof; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA. 2020 Nov 3;324(17):1782-1785. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.19124. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A study from Sweden comparing pregnant persons in labor infected with SARS-CoV-2 with uninfected persons. SARS-CoV-2 test positivity in individuals in labor was associated with a higher prevalence of preeclampsia and lower prevalence of induction of labor. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1782-1785 ST - Association of SARS-CoV-2 Test Status and Pregnancy Outcomes T2 - JAMA TI - Association of SARS-CoV-2 Test Status and Pregnancy Outcomes UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32965467 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 989 ER - TY - JOUR AB - After an infection by SARS-CoV-2, many patients present with persistent physical symptoms that may impair their quality of life. Beliefs regarding the causes of these symptoms may influence their perception and promote maladaptive health behaviors.To examine the associations of self-reported COVID-19 infection and SARS-CoV-2 serology test results with persistent physical symptoms (eg, fatigue, breathlessness, or impaired attention) in the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic.Participants in this cross-sectional analysis were 26�?23 individuals from the French population-based CONSTANCES cohort, included between 2012 and 2019, who took part in the nested SAPRIS and SAPRIS-SERO surveys. Between May and November 2020, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect anti–SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Between December 2020 and January 2021, the participants reported whether they believed they had experienced COVID-19 infection and had physical symptoms during the previous 4 weeks that had persisted for at least 8 weeks. Participants who reported having an initial COVID-19 infection only after completing the serology test were excluded.Logistic regressions for each persistent symptom as the outcome were computed in models including both self-reported COVID-19 infection and serology test results and adjusting for age, sex, income, and educational level.Of 35�?52 volunteers invited to participate in the study, 26�?23 (74.8%) with complete data were included in the present study (mean [SD] age, 49.4 [12.9] years; 13�?31 women [51.2%]). Self-reported infection was positively associated with persistent physical symptoms, with odds ratios ranging from 1.39 (95% CI, 1.03-1.86) to 16.37 (95% CI, 10.21-26.24) except for hearing impairment (odds ratio, 1.45; 95% CI, 0.82-2.55) and sleep problems (odds ratio, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.89-1.46). A serology test result positive for SARS-COV-2 was positively associated only with persistent anosmia (odds ratio, 2.72; 95% CI, 1.66-4.46), even when restricting the analyses to participants who attributed their symptoms to COVID-19 infection. Further adjusting for self-rated health or depressive symptoms yielded similar results. There was no significant interaction between belief and serology test results.The findings of this cross-sectional analysis of a large, population-based French cohort suggest that persistent physical symptoms after COVID-19 infection may be associated more with the belief in having been infected with SARS-CoV-2 than with having laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infection. Further research in this area should consider underlying mechanisms that may not be specific to the SARS-CoV-2 virus. A medical evaluation of these patients may be needed to prevent symptoms due to another disease being erroneously attributed to “long COVID.�? AD - Universite de Paris, "Population-based Cohorts Unit," Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), Paris Saclay University, Universite de Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, UMS 011, Paris, France. | Universite Lille, Centre Hospitalier de Tourcoing, ULR 2694-METRICS: Evaluation des technologies de sante et des pratiques medicales, Lille, France. | Sorbonne Universite, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidemiologie et de Sante Publique, Departement de Sante Publique, Hopital Saint-Antoine, Assistance publique-Hopitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France. | Sorbonne Paris Nord University, INSERM U1153, Inrae U1125, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center-University of Paris (CRESS), Bobigny, France. | Universite Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM, CESP U1018, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France. | Department of Statistics, Computer Science, Applications "G. Parenti," University of Florence, Florence, Italy. | Unite des Virus Emergents, UVE: Aix Marseille Universite, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Mediterranee Infection, Marseille, France. | Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain, Fondation Jean Dausset, Paris, France. | AP-HP, Hopital Hotel-Dieu, Departement Medico-Universitaire Psychiatrie et Addictologie, Service de Psychiatrie de l'adulte, Paris, France. | Universite de Paris, AP-HP, Hopital Corentin-Celton, DMU Psychiatrie et Addictologie, Service de Psychiatrie de l'adulte et du sujet age, INSERM, Institut de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences de Paris (IPNP), UMR_S1266, Paris, France. | Universite de Paris, AP-HP, Hopital Europeen Georges-Pompidou, DMU endocrinologie, ophtalmologie, medecine infectieuse, medecine interne & immunologie, medecine sociale, Service de Medecine interne, Paris, France. | Universite de Paris, AP-HP, Hopital Hotel-Dieu, DMU Psychiatrie et Addictologie, Service de Psychiatrie de l'adulte, INSERM, IPNP, UMR_S1266, Paris, France. AN - 34747982 AU - Matta, Joane | Wiernik, Emmanuel | Robineau, Olivier | Carrat, Fabrice | Touvier, Mathilde | Severi, Gianluca | de Lamballerie, Xavier | Blanché, Hél؈ne | Deleuze, Jean-François | Gouraud, Clément | Hoertel, Nicolas | Ranque, Brigitte | Goldberg, Marcel | Zins, Marie | Lemogne, Cédric | Santé, Pratiques, Relations et Inégalités Sociales en Population Générale Pendant la Crise COVID-19–Sérologie Study Group C1 - 2021-11-19 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/11192021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - Nov 8 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.6454 ET - 2021/11/09 L1 - internal-pdf://2438519038/Matta-2021-Association of Self-reported COVID-.pdf LB - Natural History | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - (SAPRIS-SERO) PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In 26,823 French adults surveyed December 2020–January 2021, self-reported SARS-COV-2 infection (n = 914) was associated with all persistent physical symptoms surveyed (ORs ranging from 1.39 [95% CI 1.03-1.86] for joint pain to 16.37 [95% CI 10.21-26.24] for anosmia) except hearing impairment and sleep problems. A seropositive test result (n = 1,091) was associated only with persistent anosmia (OR 2.72, 95% CI 1.66-4.46). SN - 2168-6106 ST - Association of Self-reported COVID-19 Infection and SARS-CoV-2 Serology Test Results With Persistent Physical Symptoms Among French Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - Association of Self-reported COVID-19 Infection and SARS-CoV-2 Serology Test Results With Persistent Physical Symptoms Among French Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.6454 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/articlepdf/2785832/jamainternal_matta_2021_oi_210066_1635353863.34912.pdf Y2 - 11/22/2021 ID - 2640 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 has the potential to significantly reduce transmission and COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. The relative importance of vaccination strategies and nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) is not well understood.To assess the association of simulated COVID-19 vaccine efficacy and coverage scenarios with and without NPIs with infections, hospitalizations, and deaths.An established agent-based decision analytical model was used to simulate COVID-19 transmission and progression from March 24, 2020, to September 23, 2021. The model simulated COVID-19 spread in North Carolina, a US state of 10.5 million people. A network of 1�?17�?20 agents was constructed from US Census data to represent the statewide population.Scenarios of vaccine efficacy (50% and 90%), vaccine coverage (25%, 50%, and 75% at the end of a 6-month distribution period), and NPIs (reduced mobility, school closings, and use of face masks) maintained and removed during vaccine distribution.Risks of infection from the start of vaccine distribution and risk differences comparing scenarios. Outcome means and SDs were calculated across replications.In the worst-case vaccination scenario (50% efficacy, 25% coverage), a mean (SD) of 2�?31�?34 (117�?67) new infections occurred after vaccination began with NPIs removed, and a mean (SD) of 799�?49 (60�?79) new infections occurred with NPIs maintained during 11 months. In contrast, in the best-case scenario (90% efficacy, 75% coverage), a mean (SD) of 527�?09 (40�?37) new infections occurred with NPIs removed and a mean (SD) of 450�?75 (32�?16) new infections occurred with NPIs maintained. With NPIs removed, lower efficacy (50%) and higher coverage (75%) reduced infection risk by a greater magnitude than higher efficacy (90%) and lower coverage (25%) compared with the worst-case scenario (mean [SD] absolute risk reduction, 13% [1%] and 8% [1%], respectively).Simulation outcomes suggest that removing NPIs while vaccines are distributed may result in substantial increases in infections, hospitalizations, and deaths. Furthermore, as NPIs are removed, higher vaccination coverage with less efficacious vaccines can contribute to a larger reduction in risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection compared with more efficacious vaccines at lower coverage. These findings highlight the need for well-resourced and coordinated efforts to achieve high vaccine coverage and continued adherence to NPIs before many prepandemic activities can be resumed. AD - Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. | Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh. | Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta. | Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. | Department of Health Policy and Management, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. | Department of Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina. | Department of Geography, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. AN - 34061203 AU - Patel, Mehul D. | Rosenstrom, Erik | Ivy, Julie S. | Mayorga, Maria E. | Keskinocak, Pinar | Boyce, Ross M. | Hassmiller Lich, Kristen | Smith, Raymond L., III | Johnson, Karl T. | Delamater, Paul L. | Swann, Julie L. C1 - 2021-06-11 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06112021_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.10782 ET - 2021/06/02 IS - 6 KW - Adult | *COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control/transmission | COVID-19 Vaccines/*pharmacology | *Communicable Disease Control/methods/organization & administration/statistics & | numerical data | Computer Simulation | Disease Transmission, Infectious/prevention & control | Female | Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data | Humans | Male | *Mass Vaccination/organization & administration/statistics & numerical data | Mortality | North Carolina/epidemiology | Risk Assessment/methods/statistics & numerical data | SARS-CoV-2 | Treatment Outcome | *Vaccination Coverage/organization & administration/statistics & numerical data L1 - internal-pdf://3807430436/Patel-2021-Association of Simulated COVID-19 V.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Patel, Mehul D | Rosenstrom, Erik | Ivy, Julie S | Mayorga, Maria E | Keskinocak, Pinar | Boyce, Ross M | Hassmiller Lich, Kristen | Smith, Raymond L 3rd | Johnson, Karl T | Delamater, Paul L | Swann, Julie L | eng | KL2 TR002490/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ | K01 AI151197/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | UL1 TR002489/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ | Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural | JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Jun 1;4(6):e2110782. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.10782. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A decision analytical model incorporating social inequities found that stopping NPIs during vaccine distribution substantially increased infections, hospitalizations, and deaths. As NPIs were removed, higher coverage with less effective vaccines would reduce risk more than lower coverage with more effective vaccines. SN - 2574-3805 SP - e2110782-e2110782 ST - Association of Simulated COVID-19 Vaccination and Nonpharmaceutical Interventions With Infections, Hospitalizations, and Mortality T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Association of Simulated COVID-19 Vaccination and Nonpharmaceutical Interventions With Infections, Hospitalizations, and Mortality UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.10782 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/articlepdf/2780539/patel_2021_oi_210319_1621870745.04077.pdf VL - 4 Y2 - 6/29/2021 ID - 1832 ER - TY - JOUR AB - There is limited and contradictory evidence on the association of smoking status with adverse outcomes of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Furthermore, current smoking status does not encompass the cumulative effect of smoking. To our knowledge, no studies have assessed the cumulative effect of smoking over time, as measured by pack-years, though a single study of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a small cohort of 102 patients with lung cancer found that the patients with severe outcomes had a higher average pack-year history (30 vs 20 years). We hypothesize that there is an adverse association of cumulative smoking exposure, as measured by pack-years, with outcomes of patients with COVID-19. AD - Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio. | Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio. AN - 33492361 AU - Lowe, K. E. | Zein, J. | Hatipoglu, U. | Attaway, A. C1 - 2021-02-05 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02052021_covidupdate.html DA - May 1 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.8360 ET - 2021/01/26 IS - 5 KW - Age Factors | *COVID-19/complications/epidemiology/therapy | Comorbidity | Correlation of Data | Drug Therapy/statistics & numerical data | Ethnic Groups | Female | Florida/epidemiology | Hospitalization/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Mortality | Ohio/epidemiology | Registries | SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification | Sex Factors | Smokers/*statistics & numerical data | *Smoking/adverse effects/epidemiology | Time L1 - internal-pdf://2928616645/Lowe-2021-Association of Smoking and Cumulativ.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Lowe, Katherine E; Zein, Joe; Hatipoglu, Umur; Attaway, Amy; eng; K08 HL133381/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; JAMA Intern Med. 2021 May 1;181(5):709-711. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.8360. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Of 7,102 adults with COVID-19 in the Cleveland Clinic COVID-19 registry between March 8 and August 25, 2020, 341 persons who smoked >30 pack-years had higher odds of hospitalization and death, although the odds were attenuated with inclusion of comorbidities; these data demonstrate an apparent dose-dependent relationship between smoking and adverse COVID-19 outcomes. SN - 2168-6114 (Electronic); 2168-6106 (Linking) SP - 709-711 ST - Association of Smoking and Cumulative Pack-Year Exposure With COVID-19 Outcomes in the Cleveland Clinic COVID-19 Registry T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - Association of Smoking and Cumulative Pack-Year Exposure With COVID-19 Outcomes in the Cleveland Clinic COVID-19 Registry UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33492361 VL - 181 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1461 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Descriptive data have revealed significant racial/ethnic disparities in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in the US, but underlying mechanisms of disparities remain unknown. Objective: To examine the association between county-level sociodemographic risk factors and US COVID-19 incidence and mortality. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study analyzed the association between US county-level sociodemographic risk factors and COVID-19 incidence using mixed-effects negative binomial regression, and COVID-19 mortality using zero-inflated negative binomial regression. Data on COVID-19 incidence and mortality were collected from January 20 to July 29, 2020. The association of social risk factors with weekly cumulative incidence and mortality was also examined by interacting time with the index measures, using a random intercept to account for repeated measures. Main Outcomes and Measures: Sociodemographic data from publicly available data sets, including the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Social Vulnerability Index (SVI), which includes subindices of socioeconomic status, household composition and disability, racial/ethnic minority and English language proficiency status, and housing and transportation. Results: As of July 29, 2020, there were a total of 4289283 COVID-19 cases and 147074 COVID-19 deaths in the US. An increase of 0.1 point in SVI score was associated with a 14.3% increase in incidence rate (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 1.14; 95% CI, 1.13-1.16; P < .001) and 13.7% increase in mortality rate (IRR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.12-1.16; P < .001), or an excess of 87 COVID-19 cases and 3 COVID-19 deaths per 100000 population for a SVI score change from 0.5 to 0.6 in a midsize metropolitan county; subindices were also associated with both outcomes. A 0.1-point increase in the overall SVI was associated with a 0.9% increase in weekly cumulative increase in incidence rate (IRR, 1.01; 95% CI, 1.01-1.01; P < .001) and 0.5% increase in mortality rate (IRR, 1.01; 95% CI, 1.01-1.01; P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance: In this cross-sectional study, a wide range of sociodemographic risk factors, including socioeconomic status, racial/ethnic minority status, household composition, and environmental factors, were significantly associated with COVID-19 incidence and mortality. To address inequities in the burden of the COVID-19 pandemic, these social vulnerabilities and their root causes must be addressed. AD - Division of General Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. | Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. | Department of Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. | Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. AN - 33512520 AU - Karmakar, M. | Lantz, P. M. | Tipirneni, R. C1 - 2021-02-12 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02122021_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 4 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.36462 ET - 2021/01/30 IS - 1 KW - COVID-19/epidemiology/ethnology/*mortality | Cross-Sectional Studies | Female | *Health Status Disparities | Humans | Incidence | Male | Pandemics | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | Social Class | United States/epidemiology | Vulnerable Populations L1 - internal-pdf://1382074253/Karmakar-2021-Association of Social and Demogr.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Karmakar, Monita; Lantz, Paula M; Tipirneni, Renuka; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Jan 4;4(1):e2036462. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.36462. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Cross-sectional analyses of 4,289,283 COVID-19 cases and 147,047 deaths from March 25 to July 9, 2020 found that overall social vulnerability index score, racial/ethnic minority status, and limited English proficiency were significantly associated with higher rates of COVID-19 incidence and mortality. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e2036462 ST - Association of Social and Demographic Factors With COVID-19 Incidence and Death Rates in the US T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Association of Social and Demographic Factors With COVID-19 Incidence and Death Rates in the US UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33512520 VL - 4 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1488 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: It is now established that across the United States, minoritized populations have borne a disproportionate burden from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, little is known about the interaction among a county's racial/ethnic composition, its level of income inequality, political factors, and COVID-19 outcomes in the population. Objective: To quantify the association of economic inequality, racial/ethnic composition, political factors, and state health care policy with the incidence and mortality burden associated with COVID-19. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study used data from the 3142 counties in the 50 US states and for Washington, DC. Data on the first 200 days of the COVID-19 pandemic, from the first confirmed US case on January 22 to August 8, 2020, were gathered from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and USAFacts.org, the US Census Bureau, the American Community Survey, GitHub, the Kaiser Family Foundation, the Council of State Governments, and the National Governors Association. Exposures: Racial/ethnic composition was determined as percentage of the population that is Black or Hispanic; income inequality, using the Gini index; politics, political affiliation and sex of the state governor, gubernatorial term limits, and percentage of the county's population that voted Republican in 2016; and state health care policy, participation in the expansion of Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act. Six additional covariates were assessed. Main Outcomes and Measures: Cumulative COVID-19 incidence and mortality rates for US counties during the first 200 days of the pandemic. Main measures include percentage Black and Hispanic population composition, income inequality, and a set of additional covariates. Results: This study included 3141 of 3142 US counties. The mean Black population was 9.365% (range, 0-86.593%); the mean Hispanic population was 9.754% (range, 0.648%-96.353%); the mean Gini ratio was 44.538 (range, 25.670-66.470); the proportion of counties within states that implemented Medicaid expansion was 0.577 (range, 0-1); the mean number of confirmed COVID-19 cases per 100000 population was 1093.882 (range, 0-14019.852); and the mean number of COVID-19-related deaths per 100000 population was 26.173 (range, 0-413.858). A 1.0% increase in a county's income inequality corresponded to an adjusted risk ratio (RR) of 1.020 (95% CI, 1.012-1.027) for COVID-19 incidence and adjusted RR of 1.030 (95% CI, 1.012-1.047) for COVID-19 mortality. Inequality compounded the association of racial/ethnic composition through interaction, with higher income inequality raising the intercepts of the incidence curve RR by a factor of 1.041 (95% CI, 1.031-1.051) and that of the mortality curve RR by a factor of 1.068 (95% CI, 1.042-1.094) but slightly lowering their curvatures, especially for Hispanic composition. When state-level specificities were controlled, none of the state political factors were associated with COVID-19 incidence or mortality. However, a county in a state with Medicaid expansion implemented would see the incidence rate RR decreased by a multiplicative factor of 0.678 (95% CI, 0.501-0.918). Conclusions and Relevance: This county-level ecological analysis suggests that COVID-19 surveillance systems should account for county-level income inequality to better understand the social patterning of COVID-19 incidence and mortality. High levels of income inequality may harm population health irrespective of racial/ethnic composition. AD - Department of Sociology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. | Center for Health Equity, American Medical Association, Chicago, Illinois. | Department of Sociology, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois. AN - 33471120 AU - Liao, T. F. | De Maio, F. C1 - 2021-02-26 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02262021_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 4 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.34578 ET - 2021/01/21 IS - 1 KW - COVID-19/*ethnology/*mortality | Cross-Sectional Studies | Epidemiological Monitoring | Ethnic Groups/*statistics & numerical data | Health Services Accessibility/statistics & numerical data | *Health Status Disparities | Humans | Incidence | United States L1 - internal-pdf://3508891249/Liao-2021-Association of Social and Economic I.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Liao, Tim F; De Maio, Fernando; eng; JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Jan 4;4(1):e2034578. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.34578. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; A 1% increase in a county’s income inequality was associated with increased COVID-19 incidence (aRR, 1.02: 95% CI 1.01-1.03) and mortality (aRR, 1.03: 95% CI 1.01-1.05). | In communities with both lower (Gini = 35) and higher (Gini = 55) income inequality, mortality was positively associated with Black composition but there was no association between mortality and Hispanic composition in communities with higher income inequality (Figure). | Methods: Cross-sectional ecological analysis of COVID-19 incidence and mortality in 3,141 US counties using population data from multiple data sources during the first 200 days (January 22–August 8, 2020) of the pandemic. Income inequality was measured using the Gini index. Analysis was conducted with multi-level negative binomial regression. Limitations: Incidence may vary by testing availability, which was not assessed. | Implications: Income inequality should be considered as a driver of the disproportionate burden of COVID-19 afflicting minority communities. However, irrespective of race/ethnic composition, income inequality in communities is harmful to population health. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e2034578 ST - Association of Social and Economic Inequality With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Incidence and Mortality Across US Counties T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Association of Social and Economic Inequality With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Incidence and Mortality Across US Counties UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33471120 VL - 4 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Local variation in the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) across the United States has not been well studied. Objective: To examine the association of county-level factors with variation in the SARS-CoV-2 reproduction number over time. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study included 211 counties, representing state capitals and cities with at least 100000 residents and including 178892208 US residents, in 46 states and the District of Columbia between February 25, 2020, and April 23, 2020. Exposures: Social distancing, measured by percentage change in visits to nonessential businesses; population density; and daily wet-bulb temperatures. Main Outcomes and Measures: Instantaneous reproduction number (Rt), or cases generated by each incident case at a given time, estimated from daily case incidence data. Results: The 211 counties contained 178892208 of 326289971 US residents (54.8%). Median (interquartile range) population density was 1022.7 (471.2-1846.0) people per square mile. The mean (SD) peak reduction in visits to nonessential business between April 6 and April 19, as the country was sheltering in place, was 68.7% (7.9%). Median (interquartile range) daily wet-bulb temperatures were 7.5 (3.8-12.8) degrees C. Median (interquartile range) case incidence and fatality rates per 100000 people were approximately 10 times higher for the top decile of densely populated counties (1185.2 [313.2-1891.2] cases; 43.7 [10.4-106.7] deaths) than for counties in the lowest density quartile (121.4 [87.8-175.4] cases; 4.2 [1.9-8.0] deaths). Mean (SD) Rt in the first 2 weeks was 5.7 (2.5) in the top decile compared with 3.1 (1.2) in the lowest quartile. In multivariable analysis, a 50% decrease in visits to nonessential businesses was associated with a 45% decrease in Rt (95% CI, 43%-49%). From a relative Rt at 0 degrees C of 2.13 (95% CI, 1.89-2.40), relative Rt decreased to a minimum as temperatures warmed to 11 degrees C, increased between 11 and 20 degrees C (1.61; 95% CI, 1.42-1.84) and then declined again at temperatures greater than 20 degrees C. With a 70% reduction in visits to nonessential business, 202 counties (95.7%) were estimated to fall below a threshold Rt of 1.0, including 17 of 21 counties (81.0%) in the top density decile and 52 of 53 counties (98.1%) in the lowest density quartile.2. Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study, social distancing, lower population density, and temperate weather were associated with a decreased Rt for SARS-CoV-2 in counties across the United States. These associations could inform selective public policy planning in communities during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. AD - Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. | Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. | PolicyLab, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. | Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. | Division of Infectious Disease, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. | Center for Pediatric Clinical Effectiveness, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. | Department of Public Health Environments and Society, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom. | Centre for Statistical Methodology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom. | Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom. | Data Science and Biostatistics Unit, Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. | Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. | Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. | Department of Electrical Engineering, The Technion, Haifa, Israel. AN - 32701162 AU - Rubin, D. | Huang, J. | Fisher, B. T. | Gasparrini, A. | Tam, V. | Song, L. | Wang, X. | Kaufman, J. | Fitzpatrick, K. | Jain, A. | Griffis, H. | Crammer, K. | Morris, J. | Tasian, G. C1 - 2020-08-04 C2 - Modeling and Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/080420_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.16099 ET - 2020/07/24 IS - 7 KW - *Basic Reproduction Number | Betacoronavirus | COVID-19/*epidemiology/transmission | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/transmission | Disease Transmission, Infectious/prevention & control | Epidemiological Monitoring | Humans | Incidence | *Pandemics | *Physical Distancing | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/transmission | *Population Density | SARS-CoV-2 | *Temperature | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://3252018421/Rubin-2020-Association of Social Distancing, P.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Rubin, David; Huang, Jing; Fisher, Brian T; Gasparrini, Antonio; Tam, Vicky; Song, Lihai; Wang, Xi; Kaufman, Jason; Fitzpatrick, Kate; Jain, Arushi; Griffis, Heather; Crammer, Koby; Morris, Jeffrey; Tasian, Gregory; eng; MR/R013349/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Jul 1;3(7):e2016099. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.16099. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The estimated instantaneous reproduction number (Rt) for SARS-CoV-2 varied across 211 US counties, reaching a peak of Rt of 7.8 in March and declining to approximately 1 in April (Figure 1). | Social distancing was associated with the most substantial relative changes in Rt. | 50% decrease in visits to nonessential businesses was associated with a 45% (95% CI, 43%-49%), decrease in Rt; at a 70% reduction in visits to nonessential business, 96% of counties had Rt < 1.0. | Population density and wet-bulb daily temperatures were also associated with changes in Rt. | 21 counties in the top decile of population density had a 15% increase (95% CI, 9%-22%; P�?�?.001) in relative Rt compared with counties in the bottom quartile of population density. | Wet-bulb temperature of 52��F (11��C) was associated with the lowest estimated Rt. Rt increased with peaks to 2.13 (95% CI, 1.89-2.40) at 32��F (0��C) and to 1.61 (95% CI, 1.41-1.84) at 68��F (20��C) (Figure 2). | Methods: Cohort study representing 54.8% of the US population that included 211 counties with >100,000 residents and at least 1 COVID-19 case, February 25-April 23, 2020. A hierarchical linear mixed-effects model was used to evaluate the association of percent change in visits to nonessential businesses measured by cellular telephone movement data, population density (obtained from US Census data) and daily wet-bulb temperature (a metric that captures both temperature and humidity) with Rt. Limitations: Limited generalizability to smaller counties as focus was on larger counties; mask use, gathering size, and long distance and international travel were not measured; temperature and humidity variations may be confounded by time period. | Implications: Social distancing was associated with substantial reductions in Rt; nearly all counties that achieved a 70% reduction in visits to non-essential businesses brought Rt below 1; lower population density, and potentially temperate weather appear to be associated with modestly reduced Rt. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e2016099 ST - Association of Social Distancing, Population Density, and Temperature With the Instantaneous Reproduction Number of SARS-CoV-2 in Counties Across the United States T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Association of Social Distancing, Population Density, and Temperature With the Instantaneous Reproduction Number of SARS-CoV-2 in Counties Across the United States UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32701162 VL - 3 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 639 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Intermountain Medical Center Heart Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah. | University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City. | Stanford University, Stanford, California. AN - 33818622 AU - Anderson, J. L. | May, H. T. | Knight, S. | Bair, T. L. | Muhlestein, J. B. | Knowlton, K. U. | Horne, B. D. C1 - 2021-04-16 C2 - Thrombosis and Thrombocytopenia After Vaccination CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04162021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.7429 ET - 2021/04/06 IS - 4 KW - Adult | Age Factors | *Blood Group Antigens | *COVID-19/blood/ethnology | *Continental Population Groups | Disease Susceptibility | *Ethnic Groups | Female | *Hospitalization | Humans | Intensive Care Units | Male | Middle Aged | Northwestern United States | SARS-CoV-2 | *Severity of Illness Index | Sex Factors | Southwestern United States L1 - internal-pdf://1222301523/Anderson-2021-Association of Sociodemographic.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Anderson, Jeffrey L; May, Heidi T; Knight, Stacey; Bair, Tami L; Muhlestein, Joseph B; Knowlton, Kirk U; Horne, Benjamin D; eng; JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Apr 1;4(4):e217429. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.7429. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Blood type was not associated with disease susceptibility (viral positivity) or severity (hospitalization or ICU admission): | Compared with type O blood, type A was not associated with increased viral positivity (aOR 0.97 [95% CI 0.93-1.01]), hospitalization (aOR 0.89 [95% CI 0.80-0.99]), or ICU admission (aOR 0.84 [95% CI 0.69-1.02]). | Similarly, types B and AB were not associated with worse outcomes compared with type O. | Analyses restricted to White race produced similar results. | Methods: Case-control study in a large, nonprofit, integrated health care system’s electronic health record database (n = 107,796) was conducted between March 3 and November 2, 2020 to test whether blood type is associated with SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and COVID-19 severity. Limitations: Study results may not be generalizable to all populations. | Implications: ABO groups were not associated with SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility nor COVID-19 illness severity SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e217429 ST - Association of Sociodemographic Factors and Blood Group Type With Risk of COVID-19 in a US Population T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Association of Sociodemographic Factors and Blood Group Type With Risk of COVID-19 in a US Population UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33818622 VL - 4 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1671 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: To cope with the continuing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, state and local officials need information on the effectiveness of policies aimed at curbing disease spread, as well as state-specific characteristics, like the racial mix, associated with increased risks related to the disease. Objective: To investigate whether state-imposed stay-at-home orders (SAHOs) and the proportion of African American population in a state were associated with the state-level COVID-19 cases. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study used daily, state-level data on COVID-19 cases, tests, and fatalities from the COVID Tracking Project. Data from March 1 to May 4, 2020, for all states (except Washington state) as well as the District of Columbia were used. Exposures: The key exposure variables were state-level SAHO (1 if in place, 0 otherwise), and proportion of state population who are African American. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was daily cumulative COVID-19 case rates. A secondary outcome was subsequent COVID-19 fatality rates, derived using mean cumulative fatality rates 21 to 28 days after each date. Multivariate regression models were estimated. Results: The final sample included 3023 pooled state- and day-level observations. The mean (SD) cumulative positive case rate was 103.186 (200.067) cases per 100000 state population, the mean (SD) cumulative test rate was 744.23 (894.944) tests per 100000 state population, and the mean (SD) subsequent cumulative fatality rate was 12.923 (21.737) deaths per 100000 state population. There was a negative association of SAHOs with cumulative case rates (beta = -1.166; 95% CI, -1.484 to -0.847; P < .001) and subsequent fatality rates (beta = -0.204; 95% CI, -0.294 to -0.113; P < .001). Estimation analyses indicated that expected cumulative case rates would have been more than 200% higher and fatality rates approximately 22% higher if there were no SAHOs, as compared with SAHOs fully in place. A higher proportion of African American population was associated with higher case rates (beta = 0.045; 95% CI, 0.014 to 0.077; P = .001) and fatality rates (beta = 0.068; 95% CI, 0.044 to 0.091; P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance: In this cross-sectional study, SAHOs were associated with reductions in COVID-19 case rates. These findings could help inform policy makers to address the continued COVID-19 pandemic in the US. The proportion of African American population was positively associated with COVID-19 case rates, and this state-level finding adds to evidence from existing ecological studies using county-level data on racial disparities in COVID-19 infection rates and underlines the urgency of better understanding and addressing these disparities. AD - Department of Health Services Administration, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham. | University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Health Professions, Birmingham. | Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham. | Department of Health Care Organization and Policy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham. AN - 33095253 AU - Padalabalanarayanan, S. | Hanumanthu, V. S. | Sen, B. C1 - 2020-11-06 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/110620_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.26010 ET - 2020/10/24 IS - 10 KW - *African Americans | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Continental Population Groups | Coronavirus | Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/ethnology/*prevention & control/virology | Cross-Sectional Studies | Humans | Morbidity | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/ethnology/*prevention & control/virology | *Policy | Prevalence | SARS-CoV-2 | *Social Isolation | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://3527321238/Padalabalanaray-2020-Association of State Stay.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Padalabalanarayanan, Sangeetha; Hanumanthu, Vidya Sagar; Sen, Bisakha; eng; JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Oct 1;3(10):e2026010. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.26010. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Implementation of state stay-at-home orders (SAHOs) was associated with reductions in case rates (β = -1.17, 95% CI -1.48 to -0.85, p <0.001) and fatality rates (β = -0.20, 95% CI -0.29 to -0.11, p <0.001) when compared to periods of no state-imposed SAHOs. | Expected cumulative case rates would have been 219% higher (95% CI 134%-339%) and fatality rates 22.1% higher (95% CI 12.1%-34.3%) if there were no SAHOs when compared to rates during state-imposed SAHOs. | States where the proportion of African American population was larger had higher case rates (β = 0.045, 95% CI 0.014-0.077, p = 0.001) and fatality rates (β = 0.068, 95% CI 0.044-0.091, p <0.001). | Methods: A cross-sectional study of daily, state-level data on COVID-19 cases, tests, and fatalities from March 1 to May 4, 2020, for all states (except Washington) and the District of Columbia. State-level SAHOs and the proportion of African American population in the state were evaluated. The primary and secondary outcomes were daily cumulative COVID-19 case rates and fatality rates, respectively. Limitations: Enforcement of and adherence to SAHOs not known; did not control for city or county level SAHOs. | Implications: State-imposed SAHOs appear to reduce COVID-19 case and fatality rates and should be considered as a control strategy as we see a resurgence of cases across the country. An understanding of drivers of racial disparities in COVID-19 outcomes is needed to mitigate the disproportionate risk faced by certain populations. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e2026010 ST - Association of State Stay-at-Home Orders and State-Level African American Population With COVID-19 Case Rates T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Association of State Stay-at-Home Orders and State-Level African American Population With COVID-19 Case Rates UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33095253 VL - 3 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1188 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In analyses of the effectiveness of response measures to the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), most studies have used the number of confirmed cases or deaths. However, case count is a conservative estimate of the actual number of infected individuals in the absence of community-wide serologic testing. Death count is a lagging metric and insufficient for proactive hospital capacity planning. A more valuable metric for assessing the effects of public health interventions on the health care infrastructure is hospitalizations. As of April 18, 2020, governors in 42 states had issued statewide executive “stay-at-home�?orders to help mitigate the risk that COVID-19 hospitalizations would overwhelm their state’s health care infrastructure. This study assessed the association between these orders and hospitalization trends. AD - Department of Information and Decision Sciences, University of Minnesota Carlson School of Management, Minneapolis. | Department of Finance, University of Minnesota Carlson School of Management, Minneapolis. | Starkey Hearing Technologies, Eden Prairie, Minnesota. AN - 32459287 AU - Sen, S. | Karaca-Mandic, P. | Georgiou, A. C1 - 2020-06-05 C2 - Stay-at-Home Orders CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060520_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 23 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.9176 ET - 2020/05/28 IS - 24 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Government Regulation | Hospitalization/*trends | Humans | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | Quarantine/*legislation & jurisprudence | SARS-CoV-2 | State Government | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://1782749131/Sen-2020-Association of Stay-at-Home Orders Wi.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Sen, Soumya; Karaca-Mandic, Pinar; Georgiou, Archelle; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA. 2020 Jun 23;323(24):2522-2524. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.9176. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In Colorado, Minnesota, Ohio, and Virginia, the rate of observed hospitalizations related to COVID-19 slowed following stay-at-home orders. | Methods: Between March 10 and April 28, 2020, COVID-19 hospitalizations were reported in four states that (1) issued stay-at-home orders and (2) had available hospitalization data for �? days prior to, and �?7 days after, the stay-at-home order issue date. A “best fit�?(projected) exponential model was used to determine whether the number of observed hospitalizations deviated from the projected model following the stay-at-home orders. Limitations: Data presented for only four states. | Implications for 2 studies (Sen et al. & Castillo et al.): Rates of COVID-19 infection and hospitalization decreased following issued stay-at-home orders and/or other public health interventions implemented around the same time to curb COVID-19, such as school closures, social distancing, and use of masks. Findings demonstrate the utility of these interventions in decreasing disease burden and limiting strain on the healthcare system. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 2522-2524 ST - Association of Stay-at-Home Orders With COVID-19 Hospitalizations in 4 States T2 - JAMA TI - Association of Stay-at-Home Orders With COVID-19 Hospitalizations in 4 States UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32459287 VL - 323 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 314 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles. | Office of Population Research and Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey. AN - 34165582 AU - Andrasfay, Theresa | Goldman, Noreen C1 - 2021-07-02 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07022021_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.14520 ET - 2021/06/25 IS - 6 KW - COVID-19/complications/epidemiology/*mortality | Continental Population Groups/ethnology/statistics & numerical data | Cross-Sectional Studies | Health Status Disparities | Hispanic Americans/statistics & numerical data | Humans | Life Expectancy/ethnology/*trends | United States/epidemiology/ethnology L1 - internal-pdf://3713208702/Andrasfay-2021-Association of the COVID-19 Pan.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Andrasfay, Theresa | Goldman, Noreen | eng | T32 AG000037/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ | Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural | JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Jun 1;4(6):e2114520. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.14520. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Updated life expectancy estimates show that COVID-19 reduced overall US life expectancy from 78.74 to 77.43 years (Figure). | Compared with the White population (0.94 years), reductions were 3.2 times larger for the Latino population (3.03 years) and 2 times larger for the Black population (1.90 years) (Figure). | Methods: Cross-sectional study using 380,868 COVID-19 deaths in 2020 to estimate changes in life expectancy associated with COVID-19 for the total US population, non-Latino White, non-Latino Black, and Latino populations. Limitations: COVID-19 deaths may be underestimated by race/ethnicity due to differential reporting on death certificates. | Implications: Disproportionate declines in life expectancy among Latino and Black populations may stem from social and economic inequities that are associated with higher exposure to infection, poorer care once infected and thus higher fatality among those infected. SN - 2574-3805 SP - e2114520-e2114520 ST - Association of the COVID-19 Pandemic With Estimated Life Expectancy by Race/Ethnicity in the United States, 2020 T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Association of the COVID-19 Pandemic With Estimated Life Expectancy by Race/Ethnicity in the United States, 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.14520 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/articlepdf/2781320/andrasfay_2021_ld_210112_1623771679.48548.pdf VL - 4 Y2 - 7/16/2021 ID - 1923 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: The consequences of school closures for children's health are profound, but existing evidence on their effectiveness in limiting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 transmission is unsettled. Objective: To determine the independent associations of voluntary behavioral change, school closures, and bans on large gatherings with the incidence and mortality due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Design, Setting, and Participants: This population-based, interrupted-time-series analysis of lagged independent variables used publicly available observational data from US states during a 60-day period from March 8 to May 18, 2020. The behavioral measures were collected from anonymized cell phone or internet data for individuals in the US and compared with a baseline of January 3 to February 6, 2020. Estimates were also controlled for several state-level characteristics. Exposures: Days since school closure, days since a ban on gatherings of 10 or more people, and days since residents voluntarily conducted a 15% or more decline in time spent at work via Google Mobility data. Main Outcomes and Measures: The natural log of 7-day mean COVID-19 incidence and mortality. Results: During the study period, the rate of restaurant dining declined from 1 year earlier by a mean (SD) of 98.3% (5.2%) during the study period. Time at work declined by a mean (SD) of 40.0% (7.9%); time at home increased by a mean (SD) of 15.4% (3.7%). In fully adjusted models, an advance of 1 day in implementing mandatory school closures was associated with a 3.5% reduction (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 0.965; 95% CI, 0.946-0.984) in incidence, whereas each day earlier that behavioral change occurred was associated with a 9.3% reduction (IRR, 0.907; 95% CI, 0.890-0.925) in incidence. For mortality, each day earlier that school closures occurred was associated with a subsequent 3.8% reduction (IRR, 0.962; 95% CI, 0.926-0.998), and each day of advance in behavioral change was associated with a 9.8% reduction (IRR, 0.902; 95% CI, 0.869-0.936). Simulations suggest that a 2-week delay in school closures alone would have been associated with an additional 23000 (95% CI, 2000-62000) deaths, whereas a 2-week delay in voluntary behavioral change with school closures remaining the same would have been associated with an additional 140000 (95% CI, 65000-294000) deaths. Conclusions and Relevance: In light of the harm to children of closing schools, these findings suggest that policy makers should consider better leveraging the public's willingness to protect itself through voluntary behavioral change. AD - Center for Health Advancement, Department of Health Policy and Management, Fielding School of Public Health at University of California, Los Angeles. AN - 33616635 AU - Zimmerman, F. J. | Anderson, N. W. C1 - 2021-03-05 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03052021_covidupdate.html DA - May 1 DO - 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.6371 ET - 2021/02/23 IS - 5 KW - Absenteeism | Covid-19 | Child | Child Health/*statistics & numerical data | Disease Transmission, Infectious/*prevention & control | Humans | Interrupted Time Series Analysis | Mandatory Programs/*organization & administration | Schools/*organization & administration | Social Isolation | United States L1 - internal-pdf://1946397461/Zimmerman-2021-Association of the Timing of Sc.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Zimmerman, Frederick J; Anderson, Nathaniel W; eng; TL1 TR001883/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; JAMA Pediatr. 2021 May 1;175(5):501-509. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.6371. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; A 2-week delay in school closure alone was associated with an additional 587,000 cases (95% CI 213,000-1,153,000) and 23,000 deaths (95% CI 2,000-62,000). | a 2-week delay in voluntary behavior change was associated with an additional 4,300,000 cases (95% CI 2,542,000-6,995,000) and 140,000 deaths (95% CI 65,000-294,000) (Figure). | Methods: A population-based interrupted-time-series analysis to simulate the independent association of school closures and behavioral changes with state-level COVID-19 case and death data (New York Times) from March 8–May 18, 2020. Proxies of behavioral change were time at work, time at home, searches for hand sanitizer, and dining out at restaurants based on cell phone and internet data. Limitations: Data for restaurant/dining out was only available for 36 states; methods of data collection could lead to measurement error for behaviors; did not account for differences in county-level school closure. Editorial Note: There are a few instances in the paper where results are reported as “per each day of delay in school closure, there was an associated reduction in cases�? However, the author confirmed that the correct language is “for each day earlier a school was closed, there was an associated reduction in cases.�? | Implications: Voluntary behavioral changes such as reductions in time spent at work have a greater impact on COVID-19 spread than school closures which modestly reduce COVID-19 incidence and mortality. SN - 2168-6211 (Electronic); 2168-6203 (Linking) SP - 501-509 ST - Association of the Timing of School Closings and Behavioral Changes With the Evolution of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic in the US T2 - JAMA Pediatr TI - Association of the Timing of School Closings and Behavioral Changes With the Evolution of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic in the US UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33616635 VL - 175 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1555 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: The role of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB) in the setting of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is hotly debated. There have been recommendations to discontinue these medications, which are essential in the treatment of several chronic disease conditions, while, in the absence of clinical evidence, professional societies have advocated their continued use. Objective: To study the association between use of ACEIs/ARBs with the likelihood of testing positive for COVID-19 and to study outcome data in subsets of patients taking ACEIs/ARBs who tested positive with severity of clinical outcomes of COVID-19 (eg, hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, and requirement for mechanical ventilation). Design, Setting, and Participants: Retrospective cohort study with overlap propensity score weighting was conducted at the Cleveland Clinic Health System in Ohio and Florida. All patients tested for COVID-19 between March 8 and April 12, 2020, were included. Exposures: History of taking ACEIs or ARBs at the time of COVID-19 testing. Main Outcomes and Measures: Results of COVID-19 testing in the entire cohort, number of patients requiring hospitalizations, intensive care unit admissions, and mechanical ventilation among those who tested positive. Results: A total of 18472 patients tested for COVID-19. The mean (SD) age was 49 (21) years, 7384 (40%) were male, and 12725 (69%) were white. Of 18472 patients who underwent COVID-19 testing, 2285 (12.4%) were taking either ACEIs or ARBs. A positive COVID-19 test result was observed in 1735 of 18472 patients (9.4%). Among patients who tested positive, 421 (24.3%) were admitted to the hospital, 161 (9.3%) were admitted to an intensive care unit, and 111 (6.4%) required mechanical ventilation. Overlap propensity score weighting showed no significant association of ACEI and/or ARB use with COVID-19 test positivity (overlap propensity score-weighted odds ratio, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.81-1.15). Conclusions and Relevance: This study found no association between ACEI or ARB use and COVID-19 test positivity. These clinical data support current professional society guidelines to not discontinue ACEIs or ARBs in the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, further study in larger numbers of hospitalized patients receiving ACEI and ARB therapy is needed to determine the association with clinical measures of COVID-19 severity. AD - Department of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio. | Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio. | Section of Cardiovascular Research, Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Department, Cleveland Clinic Akron General, Akron, Ohio. | Lerner Research Institute, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio. | Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio. | Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio. | Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio. | Lerner Research Institute, Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio. AN - 32936273 AU - Mehta, N. | Kalra, A. | Nowacki, A. S. | Anjewierden, S. | Han, Z. | Bhat, P. | Carmona-Rubio, A. E. | Jacob, M. | Procop, G. W. | Harrington, S. | Milinovich, A. | Svensson, L. G. | Jehi, L. | Young, J. B. | Chung, M. K. C1 - 2020-05-15 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051520_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 1 DO - 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1855 ET - 2020/09/17 IS - 9 KW - Adult | Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists/*therapeutic use | Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/*therapeutic use | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Clinical Laboratory Techniques | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis/*epidemiology | Critical Care | Female | Hospitalization | Humans | Hypertension/complications/drug therapy | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis/*epidemiology | Respiration, Artificial | Retrospective Studies | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://1330345903/Mehta-2020-Association of Use of Angiotensin-C.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Mehta, Neil; Kalra, Ankur; Nowacki, Amy S; Anjewierden, Scott; Han, Zheyi; Bhat, Pavan; Carmona-Rubio, Andres E; Jacob, Miriam; Procop, Gary W; Harrington, Susan; Milinovich, Alex; Svensson, Lars G; Jehi, Lara; Young, James B; Chung, Mina K; eng; UL1 TR002548/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; Observational Study; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; JAMA Cardiol. 2020 Sep 1;5(9):1020-1026. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1855. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB), medications typically used to reduce blood pressure, was not associated with testing positive for SARS-CoV-2. | Methods: Retrospective cohort of 18,472 patients tested for SARS-CoV-2; 1,735 (9.4%) tested positive. Investigators assessed associations of clinical information, including use of ACEis/ARBs, with testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease severity, accounting for the likelihood of patients taking ACEis/ARBs. Limitations: Most participants were Caucasian; sample size was too small to detect differences in rare clinical outcomes (e.g., ICU admission, mechanical ventilation). | Implications: ACEi or ARB use is not associated with risk of acquiring COVID-19. SN - 2380-6591 (Electronic) SP - 1020-1026 ST - Association of Use of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers With Testing Positive for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) T2 - JAMA Cardiol TI - Association of Use of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers With Testing Positive for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32936273 VL - 5 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 203 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BackgroundEvidence of whether people living with HIV are at elevated risk of adverse COVID-19 outcomes is inconclusive. We aimed to investigate this association using the population-based National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) data in the USA. AN - 34655550 AU - Yang, Xueying | Sun, Jing | Patel, Rena C. | Zhang, Jiajia | Guo, Siyuan | Zheng, Qulu | Olex, Amy L. | Olatosi, Bankole | Weissman, Sharon B. | Islam, Jessica Y. | Chute, Christopher G. | Haendel, Melissa | Kirk, Gregory D. | Li, Xiaoming | Moffitt, Richard | Akelsrod, Hana | Crandall, Keith A. | Francheschini, Nora | French, Evan | Po-Yu Chiang, Teresa | Caleb-Alexander, G. | Andersen, Kathleen M. | Vinson, Amanda J. | Brown, Todd T. | Mannon, Roslyn B. C1 - 2021-10-22 C2 - PMC8514200 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10222021_covidupdate.html#anchor_NaturalHistory DO - 10.1016/S2352-3018(21)00239-3 L1 - internal-pdf://4035335049/PIIS2352301821002393.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among COVID-19 cases, people with HIV were more likely than people without HIV to be hospitalized (adjusted OR [aOR] 1.20, 95% CI 1.15-1.26) and die (aOR 1.29, 95% CI 1.16-1.44) (Figure) | People with HIV were less likely to have mild/moderate illness (aOR 0.61, 95% CI 0.59-0.64). | Among people with HIV, lower CD4 cell counts (<200 cells per μL) were associated with higher risks for severe disease, hospitalization, and death. | Viral suppression was associated with reduced risk of hospitalization. | Methods: Data from the U.S. National COVID Cohort Collaborative (1,436,622 adult COVID-19 cases, including 13,170 among individuals with HIV), January 1, 2020–May 8, 2021. Association between HIV, immune markers (CD4 count, viral load), demographics, and comorbidities with COVID-19 clinical outcomes were estimated. Limitations: May not be generalizable to all persons with COVID-19 or HIV; electronic health record data were incomplete or non-standardized. | | Implications: The higher risk of hospitalization and death among persons living with HIV highlights a need to strengthen COVID-19 prevention for and to improve clinical outcomes among people with HIV, particularly among those with greatest immunodeficiency. SN - 2352-3018 ST - Associations between HIV infection and clinical spectrum of COVID-19: a population level analysis based on US National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) data T2 - Lancet HIV TI - Associations between HIV infection and clinical spectrum of COVID-19: a population level analysis based on US National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C) data UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(21)00239-3 Y2 - 2021/10/25 ID - 2518 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background The COVID-19 pandemic is now dominated by variant lineages; the resulting impact on disease severity remains unclear. Using a retrospective cohort study, we assessed the risk of hospitalization following infection with nine variants of concern or interest (VOC/VOI).Methods Our study includes individuals with positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR in the Washington Disease Reporting System and with available viral genome data, from December 1, 2020 to July 30, 2021. The main analysis was restricted to cases with specimens collected through sentinel surveillance. Using a Cox proportional hazards model with mixed effects, we estimated hazard ratios (HR) for the risk of hospitalization following infection with a VOC/VOI, adjusting for age, sex, and vaccination status.Findings Of the 27,814 cases, 23,170 (83.3%) were sequenced through sentinel surveillance, of which 726 (3.1%) were hospitalized due to COVID-19. Higher hospitalization risk was found for infections with Gamma (HR 3.17, 95% CI 2.15-4.67), Beta (HR: 2.97, 95% CI 1.65�?.35), Delta (HR: 2.30, 95% CI 1.69-3.15), and Alpha (HR 1.59, 95% CI 1.26�?.99) compared to infections with an ancestral lineage. Following VOC infection, unvaccinated patients show a similar higher hospitalization risk, while vaccinated patients show no significant difference in risk, both when compared to unvaccinated, ancestral lineage cases.Interpretation Infection with a VOC results in a higher hospitalization risk, with an active vaccination attenuating that risk. Our findings support promoting hospital preparedness, vaccination, and robust genomic surveillance.Competing Interest StatementALG reports funding for central testing lab from Abbott and research funding from Merck and Gilead. All other authors declare no competing interests.Funding StatementT.B. is a Pew Biomedical Scholar and is supported by NIH grant no. R35 GM119774, P.R. is supported by a CFAR New Investigator Award (NIH AI027757). The Seattle Flu Study is run through the Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine and funded by Gates Ventures, the private office of Bill Gates. This work was supported by CDC BAA contract 75D30121C10982. Employees of the Institute for Disease Modeling (MF, RB) received no specific funding for the project. Computational analyses for UW Virology data were supported by Fred Hutch Scientific Computing (NIH ORIP grant S10OD028685). Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The Washington State Institutional Review Board designated this study as exempt. Sequencing and analysis of samples from the Seattle Flu Study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at the University of Washington (protocol STUDY00006181). Sequencing of remnant clinical specimens at UW Virology Lab was approved by the University of Washington Institutional Review Board (protocol STUDY00000408). All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesRequests to access these data are handled by the Washington Department of Health AU - Paredes, Miguel I. | Lunn, Stephanie M. | Famulare, Michael | Frisbie, Lauren A. | Painter, Ian | Burstein, Roy | Roychoudhury, Pavitra | Xie, Hong | Bakhash, Shah A. Mohamed | Perez, Ricardo | Lukes, Maria | Ellis, Sean | Sathees, Saraswathi | Mathias, Patrick | Greninger, Alexander | Starita, Lea M. | Frazar, Chris D. | Ryke, Erica | Zhong, Weizhi | Gamboa, Luis | Threlkeld, Machiko | Lee, Jover | Nickerson, Deborah A. | Bates, Daniel L. | Hartman, Matthew E. | Haugen, Eric | Nguyen, Truong N. | Richards, Joshua D. | Rodriguez, Jacob L. | Stamatoyannopoulos, John A. | Thorland, Eric | Melly, Geoff | Dykema, Philip E. | MacKellar, Drew C. | Gray, Hannah K. | Singh, Avi | Peterson, JohnAric MoonDance | Russell, Denny | Torres, Laura Marcela | Lindquist, Scott | Bedford, Trevor | Allen, Krisandra J. | Oltean, Hanna N. C1 - 2021-10-08 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10082021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1101/2021.09.29.21264272 L1 - internal-pdf://2366639733/Paredes-2021-Associations between SARS-CoV-2 v.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 23,170 SARS-CoV-2-positive persons in Washington state (December 2020–July 2021), 726 were hospitalized. Persons infected with a variant of concern (VOC) had a higher hospitalization risk than those infected with ancestral lineages. SP - 2021.09.29.21264272 ST - Associations between SARS-CoV-2 variants and risk of COVID-19 hospitalization among confirmed cases in Washington State: a retrospective cohort study T2 - medRxiv TI - Associations between SARS-CoV-2 variants and risk of COVID-19 hospitalization among confirmed cases in Washington State: a retrospective cohort study UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/09/30/2021.09.29.21264272.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/09/30/2021.09.29.21264272.full.pdf ID - 2454 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Although diabetes has been associated with COVID-19-related mortality, the absolute and relative risks for type 1 and type 2 diabetes are unknown. We assessed the independent effects of diabetes status, by type, on in-hospital death in England in patients with COVID-19 during the period from March 1 to May 11, 2020. METHODS: We did a whole-population study assessing risks of in-hospital death with COVID-19 between March 1 and May 11, 2020. We included all individuals registered with a general practice in England who were alive on Feb 16, 2020. We used multivariable logistic regression to examine the effect of diabetes status, by type, on in-hospital death with COVID-19, adjusting for demographic factors and cardiovascular comorbidities. Because of the absence of data on total numbers of people infected with COVID-19 during the observation period, we calculated mortality rates for the population as a whole, rather than the population who were infected. FINDINGS: Of the 61 414 470 individuals who were alive and registered with a general practice on Feb 16, 2020, 263 830 (0.4%) had a recorded diagnosis of type 1 diabetes, 2 864 670 (4.7%) had a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, 41 750 (0.1%) had other types of diabetes, and 58 244 220 (94.8%) had no diabetes. 23 698 in-hospital COVID-19-related deaths occurred during the study period. A third occurred in people with diabetes: 7434 (31.4%) in people with type 2 diabetes, 364 (1.5%) in those with type 1 diabetes, and 69 (0.3%) in people with other types of diabetes. Unadjusted mortality rates per 100 000 people over the 72-day period were 27 (95% CI 27-28) for those without diabetes, 138 (124-153) for those with type 1 diabetes, and 260 (254-265) for those with type 2 diabetes. Adjusted for age, sex, deprivation, ethnicity, and geographical region, compared with people without diabetes, the odds ratios (ORs) for in-hospital COVID-19-related death were 3.51 (95% CI 3.16-3.90) in people with type 1 diabetes and 2.03 (1.97-2.09) in people with type 2 diabetes. These effects were attenuated to ORs of 2.86 (2.58-3.18) for type 1 diabetes and 1.80 (1.75-1.86) for type 2 diabetes when also adjusted for previous hospital admissions with coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, or heart failure. INTERPRETATION: The results of this nationwide analysis in England show that type 1 and type 2 diabetes were both independently associated with a significant increased odds of in-hospital death with COVID-19. FUNDING: None. AD - Public Health England, York, UK. | NHS England and NHS Improvement, London, UK. | NHS England and NHS Improvement, London, UK; Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK. | NHS Digital, Leeds, UK. | NHS England and NHS Improvement, London, UK; NHS Digital, Leeds, UK; Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. | Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK. | Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. | MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK. | Diabetes UK, London, UK. | NHS England and NHS Improvement, London, UK; Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK; Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK. Electronic address: jonathan.valabhji@nhs.net. AN - 32798472 AU - Barron, E. | Bakhai, C. | Kar, P. | Weaver, A. | Bradley, D. | Ismail, H. | Knighton, P. | Holman, N. | Khunti, K. | Sattar, N. | Wareham, N. J. | Young, B. | Valabhji, J. C1 - 2020-09-25 C2 - Diabetes-related COVID-19 Mortality CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/092520_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30272-2 ET - 2020/08/18 IS - 10 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Child | Child, Preschool | Comorbidity | Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/*mortality | Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/diagnosis/*mortality | Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnosis/*mortality | England/epidemiology | Female | Hospital Mortality/*trends | Humans | Infant | Infant, Newborn | Male | Middle Aged | Mortality/trends | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis/*mortality | *Population Surveillance/methods | SARS-CoV-2 | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://4141958761/1-s2.0-S2213858720302722-main.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Barron, Emma; Bakhai, Chirag; Kar, Partha; Weaver, Andy; Bradley, Dominique; Ismail, Hassan; Knighton, Peter; Holman, Naomi; Khunti, Kamlesh; Sattar, Naveed; Wareham, Nicholas J; Young, Bob; Valabhji, Jonathan; eng; Observational Study; England; Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020 Oct;8(10):813-822. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30272-2. Epub 2020 Aug 13. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Persons with diabetes comprise 5.2% of the population in England but comprised 33.6% (7,867/23,698) of all COVID-19 deaths. | Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes were independently associated with increased odds of COVID-19 death after adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and region: type 1 diabetes adjusted OR 3.51 (95% CI 3.16 �?3.90), type 2 diabetes aOR 2.03 (95% CI 1.97 �?2.09). | There was a strong association between death and age; this effect was more pronounced among those with type 1 diabetes compared with type 2 diabetes (Figure). | Methods: Whole-population study looking at risk of COVID-19-related in-hospital death associated with diabetes status in the England from March 1 to May 11, 2020 in all individuals registered with a general practice. Limitations: Because the outcome was in-hospital death, the association of diabetes with COVID-19 mortality was likely underestimated. | Implications for 2 studies (Barron et al. & Holman et al.): During the COVID-19 pandemic, diabetes has been associated with increased risk for death with mortality largely attributable to COVID-19. However, rates of non-COVID-19 mortality for diabetics have also increased, possibly due to avoidance of care, other demographic and social factors in diabetic patients or under-recognition of contribution of COVID-19 as a cause of death. As discussed in COVID-19 and diabetes: a co-conspiracyexternal icon, poor blood sugar control impairs host immunity and has been associated with infections in general and worse outcomes with COVID-19. Supporting people with diabetes in effective self-management during the pandemic is an important measure to aid in mitigating the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection. SE - 813 SN - 2213-8595 (Electronic); 2213-8587 (Linking) SP - 813-822 ST - Associations of type 1 and type 2 diabetes with COVID-19-related mortality in England: a whole-population study T2 - Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol TI - Associations of type 1 and type 2 diabetes with COVID-19-related mortality in England: a whole-population study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32798472 VL - 8 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 950 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has severely affected international travel. With efficacious COVID-19 vaccines available, Qatar implemented a pilot program between February 18 and April 26, 2021, to ease travel restrictions by waiving the quarantine requirement for vaccinated residents who received their second vaccine dose at least 14 days before arrival. The program still required a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test to be performed on each passenger upon arrival at Hamad International Airport, Qatar’s international travel gate. We investigated the incidence of PCR-positive test results in arriving passengers. AD - Ministry of Public Health, Doha, Qatar. | Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Cornell University, Doha, Qatar. | Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar. | Infectious Diseases Division, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar. AN - 34106201 AU - Bertollini, Roberto | Chemaitelly, Hiam | Yassine, Hadi M. | Al-Thani, Mohamed H. | Al-Khal, Abdullatif | Abu-Raddad, Laith J. C1 - 2021-06-18 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06182021_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 13 DO - 10.1001/jama.2021.9970 ET - 2021/06/10 IS - 2 KW - Airports | COVID-19/*diagnosis/epidemiology/virology | *COVID-19 Vaccines | Female | Humans | Male | Polymerase Chain Reaction | Qatar/epidemiology | SARS-CoV-2/genetics/*isolation & purification | Travel | Vaccination L1 - internal-pdf://2060618461/Bertollini-2021-Associations of Vaccination an.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Bertollini, Roberto | Chemaitelly, Hiam | Yassine, Hadi M | Al-Thani, Mohamed H | Al-Khal, Abdullatif | Abu-Raddad, Laith J | eng | JAMA. 2021 Jul 13;326(2):185-188. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.9970. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Both vaccination and prior infection reduced the risk for SARS-CoV-2 PCR test positivity among airline passengers. | 0.82% (95% CI 0.66%-1.01%) of vaccinated individuals and 1.01% (95% CI 0.80%-1.26%) of those with a prior infection tested positive. | RR was 0.22 (95% CI 0.17-0.28) for those vaccinated and 0.26 (95% CI 0.21-0.34) for individuals with prior infection. | 3.74%�?.81% of passengers without prior infection or vaccination tested positive. | Variants of concern found among arriving passengers were either B.1.351 (44.4%), B.1.1.7 (27.8%), or B.1.617 (11.1%). | Methods: All passengers arriving at Qatar’s Hamad International Airport between February 18 and April 26, 2021 (n = 261,849, 75.1% male) were tested for SARS-CoV-2 by PCR. PCR results were matched to national vaccination and health records and resulted in 17,786 persons with complete data (10,092 with record of vaccination or prior infection, 7,694 with no record of vaccination or prior infection). PCR positivity was compared after one-to-one matching by age, sex, nationality (>40 nationalities), and testing date. Sequencing was performed on 72 PCR positive specimens. Limitations: Prior infection history determined by records of positive PCR test results, so mild or asymptomatic cases largely missed; 99.7% of vaccinated individuals had been vaccinated with Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2; findings not generalizable to other airports, regions, or domestic travel. | Implications: Natural and vaccine-induced immunity were similar; however, screening passengers regardless of vaccine status or status of prior infection identified PCR positive cases. SN - 0098-7484 SP - 185-188 ST - Associations of Vaccination and of Prior Infection With Positive PCR Test Results for SARS-CoV-2 in Airline Passengers Arriving in Qatar T2 - JAMA TI - Associations of Vaccination and of Prior Infection With Positive PCR Test Results for SARS-CoV-2 in Airline Passengers Arriving in Qatar UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.9970 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/2781112/jama_bertollini_2021_ld_210038_1623181746.26876.pdf VL - 326 Y2 - 6/29/2021 ID - 1841 ER - TY - JOUR AD - University of Colorado at Denver Aurora, Colorado. | University of Colorado Denver, Colorado. | Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, New York and. | National Jewish Health Denver, Colorado. AN - 32864985 AU - Broadhurst, R. | Peterson, R. | Wisnivesky, J. P. | Federman, A. | Zimmer, S. M. | Sharma, S. | Wechsler, M. | Holguin, F. C1 - 2020-09-18 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091820_covidupdate.html DA - Dec DO - 10.1513/AnnalsATS.202006-613RL DP - NLM ET - 2020/09/01 IS - 12 KW - Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Asthma/*epidemiology | Body Mass Index | COVID-19/*epidemiology | Female | Hospitalization/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Intensive Care Units/statistics & numerical data | Intubation, Intratracheal/statistics & numerical data | Logistic Models | Male | Middle Aged | Respiration, Artificial/statistics & numerical data | Risk Factors | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://0139026479/Broadhurst-2020-Asthma in COVID-19 Hospitaliza.pdf LA - en N1 - Broadhurst, Richard; Peterson, Ryan; Wisnivesky, Juan P; Federman, Alex; Zimmer, Shanta M; Sharma, Sunita; Wechsler, Michael; Holguin, Fernando; eng; Letter; Review; Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2020 Dec;17(12):1645-1648. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.202006-613RL. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Asthma prevalence among hospitalized COVID-19 patients is not greater than that of the local population and lower than US hospitalized influenza patients (6.8% pooled estimate vs 21%) (Figure). | Hospitalized COVID-19 patients with asthma were not more likely to be intubated than COVID-19 patients without asthma (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.33-1.45, adjusting for age, sex, and body mass index). | Methods: Meta-analysis conducted among 15 studies comparing asthma prevalence among COVID-19 hospitalized patients to local population prevalence and asthma prevalence among US influenza hospitalizations. Additionally, the likelihood of intubation among asthmatics was evaluated among 436 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in one hospital in Colorado. Limitations: Possible difference in comorbidity reporting and four studies added after initial review for meta-analysis; small sample size and limited generalizability for cross-sectional study. | Implications: Asthma does not appear to be a significant risk factor for hospitalization or intubation from COVID-19. SN - 2325-6621 (Electronic); 2325-6621 (Linking) SP - 1645-1648 ST - Asthma in COVID-19 Hospitalizations: An Overestimated Risk Factor? T2 - Ann Am Thorac Soc TI - Asthma in COVID-19 Hospitalizations: An Overestimated Risk Factor? UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32864985 VL - 17 ID - 914 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A 2-dose regimen of the BNT162b2 vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech) against SARS-CoV-2 was authorized in December 2020 based on reported 94.8% efficacy. Although an association between vaccination and a reduction in symptomatic disease has been well described, an association with asymptomatic infection remains unclear. AD - Department of Biostatistics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee. | Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee. | Department of Pathology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee. | Department of Hematology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee. | Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee. AN - 33956050 AU - Tang, L. | Hijano, D. R. | Gaur, A. H. | Geiger, T. L. | Neufeld, E. J. | Hoffman, J. M. | Hayden, R. T. C1 - 2021-05-14 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05142021_covidupdate.html DA - May 6 DO - 10.1001/jama.2021.6564 ET - 2021/05/07 IS - 24 KW - Adult | Aged | Asymptomatic Infections/epidemiology | COVID-19/diagnosis/*epidemiology/prevention & control | *COVID-19 Vaccines | Female | Humans | Male | Mass Screening | Middle Aged | *Personnel, Hospital | Retrospective Studies L1 - internal-pdf://4003404077/Tang-2021-Asymptomatic and Symptomatic SARS-Co.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Tang, Li; Hijano, Diego R; Gaur, Aditya H; Geiger, Terrence L; Neufeld, Ellis J; Hoffman, James M; Hayden, Randall T; eng; JAMA. 2021 May 6. pii: 2779854. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.6564. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among employees at St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, the incidence rate ratio comparing Pfizer/BioNTech vaccinated and unvaccinated employees was 0.21 (95% CI 0.15-0.28) for any SARS-CoV-2 infection, 0.28 (95% CI 0.18-0.42) for asymptomatic screening results, and 0.16 (95% CI 0.10-0.25) for symptomatic or known exposure cases. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 2500-2502 ST - Asymptomatic and Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections After BNT162b2 Vaccination in a Routinely Screened Workforce T2 - JAMA TI - Asymptomatic and Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections After BNT162b2 Vaccination in a Routinely Screened Workforce UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33956050 VL - 325 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1748 ER - TY - JOUR AB - TO THE EDITOR—To et al [1] recently reported a case of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) reinfection confirmed by genome sequencing. Additional reports of genetically characterized reinfections have emerged [2, 3], raising pertinent questions on the longevity of immune response in SARS-CoV-2 infection. In all previous reports, patients had symptoms in 1 or both of the episodes. Here we report asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in 2 healthcare workers detected during routine surveillance. The report highlights the possibility of undetected SARS-CoV-2 reinfections and the need for surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 reinfections in healthcare systems. AD - Government Institute of Medical Sciences, Greater Noida, INDIA. | CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mathura Road, New Delhi, INDIA. | Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, INDIA. AN - 32964927 AU - Gupta, V. | Bhoyar, R. C. | Jain, A. | Srivastava, S. | Upadhayay, R. | Imran, M. | Jolly, B. | Divakar, M. K. | Sharma, D. | Sehgal, P. | Ranjan, G. | Gupta, R. | Scaria, V. | Sivasubbu, S. C1 - 2020-10-06 C2 - Modeling and Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100620_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 23 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa1451 ET - 2020/09/24 L1 - internal-pdf://1388071693/Gupta-2020-Asymptomatic reinfection in two hea.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Gupta, Vivek; Bhoyar, Rahul C; Jain, Abhinav; Srivastava, Saurabh; Upadhayay, Rashmi; Imran, Mohamed; Jolly, Bani; Divakar, Mohit Kumar; Sharma, Disha; Sehgal, Paras; Ranjan, Gyan; Gupta, Rakesh; Scaria, Vinod; Sivasubbu, Sridhar; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Sep 23. pii: 5910388. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1451. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Asymptomatic reinfection was identified in two healthcare workers (HCWs) with genetically distinct SARS-CoV-2 viruses (Figure 1). | Both individuals had higher viral loads during reinfection than during the first infection. | Ct values during the first and second infections were 36 and 16.6 for the first individual, and 28.2 and 16.9 for the second individual, respectively. | Methods: Case studies of SARS-CoV-2 reinfections among two asymptomatic HCWs (25 and 28 years of age) in a COVID-19 hospital unit in North India, between May and September 2020. Viral isolates underwent genome sequencing. Limitations: Case study in two persons; there are no consensus genetic criteria for distinguishing intra-host evolution and selection of minor variants from reinfection. | Implications: This study of two individuals shows that reinfection may be asymptomatic and could potentially lead to underreporting. Further research is needed to help determine how common asymptomatic reinfections are, the clinical course of reinfection, and the risk of transmission from such cases. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) ST - Asymptomatic reinfection in two healthcare workers from India with genetically distinct SARS-CoV-2 T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Asymptomatic reinfection in two healthcare workers from India with genetically distinct SARS-CoV-2 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32964927 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 996 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We conducted a cohort study in a controlled environment to measure asymptomatic transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 on a flight from Italy to South Korea. Our results suggest that stringent global regulations are necessary for the prevention of transmission of this virus on aircraft. AN - 32822289 AU - Bae, S. H. | Shin, H. | Koo, H. Y. | Lee, S. W. | Yang, J. M. | Yon, D. K. C1 - 2020-09-01 C2 - Transmission Risk in Air Travel CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090120_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.3201/eid2611.203353 ET - 2020/08/22 IS - 11 KW - Adult | *Air Travel | Aircraft | Asymptomatic Infections/*epidemiology | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Cohort Studies | Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/prevention & control/*transmission | Disease Transmission, Infectious/prevention & control/*statistics & numerical | data | Female | Humans | Italy/epidemiology | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics/prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/prevention & control/*transmission | Republic of Korea/epidemiology | SARS-CoV-2 | *Travel-Related Illness | *covid-19 | *Italy | *SARS-CoV-2 | *South Korea | *aircraft | *asymptomatic transmission | *coronavirus disease | *respiratory infections | *severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 | *viruses | *zoonoses L1 - internal-pdf://0877524397/Bae-2020-Asymptomatic Transmission of SARS-CoV.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Bae, Sung Hwan; Shin, Heidi; Koo, Ho-Young; Lee, Seung Won; Yang, Jee Myung; Yon, Dong Keon; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Emerg Infect Dis. 2020 Nov;26(11):2705-2708. doi: 10.3201/eid2611.203353. Epub 2020 Aug 21. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 6 passengers tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 the day after flight arrival; none had symptoms, including during 14-day quarantine after arrival (Figure). | One other passenger initially tested negative, developed symptoms eight days after arrival, and tested positive on Day 14. | She wore an N95 respirator throughout the flight, except when using a toilet that had also been used by an asymptomatic patient seated 3 rows away (Figure 2). | She quarantined alone for 3 weeks before and 2 weeks after the flight and did not use public transportation to get to the airport. | Methods: Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention implemented strict infection control procedures for an 11-hour flight on March 31, 2020, from Milan, Italy, to Incheon, South Korea, including denying boarding for 11 symptomatic passengers. N95 respirators were given to the 299 passengers before boarding. After the flight, passengers were immediately quarantined for 2 weeks, examined by medical staff twice daily for COVID-19 symptoms, and tested for SARS-CoV-2 by RT PCR on quarantine Day 1 (April 2) and Day 14 (April 15). Limitations: Not known if the asymptomatic passenger who likely transmitted this infection wore a mask when using the toilet. | Implications for both studies (Hoehl et al. & Bae et al.): SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted among flight passengers even when index cases are asymptomatic and passengers use masks. Risk could potentially be decreased through physical distancing before boarding and after disembarking at airports, mask use including during toilet use, and hand hygiene. As noted in a recent editorial in The Lancetexternal icon, new rules such as mask requirements and physical distancing, reductions in passengers allowed on flights, increased cleaning of airport spaces, and other new or enhanced prevention measures introduced during the pandemic may become permanent to rebuild travelers�?confidence in air travel. SN - 1080-6059 (Electronic); 1080-6040 (Linking) SP - 2705-2708 ST - Asymptomatic Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on Evacuation Flight T2 - Emerg Infect Dis TI - Asymptomatic Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on Evacuation Flight UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32822289 VL - 26 ID - 799 ER - TY - JOUR AD - From the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. AN - 32329972 AU - Gandhi, M. | Yokoe, D. S. | Havlir, D. V. C1 - 2020-05-05 C2 - PMC7200054 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050520_covidupdate.html DA - May 28 DO - 10.1056/NEJMe2009758 ET - 2020/04/25 IS - 22 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus Infections | Delivery of Health Care | *Health Care Rationing | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral | SARS-CoV-2 | *Skilled Nursing Facilities L1 - internal-pdf://1057446046/Gandhi-2020-Asymptomatic Transmission, the Ach.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Gandhi, Monica; Yokoe, Deborah S; Havlir, Diane V; eng; Editorial; Comment; N Engl J Med. 2020 May 28;382(22):2158-2160. doi: 10.1056/NEJMe2009758. Epub 2020 Apr 24. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Companion piece to Arons et al. study (NEJMexternal icon).Symptom-based screening alone failed to detect a high proportion of infectious, pre-symptomatic cases. Widespread screening in high-risk settings is recommended. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 2158-2160 ST - Asymptomatic Transmission, the Achilles' Heel of Current Strategies to Control Covid-19 T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Asymptomatic Transmission, the Achilles' Heel of Current Strategies to Control Covid-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32329972 VL - 382 ID - 131 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC. Electronic address: akeswani@mfa.gwu.edu. | Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois. | Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC. AN - 32693208 AU - Keswani, A. | Dhana, K. | Rosenthal, J. A. | Moore, D. | Mahdavinia, M. C1 - 2020-07-31 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/073120_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1016/j.anai.2020.07.012 DP - NLM ET - 2020/07/22 IS - 4 KW - Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use | Asthma/epidemiology/*physiopathology/therapy/virology | Betacoronavirus/drug effects/immunology/pathogenicity | Covid-19 | Cohort Studies | Comorbidity | Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/*physiopathology/therapy/virology | Disease Management | Eczema/epidemiology/*physiopathology/therapy/virology | Food Hypersensitivity/epidemiology/*physiopathology/therapy/virology | Hospitalization/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Intubation/statistics & numerical data | *Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/*physiopathology/therapy/virology | Rhinitis, Allergic/epidemiology/*physiopathology/therapy/virology | SARS-CoV-2 | Treatment Outcome L1 - internal-pdf://4008794007/Keswani-2020-Atopy is predictive of a decrease.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Keswani, Anjeni; Dhana, Klodian; Rosenthal, Jamie A; Moore, Donyea; Mahdavinia, Mahboobeh; eng; KL2 TR002387/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; Multicenter Study; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2020 Oct;125(4):479-481. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2020.07.012. Epub 2020 Jul 18. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A co-existing atopic background may mitigate the severe inflammatory response syndrome of COVID-19 in allergic asthmatics, resulting in less severe disease. SN - 1534-4436 (Electronic); 1081-1206 (Linking) SP - 479-481 ST - Atopy is predictive of a decreased need for hospitalization for coronavirus disease 2019 T2 - Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol TI - Atopy is predictive of a decreased need for hospitalization for coronavirus disease 2019 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32693208 VL - 125 ID - 621 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: As coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) spreads across the world, it is critical to understand the psychological factors associated with pandemic-related behaviors. This perspecitve may be especially important to study among adolescents, who are less likely to experience severe symptoms but contribute to the spread of the virus. Objective: To examine psychological factors associated with adolescents' behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Design, Setting, and Participants: This self-reported survey conducted from March 20 to 22, 2020, recruited a population-based sample of adolescents via social media to complete an anonymous survey. Participants were eligible if they had internet access, lived in the United States, and were aged 13 to 18 years. Main Outcomes and Measures: Outcomes included COVID-19 news monitoring, social distancing, disinfecting, and hoarding behaviors during the 7 days after the United States declared a national emergency. The psychological factors were attitudes about COVID-19 severity, social responsibility values, social trust, and self-interest. The a priori hypotheses were that greater attitudes about the severity of COVID-19, greater social responsibility, and greater social trust would be associated with greater news monitoring, social distancing, and disinfecting, whereas greater self-interest would be associated with more hoarding. Results: The sample included 770 adolescents collected via convenience sampling (mean [SD] age, 16.3 [1.1] years; 575 girls [74.7%]). Many teens reported not engaging in pure social distancing (528 [68.6%]), but they were monitoring the news (688 [89.4%]) and disinfecting daily (676 [87.8%]). Some teens reported hoarding (152 [19.7%]). Attitudes about the greater severity of COVID-19 were associated with more social distancing (beta = 0.18; 95% CI = 0.10 to 0.25), disinfecting (beta = 0.16; 95% CI = 0.08 to 0.23), and news monitoring (beta = 0.26; 95% CI = 0.18 to 0.33) but also more hoarding (beta = 0.08; 95% CI = 0.01 to 0.16). Greater social responsibility was associated with more disinfecting (beta = 0.24; 95% CI = 0.17 to 0.32) and news monitoring (beta = 0.14; 95% CI = 0.07 to 0.22) and less hoarding (beta = -0.07; 95% CI = -0.14 to -0.01). Greater self-interest values were associated with less social distancing (beta = -0.08; 95% CI = -0.15 to -0.01) and more hoarding (beta = 0.08; 95% CI = 0.01 to 0.15). Greater social trust was associated with less hoarding (beta = -0.09; 95% CI, -0.16 to -0.02). Conclusions and Relevance: The results of this survey study suggest that emphasizing the severity of COVID-19 and the social implications of pandemic-related behaviors may be important for teens, particularly for those who are not following preventive health behaviors or who are engaging in hoarding. AD - Department of Psychology, Montana State University, Bozeman. AN - 32597925 AU - Oosterhoff, B. | Palmer, C. A. C1 - 2020-07-10 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071020_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 1 DO - 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1876 ET - 2020/07/01 IS - 12 KW - Adolescent | Adolescent Behavior/*psychology | COVID-19/epidemiology/*psychology | Female | Health Behavior | Hoarding Disorder/*psychology | Humans | Male | *Physical Distancing | Quality of Life | Social Isolation/*psychology | Surveys and Questionnaires | United States L1 - internal-pdf://2647521689/Oosterhoff-2020-Attitudes and Psychological Fa.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Oosterhoff, Benjamin; Palmer, Cara A; eng; P20 GM104417/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA Pediatr. 2020 Dec 1;174(12):1184-1190. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1876. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Many adolescents reported monitoring COVID-19 news (89.4%) and disinfecting daily (87.8%); some reported hoarding (19.7%). | Greater perceived severity of COVID-19 was associated with more social distancing, disinfecting, news monitoring, and hoarding (Figures 1 and 2). | Greater social responsibility was associated with more disinfecting and news monitoring, but less hoarding (Figures 1 and 2). | Greater self-interest was associated with less social distancing and more hoarding (Figures 1 and 2). | Methods: 770 adolescents (ages 13-18) completed an anonymous online survey from March 20-22, 2020 that assessed COVID-19–related experiences and attitudes, community attachments, and demographics. Multiple regression was used to analyze results. Limitations: Self-selected, cross-sectional, convenience sample (respondents were primarily white and female); timing of survey (future assessments may yield different results). | Implications: Messages emphasizing social responsibility and social trust may increase preventive health behavior in adolescents. SN - 2168-6211 (Electronic); 2168-6203 (Linking) SP - 1184-1190 ST - Attitudes and Psychological Factors Associated With News Monitoring, Social Distancing, Disinfecting, and Hoarding Behaviors Among US Adolescents During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic T2 - JAMA Pediatr TI - Attitudes and Psychological Factors Associated With News Monitoring, Social Distancing, Disinfecting, and Hoarding Behaviors Among US Adolescents During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32597925 VL - 174 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 509 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly instigated a global pandemic. Vaccine development is proceeding at an unprecedented pace. Once available, it will be important to maximize vaccine uptake and coverage. OBJECTIVE: To assess intent to be vaccinated against COVID-19 among a representative sample of adults in the United States and identify predictors of and reasons for vaccine hesitancy. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey, fielded from 16 through 20 April 2020. SETTING: Representative sample of adults residing in the United States. PARTICIPANTS: Approximately 1000 adults drawn from the AmeriSpeak probability-based research panel, covering approximately 97% of the U.S. household population. MEASUREMENTS: Intent to be vaccinated against COVID-19 was measured with the question, "When a vaccine for the coronavirus becomes available, will you get vaccinated?" Response options were "yes," "no," and "not sure." Participants who responded "no" or "not sure" were asked to provide a reason. RESULTS: A total of 991 AmeriSpeak panel members responded. Overall, 57.6% of participants (n = 571) intended to be vaccinated, 31.6% (n = 313) were not sure, and 10.8% (n = 107) did not intend to be vaccinated. Factors independently associated with vaccine hesitancy (a response of "no" or "not sure") included younger age, Black race, lower educational attainment, and not having received the influenza vaccine in the prior year. Reasons for vaccine hesitancy included vaccine-specific concerns, a need for more information, antivaccine attitudes or beliefs, and a lack of trust. LIMITATIONS: Participants' intent to be vaccinated was explored before a vaccine was available and when the pandemic was affecting a narrower swath of the United States. Questions about specific information or factors that might increase vaccination acceptance were not included. The survey response rate was 16.1%. CONCLUSION: This national survey, conducted during the coronavirus pandemic, revealed that approximately 3 in 10 adults were not sure they would accept vaccination and 1 in 10 did not intend to be vaccinated against COVID-19. Targeted and multipronged efforts will be needed to increase acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine when one becomes available. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. AD - Meyers Primary Care Institute and University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (K.A.F., S.C., K.M.M.). | Meyers Primary Care Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts (S.J.B., H.F.). | University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (J.W.). AN - 32886525 AU - Fisher, K. A. | Bloomstone, S. J. | Walder, J. | Crawford, S. | Fouayzi, H. | Mazor, K. M. C1 - 2021-01-22 C2 - Social, Behavioral, and Communication Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01222021_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 15 DO - 10.7326/M20-3569 ET - 2020/09/05 IS - 12 KW - Adult | *Attitude to Health | COVID-19/epidemiology/*therapy | COVID-19 Vaccines/*pharmacology | Cross-Sectional Studies | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://0613018435/Fisher-2020-Attitudes Toward a Potential SARS-.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Fisher, Kimberly A; Bloomstone, Sarah J; Walder, Jeremy; Crawford, Sybil; Fouayzi, Hassan; Mazor, Kathleen M; eng; Editorial; Multicenter Study; Ann Intern Med. 2020 Dec 15;173(12):964-973. doi: 10.7326/M20-3569. Epub 2020 Sep 4. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Of 991 participants, 57.6% intended and 10.8% did not intend to be vaccinated; 31.6% were not sure. | Intent to vaccinate was higher among men (64.0%) than women (51.6%) and among non-Hispanic Asian (77.5%) and non-Hispanic White (63.5%) persons than among non-Hispanic Black (39.3%) and Hispanic (44.5%) persons. | Factors independently associated with no intent to vaccinate included lower education, identifying as Black or Hispanic, not having received last year’s influenza vaccine, and rural setting. | Reasons provided for not intending to vaccinate (n = 83) were lack of trust (32.5%), not feeling comfortable with vaccines (21.7%), and concerns about side effects or safety (16.9%). | Methods: Cross-sectional survey of AmeriSpeak panel members (representative sample covering ~97% of adults in the US household population), fielded from April 16 to 20, 2020. Limitations: Participants were surveyed before phase 3 vaccine effectiveness and safety trial data were available; low response rate (16.1%). | Implications for both studies (Fisher et al. & Ruiz et al.): Increased vaccine hesitancy was more frequent among non-Hispanic Black or Hispanic persons in both studies. Credible information about vaccine safety and effectiveness might improve uptake. Later surveys (Nikolovski et alexternal icon.) suggest that COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among vulnerable populations might have increased with news reports on effective vaccines. Reducing vaccine hesitancy will require a multifaceted approach, including trustworthy information, effective communication, and trusted messengers, potentially including community leaders, clinicians, and social media influencers. SN - 1539-3704 (Electronic); 0003-4819 (Linking) SP - 964-973 ST - Attitudes Toward a Potential SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine : A Survey of U.S. Adults T2 - Ann Intern Med TI - Attitudes Toward a Potential SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine : A Survey of U.S. Adults UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32886525 VL - 173 ID - 1433 ER - TY - JOUR AB - An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper. AD - Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. | World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China. ehylau@hku.hk. | World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China. AN - 32770170 AU - He, Xi | Lau, Eric H. Y. | Wu, Peng | Deng, Xilong | Wang, Jian | Hao, Xinxin | Lau, Yiu Chung | Wong, Jessica Y. | Guan, Yujuan | Tan, Xinghua | Mo, Xiaoneng | Chen, Yanqing | Liao, Baolin | Chen, Weilie | Hu, Fengyu | Zhang, Qing | Zhong, Mingqiu | Wu, Yanrong | Zhao, Lingzhai | Zhang, Fuchun | Cowling, Benjamin J. | Li, Fang | Leung, Gabriel M. C1 - 2020-05-01 C2 - Article Correction CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050120_covidupdate.html DA - 2020/09/01 DO - 10.1038/s41591-020-1016-z ET - 2020/08/10 IS - 9 L1 - internal-pdf://1709092582/He-2020-Author Correction_ Temporal dynamics i.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - He, Xi | Lau, Eric H Y | Wu, Peng | Deng, Xilong | Wang, Jian | Hao, Xinxin | Lau, Yiu Chung | Wong, Jessica Y | Guan, Yujuan | Tan, Xinghua | Mo, Xiaoneng | Chen, Yanqing | Liao, Baolin | Chen, Weilie | Hu, Fengyu | Zhang, Qing | Zhong, Mingqiu | Wu, Yanrong | Zhao, Lingzhai | Zhang, Fuchun | Cowling, Benjamin J | Li, Fang | Leung, Gabriel M | eng | Published Erratum | Nat Med. 2020 Sep;26(9):1491-1493. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-1016-z. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: The authors re-estimated the original infectiousness profiles and found that although the estimation that 44% of secondary cases were infected before the index case had symptoms, infectiousness could have started at 12.3 days prior (versus 2.3 days in the original text). In the re-estimated profile, infectiousness peaked at symptom onset (versus �?.7 days in the original text). However, <0.1% of these secondary transmissions would have occurred before 7 days, 1% before 5 days and 9% before 3 days prior to symptom onset in the index case. The authors thus conclude “from a contact-tracing viewpoint, it may be adequate to enquire about close contacts up to 3 days before the index first shows symptoms.�? SN - 1546-170X SP - 1491-1493 ST - Author Correction: Temporal dynamics in viral shedding and transmissibility of COVID-19 T2 - Nat Med TI - Author Correction: Temporal dynamics in viral shedding and transmissibility of COVID-19 UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-1016-z | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-1016-z.pdf VL - 26 ID - 1876 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Hopital Avicenne, Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, Universite Paris 13, Bobigny, France. | CHU de Reims, Hopital Robert-Debre, Universite Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France. | Centre Hospitalier Regional Universitaire, Caen, France. | CHU Ambroise Pare, Mons, Belgique. | Hopital General d'Antibes, Antibes, France. | Hopital de Versailles, Universite Versailles - Saint Quentin, Le Chesnay, France. | Hopital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France. AN - 32374906 AU - Lazarian, G. | Quinquenel, A. | Bellal, M. | Siavellis, J. | Jacquy, C. | Re, D. | Merabet, F. | Mekinian, A. | Braun, T. | Damaj, G. | Delmer, A. | Cymbalista, F. C1 - 2020-05-15 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051520_covidupdate.html DA - Jul DO - 10.1111/bjh.16794 ET - 2020/05/07 IS - 1 KW - Aged | *Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune/epidemiology/etiology/therapy | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus Infections/complications/epidemiology/therapy | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral/complications/epidemiology/therapy | SARS-CoV-2 | B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder | autoimmune hemolytic anemia L1 - internal-pdf://2402385244/Lazarian-2020-Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia as.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Lazarian, Gregory; Quinquenel, Anne; Bellal, Mathieu; Siavellis, Justine; Jacquy, Caroline; Re, Daniel; Merabet, Fatiha; Mekinian, Arsene; Braun, Thorsten; Damaj, Gandhi; Delmer, Alain; Cymbalista, Florence; eng; Letter; England; Br J Haematol. 2020 Jul;190(1):29-31. doi: 10.1111/bjh.16794. Epub 2020 May 27. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The median time from first symptom to onset of autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA, the abnormal breakdown of red blood cells by autoantibody attack) was 9 days (range 4 to 13 days). | At diagnosis, the median hemoglobin level was 70 g/L (range 38-108 g/L). All patients had positive anti-erythrocyte (red blood cell) antibodies and positive direct antiglobulin test results, which indicate that red blood cells circulating in the bloodstream were covered with antibodies. | Four patients had lymphoid malignancies (leukemia or lymphoma), one had monoclonal gammopathy (presence of an abnormal protein in the blood) of undetermined significance, and one had prostate cancer. | Five patients received corticosteroid treatment, while the other two received blood cell infusions. All patients were alive and had at least partly recovered at the end of follow-up. | Methods: A case report of seven patients (four male and three female) from six French and Belgian hospitals who developed AIHA during COVID-19 infection. The median age was 62 years (range 61-89 years). All patients had positive oropharyngeal RT-PCR results for SARS-CoV-2 and typical chest CT images. To treat the infection, three patients received hydroxychloroquine and one patient received lopinavir and ritonavir. Limitations: Small number of cases. | Implications: Viral infections are known to trigger autoimmune conditions that deplete red blood cells. AIHA among patients with COVID-19 warrants further investigation. SN - 1365-2141 (Electronic); 0007-1048 (Linking) SP - 29-31 ST - Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia associated with COVID-19 infection T2 - Br J Haematol TI - Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia associated with COVID-19 infection UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32374906 VL - 190 ID - 202 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The new coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused more than 210 000 deaths worldwide. However, little is known about the causes of death and the virus's pathologic features. OBJECTIVE: To validate and compare clinical findings with data from medical autopsy, virtual autopsy, and virologic tests. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Autopsies performed at a single academic medical center, as mandated by the German federal state of Hamburg for patients dying with a polymerase chain reaction-confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19. PATIENTS: The first 12 consecutive COVID-19-positive deaths. MEASUREMENTS: Complete autopsy, including postmortem computed tomography and histopathologic and virologic analysis, was performed. Clinical data and medical course were evaluated. RESULTS: Median patient age was 73 years (range, 52 to 87 years), 75% of patients were male, and death occurred in the hospital (n = 10) or outpatient sector (n = 2). Coronary heart disease and asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were the most common comorbid conditions (50% and 25%, respectively). Autopsy revealed deep venous thrombosis in 7 of 12 patients (58%) in whom venous thromboembolism was not suspected before death; pulmonary embolism was the direct cause of death in 4 patients. Postmortem computed tomography revealed reticular infiltration of the lungs with severe bilateral, dense consolidation, whereas histomorphologically diffuse alveolar damage was seen in 8 patients. In all patients, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in the lung at high concentrations; viremia in 6 of 10 and 5 of 12 patients demonstrated high viral RNA titers in the liver, kidney, or heart. LIMITATION: Limited sample size. CONCLUSION: The high incidence of thromboembolic events suggests an important role of COVID-19-induced coagulopathy. Further studies are needed to investigate the molecular mechanism and overall clinical incidence of COVID-19-related death, as well as possible therapeutic interventions to reduce it. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf. AD - University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany (D.W., J.S., M.L., S.S., C.E., A.H., F.H., H.M., I.K., A.S.S., C.B., G.D., A.N., D.F., S.P., S.S., C.B., M.M.A., M.A., K.P., S.K.). | Asklepios Hospital Barmbek, Hamburg, Germany (H.B., A.S.). | Bethesda Hospital Bergedorf, Hamburg, Germany (H.B.). | Agaplesion Diakonie Hospital, Hamburg, Germany (A.D.). | Amalie Sieveking Hospital, Hamburg, Germany (H.P.). | Asklepios Hospital Saint Georg, Hamburg, Germany (S.S.). AN - 32374815 AU - Wichmann, Cominic | Sperhake, Jan P. | Lutgehetmann, Marc | Steurer, Stefan | Edler, Carolin | Heinemann, Axel | Heinrich, Fabian | Mushumba, Herbert | Kniep, Inga | Schroder, Ann S. | Burdelski, Christoph | de Heer, Geraldine | Nierhaus, Axel | Frings, Daniel | Pfefferle, Susanne | Becker, Heinrich | Bredereke-Weidling, Hanns | de Weerth, Andreas | Paschen, Hans-Richard | Sheikhzadeh-Eggers, Sara | Stang, Axel | Schmiedel, Stefan | Bokemeyet, Carsten | Addo, Marylyn M. | Aepfelbacher, Martin | Puschel, Klaus | Kluge, Stefan C1 - 2020-05-12 C2 - Thromboembolism CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051220_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 18 DO - 10.7326/m20-2003 ET - 2020/05/07 IS - 4 KW - Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Autopsy/*methods | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Cause of Death | Coronavirus Infections/*mortality | Female | Germany/epidemiology | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*mortality | Prospective Studies | Pulmonary Embolism/*mortality | SARS-CoV-2 | Tomography, X-Ray Computed | Venous Thromboembolism/*mortality L1 - internal-pdf://3144391082/m20-2003.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Wichmann, Dominic | Sperhake, Jan-Peter | Lutgehetmann, Marc | Steurer, Stefan | Edler, Carolin | Heinemann, Axel | Heinrich, Fabian | Mushumba, Herbert | Kniep, Inga | Schroder, Ann Sophie | Burdelski, Christoph | de Heer, Geraldine | Nierhaus, Axel | Frings, Daniel | Pfefferle, Susanne | Becker, Heinrich | Bredereke-Wiedling, Hanns | de Weerth, Andreas | Paschen, Hans-Richard | Sheikhzadeh-Eggers, Sara | Stang, Axel | Schmiedel, Stefan | Bokemeyer, Carsten | Addo, Marylyn M | Aepfelbacher, Martin | Puschel, Klaus | Kluge, Stefan | eng | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | Ann Intern Med. 2020 Aug 18;173(4):268-277. doi: 10.7326/M20-2003. Epub 2020 May 6. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Autopsy revealed clots in deep leg veins of 7 of 12 patients (58%) in whom thromboembolism was not suspected before death. | Lung clots (pulmonary emboli) were the direct cause of death in 4 patients (33%). | Methods: Autopsies on the first 12 patients who died from COVID-19 in Hamburg, Germany. | Implications of three studies (Lodigiani et al., Poissy et al., & Wichman et al.): Thromboembolic complications are common with COVID-19 and can be a clinically occult and unrecognized proximal cause of death. Effective prevention strategies for hospitalized and ambulatory COVID-19 patients are needed. SN - 1539-3704 (Electronic) | 0003-4819 (Linking) SP - 268-277 ST - Autopsy Findings and Venous Thromboembolism in Patients With COVID-19 T2 - Ann Intern Med TI - Autopsy Findings and Venous Thromboembolism in Patients With COVID-19 UR - https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/abs/10.7326/M20-2003 VL - 173 ID - 169 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK; NIHR UCLH Clinical Research Facility, London, UK. | Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK. | University College London, London, UK. | Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; NIHR UCLH Clinical Research Facility, London, UK; University College London, London, UK. | Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; Department of Infectious Disease, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK. | National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK; NIHR UCLH Clinical Research Facility, London, UK; University College London, London, UK. | Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK; University College London, London, UK. | Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK. Electronic address: david.bauer@crick.ac.uk. AN - 34197809 AU - Wall, Emma C. | Wu, Mary | Harvey, Ruth | Kelly, Gavin | Warchal, Scott | Sawyer, Chelsea | Daniels, Rodney | Adams, Lorin | Hobson, Philip | Hatipoglu, Emine | Ngai, Yenting | Hussain, Saira | Ambrose, Karen | Hindmarsh, Steve | Beale, Rupert | Riddell, Andrew | Gamblin, Steve | Howell, Michael | Kassiotis, George | Libri, Vincenzo | Williams, Bryan | Swanton, Charles | Gandhi, Sonia | Bauer, David L. V. C1 - 2021-07-09 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07092021_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 17 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01462-8 ET - 2021/07/02 IS - 10296 KW - Adult | Antibodies, Neutralizing/*immunology | Antibodies, Viral | *COVID-19/immunology/virology | COVID-19 Vaccines/*immunology | Humans | Middle Aged | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology | Vaccination L1 - internal-pdf://2768999387/1-s2.0-S0140673621014628-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Wall, Emma C | Wu, Mary | Harvey, Ruth | Kelly, Gavin | Warchal, Scott | Sawyer, Chelsea | Daniels, Rodney | Adams, Lorin | Hobson, Philip | Hatipoglu, Emine | Ngai, Yenting | Hussain, Saira | Ambrose, Karen | Hindmarsh, Steve | Beale, Rupert | Riddell, Andrew | Gamblin, Steve | Howell, Michael | Kassiotis, George | Libri, Vincenzo | Williams, Bryan | Swanton, Charles | Gandhi, Sonia | Bauer, David Lv | eng | FC001078/CRUK_/Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom | FC001078/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom | FC001078/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom | Letter | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | England | Lancet. 2021 Jul 17;398(10296):207-209. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01462-8. Epub 2021 Jun 28. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Virus neutralizing antibody (NAb) response elicited against 5 variants [Wild-type, D614G, B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), B.1.617.2 (Delta)] after 2 doses of AZD1222 (Oxford/AstraZeneca) was at least 2-fold lower relative to 2 doses of BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech). | Neutralizing antibodies were reduced 2.5-fold against B.1.351 and B.1.617.2 (Figure). | Methods: Prospective UK serological study of vaccine-induced neutralizing antibody activity in recipients of AZD1222 (n = 63) compared with BNT162b2 (n = 159). Median NAb titers were measured against 5 variants, after 1 and 2 vaccine doses. Limitations: AZD1222 cohort significantly younger than BNT162b2. | Implications: Neutralizing antibody levels were greater following 2 doses of BNT162b2 compared with 2 doses of AZD1222, suggesting that AZD1222 offers less protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants, including the B.1.617.2 Delta variant. SN - 0140-6736 SP - 207-209 ST - AZD1222-induced neutralising antibody activity against SARS-CoV-2 Delta VOC T2 - Lancet TI - AZD1222-induced neutralising antibody activity against SARS-CoV-2 Delta VOC UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01462-8 VL - 398 Y2 - 2021/07/16 ID - 1940 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The efficacy and safety of azithromycin in the treatment of COVID-19 remain uncertain. We assessed whether adding azithromycin to standard of care, which included hydroxychloroquine, would improve clinical outcomes of patients admitted to the hospital with severe COVID-19. METHODS: We did an open-label, randomised clinical trial at 57 centres in Brazil. We enrolled patients admitted to hospital with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 and at least one additional severity criteria as follows: use of oxygen supplementation of more than 4 L/min flow; use of high-flow nasal cannula; use of non-invasive mechanical ventilation; or use of invasive mechanical ventilation. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to azithromycin (500 mg via oral, nasogastric, or intravenous administration once daily for 10 days) plus standard of care or to standard of care without macrolides. All patients received hydroxychloroquine (400 mg twice daily for 10 days) because that was part of standard of care treatment in Brazil for patients with severe COVID-19. The primary outcome, assessed by an independent adjudication committee masked to treatment allocation, was clinical status at day 15 after randomisation, assessed by a six-point ordinal scale, with levels ranging from 1 to 6 and higher scores indicating a worse condition (with odds ratio [OR] greater than 1.00 favouring the control group). The primary outcome was assessed in all patients in the intention-to-treat (ITT) population who had severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection confirmed by molecular or serological testing before randomisation (ie, modified ITT [mITT] population). Safety was assessed in all patients according to which treatment they received, regardless of original group assignment. This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04321278. FINDINGS: 447 patients were enrolled from March 28 to May 19, 2020. COVID-19 was confirmed in 397 patients who constituted the mITT population, of whom 214 were assigned to the azithromycin group and 183 to the control group. In the mITT population, the primary endpoint was not significantly different between the azithromycin and control groups (OR 1.36 [95% CI 0.94-1.97], p=0.11). Rates of adverse events, including clinically relevant ventricular arrhythmias, resuscitated cardiac arrest, acute kidney failure, and corrected QT interval prolongation, were not significantly different between groups. INTERPRETATION: In patients with severe COVID-19, adding azithromycin to standard of care treatment (which included hydroxychloroquine) did not improve clinical outcomes. Our findings do not support the routine use of azithromycin in combination with hydroxychloroquine in patients with severe COVID-19. FUNDING: COALITION COVID-19 Brazil and EMS. AD - Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Instituto do Coracao, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: otavio.berwanger@einstein.br. | Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network, Sao Paulo, Brazil; HCor Research Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network, Sao Paulo, Brazil; BP-A Beneficencia Portuguesa de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Hospital Sirio Libanes Research and Education Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil. | Brazilian Clinical Research Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Duke University Medical Centre, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA. | International Research Center, Hospital Alemao Oswaldo Cruz, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Hospital Moyses Deustche (MBoi Mirim), Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Hospital Estadual Jayme dos Santos Neves, Serra, Brazil. | Hospital de Clinicas, Porto Alegre, Brazil. | Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Hospital Vila Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Hospital Naval Marcilio Dias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. | Hospital Giselda Trigueiro, Natal, Brazil. | Hospital Santa Paula, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | EMS Pharma, Hortolandia, Brazil. | Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. | Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Intensive Care Medicine, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. AN - 32896292 AU - Furtado, R. H. M. | Berwanger, O. | Fonseca, H. A. | Correa, T. D. | Ferraz, L. R. | Lapa, M. G. | Zampieri, F. G. | Veiga, V. C. | Azevedo, L. C. P. | Rosa, R. G. | Lopes, R. D. | Avezum, A. | Manoel, A. L. O. | Piza, F. M. T. | Martins, P. A. | Lisboa, T. C. | Pereira, A. J. | Olivato, G. B. | Dantas, V. C. S. | Milan, E. P. | Gebara, O. C. E. | Amazonas, R. B. | Oliveira, M. B. | Soares, R. V. P. | Moia, D. D. F. | Piano, L. P. A. | Castilho, K. | Momesso, Rgrap | Schettino, G. P. P. | Rizzo, L. V. | Neto, A. S. | Machado, F. R. | Cavalcanti, A. B. | Coalition Covid- Brazil II Investigators C1 - 2020-09-18 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091820_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 3 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31862-6 ET - 2020/09/09 IS - 10256 KW - Aged | Antiviral Agents/adverse effects/*therapeutic use | Azithromycin/adverse effects/*therapeutic use | Betacoronavirus | Brazil/epidemiology | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*drug therapy/epidemiology/mortality | Drug Therapy, Combination | Female | Humans | Hydroxychloroquine/adverse effects/*therapeutic use | Length of Stay | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*drug therapy/epidemiology/mortality | Respiratory Therapy | SARS-CoV-2 | Standard of Care | Treatment Outcome L1 - internal-pdf://0082345308/Furtado-2020-Azithromycin in addition to stand.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Furtado, Remo H M; Berwanger, Otavio; Fonseca, Henrique A; Correa, Thiago D; Ferraz, Leonardo R; Lapa, Maura G; Zampieri, Fernando G; Veiga, Viviane C; Azevedo, Luciano C P; Rosa, Regis G; Lopes, Renato D; Avezum, Alvaro; Manoel, Airton L O; Piza, Felipe M T; Martins, Priscilla A; Lisboa, Thiago C; Pereira, Adriano J; Olivato, Guilherme B; Dantas, Vicente C S; Milan, Eveline P; Gebara, Otavio C E; Amazonas, Roberto B; Oliveira, Monalisa B; Soares, Ronaldo V P; Moia, Diogo D F; Piano, Luciana P A; Castilho, Kleber; Momesso, Roberta G R A P; Schettino, Guilherme P P; Rizzo, Luiz Vicente; Neto, Ary Serpa; Machado, Flavia R; Cavalcanti, Alexandre B; eng; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Lancet. 2020 Oct 3;396(10256):959-967. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31862-6. Epub 2020 Sep 5. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; There was no significant difference in clinical status at hospital day 15 between the persons treated with azithromycin plus standard care and those treated with standard care only (OR 1.36, 95% CI 0.94 �?.9, p = 0.11). | There was no significant difference in 29-day mortality between the azithromycin and the standard care-only groups: 90 deaths (42%) vs 73 deaths (40%), respectively (hazard ratio 1.08, 95% CI 0.79-1.47, p = 0.63). | Methods: Randomized, open-label, multi-center trial at 57 centers in Brazil. Patients with severe COVID-19 received azithromycin (500 mg once daily for 10 days) with standard care (n = 214) or standard care only (n = 183). Standard care included hydroxychloroquine for 10 days. The primary endpoint was clinical status at day 15 and a secondary outcome was mortality at day 29. Limitations: The protocol was revised four times during the trial regarding entry criteria and analysis; only severe COVID-19 cases included, precluding any effects in milder cases; study did not examine azithromycin as a standalone therapy. | Implications: This study does not support the routine use of azithromycin in patients with severe COVID-19. | SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 959-967 ST - Azithromycin in addition to standard of care versus standard of care alone in the treatment of patients admitted to the hospital with severe COVID-19 in Brazil (COALITION II): a randomised clinical trial T2 - Lancet TI - Azithromycin in addition to standard of care versus standard of care alone in the treatment of patients admitted to the hospital with severe COVID-19 in Brazil (COALITION II): a randomised clinical trial UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32896292 VL - 396 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 918 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BackgroundThe antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties of azithromycin suggest therapeutic potential against COVID-19. Randomised data in mild-to-moderate disease are not available. We assessed whether azithromycin is effective in reducing hospital admission in patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19. AD - Respiratory Medicine Unit and National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Medicine Experimental Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. Electronic address: timothy.hinks@ndm.ox.ac.uk. | Oxford Clinical Trials Research Unit, Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Respiratory Medicine Unit and National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Medicine Experimental Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | University Hospital Llandough, Cardiff, UK. | Emergency Department Clinical Research Unit, St George's Hospital, London, UK. | Accident and Emergency, East Lancashire NHS Hospitals, Blackburn, UK. | Emergency Department, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK. | University Hospitals of Derby and Burton, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK; University of Nottingham, Lenton, Nottingham UK. | Department of Emergency Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, UK. | Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading, UK. | Emergency Department, University College London Hospital, London UK. | Department of Infectious Diseases, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK; Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. | Department of Geratology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK; Department of Acute Medicine, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital, Birmingham, UK; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK. AN - 34252378 AU - Hinks, Timothy S. C. | Cureton, Lucy | Knight, Ruth | Wang, Ariel | Cane, Jennifer L. | Barber, Vicki S. | Black, Joanna | Dutton, Susan J. | Melhorn, James | Jabeen, Maisha | Moss, Phil | Garlapati, Rajendar | Baron, Tanya | Johnson, Graham | Cantle, Fleur | Clarke, David | Elkhodair, Samer | Underwood, Jonathan | Lasserson, Daniel | Pavord, Ian D. | Morgan, Sophie | Richards, Duncan C1 - 2021-07-23 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07232021_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 9 DO - 10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00263-0 ET - 2021/07/13 L1 - internal-pdf://3009589665/1-s2.0-S2213260021002630-main.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Hinks, Timothy S C | Cureton, Lucy | Knight, Ruth | Wang, Ariel | Cane, Jennifer L | Barber, Vicki S | Black, Joanna | Dutton, Susan J | Melhorn, James | Jabeen, Maisha | Moss, Phil | Garlapati, Rajendar | Baron, Tanya | Johnson, Graham | Cantle, Fleur | Clarke, David | Elkhodair, Samer | Underwood, Jonathan | Lasserson, Daniel | Pavord, Ian D | Morgan, Sophie | Richards, Duncan | eng | WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom | England | Lancet Respir Med. 2021 Jul 9. pii: S2213-2600(21)00263-0. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00263-0. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Of 292 outpatients diagnosed with COVID-19 between June 3, 2020 and January 29, 2021 in the UK, those receiving 500 mg azithromycin (n = 147) were no less likely to be admitted to hospital or die than those receiving symptomatic relief with rest and paracetamol. SN - 2213-2600 ST - Azithromycin versus standard care in patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 (ATOMIC2): an open-label, randomised trial T2 - Lancet Respir Med TI - Azithromycin versus standard care in patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 (ATOMIC2): an open-label, randomised trial UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00263-0 Y2 - 2021/07/26 ID - 2127 ER - TY - JOUR AB - DNA sequence analysis recently identified the novel SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.526 that is spreading at an alarming rate in the New York City area. Two versions of the variant were identified, both with the prevalent D614G mutation in the spike protein together with four novel point mutations and with an E484K or S477N mutation in the receptor binding domain, raising concerns of possible resistance to vaccine-elicited and therapeutic antibodies. We report that convalescent sera and vaccine-elicited antibodies retain full neutralizing titer against the S477N B.1.526 variant and neutralize the E484K version with a modest 3.5-fold decrease in titer as compared to D614G. The E484K version was neutralized with a 12-fold decrease in titer by the REGN10933 monoclonal antibody but the combination cocktail with REGN10987 was fully active. The findings suggest that current vaccines and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies will remain protective against the B.1.526 variants. The findings further support the value of wide-spread vaccination. AN - 33791698 AU - Zhou, H. | Dcosta, B. M. | Samanovic, M. I. | Mulligan, M. J. | Landau, N. R. | Tada, T. C1 - 2021-04-02 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04022021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 24 DO - 10.1101/2021.03.24.436620 ET - 2021/04/02 L1 - internal-pdf://0922629474/Zhou-2021-B.1.526 SARS-CoV-2 variants identifi.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Zhou, Hao; Dcosta, Belinda M; Samanovic, Marie I; Mulligan, Mark J; Landau, Nathaniel R; Tada, Takuya; eng; Preprint; bioRxiv. 2021 Mar 24. doi: 10.1101/2021.03.24.436620. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Convalescent sera and vaccine-elicited antibodies retained full neutralizing titers against the S477N B.1.526 variant spreading in the New York City area and neutralized B.1.526 with the E484K mutation with a modest 3.5-fold decrease in titer compared to D614G, suggesting that current vaccines will remain protective against B.1.526 variants. SP - 2021.03.24.436620 ST - B.1.526 SARS-CoV-2 variants identified in New York City are neutralized by vaccine-elicited and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies T2 - bioRxiv TI - B.1.526 SARS-CoV-2 variants identified in New York City are neutralized by vaccine-elicited and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies TT - Published article: B.1.526 SARS-CoV-2 Variants Identified in New York City are Neutralized by Vaccine-Elicited and Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33791698 ID - 1626 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) tuberculosis vaccine has immunity benefits against respiratory infections. Accordingly, it has been hypothesized to have a protective effect against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Recent research found that countries with universal BCG childhood vaccination policies tend to be less affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. However, such ecological studies are biased by numerous confounders. Instead, this paper reports on a rare nationwide natural experiment that occurred in Sweden in 1975, where discontinuation of newborns' BCG vaccination led to a dramatic decrease in BCG coverage rate, thus allowing us to estimate BCG's effect without the biases associated with cross-country comparisons. METHODS: Numbers of COVID-19 cases and hospitalizations were recorded for birth cohorts born just before and just after 1975, representing 1 026 304 and 1 018 544 individuals, respectively. We used regression discontinuity to assess the effect of BCG vaccination on COVID-19-related outcomes. On such a large population, this method allows for a precision that would be hard to achieve using a randomized controlled trial. RESULTS: The odds ratios (95% CI) for COVID-19 cases and COVID-19-related hospitalizations were 1.0005 (.8130-1.1881) and 1.2046 (.7532-1.6560), allowing us to reject fairly modest effects of universal BCG vaccination. We can reject with 95% confidence that universal BCG vaccination reduces the number of cases by 19% and the number of hospitalizations by 25%. CONCLUSIONS: While the effect of a recent vaccination must be evaluated, we provide strong evidence that receiving the BCG vaccine at birth does not have a protective effect against COVID-19 among middle-aged individuals. AD - Department of Economics, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA. | Immunology Department, Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, Nord-Universite de Paris, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France. | Universite Paris-Saclay, Inserm, "Inflammation, Microbiome, Immunosurveillance," Chatenay-Malabry, France. AN - 32829400 AU - de Chaisemartin, C. | de Chaisemartin, L. C1 - 2020-09-01 C2 - Evidence Base for Treatments CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090120_covidupdate.html DA - May 18 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa1223 ET - 2020/08/24 IS - 10 KW - *BCG Vaccine | *covid-19 | Humans | Infant | Infant, Newborn | Middle Aged | Pandemics | SARS-CoV-2 | Sweden/epidemiology | Vaccination | *bcg | *regression discontinuity L1 - internal-pdf://3698337831/de Chaisemartin-2020-BCG vaccination in infanc.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | N1 - de Chaisemartin, Clement; de Chaisemartin, Luc; eng; Randomized Controlled Trial; Clin Infect Dis. 2021 May 18;72(10):e501-e505. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1223. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Study from Sweden showing that adults who received Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) tuberculosis vaccine in infancy are not protected from COVID-19. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - e501-e505 ST - Bacille Calmette-Guerin Vaccination in Infancy Does Not Protect Against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Evidence From a Natural Experiment in Sweden T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Bacille Calmette-Guerin Vaccination in Infancy Does Not Protect Against Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Evidence From a Natural Experiment in Sweden UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32829400 VL - 72 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 805 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The IgG1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) bamlanivimab (LY-CoV555) prevents viral attachment and entry into human cells by blocking attachment to the ACE2 receptor. However, whether bamlanivimab is equally effective against SARS-CoV-2 emerging variants of concern (VOC) is not fully known. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine whether bamlanivimab is equally effective against SARS-CoV-2 emerging VOC. The ability of bamlanivimab to neutralize five SARS-CoV-2 variants including B.1.1.7 (mutations include N501Y and del69/70), B.1.351 (mutations include E484K and N501Y) and P.2 (mutations include E484K in the absence of a N501Y mutation) was analyzed in infectious cell culture using CaCo2 cells. Additionally, we analyzed vaccine-elicited sera after immunization with BNT162b2, and convalescent sera for its ability to neutralize SARS-CoV-2 variants.We found that the variant B.1.1.7, as well as two isolates from early 2020 (FFM1 and FFM7) could be efficiently neutralized by bamlanivimab (titer 1/1280, respectively), however, no neutralization effect could be detected against either B.1.135 or P.2, both harboring the E484K substitution. Vaccine-elicited sera showed slightly decreased neutralizing activity against B1.1.7, B.1.135 and P.2Our in vitro findings indicate that, in contrast to vaccine-elicited sera, bamlanivimab may not provide efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 variants harboring the E484K substitution. Confirmation of the SARS-CoV-2 variant, including screening for E484K, may be needed before initiating mAb treatment with bamlanivimab to ensure both efficacious and efficient use of the antibody product. Hence, variant-specific mAb agents may be required to treat emerging VOC.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementNo external funding was receivedAuthor DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Ethik-Kommission des Fachbereiches Medizin der Goethe Universitaet Frankfurt (250719)All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll necessary data are included in the manuscript. AU - Widera, Marek | Wilhelm, Alexander | Hoehl, Sebastian | Pallas, Christiane | Kohmer, Niko | Wolf, Timo | Rabenau, Holger F. | Corman, Victor | Drosten, Christian | Vehreschild, Maria J. G. T. | Goetsch, Udo | Gottschalk, Rene | Ciesek, Sandra C1 - 2021-03-12 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03122021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.02.24.21252372 L1 - internal-pdf://3865146813/Widera-2021-Bamlanivimab does not neutralize t.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The monoclonal antibody (mAb) bamlanivimab was effective at neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 variants FFM1, FFM7, and B.1.1.7; whereas it was completely ineffective against variants B.1.351 and P.2, both of which contain the E484K amino acid substitution (Figure). | BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) vaccine induced sera was mildly effective at neutralizing the E484K containing variants. | Methods: BNT162b2 vaccine-elicited sera and convalescent sera were analyzed for ability to neutralize SARS-CoV-2 variants. Monoclonal antibody solution was serially diluted and incubated with SARS-CoV-2 isolates FFM1, FFM7, B.1.1.7., B.1.351, or P.2, and tested for neutralizing activity. Limitations: Small sample size. | Implications: Data show that bamlanivimab may not be active against SARS-CoV-2 variants with the E484K substitution. Diamond et al (below), also found diminished neutralizing activity against E484K variants suggesting that screening for E484K may be necessary before initiating mAb treatment . Data bolster previous studies showing effectiveness of the BNT162b2 vaccine against the non- E484K containing variants. SP - 2021.02.24.21252372 ST - Bamlanivimab does not neutralize two SARS-CoV-2 variants carrying E484K in vitro T2 - medRxiv TI - Bamlanivimab does not neutralize two SARS-CoV-2 variants carrying E484K in vitro UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/02/26/2021.02.24.21252372.full.pdf ID - 1573 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Severe coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is associated with dysregulated inflammation. The effects of combination treatment with baricitinib, a Janus kinase inhibitor, plus remdesivir are not known. METHODS: We conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial evaluating baricitinib plus remdesivir in hospitalized adults with Covid-19. All the patients received remdesivir (70% with a bachelor’s degree). | Implications: Measures to improve adherence to social distancing should appeal to individuals�?motivations for social distancing, target men and young adults, and be accompanied by institutional restrictions on high risk social congregate settings (restaurants, community and recreation centers). SN - 1932-6203 (Electronic); 1932-6203 (Linking) SP - e0239795 ST - Barriers and facilitators of adherence to social distancing recommendations during COVID-19 among a large international sample of adults T2 - PLoS One TI - Barriers and facilitators of adherence to social distancing recommendations during COVID-19 among a large international sample of adults UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33027281 VL - 15 ID - 1110 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: In December 2019, a novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) emerged in China and has spread globally, creating a pandemic. Information about the clinical characteristics of infected patients who require intensive care is limited. Objective: To characterize patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) requiring treatment in an intensive care unit (ICU) in the Lombardy region of Italy. Design, Setting, and Participants: Retrospective case series of 1591 consecutive patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 referred for ICU admission to the coordinator center (Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy) of the COVID-19 Lombardy ICU Network and treated at one of the ICUs of the 72 hospitals in this network between February 20 and March 18, 2020. Date of final follow-up was March 25, 2020. Exposures: SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay of nasal and pharyngeal swabs. Main Outcomes and Measures: Demographic and clinical data were collected, including data on clinical management, respiratory failure, and patient mortality. Data were recorded by the coordinator center on an electronic worksheet during telephone calls by the staff of the COVID-19 Lombardy ICU Network. Results: Of the 1591 patients included in the study, the median (IQR) age was 63 (56-70) years and 1304 (82%) were male. Of the 1043 patients with available data, 709 (68%) had at least 1 comorbidity and 509 (49%) had hypertension. Among 1300 patients with available respiratory support data, 1287 (99% [95% CI, 98%-99%]) needed respiratory support, including 1150 (88% [95% CI, 87%-90%]) who received mechanical ventilation and 137 (11% [95% CI, 9%-12%]) who received noninvasive ventilation. The median positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) was 14 (IQR, 12-16) cm H2O, and Fio2 was greater than 50% in 89% of patients. The median Pao2/Fio2 was 160 (IQR, 114-220). The median PEEP level was not different between younger patients (n = 503 aged /=64 years) (14 [IQR, 12-15] vs 14 [IQR, 12-16] cm H2O, respectively; median difference, 0 [95% CI, 0-0]; P = .94). Median Fio2 was lower in younger patients: 60% (IQR, 50%-80%) vs 70% (IQR, 50%-80%) (median difference, -10% [95% CI, -14% to 6%]; P = .006), and median Pao2/Fio2 was higher in younger patients: 163.5 (IQR, 120-230) vs 156 (IQR, 110-205) (median difference, 7 [95% CI, -8 to 22]; P = .02). Patients with hypertension (n = 509) were older than those without hypertension (n = 526) (median [IQR] age, 66 years [60-72] vs 62 years [54-68]; P < .001) and had lower Pao2/Fio2 (median [IQR], 146 [105-214] vs 173 [120-222]; median difference, -27 [95% CI, -42 to -12]; P = .005). Among the 1581 patients with ICU disposition data available as of March 25, 2020, 920 patients (58% [95% CI, 56%-61%]) were still in the ICU, 256 (16% [95% CI, 14%-18%]) were discharged from the ICU, and 405 (26% [95% CI, 23%-28%]) had died in the ICU. Older patients (n = 786; age >/=64 years) had higher mortality than younger patients (n = 795; age 100,000 vaccine-eligible patients (>65 years or qualifying conditions) receiving a text-based motivational reminder message, vaccine appointment scheduling increased by 86% within 6 days, and vaccination increased by 26% within 4 weeks of the message, compared to eligibility notification alone, although overall vaccination rates were below 15%. SP - 2021.04.12.21254876 ST - Behavioral nudges increase COVID-19 vaccinations: Two randomized controlled trials T2 - medRxiv TI - Behavioral nudges increase COVID-19 vaccinations: Two randomized controlled trials TT - Published article: Behavioral Nudges Increase COVID-19 Vaccinations UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/04/14/2021.04.12.21254876.full.pdf ID - 1690 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Albuquerque Academy, Albuquerque, New Mexico. | Andrew Weil Center for Integrative Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. AN - 32362036 AU - Sood, L. | Sood, V. C1 - 2020-05-12 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051220_covidupdate.html DA - Jan DO - 10.1111/jrh.12459 ET - 2020/05/04 IS - 1 KW - African Americans/*statistics & numerical data | COVID-19/*ethnology/genetics | Comorbidity | *Health Status Disparities | Humans | Pandemics | Rural Population/*statistics & numerical data | SARS-CoV-2 | Social Determinants of Health | Tobacco Smoking/epidemiology | United States/epidemiology | *covid-19 | *coexposures | *comorbidities | *genetics | *social determinants of health L1 - internal-pdf://0796110446/Sood-2020-Being African American and Rural_ A.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Sood, Lakshay; Sood, Vanita; eng; England; J Rural Health. 2021 Jan;37(1):217-221. doi: 10.1111/jrh.12459. Epub 2020 Jun 8. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Rural African American communities may be at a greater risk for COVID-19 infection. SE - 217 SN - 1748-0361 (Electronic); 0890-765X (Linking) SP - 217-221 ST - Being African American and Rural: A Double Jeopardy From COVID-19 T2 - J Rural Health TI - Being African American and Rural: A Double Jeopardy From COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32362036 VL - 37 ID - 179 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Surveillance testing and quarantine have been effective measures for limiting SARS-CoV-2 transmission on university campuses. However, the importance of these measures needs to be re-evaluated in the context of a complex and rapidly changing environment that includes vaccines, variants, and waning immunity. Also, recent guidelines from the CDC suggest that vaccinated students do not need to participate in surveillance testing. We used an agent-based SEIR model to evaluate the utility of surveillance testing and quarantine in a fully vaccinated student population where vaccine effectiveness may be impacted by the type of vaccination, the presence of variants, and the loss of vaccine-induced or natural immunity over time. We found that weekly surveillance testing at 90% vaccine effectiveness only marginally reduces viral transmission as compared to no testing. However, at 50%-75% effectiveness, surveillance testing can provide over 10-fold reduction in the number of infections on campus over the course of the semester. We also show that a 10-day quarantine protocol for exposures has limited effect on infections until vaccine effectiveness drops to 50%, and that increased surveillance testing for exposures is at least as effective as quarantine at limiting infections. Together these findings provide a foundation for universities to design appropriate mitigation protocols for the 2021-2022 academic year.Competing Interest StatementDr. Wolfe reported receiving drug development consulting fees not related to this study from Enzychem Lifesciences, and participated on data safety and monitoring boards or advisory boards including for Merck concerning antivirals for CMV, for Biogen and Atea Pharmaceuticals concerning antivirals for COVID-19, and for Janssen concerning vaccines for respiratory viruses within the 36 months preceding this study. Dr. McGoff reported receiving funding from the NSF during the conduct of the study. No other disclosures were reported.Funding StatementDr. McGoff was partially supported by the National Science Foundation under award DMS-1847144. No other external funding was used to support the research contained in this study and no authors received payment or services from a third party for any aspect of the submitted work.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:N/AAll necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThe data, model, and scripts used to perform the analyses and generate the figures and tables presented in this study are available at https://gitlab.com/duke-covid-modeling/covid_campus_interventions_public https://gitlab.com/duke-covid-modeling/covid_campus_interventions_public AU - Motta, Francis C. | McGoff, Kevin A. | Deckard, Anastasia | Wolfe, Cameron R. | Moody, M. Anthony | Cavanaugh, Kyle | Denny, Thomas N. | Harer, John | Haase, Steven B. C1 - 2021-06-25 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06252021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.06.15.21258928 L1 - internal-pdf://3085502627/Motta-2021-Benefits of Surveillance Testing an.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Regardless of outside community infection prevalence: | At 90% vaccine effectiveness, weekly surveillance testing only marginally reduces viral transmission as compared to no testing (Figure). | At 50%�?5% vaccine effectiveness, weekly surveillance testing can provide over 10-fold reduction in the number of infections (Figure). | A 10-day quarantine protocol for exposures has limited effect on infections until vaccine effectiveness drops to 50%. | Testing of exposed students every 2 days is at least as effective as quarantine at limiting infections. | Methods: An agent-based model simulating SARS-CoV-2 spread over 90 days in a population of 5,000 students where vaccine effectiveness may be impacted by vaccine type, variants, and/or waning immunity. Limitations: Parameters in the model were fit to infection dynamics data collected by the surveillance program at Duke University during the 2020-�B2021 academic year, therefore outcomes may be context and resource-specific; the protection conferred by vaccination is the product of coverage and efficacy, and may not be generalizable to universities without mandatory vaccination. | Implications: On campuses with 100% of students vaccinated and 90% vaccine effectiveness, infections should remain low in the absence of surveillance testing. Increased testing of exposed students may be a viable alternative to quarantine on campuses. SP - 2021.06.15.21258928 ST - Benefits of Surveillance Testing and Quarantine in a SARS-CoV-2 Vaccinated Population of Students on a University Campus T2 - medRxiv TI - Benefits of Surveillance Testing and Quarantine in a SARS-CoV-2 Vaccinated Population of Students on a University Campus UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/06/18/2021.06.15.21258928.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/06/18/2021.06.15.21258928.full.pdf ID - 1861 ER - TY - JOUR AB - J. Marion Sims. Henrietta Lacks. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study. | With two authorized SARS-CoV-2 vaccines now available, particular concerns have emerged regarding whether Black communities will choose to be vaccinated. In a pandemic that has disproportionately burdened Black Americans, experts have been scrambling to send targeted public health messages and reduce skepticism. But in late November, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and partners reported that only 14% of Black survey respondents trusted the vaccines�?safety and only 18% said they would definitely get vaccinated.1 In describing the racial gap on this question, many commentators cite three historical atrocities �?Sims, Lacks, Tuskegee �?to explain Black communities�?distrust in health care systems.2 If it were only that simple. | These historical traumas certainly provide critical context for interpreting present-day occurrences. But attributing distrust primarily to these instances ignores the everyday racism that Black communities face. Every day, Black Americans have their pain denied, their conditions misdiagnosed, and necessary treatment withheld by physicians. In these moments, those patients are probably not historicizing their frustration by recalling Tuskegee, but rather contemplating how an institution sworn to do no harm has failed them. As Harvard historian Evelynn Hammonds told the New York Times, “There has never been any period in American history where the health of Blacks was equal to that of whites. Disparity is built into the system,�?so we must acknowledge how medical history has institutionalized racism. But fixation on specific historical abuses distracts from the larger narrative of everyday contributions to distrust. | Indeed, not every Black American is aware of these atrocities or would blame them for their distrust. Yet every Black person knows their personal challenges in navigating health care institutions, perhaps even more so during this pandemic. Daily subtle mental assaults are more salient in explaining a lack of trust in medical institutions and, by extension, in Covid vaccines.1; | And trust is critical to health. We know that Black patients prefer to be seen by Black physicians and will go well out of their way to do so. Despite genuinely wanting to address their obesity, for example, Black women will wait months for an appointment with one of us (F.C.S.) because they believe a physician who shares their background will care for them in a way that others cannot or will not. In light of the recent death of Dr. Susan Moore from Covid-19 after substandard care, this reality is all too clear. | Unfortunately, there is even further reason for this belief. Infant mortality is halved when Black newborns are cared for by Black rather than White physicians.3 Physician–patient racial concordance makes the difference between life and death for these infants even though they cannot contemplate historical traumas: they can still experience everyday racism and disrespect. Similarly, in 2018, Victor and colleagues showed that 64% of Black men brought their blood pressure to normal levels after a barbershop-based health intervention, as compared with only 12% of the control group.4 As safe, trusted fixtures within their communities, barbershops represent forums of culture and camaraderie for Black men, where they can be heard by someone who can relate to their experiences. These findings underscore the importance of establishing trust in medical enterprises and providing culturally concordant public health messaging. | In fact, concordant messaging has already proven valuable during the pandemic. Alsan and colleagues demonstrated that watching a video with a Covid-prevention message delivered by a Black physician increased information-seeking behavior among Black patients as compared with watching the same message delivered by a non–racially concordant physician.5 Even with no live interaction, the messenger’s racial identity affected recipients�?approach to Covid health literacy, which has important vaccine-related implications. | Framing the conversation about distrust in Covid vaccines in terms of everyday racism rather than historical atrocities may increase underserved communities�?willingness to be vaccinated. When we hyperfocus on Sims, Lacks, and Tuskegee, we ascribe the current Black health experience to past racism, rooting our present in immovable historical occurrences and undermining efforts to combat mistrust. Everyday racism, by contrast, can be tackled in the present. | To that end, we need Black physicians and investigators at the forefront of vaccine-rollout efforts. Recently, Anthony Fauci noted that the Moderna vaccine was “developed by an African American woman,�?Kizzmekia Corbett. Though this recognition critically highlights the concordance between the Black population and the National Institutes of Health’s lead scientist for coronavirus vaccine research, we need more public health messaging coming directly from Black health leaders, a challenge given that only 5% of U.S. physicians are Black. Black scientists sharing their stories is paramount because they can more directly relate and speak to their communities�?needs. The NAACP study found that Black Americans were twice as likely to trust a messenger of their own racial/ethnic group than one from outside it.1 When trust is in short supply everywhere, we need all hands on deck to begin rebuilding trust in health care. We believe the best way to learn from the atrocities of the past is to change our present. AD - Harvard College, Cambridge, MA. | Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. AN - 33471971 AU - Bajaj, Simar Singh | Stanford, Fatima Cody C1 - 2021-02-26 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02262021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 4 DO - 10.1056/NEJMpv2035827 ET - 2021/01/21 IS - 5 KW - *African Americans | Attitude to Health/*ethnology | *COVID-19 Vaccines | Health Promotion/*methods | Health Status Disparities | Humans | Physician-Patient Relations | *Racism | *Trust | United States | Vaccination/*psychology L1 - internal-pdf://1597535446/Bajaj-2021-Beyond Tuskegee �?Vaccine Distrust.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Vaccines | N1 - Bajaj, Simar Singh | Stanford, Fatima Cody | eng | N Engl J Med. 2021 Feb 4;384(5):e12. doi: 10.1056/NEJMpv2035827. Epub 2021 Jan 20. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: highlight the importance of the physician-patient relationship, particularly clinicians of the same race, in outcomes for African American persons. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic) | 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - e12 ST - Beyond Tuskegee �?Vaccine Distrust and Everyday Racism T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Beyond Tuskegee �?Vaccine Distrust and Everyday Racism UR - https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMpv2035827 | https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMpv2035827?articleTools=true VL - 384 ID - 1900 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BackgroundAdverse mental health consequences of COVID-19, including anxiety and depression, have been widely predicted but not yet accurately measured. There are a range of physical health risk factors for COVID-19, but it is not known if there are also psychiatric risk factors. In this electronic health record network cohort study using data from 69 million individuals, 62?354 of whom had a diagnosis of COVID-19, we assessed whether a diagnosis of COVID-19 (compared with other health events) was associated with increased rates of subsequent psychiatric diagnoses, and whether patients with a history of psychiatric illness are at a higher risk of being diagnosed with COVID-19. AU - Taquet, Maxime | Luciano, Sierra | Geddes, John R. | Harrison, Paul J. C1 - 2020-12-08 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/120820_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30462-4 IS - 2 L1 - internal-pdf://2670312214/Taquet-2021-Bidirectional associations between.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In patients with no history of psychiatric disorders, the probability of a first psychiatric disorder diagnosed during a window period up to 90 days following a COVID-19 diagnosis was higher (5.8%, 95% CI 5.2%-6.4%) than among patients presenting with flu (2.8%, 95% CI 2.5%�?.1%) or other respiratory infections (3.4%, 95% CI 3.1%�?.7%) (Figure). | Patients diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder in the previous year had a higher incidence of COVID-19 diagnosis than patients without a past psychiatric diagnosis (RR 1.65, 95% CI 1.59�?.71). | Methods: Data from 62,354 COVID-19 patients diagnosed between January 20 and August 1, 2020 and patients presenting with other medical conditions, including influenza and other respiratory tract infections, were compared regarding incidence of psychiatric disorders during days 14�?0 following COVID-19 diagnosis. Limitations: Potential for other confounding factors not included in the analyses. | Implications: The authors suggest that clinicians caring for COVID-19 patients over time be on the lookout for new onset psychiatric disorders, even in patients with no previous psychiatric diagnoses. Along with the findings of Yang et alexternal icon. (commented on by Smith and Gradusexternal icon), these studies underscore the need for surveillance and care of populations with pre-existing psychiatric disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic. SE - 130 SN - 22150366 SP - 130-140 ST - Bidirectional associations between COVID-19 and psychiatric disorder: retrospective cohort studies of 62�?54 COVID-19 cases in the USA T2 - Lancet Psychiatry TI - Bidirectional associations between COVID-19 and psychiatric disorder: retrospective cohort studies of 62�?54 COVID-19 cases in the USA UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30462-4 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7820108/pdf/main.pdf VL - 8 Y2 - 2021/05/14 ID - 1307 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Contact tracing is critical to controlling COVID-19, but most protocols only "forward-trace" to notify people who were recently exposed. Using a stochastic branching-process model, we find that "bidirectional" tracing to identify infector individuals and their other infectees robustly improves outbreak control. In our model, bidirectional tracing more than doubles the reduction in effective reproduction number (Reff) achieved by forward-tracing alone, while dramatically increasing resilience to low case ascertainment and test sensitivity. The greatest gains are realised by expanding the manual tracing window from 2 to 6 days pre-symptom-onset or, alternatively, by implementing high-uptake smartphone-based exposure notification; however, to achieve the performance of the former approach, the latter requires nearly all smartphones to detect exposure events. With or without exposure notification, our results suggest that implementing bidirectional tracing could dramatically improve COVID-19 control. AD - Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 296, 50937, Cologne, Germany. | Alt. Technology Labs, Berkeley, CA, 94702, USA. | Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA. | Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. | Biomathematics Graduate Program and Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA. | Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA. esvelt@mit.edu. AN - 33431829 AU - Bradshaw, W. J. | Alley, E. C. | Huggins, J. H. | Lloyd, A. L. | Esvelt, K. M. C1 - 2021-01-22 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01222021_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 11 DO - 10.1038/s41467-020-20325-7 ET - 2021/01/13 IS - 1 KW - COVID-19/diagnosis/*prevention & control/*transmission | Computer Simulation | Contact Tracing/*methods | Disease Outbreaks/*prevention & control | Humans | Mobile Applications | SARS-CoV-2 | Sensitivity and Specificity | Smartphone L1 - internal-pdf://0335547870/Bradshaw-2021-Bidirectional contact tracing co.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Bradshaw, William J; Alley, Ethan C; Huggins, Jonathan H; Lloyd, Alun L; Esvelt, Kevin M; eng; U01CK000587/ACL/ACL HHS/; U01 CK000587/CK/NCEZID CDC HHS/; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. | England; Nat Commun. 2021 Jan 11;12(1):232. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20325-7. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Compared with forward-tracing alone, bidirectional contact tracing (including reverse tracing) reduced the effective reproduction number (Reff) by up to 24%, doubling the benefit relative to no tracing (Figure A). | Bidirectional contact tracing with a 6-day pre-symptom onset window and high-uptake (80%) smartphone-based exposure notification dropped the Reff by up to 26% (Figure B). | Methods: A stochastic model was used to assess the efficacy of bidirectional contact tracing with digital notification using smartphones to broadcast chirps and allowing nearby persons with COVID-19 to “opt-in�? and manual tracing which asks individuals to remember their contacts. Limitations: Model only considers infected individuals without discerning between mild and severe symptoms and sensitivity of testing; model does not consider demographic, geospatial, or behavioral variation. | Implications: Bidirectional contact tracing, with manual and digital approaches, might be an important tool in improving overall COVID-19 control. SN - 2041-1723 (Electronic); 2041-1723 (Linking) SP - 232 ST - Bidirectional contact tracing could dramatically improve COVID-19 control T2 - Nat Commun TI - Bidirectional contact tracing could dramatically improve COVID-19 control UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33431829 VL - 12 ID - 1434 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Since the pandemic began, the question of where the coronavirus came from has been one of the biggest puzzles. It almost certainly originated in bats, and a new study out this week �?the most comprehensive analysis of coronaviruses in China �?adds further weight to that theory. | But the lack of clarity around how the virus passed to people has meant that unsubstantiated theories �?promoted by US President Donald Trump �?that it escaped from a laboratory in China persist. | By contrast, most researchers say the more likely explanation, given what is known so far about this virus and others like it, is that bats passed it to an intermediate animal, which then spread it to people. | In mid-May, the World Health Assembly, the World Health Organization’s key decision-making body, passed a resolution that calls on the agency to work with other international organizations to identify the animal source. | ; Coronavirus and COVID-19: Keep up to date; | But scientists say that the nature of the evidence required means it’s going to be hard to track down the animal source �?and also difficult to completely rule out the facility in question, the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV), as the source. | That the WIV, a laboratory highly regarded for its work on bat coronaviruses, is located in the city where the outbreak first emerged is probably just a coincidence. But the leading work its researchers are doing to unravel the origin of the pandemic, as well as the unsubstantiated speculation about its possible role in the outbreak, has thrust it into the spotlight: several of the authors of the latest bat study work there. | An independent investigation at the facility is probably the only way to convincingly rule out the lab as a possible source of the outbreak, but scientists think such a probe is unlikely, given the delicate geopolitics that surround the issue. | Animal origin; In the latest study, researchers analysed partial sequences for some 1240 coronaviruses found in bats in China. They report that the virus fuelling the pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, is most closely related to a group of viruses found in horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus). | Their finding adds to an earlier report that a coronavirus called RATG13, which some of the authors found in intermediate horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus affinis) in Yunnan province, shares 96% of its genetic sequence with SARS-CoV-21. | The authors of the latest analysis note that the viral group to which both viruses belong seems to have originated in Yunnan province. But as the team only collected viruses from sites in China, they cannot rule out that a SARS-CoV-2 ancestor might have come from neighbouring Myanmar and Laos, where horseshoe bats also live. | A co-author of the study, posted on bioRxiv, is Shi Zheng-Li, the WIV virologist whose extensive work surveying coronaviruses in China has drawn particular attention during the pandemic. Shi has refuted suggestions that the lab has ever had a virus similar to SARS-CoV-2, and has previously cautioned about the risks of another SARS-like disease emerging from animals. “She had actually warned us that there are bat viruses in nature that can spill over to humans,�?says Volker Thiel, a virologist at the University of Bern. | No bat viruses found so far are similar enough to SARS-CoV-2 to be a direct ancestor. So while the new virus could have been spread to people directly from bats, researchers think it’s more likely that it passed through an intermediate animal. Evidence suggests that the related coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) passed to people from bats by way of civets, and that camels were the intermediate source of another related virus that causes Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). Those species were found to host versions of the viruses almost identical to those seen in humans2,3. | Finding a virus nearly identical to SARS-CoV-2 in an animal would provide the most persuasive evidence for how it passed to people. It would require extensive sampling of coronaviruses in wildlife and livestock in China, says Rob Grenfell, the director of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation’s Health and Biosecurity unit in Melbourne, Australia. China has reportedly started such investigations, but little information on their status has been released. | ; Dogs caught coronavirus from their owners, genetic analysis suggests; | Similar investigations happened after the original SARS outbreak. The first cases emerged in November 2002, but the cause wasn’t identified as a coronavirus until April 2003. By then, authorities already suspected that animals were involved, because more than 30% of the early cases in Guangdong province, China, where the outbreak started, were in workers at a live animal market. A month later, researchers found the virus in civets at live animal markets. Researchers later linked civets to cases of SARS in people �?a waitress and customer at a restaurant serving palm civets (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus) tested positive for the virus, along with six of the animals4. | But it took nearly 15 years and extensive animal sampling to find a closely related virus in bats. It was Shi Zheng-Li who led the team that sampled thousands of bats in remote caves in China. And even though they found5 all the genetic components of the SARS virus, they did not find one virus with the same genetic make-up. | Scientists say that pinpointing the animal source of SARS-CoV-2 could take just as long. Groups around the world are already using computational models, cell biology and animal experiments to investigate species that are susceptible to the virus �?and so possibly the source �?but so far it remains elusive. | Lab speculation; The WIV hosts a maximum-security lab that is one of a few dozen biosafety-level-4 (BSL-4) labs around the world. Although there’s no evidence to support the suggestion that the virus escaped from there, scientists say that completely ruling it out will be tricky and time consuming. | How to trace a virus to its source: Flowchart showing possible questions to ask in order to trace the source of a virus. | The lab does hold coronaviruses related to SARS-CoV-2, so it is possible that one could have escaped, perhaps if a lab worker accidentally became infected from a virus sample or animal in the facility and then passed it on to someone outside the facility. It is also theoretically possible that scientists at the lab tweaked the virus’s genome for research purposes before it escaped, but, again, there is no evidence that they did. Shi declined to respond to Nature’s questions about her experiments, saying that she has been inundated with media requests. | Aerial shot of a complex of modern academic buildings surrounded by trees and grass. | The Wuhan Institute of Virology in China is at the centre of the claims.Credit: Hector Retamal/AFP/Getty; | In April, lab director Yuan Zhiming said the virus did not come from the lab. He told Chinese state broadcaster CGTN: “We know what virus research is being carried out, we know how viruses are managed, we know how samples are managed. The virus is definitely not coming from here.�?No one at the Wuhan Institute of Virology responded to Nature’s multiple requests for comment on the suggestions that the lab might have involved in the outbreak. | In 2017, Nature visited the Wuhan BSL-4 lab and Yuan showed off its gleaming new equipment, high-security testing rooms and a ventilation system carefully designed to ensure that the pathogens were securely contained. He said that his team had worked with French biosafety scientists to build the most advanced biosafety research lab in the world, and that the group was taking every measure to prevent accidents. Yuan said he “wanted to let the world understand why we want to construct this lab, and to describe its role in safeguarding the world�? | There is also no record of accidents at the institute, but viruses, including SARS, have previously accidentally escaped from labs, including in China �?although none has led to a significant outbreak. An accidental release of SARS was traced back to a lab in Beijing in 2004 when researchers there got sick. But there have been no reports of researchers at WIV becoming ill. | Determining whether the lab had anything to do with the virus will require a forensic investigation, say several scientists. Investigators would be looking for viruses that matched the genetic sequence of SARS-CoV-2 and, if they found one, any evidence that it could have escaped. To do that, authorities would need to take samples from the lab, interview staff, review lab books and records of safety incidents, and see what types of experiment researchers had been doing, says Richard Ebright, a structural biologist at Rutgers University in Piscataway, New Jersey. | ; Animal source of the coronavirus continues to elude scientists; | In an interview with Chinese publication Caixin in February, Shi said she hoped there would be an investigation, because she was confident that no connection would be found between her institute and the new coronavirus. Chinese state media have also said an investigation is likely, although no details have been released. | But such an investigation might not yield anything conclusive either way, says Frank Hamill, who previously managed a BSL-4 lab in the United States. Hamill, who currently works for MRIGlobal, which advises laboratories on biosafety, in Gaithersburg, Maryland, says that it would be in the best interests of the lab to be more open about what research its staff are doing. But he adds that US biosecurity laboratories are far from fully transparent about their own research. “We are in a tough spot when we ask the Wuhan institute to open up its files and let people starting poking around. It’s a bit hypocritical,�?says Hamill. | A product of nature; Some scientists outside China have studied the virus’s genome in detail and conclude that it emerged naturally rather than from a lab. | An analysis6 published in Nature Medicine on 17 March discusses several unusual features of the virus, and suggests how they likely arose from natural processes. For starters, when performing experiments that seek to genetically modify a virus, researchers have to use the RNA of an existing coronavirus as a backbone. If scientists had worked on the new coronavirus, it’s likely that they would have used a known backbone. But the study’s authors report that no known viruses recorded in the scientific literature could have served as a backbone to create SARS-CoV-2. | ; The race for coronavirus vaccines: a graphical guide; | To enter cells, coronaviruses use a ‘receptor binding domain�?(RDB) to latch onto a receptor on the cell’s surface. SARS-CoV-2’s RBD has sections that are unlike those in any other coronavirus. Although experimental evidence �?and the sheer size of the pandemic �?shows that the virus binds very successfully to human cells, the authors note that computer analyses of its unique RBD parts predict that it shouldn’t bind well. The authors suggest that as a result, no one trying to engineer a virus would design the RBD in this way �?which makes it more likely that the feature emerged as a result of natural selection. | The authors also point to another unusual feature of SARS-CoV-2, which is also part of the mechanism that helps the virus to work its way into human cells, known as the furin cleavage site. The authors argue that natural processes can explain how this feature emerged. Indeed, a similar site has been identified in a closely-related coronavirus, supporting the authors claim that the components of SARS-CoV-2 could all have emerged from natural processes. | The analyses show that it is highly unlikely that SARS-CoV-2 was made or manipulated in a lab, says Kristian Andersen, a virologist at Scripps Research in La Jolla, California, and the lead author of the paper. “We have a lot of data showing this is natural, but no data, or evidence, to show that there’s any connection to a lab,�?he says. | But several scientists say that although they do not believe that the virus escaped from the lab, analyses are limited in what they can reveal about its origin. | There is unlikely to be a characteristic sign that a genome has been manipulated, says Jack Nunberg, a virologist at the University of Montana in Missoula, who does not believe the virus came from a lab. If, for instance, scientists had added instructions for a furin cleavage site into the virus’s genome, “there is no way to know whether humans or nature inserted the site�? he says. | In the end, it will be very difficult, or even impossible, to prove or disprove the theory that the virus escaped from a lab, says Milad Miladi, who studies RNA evolution at the University of Freiburg in Breisgau, Germany. And despite scientists such as Shi warning the world that a new infectious respiratory disease would emerge at some point, “unfortunately, little was done to prepare for that,�?he says. Hopefully governments will learn and be better prepared for the next pandemic, he says. AN - 32504020 AU - Cyranoski, D. C1 - 2020-06-16 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061620_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 5 DO - 10.1038/d41586-020-01541-z ET - 2020/06/07 KW - Politics | SARS-CoV-2 | Virology LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Cyranoski, David; eng; News; England; Nature. 2020 Jun 5. pii: 10.1038/d41586-020-01541-z. doi: 10.1038/d41586-020-01541-z. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Describes multiple theories of the origin of SARS-CoV-2. SN - 1476-4687 (Electronic); 0028-0836 (Linking) ST - The biggest mystery: what it will take to trace the coronavirus source T2 - Nature TI - The biggest mystery: what it will take to trace the coronavirus source UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32504020 | https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-01541-z ID - 386 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) era, the presence of acute respiratory failure is generally associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome; however, it is essential to consider other differential diagnoses that require different, and urgent, therapeutic approaches. Herein we describe a COVID-19 case complicated with bilateral spontaneous pneumothorax. A previously healthy 45-year-old man was admitted to our emergency department with sudden-onset chest pain and progressive shortness of breath 17days after diagnosis with uncomplicated COVID-19 infection. He was tachypneic and presented severe hypoxemia (75% percutaneous oxygen saturation). Breath sounds were diminished bilaterally on auscultation. A chest X-ray revealed the presence of a large bilateral pneumothorax. A thoracic computed tomography (CT) scan confirmed the large bilateral pneumothorax, with findings consistent with severe COVID-19 infection. Chest tubes were inserted, with immediate clinical improvement. Follow-up chest CT scan revealed resolution of bilateral pneumothorax, reduction of parenchymal consolidation, and formation of large bilateral pneumatoceles. The patient remained under observation and was then discharged home. Bilateral spontaneous pneumothorax is a very rare, potentially life-threatening complication in patients with COVID-19. This case highlights the importance of recognizing this complication early to prevent potentially fatal consequences. AD - Coronary Care Unit, National Institute of Cardiology in Mexico City, Mexico. Electronic address: hectorglezp@hotmail.com. | Coronary Care Unit, National Institute of Cardiology in Mexico City, Mexico. | Department of Immunology, National Institute of Cardiology in Mexico City, Mexico. AN - 32712235 AU - Gonzalez-Pacheco, H. | Gopar-Nieto, R. | Jimenez-Rodriguez, G. M. | Manzur-Sandoval, D. | Sandoval, J. | Arias-Mendoza, A. C1 - 2020-07-24 C2 - Clinical Manifestations and Complications CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072420_covidupdate.html DA - Jan DO - 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.07.018 ET - 2020/07/28 KW - COVID-19/*complications/*diagnosis | Chest Tubes | Dyspnea/etiology | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pneumothorax/diagnostic imaging/therapy/*virology | Radiography, Thoracic | Tomography, X-Ray Computed | Bilateral spontaneous pneumothorax | Covid-19 | SARS-CoV-2 | Spontaneous pneumothorax | interests. L1 - internal-pdf://4251851969/Gonzalez-Pachec-2021-Bilateral spontaneous pne.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Gonzalez-Pacheco, Hector; Gopar-Nieto, Rodrigo; Jimenez-Rodriguez, Gian-Manuel; Manzur-Sandoval, Daniel; Sandoval, Julio; Arias-Mendoza, Alexandra; eng; Case Reports; Am J Emerg Med. 2021 Jan;39:258.e1-258.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.07.018. Epub 2020 Jul 12. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Describes an instance of bilateral spontaneous pneumothorax, a very rare, but life-threatening complication of COVID-19. SN - 1532-8171 (Electronic); 0735-6757 (Linking) SP - 258 e1-258 e3 ST - Bilateral spontaneous pneumothorax in SARS-CoV-2 infection: A very rare, life-threatening complication T2 - Am J Emerg Med TI - Bilateral spontaneous pneumothorax in SARS-CoV-2 infection: A very rare, life-threatening complication UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32712235 VL - 39 ID - 594 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany. Electronic address: antonios.bayas@uk-augsburg.de. | Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany. | Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany. | Department of Haematology and Oncology, Interdisciplinary Cancer Center Augsburg, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany. AN - 33864750 AU - Bayas, Antonios | Menacher, Martina | Christ, Monika | Behrens, Lars | Rank, Andreas | Naumann, Markus C1 - 2021-04-23 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04232021_covidupdate.html DA - May 1 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00872-2 ET - 2021/04/18 IS - 10285 KW - COVID-19 Vaccines/*adverse effects | Female | Humans | Ischemic Stroke/diagnostic imaging/*etiology | Magnetic Resonance Imaging | Middle Aged | Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic/*etiology | Venous Thrombosis/diagnostic imaging/*etiology L1 - internal-pdf://2768232044/1-s2.0-S0140673621008722-main.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Bayas, Antonios | Menacher, Martina | Christ, Monika | Behrens, Lars | Rank, Andreas | Naumann, Markus | eng | Case Reports | England | Lancet. 2021 May 1;397(10285):e11. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00872-2. Epub 2021 Apr 14. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: indicate that thrombocytopenia and IVST may occur following ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 exposure. SN - 0140-6736 SP - e11 ST - Bilateral superior ophthalmic vein thrombosis, ischaemic stroke, and immune thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination T2 - Lancet TI - Bilateral superior ophthalmic vein thrombosis, ischaemic stroke, and immune thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00872-2 VL - 397 Y2 - 2021/07/16 ID - 1910 ER - TY - JOUR AB - This study aimed to determine if there is an association between ABO blood type and severity of COVID-19 defined by intubation or death as well as ascertain if there is variability in testing positive for COVID-19 between blood types. In a multi-institutional study, all adult patients who tested positive for COVID-19 across five hospitals were identified and included from March 6th to April 16th, 2020. Hospitalization, intubation, and death were evaluated for association with blood type. Univariate analysis was conducted using standard techniques and logistic regression was used to determine the independent effect of blood type on intubation and/or death and positive testing. During the study period, there were 7648 patients who received COVID-19 testing throughout the institutions. Of these, 1289 tested positive with a known blood type. A total of 484 (37.5%) were admitted to hospital, 123 (9.5%) were admitted to the ICU, 108 (8.4%) were intubated, 3 (0.2%) required ECMO, and 89 (6.9%) died. Of the 1289 patients who tested positive, 440 (34.2%) were blood type A, 201 (15.6%) were blood type B, 61 (4.7%) were blood type AB, and 587 (45.5%) were blood type O. On univariate analysis, there was no association between blood type and any of the peak inflammatory markers (peak WBC, p = 0.25; peak LDH, p = 0.40; peak ESR, p = 0.16; peak CRP, p = 0.14) nor between blood type and any of the clinical outcomes of severity (admission p = 0.20, ICU admission p = 0.94, intubation p = 0.93, proning while intubated p = 0.58, ECMO p = 0.09, and death p = 0.49). After multivariable analysis, blood type was not independently associated with risk of intubation or death (referent blood type A; blood type B: AOR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.42-1.26, blood type AB: AOR: 0.78, CI: 0.33-1.87, blood type O: AOR: 0.77, CI: 0.51-1.16), rhesus factor positive (Rh+): AOR: 1.03, CI: 0.93-1.86. Blood type A had no correlation with positive testing (AOR: 1.00, CI: 0.88-1.13), blood type B was associated with higher odds of testing positive for disease (AOR: 1.28, CI: 1.08-1.52), AB was also associated with higher odds of testing positive (AOR: 1.37, CI: 1.02-1.83), and O was associated with a lower risk of testing positive (AOR: 0.84, CI: 0.75-0.95). Rh+ status was associated with higher odds of testing positive (AOR: 1.23, CI: 1.003-1.50). Blood type was not associated with risk of intubation or death in patients with COVID-19. Patients with blood types B and AB who received a test were more likely to test positive and blood type O was less likely to test positive. Rh+ patients were more likely to test positive. AD - Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA, 02214-3117, USA. christopher.latz@mgh.harvard.edu. | Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), 15 Parkman Street, Boston, MA, 02214-3117, USA. | Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Boston, MA, USA. AN - 32656591 AU - Latz, C. A. | DeCarlo, C. | Boitano, L. | Png, C. Y. M. | Patell, R. | Conrad, M. F. | Eagleton, M. | Dua, A. C1 - 2020-07-24 C2 - Laboratory Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072420_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1007/s00277-020-04169-1 DP - NLM ET - 2020/07/14 IS - 9 KW - Adult | Aged | *Betacoronavirus | Biomarkers/blood | Blood Group Antigens/*blood | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*blood/*diagnosis/therapy | Female | Hospitalization/*trends | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*blood/*diagnosis/therapy | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 | Treatment Outcome | Blood type | Coronavirus | SARS-CoV2 L1 - internal-pdf://2601874425/Latz-2020-Blood type and outcomes in patients.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Latz, Christopher A; DeCarlo, Charles; Boitano, Laura; Png, C Y Maximilian; Patell, Rushad; Conrad, Mark F; Eagleton, Matthew; Dua, Anahita; eng; Multicenter Study; Germany; Ann Hematol. 2020 Sep;99(9):2113-2118. doi: 10.1007/s00277-020-04169-1. Epub 2020 Jul 12. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Patients with blood types B and AB were more likely to test positive for SARS-CoV-2, as were those who were Rh+. Patients with blood type O were less likely to test positive (Figure). | Blood type was not associated with risk of progression to severe COVID-19 requiring intubation, death, or with higher peak levels of inflammatory markers. | Methods: Blood from 1,289 COVID-19 patients and 6,359 non-COVID-19 patients at 5 Massachusetts hospitals between March 6 and April 16, 2020 was tested to determine the association between ABO blood type and SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as severity of COVID-19 as defined by intubation or death. Limitations: Potential unmeasured confounders. | Implications: Evidence supports that blood type is associated with susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection, although the strength of the association is small. No evidence suggests blood type affects illness severity or outcomes from SARS-CoV-2 infection. SN - 1432-0584 (Electronic); 0939-5555 (Linking) SP - 2113-2118 ST - Blood type and outcomes in patients with COVID-19 T2 - Ann Hematol TI - Blood type and outcomes in patients with COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32656591 VL - 99 ID - 579 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The SARS-CoV-2 Delta (B.1.617.2) variant of concern is expanding globally. Here, we assess real-world effectiveness of the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) and mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccines against this variant in the population of Qatar, using a matched test-negative, case- control study design. BNT162b2 effectiveness against any Delta infection, symptomatic or asymptomatic, was 64.2% (95% CI: 38.1-80.1%) �?4 days after the first dose and before the second dose, but was only 53.5% (95% CI: 43.9-61.4%) �?4 days after the second dose, in a population in which a large proportion of fully vaccinated persons received their second dose several months earlier. Corresponding effectiveness measures for mRNA-1273 were 79.0% (95% CI: 58.9-90.1%) and 84.8% (95% CI: 75.9-90.8%), respectively. Effectiveness against any severe, critical, or fatal COVID-19 disease due to Delta was 89.7% (95% CI: 61.0-98.1%) for BNT162b2 and 100.0% (95% CI: 41.2-100.0%) for mRNA-1273, �?4 days after the second dose. Both BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 are highly effective in preventing Delta hospitalization and death, but less so in preventing infection, particularly for BNT162b2.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThe authors are grateful for institutional salary support from the Biomedical Research Program and the Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Biomathematics Research Core, both at Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, as well as for institutional salary support provided by the Ministry of Public Health and Hamad Medical Corporation. The authors are also grateful for the Qatar Genome Programme for institutional support for the reagents needed for the viral genome sequencing. The funders of the study had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the article. Statements made herein are solely the responsibility of the authors.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The study was approved by the Hamad Medical Corporation and Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar Institutional Review Boards with waiver of informed consent.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThe dataset of this study is a property of the Qatar Ministry of Public Health that was provided to the researchers through a restricted-access agreement that prevents sharing the dataset with a third party or publicly. Future access to this dataset can be considered through a direct application for data access to Her Excellency the Minister of Public Health (https://www.moph.gov.qa/english/Pages/default.aspx). Aggregate data are available within the manuscript and its Supplementary information. AU - Tang, Patrick | Hasan, Mohammad R. | Chemaitelly, Hiam | Yassine, Hadi M. | Benslimane, Fatiha M. | Khatib, Hebah A. Al | AlMukdad, Sawsan | Coyle, Peter | Ayoub, Houssein H. | Kanaani, Zaina Al | Al Kuwari, Einas | Jeremijenko, Andrew | Kaleeckal, Anvar Hassan | Latif, Ali Nizar | Shaik, Riyazuddin Mohammad | Abdul Rahim, Hanan F. | Nasrallah, Gheyath K. | Al Kuwari, Mohamed Ghaith | Al Romaihi, Hamad Eid | Butt, Adeel A. | Al-Thani, Mohamed H. | Khal, Abdullatif Al | Bertollini, Roberto | Abu-Raddad, Laith J. C1 - 2021-08-20 C2 - Variants CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08202021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.08.11.21261885 L1 - internal-pdf://2744583860/Tang-2021-BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vacc.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Vaccine effectiveness (VE) against infection with Delta (B.1.617.2) �?4 days following a 2nd dose was 53.5% (95% CI 43.9%-61.4%) for BNT162b2 and 84.8% (95% CI 75.9%-90.8%) for mRNA-1273 vaccines. | Against severe, critical, or fatal disease due to Delta, VE was 89.7% (95% CI 61.0%-98.1%) for BNT162b2 and 100.0% (95% CI 41.2%-100.0%) for mRNA-1273 vaccines. | Methods: Matched, test-negative, case-control study of general population vaccinated from December 21, 2020–July 21, 2021 in Qatar, a highly vaccinated population (>87%) where community transmission of Delta was first detected in March 2021. Median time between vaccine doses was 21 days for BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) and 28 days for mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccine. Limitations: Unique population demographics; only 9% aged >50 years, and 89% are expatriates from >150 countries. | Implications: BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 both appeared to be more effective at preventing severe or fatal COVID-19 than at preventing infection with the Delta variant in a real-world setting. SP - 2021.08.11.21261885 ST - BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against the Delta (B.1.617.2) variant in Qatar T2 - medRxiv TI - BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against the Delta (B.1.617.2) variant in Qatar UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/08/11/2021.08.11.21261885.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/08/11/2021.08.11.21261885.full.pdf ID - 2245 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: As mass vaccination campaigns against coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) commence worldwide, vaccine effectiveness needs to be assessed for a range of outcomes across diverse populations in a noncontrolled setting. In this study, data from Israel's largest health care organization were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. METHODS: All persons who were newly vaccinated during the period from December 20, 2020, to February 1, 2021, were matched to unvaccinated controls in a 1:1 ratio according to demographic and clinical characteristics. Study outcomes included documented infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), symptomatic Covid-19, Covid-19-related hospitalization, severe illness, and death. We estimated vaccine effectiveness for each outcome as one minus the risk ratio, using the Kaplan-Meier estimator. RESULTS: Each study group included 596,618 persons. Estimated vaccine effectiveness for the study outcomes at days 14 through 20 after the first dose and at 7 or more days after the second dose was as follows: for documented infection, 46% (95% confidence interval [CI], 40 to 51) and 92% (95% CI, 88 to 95); for symptomatic Covid-19, 57% (95% CI, 50 to 63) and 94% (95% CI, 87 to 98); for hospitalization, 74% (95% CI, 56 to 86) and 87% (95% CI, 55 to 100); and for severe disease, 62% (95% CI, 39 to 80) and 92% (95% CI, 75 to 100), respectively. Estimated effectiveness in preventing death from Covid-19 was 72% (95% CI, 19 to 100) for days 14 through 20 after the first dose. Estimated effectiveness in specific subpopulations assessed for documented infection and symptomatic Covid-19 was consistent across age groups, with potentially slightly lower effectiveness in persons with multiple coexisting conditions. CONCLUSIONS: This study in a nationwide mass vaccination setting suggests that the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine is effective for a wide range of Covid-19-related outcomes, a finding consistent with that of the randomized trial. AD - From the Clalit Research Institute, Innovation Division, Clalit Health Services, Tel Aviv (N.D., N.B., E.K., O.M., S.P., M.A.K., R.D.B.), and the School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva (O.M., M.A.K., R.D.B.) - both in Israel; University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor (M.A.K.); and the Department of Biomedical Informatics (N.D., N.B.), Harvard Medical School (B.R.), the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (M.A.H.), and the Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Departments of Epidemiology and of Immunology and Infectious Diseases (M.L.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology (M.A.H.), and the Predictive Medicine Group, Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital (B.R.) - all in Boston. AN - 33626250 AU - Dagan, N. | Barda, N. | Kepten, E. | Miron, O. | Perchik, S. | Katz, M. A. | Hernan, M. A. | Lipsitch, M. | Reis, B. | Balicer, R. D. C1 - 2021-03-05 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03052021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 15 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2101765 ET - 2021/02/25 IS - 15 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | COVID-19/epidemiology/*prevention & control | *COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology | Female | Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data | Humans | Immunogenicity, Vaccine | Incidence | Israel | Kaplan-Meier Estimate | Male | *Mass Vaccination | Middle Aged | Treatment Outcome | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://2133955353/Dagan-2021-BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine in a.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Dagan, Noa; Barda, Noam; Kepten, Eldad; Miron, Oren; Perchik, Shay; Katz, Mark A; Hernan, Miguel A; Lipsitch, Marc; Reis, Ben; Balicer, Ran D; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; N Engl J Med. 2021 Apr 15;384(15):1412-1423. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2101765. Epub 2021 Feb 24. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 14-20 days after first dose and 7 or more days after second dose, respectively, BNT162b2 vaccination prevented an estimated: | 46% and 92% of documented infection. | 57% and 94% of symptomatic Infection. | 74% and 87% of hospitalization. | 62% and 92% of severe Disease. | 72% of deaths (after first dose) from COVID-19 (figure). | Methods: Observational matched cohort study of mass vaccination campaign in Israel used data from the largest health care organization (53% of population) to determine COVID-19 vaccine (BNT162b2) effectiveness on 5 outcomes. All persons newly vaccinated from December 20–February 1, 2021 (n = 596,618) were matched 1:1 to unvaccinated controls (n = 596,618). Limitations: Confounding due to differences between unvaccinated controls and vaccinated persons; exclusion of certain groups like healthcare workers; adverse advents not addressed. | Implications: These data provide evidence of real-world effectiveness of the BNT162b2 vaccine for a wide range of COVID-19 outcomes including severe outcomes and death, suggesting that widespread vaccination can mitigate COVID-19 burden. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 1412-1423 ST - BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine in a Nationwide Mass Vaccination Setting T2 - N Engl J Med TI - BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine in a Nationwide Mass Vaccination Setting UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33626250 VL - 384 ID - 1561 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Previous studies have shown that certain vaccines induce suboptimal responses in people living with HIV (PLWH). However, responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have not been fully characterized in these patients. Here we show that the BNT162b2 vaccine induces robust immune responses comparable to responses in healthy donors. AD - Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. | Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. AN - 34293114 AU - Woldemeskel, Bezawit A | Karaba, Andrew H | Garliss, Caroline C | Beck, Evan J | Wang, Kristy H | Laeyendecker, Oliver | Cox, Andrea L | Blankson, Joel N C1 - 2021-07-30 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07302021_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 22 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciab648 ET - 2021/07/23 KW - Covid | Plwh | SARS-CoV-2 | mRNA vaccine L1 - internal-pdf://2887462900/Woldemeskel-2021-The BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine Eli.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Woldemeskel, Bezawit A | Karaba, Andrew H | Garliss, Caroline C | Beck, Evan J | Wang, Kristy H | Laeyendecker, Oliver | Cox, Andrea L | Blankson, Joel N | eng | Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Jul 22. pii: 6325617. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab648. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among people without evidence of prior infection, 7 to 17 days after 2nd dose of BNT162b2 T-cell immune response and neutralizing antibody response were similar in people living with HIV (n = 12) and in healthy donors (n = 17). SN - 1058-4838 ST - The BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine Elicits Robust Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in People Living with HIV T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - The BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine Elicits Robust Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in People Living with HIV UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab648 Y2 - 8/2/2021 ID - 2190 ER - TY - JOUR AB - ObjectivesThe mRNA coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines have shown high effectiveness in the prevention of symptomatic COVID-19, hospitalization, severe disease and death. Nevertheless, a minority of vaccinated individuals might become infected and experience significant morbidity. Characteristics of vaccine breakthrough infections have not been studied. We sought to portray the population of Israeli patients, who were hospitalized with COVID-19 despite full vaccination. AD - Infectious Diseases Unit, Samson Assuta Ashdod University Hospital, Ashdod, Israel; Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheba, Israel. Electronic address: tbrosh@gmail.com. | Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel; School of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel. | Meir Medical Centre, Kfar Saba, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. | Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Centre, Tel Aviv, Israel. | Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheba, Israel; Infectious Disease Institute, Soroka Medical Centre, Beer Sheba, Israel. | Infectious Disease and Infection Control Unit, Hillel Yaffe Medical Centre, Hadera, Israel; Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. | Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Infectious Disease Unit, Wolfson Medical Centre, Holon, Israel. | Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; Infectious Diseases Unit, Sanz Medical Centre, Laniado Hospital, Netanya, Israel. | Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel. | Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Shamir (Assaf Harofe) Medical Centre, Zerifin, Israel. | School of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; Infectious Diseases Unit, Kaplan Medical Centre, Rhovot, Israel. | Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; Infectious Diseases Unit, Emek Medical Centre, Afula, Israel. | Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; Carmel Medical Centre, Haifa, Israel. | Infectious Disease Unit, The Baruch Padeh Medical Centre, Tiberias, Israel; The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel. | Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Infectious Diseases Unit, Sheba Medical Centre, Tel Hashomer, Israel. | School of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel; Shaare Zedek Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel. AN - 34245907 AU - Brosh-Nissimov, Tal | Orenbuch-Harroch, Efrat | Chowers, Michal | Elbaz, Meital | Nesher, Lior | Stein, Michal | Maor, Yasmin | Cohen, Regev | Hussein, Khetam | Weinberger, Miriam | Zimhony, Oren | Chazan, Bibiana | Najjar, Ronza | Zayyad, Hiba | Rahav, Galia | Wiener-Well, Yonit C1 - 2021-07-23 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07232021_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 7 DO - 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.06.036 ET - 2021/07/11 KW - BNT162b2 | Breakthrough infection | Coronavirus disease 2019 | Immune compromised | Serology | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 | Vaccine effectiveness | mRNA vaccine L1 - internal-pdf://3941942776/1-s2.0-S1198743X21003670-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Brosh-Nissimov, Tal | Orenbuch-Harroch, Efrat | Chowers, Michal | Elbaz, Meital | Nesher, Lior | Stein, Michal | Maor, Yasmin | Cohen, Regev | Hussein, Khetam | Weinberger, Miriam | Zimhony, Oren | Chazan, Bibiana | Najjar, Ronza | Zayyad, Hiba | Rahav, Galia | Wiener-Well, Yonit | eng | England | Clin Microbiol Infect. 2021 Jul 7. pii: S1198-743X(21)00367-0. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.06.036. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: BNT162b2 vaccine breakthrough: clinical characteristics of 152 fully vaccinated hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Israelexternal icon. Brosh-Nissimov et al. Clinical Microbiology and Infection (July 6, 2021). | Key findings:; 96% of 152 fully vaccinated hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infections had at least 1 co-morbidity, including diabetes (73, 48%), hypertension (108, 71%), chronic renal failure (48, 32%), congestive heart failure (41, 27%), chronic lung disease (37, 24%), and cancer (36, 24%). | Immunosuppression was present in 40% (60) of patients, including 11% (16) with a solid organ transplant and 7% (10) on anti-CD20 therapy. | 38 patients had poor outcomes including 34 (22%) who died. | Among 45 patients with available genotyping, 89% (40) were infected with B.1.1.7 (Alpha), 7% (3) with wild-type, and 4% (2) with B.1.351 (Beta) SARS-CoV-2 variants. | Methods: Multicenter retrospective cohort of 152 hospitalized patients fully vaccinated with BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech), conducted between January 18 and April 20, 2021. Breakthrough infections were identified as symptom onset, SARS-CoV-2 positive PCR test, or admission 8 days after a second dose of BNT162b2 vaccine. Patients�?outcomes were either poor: requiring ventilation or in-hospital death; or favorable: not requiring ventilation or being discharged. Limitations: Study not designed to explore risk factors for vaccine failures; small cohort; patients were predominantly male and median age 71 years. | Implications: Hospitalized patients with breakthrough infections had a high burden of comorbidities and immunosuppression. SN - 1198-743X ST - BNT162b2 vaccine breakthrough: clinical characteristics of 152 fully vaccinated hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Israel T2 - Clin Microbiol Infect TI - BNT162b2 vaccine breakthrough: clinical characteristics of 152 fully vaccinated hospitalized COVID-19 patients in Israel UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2021.06.036 Y2 - 2021/07/26 ID - 2120 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background The rapid vaccination campaign against COVID-19 in Israel relied on the BNT162b2 vaccine. We performed a longitudinal analysis of multiple cohorts, using individual data, to evaluate the effectiveness of the vaccine against new and breakthrough cases. Methods We estimated vaccine effectiveness (VE) for 27 consecutive cohorts, each comprised of individuals vaccinated on specific days. VE against new COVID-19 cases was evaluated for five SARS-CoV-2-related outcomes: infection, symptomatic disease, hospitalisation, severe/critical disease and death. For breakthrough cases, rate reduction was evaluated for hospitalisation, severe/critical disease and death. Outcomes were evaluated at predetermined time-periods after vaccination, the last one dedicated to individuals who became SARS-CoV-2-positive 22�?8 days after the second dose. Findings The highest VE estimates against new cases in �?6 year old individuals, for all outcomes, were reached at the 15�?1 day period after the second dose, ranging between 97.7% (95% CI: 95.9�?8.7%) for deaths and 98.6% (95% CI: 97.8�?9.1%) for severe/critical disease. VE estimates of the 14�?0 day period after the first dose ranged between 54.3% (95% CI: 50.6�?7.8%) for infection and 77.3% (95% CI: 71.2�?2.1%) for severe/critical disease. VE rose more slowly among �?0 year old individuals. Rate reductions of breakthrough complications were highest at the 22�?8 day period after the second dose, ranging between 47.4% (95% CI: 4.3�?1.2%) for death and 66.2% (95% CI: 44.2�?9.6%) for severe/critical disease. Interpretation The BNT162 vaccine is highly effective in preventing new SARS-CoV-2 cases. Among �?0 year old individuals, high effectiveness develops more slowly. In breakthrough cases, vaccination reduces complications and death. Funding None. AU - Glatman-Freedman, Aharona | Bromberg, Michal | Dichtiar, Rita | Hershkovitz, Yael | Keinan-Boker, Lital C1 - 2021-09-24 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09242021_covidupdate.html#anchor_Vaccines DA - 2021/10/01/ DO - 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103574 KW - Vaccine effectiveness | SARS-CoV-2 | COVID-19 | Breakthrough cases L1 - internal-pdf://2249118779/Glatman-Freedma-2021-The BNT162b2 vaccine effe.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Vaccine effectiveness (VE) of BNT162b2 (Comirnaty, Pfizer/BioNTech) for SARS-CoV-2-related outcomes was 54.3% (CI 50.6%-57.8%) for infection, 77.3% (CI 71.2%-82.1%) for severe/critical disease 14�?0 days after the 1st dose, and over 95% for all outcomes 15�?1 days and 22�?8 days after the 2nd dose. | VE for symptomatic disease increased from 14�?0 days after first dose (58.3% CI 54.7%-61.6%) to 8�?4 days after second dose (93.6% CI 92.7%-94.3%) to 15�?1 days after second dose (98.1% CI 97.7%-98.5%). | VE for hospitalization increased from 14�?0 days after first dose (74.5% CI 69.1%-79.0%) to 8�?4 days after 2nd dose (93.8% CI 91.9%-95.2%) to 15�?1 days after 2nd dose (98.0% CI 97.1%-98.6%) (Figure). | VE was slightly lower among persons �?0 years but reached levels similar to other age groups by 22�?8 days after 2nd dose. | Methods: Retrospective longitudinal cohort study from Israel Ministry of Health national databases analyzed 5 outcomes (infection, symptomatic disease, hospitalization, severe/critical disease, and death) for 27 consecutive cohorts (�?6 years) by vaccination day of 1st dose from December 21, 2020–January 16, 2021 and 2nd dose from January 11, 2021–February 6, 2021. Limitations: Information on co-morbidities was not available; vaccine effectiveness against Delta variant (B.1.617.2) was not studied. | | Implications: Comirnaty provided a high level of protection 2 weeks after 2nd dose; however reevaluation of vaccine effectiveness against other variants is needed. SE - 103574 SN - 2352-3964 SP - 103574 ST - The BNT162b2 vaccine effectiveness against new COVID-19 cases and complications of breakthrough cases: A nation-wide retrospective longitudinal multiple cohort analysis using individualised data T2 - EBioMedicine TI - The BNT162b2 vaccine effectiveness against new COVID-19 cases and complications of breakthrough cases: A nation-wide retrospective longitudinal multiple cohort analysis using individualised data UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352396421003674 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8445746/pdf/main.pdf VL - 72 ID - 2376 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BNT162b2, a nucleoside-modified mRNA formulated in lipid nanoparticles that encodes the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (S) stabilized in its prefusion conformation, has demonstrated 95% efficacy in preventing COVID-191. Here we extend a previous phase-I/II trial report2 by presenting data on the immune response induced by BNT162b2 prime–boost vaccination from an additional phase-I/II trial in healthy adults (18�?5 years old). BNT162b2 elicited strong antibody responses: at one week after the boost, SARS-CoV-2 serum geometric mean 50% neutralizing titres were up to 3.3-fold above those observed in samples from individuals who had recovered from COVID-19. Sera elicited by BNT162b2 neutralized 22 pseudoviruses bearing the S of different SARS-CoV-2 variants. Most participants had a strong response of IFN��+ or IL-2+ CD8+ and CD4+ T helper type 1 cells, which was detectable throughout the full observation period of nine weeks following the boost. Using peptide–MHC multimer technology, we identified several BNT162b2-induced epitopes that were presented by frequent MHC alleles and conserved in mutant strains. One week after the boost, epitope-specific CD8+ T cells of the early-differentiated effector-memory phenotype comprised 0.02�?.92% of total circulating CD8+ T cells and were detectable (0.01�?.28%) eight weeks later. In summary, BNT162b2 elicits an adaptive humoral and poly-specific cellular immune response against epitopes that are conserved in a broad range of variants, at well-tolerated doses. AD - BioNTech, Mainz, Germany. Ugur.Sahin@biontech.de. | TRON gGmbH - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany. Ugur.Sahin@biontech.de. | BioNTech, Mainz, Germany. | Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA. | BioNTech US, Cambridge, MA, USA. | Bexon Clinical Consulting LLC, Upper Montclair, NJ, USA. | CRS Clinical Research Services Mannheim GmbH, Mannheim, Germany. | CRS Clinical Research Services Berlin GmbH, Berlin, Germany. | University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. | Pfizer, Pearl River, NY, US. AN - 34044428 AU - Sahin, Ugur | Muik, Alexander | Vogler, Isabel | Derhovanessian, Evelyna | Kranz, Lena M. | Vormehr, Mathias | Quandt, Jasmin | Bidmon, Nicole | Ulges, Alexander | Baum, Alina | Pascal, Kristen E. | Maurus, Daniel | Brachtendorf, Sebastian | Lörks, Verena | Sikorski, Julian | Koch, Peter | Hilker, Rolf | Becker, Dirk | Eller, Ann-Kathrin | Grützner, Jan | Tonigold, Manuel | Boesler, Carsten | Rosenbaum, Corinna | Heesen, Ludwig | Kühnle, Marie-Cristine | Poran, Asaf | Dong, Jesse Z. | Luxemburger, Ulrich | Kemmer-Brück, Alexandra | Langer, David | Bexon, Martin | Bolte, Stefanie | Palanche, Tania | Schultz, Armin | Baumann, Sybille | Mahiny, Azita J. | Boros, G֙bor | Reinholz, Jonas | Szab�Q, G֙bor T. | Karik�Q, Katalin | Shi, Pei-Yong | Fontes-Garfias, Camila | Perez, John L. | Cutler, Mark | Cooper, David | Kyratsous, Christos A. | Dormitzer, Philip R. | Jansen, Kathrin U. | Türeci, Özlem C1 - 2021-06-04 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06042021_covidupdate.html DA - 2021/05/27 DO - 10.1038/s41586-021-03653-6 ET - 2021/05/28 IS - 7868 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Antibodies, Neutralizing/*immunology | Antibodies, Viral/*immunology | CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology | COVID-19/*immunology/virology | COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*immunology | Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology | Female | Humans | Immunoglobulin G/immunology | Immunologic Memory | Interferon-gamma/immunology | Interleukin-2/immunology | Male | Middle Aged | SARS-CoV-2/chemistry/*immunology | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry/immunology | T-Lymphocytes/*immunology | Th1 Cells/immunology | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://0951817719/Sahin-2021-BNT162b2 vaccine induces neutralizi.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Sahin, Ugur | Muik, Alexander | Vogler, Isabel | Derhovanessian, Evelyna | Kranz, Lena M | Vormehr, Mathias | Quandt, Jasmin | Bidmon, Nicole | Ulges, Alexander | Baum, Alina | Pascal, Kristen E | Maurus, Daniel | Brachtendorf, Sebastian | Lorks, Verena | Sikorski, Julian | Koch, Peter | Hilker, Rolf | Becker, Dirk | Eller, Ann-Kathrin | Grutzner, Jan | Tonigold, Manuel | Boesler, Carsten | Rosenbaum, Corinna | Heesen, Ludwig | Kuhnle, Marie-Cristine | Poran, Asaf | Dong, Jesse Z | Luxemburger, Ulrich | Kemmer-Bruck, Alexandra | Langer, David | Bexon, Martin | Bolte, Stefanie | Palanche, Tania | Schultz, Armin | Baumann, Sybille | Mahiny, Azita J | Boros, Gabor | Reinholz, Jonas | Szabo, Gabor T | Kariko, Katalin | Shi, Pei-Yong | Fontes-Garfias, Camila | Perez, John L | Cutler, Mark | Cooper, David | Kyratsous, Christos A | Dormitzer, Philip R | Jansen, Kathrin U | Tureci, Ozlem | eng | Clinical Trial, Phase I | Clinical Trial, Phase II | England | Nature. 2021 Jul;595(7868):572-577. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03653-6. Epub 2021 May 27. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Sera from fully vaccinated participants in a Phase 1/2 trial of Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2 neutralized 22 SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses with single mutations in the spike protein representing variants B.1.351, B.1.1.7, P.1, and B.1.1.298. Spike-specific T cell responses were detected in 37/37 (for CD4+ T cells) and 34/37 (for CD8+ T cells) fully vaccinated participants. SN - 1476-4687 SP - 572-577 ST - BNT162b2 vaccine induces neutralizing antibodies and poly-specific T cells in humans T2 - Nature TI - BNT162b2 vaccine induces neutralizing antibodies and poly-specific T cells in humans UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03653-6 | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03653-6.pdf VL - 595 ID - 1815 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to evolve around the world, generating new variants that are of concern based on their potential for altered transmissibility, pathogenicity, and coverage by vaccines and therapeutics1�?. Here we report that 20 human sera, drawn 2 or 4 weeks after two doses of BNT162b2, neutralize engineered SARS-CoV-2 with a USA-WA1/2020 genetic background (a virus strain isolated in January 2020) and spike glycoproteins from the newly emerged B.1.617.1, B.1.617.2, B.1.618 (all first identified in India) or B.1.525 (first identified in Nigeria) lineages. Geometric mean plaque reduction neutralization titers against the variant viruses, particularly the B.1.617.1 variant, appear lower than the titer against USA-WA1/2020 virus, but all sera tested neutralize the variant viruses at titers of at least 40. The susceptibility of these newly emerged variants to BNT162b2 vaccine-elicited neutralization supports mass immunization as a central strategy to end the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic across geographies. AD - Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. | Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. | Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. | Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. | Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. | Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. | Pfizer Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, NY, USA. | BioNTech, Mainz, Germany. | BioNTech, Mainz, Germany. ugur.sahin@biontech.de. | Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. xuxie@utmb.edu. | Pfizer Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, NY, USA. philip.dormitzer@pfizer.com. | Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. peshi@utmb.edu. | Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. peshi@utmb.edu. | Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. peshi@utmb.edu. | Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. peshi@utmb.edu. | Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. peshi@utmb.edu. AN - 34111888 AU - Liu, Jianying | Liu, Yang | Xia, Hongjie | Zou, Jing | Weaver, Scott C. | Swanson, Kena A. | Cai, Hui | Cutler, Mark | Cooper, David | Muik, Alexander | Jansen, Kathrin U. | Sahin, Ugur | Xie, Xuping | Dormitzer, Philip R. | Shi, Pei-Yong C1 - 2021-06-25 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06252021_covidupdate.html DA - 2021/06/10 DO - 10.1038/s41586-021-03693-y ET - 2021/06/11 IS - 7871 KW - Animals | Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood/*immunology | Antibodies, Viral/blood/*immunology | COVID-19/*immunology/prevention & control/*virology | COVID-19 Vaccines/genetics/*immunology | Chlorocebus aethiops | Humans | *Neutralization Tests | SARS-CoV-2/genetics/*immunology | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry/genetics/immunology | Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics | Vero Cells L1 - internal-pdf://1643047424/Liu-2021-BNT162b2-elicited neutralization of B.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Liu, Jianying | Liu, Yang | Xia, Hongjie | Zou, Jing | Weaver, Scott C | Swanson, Kena A | Cai, Hui | Cutler, Mark | Cooper, David | Muik, Alexander | Jansen, Kathrin U | Sahin, Ugur | Xie, Xuping | Dormitzer, Philip R | Shi, Pei-Yong | eng | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | England | Nature. 2021 Aug;596(7871):273-275. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03693-y. Epub 2021 Jun 10. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; All sera samples neutralized the SARS-CoV-2 wild-type (WA1/2020) virus and variant viruses B.1.525, B.1.617.1, B.1.617.2, and B.1.618 (Figure). | Neutralization of all variants, except B.1.617.1, was only modestly reduced relative to the wild-type virus. | Neutralization of B.1.617.1 was reduced to 0.31 times that of the wild-type virus. | Methods: Neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 wild-type virus and spike protein variants B.1.617.1, B.1.617.2, B.1.618 (all first identified in India) and B.1.525 (first identified in Nigeria) were examined in human sera (n = 20) 2 or 4 weeks after 2nd dose of BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech). Limitations: Potential for mutations to alter neutralization by affecting spike protein function rather than antigenicity; only examined effect of spike protein mutations on neutralization. | Implications: To date, there is no evidence that SARS-CoV-2 variants have escaped BNT162b2-mediated protection from COVID-19. SN - 1476-4687 SP - 273-275 ST - BNT162b2-elicited neutralization of B.1.617 and other SARS-CoV-2 variants T2 - Nature TI - BNT162b2-elicited neutralization of B.1.617 and other SARS-CoV-2 variants UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03693-y | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03693-y_reference.pdf VL - 596 ID - 1854 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: There is mounting evidence related to the association between obesity and severity of COVID-19. However, the direct relationship of the increase in the severe COVID-19 risk factors, with an increase in body mass index (BMI), has not yet been evaluated. AIM: This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the dose-response relationship between body mass index (BMI) and poor outcome in patients with COVID-19. METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Europe PMC, ProQuest, and the Cochrane Central Database. The primary outcome was composite poor outcome composed of mortality and severity. The secondary outcomes were mortality and severity. RESULTS: A total of 34,390 patients from 12 studies were included in this meta-analysis. The meta-analysis demonstrated that obesity was associated with composite poor outcome (OR 1.73 [1.40, 2.14], P<0.001; I(2): 55.6%), mortality (OR 1.55 [1.16, 2.06], P=0.003; I(2): 74.4%), and severity (OR 1.90 [1.45, 2.48], P<0.001; I(2): 5.2%) in patients with COVID-19. A pooled analysis of highest BMI versus reference BMI indicate that a higher BMI in the patients was associated with composite poor outcome (aOR 3.02 [1.82, 5.00], P<0.001; I(2): 59.8%), mortality (aOR 2.85 [1.17, 6.92], P=0.002; I(2): 79.7%), and severity (aOR 3.08 [1.78, 5.33], P<0.001; I(2): 11.7%). The dose-response meta-analysis showed an increased risk of composite poor outcome by aOR of 1.052 [1.028, 1.077], P<0.001 for every 5kg/m(2) increase in BMI (Pnon-linearity<0.001). The curve became steeper with increasing BMI. CONCLUSION: Dose-response meta-analysis demonstrated that increased BMI was associated with increased poor outcome in patients with COVID-19. AD - Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Pelita Harapan, Tangerang, Indonesia. Electronic address: raymond_pranata@hotmail.com. | Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Pelita Harapan, Tangerang, Indonesia. | Faculty of Medicine, Universitas YARSI, Jakarta, Indonesia. | Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Pelita Harapan, Tangerang, Indonesia; Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Siloam Hospitals Lippo Village, Tangerang, Indonesia. | Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, National Cardiovascular Center Harapan Kita, Jakarta, Indonesia. | Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia. AN - 32738402 AU - Pranata, R. | Lim, M. A. | Yonas, E. | Vania, R. | Lukito, A. A. | Siswanto, B. B. | Meyer, M. C1 - 2020-08-11 C2 - Diagnostic and Clinical Issues CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/081120_covidupdate.html DA - Mar DO - 10.1016/j.diabet.2020.07.005 ET - 2020/08/02 IS - 2 KW - Aged | Body Mass Index | COVID-19/complications/*therapy | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Obesity/*complications | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | Severity of Illness Index | Treatment Outcome | *Body mass index | *Coronavirus | *Obesity | *SARS-CoV-2 | *Weight L1 - internal-pdf://2559933511/Pranata-2021-Body mass index and outcome in pa.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Pranata, R; Lim, M A; Yonas, E; Vania, R; Lukito, A A; Siswanto, B B; Meyer, M; eng; Meta-Analysis; France; Diabetes Metab. 2021 Mar;47(2):101178. doi: 10.1016/j.diabet.2020.07.005. Epub 2020 Jul 29. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: The risk for poor outcomes increased 5% for every 5 kg/mg2 increase in body mass index and became steeper from 30-35 kg/mg2 upwards. SN - 1878-1780 (Electronic); 1262-3636 (Linking) SP - 101178 ST - Body mass index and outcome in patients with COVID-19: A dose-response meta-analysis T2 - Diabetes Metab TI - Body mass index and outcome in patients with COVID-19: A dose-response meta-analysis UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32738402 VL - 47 ID - 688 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Obesity is a risk factor for pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether obesity is associated with intubation or death, inflammation, cardiac injury, or fibrinolysis in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: A quaternary academic medical center and community hospital in New York City. PARTICIPANTS: 2466 adults hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection over a 45-day period with at least 47 days of in-hospital observation. MEASUREMENTS: Body mass index (BMI), admission biomarkers of inflammation (C-reactive protein [CRP] level and erythrocyte sedimentation rate [ESR]), cardiac injury (troponin level), and fibrinolysis (D-dimer level). The primary end point was a composite of intubation or death in time-to-event analysis. RESULTS: Over a median hospital length of stay of 7 days (interquartile range, 3 to 14 days), 533 patients (22%) were intubated, 627 (25%) died, and 59 (2%) remained hospitalized. Compared with overweight patients, patients with obesity had higher risk for intubation or death, with the highest risk among those with class 3 obesity (hazard ratio, 1.6 [95% CI, 1.1 to 2.1]). This association was primarily observed among patients younger than 65 years and not in older patients (P for interaction by age = 0.042). Body mass index was not associated with admission levels of biomarkers of inflammation, cardiac injury, or fibrinolysis. LIMITATIONS: Body mass index was missing for 28% of patients. The primary analyses were conducted with multiple imputation for missing BMI. Upper bounding factor analysis suggested that the results are robust to possible selection bias. CONCLUSION: Obesity is associated with increased risk for intubation or death from COVID-19 in adults younger than 65 years, but not in adults aged 65 years or older. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: National Institutes of Health. AD - Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York (M.R.A., J.G., J.Z., Y.R.N., D.F., J.S., K.N.R., S.C., K.N., D.R., E.E., A.P., A.W.F., M.R.B.). | Villanova School of Business, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania (D.R.A.). | NewYork-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York (R.G.). | Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York (D.G.). | Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York (R.G.B.). AN - 32726151 AU - Anderson, M. R. | Geleris, J. | Anderson, D. R. | Zucker, J. | Nobel, Y. R. | Freedberg, D. | Small-Saunders, J. | Rajagopalan, K. N. | Greendyk, R. | Chae, S. R. | Natarajan, K. | Roh, D. | Edwin, E. | Gallagher, D. | Podolanczuk, A. | Barr, R. G. | Ferrante, A. W. | Baldwin, M. R. C1 - 2020-08-07 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/080720_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 17 DO - 10.7326/M20-3214 DP - NLM ET - 2020/07/30 IS - 10 KW - Academic Medical Centers | Age Factors | Aged | *Betacoronavirus | Biomarkers/blood | Blood Sedimentation | *Body Mass Index | C-Reactive Protein/analysis | Covid-19 | Cohort Studies | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Female | Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products/analysis | Hospitalization | Hospitals, Community | Humans | Intubation, Intratracheal/*statistics & numerical data | Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data | Male | Middle Aged | New York City/epidemiology | Obesity/*epidemiology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | Proportional Hazards Models | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 | Troponin/blood L1 - internal-pdf://2597450238/Anderson-2020-Body Mass Index and Risk for Int.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Anderson, Michaela R; Geleris, Joshua; Anderson, David R; Zucker, Jason; Nobel, Yael R; Freedberg, Daniel; Small-Saunders, Jennifer; Rajagopalan, Kartik N; Greendyk, Richard; Chae, Sae-Rom; Natarajan, Karthik; Roh, David; Edwin, Ethan; Gallagher, Dympna; Podolanczuk, Anna; Barr, R Graham; Ferrante, Anthony W; Baldwin, Matthew R; eng; K23 HL140199/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; R01 DK066525/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/; Ann Intern Med. 2020 Nov 17;173(10):782-790. doi: 10.7326/M20-3214. Epub 2020 Jul 29. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Adult patients with body mass index (BMI) �?0 kg/m2 had higher risk for intubation or death, hazard ratio, 1.6 (95% CI 1.1-2.1) adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity and co-morbidities (Figure 1). | Obesity was associated with higher risk for intubation or death among patients <65 years (Figure 2). | For class 2 obesity, hazard ratio (HR) 1.8 (95% CI 1.1-2.7). | For class 3 obesity, HR 2.0 (95% CI 1.3-3.1). | BMI was not correlated with higher levels of biomarkers of inflammation (C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate), cardiac injury or fibrinolysis at time of hospital admission. | Methods: Retrospective cohort study among 2,466 adults admitted with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, between March 10 and April 24, 2020, presenting to emergency departments at two hospitals in New York City. Patients were followed for at least 47 days. Primary endpoint was in-hospital intubation or death. Limitations: BMI was missing for 28% of patients. | Implications: Patients with BMI �?0 kg/m2 are at high risk for poor outcomes from COVID-19, particularly those < 65 years. Such patients are high priority to receive targeted prevention strategies to reduce their risk of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 infection; for example, social distancing for prolonged periods of time. SN - 1539-3704 (Electronic); 0003-4819 (Linking) SP - 782-790 ST - Body Mass Index and Risk for Intubation or Death in SARS-CoV-2 Infection : A Retrospective Cohort Study T2 - Ann Intern Med TI - Body Mass Index and Risk for Intubation or Death in SARS-CoV-2 Infection : A Retrospective Cohort Study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32726151 VL - 173 ID - 653 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Swiss Armed Forces, Medical Services, Worblentalstrasse 36, 3063, Ittigen, Switzerland; University of Zurich, Institute for Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention, Institute, Travel Clinic, Hirschengraben 84, 8001, Zurich, Switzerland. | Swiss Armed Forces, Medical Services, Worblentalstrasse 36, 3063, Ittigen, Switzerland. | University of Zurich, Institute for Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention, Institute, Travel Clinic, Hirschengraben 84, 8001, Zurich, Switzerland. | Swiss Armed Forces, Medical Services, Worblentalstrasse 36, 3063, Ittigen, Switzerland; University of Cambridge, Department of Haematology and MRC - Wellcome Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Puddicombe Way, CB2 0AW, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Electronic address: jd862@cam.ac.uk. AN - 32763495 AU - Bielecki, M. | Crameri, G. A. G. | Schlagenhauf, P. | Buehrer, T. W. | Deuel, J. W. C1 - 2020-08-18 C2 - International Findings CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/081820_covidupdate.html DA - Sep - Oct DO - 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101832 DP - NLM ET - 2020/08/09 KW - *Coronavirus Disease-19 | *Fever | *Screening | *Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 L1 - internal-pdf://4285830649/Bielecki-2020-Body temperature screening to id.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Bielecki, Michel; Crameri, Giovanni Andrea Gerardo; Schlagenhauf, Patricia; Buehrer, Thomas Werner; Deuel, Jeremy Werner; eng; Letter; Comment; Netherlands; Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020 Sep - Oct;37:101832. doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101832. Epub 2020 Aug 5. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Body temperature among young adult men with COVID-19 is highly variable and likely ineffective for screening at international borders. SN - 1873-0442 (Electronic); 1477-8939 (Linking) SP - 101832 ST - Body temperature screening to identify SARS-CoV-2 infected young adult travellers is ineffective T2 - Travel Med Infect Dis TI - Body temperature screening to identify SARS-CoV-2 infected young adult travellers is ineffective UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32763495 VL - 37 ID - 718 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Over the next few months it is likely that the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic that has surged in New York City, Seattle, New Orleans, and Detroit will move from city to city and state to state. After the initial peak, absent highly effective medical interventions, the US will likely experience outbreaks of lingering disease for months and potentially years to come. As the US enters the next phase of COVID-19, critical questions will involve the nation’s capacity to respond to outbreaks, protect high-risk populations, and limit community spread.Because of inadequate and continued lack of testing for COVID-19, a depleted and overworked public health workforce, lack of sophisticated integrated public health and clinical health information technology, and substantial cultural issues, the US has yet to implement an effective disease control strategy. Rather, the US has moved quickly from focused isolation and quarantine at a large scale to mitigation, largely focused on a single approach—social distancing. The fundamental question is whether the US can build a more targeted response capability so that the country can return to work, school, and other normal activities. AD - Editor in Chief. | Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland. AN - 32267488 AU - Bauchner, H. | Sharfstein, J. C1 - 2020-04-21 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/042120_covidupdate.html DA - May 12 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.6166 ET - 2020/04/09 IS - 18 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Call Centers | Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/*epidemiology/*prevention & control | Disease Outbreaks | Humans | National Health Programs/*organization & administration | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Personnel Staffing and Scheduling | Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis/*epidemiology/*prevention & control | Population Surveillance/methods | Program Development | *Public Health | Quarantine | SARS-CoV-2 | Seasons | Social Isolation | *Students, Medical | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://3363104423/Bauchner-2020-A Bold Response to the COVID-19.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Bauchner, Howard; Sharfstein, Joshua; eng; Editorial; JAMA. 2020 May 12;323(18):1790-1791. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.6166. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Authors propose suspending medical school for incoming students, instead starting them in a public health service program to increase capacity at the local/state levels for community surveillance and response. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1790-1791 ST - A Bold Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Medical Students, National Service, and Public Health T2 - JAMA TI - A Bold Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Medical Students, National Service, and Public Health UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32267488 VL - 323 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 60 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Deng, Xufang | Evdokimova, Monika | O’Brien, Amornrat | Rowe, Cynthia L. | Clark, Nina M. | Harrington, Amanda | Reid, Gail E. | Uprichard, Susan L. | Baker, Susan C. C1 - 2021-09-17 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09172021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.3390/v13091743 IS - 9 L1 - internal-pdf://0665291927/viruses-13-01743.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Between March 29 and April 29, 2021, 50% (7/14) of the confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections among fully vaccinated individuals (n = 692, mean age 60.3 years) at a Chicago hospital were immunocompromised. Of these, 6 patients were solid organ transplant recipients, and were hospitalized (3 ICU); 1 died. Immunosuppressive treatment was associated with hospitalization (p = 0.047). SE - 1743 SN - 1999-4915 SP - 1743 ST - Breakthrough Infections with Multiple Lineages of SARS-CoV-2 Variants Reveals Continued Risk of Severe Disease in Immunosuppressed Patients T2 - Viruses TI - Breakthrough Infections with Multiple Lineages of SARS-CoV-2 Variants Reveals Continued Risk of Severe Disease in Immunosuppressed Patients UR - https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/9/1743 VL - 13 ID - 2328 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance Real-world data are needed to assess incidence and factors associated with breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections following vaccination.Objective Estimate incidence of breakthrough infections and assess associations with risk factors using self-reported data from a large NC population sample.Design Prospective observational cohort study utilizing daily online survey data to capture information about COVID-19 symptoms, testing, and vaccination status.Setting Six health care systems in North Carolina with data collected between January 15, 2021 and September 24, 2021.Participants Adult study participants who reported full vaccination with a COVID-19 mRNA or J&J non-replicating viral vector vaccine (n =16,020).Exposures Potential community exposure to SARS-CoV-2.Main Outcome and Measures Self-reported breakthrough infection.Results SARS-CoV-2 infection after vaccination was self-reported in 1.9% of participants, with an incidence rate of 7.3 per 100,000 person-years. Younger age (45-64 vs. 18-44: HR (95% CI) = 0.65 (0.51 - 0.82); 65+ vs. 18-44: HR (95% CI) = 0.59 (0.39 - 0.90)), and vaccination with J&J Ad26.COV2.S were associated with a higher risk of breakthrough infection compared to vaccination with Pfizer BNT162b2 (Ad26.COV2.S vs. BNT162b2: HR (95% CI) = 2.23 (1.40 - 3.56)), while participants vaccinated with mRNA-1273 (mRNA-1273 vs. BNT162b2: HR (95% CI) = 0.69 (0.50 �?0.96) and those residing in urban counties experienced a lower rate of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection compared with those from suburban (HR (95% CI) = 1.39 (1.01 �?1.90) or rural (HR (95% CI) = 1.57 (1.16 �?2.11) counties. There was no significant association between breakthrough infection and participant sex, race, healthcare worker status, prior COVID-19 infection, routine mask use, or overall vaccination rate in the county of residence.Conclusions and Relevance This NC community-based observational study showed that the proportion of the cohort who self-report breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections was 7.3 events per 100,000 person-years. Younger adults, those vaccinated with J&J Ad26.COV2.S, and those residing in suburban or rural counties were at higher risk of breakthrough infections and should be targeted for additional risk mitigation strategies to decrease community transmission.Trial Registration The COVID-19 Community Research Partnership is listed in clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04342884).Question What are the characteristics of those with breakthrough infections after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in North CarolinaãFindings In this NC-based observational study of 16,020 participants, 1.9% self-reported a positive SARS-CoV-2 viral test at least 2 weeks following full vaccination, reflecting an event rate of 7.3 infections per 100,000 person years. Rates were higher among younger participants, participants from more rural areas in North Carolina, and those vaccinated with J&J Ad26.COV2.S.Meaning Our results show a relatively low rate of COVID-19 infection following full vaccination. Younger adults and those vaccinated with J&J Ad26.COV2.S should be targeted for additional risk mitigation strategies.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThe study was funded by the CARES Act of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) [Contract # NC DHHS GTS #49927]Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Institutional Review Board of the Wake Forest School of Medicine gave ethical approval for this work.I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot b used to identify individuals.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll data produced in the present study are available upon reasonable request to the authors. AU - Uschner, Diane | Bott, Matthew | Santacatterina, Michele | Gunaratne, Mihili | Fette, Lida M. | Burke, Brian | Strylewicz, Greg | Edelstein, Sharon L. | Lagarde, William H. | Miller, Kristen | Weintraub, William S. | Keating, Joseph | Schieffelin, John | Yukich, Joshua | Tapp, Hazel | Ahmed, Amina | Berry, Andrea A. | Munawar, Iqra | Seals, Austin Lyles | Williamson, John | Herrington, David | Sanders, John W. | Runyon, Michael | for the, Covid-Community Research Partnership C1 - 2021-10-22 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10222021_covidupdate.html#anchor_Vaccines DO - 10.1101/2021.10.10.21264812 L1 - internal-pdf://2106414008/Uschner-2021-Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 Infection.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 1.9% (310/16,020) of fully vaccinated persons reported a subsequent positive SARS-CoV-2 test (event rate of 7.3 infections per 100,000 person-years). | Among fully vaccinated persons followed for 34 weeks, cumulative incidence of symptomatic breakthrough infection was 5.2% at 34 weeks (Figure). | Rates were higher among persons vaccinated with Ad26.COV2.S (Johnson & Johnson/Janssen), from rural areas, and aged <45 years. | Methods: Prospective observational cohort study of adults aged �?8 years in 6 healthcare systems in North Carolina, September 24–January 13, 2021. Participants completed daily online surveys of symptoms, SARS-CoV-2 testing, and vaccination. Outcome was self-reported SARS-CoV-2 infection �? weeks after vaccination. Limitations: Self-reported symptoms and test results; variable follow-up duration; incomplete follow-up. | | Implications: SARS-CoV-2 infection following full vaccination was infrequent. Younger adults and those vaccinated with Ad26.COV2.S, among whom breakthrough infections occurred more commonly, may benefit from combining vaccination with additional prevention approaches, such as consistent mask use. SP - 2021.10.10.21264812 ST - Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 Infections after Vaccination in North Carolina T2 - medRxiv TI - Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 Infections after Vaccination in North Carolina UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/10/13/2021.10.10.21264812.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/10/13/2021.10.10.21264812.full.pdf ID - 2523 ER - TY - JOUR AD - University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC lauren_brinkley@med.unc.edu. | Brown University, Providence, RI. | Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI. | Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, Providence, RI. AN - 34233109 AU - Brinkley-Rubinstein, Lauren | Peterson, Meghan | Martin, Rosemarie | Chan, Philip | Berk, Justin C1 - 2021-07-16 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07162021_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 9 DO - 10.1056/NEJMc2108479 ET - 2021/07/08 IS - 11 KW - COVID-19/diagnosis/*epidemiology/prevention & control | COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing | *COVID-19 Vaccines | Humans | Prisoners/statistics & numerical data | *Prisons | Rhode Island/epidemiology | Vaccination L1 - internal-pdf://1729196250/Brinkley-Rubins-2021-Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 I.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Brinkley-Rubinstein, Lauren | Peterson, Meghan | Martin, Rosemarie | Chan, Philip | Berk, Justin | eng | UG1 DA050072/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ | Letter | N Engl J Med. 2021 Sep 9;385(11):1051-1052. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2108479. Epub 2021 Jul 7. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 2,380 vaccinated individuals in the Rhode Island prison system, breakthrough infections were rare, and all cases were asymptomatic. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic) | 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 1051-1052 ST - Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Prison after Vaccination T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Prison after Vaccination UR - https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2108479 | https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMc2108479?articleTools=true VL - 385 ID - 1974 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The objective of the current study was to provide insight into the effect of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on breast cancer screening, breast surgery, and genetics consultations. METHODS: User data from a risk assessment company were collected from February 2 to April 11, 2020. The use of risk assessment was used as a proxy for the use of 3 breast cancer services, namely, breast imaging, breast surgery, and genetics consultation. Changes in the use of these services during the study period were analyzed. RESULTS: All 3 services experienced significant declines after the COVID-19 outbreak. The decline in breast surgery began during the week of March 8, followed by breast imaging and genetics consultation (both of which began during the week of March 15). Breast imaging experienced the most significant reduction, with an average weekly decline of 61.7% and a maximum decline of 94.6%. Breast surgery demonstrated an average weekly decline of 20.5%. When surgical consultation was stratified as breast cancer versus no breast cancer, the decrease among in non-breast cancer patients was more significant than that of patients with breast cancer (a decline of 66.8% vs 11.5% from the pre-COVID average weekly volume for non-breast cancer patients and patients with breast cancer, respectively). During the week of April 5, use of genetics consultations dropped to 39.9% of the average weekly volumes before COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 has had a significant impact on the number of patients undergoing breast cancer prevention, screening, diagnosis, and treatment. AD - Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. | Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. | Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. | CRA Health, Waltham, Massachusetts. AN - 32749697 AU - Yin, K. | Singh, P. | Drohan, B. | Hughes, K. S. C1 - 2020-08-14 C2 - Collateral Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08142020_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 15 DO - 10.1002/cncr.33113 ET - 2020/08/05 IS - 20 KW - Breast Neoplasms/*diagnostic imaging/*genetics/prevention & control/*surgery | *covid-19 | Female | Genetic Counseling/statistics & numerical data | Humans | Mammography/statistics & numerical data | Mastectomy/*statistics & numerical data | Risk Assessment | United States/epidemiology | *breast cancer | *breast imaging | *breast surgery | *cancer genetics | *coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) L1 - internal-pdf://3466900074/Yin-2020-Breast imaging, breast surgery, and c.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Variants | N1 - Yin, Kanhua; Singh, Preeti; Drohan, Brian; Hughes, Kevin S; eng; Cancer. 2020 Oct 15;126(20):4466-4472. doi: 10.1002/cncr.33113. Epub 2020 Aug 4. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The number of breast image assessments, breast surgeries, and genetics consultations dropped in the early months of the COVID-19 epidemic in the US. | For breast imaging, starting March 15, 2020 decrease by 61.7% per week, p = 0.001 (Figure 1). | For breast surgery consultations, starting March 8, 2020 decrease by 20.5% per week, p = 0.003, primarily due to reductions in consultations for benign breast disease (Figure 2). | For genetics consultations, starting March 15, 2020 decrease by 26.4% per week, p <0.001. | Methods: Cross-sectional analysis summarizing weekly volume of mammograms, breast surgery, and genetics consultations at 55 breast imaging clinics in 27 US states, between February 2 and April 11, 2020. Limitations: Breast imaging assessment analyses could not distinguish between cancer screening and breast diagnostic purposes. | Implications for 4 studies (Jeffery et al., Kim et al., Kaufman et al., & Yin et al.): Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic include disruptions to health service provision and potential indirect effects on population health. Delays in preventive care could lead to excess morbidity and mortality across numerous health conditions, as well as exacerbate racial and ethnic disparities (see Balogun et al. Disparities in cancer outcomes due to COVID-19 �?A tale of two citiesexternal icon). Even with the stress COVID-19 places on global public health and health care, proactive outreach and prioritization of essential health services remains vital. SN - 1097-0142 (Electronic); 0008-543X (Linking) SP - 4466-4472 ST - Breast imaging, breast surgery, and cancer genetics in the age of COVID-19 T2 - Cancer TI - Breast imaging, breast surgery, and cancer genetics in the age of COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32749697 VL - 126 ID - 699 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The recurrent zoonotic spillover of coronaviruses (CoVs) into the human population underscores the need for broadly active countermeasures. We employed a directed evolution approach to engineer three severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies for enhanced neutralization breadth and potency. One of the affinity-matured variants, ADG-2, displays strong binding activity to a large panel of sarbecovirus receptor binding domains and neutralizes representative epidemic sarbecoviruses with high potency. Structural and biochemical studies demonstrate that ADG-2 employs a distinct angle of approach to recognize a highly conserved epitope that overlaps the receptor binding site. In immunocompetent mouse models of SARS and COVID-19, prophylactic administration of ADG-2 provided complete protection against respiratory burden, viral replication in the lungs, and lung pathology. Altogether, ADG-2 represents a promising broad-spectrum therapeutic candidate against clade 1 sarbecoviruses. AD - Adimab, LLC, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA. | Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. | Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA. | Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. | Paul G. Allen School of Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA. | U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA. | The Geneva Foundation, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA. | IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. | Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. | Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. | Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. rbaric@email.unc.edu lgralins@email.unc.edu laura.walker@adimab.com. | Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. | Adimab, LLC, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA. rbaric@email.unc.edu lgralins@email.unc.edu laura.walker@adimab.com. | Adagio Therapeutics, Inc., Waltham, MA 02451, USA. AN - 33495307 AU - Rappazzo, C. G. | Tse, L. V. | Kaku, C. I. | Wrapp, D. | Sakharkar, M. | Huang, D. | Deveau, L. M. | Yockachonis, T. J. | Herbert, A. S. | Battles, M. B. | O'Brien, C. M. | Brown, M. E. | Geoghegan, J. C. | Belk, J. | Peng, L. | Yang, L. | Hou, Y. | Scobey, T. D. | Burton, D. R. | Nemazee, D. | Dye, J. M. | Voss, J. E. | Gunn, B. M. | McLellan, J. S. | Baric, R. S. | Gralinski, L. E. | Walker, L. M. C1 - 2021-02-05 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02052021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 19 DO - 10.1126/science.abf4830 ET - 2021/01/27 IS - 6531 KW - Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism | Animals | Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics/*immunology/metabolism | Antibodies, Viral/genetics/*immunology/metabolism | Antibody Affinity | Betacoronavirus/*immunology | Binding Sites | Binding Sites, Antibody | Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies/genetics/*immunology/metabolism | COVID-19/prevention & control/therapy | Cell Surface Display Techniques | Directed Molecular Evolution | Epitopes/immunology | Humans | Immunization, Passive | Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/immunology | Mice, Inbred BALB C | Protein Domains | Protein Engineering | Receptors, Coronavirus/metabolism | SARS Virus/immunology | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology | Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/immunology/prevention & control/therapy | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/*immunology/metabolism L1 - internal-pdf://0949772125/Rappazzo-2021-Broad and potent activity agains.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Rappazzo, C Garrett; Tse, Longping V; Kaku, Chengzi I; Wrapp, Daniel; Sakharkar, Mrunal; Huang, Deli; Deveau, Laura M; Yockachonis, Thomas J; Herbert, Andrew S; Battles, Michael B; O'Brien, Cecilia M; Brown, Michael E; Geoghegan, James C; Belk, Jonathan; Peng, Linghang; Yang, Linlin; Hou, Yixuan; Scobey, Trevor D; Burton, Dennis R; Nemazee, David; Dye, John M; Voss, James E; Gunn, Bronwyn M; McLellan, Jason S; Baric, Ralph S; Gralinski, Lisa E; Walker, Laura M; eng; R01 AI132317/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 AI073148/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; U54 CA260543/CA/NCI NIH HHS/; R01 AI132178/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; U19 AI142777/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Science. 2021 Feb 19;371(6531):823-829. doi: 10.1126/science.abf4830. Epub 2021 Jan 25. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: An engineered human monoclonal antibody demonstrated neutralization potency similar to neutralizing antibodies currently in clinical use providing significant protection against COVID-19 in mouse models. SN - 1095-9203 (Electronic); 0036-8075 (Linking) SP - 823-829 ST - Broad and potent activity against SARS-like viruses by an engineered human monoclonal antibody T2 - Science TI - Broad and potent activity against SARS-like viruses by an engineered human monoclonal antibody UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33495307 VL - 371 ID - 1463 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The development of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines and therapeutics will depend on understanding viral immunity. We studied T cell memory in 42 patients following recovery from COVID-19 (28 with mild disease and 14 with severe disease) and 16 unexposed donors, using interferon-gamma-based assays with peptides spanning SARS-CoV-2 except ORF1. The breadth and magnitude of T cell responses were significantly higher in severe as compared with mild cases. Total and spike-specific T cell responses correlated with spike-specific antibody responses. We identified 41 peptides containing CD4(+) and/or CD8(+) epitopes, including six immunodominant regions. Six optimized CD8(+) epitopes were defined, with peptide-MHC pentamer-positive cells displaying the central and effector memory phenotype. In mild cases, higher proportions of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8(+) T cells were observed. The identification of T cell responses associated with milder disease will support an understanding of protective immunity and highlights the potential of including non-spike proteins within future COVID-19 vaccine design. AD - MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK. | Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. | CAMS Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Radiation Therapy, Xinjiang Tumor Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China. | Sequencing and Flow Cytometry Facility, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Diamond Light Source, Didcot, UK. | York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK. | Tropical and Infectious Diseases Unit, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK. | NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. | Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | The Florey Institute for Host-Pathogen Interactions, Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK. | ProImmune, Oxford, UK. | Respiratory Medicine, Institute in The Park, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK. | Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine Division of Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. | National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK. | NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK. | Worthing Hospital, Worthing, UK. | Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. | MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. tao.dong@imm.ox.ac.uk. | Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. tao.dong@imm.ox.ac.uk. | Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. tao.dong@imm.ox.ac.uk. AN - 32887977 AU - Peng, Y. | Mentzer, A. J. | Liu, G. | Yao, X. | Yin, Z. | Dong, D. | Dejnirattisai, W. | Rostron, T. | Supasa, P. | Liu, C. | Lopez-Camacho, C. | Slon-Campos, J. | Zhao, Y. | Stuart, D. I. | Paesen, G. C. | Grimes, J. M. | Antson, A. A. | Bayfield, O. W. | Hawkins, Dedp | Ker, D. S. | Wang, B. | Turtle, L. | Subramaniam, K. | Thomson, P. | Zhang, P. | Dold, C. | Ratcliff, J. | Simmonds, P. | de Silva, T. | Sopp, P. | Wellington, D. | Rajapaksa, U. | Chen, Y. L. | Salio, M. | Napolitani, G. | Paes, W. | Borrow, P. | Kessler, B. M. | Fry, J. W. | Schwabe, N. F. | Semple, M. G. | Baillie, J. K. | Moore, S. C. | Openshaw, P. J. M. | Ansari, M. A. | Dunachie, S. | Barnes, E. | Frater, J. | Kerr, G. | Goulder, P. | Lockett, T. | Levin, R. | Zhang, Y. | Jing, R. | Ho, L. P. | Oxford Immunology Network Covid-19 Response, T. cell Consortium | Isaric C. Investigators | Cornall, R. J. | Conlon, C. P. | Klenerman, P. | Screaton, G. R. | Mongkolsapaya, J. | McMichael, A. | Knight, J. C. | Ogg, G. | Dong, T. C1 - 2020-09-18 C2 - Laboratory Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091820_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1038/s41590-020-0782-6 ET - 2020/09/06 IS - 11 KW - Antigens, Viral/*immunology | Betacoronavirus/*immunology | CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology | CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | Coronavirus Infections/immunology/pathology/prevention & control | Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology | Humans | Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology | Immunologic Memory/*immunology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/immunology/pathology | SARS-CoV-2 | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology | United Kingdom | Viral Vaccines/immunology L1 - internal-pdf://1473337720/Peng-2020-Broad and strong memory CD4(+) and C.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Peng, Yanchun; Mentzer, Alexander J; Liu, Guihai; Yao, Xuan; Yin, Zixi; Dong, Danning; Dejnirattisai, Wanwisa; Rostron, Timothy; Supasa, Piyada; Liu, Chang; Lopez-Camacho, Cesar; Slon-Campos, Jose; Zhao, Yuguang; Stuart, David I; Paesen, Guido C; Grimes, Jonathan M; Antson, Alfred A; Bayfield, Oliver W; Hawkins, Dorothy E D P; Ker, De-Sheng; Wang, Beibei; Turtle, Lance; Subramaniam, Krishanthi; Thomson, Paul; Zhang, Ping; Dold, Christina; Ratcliff, Jeremy; Simmonds, Peter; de Silva, Thushan; Sopp, Paul; Wellington, Dannielle; Rajapaksa, Ushani; Chen, Yi-Ling; Salio, Mariolina; Napolitani, Giorgio; Paes, Wayne; Borrow, Persephone; Kessler, Benedikt M; Fry, Jeremy W; Schwabe, Nikolai F; Semple, Malcolm G; Baillie, J Kenneth; Moore, Shona C; Openshaw, Peter J M; Ansari, M Azim; Dunachie, Susanna; Barnes, Eleanor; Frater, John; Kerr, Georgina; Goulder, Philip; Lockett, Teresa; Levin, Robert; Zhang, Yonghong; Jing, Ronghua; Ho, Ling-Pei; Cornall, Richard J; Conlon, Christopher P; Klenerman, Paul; Screaton, Gavin R; Mongkolsapaya, Juthathip; McMichael, Andrew; Knight, Julian C; Ogg, Graham; Dong, Tao; eng; MC_PC_19059/RCUK | Medical Research Council (MRC)/International; award 206377 to AAA/Wellcome Trust (Wellcome)/International; MC_PC_20002/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; NIHR201385 / WHRR P84026/DH | National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)/International; 2018-I2M-2-002/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS)/International; CO-CIN-01/DH | NIHR | Health Services Research Programme (NIHR Health Services Research Programme)/International; MR/L018942/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; UM1 AI144371/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; 215091/Z/18/Z/Wellcome Trust (Wellcome)/International; NIHR200907/DH | National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)/International; 095541/A/11/Z/Wellcome Trust (Wellcome)/International; NIHR200907/DH | NIHR | Health Services Research Programme (NIHR Health Services Research Programme)/International; G1100525/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; MR/S032304/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; R01 AI118549/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; MC_UU_00008/5/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; MC_UU_12010/5/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; MC_U137881017/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; 110058/Z/15/Z/Wellcome Trust (Wellcome)/International; MC_PC_19025/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; NIHR200927 /WHRG_P82523/DH | National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)/International; MC_PC_19059/Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation)/International; MC_UU_00008/6/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; 205228/Z/16/Z/Wellcome Trust (Wellcome)/International; MR/N00065X/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; G116/150/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; IS-BRC-1215-20013/Imperial College London/International; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Nat Immunol. 2020 Nov;21(11):1336-1345. doi: 10.1038/s41590-020-0782-6. Epub 2020 Sep 4. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; T cell responses were significantly higher in persons with severe COVID-19 as compared with persons with mild COVID-19 (Figure). | T cells from persons with severe COVID-19 recognized more viral epitopes than those from persons with mild disease. | Methods: A total of 42 persons recovered from COVID-19 were enrolled between March and May 2020 and classified as either mild (n = 28) or severe cases (n = 14). Specimens from 16 individuals collected between 2017 and 2019 were used as controls. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were exposed to pools of peptides spanning the SARS-CoV-2 genome. Limitations: Excluded analysis of peptides from ORF 1ab of SARS-CoV-2, which is more than 2/3 of the genome. | Implications: Persons recovered from COVID-19 possess strong and broad T cell responses potentially indicative of long-lasting protective immunity. The broad response to several different epitopes suggests vaccine-escape viruses would need several mutations. SN - 1529-2916 (Electronic); 1529-2908 (Linking) SP - 1336-1345 ST - Broad and strong memory CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells induced by SARS-CoV-2 in UK convalescent individuals following COVID-19 T2 - Nat Immunol TI - Broad and strong memory CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells induced by SARS-CoV-2 in UK convalescent individuals following COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32887977 VL - 21 ID - 903 ER - TY - JOUR AB - As state and local governments deliberate how and when to get back to business, much discussion has centered around contact tracing to rein in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).Health departments have used contact tracing—the practice of identifying and monitoring people who’ve had close contact with infected individuals—to control communicable diseases such as tuberculosis, syphilis, and HIV infection. But, in terms of the sheer number of cases and the ease with which it spreads, COVID-19 presents special challenges. AN - 32437502 AU - Rubin, R. C1 - 2020-06-02 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060220_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 16 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.8880 ET - 2020/05/22 IS - 23 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. | Clinical Laboratory Techniques | Contact Tracing/*methods/statistics & numerical data | Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/*transmission | Humans | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis/*transmission | SARS-CoV-2 | United States L1 - internal-pdf://0201308571/Rubin-2020-Building an _Army of Disease Detect.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Rubin, Rita; eng; News; JAMA. 2020 Jun 16;323(23):2357-2360. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.8880. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Discussion of logistics of staffing and conducting contact investigations. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 2357-2360 ST - Building an "Army of Disease Detectives" to Trace COVID-19 Contacts T2 - JAMA TI - Building an "Army of Disease Detectives" to Trace COVID-19 Contacts UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32437502 VL - 323 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 305 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We call upon the research community to standardize efforts to use daily self-reported data about COVID-19 symptoms in the response to the pandemic and to form a collaborative consortium to maximize global gain while protecting participant privacy. AD - Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, and Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel. eran.segal@weizmann.ac.il. | Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA. | Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA. | Departments of Biostatistics and Statistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. | Institute for Quantitative Social Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. | Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. | Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, and Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel. | Pediatric Diabetes Unit, Ruth Rappaport Children's Hospital, Rambam Healthcare Campus, Haifa, Israel. | Harvard Society of Fellows, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. | ETH Zurich, NEXUS Personalized Health Technologies, Zurich, Switzerland. | Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. | Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. | Clalit Research Institute, Clalit Health Services, Ramat Gan, Israel. | Mapping and Geo-Information Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty, The Technion, Haifa, Israel. | ETH Zurich, Department for Computer Science, Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Medical Informatics, Zurich and SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Zurich, Switzerland. | Regen Network, Mar del Plata, Argentina. | Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Boston, MA, USA. | Chelonia Applied Science, Allschwil, Switzerland. | IMRIC Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, School of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel. | Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA. | Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden. | http://symptometrics.org, Canada. | Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel. | Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. | Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. | Department of Synthetic Biology and Immunology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana, Slovenia. | Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. | Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Skopje, Macedonia. | Regen Network, Great Barrington, MA, USA. | Luxembourg Institute of Socio-Economic Research and University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg. | School of Medical Sciences, Orebro University, Orebro, Sweden. | Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland. | Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. | Internal Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. | Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Boston, MA, USA. | ETH Zurich, Department for Computer Science, Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Medical Informatics, Zurich and SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Zurich and ELLIS Unit, ETH Zurich, Switzerland. | Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. | Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA. | King's College, London, UK. | Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab), Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. | Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg. AN - 32488218 AU - Segal, E. | Zhang, F. | Lin, X. | King, G. | Shalem, O. | Shilo, S. | Allen, W. E. | Alquaddoomi, F. | Altae-Tran, H. | Anders, S. | Balicer, R. | Bauman, T. | Bonilla, X. | Booman, G. | Chan, A. T. | Cohen, O. | Coletti, S. | Davidson, N. | Dor, Y. | Drew, D. A. | Elemento, O. | Evans, G. | Ewels, P. | Gale, J. | Gavrieli, A. | Geiger, B. | Grad, Y. H. | Greene, C. S. | Hajirasouliha, I. | Jerala, R. | Kahles, A. | Kallioniemi, O. | Keshet, A. | Kocarev, L. | Landua, G. | Meir, T. | Muller, A. | Nguyen, L. H. | Oresic, M. | Ovchinnikova, S. | Peterson, H. | Prodanova, J. | Rajagopal, J. | Ratsch, G. | Rossman, H. | Rung, J. | Sboner, A. | Sigaras, A. | Spector, T. | Steinherz, R. | Stevens, I. | Vilo, J. | Wilmes, P. C1 - 2020-06-12 C2 - COVID-19 Data Quality CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061220_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.1038/s41591-020-0929-x ET - 2020/06/04 IS - 8 KW - Betacoronavirus/*pathogenicity | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/prevention & control/virology | Health Status | Humans | Pandemics/prevention & control/*statistics & numerical data | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/prevention & control/virology | SARS-CoV-2 | Surveys and Questionnaires/*statistics & numerical data L1 - internal-pdf://1902889728/Segal-2020-Building an international consortiu.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Segal, Eran; Zhang, Feng; Lin, Xihong; King, Gary; Shalem, Ophir; Shilo, Smadar; Allen, William E; Alquaddoomi, Faisal; Altae-Tran, Han; Anders, Simon; Balicer, Ran; Bauman, Tal; Bonilla, Ximena; Booman, Gisel; Chan, Andrew T; Cohen, Ori; Coletti, Silvano; Davidson, Natalie; Dor, Yuval; Drew, David A; Elemento, Olivier; Evans, Georgina; Ewels, Phil; Gale, Joshua; Gavrieli, Amir; Geiger, Benjamin; Grad, Yonatan H; Greene, Casey S; Hajirasouliha, Iman; Jerala, Roman; Kahles, Andre; Kallioniemi, Olli; Keshet, Ayya; Kocarev, Ljupco; Landua, Gregory; Meir, Tomer; Muller, Aline; Nguyen, Long H; Oresic, Matej; Ovchinnikova, Svetlana; Peterson, Hedi; Prodanova, Jana; Rajagopal, Jay; Ratsch, Gunnar; Rossman, Hagai; Rung, Johan; Sboner, Andrea; Sigaras, Alexandros; Spector, Tim; Steinherz, Ron; Stevens, Irene; Vilo, Jaak; Wilmes, Paul; eng; Nat Med. 2020 Aug;26(8):1161-1165. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-0929-x. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Proposes an international consortium (Coronavirus Census Collective) to collect self-reported data on COVID-19 symptoms and integrate it with other COVID-19 data to improve epidemiological models and measures. SN - 1546-170X (Electronic); 1078-8956 (Linking) SP - 1161-1165 ST - Building an international consortium for tracking coronavirus health status T2 - Nat Med TI - Building an international consortium for tracking coronavirus health status UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32488218 VL - 26 ID - 363 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) have been characterized; however, the burden of PASC remains unknown. Here we used the healthcare databases of the US Department of Veterans Affairs to build a cohort of 181,384 people with COVID-19 and 4,397,509 non-infected controls and estimated that burden of PASC—defined as the presence of at least one sequela in excess of non-infected controls—was 73.43 (72.10, 74.72) per 1000 persons at 6 months. Burdens of individual sequelae varied by demographic groups (age, race, and sex) but were consistently higher in people with poorer baseline health and in those with more severe acute infection. In sum, the burden of PASC is substantial; PASC is non-monolithic with sequelae that are differentially expressed in various population groups. Collectively, our results may be useful in informing health systems capacity planning and care strategies of people with PASC. AD - Clinical Epidemiology Center, Research and Development Service, VA Saint Louis Health Care System, Saint Louis, MO, USA. | Veterans Research and Education Foundation of Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA. | Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA. | Clinical Epidemiology Center, Research and Development Service, VA Saint Louis Health Care System, Saint Louis, MO, USA. zalaly@gmail.com. | Veterans Research and Education Foundation of Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA. zalaly@gmail.com. | Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA. zalaly@gmail.com. | Institute for Public Health, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA. zalaly@gmail.com. | Nephrology Section, Medicine Service, VA Saint Louis Health Care System, Saint Louis, MO, USA. zalaly@gmail.com. AN - 34772922 AU - Xie, Yan | Bowe, Benjamin | Al-Aly, Ziyad C1 - 2021-11-19 C2 - PMC8589966 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/11192021_covidupdate.html#anchor_NaturalHistory DA - 2021/11/12 DO - 10.1038/s41467-021-26513-3 ET - 2021/11/14 IS - 1 L1 - internal-pdf://3768244509/Xie-2021-Burdens of post-acute sequelae of COV.pdf LB - Natural History | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Xie, Yan | Bowe, Benjamin | Al-Aly, Ziyad | eng | Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. | England | Nat Commun. 2021 Nov 12;12(1):6571. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-26513-3. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among U.S. veterans with COVID-19, the overall excess burden of �? post-COVID condition was 73.43 (95% CI 72.10-74.72) per 1,000 persons at 6 months. | Conditions with the largest excess burdens included shortness of breath (28.80 per 1,000 persons), sleep disorders (19.51), and hyperlipidemia (17.09) (Figure). | Excess burden of post-COVID conditions was 360.16 per 1,000 persons in those admitted to an ICU, 217.08 in hospitalized patients, and 44.51 in non-hospitalized patients. | Methods: Retrospective cohort study of COVID-19 patients who tested positive March 2020–March 2021 (n = 181,384) and uninfected controls (n = 4.4 million) using Veterans Health Administration data. Outcomes ascertained from 30 days after infection until the end of follow-up. Burden defined as having conditions in excess of the uninfected control group; models adjusted for multiple factors, including comorbid conditions. Limitations: Predominantly male participants; burdens may be underestimated if conditions not recorded in medical records; findings might not be generalizable. | | Implications: Post-COVID conditions encompass a wide range of syndromes and likely pose significant challenges to patients and the U.S. healthcare system. SN - 2041-1723 SP - 6571 ST - Burdens of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 by severity of acute infection, demographics and health status T2 - Nat Commun TI - Burdens of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 by severity of acute infection, demographics and health status UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-26513-3 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8589966/pdf/41467_2021_Article_26513.pdf VL - 12 ID - 2647 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA; Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. | Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. | Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. Electronic address: alison.galvani@yale.edu. AN - 33333002 AU - Fitzpatrick, M. C. | Pandey, A. | Wells, C. R. | Sah, P. | Galvani, A. P. C1 - 2020-12-22 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/122220_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 2 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32635-0 ET - 2020/12/18 IS - 10268 KW - COVID-19/*diagnosis | *COVID-19 Testing | Humans | SARS-CoV-2/*isolation & purification | Sensitivity and Specificity L1 - internal-pdf://0341123379/Fitzpatrick-2021-Buyer beware_ inflated claims.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Fitzpatrick, Meagan C; Pandey, Abhishek; Wells, Chad R; Sah, Pratha; Galvani, Alison P; eng; Letter; England; Lancet. 2021 Jan 2;397(10268):24-25. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32635-0. Epub 2020 Dec 14. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Highlights the importance of understanding the comparator used for sensitivity or percent positive agreement when evaluating new rapid diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2 infection. SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 24-25 ST - Buyer beware: inflated claims of sensitivity for rapid COVID-19 tests T2 - Lancet TI - Buyer beware: inflated claims of sensitivity for rapid COVID-19 tests UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33333002 VL - 397 Y2 - 2021/05/14 ID - 1353 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 33004496 AU - Service, R. F. C1 - 2020-10-13 C2 - Testing CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/101320_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 2 DO - 10.1126/science.370.6512.22 ET - 2020/10/03 IS - 6512 KW - Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Clinical Laboratory Techniques/*methods | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis/transmission/virology | Humans | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis/transmission/virology | Viral Load/*methods L1 - internal-pdf://2108249453/Service-2020-A call for diagnostic tests to re.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Service, Robert F; eng; News; Science. 2020 Oct 2;370(6512):22. doi: 10.1126/science.370.6512.22. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Commentary suggests that diagnostic tests should report not just positive or negative result, but also the cycle threshold value to help identify who is most contagious or at highest risk of severe disease. SN - 1095-9203 (Electronic); 0036-8075 (Linking) SP - 22 ST - A call for diagnostic tests to report viral load T2 - Science TI - A call for diagnostic tests to report viral load UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33004496 VL - 370 ID - 1038 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 33230277 AU - Else, H. C1 - 2020-12-01 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/120120_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1038/d41586-020-03149-9 ET - 2020/11/25 IS - 7835 KW - Animals | COVID-19/*diagnosis/metabolism | Datasets as Topic | Dogs | Odorants/analysis | Reproducibility of Results | Sample Size | Sensitivity and Specificity | Smell/*physiology | Uncertainty | Volatile Organic Compounds/analysis | Working Dogs/*physiology L1 - internal-pdf://1002053461/d41586-020-03149-9.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Else, Holly; eng; News; England; Nature. 2020 Nov;587(7835):530-531. doi: 10.1038/d41586-020-03149-9. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: An early pilot study suggested dogs could detect SARS-CoV-2 infection in human secretions; this article describes studies that would be needed to scale this for screening in airports or other non-medical settings. SN - 1476-4687 (Electronic); 0028-0836 (Linking) SP - 530-531 ST - Can dogs smell COVID? Here's what the science says T2 - Nature TI - Can dogs smell COVID? Here's what the science says UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33230277 VL - 587 ID - 1288 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 32554573 AU - Servick, K. C1 - 2020-06-30 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/063020_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 19 DO - 10.1126/science.368.6497.1296 ET - 2020/06/20 IS - 6497 KW - Covid-19 | *Cell Phone | Coronavirus Infections/*prevention & control | Humans | *Mobile Applications | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*prevention & control L1 - internal-pdf://3068520508/Servick-2020-Can phone apps slow the spread of.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Servick, Kelly; eng; News; Science. 2020 Jun 19;368(6497):1296-1297. doi: 10.1126/science.368.6497.1296. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Reviews use of cellphone apps and their tracking capability for case identification and contact tracing. SN - 1095-9203 (Electronic); 0036-8075 (Linking) SP - 1296-1297 ST - Can phone apps slow the spread of the coronavirus? T2 - Science TI - Can phone apps slow the spread of the coronavirus? UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32554573 VL - 368 ID - 457 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Two articles reported in this issue of JAMA from separate research teams in China present details of 3 neonates who may have been infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in utero from mothers with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Evidence for such transmission is based on elevated IgM antibody values in blood drawn from the neonates following birth. All infants also had elevated IgG antibody values and cytokine levels, although these may have crossed the placenta from the mother to the infant. No infant specimen had a positive reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction test result, so there is not virologic evidence for congenital infection in these cases to support the serologic suggestion of in utero transmission. Nevertheless, the serologic data are provocative for a virus that is believed to be spread by respiratory secretions and—given the modeling showing that a significant percentage of the world’s population, many of them pregnant women, will be infected over the next weeks or months—it is one that deserves careful consideration. However, at this time, these data are not conclusive and do not prove in utero transmission. AD - University of Alabama at Birmingham. AN - 32215579 AU - Kimberlin, David W. | Stagno, Sergio C1 - 2020-04-01 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/040120_covidupdate.html DA - May 12 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.4868 ET - 2020/03/28 IS - 18 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/transmission | Female | Humans | Infant, Newborn | *Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical | Mothers | *Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://2024900214/jama_kimberlin_2020_ed_200028.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Kimberlin, David W | Stagno, Sergio | eng | Editorial | Comment | JAMA. 2020 May 12;323(18):1788-1789. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.4868. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: IgM assays can be falsely positive in infants (IgM values declined in this report seems more rapidly than expected, see [this atricle in reference to data in Dong et al.]. SN - 0098-7484 SP - 1788-1789 ST - Can SARS-CoV-2 Infection Be Acquired In Utero?: More Definitive Evidence Is Needed T2 - JAMA TI - Can SARS-CoV-2 Infection Be Acquired In Utero?: More Definitive Evidence Is Needed UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.4868 VL - 323 Y2 - 7/19/2021 ID - 1985 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, Louisiana (S.E.F.). | Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana (F.S.L., E.B.R., R.S.V.). AN - 32726150 AU - Fox, S. E. | Lameira, F. S. | Rinker, E. B. | Vander Heide, R. S. C1 - 2020-08-28 C2 - Clinical Manifestations CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082820_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 15 DO - 10.7326/L20-0882 ET - 2020/07/30 IS - 12 KW - Adult | Biopsy | COVID-19/*complications/epidemiology | Coronary Vessels/*pathology | Endothelium, Vascular/*pathology | Female | Humans | Myocarditis/diagnosis/*etiology | Myocardium/*pathology | *SARS-CoV-2 | Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/diagnosis/*etiology L1 - internal-pdf://0372027058/Fox-2020-Cardiac Endotheliitis and Multisystem.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Fox, Sharon E; Lameira, Fernanda S; Rinker, Elizabeth B; Vander Heide, Richard S; eng; Case Reports; Letter; Ann Intern Med. 2020 Dec 15;173(12):1025-1027. doi: 10.7326/L20-0882. Epub 2020 Jul 29. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A case report of a young adult who died with findings of lymphadenopathy, pulmonary thrombi, and cardiac vasculitis and endotheliithis of small cardiac vessels but not coronary arteries on autopsy. SN - 1539-3704 (Electronic); 0003-4819 (Linking) SP - 1025-1027 ST - Cardiac Endotheliitis and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome After COVID-19 T2 - Ann Intern Med TI - Cardiac Endotheliitis and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome After COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32726150 VL - 173 ID - 787 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Although certain risk factors have been associated with increased morbidity and mortality in patients admitted with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), the impact of cardiac injury and high-sensitivity troponin-I (hs-cTnI) concentrations are not well described. In this large retrospective longitudinal cohort study, we analyzed the cases of 1,044 consecutively admitted patients with COVID-19 from March 9 until April 15. Cardiac injury was defined by hs-cTnI concentration >99th percentile. Patient characteristics, laboratory data, and outcomes were described in patients with cardiac injury and different hs-cTnI cut-offs. The primary outcome was mortality, and the secondary outcomes were length of stay, need for intensive care unit care or mechanical ventilation, and their different composites. The final analyzed cohort included 1,020 patients. The median age was 63 years, 511 (50% patients were female, and 403 (40% were white. 390 (38%) patients had cardiac injury on presentation. These patients were older (median age 70 years), had a higher cardiovascular disease burden, in addition to higher serum concentrations of inflammatory markers. They also exhibited an increased risk for our primary and secondary outcomes, with the risk increasing with higher hs-cTnI concentrations. Peak hs-cTnI concentrations continued to be significantly associated with mortality after a multivariate regression controlling for comorbid conditions, inflammatory markers, acute kidney injury, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Within the same multivariate regression model, presenting hs-cTnI concentrations were not significantly associated with outcomes, and undetectable hs-cTnI concentrations on presentation did not completely rule out the risk for mechanical ventilation or death. In conclusion, cardiac injury was common in patients admitted with COVID-19. The extent of cardiac injury and peak hs-cTnI concentrations were associated with worse outcomes. AD - Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan. | Department of Medicine, Wayne State University-Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan. | Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan. | Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Macomb Hospital, Macomb, Michigan. | Department of Foundational Medical Studies, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, Michigan. | Department of Pathology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan. | Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan. | Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan. Electronic address: Sparikh2@hfhs.org. AN - 32829913 AU - Raad, M. | Dabbagh, M. | Gorgis, S. | Yan, J. | Chehab, O. | Dagher, C. | Jamoor, K. | Hussein, I. H. | Cook, B. | Van Harn, M. | Singh, G. | McCord, J. | Parikh, S. C1 - 2020-08-07 C2 - Cardiovascular Damage and COVID-19 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/080720_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 15 DO - 10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.07.040 DP - NLM ET - 2020/08/25 KW - Adult | Aged | *Betacoronavirus | Biomarkers/blood | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*complications/epidemiology | Female | Follow-Up Studies | Heart Diseases/blood/epidemiology/*etiology | Humans | Incidence | *Inpatients | Intensive Care Units | Male | Michigan/epidemiology | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications/epidemiology | Prognosis | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 | Survival Rate/trends | Troponin I/*blood L1 - internal-pdf://1173032658/Raad-2020-Cardiac Injury Patterns and Inpatien.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Raad, Mohamad; Dabbagh, Mohammed; Gorgis, Sarah; Yan, Jerry; Chehab, Omar; Dagher, Carina; Jamoor, Khaled; Hussein, Inaya Hajj; Cook, Bernard; Van Harn, Meredith; Singh, Gurjit; McCord, James; Parikh, Sachin; eng; Am J Cardiol. 2020 Oct 15;133:154-161. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.07.040. Epub 2020 Jul 24. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 390 (38%) patients had cardiac injury on presentation to the emergency department. Patients presenting with injury were more likely to progress to severe outcomes or death than patients with no injury or patients who developed cardiac injury occurred after admission (Figure). | Patients with higher peak high-sensitivity troponin-I (hs-cTnI) levels were more likely to die or to develop severe clinical outcomes (e.g., kidney failure, ICU admission, mechanical ventilation). | Compared with peak hs-cTnI �?8 ng/L, odd ratios (OR) for mortality risk were: | adjusted OR 3.0 (95% CI 1.5-6.0) if peak hs-cTnI >18 ng/L. | adjusted OR 7.7 (95% CI 3.7-16.0) peak hs-cTnI �?9 ng/L. | Methods: Retrospective longitudinal cohort study of 1,020 patients (median age 63 years, mean body mass index 31 kg/m2) hospitalized with COVID-19, between March 9 and April 15, 2020. Cardiac injury was defined by a hs-cTnI concentration >18 ng/L (>99th percentile of the upper limit of normal). Time-to-event analysis was done for patients with and without cardiac injury stratified by initial hs-cTnI level, first abnormal hs-cTnI, and peak hs-cTnI. Limitations: Elderly age of the patients might have influenced the results; patients were excluded if hs-cTnI levels were not obtained; no EKG or cardiac MRI information. | Implications for 3 studies (Puntmann et al., Lindner et al., & Raad et al.): SARS-CoV-2 infection appears to cause heart damage that might last beyond the acute phase. The finding of the three studies indicate the need for research to fully understand how SARS-CoV-2 virus affects patients�?hearts—and for how long. Potential preventive strategies and longitudinal care models may be needed for patients recovering from COVID-19 with transient or permanent cardiac injury. SN - 1879-1913 (Electronic); 0002-9149 (Linking) SP - 154-161 ST - Cardiac Injury Patterns and Inpatient Outcomes Among Patients Admitted With COVID-19 T2 - Am J Cardiol TI - Cardiac Injury Patterns and Inpatient Outcomes Among Patients Admitted With COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32829913 VL - 133 ID - 657 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Objectives: This study evaluated cardiac involvement in patients recovered from coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) using cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). Background: Myocardial injury caused by COVID-19 was previously reported in hospitalized patients. It is unknown if there is sustained cardiac involvement after patients' recovery from COVID-19. Methods: Twenty-six patients recovered from COVID-19 who reported cardiac symptoms and underwent CMR examinations were retrospectively included. CMR protocols consisted of conventional sequences (cine, T2-weighted imaging, and late gadolinium enhancement [LGE]) and quantitative mapping sequences (T1, T2, and extracellular volume [ECV] mapping). Edema ratio and LGE were assessed in post-COVID-19 patients. Cardiac function, native T1/T2, and ECV were quantitatively evaluated and compared with controls. Results: Fifteen patients (58%) had abnormal CMR findings on conventional CMR sequences: myocardial edema was found in 14 (54%) patients and LGE was found in 8 (31%) patients. Decreased right ventricle functional parameters including ejection fraction, cardiac index, and stroke volume/body surface area were found in patients with positive conventional CMR findings. Using quantitative mapping, global native T1, T2, and ECV were all found to be significantly elevated in patients with positive conventional CMR findings, compared with patients without positive findings and controls (median [interquartile range]: native T1 1,271 ms [1,243 to 1,298 ms] vs. 1,237 ms [1,216 to 1,262 ms] vs. 1,224 ms [1,217 to 1,245 ms]; mean +/- SD: T2 42.7 +/- 3.1 ms vs. 38.1 ms +/- 2.4 vs. 39.1 ms +/- 3.1; median [interquartile range]: 28.2% [24.8% to 36.2%] vs. 24.8% [23.1% to 25.4%] vs. 23.7% [22.2% to 25.2%]; p = 0.002; p < 0.001, and p = 0.002, respectively). Conclusions: Cardiac involvement was found in a proportion of patients recovered from COVID-19. CMR manifestation included myocardial edema, fibrosis, and impaired right ventricle function. Attention should be paid to the possible myocardial involvement in patients recovered from COVID-19 with cardiac symptoms. AD - Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. | Department of Radiology, Wuhan No.1 Hospital, Wuhan, China. | Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. | Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. Electronic address: zenghs@tjh.tjmu.edu.cn. | Division of Imaging Processing, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. Electronic address: q.tao@lumc.nl. | Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. Electronic address: lmxia@tjh.tjmu.edu.cn. AN - 32763118 AU - Huang, L. | Zhao, P. | Tang, D. | Zhu, T. | Han, R. | Zhan, C. | Liu, W. | Zeng, H. | Tao, Q. | Xia, L. C1 - 2020-08-18 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/081820_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1016/j.jcmg.2020.05.004 ET - 2020/08/09 IS - 11 KW - Adult | Covid-19 | China | Coronavirus Infections/complications/diagnosis/*therapy | Edema, Cardiac/*diagnostic imaging/etiology/pathology | Female | Fibrosis | Humans | *Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine | Male | Middle Aged | Myocardium/pathology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/complications/diagnosis/*therapy | Predictive Value of Tests | Remission Induction | Retrospective Studies | Ventricular Dysfunction, Right/*diagnostic imaging/etiology/physiopathology | Ventricular Function, Right | *ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 | *AHA, American Heart Association | *BSA, body surface area | *CI, cardiac index | *CMR, cardiac magnetic resonance | *CO, cardiac output | *COVID-19, coronavirus disease-2019 | *ECV, extracellular volume | *EDV, end-diastolic volume | *EF, ejection fraction | *ER, edema ratio | *ESV, end-systolic volume | *FA, flip angle | *FOV, field of view | *IQR, interquartile range | *LGE, late gadolinium enhancement | *LV, left ventricle | *LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction | *PSIR, phase-sensitive inversion-recovery | *RT-PCR, reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction | *RV, right ventricle | *RVEF, right ventricular ejection fraction | *SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 | *SI, signal intensity | *SSFP, steady state free precession | *STIR, short tau inversion recovery | *SV, stroke volume | *T2WI, T2-weighted imaging | *TE, echo time | *TR, repetition time | *cardiac involvement | *cardiac magnetic resonance imaging | *coronavirus disease-2019 | *hs-cTnI, high-sensitive cardiac troponin I | China (81471637 and 81873889), the National Mega Project on Major Infectious | Disease Prevention (2017ZX10103005-007), and the National Key Research and | Development Program of China (2018YFE0204500). All authors have reported that | they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose. L1 - internal-pdf://3570020030/Huang-2020-Cardiac Involvement in Patients Rec.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Huang, Lu; Zhao, Peijun; Tang, Dazhong; Zhu, Tong; Han, Rui; Zhan, Chenao; Liu, Weiyong; Zeng, Hesong; Tao, Qian; Xia, Liming; eng; Observational Study; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020 Nov;13(11):2330-2339. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2020.05.004. Epub 2020 May 12. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 15/26 (58%) patients had heart muscle (myocarditis) and lining (pericarditis) injury on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). | Compared with controls, recovered patients had decreased right ventricle function. | Methods: Retrospective study of 26 patients who recovered from COVID-19 pneumonia with no known prior heart disease, presenting with symptoms potentially related to cardiac disease (i.e., chest pain, palpitation, and chest distress) Wuhan, China, March to May, 2020. Participants underwent cardiac MRI 35 to 60 days after first reporting cardiac symptoms. Heart function was compared with 20 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Limitations: MRI only performed on patients reporting symptoms; small sample; single center; short follow-up; adults only. | Implications: SARS-CoV-2 infection appears to cause at least short-term heart damage in a surprisingly large fraction of asymptomatic persons after resolution of the acute illness. Early detection and preventive strategies as well as longitudinal prospective clinical studies may be needed for patients recovering from COVID-19 to monitor and better understand the risk for transient or permanent cardiac injury. SN - 1876-7591 (Electronic); 1876-7591 (Linking) SP - 2330-2339 ST - Cardiac Involvement in Patients Recovered From COVID-2019 Identified Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging T2 - JACC Cardiovasc Imaging TI - Cardiac Involvement in Patients Recovered From COVID-2019 Identified Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32763118 VL - 13 ID - 734 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The initial reports on the epidemiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emanating from Wuhan, China, offered an ominous forewarning of the risks of severe complications in elderly patients and those with underlying cardiovascular disease, including the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome, cardiogenic shock, thromboembolic events, and death. These observations have been confirmed subsequently in numerous reports from around the globe, including studies from Europe and the US. The mechanisms responsible for this vulnerability have not been fully elucidated, but there are several possibilities. Some of these adverse consequences could reflect the basic fragility of older individuals with chronic conditions subjected to the stress of severe pneumonia similar to influenza infections. In addition, development of type 2 myocardial infarction related to increased myocardial oxygen demand in the setting of hypoxia may be a predominant concern, and among patients with chronic coronary artery disease, an episode of acute systemic inflammation might also contribute to plaque instability, thus precipitating acute coronary syndromes, as has also been reported during influenza outbreaks. AD - Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois. | Editor. | Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. | Deputy Editor. AN - 32960249 AU - Bonow, R. O. | O'Gara, P. T. | Yancy, C. W. C1 - 2020-10-02 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100220_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 22 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.15088 ET - 2020/09/23 IS - 12 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Cardiology | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Humans | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://2426823777/Bonow-2020-Cardiology and COVID-19.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Bonow, Robert O; O'Gara, Patrick T; Yancy, Clyde W; eng; Comment; JAMA. 2020 Sep 22;324(12):1131-1132. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.15088. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Review of the direct and indirect cardiac complications of COVID-19. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1131-1132 ST - Cardiology and COVID-19 T2 - JAMA TI - Cardiology and COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32960249 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 973 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Myocarditis is a significant cause of sudden cardiac death in competitive athletes and can occur with normal ventricular function. Recent studies have raised concerns of myocardial inflammation after recovery from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), even in asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients. Our objective was to investigate the use of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging in competitive athletes recovered from COVID-19 to detect myocardial inflammation that would identify high-risk athletes for return to competitive play. AD - The Ohio State University, Columbus. AN - 32915194 AU - Rajpal, S. | Tong, M. S. | Borchers, J. | Zareba, K. M. | Obarski, T. P. | Simonetti, O. P. | Daniels, C. J. C1 - 2020-09-15 C2 - Cardiovascular Disease Among Athletes Recovered from COVID-19 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091520_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 1 DO - 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.4916 ET - 2020/09/12 IS - 1 KW - Adolescent | *covid-19 | Cardiovascular System/*diagnostic imaging | Female | Humans | *Magnetic Resonance Imaging | Male | *Return to Sport | *Sports | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://4257375771/Rajpal-2021-Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Rajpal, Saurabh; Tong, Matthew S; Borchers, James; Zareba, Karolina M; Obarski, Timothy P; Simonetti, Orlando P; Daniels, Curt J; eng; Letter; JAMA Cardiol. 2021 Jan 1;6(1):116-118. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.4916. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Four athletes (15%) had contrast (gadolinium)-enhanced CMR findings consistent with myocarditis. | Of these, two had mild symptoms (shortness of breath) and 2 were asymptomatic. | Eight additional athletes (30.8%) had indication of prior myocardial injury. | Methods: CMR was performed on 26 previously SARS-CoV-2 PCR-positive competitive college athletes between June and August 2020. Electrocardiogram, serum troponin I, and transthoracic echocardiogram were performed on day of CMR imaging Limitations: Lack of baseline CMR imaging and variable timing of CMR imaging from a positive COVID-19 test result. | Implications for 2 studies (Rajpal et al. & Clark et al.): Myocarditis and pericarditis both can increase the risk of life-threatening abnormal cardiac rhythms, especially during strenuous exertion. These preliminary data suggest CMR may be useful to screen for such heart abnormalities following COVID-19 and guide return-to-play decisions. A further review of the cardiovascular effects of COVID-19 is detailed by Capotosto et alexternal icon. SN - 2380-6591 (Electronic) SP - 116-118 ST - Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Findings in Competitive Athletes Recovering From COVID-19 Infection T2 - JAMA Cardiol TI - Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Findings in Competitive Athletes Recovering From COVID-19 Infection UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32915194 VL - 6 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 901 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey. AN - 32614094 AU - Velioglu, A. | Tuglular, S. C1 - 2020-07-14 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071420_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1111/tri.13691 ET - 2020/07/03 IS - 10 KW - *covid-19 | Humans | *Kidney Transplantation | Outpatients | Pandemics | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://3656386415/Velioglu-2020-Care of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Velioglu, Arzu; Tuglular, Serhan; eng; Letter; Comment; England; Transpl Int. 2020 Oct;33(10):1331-1332. doi: 10.1111/tri.13691. Epub 2020 Jul 22. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Case report of a kidney transplant recipient with asymptomatic COVID-19 that discusses treatment and follow-up strategies. SN - 1432-2277 (Electronic); 0934-0874 (Linking) SP - 1331-1332 ST - Care of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 positive kidney transplant recipients T2 - Transpl Int TI - Care of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 positive kidney transplant recipients UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32614094 VL - 33 ID - 531 ER - TY - JOUR AB - PURPOSE: This study determined the predictors of caregivers' willingness to accept an accelerated regulatory process for the development of vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS: An international cross-sectional survey was administered to 2557 caregivers of children in 17 pediatric emergency departments (EDs) across 6 countries from March 26, 2020, to June 30, 2020. Caregivers were asked to select 1 of 4 choices with which they most agreed regarding a proposed COVID-19 vaccine-approval process, in addition to questions regarding demographic characteristics, the ED visit, and attitudes about COVID-19. Univariate analyses were conducted using the Mann-Whitney U test for comparing non-normally distributed continuous variables, an independent t test for comparing normally distributed continuous variables, and a chi(2) or Fisher exact test for categorical variables. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used for determining independent factors associated with caregivers' willingness to accept abridged development of a COVID-19 vaccine. A P value of <0.05 was considered significant. FINDINGS: Almost half (1101/2557; 43%) of caregivers reported that they were willing to accept less rigorous testing and postresearch approval of a new COVID-19 vaccine. Independent factors associated with caregivers' willingness to accept expedited COVID-19 vaccine research included having children who were up to date on the vaccination schedule (odds ratio [OR] = 1.72; 95% CI, 1.29-2.31), caregivers' concern about having had COVID-19 themselves at the time of survey completion in the ED (OR = 1.1; 95% CI, 1.05-1.16), and caregivers' intent to have their children vaccinated against COVID-19 if a vaccine were to become available (OR = 1.84; 95% CI, 1.54-2.21). Compared with fathers, mothers completing the survey were less likely to approve of changes in the vaccine-development process (OR = 0.641; 95% CI, 0.529-0.775). IMPLICATIONS: Less than half of caregivers in this worldwide sample were willing to accept abbreviated COVID-19 vaccine testing. As a part of an effort to increase acceptance and uptake of a new vaccine, especially in order to protect children, public health strategies and individual providers should understand caregivers' attitudes toward the approval of a vaccine and consult them appropriately. AD - The Pediatric Research in Emergency Therapeutics Program, Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Electronic address: rgoldman@cw.bc.ca. | Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA. | Emergency Department, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. | Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA. | Pediatric Emergency Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. | Pediatric Emergency Medicine Unit, Shamir Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. | The Pediatric Research in Emergency Therapeutics Program, Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. | Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Inselspital University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. | Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. | Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA. | Division of Emergency and Transport Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA. | Pediatric Emergency Department, Pediatric Institute of Italian Part of Switzerland, Ticino, Switzerland. | Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Jim Pattison Children's Hospital, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. | Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Geneva Children's Hospital, Geneva University Hospitals, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. | Division of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, Alberta Children's Hospital and University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. | Department of Emergency Medicine, Mary Bridge Children's Hospital, Tacoma, WA, USA. | Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. | Department of Pediatrics, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan. AN - 33067013 AU - Goldman, R. D. | Marneni, S. R. | Seiler, M. | Brown, J. C. | Klein, E. J. | Cotanda, C. P. | Gelernter, R. | Yan, T. D. | Hoeffe, J. | Davis, A. L. | Griffiths, M. A. | Hall, J. E. | Gualco, G. | Mater, A. | Manzano, S. | Thompson, G. C. | Ahmed, S. | Ali, S. | Shimizu, N. | International, Covid-Parental Attitude Study Group C1 - 2020-10-16 C2 - Vaccine Development CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/101620_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.09.012 ET - 2020/10/18 IS - 11 KW - Biomedical Research/standards | *COVID-19/prevention & control/therapy | *COVID-19 Vaccines | *Caregivers/psychology/statistics & numerical data | Cross-Sectional Studies | *Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice | Humans | Patient Acceptance of Health Care/*statistics & numerical data | SARS-CoV-2 | Time Factors | *covid-19 | *drug approval | *parental attitudes | *vaccine L1 - internal-pdf://3596201563/Goldman-2020-Caregivers' Willingness to Accept.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Goldman, Ran D; Marneni, Shashidhar R; Seiler, Michelle; Brown, Julie C; Klein, Eileen J; Cotanda, Cristina Parra; Gelernter, Renana; Yan, Tyler D; Hoeffe, Julia; Davis, Adrienne L; Griffiths, Mark A; Hall, Jeanine E; Gualco, Gianluca; Mater, Ahmed; Manzano, Sergio; Thompson, Graham C; Ahmed, Sara; Ali, Samina; Shimizu, Naoki; (COVIPAS); eng; Clin Ther. 2020 Nov;42(11):2124-2133. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.09.012. Epub 2020 Oct 3. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Less than half (43%) of caregivers reported they were willing to accept a COVID-19 vaccine that is approved via Fast-Track status by the US Food and Drug Administration. | Independent factors associated with willingness to accept expedited vaccine research included: | Children up to date on their vaccination schedule (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.29-2.31, p <0.001). | Being worried that the caregivers themselves were sick with COVID-19 (OR 1.1, 95% CI 1.05-1.15, p <0.001). | Mothers were less likely to accept expedited vaccine development than fathers (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.53-0.78). | Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 2,557 caregivers arriving with their children (0�?8 years of age) to 17 pediatric Emergency Departments in 6 countries between March 26 and June 30, 2020 to determine caregivers�?level of support of abridged COVID-19 vaccine testing. Limitations: Caregivers completed the survey before the approval of any COVID-19 vaccine; levels of acceptability may change as new information on candidate vaccines becomes available. | Implications for 2 studies (Pogue et al. & Goldman et al.): In both surveys, people already willing to vaccinate themselves or their child were more accepting of an accelerated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, suggesting that motivation for COVID-19 vaccines may be driven by attitudes about vaccines in general more than control of the pandemic. Public health messaging around what “Fast Track�?means may help quell some fears, but overall vaccine messaging will be needed to reap the full benefits of a COVID-19 vaccine, fast-tracked or not. SN - 1879-114X (Electronic); 0149-2918 (Linking) SP - 2124-2133 ST - Caregivers' Willingness to Accept Expedited Vaccine Research During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-sectional Survey T2 - Clin Ther TI - Caregivers' Willingness to Accept Expedited Vaccine Research During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-sectional Survey UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33067013 VL - 42 ID - 1054 ER - TY - JOUR AB - During the summer of 2020, resurging coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and climate-driven hurricanes are on a collision course, potentially creating double jeopardy for US coastal residents in the 8 contiguous hurricane coastal states from Texas to the Carolinas and for those who live in Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands. Hurricane coastal states generally remained open throughout the spring break weeks in March, imposed moderate mitigation restrictions during April and early May, and then moved early and aggressively to reopen. These same states are now on alert as an early developing active 2020 Atlantic hurricane season has already produced an unprecedented 9 named storms before the end of July. AU - Shultz, James M. | Fugate, Craig | Galea, Sandro C1 - 2020-08-21 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082120_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.15398 IS - 10 L1 - internal-pdf://2518360932/Shultz-2020-Cascading Risks of COVID-19 Resurg.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Discusses management of social distancing and other COVID-19 mitigation interventions in the context of evacuation requirements for hurricanes. SE - 935 SN - 0098-7484 ST - Cascading Risks of COVID-19 Resurgence During an Active 2020 Atlantic Hurricane Season T2 - JAMA TI - Cascading Risks of COVID-19 Resurgence During an Active 2020 Atlantic Hurricane Season UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.15398 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/2770422/jama_shultz_2020_vp_200176_1599242875.79809.pdf VL - 324 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 749 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Epidemiology Unit, Azienda USL - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42122, Reggio Emilia, Italy. Electronic address: paolo.giorgirossi@ausl.re.it. | Epidemiology Unit, Azienda USL - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42122, Reggio Emilia, Italy. | Epidemiology Unit, Azienda USL - IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42122, Reggio Emilia, Italy; Regional Health Authority, Emilia-Romagna, Bologna, Italy. | Regional Health Authority, Emilia-Romagna, Bologna, Italy. AN - 32403011 AU - Giorgi Rossi, P. | Emilia-Romagna, Covid-working group | Broccoli, S. | Angelini, P. C1 - 2020-05-15 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051520_covidupdate.html DA - Jul DO - 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104415 DP - NLM ET - 2020/05/14 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections | Follow-Up Studies | Humans | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral | Prevalence | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://1666809452/Giorgi Rossi-2020-Case fatality rate in patien.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Giorgi Rossi, Paolo; Broccoli, Serena; Angelini, Paola; eng; Letter; Comment; Netherlands; J Clin Virol. 2020 Jul;128:104415. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104415. Epub 2020 May 5. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Case fatality rate (CFR) among COVID-19 patients increased with longer follow-up times (Figure). | This increase likely reflects more complete reporting of deaths attributable to COVID-19 as time passes. | Methods: CFR was estimated for a region in Italy for COVID-19 cases reported during February and March 2020, overall and by length of follow up time (days since diagnosis). Among patients who either had �?2 days of follow-up or died earlier, time to death was reported. Limitations: CFR may have been overestimated due to severe COVID-19 cases being prioritized for testing. | Implications: COVID-19 CFR could be underestimated if follow-up times are not long enough to capture COVID-19 related deaths. SN - 1873-5967 (Electronic); 1386-6532 (Linking) SP - 104415 ST - Case fatality rate in patients with COVID-19 infection and its relationship with length of follow up T2 - J Clin Virol TI - Case fatality rate in patients with COVID-19 infection and its relationship with length of follow up UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32403011 VL - 128 ID - 196 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 variant of concern (VOC) is increasing in prevalence across Europe. Accurate estimation of disease severity associated with this VOC is critical for pandemic planning. We found increased risk of death for VOC compared with non-VOC cases in England (hazard ratio: 1.67; 95% confidence interval: 1.34-2.09; p < 0.0001). Absolute risk of death by 28 days increased with age and comorbidities. This VOC has potential to spread faster with higher mortality than the pandemic to date. AD - Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom. | The DataLab, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. | Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom. | The Phoenix Partnership (TPP), TPP House, Leeds, United Kingdom. | COVID-19 Outbreak Surveillance Team, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom. | These authors contributed equally. AN - 33739254 AU - Grint, D. J. | Wing, K. | Williamson, E. | McDonald, H. I. | Bhaskaran, K. | Evans, D. | Evans, S. J. | Walker, A. J. | Hickman, G. | Nightingale, E. | Schultze, A. | Rentsch, C. T. | Bates, C. | Cockburn, J. | Curtis, H. J. | Morton, C. E. | Bacon, S. | Davy, S. | Wong, A. Y. | Mehrkar, A. | Tomlinson, L. | Douglas, I. J. | Mathur, R. | Blomquist, P. | MacKenna, B. | Ingelsby, P. | Croker, R. | Parry, J. | Hester, F. | Harper, S. | DeVito, N. J. | Hulme, W. | Tazare, J. | Goldacre, B. | Smeeth, L. | Eggo, R. M. C1 - 2021-03-26 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03262021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar DO - 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.11.2100256 ET - 2021/03/20 IS - 11 KW - Age Factors | COVID-19/*mortality | Comorbidity | England/epidemiology | Humans | SARS-CoV-2/*pathogenicity | *cfr | *covid-19 | *Case fatality risk | *Coronavirus | *Mortality | *SARS-CoV-2 | *Variant of concern L1 - internal-pdf://1977590191/Grint-2021-Case fatality risk of the SARS-CoV-.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Grint, Daniel J; Wing, Kevin; Williamson, Elizabeth; McDonald, Helen I; Bhaskaran, Krishnan; Evans, David; Evans, Stephen Jw; Walker, Alex J; Hickman, George; Nightingale, Emily; Schultze, Anna; Rentsch, Christopher T; Bates, Chris; Cockburn, Jonathan; Curtis, Helen J; Morton, Caroline E; Bacon, Sebastian; Davy, Simon; Wong, Angel Ys; Mehrkar, Amir; Tomlinson, Laurie; Douglas, Ian J; Mathur, Rohini; Blomquist, Paula; MacKenna, Brian; Ingelsby, Peter; Croker, Richard; Parry, John; Hester, Frank; Harper, Sam; DeVito, Nicholas J; Hulme, Will; Tazare, John; Goldacre, Ben; Smeeth, Liam; Eggo, Rosalind M; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Sweden; Euro Surveill. 2021 Mar;26(11). doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.11.2100256. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Risk of death was greater (adjusted hazard ratio 1.67, 95% CI 1.34-2.09) among individuals with confirmed B.1.1.7 variant of concern compared with individuals with non-1.1.7 SARS-CoV-2. | 28 days after a SARS-CoV-2-positive test, individuals with B.1.1.7 had a higher absolute risk of death compared with non-B.1.1.7 SARS-CoV-2 in all groups stratified by sex, age, and presence of comorbidities (Figure): | Risk of death was higher for males and increased with age and comorbidities. | Those �?5 years with �? comorbidities had the highest risk of death. | Methods: Cohort study among (n = 184,786) unvaccinated persons testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 between November 16, 2020, and January 11, 2021, in England. Spike gene target failure was used as a proxy for B.1.1.7 identification. Limitations: Selection bias might overestimate absolute mortality risks (if people with mild or asymptomatic infections were less likely to be tested); lead-time bias might underestimate relative mortality associated with B.1.1.7 given this variant was more prevalent later in the study period. | Implications for both studies (Davies et al. and Grint et al.): Both studies were consistent with Challen et alexternal icon., regarding the magnitude (~60%�?0%) of the increased risk of mortality associated with the B.1.1.7 variant compared with other SARS-CoV-2 lineages such as the wild type. Other analyses indicating increased transmissibility of B.1.1.7 as well as the increasing spread of B.1.1.7 within the US highlight the need for rapid implementation of vaccination and continued implementation of non-pharmaceutical mitigation measures. SN - 1560-7917 (Electronic); 1025-496X (Linking) SP - 2100256 ST - Case fatality risk of the SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern B.1.1.7 in England, 16 November to 5 February T2 - Euro Surveill TI - Case fatality risk of the SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern B.1.1.7 in England, 16 November to 5 February UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33739254 VL - 26 ID - 1617 ER - TY - JOUR AB - TO THE EDITOR—It is with great interest that we read the first report of reinfection from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which represented an important data point in the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic [1�?]. Questions have arisen regarding the timing and severity of reinfections, for which we offer a case report of symptomatic reinfection within 90 days.A 42-year-old healthy, male, military health-care provider presented with cough, subjective fever, and myalgias on 21 March 2020 following a workplace COVID-19 exposure and tested positive by SARS-CoV-2 reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR; Figure 1). A physical examination was unrevealing and supportive outpatient management was pursued [4]. Clinical resolution of the illness occurred by day 10, and he returned to baseline excellent health for the following 51 days. AD - Division of Infectious Disease, Fort Belvoir Community Hospital, Fort Belvoir, VA, United States of America. | Department of Family Medicine, Fort Belvoir Community Hospital, Fort Belvoir, VA, United States of America. | Leidos, VA, United States of America. | Genomics & Bioinformatics Department, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, MD, United States of America. | Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America. | Immunodiagnostics Department, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, MD, United States of America. | Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine & Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, United States of America. AN - 32949240 AU - Larson, D. | Brodniak, S. L. | Voegtly, L. J. | Cer, R. Z. | Glang, L. A. | Malagon, F. J. | Long, K. A. | Potocki, R. | Smith, D. R. | Lanteri, C. | Burgess, T. | Bishop-Lilly, K. A. C1 - 2020-09-29 C2 - Case Reports CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/092920_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 19 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa1436 ET - 2020/09/20 L1 - internal-pdf://4014986982/Larson-2020-A Case of Early Re-infection with.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Larson, Derek; Brodniak, Sterling L; Voegtly, Logan J; Cer, Regina Z; Glang, Lindsay A; Malagon, Francisco J; Long, Kyle A; Potocki, Ronald; Smith, Darci R; Lanteri, Charlotte; Burgess, Timothy; Bishop-Lilly, Kimberly A; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Sep 19. pii: 5908892. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1436. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: An immunocompetent healthcare provider with mild symptoms tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and tested positive again 51 days after resolution of initial infection. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) ST - A Case of Early Re-infection with SARS-CoV-2 T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - A Case of Early Re-infection with SARS-CoV-2 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32949240 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 961 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Medical Mycology, Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. | Department of Medical Cosmetology, Shanghai Dermatology Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. AN - 32436604 AU - Yu, Q. | Li, W. | Yang, L. C1 - 2020-06-02 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060220_covidupdate.html DA - Jul DO - 10.1111/dth.13636 ET - 2020/05/22 IS - 4 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Disease Transmission, Infectious/*prevention & control | Eye Protective Devices/*adverse effects | Female | Humans | Impetigo/diagnosis/*etiology | *Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | SARS-CoV-2 | Young Adult | goggle-mask related skin disease | health care work | impetigo | self-protection L1 - internal-pdf://0377485026/Yu-2020-A case of goggle-mask-related impetigo.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Yu, Qian; Li, Wei; Yang, Lianjuan; eng; 18411969700/Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality; 20194Y0337/Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning; Case Reports; Letter; Dermatol Ther. 2020 Jul;33(4):e13636. doi: 10.1111/dth.13636. Epub 2020 Jun 13. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Describes impetigo in a health care worker with extended periods of mask use. SN - 1529-8019 (Electronic); 1396-0296 (Linking) SP - e13636 ST - A case of goggle-mask-related impetigo at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic T2 - Dermatol Ther TI - A case of goggle-mask-related impetigo at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32436604 VL - 33 ID - 298 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel. Electronic address: mikhalc@szmc.org.il. | Department of Neurology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel. | Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel; Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel. | CENTOGENE, Rostock, Germany. AN - 32949534 AU - Cohen, M. E. | Eichel, R. | Steiner-Birmanns, B. | Janah, A. | Ioshpa, M. | Bar-Shalom, R. | Paul, J. J. | Gaber, H. | Skrahina, V. | Bornstein, N. M. | Yahalom, G. C1 - 2020-09-29 C2 - Case Reports CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/092920_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30305-7 ET - 2020/09/20 IS - 10 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*complications/*diagnostic imaging | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Parkinson Disease/*diagnostic imaging/*etiology | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications/*diagnostic imaging | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://1300201588/Cohen-2020-A case of probable Parkinson's dise.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Variants | N1 - Cohen, Mikhal E; Eichel, Roni; Steiner-Birmanns, Bettina; Janah, Amir; Ioshpa, Maxim; Bar-Shalom, Rachel; Paul, Jefri J; Gaber, Hanaa; Skrahina, Volha; Bornstein, Natan M; Yahalom, Gilad; eng; Case Reports; Letter; England; Lancet Neurol. 2020 Oct;19(10):804-805. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30305-7. Epub 2020 Sep 16. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Report of probable Parkinson’s disease in a patient after SARS-CoV-2 infection. SE - 804 SN - 1474-4465 (Electronic); 1474-4422 (Linking) SP - 804-805 ST - A case of probable Parkinson's disease after SARS-CoV-2 infection T2 - Lancet Neurol TI - A case of probable Parkinson's disease after SARS-CoV-2 infection UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32949534 VL - 19 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 957 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Autonomic Division, Stanford University, 213 Quarry Road, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA. mmiglis@stanford.edu. | Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Autonomic Division, Stanford University, 213 Quarry Road, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA. AN - 32880754 AU - Miglis, M. G. | Prieto, T. | Shaik, R. | Muppidi, S. | Sinn, D. I. | Jaradeh, S. C1 - 2020-09-15 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091520_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1007/s10286-020-00727-9 DP - NLM ET - 2020/09/04 IS - 5 KW - Adult | *Betacoronavirus/genetics | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*complications/*diagnosis/genetics | Diseases in Twins/diagnosis/economics/genetics | Female | Humans | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications/*diagnosis/genetics | Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome/*diagnosis/*etiology/genetics | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://0004287755/Miglis-2020-A case report of postural tachycar.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Miglis, Mitchell G; Prieto, Thomas; Shaik, Ruba; Muppidi, Srikanth; Sinn, Dong-In; Jaradeh, Safwan; eng; Case Reports; Letter; Germany; Clin Auton Res. 2020 Oct;30(5):449-451. doi: 10.1007/s10286-020-00727-9. Epub 2020 Sep 3. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A case report of a 26-year-old nurse who developed postural tachycardia syndrome several months after confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. SN - 1619-1560 (Electronic); 0959-9851 (Linking) SP - 449-451 ST - A case report of postural tachycardia syndrome after COVID-19 T2 - Clin Auton Res TI - A case report of postural tachycardia syndrome after COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32880754 VL - 30 ID - 891 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the novel coronavirus initially detected in Wuhan, China, and is responsible for the worldwide pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). Influenza is a common endemic respiratory virus that causes seasonal outbreaks of respiratory illness. There are currently few reports in the literature describing patients with coexisting infections. This case series of 4 patients identified at our single institution in Louisiana highlights the patient characteristics, laboratory findings, and outcomes in patients with both Covid-19 and influenza infection. AD - Baton Rouge General Internal Medicine Residency Program, Baton Rouge General Medical Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA. AN - 32923361 AU - Miatech, J. L. | Tarte, N. N. | Katragadda, S. | Polman, J. | Robichaux, S. B. C1 - 2020-09-22 C2 - COVID-19 and Influenza CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/092220_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.101214 DP - NLM ET - 2020/09/15 KW - Covid | Coronavirus | Influenza | Pneumonia | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://1866112203/Miatech-2020-A case series of coinfection with.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Miatech, Jennifer L; Tarte, Nikhil N; Katragadda, Silpita; Polman, Jeremy; Robichaux, Sarah B; eng; Case Reports; England; Respir Med Case Rep. 2020;31:101214. doi: 10.1016/j.rmcr.2020.101214. Epub 2020 Sep 9. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A case series of four SARS-CoV-2 and influenza coinfected cases in Louisiana. More severe disease in these four coinfected patients was not shown despite multiple co-morbidities. SN - 2213-0071 (Print); 2213-0071 (Linking) SP - 101214 ST - A case series of coinfection with SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus in Louisiana T2 - Respir Med Case Rep TI - A case series of coinfection with SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus in Louisiana UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32923361 VL - 31 ID - 923 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) triggers a hypercoagulable state with a high incidence of thrombotic complications. We have noted a higher than expected incidence of stent thrombosis in these patients. (Level of Difficulty: Intermediate.). AD - Department of Cardiology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain. AN - 32835270 AU - Prieto-Lobato, A. | Ramos-Martinez, R. | Vallejo-Calcerrada, N. | Corbi-Pascual, M. | Cordoba-Soriano, J. G. C1 - 2020-06-19 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061920_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 15 DO - 10.1016/j.jaccas.2020.05.024 ET - 2020/08/25 IS - 9 KW - ASA, acetyl salicylic acid | Covid-19 | COVID-19, coronavirus disease-2019 | DES, drug-eluting stent | LAD, left anterior descending | PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention | SARS-CoV-2 | SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 | STEMI, ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction | coronary artery | stent thrombosis L1 - internal-pdf://0156448208/Prieto-Lobato-2020-A Case Series of Stent Thro.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Prieto-Lobato, Alicia; Ramos-Martinez, Raquel; Vallejo-Calcerrada, Nuria; Corbi-Pascual, Miguel; Cordoba-Soriano, Juan G; eng; Case Reports; Netherlands; JACC Case Rep. 2020 Jul 15;2(9):1291-1296. doi: 10.1016/j.jaccas.2020.05.024. Epub 2020 May 22. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Four persons with confirmed (n=3) or suspected (n=1) COVID-19 with coronary artery stents developed stent thromboses. | One patient developed acute thrombosis 30 minutes after stent placement. | Three patients developed late thrombosis 2, 4 and 13 years after stent placement. | This number of stent thromboses exceeded that observed for prior comparable periods. | Methods: Case series of stent thromboses, March-April 2020 in Spain. Limitations: Small sample size. | Implications: SARS-CoV-2 infection may lead to stent thrombosis likely due to COVID-19-associated hypercoagulability. During the COVID-19 pandemic, persons with stents should be counseled to immediately seek medical care if they develop chest pain or any symptoms like those for which the stent was placed. SN - 2666-0849 (Electronic); 2666-0849 (Linking) SP - 1291-1296 ST - A Case Series of Stent Thrombosis During the COVID-19 Pandemic T2 - JACC Case Rep TI - A Case Series of Stent Thrombosis During the COVID-19 Pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32835270 VL - 2 ID - 405 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We evaluated effectiveness of personal protective measures against severe acute respiratory disease coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Our case-control study included 211 cases of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and 839 controls in Thailand. Cases were defined as asymptomatic contacts of COVID-19 patients who later tested positive for SARS-CoV-2; controls were asymptomatic contacts who never tested positive. Wearing masks all the time during contact was independently associated with lower risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection compared with not wearing masks; wearing a mask sometimes during contact did not lower infection risk. We found the type of mask worn was not independently associated with infection and that contacts who always wore masks were more likely to practice social distancing. Maintaining >1 m distance from a person with COVID-19, having close contact for <15 minutes, and frequent handwashing were independently associated with lower risk for infection. Our findings support consistent wearing of masks, handwashing, and social distancing to protect against COVID-19. AN - 32931726 AU - Doung-Ngern, P. | Suphanchaimat, R. | Panjangampatthana, A. | Janekrongtham, C. | Ruampoom, D. | Daochaeng, N. | Eungkanit, N. | Pisitpayat, N. | Srisong, N. | Yasopa, O. | Plernprom, P. | Promduangsi, P. | Kumphon, P. | Suangtho, P. | Watakulsin, P. | Chaiya, S. | Kripattanapong, S. | Chantian, T. | Bloss, E. | Namwat, C. | Limmathurotsakul, D. C1 - 2020-09-25 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/092520_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.3201/eid2611.203003 ET - 2020/09/16 IS - 11 KW - Adult | Aged | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Case-Control Studies | Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/*prevention & control/transmission | Disease Transmission, Infectious/*prevention & control | Female | Hand Disinfection | Humans | Male | Masks/*statistics & numerical data | Middle Aged | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Personal Protective Equipment/*statistics & numerical data | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/*prevention & control/transmission | Risk Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | SARS-CoV-2 | Thailand/epidemiology | *covid-19 | *ppe | *sars | *SARS-CoV-2 | *contact tracing | *coronavirus | *coronavirus disease | *handwashing | *masks | *personal protective equipment | *respiratory infections | *severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 | *social distancing | *viruses | *zoonoses L1 - internal-pdf://0358727401/Doung-Ngern-2020-Case-Control Study of Use of.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Doung-Ngern, Pawinee; Suphanchaimat, Rapeepong; Panjangampatthana, Apinya; Janekrongtham, Chawisar; Ruampoom, Duangrat; Daochaeng, Nawaporn; Eungkanit, Napatchakorn; Pisitpayat, Nichakul; Srisong, Nuengruethai; Yasopa, Oiythip; Plernprom, Patchanee; Promduangsi, Pitiphon; Kumphon, Panita; Suangtho, Paphanij; Watakulsin, Peeriya; Chaiya, Sarinya; Kripattanapong, Somkid; Chantian, Thanawadee; Bloss, Emily; Namwat, Chawetsan; Limmathurotsakul, Direk; eng; WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; Evaluation Study; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Emerg Infect Dis. 2020 Nov;26(11):2607-2616. doi: 10.3201/eid2611.203003. Epub 2020 Sep 15. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among 1,050 persons in three clusters, 211 (20.1%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and were classified as cases, while 839 (79.9%) never tested positive and were classified as controls (Figure). | Multivariate analysis showed low odds ratios for developing COVID-19 among those who maintained �?m distance from a contact (adjusted OR 0.15, 95% CI 0.04 �?3) and who frequently washed their hands (aOR 0.33, 95% CI 0.13 �?0.87) (Figure). | Always wearing a mask was more protective than sometimes wearing a mask (aOR 0.23, 95% CI 0.09 �?0 vs aOR 0.78, 95% CI 0.41 �?1.84, respectively). | Methods: A retrospective case-control study of 1,050 asymptomatic people in 3 large COVID-19 clusters in Thailand between March and April 2020. People who had contact with COVID-19 index patients were questioned on mask wearing, social distancing, and hand hygiene. Limitations: Analysis from three settings might not be generalizable; estimated odds ratios were based on reported contact with the primary index case and did not evaluate the probability of having contact with other infected individuals; only 89% of defined controls were tested and the remainder could have been positive and confounded results. | Implications: This analysis supports recommendations for consistent and correct mask-wearing, proper social distancing and hand washing to lower risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. SN - 1080-6059 (Electronic); 1080-6040 (Linking) SP - 2607-2616 ST - Case-Control Study of Use of Personal Protective Measures and Risk for SARS-CoV 2 Infection, Thailand T2 - Emerg Infect Dis TI - Case-Control Study of Use of Personal Protective Measures and Risk for SARS-CoV 2 Infection, Thailand UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32931726 VL - 26 ID - 948 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Only 3 cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were identified in Italy in the first half of February 2020 and all involved people who had recently traveled to China. On February 20, 2020, a severe case of pneumonia due to SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) was diagnosed in northern Italy’s Lombardy region in a man in his 30s who had no history of possible exposure abroad. Within 14 days, many other cases of COVID-19 in the surrounding area were diagnosed, including a substantial number of critically ill patients. On the basis of the number of cases and of the advanced stage of the disease it was hypothesized that the virus had been circulating within the population since January. AD - Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy. | Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy. | Office of the President, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy. AN - 32203977 AU - Onder, G. | Rezza, G. | Brusaferro, S. C1 - 2020-04-01 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/040120_covidupdate.html DA - May 12 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.4683 ET - 2020/03/24 IS - 18 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Age Distribution | Age Factors | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Child | Child, Preschool | China/epidemiology | Clinical Laboratory Techniques | Cluster Analysis | Comorbidity | Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/epidemiology/*mortality | Data Collection | Female | Humans | Infant | Infant, Newborn | Italy/epidemiology | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis/epidemiology/*mortality | Population Surveillance/methods | Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction | SARS-CoV-2 | Sex Factors | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://1080143082/Onder-2020-Case-Fatality Rate and Characterist.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Onder, Graziano; Rezza, Giovanni; Brusaferro, Silvio; eng; Video-Audio Media; JAMA. 2020 May 12;323(18):1775-1776. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.4683. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; COVID-19 crude case fatality rates (CFR) were higher in Italy (7.2%) than China (2.3%) (Figure 1). | Age-stratified CFRs remained higher in Italy among persons aged �?0 years (Figure 2). | The fraction of deaths among persons aged �?0 years was greater in Italy (38%) than China (12%). | CFR differences by country: | Population age structure. | Burden of comorbidities. | Definition of COVID-19 deaths (i.e., attribution of death to COVID-19). | Testing strategies (e.g., In Italy, testing focused on severely symptomatic patients). | Methods: Comparison of crude and age-stratified CFRs among COVID-19 cases in Italy (n = 1,625 deaths through March 17, 2020) and China (n = 1,023 deaths through February 11, 2020). Limitations: China did not report data for persons �?0 years. | Implications: Population age structure and comorbidities need to be considered when assessing CFRs. Standardized testing and case reporting practices can help increase the utility of CFR comparisons between countries. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1775-1776 ST - Case-Fatality Rate and Characteristics of Patients Dying in Relation to COVID-19 in Italy T2 - JAMA TI - Case-Fatality Rate and Characteristics of Patients Dying in Relation to COVID-19 in Italy UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32203977 VL - 323 Y2 - 5/11/2021 ID - 1 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Governments are considering financial incentives to increase vaccine uptake to end the COVID-19 pandemic. Incentives being offered include cash-equivalents such as vouchers or being entered into lotteries. Our experiment involved random assignment of 1,628 unvaccinated participants in the United States to one of three 45 second informational videos promoting vaccination with messages about: (a) health benefits of COVID-19 vaccines (control); (b) being entered into lotteries; or (c) receiving cash equivalent vouchers. After seeing the control health information video, 16% of individuals wanted information on where to get vaccinated. This compared with 14% of those assigned to the lottery video (odds ratio of 0.82 relative to control: 95% credible interval 0.57-1.17) and 22% of those assigned to the cash voucher video (odds ratio of 1.53 relative to control: 95% credible interval 1.11-2.11). These results support greater use of cash vouchers to promote COVID-19 vaccine uptake and do not support the use of lottery incentives.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Clinical TrialPre-registered at OSF:osf.io/adrw3Clinical Protocols https://osf.io/adrw3 Funding StatementComputational resources and services used in this work were provided by the High Performance Computer and Research Support Group, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia. We acknowledge the generous funding of Nuffield College for these experiments. Raymond Duch acknowledges the support provided by FONDECYT 2020 grant number 1201397. Philip Clarke, Laurence Roope and Mara Violato were partly supported by National Institute for Health Research BRC grant (University of Oxford [NIHR-BRC-1215-20008])Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The survey was conducted according to the University of Oxfords policy for human participants research and approved by the University of Oxford Medical Sciences Inter-divisional Research Ethics Committee (MS IDREC) (Approval ID: R72328/RE001). Informed consent was obtained from each participant at the beginning of the survey.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesReplications files and data from this project will be made available at the time of publication in a peer-review journal from https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/VaccineIncentivesReplications files and data from this project will be made available at the time of publication in a peer-review journal from https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataverse/VaccineIncentives AU - Duch, Raymond M. | Barnett, Adrian | Filipek, Maciej | Roope, Laurence | Violato, Mara | Clarke, Philip C1 - 2021-08-06 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08062021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.07.26.21250865 L1 - internal-pdf://3991036809/Duch-2021-Cash versus Lotteries_ COVID-19 Vacc.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Interest in receiving COVID-19 vaccination was significantly higher among participants randomized to watch a video mentioning cash incentives vs. health information alone (22% vs. 16%; adjusted OR [aOR]�?.5, 95% CI 1.1-2.1) (Figure). | However, interest in vaccination was lower among participants randomized to watch a video mentioning lottery incentives vs. health information alone (14% vs. 16%; aOR:�?.8, 95% CI 0.6-1.2); Outcomes did not seem to differ by U.S. state partisanship. | Methods: Experimental study conducted June 28, 2021 through July 11, 2021 of 1,628 unvaccinated U.S. adults recruited online and randomly assigned to one of three 45-second interventions: a health information video (control); lottery drawing video; or up to $100 cash equivalent voucher video. Treatment effects were measured using a Bayesian logistic regression model with click-through to vaccination information as the outcome of interest. Limitations: Actual receipt of COVID-19 vaccination not assessed; participants not nationally representative; income and employment not measured; no dollar sensitivity analyses undertaken. | Implications: Cash or cash equivalents, but not lotteries, might be associated with slightly higher COVID-19 vaccination interest compared with health information alone, regardless of state partisanship. SP - 2021.07.26.21250865 ST - Cash versus Lotteries: COVID-19 Vaccine Incentives Experiment* T2 - medRxiv TI - Cash versus Lotteries: COVID-19 Vaccine Incentives Experiment* UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/07/28/2021.07.26.21250865.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/07/28/2021.07.26.21250865.full.pdf ID - 2196 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background REGEN-COV is a combination of 2 monoclonal antibodies (casirivimab and imdevimab) that bind to two different sites on the receptor binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of REGEN-COV in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19.Methods In this randomised, controlled, open-label platform trial, several possible treatments were compared with usual care in patients hospitalised with COVID-19. Eligible and consenting patients were randomly allocated (1:1) to either usual standard of care alone (usual care group) or usual care plus a single dose of REGEN-COV 8g (casirivimab 4g and imdevimab 4g) by intravenous infusion (REGEN-COV group). The primary outcome was 28-day mortality assessed first among patients without detectable antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 at randomisation (seronegative) and then in the overall population. The trial is registered with ISRCTN (50189673) and clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04381936).Findings Between 18 September 2020 and 22 May 2021, 9785 patients were randomly allocated to receive usual care plus REGEN-COV or usual care alone, including 3153 (32%) seronegative patients, 5272 (54%) seropositive patients and 1360 (14%) patients with unknown baseline antibody status. In the primary efficacy population of seronegative patients, 396 (24%) of 1633 patients allocated to REGEN-COV and 451 (30%) of 1520 patients allocated to usual care died within 28 days (rate ratio 0·80; 95% CI 0·70-0·91; p=0·0010). In an analysis involving all randomised patients (regardless of baseline antibody status), 944 (20%) of 4839 patients allocated to REGEN-COV and 1026 (21%) of 4946 patients allocated to usual care died within 28 days (rate ratio 0·94; 95% CI 0·86-1·03; p=0·17). The proportional effect of REGEN-COV on mortality differed significantly between seropositive and seronegative patients (p value for heterogeneity = 0·001).Interpretation In patients hospitalised with COVID-19, the monoclonal antibody combination of casirivimab and imdevimab (REGEN-COV) reduced 28-day mortality among patients who were seronegative at baseline.Funding UK Research and Innovation (Medical Research Council) and National Institute of Health Research (Grant ref: MC_PC_19056).Competing Interest StatementDavid M Weinreich is Senior Vice President, Global Clinical Development, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. and holds stock/stock options in Regeneron Pharmaceuticals. No other authors have competing interests. Clinical TrialThe trial is registered with ISRCTN (50189673) and clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04381936).Clinical Protocols https://www.recoverytrial.net Funding StatementUK Research and Innovation (Medical Research Council) and National Institute of Health Research (Grant ref: MC_PC_19056). Casirivimab/imdevimab (REGEN-COV2) was provided free of charge by Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The trial is conducted in accordance with the principles of the International Conference on Harmonisation-Good Clinical Practice guidelines and approved by the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) and the Cambridge East Research Ethics Committee (ref: 20/EE/0101).All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and upl aded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThe protocol, consent form, statistical analysis plan, definition & derivation of clinical characteristics & outcomes, training materials, regulatory documents, and other relevant study materials are available online at www.recoverytrial.net. As described in the protocol, the trial Steering Committee will facilitate the use of the study data and approval will not be unreasonably withheld. Deidentified participant data will be made available to bona fide researchers registered with an appropriate institution within 3 months of publication. However, the Steering Committee will need to be satisfied that any proposed publication is of high quality, honours the commitments made to the study participants in the consent documentation and ethical approvals, and is compliant with relevant legal and regulatory requirements (e.g. relating to data protection and privacy). The Steering Committee will have the right to review and comment on any draft manuscripts prior to publication. Data will be made available in line with the policy and procedures described at: https://www.ndph.ox.ac.uk/data-access. Those wishing to request access should complete the form at https://www.ndph.ox.ac.uk/files/about/data_access_enquiry_form_13_6_2019.docx and e-mailed to: data.access@ndph.ox.ac.uk https://www.ndph.ox.ac.uk/data-access AU - Horby, Peter W. | Mafham, Marion | Peto, Leon | Campbell, Mark | Pessoa-Amorim, Guilherme | Spata, Enti | Staplin, Natalie | Emberson, Jonathan R. | Prudon, Benjamin | Hine, Paul | Brown, Thomas | Green, Christopher A. | Sarkar, Rahuldeb | Desai, Purav | Yates, Bryan | Bewick, Tom | Tiberi, Simon | Felton, Tim | Baillie, J. Kenneth | Buch, Maya H. | Chappell, Lucy C. | Day, Jeremy N. | Faust, Saul N. | Jaki, Thomas | Jeffery, Katie | Juszczak, Edmund | Lim, Wei Shen | Montgomery, Alan | Mumford, Andrew | Rowan, Kathryn | Thwaites, Guy | Weinreich, David M. | Haynes, Richard | Landray, Martin J. C1 - 2021-06-25 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06252021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.06.15.21258542 L1 - internal-pdf://3344374484/Horby-2021-Casirivimab and imdevimab in patien.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among patients seronegative at hospital admission, significantly fewer COVID-19 patients who received REGEN-COV antibody therapy died within 28 days than did patient controls (RR 0·80; 95% CI 0·70-0·91): | 24% of patients receiving REGEN-COV vs. 30% of patient controls died (Figure, panel A). | Among all patients, regardless of baseline antibody status, there was no significant difference in 28-day mortality between those who received REGEN-COV therapy and patient controls (RR 0·94; 95% CI 0·86-1·03; p = 0·17): | 20% of patients receiving REGEN-COV vs. 21% of patient controls died (Figure, panel B). | Methods: In a randomized trial conducted at 127 UK hospitals (September 2020–May 2021), 9,785 patients were assigned to receive usual care (controls) or usual care plus REGEN-COV (casirivimab and imdevimab) monoclonal antibody therapy. Patients were grouped by anti-SARS-CoV-2 status at admission: 3,153 (32%) seronegative, 5,272 (54%) seropositive and 1,360 (14%) unknown. Vital status, the primary outcome, was determined on day 28 for 99% of the patients. Limitations: Information on other medical outcomes was not collected. | Implications: REGEN-COV monoclonal antibody therapy can reduce mortality among COVID-19 patients who are seronegative at the time of hospitalization; use in the hospital setting might ideally be restricted to these patients. SP - 2021.06.15.21258542 ST - Casirivimab and imdevimab in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial T2 - medRxiv TI - Casirivimab and imdevimab in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/06/16/2021.06.15.21258542.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/06/16/2021.06.15.21258542.full.pdf ID - 1860 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Frank, Stephan C1 - 2020-10-16 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/101620_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1016/s1474-4422(20)30371-9 IS - 11 L1 - internal-pdf://1229426021/Frank-2020-Catch me if you can_ SARS-CoV-2 det.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: discuss the importance of understanding if neuropathological alterations with COVID-19 are from viral-induced cell destruction or from sequelae of an overstimulated systemic immune response, since these different causes would require different treatments. SE - 883 SN - 14744422 SP - 883-884 ST - Catch me if you can: SARS-CoV-2 detection in brains of deceased patients with COVID-19 T2 - Lancet Neurol TI - Catch me if you can: SARS-CoV-2 detection in brains of deceased patients with COVID-19 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30371-9 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7535625/pdf/main.pdf VL - 19 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 1052 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We study the impact of college openings and teaching modality on county-level COVID-19 cases and deaths using the information of 745 U.S. colleges. We group the colleges by their teaching modes in the fall 2020 semester: in-person, online, and hybrid; and employ a logistic model and a gradient boosting algorithm to estimate the propensity scores for the three groups to adjust the pre-treatment imbalances of college and county-level covariates. We find that greater enrollments, individual mask policies, and fewer republican votes in the county are major predictors of adopting online or hybrid modes. Treatment effects provide evidence that college reopenings, especially with in-person teaching elements, increase daily new cases and deaths.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementNo funding was received for the preparation of this manuscript.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:This research does not include any human subject.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll data used are publicly available and do not include any individual level information. AU - Badruddoza, Syed | Amin, Modhurima Dey C1 - 2020-11-17 C2 - COVID-19 and Return to College CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/111720_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.10.28.20221986 L1 - internal-pdf://0009517976/Badruddoza-2021-Causal Impacts of Teaching Mod.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Reopening colleges was associated with increased COVID-19 cases and deaths. | Colleges with in-person classes are in counties with rapidly increasing COVID-19 cases (Figure). | Daily new COVID-19 cases increased in the fall 2020 semester by 1.87 cases per 100,000 population. | The variables most strongly associated (p <0.05) with adopting online teaching modes vs in-person enrollment were higher student enrollments, larger endowments per student, being a public (vs private) institution, individual mask policies, and prevalence of specific political party affiliation in the community. | There was a negative association between the percentage of county residents staying home and disease spread. | Methods: Use of metrics of new daily COVID-19 cases and COVID-19-related deaths in the county to describe the effects of college teaching modality on spread of disease for 745 US institutions and surrounding communities. The probability of choosing each teaching mode was calculated with multinomial logistic regression. Limitations: Student-specific infections are not addressed; method for classifying counties with multiple colleges with different teaching modes not explained. | Implications for 2 studies (Van Pelt et al. and Badurddoza & Amin) These two articles highlight measures that colleges and universities can use to mitigate COVID-19. As discussed in Walke et al.,external icon institutional resources, cost of testing, and the possibility of distance learning need to be considered when re-opening schools. These articles show that decisions regarding type of teaching are also influenced by the surrounding communities, such as locally enacted preventative measures and the local political environment. Being aware of these influences may guide administrators in decision-making regarding re-opening campuses. SP - 2020.10.28.20221986 ST - Causal Impacts of Teaching Modality on U.S. COVID-19 Spread in Fall 2020 Semester T2 - medRxiv TI - Causal Impacts of Teaching Modality on U.S. COVID-19 Spread in Fall 2020 Semester UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/11/03/2020.10.28.20221986.full.pdf | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/04/15/2020.10.28.20221986.full.pdf ID - 1247 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Shougang Hospital, Beijing 100144, China. | Arthritis Clinic & Research Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China. | Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Shougang Hospital, Beijing 100144, China. Electronic address: guanzhenpeng@qq.com. | Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, Peking University Cancer Hospital, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Beijing, China; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Shougang Hospital, Shijingshan District, Beijing, China. AN - 32464115 AU - Tang, C. | Wang, Y. | Lv, H. | Guan, Z. | Gu, J. C1 - 2020-06-05 C2 - Steroid Therapy CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060520_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 6 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30749-2 ET - 2020/05/29 IS - 10239 KW - *Adrenal Cortex Hormones | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy | *Femur Head | Humans | Incidence | *Osteonecrosis | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy | Retrospective Studies L1 - internal-pdf://4123073987/Tang-2020-Caution against corticosteroid-based.pdf LA - en N1 - Tang, Chong; Wang, Yichuan; Lv, Houshan; Guan, Zhenpeng; Gu, Jin; eng; Letter; Comment; England; Lancet. 2020 Jun 6;395(10239):1759-1760. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30749-2. Epub 2020 May 25. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: advised against routine steroid use in COVID-19 patients except in critically ill patients since improper use can increase the risk of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (inadequate blood supply to the head of the thigh bone), which occurred in nearly one-fourth of SARS patients receiving steroids. SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 1759-1760 ST - Caution against corticosteroid-based COVID-19 treatment T2 - Lancet TI - Caution against corticosteroid-based COVID-19 treatment UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32464115 VL - 395 Y2 - 2021/05/12 ID - 313 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: It is unknown how well cell phone location data portray social distancing strategies or if they are associated with the incidence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in a particular geographical area. Objective: To determine if cell phone location data are associated with the rate of change in new COVID-19 cases by county across the US. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study incorporated publicly available county-level daily COVID-19 case data from January 22, 2020, to May 11, 2020, and county-level daily cell phone location data made publicly available by Google. It examined the daily cases of COVID-19 per capita and daily estimates of cell phone activity compared with the baseline (where baseline was defined as the median value for that day of the week from a 5-week period between January 3 and February 6, 2020). All days and counties with available data after the initiation of stay-at-home orders for each state were included. Exposures: The primary exposure was cell phone activity compared with baseline for each day and each county in different categories of place. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was the percentage change in COVID-19 cases 5 days from the exposure date. Results: Between 949 and 2740 US counties and between 22124 and 83745 daily observations were studied depending on the availability of cell phone data for that county and day. Marked changes in cell phone activity occurred around the time stay-at-home orders were issued by various states. Counties with higher per-capita cases (per 100000 population) showed greater reductions in cell phone activity at the workplace (beta, -0.002; 95% CI, -0.003 to -0.001; P < 0.001), areas classified as retail (beta, -0.008; 95% CI, -0.011 to -0.005; P < 0.001) and grocery stores (beta, -0.006; 95% CI, -0.007 to -0.004; P < 0.001), and transit stations (beta, -0.003, 95% CI, -0.005 to -0.002; P < 0.001), and greater increase in activity at the place of residence (beta, 0.002; 95% CI, 0.001-0.002; P < 0.001). Adjusting for county-level and state-level characteristics, counties with the greatest decline in workplace activity, transit stations, and retail activity and the greatest increases in time spent at residential places had lower percentage growth in cases at 5, 10, and 15 days. For example, counties in the lowest quartile of retail activity had a 45.5% lower growth in cases at 15 days compared with the highest quartile (SD, 37.4%-53.5%; P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance: Our findings support the hypothesis that greater reductions in cell phone activity in the workplace and retail locations, and greater increases in activity at the residence, are associated with lesser growth in COVID-19 cases. These data provide support for the value of monitoring cell phone location data to anticipate future trends of the pandemic. AD - Mount Auburn Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts. | Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. | Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. | Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts. | Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. AN - 32865556 AU - Sehra, S. T. | George, M. | Wiebe, D. J. | Fundin, S. | Baker, J. F. C1 - 2020-09-11 C2 - Preventing Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091120_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 1 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.4288 ET - 2020/09/01 IS - 12 KW - *COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control | Cell Phone Use/*statistics & numerical data | Communicable Disease Control/*organization & administration | *Contact Tracing/instrumentation/methods/statistics & numerical data | Epidemiological Monitoring | *Geographic Information Systems/instrumentation/statistics & numerical data | Government Regulation | Humans | Physical Distancing | Public Health | SARS-CoV-2 | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://2579616807/Sehra-2020-Cell Phone Activity in Categories o.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Sehra, Shiv T; George, Michael; Wiebe, Douglas J; Fundin, Shelby; Baker, Joshua F; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Dec 1;180(12):1614-1620. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.4288. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Counties with reduction in cell phone activity at the workplace, in retail locations, and on public transit and increases in at-home activity had larger reductions in COVID-19 cases 5, 10, and 15 days later. SN - 2168-6114 (Electronic); 2168-6106 (Linking) SP - 1614-1620 ST - Cell Phone Activity in Categories of Places and Associations With Growth in Cases of COVID-19 in the US T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - Cell Phone Activity in Categories of Places and Associations With Growth in Cases of COVID-19 in the US UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32865556 VL - 180 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 871 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Characterization of cell-mediated and humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV2 mRNA vaccine has implications for protective immunity in immunocompromised patients. However, studies have demonstrated poor humoral response to SARS-CoV2 mRNA vaccine in immunocompromised patients and data on cellular immune response are currently lacking. Here we compared immune response after 2-dose vaccination in 100 immunocompromised patients (solid organ transplant recipients, hematologic malignancy, autoimmune condition, and primary immunodeficiency) and 16 immunocompetent healthy healthcare workers. We find that 100% (CI=80.6-100%) of immunocompetent individuals show positive cell-mediated and humoral immune response post vaccination while only 50% (CI=40.4-59.6%) of immunocompromised patients show humoral immune response and 69% (CI=59.4-77.2%) have a positive cell-mediated immune response. 21% of immunocompromised patients have no humoral immune response or cell-mediated immune response and thus are likely vulnerable to SARS-CoV2 infection. Monitoring of immune response in immunocompromised populations, particularly in high-risk immunocompromised patients (solid organ transplant recipients, patients with severe autoimmunity, and those �?0 years), with clinical IGRA and serological assay after vaccination may identify patients who may benefit from revaccination or prophylactic monoclonal antibody therapy to prevent COVID-19 in this patient populationCompeting Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementNo external funding was utilized for this analysis. Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Stanford University Institutional Review Board (IRB-60171 and IRB-57519)All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll data relevant to the study are included in the article. De-identified data of this study could be shared upon request. AU - Ramanathan, Muthukumar | Murugesan, Kanagavel | Yang, Lu M. | Costales, Cristina | Bulterys, Philip L. | Schroers-Martin, Joseph | Alizadeh, Ash A. | Boyd, Scott D. | Brown, Janice M. | Nadeau, Kari C. | Nadimpalli, Sruti S. | Wang, Aileen X. | Busque, Stephan | Pinsky, Benjamin A. | Banaei, Niaz C1 - 2021-08-06 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08062021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.07.21.21260921 L1 - internal-pdf://2849376373/Ramanathan-2021-Cell-Mediated and Humoral Immu.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Following 2-dose mRNA vaccination (either BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273), among immunocompromised patients (n = 100), 69% had a positive qualitative result on interferon-�� release assay and 50% had a positive qualitative antibody result while 100% of controls (n = 16) had both. Absence of either cell-mediated or humoral immune response was most common in solid organ transplant recipients (38.1%) and patients with autoimmune disorders (35.3%). SP - 2021.07.21.21260921 ST - Cell-Mediated and Humoral Immune Response to 2-Dose SARS-CoV2 mRNA vaccination in Immunocompromised patient population T2 - medRxiv TI - Cell-Mediated and Humoral Immune Response to 2-Dose SARS-CoV2 mRNA vaccination in Immunocompromised patient population UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/07/23/2021.07.21.21260921.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/07/23/2021.07.21.21260921.full.pdf ID - 2203 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We investigated immune responses against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) among a group of convalescent, potential blood donors in Germany who had PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Sixty days after onset of symptoms, 13/78 (17%) study participants had borderline or negative results to an ELISA detecting IgG against the S1 protein of SARS-CoV-2. We analyzed participants with PCR-confirmed infection who had strong antibody responses (ratio >3) as positive controls and participants without symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection and without household contact with infected patients as negative controls. Using interferon-gamma ELISpot, we observed that 78% of PCR-positive volunteers with undetectable antibodies showed T cell immunity against SARS-CoV-2. We observed a similar frequency (80%) of T-cell immunity in convalescent donors with strong antibody responses but did not detect immunity in negative controls. We concluded that, in convalescent patients with undetectable SARS-CoV-2 IgG, immunity may be mediated through T cells. AN - 33058753 AU - Schwarzkopf, S. | Krawczyk, A. | Knop, D. | Klump, H. | Heinold, A. | Heinemann, F. M. | Thummler, L. | Temme, C. | Breyer, M. | Witzke, O. | Dittmer, U. | Lenz, V. | Horn, P. A. | Lindemann, M. C1 - 2020-10-27 C2 - Laboratory Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102720_covidupdate.html DA - Jan DO - 10.3201/2701.203772 ET - 2020/10/16 IS - 1 KW - Adult | Antibodies, Viral/blood | *Antibody Specificity | Blood Donors | COVID-19/*immunology/virology | Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assay/methods | Female | Humans | Immunity, Cellular/*physiology | Immunoglobulin G/*blood | Interferon-gamma | Male | Middle Aged | Polymerase Chain Reaction | *SARS-CoV-2 | T-Lymphocytes/*physiology | *B cells | *covid-19 | *ELISpot | *PCR-confirmed infection | *sars | *T cells | *cellular immunity | *convalescent plasma | *coronavirus disease | *respiratory infections | *seronegativity | *severe acute respiratory syndrome | *severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 | *viruses | *zoonoses L1 - internal-pdf://3613003392/Schwarzkopf-2021-Cellular Immunity in COVID-19.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Schwarzkopf, Sina; Krawczyk, Adalbert; Knop, Dietmar; Klump, Hannes; Heinold, Andreas; Heinemann, Falko M; Thummler, Laura; Temme, Christian; Breyer, Marianne; Witzke, Oliver; Dittmer, Ulf; Lenz, Veronika; Horn, Peter A; Lindemann, Monika; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Emerg Infect Dis. 2021 Jan;27(1). doi: 10.3201/2701.203772. Epub 2020 Oct 15. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 17% of potential convalescent plasma donors had borderline or negative IgG antibody titers to the SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein. | Of these, 78% showed T-cell responses against SARS-CoV-2. | The proportion with T-cell responses did not differ significantly from that of potential donors with high antibody titers (80%) but were substantially higher than those of negative controls (Figure). | Methods: Samples from 78 potential convalescent plasma donors, with history of PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were tested for IgG to SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein, up to 112 days post-symptom onset. Potential donors with strong antibody response (ratio of response in patient sample/negative control sample>3) were positive controls and participants with no symptoms of infection and no infected household contacts were negative controls. Interferon-�� ELISpot assay T-cell responses was used to determine T-cell responses. Limitations: Small sample in experimental test groups and participants biased toward healthy males with AB blood type. | Implications: In persons with minimal antibody response to SARS-CoV-2, immunity may be mediated by T-cells. SN - 1080-6059 (Electronic); 1080-6040 (Linking) SP - 122 ST - Cellular Immunity in COVID-19 Convalescents with PCR-Confirmed Infection but with Undetectable SARS-CoV-2-Specific IgG T2 - Emerg Infect Dis TI - Cellular Immunity in COVID-19 Convalescents with PCR-Confirmed Infection but with Undetectable SARS-CoV-2-Specific IgG UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33058753 VL - 27 ID - 1129 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background The SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2) has led to more than 114 million COVID-19 cases and >2.5 million deaths worldwide. Epidemiological analysis has revealed that the risk of developing severe COVID-19 increases with age. Despite a disproportionate number of older individuals and long-term care facilities being affected by SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, very little is understood about the immune responses and development of humoral immunity in the extremely old person after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here we investigated the development of humoral immunity in centenarians following a SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in a long-term care facility.Methods Extreme aged individuals and centenarians who were residents in a long-term care facility and infected with or exposed to SARS-CoV-2 were investigated for the development of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. Blood samples were collected from positive and bystander individuals 30 and 60 days after original diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Plasma was used to quantify IgG, IgA, and IgM isotypes and subsequent subclasses of antibodies specific for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The function of anti-spike was then assessed by virus neutralization assays against the native SARS-CoV-2 virus.Findings Fifteen long-term care residents were investigated for SARS-CoV-2 infection. All individuals had a Clinical Frailty scale score �? and were of extreme older age or were centenarians. Six women with a median age of 98.8 years tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Anti-spike IgG antibody titers were the highest titers observed in our cohort with all IgG positive individuals having virus neutralization ability. Additionally, 5 out of the 6 positive participants had a robust IgA anti-SARS-CoV-2 response. In all 5, antibodies were detected after 60 days from initial diagnosis.Interpretation Extreme older frail individuals and centenarians were able to elicit robust IgG and IgA antibodies directed toward SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The antibodies were able to neutralize the virus. Humoral responses were still detectable after 60 days from initial diagnosis. Together, these data suggest that recovered participants who are of extreme old age would be protected if re-exposed to the same SARS-CoV-2 viral variant. Considering the threat of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 to older age groups and long-term care facilities, the humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 in older age groups is of public health importance and has implications to vaccine responses.Funding Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), NIH/NIAID, Genome Atlantic. VIDO receives operational funding from the Canada Foundation for Innovation through the Major Science Initiatives Fund and by Government of Saskatchewan through Innovation Saskatchewan.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementCanadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), NIH/NIAID, Genome Atlantic. VIDO receives operational funding from the Canada Foundation for Innovation through the Major Science Initiatives Fund and by Government of Saskatchewan through Innovation Saskatchewan. The funders had no role in the study design, interpretation of the data, or decision to publish.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Ethics for this study was approved by the IRB at Dalhousie University and is covered under the protocol called Sentinel surveillance for severe outcomes of laboratory-confirmed influenza in adults for the annual influenza season and for confirmed and suspected cases of COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 acute respiratory disease REB#1020727.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll data can be accessed in the manuscript or raw values of ELISA assays can be requested if needed. AU - Foley, Mary K. | Searle, Samuel D. | Toloue, Ali | Booth, Ryan | Falkenham, Alec | Falzarano, Darryl | Rubino, Salvatore | Francis, Magen E. | McNeil, Mara | Richardson, Christopher | LeBlanc, Jason | Oldford, Sharon | Gerdts, Volker | Andrew, Melissa K. | McNeil, Shelly A. | Clarke, Barry | Rockwood, Kenneth | Kelvin, David J. | Kelvin, Alyson A. C1 - 2021-03-19 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03192021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.03.05.21252707 L1 - internal-pdf://1056357623/Foley-2021-Centenarians and extremely old peop.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In Australia, reduction in COVID-19-related prevention measures led to an increase in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) with significantly higher median patient age compared with past years. SP - 2021.03.05.21252707 ST - Centenarians and extremely old people living with frailty can elicit durable SARS-CoV-2 spike specific IgG antibodies with virus neutralization functions following virus infection T2 - medRxiv TI - Centenarians and extremely old people living with frailty can elicit durable SARS-CoV-2 spike specific IgG antibodies with virus neutralization functions following virus infection TT - Published article: Centenarians and extremely old people living with frailty can elicit durable SARS-CoV-2 spike specific IgG antibodies with virus neutralization functions following virus infection as determined by serological study UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/03/08/2021.03.05.21252707.full.pdf ID - 1586 ER - TY - JOUR AB - AIMS: To explore variables associated with the serological response following COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. METHODS: Eighty-six healthcare workers adhering to the vaccination campaign against COVID-19 were enrolled in January-February 2021. All subjects underwent two COVID-19 mRNA vaccine inoculations (Pfizer/BioNTech) separated by 3 weeks. Blood samples were collected before the 1st and 1-4 weeks after the second inoculation. Clinical history, demographics, and vaccine side effects were recorded. Baseline anthropometric parameters were measured, and body composition was performed through dual-energy-X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: Higher waist circumference was associated with lower antibody (Ab) titres (R = -0.324, p = 0.004); smokers had lower levels compared to non-smokers [1099 (1350) vs. 1921 (1375), p = 0.007], as well as hypertensive versus normotensive [650 +/- 1192 vs. 1911 (1364), p = 0.001] and dyslipideamic compared to those with normal serum lipids [534 (972) vs 1872 (1406), p = 0.005]. Multivariate analysis showed that higher waist circumference, smoking, hypertension, and longer time elapsed since second vaccine inoculation were associated with lower Ab titres, independent of BMI, age. and gender. CONCLUSIONS: Central obesity, hypertension, and smoking are associated with lower Ab titres following COVID-19 vaccination. Although it is currently impossible to determine whether lower SARS-CoV-2 Abs lead to higher likelihood of developing COVID-19, it is well-established that neutralizing antibodies correlate with protection against several viruses including SARS-CoV-2. Our findings, therefore, call for a vigilant approach, as subjects with central obesity, hypertension, and smoking could benefit from earlier vaccine boosters or different vaccine schedules. AD - Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy. | Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy. | Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy. | Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy. AN - 33955644 AU - Watanabe, M. | Balena, A. | Tuccinardi, D. | Tozzi, R. | Risi, R. | Masi, D. | Caputi, A. | Rossetti, R. | Spoltore, M. E. | Filippi, V. | Gangitano, E. | Manfrini, S. | Mariani, S. | Lubrano, C. | Lenzi, A. | Mastroianni, C. | Gnessi, L. C1 - 2021-05-21 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategy CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05212021_covidupdate.html DA - May 6 DO - 10.1002/dmrr.3465 ET - 2021/05/07 IS - n/a KW - Bmi | SARS CoV-2 | immunogenicity | infection | vaccination | waist circumference L1 - internal-pdf://2214960929/Watanabe-2021-Central obesity, smoking habit.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Watanabe, Mikiko; Balena, Angela; Tuccinardi, Dario; Tozzi, Rossella; Risi, Renata; Masi, Davide; Caputi, Alessandra; Rossetti, Rebecca; Spoltore, Maria Elena; Filippi, Valeria; Gangitano, Elena; Manfrini, Silvia; Mariani, Stefania; Lubrano, Carla; Lenzi, Andrea; Mastroianni, Claudio; Gnessi, Lucio; eng; PRIN 2017 Prot.2017L8Z2E/Italian Ministry of Education, Universities and Research; England; Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2021 May 6. doi: 10.1002/dmrr.3465. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In 86 healthcare workers in Italy, lower antibody levels were associated with higher waist circumference (R = �?.324, p = 0.004), being a smoker compared with a non-smoker (1099 units [U]/mL vs. 1921 U/mL), having hypertension compared with normal blood pressure (650 U/mL vs 1911 U/mL), or having dyslipidemia compared with normal serum lipid levels (534 U/mL vs 1872 U/mL) following 2 doses of the Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccine. SN - 1520-7560 (Electronic); 1520-7552 (Linking) SP - e3465 ST - Central obesity, smoking habit, and hypertension are associated with lower antibody titres in response to COVID-19 mRNA vaccine T2 - Diabetes Metab Res Rev TI - Central obesity, smoking habit, and hypertension are associated with lower antibody titres in response to COVID-19 mRNA vaccine UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33955644 VL - n/a ID - 1773 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: Increasing evidence supported the possible neuro-invasion potential of SARS-CoV-2. However, no studies were conducted to explore the existence of the micro-structural changes in the central nervous system after infection. We aimed to identify the existence of potential brain micro-structural changes related to SARS-CoV-2. Methods: In this prospective study, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and 3D high-resolution T1WI sequences were acquired in 60 recovered COVID-19 patients (56.67% male; age: 44.10 +/- 16.00) and 39 age- and sex-matched non-COVID-19 controls (56.41% male; age: 45.88 +/- 13.90). Registered fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD) were quantified for DTI, and an index score system was introduced. Regional volumes derived from Voxel-based Morphometry (VBM) and DTI metrics were compared using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Two sample t-test and Spearman correlation were conducted to assess the relationships among imaging indices, index scores and clinical information. Findings: In this follow-up stage, neurological symptoms were presented in 55% COVID-19 patients. COVID-19 patients had statistically significantly higher bilateral gray matter volumes (GMV) in olfactory cortices, hippocampi, insulas, left Rolandic operculum, left Heschl's gyrus and right cingulate gyrus and a general decline of MD, AD, RD accompanied with an increase of FA in white matter, especially AD in the right CR, EC and SFF, and MD in SFF compared with non-COVID-19 volunteers (corrected p value <0.05). Global GMV, GMVs in left Rolandic operculum, right cingulate, bilateral hippocampi, left Heschl's gyrus, and Global MD of WM were found to correlate with memory loss (p value <0.05). GMVs in the right cingulate gyrus and left hippocampus were related to smell loss (p value <0.05). MD-GM score, global GMV, and GMV in right cingulate gyrus were correlated with LDH level (p value <0.05). Interpretation: Study findings revealed possible disruption to micro-structural and functional brain integrity in the recovery stages of COVID-19, suggesting the long-term consequences of SARS-CoV-2. Funding: Shanghai Natural Science Foundation, Youth Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China, Shanghai Sailing Program, Shanghai Science and Technology Development, Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project and ZJ Lab. AD - Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Y Lu, X Li, D Geng, N Mei, Y Zhao, D Wang, B Yin). | GE Healthcare, MR Research China, Beijing, China (P Wu). | Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China (C Huang). | Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England (T Jia). | Department of Radiology, Fu Yang No.2 Hospital, Anhui, China (A Xiao). AN - 32838240 AU - Lu, Y. | Li, X. | Geng, D. | Mei, N. | Wu, P. Y. | Huang, C. C. | Jia, T. | Zhao, Y. | Wang, D. | Xiao, A. | Yin, B. C1 - 2020-08-14 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08142020_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100484 ET - 2020/08/25 KW - 3D-T1WI, 3 Dimensional T1-weighted Images | AAL-3, Automated Anatomical Labelling Atlas-3 | ACE-2, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 | AD, Axial Diffusivity | CNS, Central Nervous System | Covid-19 | COVID-19, Coronavirus Disease | CR, Corona Radiata | CSF, Cerebral Spinal Fluid | Central Nervous System Diseases | DICOM, Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine | DTI, Diffusion Tensor Imaging | Diffusion Tensor Imaging | EC, External Capsule | FA, Fractional Anisotropy | FOV, Field of View | GM, Gray Matter | GMV, Gray Matter Volume | HIV, Human Immunodeficiency Virus | HSV, Herpes Simplex Virus | JEV, Japanese Encephalitis Virus | LDH, Lactate Dehydrogenase | MD, Mean Diffusivity | MPRAGE, Magnetization Prepared Rapid Gradient Echo | Neuroimaging | OB, Olfactory Bulb | PCR, Polymerase Chain Reaction | Prospective studies | RD, Radial Diffusivity | SARS-CoV, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus | SARS-CoV-2, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 | SFF, Superior Frontal-occipital Fasciculus | TBSS, Track-based Spatial Statistics | TE, Echo Time | TR, Repetition Time | UF, Uncinate Fasciculus | URTI, Upper Respiratory Tract Infection | VBM, Voxel-based Morphometry | WBC, White Blood Cell | WHO, World Health Organization | WM, White Matter | WMV, White Matter Volume | personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in | this paper. This paper has never been published elsewhere. L1 - internal-pdf://2505036147/PIIS2589537020302285.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Lu, Yiping; Li, Xuanxuan; Geng, Daoying; Mei, Nan; Wu, Pu-Yeh; Huang, Chu-Chung; Jia, Tianye; Zhao, Yajing; Wang, Dongdong; Xiao, Anling; Yin, Bo; eng; England; EClinicalMedicine. 2020 Aug;25:100484. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100484. Epub 2020 Aug 3. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among persons recovered from COVID-19, neurological symptoms were reported by 68% during acute disease and 55% at follow-up about 3 months later. | Compared to controls, persons recovered from COVID-19 had multiple and diffuse structural differences in selected areas of the brain. | Specific changes in the brains of patients compared with healthy controls were associated with a significantly greater risk of memory loss. | Methods: Case-control study of 60 persons recovered from COVID-19 (78% with mild disease) and 39 age-and sex-matched controls, Anhui province, China, May 2020. Data were collected from patient records and self-report. MRI was performed a mean of 97 days after onset to quantify brain regional volumes. Limitations: Controls were not asked about neurological symptoms; single center. | Implications: Structural brain changes and associated functional neurological changes 3 months after COVID-19 illness onset followed by recovery may portend long-term deleterious consequence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. SN - 2589-5370 (Electronic); 2589-5370 (Linking) SP - 100484 ST - Cerebral Micro-Structural Changes in COVID-19 Patients - An MRI-based 3-month Follow-up Study T2 - EClinicalMedicine TI - Cerebral Micro-Structural Changes in COVID-19 Patients - An MRI-based 3-month Follow-up Study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32838240 VL - 25 Y2 - 2021/05/18 ID - 1758 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Objectives To estimate the absolute risk of cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) and portal vein thrombosis (PVT) in the two weeks following a diagnosis of COVID-19, and to assess the relative risks (RR) compared to influenza or the administration of an mRNA vaccine against COVID-19.Design Retrospective cohort study based on an electronic health records networkSetting Linked records between primary and secondary care centres within 59 healthcare organisations, primarily in the USAParticipants All patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 between January 20, 2020 and March 25, 2021 were included (N=537,913, mean [SD] age: 46.2 [21.4] years; 54.9% females). Cohorts (matched for age, sex, and race) of participants diagnosed with influenza (N=392,424) or receiving the BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 vaccine (N=366,869) were used for comparison.Main outcome measures Diagnosis of CVT (ICD-10 code I67.6) or PVT (ICD-10 code I81) within 2 weeks after a diagnosis of COVID-19.Results The incidence of CVT after COVID-19 diagnosis was 42.8 per million people (95% CI 28.5�?4.2) including 35.3 per million (95% CI 22.6�?5.2) first diagnoses. This was significantly higher than the CVT incidence in a matched cohort of patients with influenza (RR=3.83, 95% CI 1.56�?.41, P<0.001) and people who received an mRNA vaccine (RR=6.67, 95% CI 1.98�?2.43, P<0.001). The incidence of PVT after COVID-19 diagnosis was 392.3 per million people (95% CI 342.8�?48.9) including 175.0 per million (95% CI 143.0�?14.1) first diagnoses. This was significantly higher than the PVT incidence in a matched cohort of patients with influenza (RR=1.39, 95% CI 1.06�?.83, P=0.02) and people who received an mRNA vaccine (RR=7.40, 95% CI 4.87�?1.24, P<0.001). Mortality after CVT and PVT was 17.4% and 19.9% respectively.Conclusions The incidence of CVT and PVT is significantly increased after COVID-19. The data highlight the risk of serious thrombotic events in COVID-19 and can help contextualize the risks and benefits of vaccination in this regard.What is known�?A systematic review of cohort studies suggested an incidence of CVT among hospitalised patients with COVID-19 to be about 800 per million patients. There was evidence of selection, ascertainment, and reporting bias in all included studies.�?The incidence of CVT and PVT among both hospitalised and non-hospitalised patients with COVID-19 is unknown.�?It is unknown if COVID-19 increases the risk of CVT and PVT.What this study adds Our study estimates that the absolute risk of CVT and PVT are respectively 42.8 and 392.3 per million patients (both hospitalised and non-hospitalised) in the 2 weeks after a diagnosis of COVID-19. COVID-19 increases the risk of CVT and PVT compared to patients diagnosed with influenza, and to people who have received a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine.Competing Interest StatementSL is an employee of TriNetX. All other authors have completed the Unified Competing Interest form (available on request from the corresponding author) and declare: no support from any organisation for the submitted work, no financial relationships with any organisations that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous three years, no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.Funding StatementNIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre (BRC-1215-20005). MT is an NIHR Academic Clinical Fellow. MH is a Wellcome Principal Research Fellow and supported by the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. The funders had no role in the study design; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; or in the decision to submit the article for publication.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:TriNetX received a waiver from the Western Institutional Review Board IRB) for all studies using their dataset given that they use formally anonymised and de-identifid data. The process by which the data is de-identified is attested to through a formal determination by a qualified expert as defined in Section 164.514(b)(1) of the HIPAA Privacy Rule, so that ethical approval from an institutional review board is not needed.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThe TriNetX system returned the results of the analyses as .csv files, which were downloaded and archived. Data presented will be freely accessible at: [the URL will be added upon publication]. In addition, TriNetX will grant access to researchers if they have a specific concern (through a third-party agreement option). AD - Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. | Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom. | Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. | Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom. | TriNetX, Cambridge MA, United States. AN - 34368663 AU - Taquet, Maxime | Husain, Masud | Geddes, John R. | Luciano, Sierra | Harrison, Paul J. C1 - 2021-05-21 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05212021_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1101/2021.04.27.21256153 ET - 2021/08/10 KW - Covid-19 | Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis | Electronic health records | Portal vein thrombosis | SARS-CoV-2 | Fellowship. All other authors declare: no support from any organization for the | submitted work, no financial relationships with any organizations that might have | an interest in the submitted work in the previous three years, no other | relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted | work. L1 - internal-pdf://3673330709/Taquet-2021-Cerebral venous thrombosis and por.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Taquet, Maxime | Husain, Masud | Geddes, John R | Luciano, Sierra | Harrison, Paul J | eng | England | EClinicalMedicine. 2021 Sep;39:101061. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101061. Epub 2021 Jul 31. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: COVID-19 patients had a significantly higher two-week risk of being diagnosed with a cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) or portal vein thrombosis (PVT) compared with matched cohorts diagnosed with influenza (n = 392,424 in each cohort; RR = 3.83, 95% CI 1.56-9.41 for CVT; RR = 1.39, 95% CI 1.06-1.83 for PVT), or receiving an mRNA vaccine (n = 366,869 in each cohort; RR = 6.67, 95% CI 1.98-22.43 for CVT; RR = 7.40, 95% CI 4.87-11.24 for PVT). The incidence of CVT after COVID-19 diagnosis was 42.8 per million people (95% CI 28.5-64.2). SN - 2589-5370 (Electronic) | 2589-5370 (Linking) SP - 2021.04.27.21256153 ST - Cerebral venous thrombosis and portal vein thrombosis: a retrospective cohort study of 537,913 COVID-19 cases T2 - medRxiv TI - Cerebral venous thrombosis and portal vein thrombosis: a retrospective cohort study of 537,913 COVID-19 cases TT - Published article: Cerebral venous thrombosis and portal vein thrombosis: A retrospective cohort study of 537,913 COVID-19 cases UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/05/11/2021.04.27.21256153.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/05/11/2021.04.27.21256153.full.pdf VL - 39 ID - 1770 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Neuroradiology, Adolphe de Rothschild Foundation Hospital, 29, rue Manin, 75019 Paris, France. Electronic address: gpoillon@for.paris. | Department of Neurology, Adolphe de Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France. | Neuro-Intensive Care Unit, Adolphe de Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France. | Department of Neuroradiology, Adolphe de Rothschild Foundation Hospital, 29, rue Manin, 75019 Paris, France. AN - 32437707 AU - Poillon, G. | Obadia, M. | Perrin, M. | Savatovsky, J. | Lecler, A. C1 - 2020-05-22 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052220_covidupdate.html DA - Mar DO - 10.1016/j.neurad.2020.05.003 ET - 2020/05/22 IS - 2 KW - COVID-19/*complications/diagnostic imaging | Female | Humans | Intracranial Thrombosis/*complications/diagnostic imaging | Middle Aged | Tomography, X-Ray Computed | Venous Thrombosis/*complications/diagnostic imaging L1 - internal-pdf://3852538035/Poillon-2021-Cerebral venous thrombosis associ.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Poillon, Guillaume; Obadia, Mickael; Perrin, Mathilde; Savatovsky, Julien; Lecler, Augustin; eng; Case Reports; France; J Neuroradiol. 2021 Mar;48(2):121-124. doi: 10.1016/j.neurad.2020.05.003. Epub 2020 May 11. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Reports on two COVID-19 patients with novel symptoms; two weeks after symptom onset, both patients had cerebral venous thrombosis. SN - 0150-9861 (Print); 0150-9861 (Linking) SP - 121-124 ST - Cerebral venous thrombosis associated with COVID-19 infection: Causality or coincidence? T2 - J Neuroradiol TI - Cerebral venous thrombosis associated with COVID-19 infection: Causality or coincidence? UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32437707 VL - 48 ID - 234 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In March 2020, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged as a global pandemic. Testing for presence of active severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is 1 pillar of the global response. In particular, nasopharyngeal, anterior nasal, and midturbinate swabs are 3 of the 5 methods for initial diagnostic specimen collection recommended by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). However, complications associated with nasal swab testing are not well characterized. We describe the first case of a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak after nasal testing for COVID-19, to our knowledge. AD - Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City. | Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City. AN - 33022069 AU - Sullivan, C. B. | Schwalje, A. T. | Jensen, M. | Li, L. | Dlouhy, B. J. | Greenlee, J. D. | Walsh, J. E. C1 - 2020-10-13 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/101320_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 1 DO - 10.1001/jamaoto.2020.3579 ET - 2020/10/07 IS - 12 KW - Adult | COVID-19/*diagnosis | *COVID-19 Testing/instrumentation/methods | Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak/diagnosis/*etiology | Female | Humans L1 - internal-pdf://0348169054/Sullivan-2020-Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak After N.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Sullivan, Christopher Blake; Schwalje, Adam T; Jensen, Megan; Li, Luyuan; Dlouhy, Brian J; Greenlee, Jeremy D; Walsh, Jarrett E; eng; Case Reports; Letter; JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020 Dec 1;146(12):1179-1181. doi: 10.1001/jamaoto.2020.3579. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Description of the first reported case of a cerebrospinal fluid leak after rupture of an encephalocele with nasal testing for SARS-CoV-2. SN - 2168-619X (Electronic); 2168-6181 (Linking) SP - 1179-1181 ST - Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak After Nasal Swab Testing for Coronavirus Disease 2019 T2 - JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg TI - Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak After Nasal Swab Testing for Coronavirus Disease 2019 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33022069 VL - 146 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 1041 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been associated with a significant risk of thrombotic events in critically ill patients. AIM: To summarize the findings of a multinational observational cohort of patients with SARS-CoV-2 and cerebrovascular disease. METHODS: Retrospective observational cohort of consecutive adults evaluated in the emergency department and/or admitted with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) across 31 hospitals in four countries (1 February 2020-16 June 2020). The primary outcome was the incidence rate of cerebrovascular events, inclusive of acute ischemic stroke, intracranial hemorrhages (ICH), and cortical vein and/or sinus thrombosis (CVST). RESULTS: Of the 14,483 patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2, 172 were diagnosed with an acute cerebrovascular event (1.13% of cohort; 1130/100,000 patients, 95%CI 970-1320/100,000), 68/171 (40.5%) were female and 96/172 (55.8%) were between the ages 60 and 79 years. Of these, 156 had acute ischemic stroke (1.08%; 1080/100,000 95%CI 920-1260/100,000), 28 ICH (0.19%; 190/100,000 95%CI 130-280/100,000), and 3 with CVST (0.02%; 20/100,000, 95%CI 4-60/100,000). The in-hospital mortality rate for SARS-CoV-2-associated stroke was 38.1% and for ICH 58.3%. After adjusting for clustering by site and age, baseline stroke severity, and all predictors of in-hospital mortality found in univariate regression (p < 0.1: male sex, tobacco use, arrival by emergency medical services, lower platelet and lymphocyte counts, and intracranial occlusion), cryptogenic stroke mechanism (aOR 5.01, 95%CI 1.63-15.44, p < 0.01), older age (aOR 1.78, 95%CI 1.07-2.94, p = 0.03), and lower lymphocyte count on admission (aOR 0.58, 95%CI 0.34-0.98, p = 0.04) were the only independent predictors of mortality among patients with stroke and COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 is associated with a small but significant risk of clinically relevant cerebrovascular events, particularly ischemic stroke. The mortality rate is high for COVID-19-associated cerebrovascular complications; therefore, aggressive monitoring and early intervention should be pursued to mitigate poor outcomes. AD - Cooper Neurologic Institute, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, NJ, USA. | Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden NJ, USA. | Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari, Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain. | Department of Neurology, Hospital Clinico Universitario, Valladolid, Spain. | Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Instituto de Biologia y Genetica Molecular, Universidad de Valladolid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid, Spain. | Department of Neurology, Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ, USA. | New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA. | Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ, USA. | Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. | Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. | Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA. | Department of Neurology, Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, GA, USA. | Department of Neurology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain. | Area of Neuroscience, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain. | Department of Radiology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain. | Stroke Unit, Neuroscience Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Carretera Canyet s/n, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain. | Department of Neurology, Stroke and Neurointervention division, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. | Department of Critical Care Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt. | Department of Neurology, University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania. | "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania. | Department of Neurology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, MA, USA. | Department of Radiology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, MA, USA. | Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, MA, USA. | Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA. | Department of Neurology, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA. | Department of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Radiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, USA. | Department of Clinical Neuroscience Research, Valley Baptist Medical Center, Harlingen, TX, USA. | Department of Neurology, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Harlingen, TX, USA. AN - 32852257 AU - Siegler, J. E. | Cardona, P. | Arenillas, J. F. | Talavera, B. | Guillen, A. N. | Chavarria-Miranda, A. | de Lera, M. | Khandelwal, P. | Bach, I. | Patel, P. | Singla, A. | Requena, M. | Ribo, M. | Jillella, D. V. | Rangaraju, S. | Nogueira, R. G. | Haussen, D. C. | Vazquez, A. R. | Urra, X. | Chamorro, A. | Roman, L. S. | Thon, J. M. | Then, R. | Sanborn, E. | de la Ossa, N. P. | Millan, M. | Ruiz, I. N. | Mansour, O. Y. | Megahed, M. | Tiu, C. | Terecoasa, E. O. | Radu, R. A. | Nguyen, T. N. | Curiale, G. | Kaliaev, A. | Czap, A. L. | Sebaugh, J. | Zha, A. M. | Liebeskind, D. S. | Ortega-Gutierrez, S. | Farooqui, M. | Hassan, A. E. | Preston, L. | Patterson, M. S. | Bushnaq, S. | Zaidat, O. | Jovin, T. G. C1 - 2020-10-20 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102020_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 30 DO - 10.1177/1747493020959216 DP - NLM ET - 2020/08/28 IS - 4 KW - All cerebrovascular diseases/stroke | Covid-19 | cerebral venous thrombosis | intracranial hemorrhage L1 - internal-pdf://2309996574/Siegler-2020-Cerebrovascular events and outcom.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Siegler, James E; Cardona, Pere; Arenillas, Juan F; Talavera, Blanca; Guillen, Ana N; Chavarria-Miranda, Alba; de Lera, Mercedes; Khandelwal, Priyank; Bach, Ivo; Patel, Pratit; Singla, Amit; Requena, Manuel; Ribo, Marc; Jillella, Dinesh V; Rangaraju, Srikant; Nogueira, Raul G; Haussen, Diogo C; Vazquez, Alejandro R; Urra, Xabier; Chamorro, Angel; Roman, Luis S; Thon, Jesse M; Then, Ryna; Sanborn, Emma; de la Ossa, Natalia P; Millan, Monica; Ruiz, Isaac N; Mansour, Ossama Y; Megahed, Mohammed; Tiu, Cristina; Terecoasa, Elena O; Radu, Razvan A; Nguyen, Thanh N; Curiale, Gioacchino; Kaliaev, Artem; Czap, Alexandra L; Sebaugh, Jacob; Zha, Alicia M; Liebeskind, David S; Ortega-Gutierrez, Santiago; Farooqui, Mudassir; Hassan, Ameer E; Preston, Laurie; Patterson, Mary S; Bushnaq, Saif; Zaidat, Osama; Jovin, Tudor G; eng; Int J Stroke. 2020 Sep 30:1747493020959216. doi: 10.1177/1747493020959216. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Incidence of cerebrovascular events (CVE) was 1.13% or 1,130 per 100,000 (95% CI 970-1,320 per 100,000). | Incidence of acute ischemic stroke (1.08%) was greater than either intracranial hemorrhage (0.19%) or cortical vein and/or sinus thrombosis (0.02%). | In-hospital mortality for stroke and intracranial hemorrhage was 38.1% and 58.3%, respectively. | Median time from onset of CVE to death was ~4 days in persons with acute ischemic stroke or intracranial hemorrhage. | Methods: Multinational observational cohort study of 14,483 patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and hospitalization between February 1 and June 16, 2020. CVE incidence of and mortality were determined. Limitations: Analysis limited to patients from large referral hospitals which may have biased toward more severe cases; no comparisons made to COVID-19 inpatients without CVE or to general population. | Implications: Although CVE are uncommon in patients with COVID-19, they have a high associated mortality indicating that these patients require early diagnosis and intervention to improve survival. SN - 1747-4949 (Electronic); 1747-4930 (Linking) SP - 1747493020959216 ST - Cerebrovascular events and outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: The SVIN COVID-19 Multinational Registry T2 - Int J Stroke TI - Cerebrovascular events and outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: The SVIN COVID-19 Multinational Registry UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32852257 VL - 16 ID - 1087 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We investigated ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 in Syrian hamsters. We previously showed protection against SARS-CoV-2 disease and pneumonia in hamsters vaccinated with a single dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19. Here, we observed a 9.5-fold reduction of virus neutralizing antibody titer in vaccinated hamster sera against B.1.351 compared to B.1.1.7. Vaccinated hamsters challenged with B.1.1.7 or B.1.351 did not lose weight compared to control animals. In contrast to control animals, the lungs of vaccinated animals did not show any gross lesions. Minimal to no viral subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) and no infectious virus was detected in lungs of vaccinated animals. Histopathological evaluation showed extensive pulmonary pathology caused by B.1.1.7 or B.1.351 replication in the control animals, but none in the vaccinated animals. These data demonstrate the effectiveness of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against clinical disease caused by B.1.1.7 or B.1.351 VOCs. AD - Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA. | Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Montana, USA. | Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA. | The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. AN - 33758847 AU - Fischer, R. J. | van Doremalen, N. | Adney, D. R. | Yinda, C. K. | Port, J. R. | Holbrook, M. G. | Schulz, J. E. | Williamson, B. N. | Thomas, T. | Barbian, K. | Anzick, S. L. | Ricklefs, S. | Smith, B. J. | Long, D. | Martens, C. | Saturday, G. | de Wit, E. | Gilbert, S. C. | Lambe, T. | Munster, V. J. C1 - 2021-04-16 C2 - Animal Models of Viral Immunity CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04162021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 15 DO - 10.1101/2021.03.11.435000 ET - 2021/03/25 L1 - internal-pdf://1770929051/Fischer-2021-ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) protect.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Fischer, Robert J; van Doremalen, Neeltje; Adney, Danielle R; Yinda, Claude Kwe; Port, Julia R; Holbrook, Myndi G; Schulz, Jonathan E; Williamson, Brandi N; Thomas, Tina; Barbian, Kent; Anzick, Sarah L; Ricklefs, Stacy; Smith, Brian J; Long, Dan; Martens, Craig; Saturday, Greg; de Wit, Emmie; Gilbert, Sarah C; Lambe, Teresa; Munster, Vincent J; eng; ZIA AI001179/ImNIH/Intramural NIH HHS/; Preprint; bioRxiv. 2021 Mar 15. doi: 10.1101/2021.03.11.435000. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Compared to controls, vaccinated hamsters showed less weight loss, fewer lung lesions, and no infectious virus in the lungs or pulmonary pathology, providing evidence that this vaccine reduces clinical disease due to B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants in hamsters. SP - 2021.03.11.435000 ST - ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) protects hamsters against SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 and B.1.1.7 disease T2 - bioRxiv TI - ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) protects hamsters against SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 and B.1.1.7 disease UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33758847 ID - 1663 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, UC San Diego Health, La Jolla, CA, USA. | Ludwig Engel Centre for Respiratory Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. | Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. AN - 32613654 AU - Ramnath, V. R. | Kairaitis, K. | Malhotra, A. C1 - 2020-07-14 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071420_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.1111/resp.13894 ET - 2020/07/03 IS - 8 KW - Adult | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | China | *Coronavirus Infections | Humans | *Inpatients | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology | Retrospective Studies | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | *covid-19 | *analytics | *telemedicine L1 - internal-pdf://1421565799/Ramnath-2020-The challenge of COVID-19 has acc.pdf LA - en N1 - Ramnath, Venktesh R; Kairaitis, Kristina; Malhotra, Atul; eng; T32 HL134632/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; K24 HL132105/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; R01 HL085188/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; R01 AG063925/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; R01 HL148436/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Comment; Australia; Respirology. 2020 Aug;25(8):800-801. doi: 10.1111/resp.13894. Epub 2020 Jul 1. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Describes how technology is supporting medicine and science during COVID�?9 pandemic: 1) Tech‐based tools expedite appraisal of medical information; 2) Fast dissemination of information; 3) Virtual conferences on demand; 4) Telemedicine and medical ‘virtual learning�? 5) Novel data analytics stratifies risk of disease in real time. SN - 1440-1843 (Electronic); 1323-7799 (Linking) SP - 800-801 ST - The challenge of COVID-19 has accelerated the use of new data-sharing technologies T2 - Respirology TI - The challenge of COVID-19 has accelerated the use of new data-sharing technologies UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32613654 VL - 25 ID - 527 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Social distancing to minimize transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is virtually impossible in correctional facilities, whose residents live in close confinement, share toilets and showers, and typically sit shoulder-to-shoulder in mess halls.The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) notes that people who are incarcerated or detained in a particular facility often come from a variety of locations, increasing the chance of introducing COVID-19. Plus, options to isolate people with COVID-19 are usually limited, and many facilities restrict access to soap and paper towels and ban alcohol-based hand sanitizers. AN - 32259189 AU - Rubin, R. C1 - 2020-04-10 C2 - Incarcerated Populations CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/041020_covidupdate.html DA - May 12 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.5427 ET - 2020/04/08 IS - 18 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Body Temperature | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/*prevention & control/transmission | Crowding | Hand Sanitizers/supply & distribution | Homes for the Aged | Humans | Nursing Homes | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/*prevention & control/transmission | Prisoners/statistics & numerical data | *Prisons/statistics & numerical data | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://2889534240/Rubin-2020-The Challenge of Preventing COVID-1.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Rubin, Rita; eng; News; JAMA. 2020 May 12;323(18):1760-1761. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.5427. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Provides a summary of the challenges in preventing COVID-19 spread in correctional facilities. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1760-1761 ST - The Challenge of Preventing COVID-19 Spread in Correctional Facilities T2 - JAMA TI - The Challenge of Preventing COVID-19 Spread in Correctional Facilities UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32259189 VL - 323 Y2 - 5/11/2021 ID - 30 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has claimed hundreds of thousands of lives, directly and indirectly, and threatens to claim many more. Nations have made different policy decisions that have affected the rate of infection, mortality, the economy, and the life of the country differently. The choices between various alternative policies have led to different trade-offs between what are arguably incommensurable goods, such as survival, mental health, social connection, and economic growth. It can seem difficult or impossible to weigh these numerous factors, yet policy decisions must be made, with countless implications for society. In the early stages of the pandemic, and when information was limited, a cautious approach was arguably most appropriate. As further information becomes available, it becomes possible to make better-informed decisions. However, the inherent challenges involved in the very real, and very difficult, trade-offs remain. AD - Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. AN - 32639547 AU - VanderWeele, T. J. C1 - 2020-07-10 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071020_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 4 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.12187 ET - 2020/07/09 IS - 5 KW - Adult | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Child | Coronavirus Infections/complications/*mortality/psychology | Depression/*complications/mortality | *Health Policy | Humans | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/complications/*mortality/psychology | SARS-CoV-2 | Social Determinants of Health | *Social Isolation | *Unemployment | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://4043402406/VanderWeele-2020-Challenges Estimating Total L.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Vaccines | N1 - VanderWeele, Tyler J; eng; JAMA. 2020 Aug 4;324(5):445-446. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.12187. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Discusses how estimates of excess deaths should consider mortality consequences of unemployment, isolation and depression. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 445-446 ST - Challenges Estimating Total Lives Lost in COVID-19 Decisions: Consideration of Mortality Related to Unemployment, Social Isolation, and Depression T2 - JAMA TI - Challenges Estimating Total Lives Lost in COVID-19 Decisions: Consideration of Mortality Related to Unemployment, Social Isolation, and Depression UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32639547 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 498 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK. Electronic address: roy.anderson@imperial.ac.uk. | Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK. AN - 33159850 AU - Anderson, R. M. | Vegvari, C. | Truscott, J. | Collyer, B. S. C1 - 2020-11-17 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/111720_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 21 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32318-7 ET - 2020/11/08 IS - 10263 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | Coronavirus Infections/immunology/*prevention & control | Humans | *Immunity, Herd | *Mass Vaccination | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/immunology/*prevention & control | SARS-CoV-2 | Viral Vaccines/*immunology L1 - internal-pdf://3411630589/Anderson-2020-Challenges in creating herd immu.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Anderson, Roy M; Vegvari, Carolin; Truscott, James; Collyer, Benjamin S; eng; MC_PC_19012/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; MR/R015600/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; England; Lancet. 2020 Nov 21;396(10263):1614-1616. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32318-7. Epub 2020 Nov 4. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: The possible outcomes of the 45 candidate COVID-19 vaccines currently in clinical trials are discussed in the context of distribution and long-term immunity. SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 1614-1616 ST - Challenges in creating herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection by mass vaccination T2 - Lancet TI - Challenges in creating herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection by mass vaccination UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33159850 VL - 396 Y2 - 2021/05/14 ID - 1249 ER - TY - JOUR AB - There is an urgent need for targeted and effective COVID-19 treatments. Several medications, including hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, lopinavir-ritonavir, favipiravir, tocilizumab and others have been identified as potential treatments for COVID-19. Bringing these repurposed medications to the public for COVID-19 requires robust and high-quality clinical trials that must be conducted under extremely challenging pandemic conditions. This article reviews translational science principles and strategies for conducting clinical trials in a pandemic and evaluates recent trials for different drug candidates. We hope that this knowledge will help focus efforts during this crisis and lead to the expedited development and approval of COVID-19 therapies. AD - dMed, Shanghai, China. | Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA. | Sanofi (retired), Bridgewater, NJ, USA. AN - 33119136 AU - Shi, J. | Xiao, Y. | Zhang, Y. | Geng, D. | Cong, D. | Shi, K. X. | Knapp, R. J. C1 - 2020-11-17 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/111720_covidupdate.html DA - May DO - 10.1111/bcp.14629 ET - 2020/10/30 IS - 5 KW - *covid-19 | *SARS-CoV-2 | *antiviral drugs | *clinical trial design | *drug development | *translational science L1 - internal-pdf://1290234300/Shi-2021-Challenges of drug development during.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Shi, Jun; Xiao, Yubo; Zhang, Yiting; Geng, Donghao; Cong, Danhua; Shi, Kevin X; Knapp, Richard J; eng; Review; England; Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2021 May;87(5):2170-2185. doi: 10.1111/bcp.14629. Epub 2020 Dec 10. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Translational science principles and strategies for conducting clinical trials in a pandemic and evaluation of trials of drug candidates, particularly repurposed drugs are reviewed. SN - 1365-2125 (Electronic); 0306-5251 (Linking) SP - 2170-2185 ST - Challenges of drug development during the COVID-19 pandemic: Key considerations for clinical trial designs T2 - Br J Clin Pharmacol TI - Challenges of drug development during the COVID-19 pandemic: Key considerations for clinical trial designs UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33119136 VL - 87 ID - 1231 ER - TY - JOUR AB - If Michael Mina, MD, PhD, had his way, testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) would become simple and routine—as easy as brushing one’s teeth in the morning.The test would cost around a dollar, and it would provide results in about the time it takes to brew and down the day’s first cup of coffee. A negative result would mean it was safe to go to work or to school, as long as other basic mitigation measures—mask wearing, social distancing, and handwashing—were practiced. A positive result, seconded by a different test, would necessitate self-isolation. AN - 33084882 AU - Rubin, R. C1 - 2020-11-03 C2 - Testing CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/110320_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 10 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.21106 ET - 2020/10/22 IS - 18 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Clinical Laboratory Techniques/*methods | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis/*prevention & control | Humans | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis/*prevention & control | Point-of-Care Testing | Reagent Kits, Diagnostic/standards | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://3527899922/Rubin-2020-The Challenges of Expanding Rapid T.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Rubin, Rita; eng; News; JAMA. 2020 Nov 10;324(18):1813-1815. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.21106. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Authors discuss the merits of ramping up rapid SARS-CoV-2 testing and challenges including variable test accuracy, manufacturing logistics and public perceptions that testing can be used in lieu of other preventive measures such as mask wearing. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1813-1815 ST - The Challenges of Expanding Rapid Tests to Curb COVID-19 T2 - JAMA TI - The Challenges of Expanding Rapid Tests to Curb COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33084882 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1180 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Declines in immunoglobulin antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) among patients with symptomatic or asymptomatic infections have been documented. We assessed the duration of antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in health care personnel, who may be at particular risk if antibody levels decline. AD - CDC COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia. | Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. | Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. AN - 32940635 AU - Patel, M. M. | Thornburg, N. J. | Stubblefield, W. B. | Talbot, H. K. | Coughlin, M. M. | Feldstein, L. R. | Self, W. H. C1 - 2020-09-29 C2 - Laboratory Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/092920_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 3 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.18796 ET - 2020/09/18 IS - 17 KW - Antibodies, Viral/*blood | COVID-19/epidemiology/*immunology/therapy | *Health Personnel | Immunization, Passive | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology | Seroepidemiologic Studies | Tennessee L1 - internal-pdf://0463602689/Patel-2020-Change in Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Patel, Manish M; Thornburg, Natalie J; Stubblefield, William B; Talbot, H Keipp; Coughlin, Melissa M; Feldstein, Leora R; Self, Wesley H; eng; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. | JAMA. 2020 Nov 3;324(17):1781-1782. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.18796. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Overall seropositivity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among healthcare personnel (HCP) decreased from 7.6% at baseline (April 2020) to roughly 3.2% approximately 60 days later. | 58% of 19 seropositive individuals became seronegative (Figure). | 6 of 8 participants who remained seropositive reported symptoms prior to the baseline visit, and 2 of 8 were asymptomatic. | All baseline seropositive HCP had declines in antibody titers (Figure). | Participants who remained seropositive at 60 days had higher antibody levels at baseline (mean 4.8 signal-to-threshold ratio) compared with participants who became seronegative (mean 1.4). | Methods: Antibody levels were assessed in a convenience sample of 249 HCP at baseline (April 3 to April 13, 2020) and approximately 60 days later (June 2 to June 27, 2020) in Nashville, Tennessee. Specimen were considered reactive at a signal-to-threshold ratio indicating ratios >1, with higher ratios having higher antibody titers. Limitations: Small sample size and not generalizable; timing of infection uncertain. | Implications: HCP with previous infection showed declines in antibody levels, could be at risk of reinfection, and should adhere to proper infection control guidelines. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1781-1782 ST - Change in Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 Over 60 Days Among Health Care Personnel in Nashville, Tennessee T2 - JAMA TI - Change in Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 Over 60 Days Among Health Care Personnel in Nashville, Tennessee UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32940635 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 955 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) have been used to mitigate the effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Reports describe an increasing attitude of apathy or resistance toward adherence to NPIs, termed pandemic fatigue. To better describe this phenomenon in the US, we used national surveillance data to analyze reporting of adherence to protective behaviors identified as NPIs. AD - Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. | Department of Pharmacy, Johns Hopkins Health System, Baltimore, Maryland. | Yale Institute for Global Health, New Haven, Connecticut. | USC Leonard D. Schaeffer Center for Health Policy and Economics, Los Angeles, California. AN - 33480971 AU - Crane, M. A. | Shermock, K. M. | Omer, S. B. | Romley, J. A. C1 - 2021-02-05 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02052021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 2 DO - 10.1001/jama.2021.0286 ET - 2021/01/23 IS - 9 KW - *Attitude to Health | COVID-19/*prevention & control/transmission | Communicable Disease Control/methods/*trends | Disease Transmission, Infectious/prevention & control | Health Behavior | Humans | Masks/trends | Physical Distancing | Quarantine/trends | Surveys and Questionnaires | United States L1 - internal-pdf://0916688024/Crane-2021-Change in Reported Adherence to Non.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Crane, Matthew A; Shermock, Kenneth M; Omer, Saad B; Romley, John A; eng; U01 AG054580/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA. 2021 Mar 2;325(9):883-885. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.0286. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: National survey responses from 7,705 participants between April 1 and November 24, 2020, showed a decrease in adherence to nonpharmacological interventions indicating “pandemic fatigue; however, there was in increase in self-reported mask-wearing which may reflect improved public health messaging. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 883-885 ST - Change in Reported Adherence to Nonpharmaceutical Interventions During the COVID-19 Pandemic, April-November 2020 T2 - JAMA TI - Change in Reported Adherence to Nonpharmaceutical Interventions During the COVID-19 Pandemic, April-November 2020 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33480971 VL - 325 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1470 ER - TY - JOUR AB - While real-time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on nasopharyngeal swabs is the current standard for SARS-CoV-2 detection, saliva is an attractive alternative for diagnosis and screening due to ease of collection and minimal supply requirements. Studies on the sensitivity of saliva-based SARS-CoV-2 molecular testing have shown considerable variability. We conducted a prospective, longitudinal study to investigate the testing timeframe that optimizes saliva sensitivity for SARS-CoV-2 detection. AD - Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. | Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles. | Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles. AN - 34387653 AU - Congrave-Wilson, Zion | Lee, Yesun | Jumarang, Jaycee | Perez, Stephanie | Bender, Jeffrey M. | Bard, Jennifer Dien | Pannaraj, Pia S. C1 - 2021-08-20 C2 - Testing CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08202021_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 21 DO - 10.1001/jama.2021.13967 ET - 2021/08/14 IS - 11 KW - COVID-19/*diagnosis | COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing/*methods | Humans | Nasopharynx/virology | Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction | Saliva/*virology | Sensitivity and Specificity L1 - internal-pdf://0746151378/Congrave-Wilson-2021-Change in Saliva RT-PCR S.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Congrave-Wilson, Zion | Lee, Yesun | Jumarang, Jaycee | Perez, Stephanie | Bender, Jeffrey M | Bard, Jennifer Dien | Pannaraj, Pia S | eng | U01 AI144616/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | Letter | Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural | JAMA. 2021 Sep 21;326(11):1065-1067. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.13967. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In a longitudinal study of paired nasopharyngeal and saliva specimens collected every 3�? days, saliva sensitivity for SARS-CoV-2 detection was highest in specimens collected during the 1st week of infection (71.2%, 95% CI 62.6%-78.8%) and decreased each subsequent week. Saliva testing might be useful for detecting SARS-CoV-2 in the first 2 weeks after symptom onset, but sensitivity for screening asymptomatic people was <60% at all time points. SN - 0098-7484 SP - 1065-1067 ST - Change in Saliva RT-PCR Sensitivity Over the Course of SARS-CoV-2 Infection T2 - JAMA TI - Change in Saliva RT-PCR Sensitivity Over the Course of SARS-CoV-2 Infection UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.13967 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/2783249/jama_congravewilson_2021_ld_210052_1628711364.41625.pdf VL - 326 Y2 - 8/23/2021 ID - 2232 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Objectives. To examine how sociodemographic, political, religious, and civic characteristics; trust in science; and fixed versus fluid worldview were associated with evolving public support for social distancing, indoor mask wearing, and contact tracing to control the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods. Surveys were conducted with a nationally representative cohort of US adults in April, July, and November 2020.Results. Support for social distancing among US adults dropped from 89% in April to 79% in July, but then remained stable in November 2020 at 78%. In July and November, more than three quarters of respondents supported mask wearing and nearly as many supported contact tracing. In regression-adjusted models, support differences for social distancing, mask wearing, and contact tracing were most pronounced by age, partisanship, and trust in science. Having a more fluid worldview independently predicted higher support for contact tracing.Conclusions. Ongoing resistance to nonpharmaceutical public health responses among key subgroups challenge transmission control.Public Health Implications. Developing persuasive communication efforts targeting young adults, political conservatives, and those distrusting science should be a critical priority. AD - Colleen L. Barry, Kelly E. Anderson, Rachel Presskreischer, and Emma E. McGinty are with the Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Hahrie Han is with Stavros Niarchos Foundation Agora Institute of Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. AN - 33734840 AU - Barry, C. L. | Anderson, K. E. | Han, H. | Presskreischer, R. | McGinty, E. E. C1 - 2021-04-02 C2 - Social, Behavioral, and Communication Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04022021_covidupdate.html DA - May DO - 10.2105/AJPH.2020.306148 ET - 2021/03/19 IS - 5 KW - Adult | Aged | COVID-19/*prevention & control | *Contact Tracing/statistics & numerical data/trends | Female | Humans | Male | Masks/*trends | Middle Aged | *Physical Distancing | Politics | Public Health/*trends | Science | Socioeconomic Factors | Surveys and Questionnaires L1 - internal-pdf://2221080967/ajph.2020.306148.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Barry, Colleen L; Anderson, Kelly E; Han, Hahrie; Presskreischer, Rachel; McGinty, Emma E; eng; T32 MH109436/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/; T32 HS000029/HS/AHRQ HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Am J Public Health. 2021 May;111(5):937-948. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2020.306148. Epub 2021 Mar 18. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Support for social distancing decreased from 89% in April to 79% in July but remained steady at 78% in November 2020. | In July and November, most respondents supported mask wearing (80% and 79%, respectively) and contact tracing (74% and 73%, respectively). | Differences in support for social distancing (Figure) and other mitigation efforts were most pronounced by age, political affiliation, and trust in science. | Methods: Survey conducted among a nationally representative cohort of US adults in April (n = 1,468), July (n = 1,337), and November (n = 1,222) 2020 using a 5-point Likert scale to measure support for COVID-19 mitigation efforts by political partisanship, trust in science, and fixed (e.g., prioritizing social order and hierarchies) vs. fluid (e.g., valuing independence and self-reliance) worldview. Limitations: Loss to follow-up differed by demographics, education, income, and support of social distancing. | Implications: This study highlights challenges in reaching key groups to help mitigate the spread of COVID-19. Developing persuasive communication efforts for those distrusting science should be a priority. SN - 1541-0048 (Electronic); 0090-0036 (Linking) SP - 937-948 ST - Change Over Time in Public Support for Social Distancing, Mask Wearing, and Contact Tracing to Combat the COVID-19 Pandemic Among US Adults, April to November 2020 T2 - Am J Public Health TI - Change Over Time in Public Support for Social Distancing, Mask Wearing, and Contact Tracing to Combat the COVID-19 Pandemic Among US Adults, April to November 2020 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33734840 VL - 111 ID - 1640 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Intense nonpharmaceutical interventions were put in place in China to stop transmission of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). As transmission intensifies in other countries, the interplay between age, contact patterns, social distancing, susceptibility to infection, and COVID-19 dynamics remains unclear. To answer these questions, we analyze contact survey data for Wuhan and Shanghai before and during the outbreak and contact-tracing information from Hunan province. Daily contacts were reduced seven- to eightfold during the COVID-19 social distancing period, with most interactions restricted to the household. We find that children 0 to 14 years of age are less susceptible to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection than adults 15 to 64 years of age (odds ratio 0.34, 95% confidence interval 0.24 to 0.49), whereas individuals more than 65 years of age are more susceptible to infection (odds ratio 1.47, 95% confidence interval 1.12 to 1.92). Based on these data, we built a transmission model to study the impact of social distancing and school closure on transmission. We find that social distancing alone, as implemented in China during the outbreak, is sufficient to control COVID-19. Although proactive school closures cannot interrupt transmission on their own, they can reduce peak incidence by 40 to 60% and delay the epidemic. AD - School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China. | ISI Foundation, Turin, Italy. | Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China. | Bruno Kessler Foundation, Trento, Italy. | Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. | Laboratory for the Modeling of Biological and Socio-technical Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA. | Bruno Kessler Foundation, Trento, Italy. marco.ajelli@gmail.com yhj@fudan.edu.cn. | School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China. marco.ajelli@gmail.com yhj@fudan.edu.cn. AN - 32350060 AU - Zhang, J. | Litvinova, M. | Liang, Y. | Wang, Y. | Wang, W. | Zhao, S. | Wu, Q. | Merler, S. | Viboud, C. | Vespignani, A. | Ajelli, M. | Yu, H. C1 - 2020-05-15 C2 - Modeling and Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051520_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 26 DO - 10.1126/science.abb8001 ET - 2020/05/01 IS - 6498 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Age Factors | Aged | Behavior | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Child | Child, Preschool | China/epidemiology | Communicable Disease Control | Contact Tracing | Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/*prevention & control/*transmission | *Disease Outbreaks | Disease Susceptibility | Female | Humans | Infant | Male | Middle Aged | Models, Theoretical | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/*prevention & control/*transmission | SARS-CoV-2 | Schools | Workplace | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://2653473441/Zhang-2020-Changes in contact patterns shape t.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Zhang, Juanjuan; Litvinova, Maria; Liang, Yuxia; Wang, Yan; Wang, Wei; Zhao, Shanlu; Wu, Qianhui; Merler, Stefano; Viboud, Cecile; Vespignani, Alessandro; Ajelli, Marco; Yu, Hongjie; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Science. 2020 Jun 26;368(6498):1481-1486. doi: 10.1126/science.abb8001. Epub 2020 Apr 29. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Social distancing alone dramatically reduced daily contacts and was sufficient to control the COVID-19 epidemic. This finding held irrespective of assumptions regarding susceptibility to infection by age (Figure). | Proactive school closures were insufficient to interrupt COVID-19 transmission but could decrease peak incidence by 40%-60%. | Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection increased with age; compared with persons aged 15-64 years, individuals over 65 years had higher risk of infection (Odds ratio [OR] 1.47 95% CI, 1.12-1.92) whereas children aged 0-14 years had lower risk (OR 34 95% CI, 0.24-0.49). | Methods: Contact survey data for Wuhan (n = 636) and Shanghai (n = 557) before and during the outbreak, as well as contact tracing information from Hunan Province, were used to construct a model to predict the impact of social distancing, school closure, and age on disease transmission. Limitations: The effect of social distancing was estimated alone, without considering factors such as decontamination efforts and use of face masks. | Implications: Social distancing is an effective measure to control COVID-19. School closures were helpful, but alone were insufficient to control the local epidemics. Understanding the interplay between age, contact patterns, social distancing, and susceptibility to infection may help to inform interventions. SN - 1095-9203 (Electronic); 0036-8075 (Linking) SP - 1481-1486 ST - Changes in contact patterns shape the dynamics of the COVID-19 outbreak in China T2 - Science TI - Changes in contact patterns shape the dynamics of the COVID-19 outbreak in China UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32350060 VL - 368 ID - 185 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Since May 2021, the US has offered COVID-19 vaccines to all adults, yet only 66% of adults were fully vaccinated by September 25, 2021. The Delta variant surge heightens the importance of vaccination.To optimize outreach and education, understanding the degree to which an individual’s intent to vaccinate changes over time and assessing factors that relate to rising vaccine likelihood are critical. For example, whether individuals who are initially “unsure�?or “unlikely�?will eventually be vaccinated is unknown. Most studies of vaccine intent are cross-sectional and cannot assess these changes. AD - Department of Pediatrics, University of California at Los Angeles. | Dornsife College of Letters Arts and Sciences Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California. | Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Office of Health Assessment and Epidemiology, Los Angeles, California. | Department of Medicine Statistics Core, University of California at Los Angeles. AN - 34643651 AU - Szilagyi, Peter G. | Thomas, Kyla | Shah, Megha D. | Vizueta, Nathalie | Cui, Yan | Vangala, Sitaram | Kapteyn, Arie C1 - 2021-10-22 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10222021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - Oct 13 DO - 10.1001/jama.2021.18761 ET - 2021/10/14 L1 - internal-pdf://4014625642/Szilagyi-2021-Changes in COVID-19 Vaccine Inte.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Szilagyi, Peter G | Thomas, Kyla | Shah, Megha D | Vizueta, Nathalie | Cui, Yan | Vangala, Sitaram | Kapteyn, Arie | eng | JAMA. 2021 Oct 13. pii: 2785290. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.18761. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 6,052 U.S. adults, the likelihood of vaccination remained stable during April–July 2021. Of 564 respondents who were somewhat/very likely to get vaccinated in April/May, 45.6% reported being vaccinated by June/July. Of 1,403 respondents who were very/somewhat unlikely or unsure in April/May, 7.3% reported being vaccinated by June/July. SN - 0098-7484 ST - Changes in COVID-19 Vaccine Intent From April/May to June/July 2021 T2 - JAMA TI - Changes in COVID-19 Vaccine Intent From April/May to June/July 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.18761 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/2785290/jama_szilagyi_2021_ld_210071_1634065588.22172.pdf Y2 - 10/25/2021 ID - 2514 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has placed unprecedented strain on patients and health care professionals and institutions, but the association of the pandemic with use of preventive, elective, and nonelective care, as well as potential disparities in use of health care, remain unknown. Objective: To examine changes in health care use during the first 2 months of the COVID-19 pandemic in March and April of 2020 relative to March and April of 2019 and 2018, and to examine whether changes in use differ by patient's zip code-level race/ethnicity or income. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study analyzed health insurance claims for patients from all 50 US states who receive health insurance through their employers. Changes in use of preventive services, nonelective care, elective procedures, prescription drugs, in-person office visits, and telemedicine visits were examined during the first 2 months of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 relative to existing trends in 2019 and 2018. Disparities in the association of the pandemic with health care use based on patient's zip code-level race and income were also examined. Results: Data from 5.6, 6.4, and 6.8 million US individuals with employer-sponsored insurance in 2018, 2019, and 2020, respectively, were analyzed. Patient demographics were similar in all 3 years (mean [SD] age, 34.3 [18.6] years in 2018, 34.3 [18.5] years in 2019, and 34.5 [18.5] years in 2020); 50.0% women in 2018, 49.5% women in 2019, and 49.5% women in 2020). In March and April 2020, regression-adjusted use rate per 10000 persons changed by -28.2 (95% CI, -30.5 to -25.9) and -64.5 (95% CI, -66.8 to -62.2) for colonoscopies; -149.1 (95% CI, -162.0 to -16.2) and -342.1 (95% CI, -355.0 to -329.2) for mammograms; -60.0 (95% CI, -63.3 to -54.7) and -118.1 (95% CI, -112.4 to -113.9) for hemoglobin A1c tests; -300.5 (95% CI, -346.5 to -254.5) and -369.0 (95% CI, -414.7 to -323.4) for child vaccines; -4.6 (95% CI, -5.3 to -3.9) and -10.9 (95% CI, -11.6 to -10.2) for musculoskeletal surgery; -1.1 (95% CI, -1.4 to -0.7) and -3.4 (95% CI, -3.8 to -3.0) for cataract surgery; -13.4 (95% CI, -14.6 to -12.2) and -31.4 (95% CI, -32.6 to -30.2) for magnetic resonance imaging; and -581.1 (95% CI, -612.9 to -549.3) and -1465 (95% CI, -1496 to -1433) for in-person office visits. Use of telemedicine services increased by 227.9 (95% CI, 221.7 to 234.1) per 10000 persons and 641.6 (95% CI, 635.5 to 647.8) per 10000 persons. Patients living in zip codes with lower-income or majority racial/ethnic minority populations experienced smaller reductions in in-person visits (>/=80% racial/ethnic minority zip code: 200.0 per 10000 [95% CI, 128.9-270.1]; 79%-21% racial/ethnic minority zip code: 54.2 per 10000 [95% CI, 33.6-74.9]) but also had lower rates of adoption of telemedicine (>/=80% racial/ethnic minority zip code: -71.6 per 10000 [95% CI, -87.6 to -55.5]; 79%-21% racial/ethnic minority zip code: -15.1 per 10000 [95% CI, -19.8 to -10.4]). Conclusions and Relevance: In this cross-sectional study of a large US population with employer-sponsored insurance, the first 2 months of the COVID-19 pandemic were associated with dramatic reductions in the use of preventive and elective care. Use of telemedicine increased rapidly but not enough to account for reductions in in-person primary care visits. Race and income disparities at the zip code level exist in use of telemedicine. AD - RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California. | Castlight Health, San Francisco, California. | Sol Price School of Public Policy and Schaeffer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles. | National Bureau for Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts. | Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford, California. AN - 33151319 AU - Whaley, C. M. | Pera, M. F. | Cantor, J. | Chang, J. | Velasco, J. | Hagg, H. K. | Sood, N. | Bravata, D. M. C1 - 2020-12-01 C2 - Telemedicine CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/120120_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 2 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.24984 ET - 2020/11/06 IS - 11 KW - Adult | COVID-19/*epidemiology/therapy | Cross-Sectional Studies | Employment/statistics & numerical data | Female | Health Services Accessibility/*statistics & numerical data | Healthcare Disparities/statistics & numerical data | Humans | Insurance, Health/*statistics & numerical data | Male | Middle Aged | Minority Groups/statistics & numerical data | Patient Acceptance of Health Care/*statistics & numerical data | Patient Preference/*statistics & numerical data | Primary Health Care | *SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://2075131247/Whaley-2020-Changes in Health Services Use Amo.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Whaley, Christopher M; Pera, Megan F; Cantor, Jonathan; Chang, Jennie; Velasco, Julia; Hagg, Heather K; Sood, Neeraj; Bravata, Dena M; eng; K01 AG061274/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Nov 2;3(11):e2024984. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.24984. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In-person office visits decreased by 25% in March 2020 and 68% in April 2020 compared with the previous two years. | Regression-adjusted use of telemedicine services increased by 227.9 (95% CI 221.7-234.1) per 10,000 persons and 641.6 (95% CI 635.5-647.8) per 10,000 persons in March 2020 and April 2020, respectively. | Telemedicine services offset 40% of in-person office visits in March 2020, and 42% of in-person office visits in April 2020. | Compared with patients living in zip codes with higher income or predominately White populations, during March and April 2020, patients living in zip codes with lower-income or majority racial/ethnic minority populations had: (Figure); Lower reductions in childhood vaccinations. | Smaller reductions in in-person visits. | Lower rates of adoption of telemedicine. | Methods: Cross-sectional study assessing trends in the use of health services (such as health care service office visits, telemedicine services, and childhood vaccination) analyzing health insurance claims data from January 1, 2018 to April 30, 2020. Limitations: Data included only individuals with employer-sponsored insurance. | Implications for three articles (Tam et al., Whaley et al., & Patel et al.): Telemedicine in the US during the early COVID-19 pandemic did not offset the drop in in-person visits and was not equally adopted across racial and socioeconomic lines. When scaling up telemedicine during and after COVID-19 pandemic it will be important to consider the special needs of socio-economically disenfranchised populations. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e2024984 ST - Changes in Health Services Use Among Commercially Insured US Populations During the COVID-19 Pandemic T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Changes in Health Services Use Among Commercially Insured US Populations During the COVID-19 Pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33151319 VL - 3 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1275 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Quest Diagnostics, Secaucus, New Jersey. AN - 32749465 AU - Kaufman, H. W. | Chen, Z. | Niles, J. | Fesko, Y. C1 - 2020-08-14 C2 - Collateral Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08142020_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 3 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.17267 ET - 2020/08/05 IS - 8 KW - Aged | Betacoronavirus/isolation & purification | Covid-19 | Comorbidity | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Cross-Sectional Studies | Delayed Diagnosis/*prevention & control | Female | Humans | Incidence | Infection Control/*organization & administration | Male | Middle Aged | *Neoplasms/classification/diagnosis/epidemiology | Pandemics/*statistics & numerical data | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | SARS-CoV-2 | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://3628749099/Kaufman-2020-Changes in the Number of US Patie.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Kaufman, Harvey W; Chen, Zhen; Niles, Justin; Fesko, Yuri; eng; JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Aug 3;3(8):e2017267. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.17267. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; From March 1 to April 18, 2020, the weekly number of newly diagnosed patients declined 46.4% for 6 types of cancer (Figure). | Largest decrease was for breast cancer, 51.8%, p <0.001. | Smallest decrease was for pancreatic cancer, 24.7%, p = 0.01. | Methods: Cross-sectional study of 278,778 new diagnoses for any of 6 cancer types (breast, colorectal, lung, pancreatic, gastric, and esophageal). Weekly counts for diagnoses between January 6, 2018 and February 29, 2020 were compared with diagnoses between March 1 and April 18, 2020). Limitations: Impact of delayed diagnoses of cancer likely depends on the severity of disease at diagnosis relative to pre-pandemic levels. | Implications for 4 studies (Jeffery et al., Kim et al., Kaufman et al., & Yin et al.): Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic include disruptions to health service provision and potential indirect effects on population health. Delays in preventive care could lead to excess morbidity and mortality across numerous health conditions, as well as exacerbate racial and ethnic disparities (see Balogun et al. Disparities in cancer outcomes due to COVID-19 �?A tale of two citiesexternal icon). Even with the stress COVID-19 places on global public health and health care, proactive outreach and prioritization of essential health services remains vital. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e2017267 ST - Changes in the Number of US Patients With Newly Identified Cancer Before and During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Changes in the Number of US Patients With Newly Identified Cancer Before and During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32749465 VL - 3 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 710 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Early detection of disease progression associated with severe COVID-19, and access to proper medical care lowers fatality rates of severe cases. Currently, no studies had systematically examined the variables in detecting severe COVID-19. METHOD: Systematic searching of electronic databases identified observational studies which recruited participants with confirmed COVID-19 infection who were divided into different groups according to disease severity were identified. RESULTS: To analysis 41 studies with 5064 patients were included.Patients who are elderly (SMD, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.01 to 2.8), male (OR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.39 to 2.11) and have comorbidities or flu-like symptoms were significantly associated with the development to severe cases. Severe cases were associated with significant increased WBC (OR, 5.83; 95% CI, 2.76 to 12.32), CRP (OR, 3.62; 95% CI, 1.62 to 8.03), D-dimer (SMD, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.09 to 2.28), AST (OR, 4.64; 95% CI, 3.18 to 6.77) and LDH (OR, 7.94; 95% CI, 2.09 to 30.21). CT manifestation of bilateral lung involvement (OR, 4.55; 95% CI, 2.17 to 9.51) was associated with the severe cases. Conclusions and Relevance: Our findings offer guidance for a wide spectrum of clinicians to early identify severe COVID-19 patients, transport to specialised centres, and initiate appropriate treatment. Key Messages This systematic review and meta-analysis examined 41 studies including 5,064 patients with confirmed COVID-19. Severe cases were associated with age, male gender, and with fever, cough and respiratory diseases, increased WBC, CRP, D-dimer, AST and LDH levels. Furthermore, CT manifestation of bilateral lung involvement was associated with the severe cases. These findings provide guidance to health professionals with early identification of severe COVID-19 patients, transportation to specialised care and initiate appropriate supportive treatment. AD - Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Center of Evidence Based Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China. | Department of Public Service, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China. | Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China. | Department of Anesthesiology, Central Hospital, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, China. | Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China. | Department of Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University/Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, China. | Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China. AN - 32755287 AU - Wu, X. | Liu, L. | Jiao, J. | Yang, L. | Zhu, B. | Li, X. C1 - 2020-08-14 C2 - Risk Factors and Vulnerabilities CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08142020_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1080/07853890.2020.1802061 ET - 2020/08/07 IS - 7 KW - Age Factors | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/diagnostic imaging/*epidemiology/physiopathology | Disease Progression | Female | Humans | Lung/*diagnostic imaging | Male | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/diagnostic imaging/*epidemiology/physiopathology | Risk Factors | Sex Factors | *Tomography, X-Ray Computed | *covid-19 | *clinical characteristics | *disease severity | *laboratory indicators | *meta-analysis L1 - internal-pdf://3905448716/Wu-2020-Characterisation of clinical, laborato.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Wu, Xiaomei; Liu, Lei; Jiao, Jinghua; Yang, Lina; Zhu, Bo; Li, Xin; eng; Meta-Analysis; Systematic Review; England; Ann Med. 2020 Nov;52(7):334-344. doi: 10.1080/07853890.2020.1802061. Epub 2020 Aug 11. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Severe COVID-19 is significantly associated with older age, male gender, a combination of chronic diseases and laboratory and pulmonary CT abnormalities. SN - 1365-2060 (Electronic); 0785-3890 (Linking) SP - 334-344 ST - Characterisation of clinical, laboratory and imaging factors related to mild vs. severe covid-19 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis T2 - Ann Med TI - Characterisation of clinical, laboratory and imaging factors related to mild vs. severe covid-19 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32755287 VL - 52 ID - 693 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BackgroundCOVID-19 is a multisystem disease and patients who survive might have in-hospital complications. These complications are likely to have important short-term and long-term consequences for patients, health-care utilisation, health-care system preparedness, and society amidst the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Our aim was to characterise the extent and effect of COVID-19 complications, particularly in those who survive, using the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infections Consortium WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol UK. AU - Drake, Thomas M. | Riad, Aya M. | Fairfield, Cameron J. | Egan, Conor | Knight, Stephen R. | Pius, Riinu | Hardwick, Hayley E. | Norman, Lisa | Shaw, Catherine A. | McLean, Kenneth A. | Thompson, A. A. Roger | Ho, Antonia | Swann, Olivia V. | Sullivan, Michael | Soares, Felipe | Holden, Karl A. | Merson, Laura | Plotkin, Daniel | Sigfrid, Louise | de Silva, Thushan I. | Girvan, Michelle | Jackson, Clare | Russell, Clark D. | Dunning, Jake | Solomon, Tom | Carson, Gail | Olliaro, Piero | Nguyen-Van-Tam, Jonathan S. | Turtle, Lance | Docherty, Annemarie B. | Openshaw, Peter J. M. | Baillie, J. Kenneth | Harrison, Ewen M. | Semple, Malcolm G. | Baillie, J. Kenneth | Semple, Malcolm G. | Openshaw, Peter J. M. | Carson, Gail | Alex, Beatrice | Bach, Benjamin | Barclay, Wendy S. | Bogaert, Debby | Chand, Meera | Cooke, Graham S. | Docherty, Annemarie B. | Dunning, Jake | da Silva Filipe, Ana | Fletcher, Tom | Green, Christopher A. | Harrison, Ewen M. | Hiscox, Julian A. | Ho, Antonia Y. W. | Horby, Peter W. | Ijaz, Samreen | Khoo, Say | Klenerman, Paul | Law, Andrew | Lim, Wei Shen | Mentzer, Alexander J. | Merson, Laura | Meynert, Alison M. | Noursadeghi, Mahdad | Moore, Shona C. | Palmarini, Massimo | Paxton, William A. | Pollakis, Georgios | Price, Nicholas | Rambaut, Andrew | Robertson, David L. | Russell, Clark D. | Sancho-Shimizu, Vanessa | Scott, Janet T. | de Silva, Thushan | Sigfrid, Louise | Solomon, Tom | Sriskandan, Shiranee | Stuart, David | Summers, Charlotte | Tedder, Richard S. | Thomson, Emma C. | Thompson, A. A. Roger | Thwaites, Ryan S. | Turtle, Lance C. W. | Gupta, Rishi K. | Palmieri, Carlo | Swann, Olivia V. | Zambon, Maria | Dumas, Marc-Emmanuel | Griffin, Julian | Takats, Zoltan | Chechi, Kanta | Andrikopoulos, Petros | Osagie, Anthonia | Olanipekun, Michael | Liggi, Sonia | Lewis, Matthew | dos Santos Correia, Gonçalo | Sands, Caroline | Takis, Panteleimon | Maslen, Lynn | Hardwick, Hayley | Donohue, Chloe | Griffiths, Fiona | Oosthuyzen, Wilna | Norman, Lisa | Pius, Riinu | Drake, Thomas M. | Fairfield, Cameron J. | Knight, Stephen R. | McLean, Kenneth A. | Murphy, Derek | Shaw, Catherine A. | Dalton, Jo | Girvan, Michelle | Saviciute, Egle | Roberts, Stephanie | Harrison, Janet | Marsh, Laura | Connor, Marie | Halpin, Sophie | Jackson, Clare | Gamble, Carrol | Plotkin, Daniel | Lee, James | Leeming, Gary | Law, Andrew | Wham, Murray | Clohisey, Sara | Hendry, Ross | Scott-Brown, James | Greenhalf, William | Shaw, Victoria | McDonald, Sarah E. | Keating, Se֙n | Ahmed, Katie A. | Armstrong, Jane A. | Ashworth, Milton | Asiimwe, Innocent G. | Bakshi, Siddharth | Barlow, Samantha L. | Booth, Laura | Brennan, Benjamin | Bullock, Katie | Catterall, Benjamin W. A. | Clark, Jordan J. | Clarke, Emily A. | Cole, Sarah | Cooper, Louise | Cox, Helen | Davis, Christopher | Dincarslan, Oslem | Dunn, Chris | Dyer, Philip | Elliott, Angela | Evans, Anthony | Finch, Lorna | Fisher, Lewis W. S. | Foster, Terry | Garcia-Dorival, Isabel | Greenhalf, William | Gunning, Philip | Hartley, Catherine | Jensen, Rebecca L. | Jones, Christopher B. | Jones, Trevor R. | Khandaker, Shadia | King, Katharine | Kiy, Robyn T. | Koukorava, Chrysa | Lake, Annette | Lant, Suzannah | Latawiec, Diane | Lavelle-Langham, Lara | Lefteri, Daniella | Lett, Lauren | Livoti, Lucia A. | Mancini, Maria | McDonald, Sarah | McEvoy, Laurence | McLauchlan, John | Metelmann, Soeren | Miah, Nahida S. | Middleton, Joanna | Mitchell, Joyce | Moore, Shona C. | Murphy, Ellen G. | Penrice-Randal, Rebekah | Pilgrim, Jack | Prince, Tessa | Reynolds, Will | Ridley, P. Matthew | Sales, Debby | Shaw, Victoria E. | Shears, Rebecca K. | Small, Benjamin | Subramaniam, Krishanthi S. | Szemiel, Agnieska | Taggart, Aislynn | Tanianis-Hughes, Jolanta | Thomas, Jordan | Trochu, Erwan | van Tonder, Libby | Wilcock, Eve | Zhang, J. Eunice | Flaherty, Lisa | Maziere, Nicole | Cass, Emily | Doce Carracedo, Alejandra | Carlucci, Nicola | Holmes, Anthony | Massey, Hannah | Murphy, Lee | Wrobel, Nicola | McCafferty, Sarah | Morrice, Kirstie | MacLean, Alan | Adeniji, Kayode | Agranoff, Daniel | Agwuh, Ken | Ail, Dhiraj | Aldera, Erin L. | Alegria, Ana | Angus, Brian | Ashish, Abdul | Atkinson, Dougal | Bari, Shahedal | Barlow, Gavin | Barnass, Stella | Barrett, Nicholas | Bassford, Christopher | Basude, Sneha | Baxter, David | Beadsworth, Michael | Bernatoniene, Jolanta | Berridge, John | Best, Nicola | Bothma, Pieter | Chadwick, David | Brittain-Long, Robin | Bulteel, Naomi | Burden, Tom | Burtenshaw, Andrew | Caruth, Vikki | Chadwick, David | Chambler, Duncan | Chee, Nigel | Child, Jenny | Chukkambotla, Srikanth | Clark, Tom | Collini, Paul | Cosgrove, Catherine | Cupitt, Jason | Cutino-Moguel, Maria-Teresa | Dark, Paul | Dawson, Chris | Dervisevic, Samir | Donnison, Phil | Douthwaite, Sam | Drummond, Andrew | DuRand, Ingrid | Dushianthan, Ahilanadan | Dyer, Tristan | Evans, Cariad | Eziefula, Chi | Fegan, Chrisopher | Finn, Adam | Fullerton, Duncan | Garg, Sanjeev | Garg, Sanjeev | Garg, Atul | Gkrania-Klotsas, Effrossyni | Godden, Jo | Goldsmith, Arthur | Graham, Clive | Hardy, Elaine | Hartshorn, Stuart | Harvey, Daniel | Havalda, Peter | Hawcutt, Daniel B. | Hobrok, Maria | Hodgson, Luke | Hormis, Anil | Jacobs, Michael | Jain, Susan | Jennings, Paul | Kaliappan, Agilan | Kasipandian, Vidya | Kegg, Stephen | Kelsey, Michael | Kendall, Jason | Kerrison, Caroline | Kerslake, Ian | Koch, Oliver | Koduri, Gouri | Koshy, George | Laha, Shondipon | Laird, Steven | Larkin, Susan | Leiner, Tamas | Lillie, Patrick | Limb, James | Linnett, Vanessa | Little, Jeff | Lyttle, Mark | MacMahon, Michael | MacNaughton, Emily | Mankregod, Ravish | Masson, Huw | Matovu, Elijah | McCullough, Katherine | McEwen, Ruth | Meda, Manjula | Mills, Gary | Minton, Jane | Mirfenderesky, Mariyam | Mohandas, Kavya | Mok, Quen | Moon, James | Moore, Elinoor | Morgan, Patrick | Morris, Craig | Mortimore, Katherine | Moses, Samuel | Mpenge, Mbiye | Mulla, Rohinton | Murphy, Michael | Nagel, Megan | Nagarajan, Thapas | Nelson, Mark | Norris, Lillian | O'Shea, Matthew K. | Otahal, Igor | Ostermann, Marlies | Pais, Mark | Palmieri, Carlo | Panchatsharam, Selva | Papakonstantinou, Danai | Paraiso, Hassan | Patel, Brij | Pattison, Natalie | Pepperell, Justin | Peters, Mark | Phull, Mandeep | Pintus, Stefania | Singh Pooni, Jagtur | Post, Frank | Price, David | Prout, Rachel | Rae, Nikolas | Reschreiter, Henrik | Reynolds, Tim | Richardson, Neil | Roberts, Mark | Roberts, Devender | Rose, Alistair | Rousseau, Guy | Ryan, Brendan | Saluja, Taranprit | Shah, Aarti | Shanmuga, Prad | Sharma, Anil | Shawcross, Anna | Sizer, Jeremy | Shankar-Hari, Manu | Smith, Richard | Snelson, Catherine | Spittle, Nick | Staines, Nikki | Stambach, Tom | Stewart, Richard | Subudhi, Pradeep | Szakmany, Tamas | Tatham, Kate | Thomas, Jo | Thompson, Chris | Thompson, Robert | Tridente, Ascanio | Tupper-Carey, Darell | Twagira, Mary | Vallotton, Nick | Vancheeswaran, Rama | Vincent-Smith, Lisa | Visuvanathan, Shico | Vuylsteke, Alan | Waddy, Sam | Wake, Rachel | Walden, Andrew | Welters, Ingeborg | Whitehouse, Tony | Whittaker, Paul | Whittington, Ashley | Papineni, Padmasayee | Wijesinghe, Meme | Williams, Martin | Wilson, Lawrence | Sarah, Sarah | Winchester, Stephen | Wiselka, Martin | Wolverson, Adam | Wootton, Daniel G. | Workman, Andrew | Yates, Bryan | Young, Peter C1 - 2021-07-23 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07232021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00799-6 IS - 10296 L1 - internal-pdf://2600104111/Drake-2021-Characterisation of in-hospital com.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Nearly 50% (n = 73,197) of adults with COVID-19 in 302 UK health care facilities developed at least 1 in-hospital complication. Presence of complications correlated with a higher risk of death. Complications were more likely in older patients and were more prevalent in males than in females. SE - 223 SN - 0140-6736 SP - 223-237 ST - Characterisation of in-hospital complications associated with COVID-19 using the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol UK: a prospective, multicentre cohort study T2 - Lancet TI - Characterisation of in-hospital complications associated with COVID-19 using the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol UK: a prospective, multicentre cohort study UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00799-6 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8285118/pdf/main.pdf VL - 398 Y2 - 2021/07/26 ID - 2123 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Most individuals with COVID-19 will recover without sequelae, but some will develop long- term multi-system impairments. The definition, duration, prevalence and symptoms associated with long COVID, however, have not been established.Methods Public Health England (PHE) initiated longitudinal surveillance of clinical and non-clinical healthcare workers for monthly blood sampling for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in March 2020. Eight months after enrolment, participants completed an online questionnaire including 72 symptoms in the preceding month. Symptomatic mild-to-moderate cases with confirmed COVID-19 were compared with asymptomatic, seronegative controls. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify independent symptoms associated with long COVID.Results All 2,147 participants were contacted and 1,671 (77.8%) completed the questionnaire, including 140 (8.4%) cases and 1,160 controls. At a median of 7.5 (IQR 7.1-7.8) months after infection, 20 cases (14.3%) had ongoing (4/140, 2.9%) or episodic (16/140, 11.4%) symptoms. We identified three clusters of symptoms associated with long COVID, those affecting the sensory (ageusia, anosmia, loss of appetite and blurred vision), neurological (forgetfulness, short-term memory loss and confusion/brain fog) and cardiorespiratory (chest tightness/pain, unusual fatigue, breathlessness after minimal exertion/at rest, palpitations) systems. The sensory cluster had the highest association with being a case (aOR 5.25, 95% CI 3.45-8.01). Dermatological, gynaecological, gastrointestinal or mental health symptoms were not significantly different between cases and controls.Conclusions Most persistent symptoms reported following mild COVID-19 were equally common in cases and controls. While all three clusters identified had a strong association with previous COVID-19 infection, the sensory cluster had the highest specificity and strength of association.Key points Compared to controls, we identified three clusters of symptoms affecting the sensory, neurological and cardiorespiratory systems that were more prevalent among cases. Notably, gastrointestinal and dermatological symptoms and symptoms related to mental health were as prevalent among cases as controls.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis study was internally funded by Public Health England with additional support provided by the NIHR Manchester Clinical Research Facility. The study was also carried out at the NIHR Manchester Clinical Research Facility. AH and BP are supported by the NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre. The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NGS, the NIHR, of the Department of Health.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:This study was approved by PHE Research & Public Health Practice Ethics and Governance Group (R&D REGG Ref NR 0190).All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData not available due to ethical restrictions AU - Amin-Chowdhury, Zahin | Harris, Ross J. | Aiano, Felicity | Zavala, Maria | Bertran, Marta | Borrow, Ray | Linley, Ezra | Ahmad, Shazaad | Parker, Ben | Horsley, Alex | Hallis, Bassam | Flood, Jessica | Brown, Kevin E. | Amirthalingam, Gayatri | Ramsay, Mary E. | Andrews, Nick | Ladhani, Shamez N. C1 - 2021-04-02 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04022021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.03.18.21253633 L1 - internal-pdf://1069690508/Amin-Chowdhury-2021-Characterising post-COVID.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Public Health England’s longitudinal surveillance study of health care workers (n=1,671) found sensory, neurological, and cardiorespiratory symptom clusters (Figure) were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection after a median of 7.5 months. SP - 2021.03.18.21253633 ST - Characterising post-COVID syndrome more than 6 months after acute infection in adults; prospective longitudinal cohort study, England T2 - medRxiv TI - Characterising post-COVID syndrome more than 6 months after acute infection in adults; prospective longitudinal cohort study, England UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/04/16/2021.03.18.21253633.full.pdf ID - 1628 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Objective To quantify the background incidence rates of 15 prespecified adverse events of special interest (AESIs) associated with covid-19 vaccines. Design Multinational network cohort study. Setting Electronic health records and health claims data from eight countries: Australia, France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States, mapped to a common data model. Participants 126�?61�?70 people observed for at least 365 days before 1 January 2017, 2018, or 2019 from 13 databases. Main outcome measures Events of interests were 15 prespecified AESIs (non-haemorrhagic and haemorrhagic stroke, acute myocardial infarction, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, anaphylaxis, Bell’s palsy, myocarditis or pericarditis, narcolepsy, appendicitis, immune thrombocytopenia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, encephalomyelitis (including acute disseminated encephalomyelitis), Guillain-Barré syndrome, and transverse myelitis). Incidence rates of AESIs were stratified by age, sex, and database. Rates were pooled across databases using random effects meta-analyses and classified according to the frequency categories of the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences. Results Background rates varied greatly between databases. Deep vein thrombosis ranged from 387 (95% confidence interval 370 to 404) per 100�?00 person years in UK CPRD GOLD data to 1443 (1416 to 1470) per 100�?00 person years in US IBM MarketScan Multi-State Medicaid data among women aged 65 to 74 years. Some AESIs increased with age. For example, myocardial infarction rates in men increased from 28 (27 to 29) per 100�?00 person years among those aged 18-34 years to 1400 (1374 to 1427) per 100�?00 person years in those older than 85 years in US Optum electronic health record data. Other AESIs were more common in young people. For example, rates of anaphylaxis among boys and men were 78 (75 to 80) per 100�?00 person years in those aged 6-17 years and 8 (6 to 10) per 100�?00 person years in those older than 85 years in Optum electronic health record data. Meta-analytic estimates of AESI rates were classified according to age and sex. Conclusion This study found large variations in the observed rates of AESIs by age group and sex, showing the need for stratification or standardisation before using background rates for safety surveillance. Considerable population level heterogeneity in AESI rates was found between databases. Data sharing: Patient level data cannot be shared without approval from data custodians owing to local information governance and data protection regulations. Aggregated data, analytical code, and detailed definitions of algorithms for identifying the events are available in a GitHub repository (https://github.com/ohdsi-studies/Covid19VaccineAesiIncidenceCharacterization). The results are available in an interactive web app (https://data.ohdsi.org/Covid19VaccineAesiIncidenceCharacterization). AU - Li, Xintong | Ostropolets, Anna | Makadia, Rupa | Shoaibi, Azza | Rao, Gowtham | Sena, Anthony G | Martinez-Hernandez, Eugenia | Delmestri, Antonella | Verhamme, Katia | Rijnbeek, Peter R | Duarte-Salles, Talita | Suchard, Marc A | Ryan, Patrick B | Hripcsak, George | Prieto-Alhambra, Daniel C1 - 2021-06-25 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06252021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1136/bmj.n1435 L1 - internal-pdf://2869560039/Li-2021-Characterising the background incidenc.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; While background incidence rates varied greatly across databases, similar age and sex trends were observed for each adverse event of special interest (AESI) (Figure). | Rates of deep vein thrombosis, acute myocardial infarction, hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic stroke, pulmonary embolism, Bell’s palsy, immune thrombocytopenia, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and disseminated intravascular coagulation increased with age (Figure). | Methods: Retrospective study using data from 13 electronic health record databases in 8 countries to determine background incidence rates of 15 AESIs potentially associated with COVID-19 vaccines. AESI data were collected from 126,661,070 individuals enrolled between January 1, 2017 and December 31, 2019. Age and sex-specific background incidence rates were calculated across databases and pooled. Limitations: Observational study. | Implications: Due to large variation in AESI rates between databases, the same data source should be used to compare post-COVID-19 vaccination (observed) and background (expected) AESI rates for vaccine safety monitoring. SE - n1435 SN - 1756-1833 SP - n1435 ST - Characterising the background incidence rates of adverse events of special interest for covid-19 vaccines in eight countries: multinational network cohort study T2 - BMJ TI - Characterising the background incidence rates of adverse events of special interest for covid-19 vaccines in eight countries: multinational network cohort study UR - https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/373/bmj.n1435.full.pdf VL - 373 ID - 1855 ER - TY - JOUR AD - COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia. | Epidemic Intelligence Service, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia. | Commissioned Corps, US Public Health Service, Rockville, Maryland. AN - 33835179 AU - Preston, L. E. | Chevinsky, J. R. | Kompaniyets, L. | Lavery, A. M. | Kimball, A. | Boehmer, T. K. | Goodman, A. B. C1 - 2021-04-16 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04162021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.5298 ET - 2021/04/10 IS - 4 KW - Adolescent | COVID-19/*epidemiology/*pathology | Child | Chronic Disease/*epidemiology | Comorbidity | Female | Humans | Male | Patient Discharge/*statistics & numerical data | SARS-CoV-2 | *Severity of Illness Index | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://3925107949/Preston-2021-Characteristics and Disease Sever.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Preston, Leigh Ellyn; Chevinsky, Jennifer R; Kompaniyets, Lyudmyla; Lavery, Amy M; Kimball, Anne; Boehmer, Tegan K; Goodman, Alyson B; eng; JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Apr 1;4(4):e215298. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.5298. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Pediatric patients (N = 756) who were hospitalized with severe COVID-19 between March 1 and October 31, 2020, were more likely to have �? chronic condition, to be aged 2-11 years, and male compared to hospitalized pediatric patients without severe COVID-19; there was no association between race/ethnicity or insurance type and severe COVID-19. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e215298 ST - Characteristics and Disease Severity of US Children and Adolescents Diagnosed With COVID-19 T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Characteristics and Disease Severity of US Children and Adolescents Diagnosed With COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33835179 VL - 4 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1662 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Recent case-series of small size implied a pathophysiological association between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and severe large-vessel acute ischemic stroke. Given that severe strokes are typically associated with poor prognosis and can be very efficiently treated with recanalization techniques, confirmation of this putative association is urgently warranted in a large representative patient cohort to alert stroke clinicians, and inform pre- and in-hospital acute stroke patient pathways. We pooled all consecutive patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 and acute ischemic stroke in 28 sites from 16 countries. To assess whether stroke severity and outcomes (assessed at discharge or at the latest assessment for those patients still hospitalized) in patients with acute ischemic stroke are different between patients with COVID-19 and non-COVID-19, we performed 1:1 propensity score matching analyses of our COVID-19 patients with non-COVID-19 patients registered in the Acute Stroke Registry and Analysis of Lausanne Registry between 2003 and 2019. Between January 27, 2020, and May 19, 2020, 174 patients (median age 71.2 years; 37.9% females) with COVID-19 and acute ischemic stroke were hospitalized (median of 12 patients per site). The median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale was 10 (interquartile range [IQR], 4-18). In the 1:1 matched sample of 336 patients with COVID-19 and non-COVID-19, the median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale was higher in patients with COVID-19 (10 [IQR, 4-18] versus 6 [IQR, 3-14]), P=0.03; (odds ratio, 1.69 [95% CI, 1.08-2.65] for higher National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score). There were 48 (27.6%) deaths, of which 22 were attributed to COVID-19 and 26 to stroke. Among 96 survivors with available information about disability status, 49 (51%) had severe disability at discharge. In the propensity score-matched population (n=330), patients with COVID-19 had higher risk for severe disability (median mRS 4 [IQR, 2-6] versus 2 [IQR, 1-4], P<0.001) and death (odds ratio, 4.3 [95% CI, 2.22-8.30]) compared with patients without COVID-19. Our findings suggest that COVID-19 associated ischemic strokes are more severe with worse functional outcome and higher mortality than non-COVID-19 ischemic strokes. AD - Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece (G.N.). | Stroke Center, Neurology Service, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland (P.M., E.M., D. Strambo). | School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College, London, United Kingdom (G.G.). | Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China (Y.G.). | Department of Urology (W.L.), Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, China. | Department of Nephrology (J.X.), Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, China. | Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, Doce de Octubre University Hospital, Instituto de Investigacion Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain (P.C., F.O., G.G.-O.). | Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ Health Research Institute, Madrid, Spain (B.F., M.A.d.L., E.D.-T.). | Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS Health Research Institute, Madrid, Spain (S.G.-M., J.M., A.D.). | Department of Neurology, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Universite de Paris, INSERM U1266, and FHU Neurovasc, France (G.T., B.G., V.D.). | Intensive Care Unit, Paulo Niemeyer State Brain Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (B.G.). | Colentina University Hospital, Medicine Faculty, University of Medicine "Carol Davila"-Bucharest, Romania (G.-A.D., R.V.). | Bispebjerg Hospital & University of Copenhagen, Denmark (H.C., L.M.C., P.M., L.H.). | Vascular Neurology Section - Stroke Center, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Maranon, Madrid, Spain (A.R.L., F.D.O., A.G.P., A.G.-N.). | Stroke Research Centre, Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom (D.J.W., A.C., L.B., R.S., R.P., R.B.). | Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA (P.J., A.S., S.T.). | Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar (E.C.-G., A.R.C., J.R.). | Neurovascular Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar (Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mediques), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona/DCEXS-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (E.C.-G., A.R.C., J.R.). | Department of Clinical Neuroscience (T.M., M.V.M.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. | Department of Neurology (T.M., M.V.M.), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. | Department of Neurology, San Paolo Hospital, Savona, Italy (F.B.). | Landesklinikum Modling, Neurologische Abteilung und Donau-Universitat Krems, Zentrum fur Vaskulare Pravention, Krems, Austria (K.M.). | Stroke Centre Rigshospitalet, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (H.K.I.). | Department of Neurology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, a COVID Center, Mexico City (A.G.-D.). | Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania (C.T.). | University Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania (C.T.). | Department of Neurology, Krankenhaus Barmherzige Bruder, Vienna, Austria (J.F.). | Department of Neurology 2 (M.R.V.), Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria. | Department of Pulmonary Medicine (H.J.F.S., B.L.), Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria. | Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria (M.W.D.). | Stroke Center EOC, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Lugano (C.W.C.). | Department of Neurology, Hospital Departamental Universitario del Quindio San Juan de DiosArmenia, Colombia (A.B.C.Q.). | Department of Clinical Therapeutics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Alexandra Hospital, Greece (E.K.). | Internal Medicine, Fundacion Clinica Medica Sur, Mexico City (E.S.-N., L.E.S.-R., P.F.C.-M., D.B.-S.). | Stroke Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Neurologia y Neurocirugia Manuel Velasco Suarez, Mexico City (A.A., V.C.-N.). | Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, Norway (E.S.K.). | Department of General Practice, HELSAM, University of Oslo (E.S.K.). | Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, Finland (M.T., D. Strbian, J.P.). | Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart & Chest Hospital, United Kingdom (G.Y.H.L.). | Aalborg Thrombosis Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark (G.Y.H.L.). AN - 32787707 AU - Ntaios, G. | Michel, P. | Georgiopoulos, G. | Guo, Y. | Li, W. | Xiong, J. | Calleja, P. | Ostos, F. | Gonzalez-Ortega, G. | Fuentes, B. | Alonso de Lecinana, M. | Diez-Tejedor, E. | Garcia-Madrona, S. | Masjuan, J. | DeFelipe, A. | Turc, G. | Goncalves, B. | Domigo, V. | Dan, G. A. | Vezeteu, R. | Christensen, H. | Christensen, L. M. | Meden, P. | Hajdarevic, L. | Rodriguez-Lopez, A. | Diaz-Otero, F. | Garcia-Pastor, A. | Gil-Nunez, A. | Maslias, E. | Strambo, D. | Werring, D. J. | Chandratheva, A. | Benjamin, L. | Simister, R. | Perry, R. | Beyrouti, R. | Jabbour, P. | Sweid, A. | Tjoumakaris, S. | Cuadrado-Godia, E. | Campello, A. R. | Roquer, J. | Moreira, T. | Mazya, M. V. | Bandini, F. | Matz, K. | Iversen, H. K. | Gonzalez-Duarte, A. | Tiu, C. | Ferrari, J. | Vosko, M. R. | Salzer, H. J. F. | Lamprecht, B. | Dunser, M. W. | Cereda, C. W. | Quintero, A. B. C. | Korompoki, E. | Soriano-Navarro, E. | Soto-Ramirez, L. E. | Castaneda-Mendez, P. F. | Bay-Sansores, D. | Arauz, A. | Cano-Nigenda, V. | Kristoffersen, E. S. | Tiainen, M. | Strbian, D. | Putaala, J. | Lip, G. Y. H. C1 - 2020-07-21 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072120_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.031208 DP - NLM ET - 2020/08/14 IS - 9 KW - Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Brain Ischemia/*complications/diagnostic imaging/therapy | Covid-19 | Cohort Studies | Coronavirus Infections/*complications/diagnostic imaging/therapy | Disability Evaluation | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications/diagnostic imaging/therapy | Propensity Score | Recovery of Function | Registries | Stroke/*complications/diagnostic imaging/therapy | Survival Analysis | Time-to-Treatment | Tomography, X-Ray Computed | Treatment Outcome | *covid-19 | *coronavirus | *prognosis | *propensity score | *survivors L1 - internal-pdf://2759358073/Ntaios-2020-Characteristics and Outcomes in Pa.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Ntaios, George; Michel, Patrik; Georgiopoulos, Georgios; Guo, Yutao; Li, Wencheng; Xiong, Jing; Calleja, Patricia; Ostos, Fernando; Gonzalez-Ortega, Guillermo; Fuentes, Blanca; Alonso de Lecinana, Maria; Diez-Tejedor, Exuperio; Garcia-Madrona, Sebastian; Masjuan, Jaime; DeFelipe, Alicia; Turc, Guillaume; Goncalves, Bruno; Domigo, Valerie; Dan, Gheorghe-Andrei; Vezeteu, Roxana; Christensen, Hanne; Christensen, Louisa Marguerite; Meden, Per; Hajdarevic, Lejla; Rodriguez-Lopez, Angela; Diaz-Otero, Fernando; Garcia-Pastor, Andres; Gil-Nunez, Antonio; Maslias, Errikos; Strambo, Davide; Werring, David J; Chandratheva, Arvind; Benjamin, Laura; Simister, Robert; Perry, Richard; Beyrouti, Rahma; Jabbour, Pascal; Sweid, Ahmad; Tjoumakaris, Stavropoula; Cuadrado-Godia, Elisa; Campello, Ana Rodriguez; Roquer, Jaume; Moreira, Tiago; Mazya, Michael V; Bandini, Fabio; Matz, Karl; Iversen, Helle K; Gonzalez-Duarte, Alejandra; Tiu, Cristina; Ferrari, Julia; Vosko, Milan R; Salzer, Helmut J F; Lamprecht, Bernd; Dunser, Martin W; Cereda, Carlo W; Quintero, Angel Basilio Corredor; Korompoki, Eleni; Soriano-Navarro, Eduardo; Soto-Ramirez, Luis Enrique; Castaneda-Mendez, Paulo F; Bay-Sansores, Daniela; Arauz, Antonio; Cano-Nigenda, Vanessa; Kristoffersen, Espen Saxhaug; Tiainen, Marjaana; Strbian, Daniel; Putaala, Jukka; Lip, Gregory Y H; eng; Stroke. 2020 Sep;51(9):e254-e258. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.031208. Epub 2020 Jul 9. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Acute ischemic strokes (AIS) are more severe with worse functional outcome and higher mortality among patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 than non-COVID-19 patients with ischemic strokes. | Median modified Rankin Scale score in stroke patients was 4 (COVID-19) vs 2 (non-COVID-19), p <0.001 (Figure 1). | Odds ratio of death among COVID-19 patients: 4.3 (95% CI 2.22�?.30) compared with patients with non-COVID-19. | The median National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) was 10 in patients with COVID-19 vs. 6 in non-COVID-19 patients, p = 0.03 (Figure 2). | ; Methods: Observational study of patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 and acute ischemic stroke in 28 sites from 16 countries. Propensity score matching was used to compare patients with COVID-19 and AIS hospitalized between January 27 and May 19, 2020, to non-COVID-19 patients during 2003-2019 to assess stroke severity (estimated by the National Institute of Health Stroke Scaleexternal icon) and outcomes (assessed by the modified Rankin Scaleexternal icon). Limitations: Single site match cohort and potential unobserved indicators. | Implications: The association between COVID-19 and severe stroke highlights the urgent need for stroke awareness during the pandemic, especially since severe strokes have typically poor prognosis but can potentially be treated with focused care. SN - 1524-4628 (Electronic); 0039-2499 (Linking) SP - e254-e258 ST - Characteristics and Outcomes in Patients With COVID-19 and Acute Ischemic Stroke: The Global COVID-19 Stroke Registry T2 - Stroke TI - Characteristics and Outcomes in Patients With COVID-19 and Acute Ischemic Stroke: The Global COVID-19 Stroke Registry UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32787707 VL - 51 ID - 564 ER - TY - JOUR AB - RATIONALE: Detailed data on the characteristics and outcomes of patients with COVID-19 in sub-Saharan Africa are limited. OBJECTIVE: We determined the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in Uganda. MEASUREMENTS: As of the 16 May 2020, a total of 203 cases had been confirmed. We report on the first 56 patients; 29 received hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and 27 did not. Endpoints included admission to intensive care, mechanical ventilation or death during hospitalisation. MAIN RESULTS: The median age was 34.2 years; 67.9% were male; and 14.6% were <18 years. Up 57.1% of the patients were asymptomatic. The most common symptoms were fever (21.4%), cough (19.6%), rhinorrhea (16.1%), headache (12.5%), muscle ache (7.1%) and fatigue (7.1%). Rates of comorbidities were 10.7% (pre-existing hypertension), 10.7% (diabetes) and 7.1% (HIV), Body Mass Index (BMI) of >/=30 36.6%. 37.0% had a blood pressure (BP) of >130/90 mm Hg, and 27.8% had BP of >140/90 mm Hg. Laboratory derangements were leucopenia (10.6%), lymphopenia (11.1%) and thrombocytopenia (26.3%). Abnormal chest X-ray was observed in 14.3%. No patients reached the primary endpoint. Time to clinical recovery was shorter among patients who received HCQ, but this difference did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Most of the patients with COVID-19 presented with mild disease and exhibited a clinical trajectory not similar to other countries. Outcomes did not differ by HCQ treatment status in line with other concluded studies on the benefit of using HCQ in the treatment of COVID-19. AD - Lung Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda brucekirenga@yahoo.co.uk. | Lung Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. | Dpartment of Medicine, Entebbe Regional Referral Hospital, Entebbe, Uganda. | Pulmonary and Critical Care, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. | Uganda Peoples Defense Forces, Uganda Heart Institute Ltd, Kampala, Uganda. | Department of Radiology, Mulago National Specialised Hospital, Kampala, Uganda. | Uganda Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda. | Department of Medicine, Mulago National Specialised Hospital, Kampala, Uganda. | Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda. | Department of Paediatrics, Mulago National Specialised Hospital, Kampala, Uganda. | Department of Nursing, Mulago National Specialised Hospital, Kampala, Uganda. | School of Public Health, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda. | Department of Medicine, Entebbe Regional Referral Hospital, Entebbe, Uganda. | Pathology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda. | Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda. | Republic of Uganda Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda. | Entebbe Regional Refferal Hospital, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. AN - 32900781 AU - Kirenga, B. | Muttamba, W. | Kayongo, A. | Nsereko, C. | Siddharthan, T. | Lusiba, J. | Mugenyi, L. | Byanyima, R. K. | Worodria, W. | Nakwagala, F. | Nantanda, R. | Kimuli, I. | Katagira, W. | Bagaya, B. S. | Nasinghe, E. | Aanyu-Tukamuhebwa, H. | Amuge, B. | Sekibira, R. | Buregyeya, E. | Kiwanuka, N. | Muwanga, M. | Kalungi, S. | Joloba, M. L. | Kateete, D. P. | Byarugaba, B. | Kamya, M. R. | Mwebesa, H. | Bazeyo, W. C1 - 2020-09-18 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091820_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1136/bmjresp-2020-000646 ET - 2020/09/10 IS - 1 KW - Adult | Age Factors | *Betacoronavirus | Body Mass Index | Covid-19 | Cohort Studies | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/*therapy | Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use | Female | Hospital Mortality | Hospitalization | Humans | Hydroxychloroquine/therapeutic use | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/*therapy | Prospective Studies | Respiration, Artificial/statistics & numerical data | SARS-CoV-2 | Severity of Illness Index | Sex Factors | Treatment Outcome | Uganda/epidemiology | *clinical epidemiology | *respiratory infection | *viral infection L1 - internal-pdf://1011619127/Kirenga-2020-Characteristics and outcomes of a.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Kirenga, Bruce; Muttamba, Winters; Kayongo, Alex; Nsereko, Christopher; Siddharthan, Trishul; Lusiba, John; Mugenyi, Levicatus; Byanyima, Rosemary K; Worodria, William; Nakwagala, Fred; Nantanda, Rebecca; Kimuli, Ivan; Katagira, Winceslaus; Bagaya, Bernard Sentalo; Nasinghe, Emmanuel; Aanyu-Tukamuhebwa, Hellen; Amuge, Beatrice; Sekibira, Rogers; Buregyeya, Esther; Kiwanuka, Noah; Muwanga, Moses; Kalungi, Samuel; Joloba, Moses Lutaakome; Kateete, David Patrick; Byarugaba, Baterana; Kamya, Moses R; Mwebesa, Henry; Bazeyo, William; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; BMJ Open Respir Res. 2020 Sep;7(1). pii: 7/1/e000646. doi: 10.1136/bmjresp-2020-000646. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Describes COVID-19 in 56 patients at two hospitals in Uganda. COVID-19 cases were young and there was a high proportion of persons who were asymptomatic and had mild disease. SN - 2052-4439 (Electronic); 2052-4439 (Linking) SP - e000646 ST - Characteristics and outcomes of admitted patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Uganda T2 - BMJ Open Respir Res TI - Characteristics and outcomes of admitted patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Uganda UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32900781 VL - 7 ID - 910 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: The recent and ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has taken an unprecedented toll on adults critically ill with COVID-19 infection. While there is evidence that the burden of COVID-19 infection in hospitalized children is lesser than in their adult counterparts, to date, there are only limited reports describing COVID-19 in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs). Objective: To provide an early description and characterization of COVID-19 infection in North American PICUs, focusing on mode of presentation, presence of comorbidities, severity of disease, therapeutic interventions, clinical trajectory, and early outcomes. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study included children positive for COVID-19 admitted to 46 North American PICUs between March 14 and April 3, 2020. with follow-up to April 10, 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures: Prehospital characteristics, clinical trajectory, and hospital outcomes of children admitted to PICUs with confirmed COVID-19 infection. Results: Of the 48 children with COVID-19 admitted to participating PICUs, 25 (52%) were male, and the median (range) age was 13 (4.2-16.6) years. Forty patients (83%) had significant preexisting comorbidities; 35 (73%) presented with respiratory symptoms and 18 (38%) required invasive ventilation. Eleven patients (23%) had failure of 2 or more organ systems. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was required for 1 patient (2%). Targeted therapies were used in 28 patients (61%), with hydroxychloroquine being the most commonly used agent either alone (11 patients) or in combination (10 patients). At the completion of the follow-up period, 2 patients (4%) had died and 15 (31%) were still hospitalized, with 3 still requiring ventilatory support and 1 receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The median (range) PICU and hospital lengths of stay for those who had been discharged were 5 (3-9) days and 7 (4-13) days, respectively. Conclusions and Relevance: This early report describes the burden of COVID-19 infection in North American PICUs and confirms that severe illness in children is significant but far less frequent than in adults. Prehospital comorbidities appear to be an important factor in children. These preliminary observations provide an important platform for larger and more extensive studies of children with COVID-19 infection. AD - Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston. | Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia. | Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois. | Johns Hopkins Children's Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. | Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. | Baystate Children's Hospital, UMass Medical School Baystate Campus, Springfield, Massachusetts. | Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit. | Bristol-Myers Squibb Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey. | NewYork-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center, New York. | Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus. | Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. | Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle. | Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital, University of Texas, Houston. | Children's National Medical Center, George Washington School of Medicine, Washington, DC. AN - 32392288 AU - Shekerdemian, L. S. | Mahmood, N. R. | Wolfe, K. K. | Riggs, B. J. | Ross, C. E. | McKiernan, C. A. | Heidemann, S. M. | Kleinman, L. C. | Sen, A. I. | Hall, M. W. | Priestley, M. A. | McGuire, J. K. | Boukas, K. | Sharron, M. P. | Burns, J. P. | International, Covid-Picu Collaborative C1 - 2020-05-19 C2 - Pediatric Comorbidities CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051920_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 1 DO - 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1948 ET - 2020/05/12 IS - 9 KW - Adolescent | Covid-19 | Canada | Child | Child, Preschool | *Coronavirus Infections/complications/diagnosis/therapy | Cross-Sectional Studies | Female | *Hospitalization | Humans | *Intensive Care Units, Pediatric | Male | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral/complications/diagnosis/therapy | Severity of Illness Index | Treatment Outcome | United States L1 - internal-pdf://0134082774/Shekerdemian-2020-Characteristics and Outcomes.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Shekerdemian, Lara S; Mahmood, Nabihah R; Wolfe, Katie K; Riggs, Becky J; Ross, Catherine E; McKiernan, Christine A; Heidemann, Sabrina M; Kleinman, Lawrence C; Sen, Anita I; Hall, Mark W; Priestley, Margaret A; McGuire, John K; Boukas, Konstantinos; Sharron, Matthew P; Burns, Jeffrey P; eng; JAMA Pediatr. 2020 Sep 1;174(9):868-873. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1948. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among 48 children with COVID-19 admitted to ICUs, 35 (73%) presented with respiratory symptoms, 33 (69%) had severe or critical illness, 18 (38%) required mechanical ventilation, 11 (23%) had failure of two or more organ systems, and 2 (4%) died. | 40 (83%) had pre-existing comorbidities; 19 (40%) had developmental or genetic disorders with long-term dependence on technological support (including tracheostomy). Other comorbidities included cancer, diabetes, obesity, and seizures. | Methods: Retrospective review of 48 patients (25 male and 23 female) aged �?6 with confirmed COVID-19 in pediatric ICUs in 14 US hospitals, between March 14 and April 3, 2020. Limitations: 15 (31%) patients remained hospitalized at the time of the report; small sample size. | Implications of both studies (Shekerdemian et al. & Boulad et al.): Most children with symptomatic COVID-19 have pre-existing comorbidities. However, severe COVID-19 among pediatric cancer patients may be low. SN - 2168-6211 (Electronic); 2168-6203 (Linking) SP - 868-873 ST - Characteristics and Outcomes of Children With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection Admitted to US and Canadian Pediatric Intensive Care Units T2 - JAMA Pediatr TI - Characteristics and Outcomes of Children With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection Admitted to US and Canadian Pediatric Intensive Care Units UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32392288 VL - 174 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 207 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVE: We studied clinical outcomes of COVID-19 infection in patients living with HIV (PLH) in comparison to non-HIV population. DESIGN: Analysis of a multicentre research network TriNETX was performed including patients more than 10 years of age diagnosed with COVID-19. METHODS: Outcomes in COVID-19 positive patients with concurrent HIV (PLH) were compared with a propensity-matched cohort of patients without HIV (non-PLH). RESULTS: Fifty thousand one hundred and sixty-seven patients with COVID-19 were identified (49,763 non-PLH, 404 PLH). PLH were more likely to be men, African-American, obese and have concurrent hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney disease and nicotine dependence compared with non-PLH cohort (all P values <0.05). We performed 1 : 1 matching for BMI, diabetes, hypertension, chronic lung diseases, chronic kidney disease, race, history of nicotine dependence and sex. In unmatched analysis, PLH had higher mortality at 30 days [risk ratio 1.55, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.01-2.39] and were more likely to need inpatient services (risk ratio 1.83, 95% CI: 1.496-2.24). After propensity score matching, no difference in mortality was noted (risk ratio 1.33, 95% CI: 0.69-2.57). A higher proportion of PLH group needed inpatient services (19.31 vs. 11.39%, risk ratio 1.696, 95% CI: 1.21-2.38). Mean C-reactive protein, ferritin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and lactate dehydrogenase levels after COVID-19 diagnosis were not statistically different and mortality was not different for PLH with a history of antiretroviral treatment. CONCLUSION: Crude COVID-19 mortality is higher in PLH; however, propensity-matched analyses revealed no difference in outcomes, showing that higher mortality is driven by higher burden of comorbidities. Early diagnosis and intensive surveillance are needed to prevent a 'Syndemic' of diseases in this vulnerable cohort. AD - Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. | Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine. | Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, West Virginia University, Morangtown, West Virginia, USA. AN - 32796217 AU - Hadi, Y. B. | Naqvi, S. F. Z. | Kupec, J. T. | Sarwari, A. R. C1 - 2020-08-28 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082820_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 1 DO - 10.1097/QAD.0000000000002666 ET - 2020/08/17 IS - 13 KW - Adult | Aged | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Comorbidity | Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/*mortality | Female | HIV Infections/*epidemiology/mortality | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis/*mortality | Propensity Score | Retrospective Studies | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | Survival Analysis | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://3577911150/Characteristics_and_outcomes_of_COVID_19_in.1.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Hadi, Yousaf B; Naqvi, Syeda F Z; Kupec, Justin T; Sarwari, Arif R; eng; Multicenter Study; England; AIDS. 2020 Nov 1;34(13):F3-F8. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000002666. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In unmatched analysis, persons with HIV infection had higher mortality at 30 days (Risk Ratio [RR] 1.55, 95% CI 1.01 �?2.39) compared to those without HIV; however, after propensity score matching on race, sex, smoking, and chronic diseases, no difference in mortality was seen (RR 1.33, 95% CI 0.69 �?2.57) (Figure). | Methods: Retrospective cohort of 50,167 patients with COVID (49,763 without and 404 with HIV infection). The cohort with HIV was compared with a 1:1 propensity-matched cohort of patients without HIV to account for confounding. Limitations: Retrospective design; biases associated with analyses of data from electronic records. | Implications: After controlling for comorbidities that increase risk for severe COVID-19 in persons with HIV infection, survival between those with and without HIV appears similar. SN - 1473-5571 (Electronic); 0269-9370 (Linking) SP - F3-F8 ST - Characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with HIV: a multicentre research network study T2 - AIDS TI - Characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 in patients with HIV: a multicentre research network study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32796217 VL - 34 ID - 792 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVES: To describe a national cohort of pregnant women admitted to hospital with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the UK, identify factors associated with infection, and describe outcomes, including transmission of infection, for mothers and infants. DESIGN: Prospective national population based cohort study using the UK Obstetric Surveillance System (UKOSS). SETTING: All 194 obstetric units in the UK. PARTICIPANTS: 427 pregnant women admitted to hospital with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection between 1 March 2020 and 14 April 2020. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence of maternal hospital admission and infant infection. Rates of maternal death, level 3 critical care unit admission, fetal loss, caesarean birth, preterm birth, stillbirth, early neonatal death, and neonatal unit admission. RESULTS: The estimated incidence of admission to hospital with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy was 4.9 (95% confidence interval 4.5 to 5.4) per 1000 maternities. 233 (56%) pregnant women admitted to hospital with SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy were from black or other ethnic minority groups, 281 (69%) were overweight or obese, 175 (41%) were aged 35 or over, and 145 (34%) had pre-existing comorbidities. 266 (62%) women gave birth or had a pregnancy loss; 196 (73%) gave birth at term. Forty one (10%) women admitted to hospital needed respiratory support, and five (1%) women died. Twelve (5%) of 265 infants tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA, six of them within the first 12 hours after birth. CONCLUSIONS: Most pregnant women admitted to hospital with SARS-CoV-2 infection were in the late second or third trimester, supporting guidance for continued social distancing measures in later pregnancy. Most had good outcomes, and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to infants was uncommon. The high proportion of women from black or minority ethnic groups admitted with infection needs urgent investigation and explanation. STUDY REGISTRATION: ISRCTN 40092247. AD - National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK marian.knight@npeu.ox.ac.uk. | National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK. | Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK. | Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK. | Department of Women's and Children's Health, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. | Neonatal Medicine, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK. | Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK. | Birmingham Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. AN - 32513659 AU - Knight, M. | Bunch, K. | Vousden, N. | Morris, E. | Simpson, N. | Gale, C. | O'Brien, P. | Quigley, M. | Brocklehurst, P. | Kurinczuk, J. J. | U. K. Obstetric Surveillance System SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Pregnancy Collaborative Group C1 - 2020-07-17 C2 - COVID-19 Outcomes Among Pregnant Women and Neonate CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071720_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 8 DO - 10.1136/bmj.m2107 DP - NLM ET - 2020/06/10 KW - Adult | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Cesarean Section/statistics & numerical data | Coronavirus Infections/complications/*epidemiology/virology | Female | Hospitalization/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Incidence | Minority Groups/statistics & numerical data | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/complications/*epidemiology/virology | Pregnancy | Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/*epidemiology/*virology | Premature Birth/epidemiology/virology | Prospective Studies | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | United Kingdom/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://1604819080/Knight-2020-Characteristics and outcomes of pr.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Knight, Marian; Bunch, Kathryn; Vousden, Nicola; Morris, Edward; Simpson, Nigel; Gale, Chris; O'Brien, Patrick; Quigley, Maria; Brocklehurst, Peter; Kurinczuk, Jennifer J; eng; MR/N008405/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; England; BMJ. 2020 Jun 8;369:m2107. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m2107. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 10% of pregnant women admitted with SARS-CoV-2 infection needed respiratory support, and 5 (1%) died. | Pre-term loss (n = 4), stillbirth (n = 3), or neonatal death (n = 2) was experienced by 2.1%. | 59% of 266 women who gave birth did so via Cesarean delivery. | 3 died from complications of COVID-19 and two from other causes. | 56% were from Black or other racial/ethnic minority groups. | 5% of 265 infants were positive for SARS CoV-2; 25% were admitted to neonatal unit, primarily due to pre-term birth. One was diagnosed with neonatal encephalopathy. | Methods: Prospective national cohort study of 427 pregnant women hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 infection, between March 1 and April 14, 2020 that examined incidence of maternal hospital admission, infant infection and maternal and neonatal outcomes: 266 women gave birth during the study period. Testing for women and infants performed on blood, NP, or aspirate (infants only) samples; women were also defined as infected if they showed respiratory compromise along with radiographic changes characteristic of COVID-19. Limitations: Complete pregnancy/neonatal outcomes were not available due to the short timeframe; no comparison to uninfected population; women were tested only if symptomatic. | Implications for 2 studies (Prabhu et al. and Knight et al.): There is a disproportionate burden of COVID-19 among pregnant women from Black and other racial/ethnic minority groups though SARS-CoV-2 transmission to infants appears to be infrequent. Compared with uninfected pregnant women, those with COVID-19 had higher rates of post-partum complications and fetal vascular malperfusion. SN - 1756-1833 (Electronic); 0959-8138 (Linking) SP - m2107 ST - Characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women admitted to hospital with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in UK: national population based cohort study T2 - BMJ TI - Characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women admitted to hospital with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in UK: national population based cohort study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32513659 VL - 369 ID - 546 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Refinement of criteria for multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) may inform efforts to improve health outcomes. Objective: To compare clinical characteristics and outcomes of children and adolescents with MIS-C vs those with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Setting, Design, and Participants: Case series of 1116 patients aged younger than 21 years hospitalized between March 15 and October 31, 2020, at 66 US hospitals in 31 states. Final date of follow-up was January 5, 2021. Patients with MIS-C had fever, inflammation, multisystem involvement, and positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or antibody test results or recent exposure with no alternate diagnosis. Patients with COVID-19 had positive RT-PCR test results and severe organ system involvement. Exposure: SARS-CoV-2. Main Outcomes and Measures: Presenting symptoms, organ system complications, laboratory biomarkers, interventions, and clinical outcomes. Multivariable regression was used to compute adjusted risk ratios (aRRs) of factors associated with MIS-C vs COVID-19. Results: Of 1116 patients (median age, 9.7 years; 45% female), 539 (48%) were diagnosed with MIS-C and 577 (52%) with COVID-19. Compared with patients with COVID-19, patients with MIS-C were more likely to be 6 to 12 years old (40.8% vs 19.4%; absolute risk difference [RD], 21.4% [95% CI, 16.1%-26.7%]; aRR, 1.51 [95% CI, 1.33-1.72] vs 0-5 years) and non-Hispanic Black (32.3% vs 21.5%; RD, 10.8% [95% CI, 5.6%-16.0%]; aRR, 1.43 [95% CI, 1.17-1.76] vs White). Compared with patients with COVID-19, patients with MIS-C were more likely to have cardiorespiratory involvement (56.0% vs 8.8%; RD, 47.2% [95% CI, 42.4%-52.0%]; aRR, 2.99 [95% CI, 2.55-3.50] vs respiratory involvement), cardiovascular without respiratory involvement (10.6% vs 2.9%; RD, 7.7% [95% CI, 4.7%-10.6%]; aRR, 2.49 [95% CI, 2.05-3.02] vs respiratory involvement), and mucocutaneous without cardiorespiratory involvement (7.1% vs 2.3%; RD, 4.8% [95% CI, 2.3%-7.3%]; aRR, 2.29 [95% CI, 1.84-2.85] vs respiratory involvement). Patients with MIS-C had higher neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (median, 6.4 vs 2.7, P < .001), higher C-reactive protein level (median, 152 mg/L vs 33 mg/L; P < .001), and lower platelet count (<150 x103 cells/muL [212/523 {41%} vs 84/486 {17%}, P < .001]). A total of 398 patients (73.8%) with MIS-C and 253 (43.8%) with COVID-19 were admitted to the intensive care unit, and 10 (1.9%) with MIS-C and 8 (1.4%) with COVID-19 died during hospitalization. Among patients with MIS-C with reduced left ventricular systolic function (172/503, 34.2%) and coronary artery aneurysm (57/424, 13.4%), an estimated 91.0% (95% CI, 86.0%-94.7%) and 79.1% (95% CI, 67.1%-89.1%), respectively, normalized within 30 days. Conclusions and Relevance: This case series of patients with MIS-C and with COVID-19 identified patterns of clinical presentation and organ system involvement. These patterns may help differentiate between MIS-C and COVID-19. AD - COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia. | Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville, Maryland. | Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. | Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. | Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York. | Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York. | Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora. | Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center Dallas, Dallas. | Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio. | Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. | Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut. | Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla. | Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey. | Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham. | Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri. | Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida. | Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Children's Hospital. | Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson. | Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. | Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York. | Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach, California. | Division of Pediatric Critical Care, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis. | Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, New Jersey. | Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock. | Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey. | Division of Critical Care Medicine, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland, California. | Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans. | Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle. | Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Central Michigan University, Detroit. | Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital, New York, New York. | Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City. | Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron, Ohio. | Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey. | Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. | Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis. | Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia. | Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston. | Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, The University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia. | Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. | Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. | Departments of Anesthesia and Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. AN - 33625505 AU - Feldstein, L. R. | Tenforde, M. W. | Friedman, K. G. | Newhams, M. | Rose, E. B. | Dapul, H. | Soma, V. L. | Maddux, A. B. | Mourani, P. M. | Bowens, C. | Maamari, M. | Hall, M. W. | Riggs, B. J. | Giuliano, J. S., Jr. | Singh, A. R. | Li, S. | Kong, M. | Schuster, J. E. | McLaughlin, G. E. | Schwartz, S. P. | Walker, T. C. | Loftis, L. L. | Hobbs, C. V. | Halasa, N. B. | Doymaz, S. | Babbitt, C. J. | Hume, J. R. | Gertz, S. J. | Irby, K. | Clouser, K. N. | Cvijanovich, N. Z. | Bradford, T. T. | Smith, L. S. | Heidemann, S. M. | Zackai, S. P. | Wellnitz, K. | Nofziger, R. A. | Horwitz, S. M. | Carroll, R. W. | Rowan, C. M. | Tarquinio, K. M. | Mack, E. H. | Fitzgerald, J. C. | Coates, B. M. | Jackson, A. M. | Young, C. C. | Son, M. B. F. | Patel, M. M. | Newburger, J. W. | Randolph, A. G. | Overcoming, Covid-Investigators C1 - 2021-03-12 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03122021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 16 DO - 10.1001/jama.2021.2091 ET - 2021/02/25 IS - 11 KW - Adolescent | Age Factors | Biomarkers/analysis | *COVID-19/complications/diagnosis/physiopathology/therapy | Child | Child, Preschool | Diagnosis, Differential | Female | Humans | Intensive Care Units, Pediatric | Male | Patient Acuity | Regression Analysis | Stroke Volume | *Systemic Inflammatory Response | Syndrome/complications/diagnosis/physiopathology/therapy | United States | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://2188299415/Feldstein-2021-Characteristics and Outcomes of.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Natural History | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Feldstein, Leora R; Tenforde, Mark W; Friedman, Kevin G; Newhams, Margaret; Rose, Erica Billig; Dapul, Heda; Soma, Vijaya L; Maddux, Aline B; Mourani, Peter M; Bowens, Cindy; Maamari, Mia; Hall, Mark W; Riggs, Becky J; Giuliano, John S Jr; Singh, Aalok R; Li, Simon; Kong, Michele; Schuster, Jennifer E; McLaughlin, Gwenn E; Schwartz, Stephanie P; Walker, Tracie C; Loftis, Laura L; Hobbs, Charlotte V; Halasa, Natasha B; Doymaz, Sule; Babbitt, Christopher J; Hume, Janet R; Gertz, Shira J; Irby, Katherine; Clouser, Katharine N; Cvijanovich, Natalie Z; Bradford, Tamara T; Smith, Lincoln S; Heidemann, Sabrina M; Zackai, Sheemon P; Wellnitz, Kari; Nofziger, Ryan A; Horwitz, Steven M; Carroll, Ryan W; Rowan, Courtney M; Tarquinio, Keiko M; Mack, Elizabeth H; Fitzgerald, Julie C; Coates, Bria M; Jackson, Ashley M; Young, Cameron C; Son, Mary Beth F; Patel, Manish M; Newburger, Jane W; Randolph, Adrienne G; eng; Comparative Study; Multicenter Study; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA. 2021 Mar 16;325(11):1074-1087. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.2091. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A case series of 1116 US patients of which 577 were diagnosed with COVID-19 and 539 diagnosed with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), found MIS-C patients were more likely to 6-12 years, non-Hispanic black, have severe cardiovascular or mucocutaneous symptoms and more extreme inflammation. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1074-1087 ST - Characteristics and Outcomes of US Children and Adolescents With Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) Compared With Severe Acute COVID-19 T2 - JAMA TI - Characteristics and Outcomes of US Children and Adolescents With Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) Compared With Severe Acute COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33625505 VL - 325 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1565 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Risk factors for out-of-hospital death due to novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are poorly defined. From March 1 to April 25, 2020, New York City, New York (NYC), reported 17118 COVID-19-related deaths. On April 6, 2020, out-of-hospital cardiac arrests peaked at 305 cases, nearly a 10-fold increase from the prior year. Objective: To describe the characteristics (race/ethnicity, comorbidities, and emergency medical services [EMS] response) associated with outpatient cardiac arrests and death during the COVID-19 pandemic in NYC. Design, Setting, and Participants: This population-based, cross-sectional study compared patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest receiving resuscitation by the NYC 911 EMS system from March 1 to April 25, 2020, compared with March 1 to April 25, 2019. The NYC 911 EMS system serves more than 8.4 million people. Exposures: The COVID-19 pandemic. Main Outcomes and Measures: Characteristics associated with out-of-hospital arrests and the outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. Results: A total of 5325 patients were included in the main analysis (2935 men [56.2%]; mean [SD] age, 71 [18] years), 3989 in the COVID-19 period and 1336 in the comparison period. The incidence of nontraumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in those who underwent EMS resuscitation in 2020 was 3 times the incidence in 2019 (47.5/100000 vs 15.9/100000). Patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest during 2020 were older (mean [SD] age, 72 [18] vs 68 [19] years), less likely to be white (611 of 2992 [20.4%] vs 382 of 1161 [32.9%]), and more likely to have hypertension (2134 of 3989 [53.5%] vs 611 of 1336 [45.7%]), diabetes (1424 of 3989 [35.7%] vs 348 of 1336 [26.0%]), and physical limitations (2259 of 3989 [56.6%] vs 634 of 1336 [47.5%]). Compared with 2019, the odds of asystole increased in the COVID-19 period (odds ratio [OR], 3.50; 95% CI, 2.53-4.84; P < .001), as did the odds of pulseless electrical activity (OR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.31-3.02; P = .001). Compared with 2019, the COVID-19 period had substantial reductions in return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) (727 of 3989 patients [18.2%] vs 463 of 1336 patients [34.7%], P < .001) and sustained ROSC (423 of 3989 patients [10.6%] vs 337 of 1336 patients [25.2%], P < .001), with fatality rates exceeding 90%. These associations remained statistically significant after adjustment for potential confounders (OR for ROSC, 0.59 [95% CI, 0.50-0.70; P < .001]; OR for sustained ROSC, 0.53 [95% CI, 0.43-0.64; P < .001]). Conclusions and Relevance: In this population-based, cross-sectional study, out-of-hospital cardiac arrests and deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic significantly increased compared with the same period the previous year and were associated with older age, nonwhite race/ethnicity, hypertension, diabetes, physical limitations, and nonshockable presenting rhythms. Identifying patients with the greatest risk for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and death during the COVID-19 pandemic should allow for early, targeted interventions in the outpatient setting that could lead to reductions in out-of-hospital deaths. AD - Office of Medical Affairs, Fire Department of the City of New York, Brooklyn, New York. | Bureau of Health Services, Fire Department of the City of New York, Brooklyn, New York. | Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine Division, Department of Medicine and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York. | Division of Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York. | Pulmonary Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York. | Division of Biostatistics, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York. AN - 32558876 AU - Lai, P. H. | Lancet, E. A. | Weiden, M. D. | Webber, M. P. | Zeig-Owens, R. | Hall, C. B. | Prezant, D. J. C1 - 2020-06-30 C2 - Emergency Medical Service Care During COVID-19 Pandemic CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/063020_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 1 DO - 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.2488 ET - 2020/06/20 IS - 10 KW - Age Distribution | Aged | COVID-19/epidemiology | *Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation | Continental Population Groups/statistics & numerical data | Cross-Sectional Studies | Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology | Disabled Persons/statistics & numerical data | *Emergency Medical Services | Female | Humans | Hypertension/epidemiology | Male | New York City/epidemiology | Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest/*epidemiology | Pandemics | Return of Spontaneous Circulation L1 - internal-pdf://1153008717/Lai-2020-Characteristics Associated With Out-o.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Lai, Pamela H; Lancet, Elizabeth A; Weiden, Michael D; Webber, Mayris P; Zeig-Owens, Rachel; Hall, Charles B; Prezant, David J; eng; JAMA Cardiol. 2020 Oct 1;5(10):1154-1163. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.2488. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Number of out-of-hospital resuscitations for cardiac arrests tripled during the pandemic compared with the same period in 2019 (Figure). | Patients who underwent resuscitation for cardiac arrest in 2020 were more likely to be older, non-white, have comorbidities, and less likely to be successfully resuscitated than in 2019. | Methods: Analysis of New York City 911 EMS data, March 1–April 25, 2019 and 2020. Limitations: Unknown if deaths caused by COVID-19. | Implications of Lerner et al. and Lai et al.: These data strongly suggest that persons with life-threatening emergencies delayed seeking timely care, perhaps as a result of stay-at-home orders or fear of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in the healthcare system, resulting in increased out-of-hospital and EMS-attended deaths. SN - 2380-6591 (Electronic) SP - 1154-1163 ST - Characteristics Associated With Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrests and Resuscitations During the Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic in New York City T2 - JAMA Cardiol TI - Characteristics Associated With Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrests and Resuscitations During the Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic in New York City UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32558876 VL - 5 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 464 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Among 513 adults aged 18-49 years without underlying medical conditions hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during March 2020-August 2020, 22% were admitted to an intensive care unit, 10% required mechanical ventilation, and 3 patients died (0.6%). These data demonstrate that healthy younger adults can develop severe COVID-19. AD - CDC COVID-NET Team. | Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. | US Public Health Service, Rockville, Maryland, USA. | Cherokee Nation Assurance, Arlington, Virginia, USA. | California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland, California, USA. | School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA. | Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, Colorado, USA. | Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. | Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. | Emerging Infections Program, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. | Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. | Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, Michigan, USA. | Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. | New Mexico Emerging Infections Program, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA. | New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA. | University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA. | Ohio Department of Health, Columbus, Ohio, USA. | Oregon Health Authority, Portland, Oregon, USA. | Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. | Salt Lake County Health Department, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. AN - 33270136 AU - Owusu, D. | Kim, L. | O'Halloran, A. | Whitaker, M. | Piasecki, A. M. | Reingold, A. | Alden, N. B. | Maslar, A. | Anderson, E. J. | Ryan, P. A. | Kim, S. | Como-Sabetti, K. | Hancock, E. B. | Muse, A. | Bennett, N. M. | Billing, L. M. | Sutton, M. | Talbot, H. K. | Ortega, J. | Brammer, L. | Fry, A. M. | Hall, A. J. | Garg, S. | Covid-Net Surveillance Teama C1 - 2020-12-22 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/122220_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 1 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa1806 ET - 2020/12/04 IS - 5 KW - Adolescent | Adult | *covid-19 | Hospitalization | Humans | Intensive Care Units | Laboratories | Middle Aged | SARS-CoV-2 | United States/epidemiology | Young Adult | *covid-net | *SARS-CoV-2 | *hospitalization | *young adults L1 - internal-pdf://2327958291/Owusu-2021-Characteristics of Adults Aged 18-4.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Natural History | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Owusu, Daniel; Kim, Lindsay; O'Halloran, Alissa; Whitaker, Michael; Piasecki, Alexandra M; Reingold, Arthur; Alden, Nisha B; Maslar, Amber; Anderson, Evan J; Ryan, Patricia A; Kim, Sue; Como-Sabetti, Kathryn; Hancock, Emily B; Muse, Alison; Bennett, Nancy M; Billing, Laurie M; Sutton, Melissa; Talbot, H Keipp; Ortega, Jake; Brammer, Lynnette; Fry, Alicia M; Hall, Aron J; Garg, Shikha; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Mar 1;72(5):e162-e166. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1806. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: 22% of 513 younger adults without underlying medical conditions who were hospitalized with COVID-19 were admitted to ICU, 10% required mechanical ventilation, and 0.6% of patients died; study area covers approximately 10% of the US population. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - e162-e166 ST - Characteristics of Adults Aged 18-49 Years Without Underlying Conditions Hospitalized With Laboratory-Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 in the United States: COVID-NET-March-August 2020 T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Characteristics of Adults Aged 18-49 Years Without Underlying Conditions Hospitalized With Laboratory-Confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 in the United States: COVID-NET-March-August 2020 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33270136 VL - 72 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1359 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVES: To describe the characteristics of hospitalized children with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in New York City metropolitan area. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a multicenter, retrospective cohort study at 4 hospitals comprising 82 hospitalized children (0-21 years) who tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 after symptoms and risk screening between March 1 and May 10, 2020. We subdivided patients on the basis of their admission to acute or critical care units and by age groups. Further subanalyses were performed between patients requiring respiratory support or no respiratory support. RESULTS: Twenty-three (28%) patients required critical care. Twenty-nine (35%) patients requiring respiratory support, with 9% needing mechanical ventilation, and 1 required extracorporeal support. All patients survived to discharge. Children with any comorbidity were more likely to require critical care (70% vs 37%, P = .008), with obesity as the most common risk factor for critical care (63% vs 28%, P = .02). Children with asthma were more likely to receive respiratory support (28% vs 8%, P = .02), with no difference in need for critical care (P = .26). Children admitted to critical care had higher rates of renal dysfunction at presentation (43% vs 10%, P = .002). CONCLUSIONS: Children with comorbidities (obesity and asthma in particular) were at increased risk for critical care admission and/or need for respiratory support. Children with renal dysfunction at presentation were more likely to require critical care. AD - Departments of Pediatrics and sourabh.verma@nyulangone.org. | Department of Pediatrics, Bellevue Hospital Center, New York, New York. | Departments of Pediatrics and. | Department of Pediatrics, Long Island School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York. | Department of Medicine, Vaccine Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York; and. | Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida. | Microbiology, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York. AN - 33033078 AU - Verma, S. | Lumba, R. | Dapul, H. M. | Gold-von Simson, G. | Phoon, C. K. | Lighter, J. L. | Farkas, J. S. | Vinci, A. | Noor, A. | Raabe, V. N. | Rhee, D. | Rigaud, M. | Mally, P. V. | Randis, T. M. | Dreyer, B. | Ratner, A. J. | Manno, C. S. | Chopra, A. C1 - 2020-10-20 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102020_covidupdate.html DA - Jan DO - 10.1542/hpeds.2020-001917 ET - 2020/10/10 IS - 1 KW - Adolescent | COVID-19/*diagnosis/*therapy | Child | Child, Preschool | Cohort Studies | Critical Care | Female | Hospitalization | Humans | Infant | Male | New York City | Retrospective Studies | conflicts of interest to disclose. L1 - internal-pdf://2634622038/Verma-2021-Characteristics of Hospitalized Chi.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Verma, Sourabh; Lumba, Rishi; Dapul, Heda M; Gold-von Simson, Gabrielle; Phoon, Colin K; Lighter, Jennifer L; Farkas, Jonathan S; Vinci, Alexandra; Noor, Asif; Raabe, Vanessa N; Rhee, David; Rigaud, Mona; Mally, Pradeep V; Randis, Tara M; Dreyer, Benard; Ratner, Adam J; Manno, Catherine S; Chopra, Arun; eng; Multicenter Study; Hosp Pediatr. 2021 Jan;11(1):71-78. doi: 10.1542/hpeds.2020-001917. Epub 2020 Oct 8. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 28% of children were admitted to the critical care unit. | 70% of children with comorbidities required critical care vs 37% of those without comorbidities (p = 0.008). | Obesity was the most common factor associated with critical care, 63% of obese vs 28% of non-obese children (p = 0.02). | 43% of children presenting with renal dysfunction vs 10% without renal dysfunction required critical care (p = 0.002). | A greater proportion of children with asthma, 28%, than those without, 8% (p = 0.002) received any respiratory support, with no difference in need for critical care (p = 0.26). | Methods: Multicenter retrospective cohort study of 82 children hospitalized with COVID-19 between March 1, and May 10, 2020. Analyses compared patients based on admission to acute or critical care units and need for any respiratory support. Limitations: Small sample size; subjects from a single locality; observational study. | Implications: Like clinical course in adults, comorbidities in children hospitalized for COVID-19 increased acuity. Attention to comorbidities in children hospitalized for COVID-19 is warranted. SN - 2154-1671 (Electronic); 2154-1671 (Linking) SP - 71-78 ST - Characteristics of Hospitalized Children With SARS-CoV-2 in the New York City Metropolitan Area T2 - Hosp Pediatr TI - Characteristics of Hospitalized Children With SARS-CoV-2 in the New York City Metropolitan Area UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33033078 VL - 11 ID - 1086 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Since December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has extended to most parts of China with >80 000 cases and to at least 100 countries with >60 000 international cases as of 15 March 2020. Here we used a household cohort study to determine the features of household transmission of COVID-19. METHODS: A total of 105 index patients and 392 household contacts were enrolled. Both index patients and household members were tested by SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR. Information on all recruited individuals was extracted from medical records and confirmed or supplemented by telephone interviews. The baseline characteristics of index cases and contact patients were described. Secondary attack rates of SARS-CoV-2 to contact members were computed and the risk factors for transmission within the household were estimated. RESULTS: Secondary transmission of SARS-CoV-2 developed in 64 of 392 household contacts (16.3%). The secondary attack rate to children was 4% compared with 17.1% for adults. The secondary attack rate to the contacts within the households with index patients quarantined by themselves since onset of symptoms was 0% compared with 16.9% for contacts without quarantined index patients. The secondary attack rate to contacts who were spouses of index cases was 27.8% compared with 17.3% for other adult members in the households. CONCLUSIONS: The secondary attack rate of SARS-CoV-2 in household is 16.3%. Age of household contacts and spousal relationship to the index case are risk factors for transmission of SARS-CoV-2 within a household. Quarantine of index patients at home since onset of symptoms is useful to prevent the transmission of SARS-Co-2 within a household. AD - Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. | Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Union Hospital Affiliated With Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. | Department of General Surgery, Chibi People's Hospital, Chibi, China. | Department of Infectious Diseases, Zaoyang First People's Hospital, Zaoyang, China. | Department of Emergency Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. | Department of Physical Examination, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. AN - 32301964 AU - Li, W. | Zhang, B. | Lu, J. | Liu, S. | Chang, Z. | Peng, C. | Liu, X. | Zhang, P. | Ling, Y. | Tao, K. | Chen, J. C1 - 2020-04-28 C2 - Modeling and Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/042820_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 5 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa450 ET - 2020/04/18 IS - 8 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Child | Child, Preschool | Cohort Studies | Community-Acquired Infections/transmission | Contact Tracing/statistics & numerical data | Coronavirus Infections/*transmission | *Family Characteristics | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*transmission | SARS-CoV-2 | Time Factors | Young Adult | *covid-19 | *SARS-CoV-2 | *household transmission | *novel coronavirus pneumonia L1 - internal-pdf://1937551351/Li-2020-Characteristics of Household Transmiss.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Li, Wei; Zhang, Bo; Lu, Jianhua; Liu, Shihua; Chang, Zhiqiang; Peng, Cao; Liu, Xinghua; Zhang, Peng; Ling, Yan; Tao, Kaixiong; Chen, Jianying; eng; Multicenter Study; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Nov 5;71(8):1943-1946. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa450. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings: | ; Household transmission was prevented when the initial case was isolated at home between symptom onset and hospitalization (0%) compared to those who were not (18.3%) (Figure). | Transmission was higher for the spouses of initial cases (27.8%) compared with other adults in the household (17.3%). | Transmission to children (4.0%) was lower than to adults (17.1%). | Methods: Retrospective household cohort study of 105 hospitalized COVID-19 patients and 392 household contacts using data from two locations in China. Following confirmation of an initial case, all household contacts were quarantined for 14 days at a location outside the home where they were monitored daily and tested serially for SARS-CoV-2. Limitations: convenience sample; quarantining procedures not clearly defined. | Implications: Early isolation of index cases at home, followed by relocation of household contacts to alternative temporary housing, helped prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - 1943-1946 ST - Characteristics of Household Transmission of COVID-19 T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Characteristics of Household Transmission of COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32301964 VL - 71 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 88 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We report epidemiological and clinical investigations on ten pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infection cases confirmed by real-time reverse transcription PCR assay of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Symptoms in these cases were nonspecific and no children required respiratory support or intensive care. Chest X-rays lacked definite signs of pneumonia, a defining feature of the infection in adult cases. Notably, eight children persistently tested positive on rectal swabs even after nasopharyngeal testing was negative, raising the possibility of fecal-oral transmission. AD - Department of Pediatric, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. | Department of Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. | Clinical Data Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. | Guangdong Provincial Children's Medical Research Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. | Department of Medical Administration, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. | Division of Neonatology and Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. | Department of Radiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. | Clinical Data Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. huiminxia@hotmail.com. | Guangdong Provincial Children's Medical Research Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. huiminxia@hotmail.com. | Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. huiminxia@hotmail.com. | Clinical Data Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. jltang@cuhk.edu.hk. | Guangdong Provincial Children's Medical Research Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. jltang@cuhk.edu.hk. | Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. kang.zhang@gmail.com. | Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China. kang.zhang@gmail.com. | Center for Biomedicine and Innovations, Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China. kang.zhang@gmail.com. | Department of Pediatric, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. sitangg@126.com. | Guangdong Provincial Children's Medical Research Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. sitangg@126.com. AN - 32284613 AU - Xu, Y. | Li, X. | Zhu, B. | Liang, H. | Fang, C. | Gong, Y. | Guo, Q. | Sun, X. | Zhao, D. | Shen, J. | Zhang, H. | Liu, H. | Xia, H. | Tang, J. | Zhang, K. | Gong, S. C1 - 2020-04-01 | 2020-04-24 C2 - Laboratory Science;Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/040120_covidupdate.html | http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/042420_covidupdate.html DA - Apr DO - 10.1038/s41591-020-0817-4 ET - 2020/04/15 IS - 4 KW - Betacoronavirus/genetics/*isolation & purification | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Child | Child, Preschool | Clinical Laboratory Techniques | Coronavirus Infections/complications/diagnosis/*virology | Feces/*virology | Female | Humans | Infant | Male | Nasopharynx/virology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/complications/diagnosis/*virology | Radiography, Thoracic | Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction | Rectum/virology | SARS-CoV-2 | *Virus Shedding L1 - internal-pdf://0572119385/Xu-2020-Characteristics of pediatric SARS-CoV-.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Xu, Yi; Li, Xufang; Zhu, Bing; Liang, Huiying; Fang, Chunxiao; Gong, Yu; Guo, Qiaozhi; Sun, Xin; Zhao, Danyang; Shen, Jun; Zhang, Huayan; Liu, Hongsheng; Xia, Huimin; Tang, Jinling; Zhang, Kang; Gong, Sitang; eng; Case Reports; Observational Study; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Nat Med. 2020 Apr;26(4):502-505. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-0817-4. Epub 2020 Mar 13. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among 10 pediatric COVID-19 patients who initially tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 using nasopharyngeal swabs, 8 subsequently tested positive using rectal swabs (Figure). | RT-PCR results suggested greater viral shedding in the digestive tract than the respiratory tract, especially after the first week post-admission. | Methods: A prospective observational study of 10 pediatric COVID-19 patients (aged 2 months �?15 years) hospitalized in Guangzhou, China. Serial RT-PCR performed to detect viral excretion from the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Limitations: No assessment for replication-competent virus; small single-center study. | Implications: Children appear to shed SARS-CoV-2 RNA in their stool longer that in the nasopharynx. SN - 1546-170X (Electronic); 1078-8956 (Linking) SP - 502-505 ST - Characteristics of pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infection and potential evidence for persistent fecal viral shedding T2 - Nat Med TI - Characteristics of pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infection and potential evidence for persistent fecal viral shedding UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32284613 VL - 26 ID - 9 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva. | Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. | Infectious Disease and Infection Control Unit, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel. | Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. | Epidemiology Division, Environmental Epidemiology Department, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Ben-Gurion University in the Negev, Beer-Sheba, Israel. | University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora. | Department of Pediatrics, Mayanei Hayeshuah Medical Center, Bnei Brak, Israel. | European Pediatric Association (EPA-UNEPSA), Union of National European Pediatric Societies and Associations, Berlin, Germany. AN - 34491353 AU - Somekh, Ido | Stein, Michal | Karakis, Isabella | Simões, Eric A. F. | Somekh, Eli C1 - 2021-09-17 C2 - PMC8424472 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09172021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - Sep 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.24343 ET - 2021/09/08 IS - 9 KW - COVID-19/*epidemiology/*virology | Child | Child, Preschool | Cohort Studies | Contact Tracing/statistics & numerical data | Female | Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data | Humans | Incidence | Infant | Infant, Newborn | Israel | Male | *SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://2421591144/Somekh-2021-Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 Infe.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Somekh, Ido | Stein, Michal | Karakis, Isabella | Simoes, Eric A F | Somekh, Eli | eng | Observational Study | JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Sep 1;4(9):e2124343. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.24343. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Weekly SARS-CoV-2 incidence among children ages 0�? years in Israel was higher during December 2020–February 2021 when B.1.1.7 was predominant (50,811 infected) than during August–October 2020 (21,615 infected). Transmission to children’s secondary contacts was also higher (rate ratio (RR) 2.24, 95% CI 2.20-2.29) in December 2020–February 2021. SN - 2574-3805 SP - e2124343-e2124343 ST - Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Israeli Children During the Circulation of Different SARS-CoV-2 Variants T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Israeli Children During the Circulation of Different SARS-CoV-2 Variants UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.24343 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/articlepdf/2783851/somekh_2021_ld_210178_1630284131.6547.pdf VL - 4 Y2 - 9/20/2021 ID - 2324 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We compared 19,207 cases of SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7/S gene target failure (SGTF), 436 B.1.351 and 352 P.1 to non-variant cases reported by seven European countries. COVID-19 cases with these variants had significantly higher adjusted odds ratios for hospitalisation (B.1.1.7/SGTF: 1.7, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.0-2.9; B.1.351: 3.6, 95% CI: 2.1-6.2; P.1: 2.6, 95% CI: 1.4-4.8) and B.1.1.7/SGTF and P.1 cases also for intensive care admission (B.1.1.7/SGTF: 2.3, 95% CI: 1.4-3.5; P.1: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.7-2.8). AD - European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden. | International Collaboration Unit, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan. | National Virus Reference Laboratory (NVRL), University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. | Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland on behalf of the All Ireland Infectious Diseases (AIID) Cohort. | Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland on behalf of the Irish Coronavirus Sequencing Consortium (ICSC). | Health Service Executive - Health Protection Surveillance Centre (HPSC), Dublin, Ireland. | Health Directorate, Findel, Luxembourg. | National Health Laboratory, Dudelange, Luxembourg. | Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy. | Directorate of Analysis and Information, Directorate-General of Health, Lisbon, Portugal. | Bioinformatics Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal. | Health Board, Tallinn, Estonia. | Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Department of Health Security, Helsinki, Finland. | The COVID study groups are listed at the end of this article under Acknowledgements. AN - 33890566 AU - Funk, T. | Pharris, A. | Spiteri, G. | Bundle, N. | Melidou, A. | Carr, M. | Gonzalez, G. | Garcia-Leon, A. | Crispie, F. | O'Connor, L. | Murphy, N. | Mossong, J. | Vergison, A. | Wienecke-Baldacchino, A. K. | Abdelrahman, T. | Riccardo, F. | Stefanelli, P. | Di Martino, A. | Bella, A. | Lo Presti, A. | Casaca, P. | Moreno, J. | Borges, V. | Isidro, J. | Ferreira, R. | Gomes, J. P. | Dotsenko, L. | Suija, H. | Epstein, J. | Sadikova, O. | Sepp, H. | Ikonen, N. | Savolainen-Kopra, C. | Blomqvist, S. | Mottonen, T. | Helve, O. | Gomes-Dias, J. | Adlhoch, C. | Covid study groups C1 - 2021-05-07 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05072021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr DO - 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.16.2100348 ET - 2021/04/24 IS - 16 KW - *covid-19 | Critical Care | Europe/epidemiology | Humans | *SARS-CoV-2 | *Europe | *surveillance | *variants of concern L1 - internal-pdf://2798320550/eurosurv-26-16-1.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Funk, Tjede; Pharris, Anastasia; Spiteri, Gianfranco; Bundle, Nick; Melidou, Angeliki; Carr, Michael; Gonzalez, Gabriel; Garcia-Leon, Alejandro; Crispie, Fiona; O'Connor, Lois; Murphy, Niamh; Mossong, Joel; Vergison, Anne; Wienecke-Baldacchino, Anke K; Abdelrahman, Tamir; Riccardo, Flavia; Stefanelli, Paola; Di Martino, Angela; Bella, Antonino; Lo Presti, Alessandra; Casaca, Pedro; Moreno, Joana; Borges, Vitor; Isidro, Joana; Ferreira, Rita; Gomes, Joao Paulo; Dotsenko, Liidia; Suija, Heleene; Epstein, Jevgenia; Sadikova, Olga; Sepp, Hanna; Ikonen, Niina; Savolainen-Kopra, Carita; Blomqvist, Soile; Mottonen, Teemu; Helve, Otto; Gomes-Dias, Joana; Adlhoch, Cornelia; eng; Sweden; Euro Surveill. 2021 Apr;26(16). doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.16.2100348. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Weekly case reporting from 7 European countries showed increased hospitalizations associated with the SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.1.7/SGTF, B.1.351 and P.1 and increased ICU admissions associated B.1.1.7/SGTF and P.1. This underscores the need for high vaccine coverage and adherence to public health measures to reduce SARS-CoV-2 incidence and prevent severe cases. SN - 1560-7917 (Electronic); 1025-496X (Linking) SP - 2100348 ST - Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern B.1.1.7, B.1.351 or P.1: data from seven EU/EEA countries, weeks 38/2020 to 10/2021 T2 - Euro Surveill TI - Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern B.1.1.7, B.1.351 or P.1: data from seven EU/EEA countries, weeks 38/2020 to 10/2021 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33890566 VL - 26 ID - 1735 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been documented in a large share of nursing homes throughout the United States, leading to high rates of mortality for residents. To understand how to prevent and mitigate future outbreaks, it is imperative that we understand which nursing homes are more likely to experience COVID-19 cases. Our aim was to examine the characteristics of nursing homes with documented COVID-19 cases in the 30 states reporting the individual facilities affected. DESIGN: We constructed a database of nursing homes with verified COVID-19 cases as of May 11, 2020, via correspondence with and publicly available reports from state departments of health. We linked this information to nursing home characteristics and used regression analysis to examine the association between these characteristics and the likelihood of having a documented COVID-19 case. SETTING: All nursing homes from 30 states that reported COVID-19 cases at the facility-level. PARTICIPANTS: Nursing home residents in states reporting data. MEASUREMENTS: Whether a nursing home had a reported COVID-19 case (yes/no), and conditional on having a case, the number of cases at a nursing home. RESULTS: Of 9,395 nursing homes in our sample, 2,949 (31.4%) had a documented COVID-19 case. Larger facility size, urban location, greater percentage of African American residents, non-chain status, and state were significantly (P < .05) related to the increased probability of having a COVID-19 case. Five-star rating, prior infection violation, Medicaid dependency, and ownership were not significantly related. CONCLUSION: COVID-19 cases in nursing homes are related to facility location and size and not traditional quality metrics such as star rating and prior infection control citations. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:1653-1656, 2020. AD - Baylor College of Medicine, USA. | Brown University, USA. | UCLA Anderson, USA. | Harvard Medical School, USA. AN - 32484912 AU - Abrams, H. R. | Loomer, L. | Gandhi, A. | Grabowski, D. C. C1 - 2020-06-12 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061220_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.1111/jgs.16661 DP - NLM ET - 2020/06/03 IS - 8 KW - Aged | Aged, 80 and over | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/prevention & control | Female | Homes for the Aged/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Infection Control/*statistics & numerical data | Male | Nursing Homes/*statistics & numerical data | Pandemics/prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/prevention & control | SARS-CoV-2 | United States/epidemiology | *covid-19 | *long-term care | *nursing homes L1 - internal-pdf://0228464772/Abrams-2020-Characteristics of U.S. Nursing Ho.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Abrams, Hannah R; Loomer, Lacey; Gandhi, Ashvin; Grabowski, David C; eng; T32 AG000186/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; J Am Geriatr Soc. 2020 Aug;68(8):1653-1656. doi: 10.1111/jgs.16661. Epub 2020 Jul 7. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In an analysis of 9,395 nursing homes, 31.4% had > 1 documented COVID-19 case. | Among nursing homes with at least one COVID-19 case, average number of cases per facility was 19.8 (Figure 1). | Larger facility size, urban location, greater percentage of African-American residents, non-chain status, and state were associated with having COVID-19 cases. | Five-star rating, prior infection control violation, Medicaid dependency and ownership (i.e., for-profit, nonprofit, government), were not associated with having COVID-19 cases. | Outbreak size was associated with facility size, for-profit status, and state. | Methods: A retrospective analysis of US nursing homes using publicly available data sources. Limitations: Lack of a centralized national reporting system for nursing homes, incomplete and variable reporting of COVID-19 and related characteristics. | Implications: Nursing homes with certain characteristics (e.g., larger size, urban location, higher proportion African-American residents) were at an increased likelihood of having COVID-19 cases and may merit heightened vigilance for infections and their prevention to protect the health of residents and staff. SN - 1532-5415 (Electronic); 0002-8614 (Linking) SP - 1653-1656 ST - Characteristics of U.S. Nursing Homes with COVID-19 Cases T2 - J Am Geriatr Soc TI - Characteristics of U.S. Nursing Homes with COVID-19 Cases UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32484912 VL - 68 ID - 369 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Anesi, G. | Jablonski, J. | Harhay, M. | Atkins, J. | Bajaj, J. | Baston, C. | Brennan, P. | Candeloro, C. | Catalano, L. | Cereda, M. | Chandler, J. | Christie, J. | Collins, T. | Courtright, K. | Fuchs, B. | Gordon, E. | Greenwood, J. | Gudowski, S. | Hanish, A. | Hanson III, W. | Heuer, M. | Kinniry, P. | Kornfield, Z. | Kruse, G. | Lane-Fall, M. | Martin, N. | Mikkelsen, M. | Negoianu, D. | Pascual, Jose L. | Patel, M. | Pugliese, S. | Qasim, Z. | Reilly, J. | Salmon, J. | Schweickert, W. | Scott, M. | Shashaty, M. | Sicoutris, C. | Wang, J. | Wang, W. | Wani, A. | Anderson, B. | Gutsche, J. C1 - 2021-01-29 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01292021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.7326/m20-5327 IS - 0 L1 - internal-pdf://3902365381/m20-5327.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In a study of 468 patients with COVID-19 requiring admission to the ICU between March and May 2020, 28-day all-cause mortality decreased over time from 43.5% to 19.2% despite stable patient characteristics. SE - 613 SN - 0003-4819 | 1539-3704 SP - null ST - Characteristics, Outcomes, and Trends of Patients With COVID-19–Related Critical Illness at a Learning Health System in the United States T2 - Ann Intern Med TI - Characteristics, Outcomes, and Trends of Patients With COVID-19–Related Critical Illness at a Learning Health System in the United States UR - https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/abs/10.7326/M20-5327 VL - 0 ID - 1447 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Data on patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) who return to hospital after discharge are scarce. Characterization of these patients may inform post-hospitalization care. OBJECTIVE: To describe clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 who returned to the emergency department (ED) or required readmission within 14 days of discharge. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study of SARS-COV-2-positive patients with index hospitalization between February 27 and April 12, 2020, with >/= 14-day follow-up. Significance was defined as P < 0.05 after multiplying P by 125 study-wide comparisons. PARTICIPANTS: Hospitalized patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 discharged alive from five New York City hospitals. MAIN MEASURES: Readmission or return to ED following discharge. RESULTS: Of 2864 discharged patients, 103 (3.6%) returned for emergency care after a median of 4.5 days, with 56 requiring inpatient readmission. The most common reason for return was respiratory distress (50%). Compared with patients who did not return, there were higher proportions of COPD (6.8% vs 2.9%) and hypertension (36% vs 22.1%) among those who returned. Patients who returned also had a shorter median length of stay (LOS) during index hospitalization (4.5 [2.9,9.1] vs 6.7 [3.5, 11.5] days; Padjusted = 0.006), and were less likely to have required intensive care on index hospitalization (5.8% vs 19%; Padjusted = 0.001). A trend towards association between absence of in-hospital treatment-dose anticoagulation on index admission and return to hospital was also observed (20.9% vs 30.9%, Padjusted = 0.06). On readmission, rates of intensive care and death were 5.8% and 3.6%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Return to hospital after admission for COVID-19 was infrequent within 14 days of discharge. The most common cause for return was respiratory distress. Patients who returned more likely had COPD and hypertension, shorter LOS on index-hospitalization, and lower rates of in-hospital treatment-dose anticoagulation. Future studies should focus on whether these comorbid conditions, longer LOS, and anticoagulation are associated with reduced readmissions. AD - The Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | The Mount Sinai COVID Informatics Center, New York, NY, USA. | The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | The BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | The Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | The Mount Sinai COVID Informatics Center, New York, NY, USA. anu.lala@mountsinai.org. | The Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. anu.lala@mountsinai.org. | The Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. girish.nadkarni@mountsinai.org. | The Mount Sinai COVID Informatics Center, New York, NY, USA. girish.nadkarni@mountsinai.org. | Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. girish.nadkarni@mountsinai.org. AN - 32815060 AU - Somani, S. S. | Richter, F. | Fuster, V. | De Freitas, J. K. | Naik, N. | Sigel, K. | Mount Sinai, Covid Informatics Center | Bottinger, E. P. | Levin, M. A. | Fayad, Z. | Just, A. C. | Charney, A. W. | Zhao, S. | Glicksberg, B. S. | Lala, A. | Nadkarni, G. N. C1 - 2020-09-01 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090120_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1007/s11606-020-06120-6 DP - NLM ET - 2020/08/21 IS - 10 KW - Aged | Anticoagulants/administration & dosage | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Case-Control Studies | Comorbidity | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/therapy | Emergency Service, Hospital/*statistics & numerical data | Female | Humans | Hypertension/epidemiology | Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data | Male | Middle Aged | New York City/epidemiology | Pandemics | Patient Readmission/*statistics & numerical data | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/therapy | Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/epidemiology | Respiratory Distress Syndrome/epidemiology | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://0477774558/Somani-2020-Characterization of Patients Who R.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Somani, Sulaiman S; Richter, Felix; Fuster, Valentin; De Freitas, Jessica K; Naik, Nidhi; Sigel, Keith; Bottinger, Erwin P; Levin, Matthew A; Fayad, Zahi; Just, Allan C; Charney, Alexander W; Zhao, Shan; Glicksberg, Benjamin S; Lala, Anuradha; Nadkarni, Girish N; eng; UL1 TR001433-05/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; Multicenter Study; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; J Gen Intern Med. 2020 Oct;35(10):2838-2844. doi: 10.1007/s11606-020-06120-6. Epub 2020 Aug 19. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 103 (3.6%) of 2,864 patients discharged after COVID-19 treatment returned for emergency care 4.5 days (median) after discharge. Of those returning to care: | Respiratory distress most common cause of repeat visit (50%) (Figure). | 56 (54.4%) required readmission. | 6 (10.8%) were readmitted to the ICU. | 3 (5.4%) died. | Returning patients, compared with those who did not return, had: | Higher proportion of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (6.8% vs 2.9%). | Higher proportion of hypertension (36.0% vs 22.1%). | Shorter median length of stay during initial hospitalization (4.5 [95% CI 2.9-9.1] vs 6.7 [95% CI 3.5-11.5] days; p = 0.006). | Less frequent admission on initial hospitalization (6 of 103 [5.8%] vs 524 of 2,761 [19%]; p = 0.001). | Methods: Retrospective cohort study of patients with COVID-19 hospitalized in one of five New York City hospitals from February 27 to April 12, 2020. Assessment of those returning to the Emergency department or requiring readmission within 14 days of discharge. Limitations: Small sample size; missing data; readmission to hospitals outside studied hospital system may not have been captured. | Implications: Return rates after discharge for COVID-19 were relatively low but such patients may be quite ill. Discharge planning should specifically define conditions that should prompt early return to the ED. SN - 1525-1497 (Electronic); 0884-8734 (Linking) SP - 2838-2844 ST - Characterization of Patients Who Return to Hospital Following Discharge from Hospitalization for COVID-19 T2 - J Gen Intern Med TI - Characterization of Patients Who Return to Hospital Following Discharge from Hospitalization for COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32815060 VL - 35 ID - 815 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Emerging data indicate that SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8(+) T cells targeting different viral proteins are detectable in up to 70% of convalescent individuals(1-5). However, very little information is currently available about the abundance, phenotype, functional capacity and fate of pre-existing and induced SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8(+) T cell responses during the natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we define a set of optimal and dominant SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8(+) T cell epitopes. We also perform a high-resolution ex vivo analysis of pre-existing and induced SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8(+) T cells, applying peptide-loaded major histocompatibility complex class I (pMHCI) tetramer technology. We observe rapid induction, prolonged contraction and emergence of heterogeneous and functionally competent cross-reactive and induced memory CD8(+) T cell responses in cross-sectionally analyzed individuals with mild disease following SARS-CoV-2 infection and three individuals longitudinally assessed for their T cells pre- and post-SARS-CoV-2 infection. SARS-CoV-2-specific memory CD8(+) T cells exhibited functional characteristics comparable to influenza-specific CD8(+) T cells and were detectable in SARS-CoV-2 convalescent individuals who were seronegative for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies targeting spike (S) and nucleoprotein (N). These results define cross-reactive and induced SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8(+) T cell responses as potentially important determinants of immune protection in mild SARS-CoV-2 infection. AD - Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. | Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. | Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. | SGBM - Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. | Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. | Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany. | IMM-PACT, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. | Berta-Ottenstein Programme, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. | Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. | Department of Haematology, Oncology & Stem Cell Transplantation, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. | Center for Biobanking-FREEZE-Biobanking, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. | Department of Medicine III (Interdisciplinary Medical Intensive Care), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. | Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. | German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany. | Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK. | Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK. | Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. robert.thimme@uniklinik-freiburg.de. | Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. maike.hofmann@uniklinik-freiburg.de. | Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Infectious Diseases), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. christoph.neumann-haefelin@uniklinik-freiburg.de. AN - 33184509 AU - Schulien, I. | Kemming, J. | Oberhardt, V. | Wild, K. | Seidel, L. M. | Killmer, S. | Sagar, | Daul, F. | Salvat Lago, M. | Decker, A. | Luxenburger, H. | Binder, B. | Bettinger, D. | Sogukpinar, O. | Rieg, S. | Panning, M. | Huzly, D. | Schwemmle, M. | Kochs, G. | Waller, C. F. | Nieters, A. | Duerschmied, D. | Emmerich, F. | Mei, H. E. | Schulz, A. R. | Llewellyn-Lacey, S. | Price, D. A. | Boettler, T. | Bengsch, B. | Thimme, R. | Hofmann, M. | Neumann-Haefelin, C. C1 - 2020-12-08 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/120820_covidupdate.html DA - Jan DO - 10.1038/s41591-020-01143-2 ET - 2020/11/14 IS - 1 KW - CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology | COVID-19/blood/*immunology | Case-Control Studies | Convalescence | Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins/chemistry | Cross Reactions | Cross-Sectional Studies | Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte | Flow Cytometry | HLA-B Antigens/immunology | Humans | Immunologic Memory | Longitudinal Studies | Phosphoproteins/chemistry | SARS-CoV-2/physiology | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry L1 - internal-pdf://2688490249/Schulien-2021-Characterization of pre-existing.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Schulien, Isabel; Kemming, Janine; Oberhardt, Valerie; Wild, Katharina; Seidel, Lea M; Killmer, Saskia; Sagar; Daul, Franziska; Salvat Lago, Marilyn; Decker, Annegrit; Luxenburger, Hendrik; Binder, Benedikt; Bettinger, Dominik; Sogukpinar, Oezlem; Rieg, Siegbert; Panning, Marcus; Huzly, Daniela; Schwemmle, Martin; Kochs, Georg; Waller, Cornelius F; Nieters, Alexandra; Duerschmied, Daniel; Emmerich, Florian; Mei, Henrik E; Schulz, Axel Ronald; Llewellyn-Lacey, Sian; Price, David A; Boettler, Tobias; Bengsch, Bertram; Thimme, Robert; Hofmann, Maike; Neumann-Haefelin, Christoph; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Nat Med. 2021 Jan;27(1):78-85. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-01143-2. Epub 2020 Nov 12. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; SARS-CoV-2-reactive CD8+ T cells were seen in specimens from 23 (88.5%) of 26 convalescent COVID-19 patients. | Reactivity to >4 peptides was seen in most individuals and peptides bound many of the most common human leukocyte antigen (HLA) types (Figure 1). | 8 of 23 patients with SARS-CoV-2-reactive CD8 + T cells were negative for antibody to viral nucleocapsid (N) and spike proteins. | 5 (50%) of 10 pre-pandemic blood cell specimens from donors likely exposed to seasonal coronaviruses had SARS-CoV-2-reactive-CD8 + T cells. | The frequency of SARS-CoV-2-reactive CD8+ T cells in pre-pandemic specimens was approximately 10-fold lower than in specimens from SARS-CoV-2 convalescent patients (Figure 2). | Methods: Blood cells from 26 convalescent COVID-19 patients and from 10 pre-pandemic donors likely exposed to seasonal coronaviruses were tested to detect SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cells. Limitations: Small sample size; pre-pandemic specimens not broadly representative of population. | Implications: As summarized in Karlsson et alexternal icon., T cells play an important role in the immune response. Pre-existing CD8+ T cells that recognize SARS-CoV-2 may be a result of cross-reactivity from prior seasonal coronavirus infections. The level of protective immunity afforded by this pre-existing response needs to be determined. SN - 1546-170X (Electronic); 1078-8956 (Linking) SP - 78-85 ST - Characterization of pre-existing and induced SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8(+) T cells T2 - Nat Med TI - Characterization of pre-existing and induced SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8(+) T cells UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33184509 VL - 27 ID - 1304 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Infectious Disease, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois. | Division of Infectious Disease, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois. | Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Disease and Global Health, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL. AN - 32962785 AU - Zhang, D. D. | Acree, M. E. | Ridgway, J. P. | Shah, N. | Hazra, A. | Ravichandran, U. | Kumar, M. C1 - 2020-10-02 C2 - Other Respiratory Diseases in Children During COVID-19 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100220_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 23 DB - Cambridge Core DO - 10.1017/ice.2020.1221 DP - Cambridge University Press ET - 2020/09/24 IS - 9 KW - *covid-19 | Child | *Coinfection/diagnosis | Hospitalization | Humans | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://2746473505/Zhang-2020-Characterizing coinfection in child.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Zhang, David D; Acree, Mary Ellen; Ridgway, Jessica P; Shah, Nirav; Hazra, Aniruddha; Ravichandran, Urmila; Kumar, Madan; eng; Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2020 Sep 23:1-3. doi: 10.1017/ice.2020.1221. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among 767 pediatric patients tested for SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory pathogens, 101 (13.2%) were positive for SARS-CoV-2. | 12.5% were coinfected with rhinovirus, enterovirus or adenovirus; 2% were coinfected with either influenza A or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). | Methods: Retrospective review of records at two Chicago medical centers from March 9 through April 30, 2020 of all pediatric patients tested for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR who also were tested for other respiratory pathogens within 7 days of the SARS-CoV-2 test. Limitations: No age range is presented, limiting ability to compare with other studies among children; average age in study is 17.1, but RSV and bronchiolitis are more common in children under 5 years; study was conducted at a time of year when respiratory viral transmission rates were declining. | Implications for 2 studies (Zhang et al. & Britton et al.): Implementation of public health measures to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection during peak RSV season in NSW, Australia, was strongly associated with a large decrease in the burden of RSV disease among children. Compared to endemic coronaviruses, coinfections with SARS-CoV-2 appear less common in the limited pediatric population data currently available but this may be partially a result of current prevention practices including handwashing and social distancing. SN - 1559-6834 (Electronic); 0899-823X (Linking) SP - 1-3 ST - Characterizing coinfection in children with COVID-19: A dual center retrospective analysis T2 - Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol TI - Characterizing coinfection in children with COVID-19: A dual center retrospective analysis UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32962785 VL - 42 ID - 988 ER - TY - JOUR AB - This commentary discusses the findings of early studies that addressed the use of chest computed tomography for the detection of COVID-19. The authors urge caution in rushing science and overinterpreting preliminary or flawed data. AD - University of California, San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California (M.D.H.). | Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri (C.A.R.). | University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California (T.S.H.). AN - 32267912 AU - Hope, M. D. | Raptis, C. A. | Henry, T. S. C1 - 2020-04-17 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/041720_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 21 DO - 10.7326/M20-1382 DP - NLM ET - 2020/04/09 IS - 2 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnostic imaging | Diagnosis, Differential | Humans | Infection Control/methods | Pandemics | Peer Review, Research | Periodicals as Topic | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnostic imaging | *Radiography, Thoracic | Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction | SARS-CoV-2 | *Tomography, X-Ray Computed L1 - internal-pdf://3275015508/Hope-2020-Chest Computed Tomography for Detect.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Hope, Michael D; Raptis, Constantine A; Henry, Travis S; eng; Editorial; Ann Intern Med. 2020 Jul 21;173(2):147-148. doi: 10.7326/M20-1382. Epub 2020 Apr 8. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Drawing on publications describing the use of chest CT for diagnosing COVID-19, authors discuss the importance of not rushing the science, even during the COVID-19 pandemic. SN - 1539-3704 (Electronic); 0003-4819 (Linking) SP - 147-148 ST - Chest Computed Tomography for Detection of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Don't Rush the Science T2 - Ann Intern Med TI - Chest Computed Tomography for Detection of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Don't Rush the Science UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32267912 VL - 173 ID - 50 ER - TY - JOUR AB - AIM: To determine the overall rate of chest imaging findings in asymptomatic cases, describe the most common patterns found, and determine the rate of later symptom development in these initially asymptomatic cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched until 1 May 2020, for studies examining the proportion of positive chest imaging findings in asymptomatic cases diagnosed with COVID-19 and a random-effects meta-analysis of proportions was performed. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I(2) statistic. RESULTS: Among 858 non-duplicate studies, seven studies with a total of 231 asymptomatic cases met the inclusion criteria. In the primary analysis, the pooled estimate of the overall rate of positive chest computed tomography (CT) findings among asymptomatic cases was 63% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 44-78%). Among 155/231 cases that were followed up for later symptom development, 90/155 remained asymptomatic and 65/155 developed symptoms during the study period (that ranged between seven and 30 days of follow-up). The pooled estimate of the rate of positive chest CT findings was 62% (95% CI: 38-81%) in cases that remained asymptomatic, while it was 90% (95% CI: 49-99%) in cases that developed symptoms. Among CT findings, the pooled estimate of the overall rate of ground-glass opacities (GGO) at CT alone was 71% (95% CI: 50-86%). Among other CT findings reported, 22/231 patients had GGO with consolidation, 7/231 patients had stripe shadows with or without GGO, and 8/231 patients had GGO with interlobular septal thickening. Among initially asymptomatic cases with positive CT findings, the pooled estimate of the overall rate of later symptom development was 26% (95% CI: 14-43%). CONCLUSION: In COVID-19, asymptomatic cases can have positive chest CT findings, and COVID-19 should be considered among cases with CT abnormalities even when there are no other symptoms. There is a need for close clinical monitoring of asymptomatic cases with radiographic findings as a significant percentage will develop symptoms. AD - Infectious Diseases Division, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA. | Infectious Diseases Division, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA. Electronic address: emylonakis@lifespan.org. AN - 32861461 AU - Tsikala Vafea, M. | Atalla, E. | Kalligeros, M. | Mylona, E. K. | Shehadeh, F. | Mylonakis, E. C1 - 2020-08-25 C2 - Treatment-Related Reviews and Meta-Analyses CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082520_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1016/j.crad.2020.07.025 ET - 2020/08/31 IS - 11 KW - Asymptomatic Diseases/*epidemiology | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnostic imaging/epidemiology/physiopathology | Databases, Factual | Disease Transmission, Infectious/prevention & control | Female | Humans | Incidence | Infection Control/*organization & administration | Male | Pandemics/prevention & control/statistics & numerical data | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnostic imaging/epidemiology/physiopathology | Radiography, Thoracic/*methods/statistics & numerical data | Risk Assessment | Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/*diagnostic | imaging/epidemiology/physiopathology | Tomography, X-Ray Computed/*methods/statistics & numerical data L1 - internal-pdf://0975471774/Tsikala Vafea-2020-Chest CT findings in asympt.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Tsikala Vafea, M; Atalla, E; Kalligeros, M; Mylona, E K; Shehadeh, F; Mylonakis, E; eng; Meta-Analysis; Systematic Review; England; Clin Radiol. 2020 Nov;75(11):876.e33-876.e39. doi: 10.1016/j.crad.2020.07.025. Epub 2020 Aug 12. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Seven studies of persons with asymptomatic COVID-19 with positive chest CT. In Many became symptomatic later. SN - 1365-229X (Electronic); 0009-9260 (Linking) SP - 876 e33-876 e39 ST - Chest CT findings in asymptomatic cases with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis T2 - Clin Radiol TI - Chest CT findings in asymptomatic cases with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32861461 VL - 75 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 772 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Dermatology, Dermitek Clinic - Grupo stop, Bilbao, Spain. | Department of Dermatology, Hospital Gomez Ulla, Madrid, Spain. | Primary Care Physician, Centro Bombero Echaniz, Bilbao, Spain. AN - 32329897 AU - Landa, N. | Mendieta-Eckert, M. | Fonda-Pascual, P. | Aguirre, T. C1 - 2020-05-08 C2 - Skin Lesions in COVID-19 Patients CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050820_covidupdate.html DA - Jun DO - 10.1111/ijd.14937 DP - NLM ET - 2020/04/25 IS - 6 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged, 80 and over | Betacoronavirus/isolation & purification | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/*pathology/virology | Erythema/*virology | Female | Foot Dermatoses/pathology/*virology | Hand Dermatoses/pathology/*virology | Humans | Male | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/*pathology/virology | SARS-CoV-2 | Toes/pathology | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://1599024076/Landa-2020-Chilblain-like lesions on feet and.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Landa, Nerea; Mendieta-Eckert, Marta; Fonda-Pascual, Pablo; Aguirre, Teresa; eng; Case Reports; England; Int J Dermatol. 2020 Jun;59(6):739-743. doi: 10.1111/ijd.14937. Epub 2020 Apr 24. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Skin lesions similar in appearance to chilblains (Figures 1 and 2) were present on the extremities (hands and feet) of most patients, and most patients were asymptomatic for COVID-19 or had very mild symptoms. All were self-limited and resolved without intervention. | In patients with documented symptom onset, skin lesions appeared later in their clinical course. | Methods: Cohort of six patients with multiple skin lesions of unknown origin and suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection assessed by teleconference, Spain. Limitations: Only 3 patients were tested for SARS-CoV-2, 2 of whom tested positive; some diagnoses were confirmed remotely by teleconference; no skin biopsies performed. | Implications of 3 studies (Galv֙n Casasexternal icon et al., Landa et al. & Diaz-Guimaraens et al.): A spectrum of skin lesions are associated with COVID-19 and warrant further investigation. The presence and timing of certain skin lesions may help clinicians identify early or late stage COVID-19 illness in people who are otherwise asymptomatic or have mild symptoms. SN - 1365-4632 (Electronic); 0011-9059 (Linking) SP - 739-743 ST - Chilblain-like lesions on feet and hands during the COVID-19 Pandemic T2 - Int J Dermatol TI - Chilblain-like lesions on feet and hands during the COVID-19 Pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32329897 VL - 59 ID - 144 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVE: A systematic review of mental health outcomes and needs of children and families during past pandemics was conducted based on the PRISMA protocol. The objectives were to evaluate the quality of existing studies on this topic, determine what is known about mental health outcomes and needs of children and families, and provide recommendations for how COVID-19 policies can best support children and families. METHODS: Seventeen studies were identified through a search of PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. RESULTS: Studies examining child outcomes indicate that social isolation and quarantining practices exert a substantial negative impact on child anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and fear symptoms. Potential risk factors such as living in rural areas, being female, and increasing grade level may exacerbate negative mental health outcomes for children. Studies examining parental and family outcomes indicate that parents experience high stress, anxiety, and financial burden during pandemics. The age of the parent and family socioeconomic status (SES) appeared to mitigate negative outcomes, where older parents and higher SES families had lower rates of mental health problems. Parents' fear over the physical and mental health of their children, concerns over potential job loss and arranging childcare contributes to elevated stress and poorer well-being. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this review suggest current gaps in COVID-19 policies and provide recommendations such implementing "family-friendly" policies that are inclusive and have flexible eligibility criteria. Examples include universal paid sick leave for parents and financial supports for parents who are also frontline workers and are at an elevated risk for contracting the disease. AD - Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University. AN - 33083817 AU - C. Fong V | Iarocci, G. C1 - 2020-11-03 C2 - Mental Health and Well Being CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/110320_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 1 DO - 10.1093/jpepsy/jsaa092 ET - 2020/10/22 IS - 10 KW - Adult | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Child | Coronavirus Infections/complications/*psychology | Family/*psychology | Female | Humans | Male | Mental Disorders/complications/*psychology | *Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/complications/*psychology | Quarantine/*psychology | SARS-CoV-2 | *covid-19 | *child | *families | *infectious disease outbreaks | *mental health | *parents | *policy L1 - internal-pdf://4051204069/V-2020-Child and Family Outcomes Following Pan.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - C Fong, Vanessa; Iarocci, Grace; eng; Systematic Review; J Pediatr Psychol. 2020 Nov 1;45(10):1124-1143. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsaa092. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A systematic review of mental health outcomes and needs of children and families during past pandemics. SN - 1465-735X (Electronic); 0146-8693 (Linking) SP - 1124-1143 ST - Child and Family Outcomes Following Pandemics: A Systematic Review and Recommendations on COVID-19 Policies T2 - J Pediatr Psychol TI - Child and Family Outcomes Following Pandemics: A Systematic Review and Recommendations on COVID-19 Policies UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33083817 VL - 45 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1170 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Most pediatric studies of asthma and COVID-19 to date have been ecological, which offer limited insight. We evaluated the association between asthma and COVID-19 at an individual level.Methods Using data from prospective clinical registries, we conducted a nested case-control study comparing three groups: children with COVID-19 and underlying asthma (“A+C�?cases); children with COVID-19 without underlying disease (“C+�?controls); and children with asthma without COVID-19 (“A+�?controls).Results The cohort included 142 A+C cases, 1110 C+ controls, and 140 A+ controls. A+C cases were more likely than C+ controls to present with dyspnea and wheezing, to receive pharmacologic treatment including systemic steroids (all p<0.01), and to be hospitalized (4.9% vs 1.7%, p=0.01). In the adjusted analysis, A+C cases were nearly 4 times more likely to be hospitalized than C+ controls (adjusted OR=3.95 [95%CI=1.4-10.9]); however, length of stay and respiratory support level did not differ between groups. Among A+C cases, 8.5% presented with an asthma exacerbation and another 6.3% developed acute exacerbation symptoms shortly after testing positive for SARS-CoV-2. Compared to historic A+ controls, A+C cases had less severe asthma, were less likely to be on controller medications, and had better asthma symptom control (all p<0.01).Conclusions In our cohort, asthma was a risk factor for hospitalization in children with COVID-19, but not for worse COVID-19 outcomes. SARS-CoV-2 does not seem to be a strong trigger for pediatric asthma exacerbations. Asthma severity was not associated with higher risk of COVID-19.Key messages In this pediatric cohort, asthma was a risk factor for hospitalization in children with COVID-19, but not for worse COVID-19 outcomes. Baseline asthma severity was not associated with higher risk of COVID-19, and SARS-CoV-2 did not seem to be a strong trigger for pediatric asthma exacerbations.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementDr. Gaietto's contribution was funded in part by grant number T32-HL129949 from the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH). Dr. Forno's contribution was funded in part by grant R01-HL149693 from the U.S. NIH. The funding agencies had no role in the study or the preparation of the manuscript.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The WPACR and the CHP Asthma Registry are both approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Pittsburgh (protocols STUDY20110072 and STUDY19020359, respectively).All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData can be requested from the authors, after final peer-reviewed publication and contingent on the necessary ethics / institutional review board approvals. AU - Gaietto, Kristina | Freeman, Megan Culler | DiCicco, Leigh Anne | Rauenswinter, Sherry | Squire, Joseph R. | Aldewereld, Zachary | Iagnemma, Jennifer | Campfield, Brian T. | Wolfson, David | Kazmerski, Traci M. | Forno, Erick C1 - 2021-10-01 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10012021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1101/2021.09.20.21263838 L1 - internal-pdf://1218401459/Gaietto-2021-Childhood Asthma and COVID-19_ A.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In a nested case-control study using clinical registry data, asthma severity in children was not associated with a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Children with COVID-19 and asthma were more than 4 times as likely to be hospitalized compared with children with COVID-19 and without asthma; however, there was no difference in hospital stay length or need for respiratory support. SP - 2021.09.20.21263838 ST - Childhood Asthma and COVID-19: A Nested Case-Control Study T2 - medRxiv TI - Childhood Asthma and COVID-19: A Nested Case-Control Study UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/09/22/2021.09.20.21263838.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/09/22/2021.09.20.21263838.full.pdf ID - 2399 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 33038941 AU - Burki, T. C1 - 2020-10-23 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102320_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30800-8 ET - 2020/10/12 IS - 11 KW - Betacoronavirus/*genetics | Covid-19 | China/epidemiology | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/*prevention & control/therapy/virology | Genome, Viral | Government Regulation | Health Behavior | Humans | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Personal Protective Equipment | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/*prevention & control/therapy/virology | Quarantine/legislation & jurisprudence/*methods | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://0329453774/Burki-2020-China's successful control of COVID.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Burki, Talha; eng; Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Nov;20(11):1240-1241. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30800-8. Epub 2020 Oct 8. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: While two-thirds of Americans believe China has done poorly in dealing with the Pandemic, WHO views it as a success story. SN - 1474-4457 (Electronic); 1473-3099 (Linking) SP - 1240-1241 ST - China's successful control of COVID-19 T2 - Lancet Infect Dis TI - China's successful control of COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33038941 VL - 20 Y2 - 2021/05/14 ID - 1105 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: There is currently no drug or therapy that cures COVID-19, a highly contagious and life-threatening disease. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review and meta-analysis summarized contemporary studies that report the use of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) to treat COVID-19. SEARCH STRATEGY: Six electronic databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Wanfang Data and China National Knowledge Infrastructure) were searched from their beginning to May 15, 2020 with the following search terms: traditional Chinese medicine, Chinese medicine, Chinese herbal medicine, COVID-19, new coronavirus pneumonia, SARS-CoV-2, and randomized controlled trial. INCLUSION CRITERIA: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from peer-reviewed journals and non-reviewed publications were included. Further, included RCTs had a control group that was given standard care (SC; such as conventional Western medicine treatments or routine medical care), and a treatment group that was given SC plus CHM. DATA EXTRACTION AND ANALYSIS: Two evaluators screened and collected literature independently; information on participants, study design, interventions, follow-up and adverse events were extracted, and risk of bias was assessed. The primary outcomes included scores that represented changes in symptoms and signs over the course of treatment. Secondary outcomes included the level of inflammatory markers, improvement of pneumonia confirmed by computed tomography (CT), and adverse events. Dichotomous data were expressed as risk ratio or hazard ratio with 95% confidence interval (CI); where time-to-event analysis was used, outcomes were expressed as odds ratio with 95% CI. Continuous data were expressed as difference in means (MD) with 95% CI, and standardized mean difference (SMD) was used when different outcome scales were pooled. RESULTS: Seven original studies, comprising a total of 732 adults, were included in this meta-analysis. Compared to SC alone, CHM plus SC had a superior effect on the change of symptom and sign score (-1.30 by SMD, 95% CI [-2.43, -0.16]; 3 studies; n = 261, P = 0.03), on inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP, mg/L; -11.82 by MD, 95% CI [-17.95, -5.69]; 5 studies; n = 325, P = 0.0002), on number of patients with improved lung CT scans (1.34 by risk ratio, 95% CI [1.19, 1.51]; 4 studies; n = 489, P < 0.00001). No significant adverse events were recorded in the included RCTs. CONCLUSION: Current evidence shows that CHM, as an adjunct treatment with standard care, helps to improve treatment outcomes in COVID-19 cases. AD - American TCM Association (ATCMA), Vienna, VA 22182, USA; McLean Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, PLC, Vienna, VA 22182, USA. Electronic address: ArthurFan@ChineseMedicineDoctor.US. | Federation of Chinese Medicine & Acupuncture Societies of Australia (FCMA), Victoria 3011, Australia; Knox Chinese Healing & Myotherapy, Wantirna South, Victoria 3152, Australia. Electronic address: contactus@fcma.org.au. | American TCM Association (ATCMA), Vienna, VA 22182, USA; East Roots Wellness, PLC, McLean, VA 22101, USA. AN - 32792254 AU - Fan, A. Y. | Gu, S. | Alemi, S. F. | Research Group for Evidence-based Chinese, Medicine C1 - 2020-08-25 C2 - Treatment-Related Reviews and Meta-Analyses CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082520_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1016/j.joim.2020.07.008 ET - 2020/08/15 IS - 5 KW - Betacoronavirus/*drug effects | COVID-19/drug therapy | Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy | Drugs, Chinese Herbal/*therapeutic use | Humans | SARS-CoV-2 | *covid-19 | *Chinese herbal medicine | *Meta-analysis | *SARS-CoV-2 | *Systematic review | *Traditional Chinese medicine L1 - internal-pdf://3020013960/Fan-2020-Chinese herbal medicine for COVID-19_.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Fan, Arthur Yin; Gu, Sherman; Alemi, Sarah Faggert; eng; Meta-Analysis; Systematic Review; Netherlands; J Integr Med. 2020 Sep;18(5):385-394. doi: 10.1016/j.joim.2020.07.008. Epub 2020 Jul 31. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Meta-analysis of 7 studies showing additive benefit of Chinese herbal medicine to standard medical care on some inflammatory markers and lung CT scans. SN - 2095-4964 (Print) SP - 385-394 ST - Chinese herbal medicine for COVID-19: Current evidence with systematic review and meta-analysis T2 - J Integr Med TI - Chinese herbal medicine for COVID-19: Current evidence with systematic review and meta-analysis UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32792254 VL - 18 ID - 764 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has only 15 genes, compared with 30�?00 in the human genome. But it is a stern teacher, indeed. Answers to the questions it has raised may reshape both health care and society as a whole.No one can say with certainty what the consequences of this pandemic will be in 6 months, let alone 6 years or 60. Some “new normal�?may emerge, in which novel systems and assumptions will replace many others long taken for granted. But at this early stage, it is more honest to frame the new, post–COVID-19 normal not as predictions, but as a series of choices. Specifically, the pandemic nominates at least 6 properties of care for durable change: tempo, standards, working conditions, proximity, preparedness, and equity. AD - Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI), Boston, Massachusetts. AN - 32364589 AU - Berwick, D. M. C1 - 2020-05-12 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051220_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 2 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.6949 ET - 2020/05/05 IS - 21 KW - Betacoronavirus/genetics | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus Infections | Health Policy/*trends | *Health Status Disparities | Humans | Learning | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral | SARS-CoV-2 | Telemedicine/*trends L1 - internal-pdf://2809534063/Berwick-2020-Choices for the _New Normal_.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Berwick, Donald M; eng; JAMA. 2020 Jun 2;323(21):2125-2126. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.6949. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Opinion piece on choices for the “new normal,�?including how to improve the speed of learning, handle ethical dilemmas, protect HCWs, provide virtual care, prepare for future threats, and combat inequity. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 2125-2126 ST - Choices for the "New Normal" T2 - JAMA TI - Choices for the "New Normal" UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32364589 VL - 323 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 174 ER - TY - JOUR AB - SARS-CoV-2 can mutate and evade immunity, with consequences for efficacy of emerging vaccines and antibody therapeutics. Here, we demonstrate that the immunodominant SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) receptor binding motif (RBM) is a highly variable region of S and provide epidemiological, clinical, and molecular characterization of a prevalent, sentinel RBM mutation, N439K. We demonstrate N439K S protein has enhanced binding affinity to the hACE2 receptor, and N439K viruses have similar in vitro replication fitness and cause infections with similar clinical outcomes as compared to wild type. We show the N439K mutation confers resistance against several neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, including one authorized for emergency use by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and reduces the activity of some polyclonal sera from persons recovered from infection. Immune evasion mutations that maintain virulence and fitness such as N439K can emerge within SARS-CoV-2 S, highlighting the need for ongoing molecular surveillance to guide development and usage of vaccines and therapeutics. AD - MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK. | Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. | MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK. | Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland. | Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK. | Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK. | Molecular Biology Consortium, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. | Computational and Systems Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA. | Computational and Systems Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. | Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK. | Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Universita della Svizzera italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland; Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacological Sciences of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland. | Department of Chemistry and Hamilton Institute, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Ireland. | Department of Nephrology, Ospedale Civico Lugano, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland; Prince of Wales Hospital Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. | Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Universita della Svizzera italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; ETH Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland. | Clinic of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Clinica Luganese Moncucco, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland. | III Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Luigi Sacco Hospital, 20157 Milan, Italy. | NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; Respiratory Medicine, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool L12 2AP, UK. | National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, UK. | The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK; Intensive Care Unit, Royal Infirmary Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK. | ISARIC4C Investigators. | https://www.cogconsortium.uk. | The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK. | Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA. | MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK. Electronic address: david.l.robertson@glasgow.ac.uk. | Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. Electronic address: gsnell@vir.bio. AN - 33621484 AU - Thomson, E. C. | Rosen, L. E. | Shepherd, J. G. | Spreafico, R. | da Silva Filipe, A. | Wojcechowskyj, J. A. | Davis, C. | Piccoli, L. | Pascall, D. J. | Dillen, J. | Lytras, S. | Czudnochowski, N. | Shah, R. | Meury, M. | Jesudason, N. | De Marco, A. | Li, K. | Bassi, J. | O'Toole, A. | Pinto, D. | Colquhoun, R. M. | Culap, K. | Jackson, B. | Zatta, F. | Rambaut, A. | Jaconi, S. | Sreenu, V. B. | Nix, J. | Zhang, I. | Jarrett, R. F. | Glass, W. G. | Beltramello, M. | Nomikou, K. | Pizzuto, M. | Tong, L. | Cameroni, E. | Croll, T. I. | Johnson, N. | Di Iulio, J. | Wickenhagen, A. | Ceschi, A. | Harbison, A. M. | Mair, D. | Ferrari, P. | Smollett, K. | Sallusto, F. | Carmichael, S. | Garzoni, C. | Nichols, J. | Galli, M. | Hughes, J. | Riva, A. | Ho, A. | Schiuma, M. | Semple, M. G. | Openshaw, P. J. M. | Fadda, E. | Baillie, J. K. | Chodera, J. D. | Isaric C. Investigators | Covid- Genomics UK Consortium | Rihn, S. J. | Lycett, S. J. | Virgin, H. W. | Telenti, A. | Corti, D. | Robertson, D. L. | Snell, G. C1 - 2021-02-12 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02122021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 4 DO - 10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.037 ET - 2021/02/24 IS - 5 KW - Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/chemistry | Antibodies, Neutralizing/genetics/immunology | Antibodies, Viral/immunology | COVID-19/*immunology/virology | *Genetic Fitness | Humans | *Immune Evasion | Mutation | Phylogeny | SARS-CoV-2/chemistry/*genetics/pathogenicity | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry/*genetics | Virulence | *covid-19 | *n439k | *SARS-CoV-2 | *Spike | *monoclonal antibody escape | *mutation | *protein structure | *receptor binding motif | *variant | A.D.M., J.B., D.P., K.C., F.Z., S.J., M.B., M.P., E.C., J.D.I., H.W.V., A.T., | D.C., and G.S. are or were employees of Vir Biotechnology and may hold shares in | Vir Biotechnology. C.G. is an external scientific advisor for Humabs BioMed SA. | J. Nix and T.I.C. are consultants with Vir Biotechnology. M.G.S. declares | interest in Integrum Scientific, Greensboro, NC, outside the scope of this work. | J.D.C. is a current member of the Scientific Advisory Board of OpenEye Scientific | Software and is a scientific consultant to Foresite Labs. The Chodera laboratory | (I.Z., W.G.G., and J.D.C.) receives or has received funding from multiple | sources, including the NIH, the National Science Foundation, the Parker Institute | for Cancer Immunotherapy, Relay Therapeutics, Entasis Therapeutics, Silicon | Therapeutics, EMD Serono (Merck KGaA), AstraZeneca, Vir Biotechnology, XtalPi, | the Molecular Sciences Software Institute, the Starr Cancer Consortium, the Open | Force Field Consortium, Cycle for Survival, a Louis V. Gerstner Young | Investigator Award, and the Sloan Kettering Institute. A complete funding history | for the Chodera lab can be found at https://www.choderalab.org/funding. The other | authors declare no competing interests. L1 - internal-pdf://2387546851/1-s2.0-S0092867421000805-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Thomson, Emma C; Rosen, Laura E; Shepherd, James G; Spreafico, Roberto; da Silva Filipe, Ana; Wojcechowskyj, Jason A; Davis, Chris; Piccoli, Luca; Pascall, David J; Dillen, Josh; Lytras, Spyros; Czudnochowski, Nadine; Shah, Rajiv; Meury, Marcel; Jesudason, Natasha; De Marco, Anna; Li, Kathy; Bassi, Jessica; O'Toole, Aine; Pinto, Dora; Colquhoun, Rachel M; Culap, Katja; Jackson, Ben; Zatta, Fabrizia; Rambaut, Andrew; Jaconi, Stefano; Sreenu, Vattipally B; Nix, Jay; Zhang, Ivy; Jarrett, Ruth F; Glass, William G; Beltramello, Martina; Nomikou, Kyriaki; Pizzuto, Matteo; Tong, Lily; Cameroni, Elisabetta; Croll, Tristan I; Johnson, Natasha; Di Iulio, Julia; Wickenhagen, Arthur; Ceschi, Alessandro; Harbison, Aoife M; Mair, Daniel; Ferrari, Paolo; Smollett, Katherine; Sallusto, Federica; Carmichael, Stephen; Garzoni, Christian; Nichols, Jenna; Galli, Massimo; Hughes, Joseph; Riva, Agostino; Ho, Antonia; Schiuma, Marco; Semple, Malcolm G; Openshaw, Peter J M; Fadda, Elisa; Baillie, J Kenneth; Chodera, John D; (COG-UK); Rihn, Suzannah J; Lycett, Samantha J; Virgin, Herbert W; Telenti, Amalio; Corti, Davide; Robertson, David L; Snell, Gyorgy; eng; MR/S032304/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; P30 GM124169/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/; P30 CA008748/CA/NCI NIH HHS/; WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; R01 GM121505/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/; MC_PC_19027/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; R01 GM132386/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/; MC_UU_12014/10/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Cell. 2021 Mar 4;184(5):1171-1187.e20. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.037. Epub 2021 Jan 28. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Receptor binding motif (RBM, a structure within the receptor binding domain) mutation N439K emerged independently in multiple variants. | The mutation increases spike affinity for ACE2 receptors while viral fitness and virulence are unchanged from wild-type SARS-CoV-2. | N439K mutations confer resistance to therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and some polyclonal human sera (Figure). | Methods: N439K variant SARS-CoV-2 structural dynamics, phylogeny, fitness, and virulence were assessed with in silico and in vitro experiments and an observational study. 144 human mAbs and 442 human sera were used in binding assays testing N439K pseudoviruses. Limitations: Findings are not generalizable to other RBM mutants. | Implications: Mutations that evade immunity but maintain viral fitness and virulence, such as the N489K mutation, are emerging. Ongoing molecular surveillance is warranted to identify variants of concern for improved development and usage of vaccines and therapeutics. SN - 1097-4172 (Electronic); 0092-8674 (Linking) SP - 1171-1187 e20 ST - Circulating SARS-CoV-2 spike N439K variants maintain fitness while evading antibody-mediated immunity T2 - Cell TI - Circulating SARS-CoV-2 spike N439K variants maintain fitness while evading antibody-mediated immunity UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33621484 VL - 184 ID - 1502 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In the Original Investigation titled “Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 in the New York City Area�?published online April 22, 2020, in JAMA, clarification and correction of data were required. In the Abstract, Results paragraph, the sentence reporting mortality for patients receiving mechanical ventilation should read, “As of April 4, 2020, for patients requiring mechanical ventilation (n = 1151, 20.2%), 38 (3.3%) were discharged alive, 282 (24.5%) died, and 831 (72.2%) remained in hospital.�?This same sentence was added to the second paragraph of the Results section in the text. In the first paragraph of the text Results, the sentence about test results should read, “The first test for COVID-19 was positive in 5517 patients (96.8%), while 183 patients (3.2%) had a negative first test and positive repeat test.�?In the Discussion, a paragraph was added to clarify the calculation of mortality rates. In Table 2, the number (%) of patients with concurrent entero/rhinovirus infection should be �?2 (52.4).�?This article has been corrected online. AN - 32330939 C1 - 2020-05-01 C2 - Article Correction CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050120_covidupdate.html DA - May 26 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.7681 ET - 2020/04/25 IS - 20 L1 - internal-pdf://2655370454/2020-Clarification of Mortality Rate and Data.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | N1 - eng | Published Erratum | JAMA. 2020 May 26;323(20):2098. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.7681. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: The article, Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City areaexternal icon, which was published online April 22, 2020 in JAMA and featured in the April 28, 2020 Science Update, was corrected on April 24, 2020. In all, 1151 patients received invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). Of these, 38 (3.3%) were discharged, 282 (24.5%) died, and 831 (72.2%) remained in the hospital at the end of data collection. The original published article, as well as the April 28, 2020 Science Update, correctly reported that among the 320 patients who were discharged or died, 282 (81.1%) died. However, the corrected version of the article omits this percentage, and instead reports the percentage who died (24.5%) among all who received IMV (n = 1,151). SN - 0098-7484 SP - 2098-2098 ST - Clarification of Mortality Rate and Data in Abstract, Results, and Table 2 T2 - JAMA TI - Clarification of Mortality Rate and Data in Abstract, Results, and Table 2 UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.7681 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/2765367/jama_2020_cx_200028.pdf VL - 323 Y2 - 7/1/2021 ID - 1877 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 disease are poorly characterized. OBJECTIVES: To describe the cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 disease and to relate them to other clinical findings. METHODS: We carried out a nationwide case collection survey of images and clinical data. Using a consensus we described five clinical patterns. We later described the association of these patterns with patient demographics, the timing in relation to symptoms of the disease, the severity and the prognosis. RESULTS: The lesions may be classified as acral areas of erythema with vesicles or pustules (pseudo-chilblain) (19%), other vesicular eruptions (9%), urticarial lesions (19%), maculopapular eruptions (47%) and livedo or necrosis (6%). Vesicular eruptions appear early in the course of the disease (15% before other symptoms). The pseudo-chilblain pattern frequently appears late in the evolution of the COVID-19 disease (59% after other symptoms), while the rest tend to appear with other symptoms of COVID-19. The severity of COVID-19 shows a gradient from less severe disease in acral lesions to more severe in the latter groups. The results are similar for confirmed and suspected cases, in terms of both clinical and epidemiological findings. Alternative diagnoses are discussed but seem unlikely for the most specific patterns (pseudo-chilblain and vesicular). CONCLUSIONS: We provide a description of the cutaneous manifestations associated with COVID-19 infection. These may help clinicians approach patients with the disease and recognize cases presenting with few symptoms. What is already known about this topic? Previous descriptions of cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19 were case reports and mostly lacked illustrations. What does this study add? We describe a large, representative sample of patients with unexplained skin manifestations and a diagnosis of COVID-19, using a consensus method to define morphological patterns associated with COVID-19. We describe five clinical patterns associated with different patient demographics, timing and prognosis, and provide illustrations of these patterns to allow for easy recognition. AD - Hospital Universitario de Mostoles, Madrid, Spain. | Hospital Plato, Barcelona, Spain. | Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Dr. Negrin, Las Palmas, Spain. | Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain. | Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain. | Hospital Universitario Principe de Asturias, Alcala de Henares, Madrid, Spain. | Hospital Universitario 'Marques de Valdecilla', Santander, Spain. | Hospital Universitario Clinico San Cecilio, Granada, Spain. | Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain. | Gavin Dermatologos, Vigo, Spain. | Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Maranon, Madrid, Spain. | Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain. | Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain. | Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain. | Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. | Consorci Sanitari Parc Tauli, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain. | Althaia, Xarxa Assistencial Universitaria de Manresa, Manresa, Barcelona, Spain. | Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain. | Hospital General de Granollers, Barcelona, Spain. | Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain. | Research Unit, Fundacion Piel Sana Academia Espanola de Dermatologia y Venereologia, Madrid, Spain. AN - 32348545 AU - Galvan Casas, C. | Catala, A. | Carretero Hernandez, G. | Rodriguez-Jimenez, P. | Fernandez-Nieto, D. | Rodriguez-Villa Lario, A. | Navarro Fernandez, I. | Ruiz-Villaverde, R. | Falkenhain-Lopez, D. | Llamas Velasco, M. | Garcia-Gavin, J. | Baniandres, O. | Gonzalez-Cruz, C. | Morillas-Lahuerta, V. | Cubiro, X. | Figueras Nart, I. | Selda-Enriquez, G. | Romani, J. | Fusta-Novell, X. | Melian-Olivera, A. | Roncero Riesco, M. | Burgos-Blasco, P. | Sola Ortigosa, J. | Feito Rodriguez, M. | Garcia-Doval, I. C1 - 2020-05-08 | 2020-07-14 C2 - Skin Lesions in COVID-19 Patients;N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050820_covidupdate.html | http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071420_covidupdate.html DA - Jul DO - 10.1111/bjd.19163 DP - NLM ET - 2020/04/30 IS - 1 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Betacoronavirus/*pathogenicity | Covid-19 | Child | *Consensus | Coronavirus Infections/*complications/diagnosis/epidemiology/virology | Dermatologists/statistics & numerical data | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications/diagnosis/epidemiology/virology | Prognosis | Prospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 | Skin Diseases, Viral/*classification/diagnosis/virology | Spain/epidemiology | Surveys and Questionnaires/statistics & numerical data | Terminology as Topic | Time Factors | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://3511088376/Galvan Casas-2020-Classification of the cutane.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Galvan Casas, C; Catala, A; Carretero Hernandez, G; Rodriguez-Jimenez, P; Fernandez-Nieto, D; Rodriguez-Villa Lario, A; Navarro Fernandez, I; Ruiz-Villaverde, R; Falkenhain-Lopez, D; Llamas Velasco, M; Garcia-Gavin, J; Baniandres, O; Gonzalez-Cruz, C; Morillas-Lahuerta, V; Cubiro, X; Figueras Nart, I; Selda-Enriquez, G; Romani, J; Fusta-Novell, X; Melian-Olivera, A; Roncero Riesco, M; Burgos-Blasco, P; Sola Ortigosa, J; Feito Rodriguez, M; Garcia-Doval, I; eng; England; Br J Dermatol. 2020 Jul;183(1):71-77. doi: 10.1111/bjd.19163. Epub 2020 Jun 10. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Investigators distinguished five types of distinct skin lesions: | Macules (a non-raised area of the skin which has changed color) and papules (a small [<1cm] area of raised skin with no visible fluid and varying in color) were identified in 47% of COVID-19 patients (Figure 1). | Pseudo-chilblain (inflammation of small blood vessels in the skin causing pain, itching, redness and blisters; most commonly associated with exposure to cold air) was identified in the hands/feet in 19% of patients (Figure 2). | Pseudo-chilblain was more common in young patients with mild or no COVID-19 symptoms, typically developing after the onset of other COVID-19 symptoms. | Hives (raised and sometimes red areas of skin, commonly associated with an allergic reaction) were identified in 19% of patients (Figure 3). | Vesicular eruptions (raised, fluid-filled blisters on the skin) were identified in 9% of patients (Figure 4). | Livedo (a mottled and purple-colored appearance near the skin surface) or necrosis (the process of skin tissue death) were identified in 6% of patients (Figure 5). | Livedo was more common in older patients with moderate to more severe disease. | Methods: Cohort of 375 patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 and skin lesions of unknown origin who presented to a dermatologist. Dermatologists completed questionnaires for their patients and submitted skin lesion images, which were independently classified into skin lesion patterns. Limitations: No control group; excluded patients with severe disease; short study duration (2 weeks); no skin biopsies to confirm lesion pathology. | Implications of 3 studies (Galv֙n Casasexternal icon et al., Landa et al. & Diaz-Guimaraens et al.): A spectrum of skin lesions are associated with COVID-19 and warrant further investigation. The presence and timing of certain skin lesions may help clinicians identify early or late stage COVID-19 illness in people who are otherwise asymptomatic or have mild symptoms. SN - 1365-2133 (Electronic); 0007-0963 (Linking) SP - 71-77 ST - Classification of the cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19: a rapid prospective nationwide consensus study in Spain with 375 cases T2 - Br J Dermatol TI - Classification of the cutaneous manifestations of COVID-19: a rapid prospective nationwide consensus study in Spain with 375 cases UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32348545 VL - 183 ID - 143 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The value of frequent, rapid testing to reduce community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: To define performance standards and predict the clinical, epidemiologic, and economic outcomes of nationwide, home-based antigen testing. DESIGN: A simple compartmental epidemic model that estimated viral transmission, portrayed disease progression, and forecast resource use, with and without testing. DATA SOURCES: Parameter values and ranges as informed by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidance and published literature. TARGET POPULATION: U.S. population. TIME HORIZON: 60 days. PERSPECTIVE: Societal; costs included testing, inpatient care, and lost workdays. INTERVENTION: Home-based SARS-CoV-2 antigen testing. OUTCOME MEASURES: Cumulative infections and deaths, number of persons isolated and hospitalized, and total costs. RESULTS OF BASE-CASE ANALYSIS: Without a testing intervention, the model anticipates 11.6 million infections, 119 000 deaths, and $10.1 billion in costs ($6.5 billion in inpatient care and $3.5 billion in lost productivity) over a 60-day horizon. Weekly availability of testing would avert 2.8 million infections and 15 700 deaths, increasing costs by $22.3 billion. Lower inpatient outlays ($5.9 billion) would partially offset additional testing expenditures ($12.5 billion) and workdays lost ($14.0 billion), yielding incremental cost-effectiveness ratios of $7890 per infection averted and $1 430 000 per death averted. RESULTS OF SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS: Outcome estimates vary widely under different behavioral assumptions and testing frequencies. However, key findings persist across all scenarios, with large reductions in infections, mortality, and hospitalizations. Costs per death averted are roughly an order of magnitude lower than commonly accepted willingness-to-pay values per statistical life saved ($5 to $17 million). LIMITATIONS: Analysis was restricted to at-home testing. There are uncertainties concerning test performance. CONCLUSION: High-frequency home testing for SARS-CoV-2 with an inexpensive, imperfect test could contribute to pandemic control at justifiable cost and warrants consideration as part of a national containment strategy. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: National Institutes of Health. AD - Public Health Modeling Unit, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut (A.D.P.). | Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (A.Z.). | Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (P.E.S.). AN - 33683930 AU - Paltiel, A. D. | Zheng, A. | Sax, P. E. C1 - 2021-03-19 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03192021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 9 DO - 10.7326/M21-0510 ET - 2021/03/09 IS - 0 KW - COVID-19/*diagnosis/mortality/*prevention & control | COVID-19 Testing/*economics | Cost-Benefit Analysis | Disease Progression | Female | Home Care Services/*economics | Humans | Male | Mass Screening/*economics | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis/mortality/*prevention & control/virology | SARS-CoV-2 | Sick Leave/economics | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://1285650125/m21-0510.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Paltiel, A David; Zheng, Amy; Sax, Paul E; eng; Ann Intern Med. 2021 Mar 9. doi: 10.7326/M21-0510. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Projected yield of a national weekly home-based SARS-CoV-2 testing program compared with status quo (base case): | 8 million averted infections (Figure) and 15,700 averted deaths. | Cost and cost-effectiveness outcomes versus status quo: | Incremental cost = $22.3 billion. | Incremental cost per infection averted = $7,890. | Incremental cost per death averted = $1.4 million. | Methods: A modified susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered (SEIR) model was used to assess costs and outcomes of home-based SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen testing under 3 behavioral assumptions compared with no testing intervention (status quo). Analysis used a societal perspective with a 60-day time horizon. Key assumptions: 50% use of home testing kits, 50% self-isolation upon testing positive and effective reproductive number Rt =1.3. Limitations: Short (60 day) time horizon limited ability to project lifetime outcomes; analyses restricted to home-based testing; uncertainty around test performance parameters. | Implications: Incremental cost per death averted compares favorably to commonly accepted willingness to pay values per statistical life saved ($5�?17 million) even under pessimistic behavioral assumptions. High-frequency home testing for SARS-Co-V-2 could contribute to pandemic control and warrants consideration as part of a national containment strategy. SN - 1539-3704 (Electronic); 0003-4819 (Linking) SP - null ST - Clinical and Economic Effects of Widespread Rapid Testing to Decrease SARS-CoV-2 Transmission T2 - Ann Intern Med TI - Clinical and Economic Effects of Widespread Rapid Testing to Decrease SARS-CoV-2 Transmission UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33683930 VL - 0 ID - 1598 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In a family experiencing coronavirus disease 2019, the parents and 2 children aged 2 and 5 years became infected but the youngest child was not infected. Both children initially shed infectious virus, but cleared the virus after 5 to 6 days in the nasopharynx. However, viral RNA was continuously detected in the children's stool for more than 4 weeks. AD - Children's Hospital Traunstein, LMU Munich, Traunstein, Germany. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Kliniken Sudostbayern, Trostberg, Germany. | Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Dr. von Hauner Children`s Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany. | German Center for Infection Research, Munich Partner Site, Germany. | Max von Pettenkofer Institute, LMU Munich, Munich, Munich, Germany. | Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Munich, Germany. | Department of Dermatology and Allergology, LMU University Hospital, Munich, Germany. AN - 32441753 AU - Wolf, G. K. | Glueck, T. | Huebner, J. | Muenchhoff, M. | Hoffmann, D. | French, L. E. | Keppler, O. T. | Protzer, U. C1 - 2020-06-02 C2 - SARS-CoV-2 in Stool CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060220_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 13 DO - 10.1093/jpids/piaa060 ET - 2020/05/23 IS - 3 KW - Adult | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Child, Preschool | Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/*pathology/transmission | *Family | Female | Germany/epidemiology | Humans | Infant | Infectious Disease Incubation Period | Male | Nasopharynx/virology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/*pathology/transmission | SARS-CoV-2 | Viral Load | Virus Shedding | RNA persistence | children | gastrointestinal L1 - internal-pdf://4219884264/Wolf-2020-Clinical and Epidemiological Feature.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Wolf, Gerhard K; Glueck, Thomas; Huebner, Johannes; Muenchhoff, Maximilian; Hoffmann, Dieter; French, Lars E; Keppler, Oliver T; Protzer, Ulrike; eng; England; J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2020 Jul 13;9(3):362-365. doi: 10.1093/jpids/piaa060. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 4 of 5 family members (80%) had SARS-CoV-2 infection; the uninfected member was a 7-month-old breast-fed infant. | 2 children, 5 and 2 years old, had gastrointestinal symptoms (vomiting and diarrhea), but no respiratory symptoms (Figure). | Both children had stool samples RT-PCR positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA for over 3 weeks after symptoms resolved. | Neither parent had a positive stool specimen. | Methods: Stool, NP, and OP specimens from all 5 patients were tested for SARS-CoV-2 RNA by RT-PCR. Limitations: Methods for SARS-CoV-2 isolation by culture were described but no results were reported. | Implications of 4 studies (Lamers et al., Wolf et al., Xiao et al., Zhang et al.): SARS-CoV-2 can replicate in human intestinal cells and viral RNA can be detected in stool, often at higher levels and for longer periods of time than in respiratory specimens. However, detection of RNA does not necessarily mean that live, intact virus is present and can cause infection. The cases of live virus isolation described here occur in the backdrop of extensive data from other coronavirus specialty labs that have consistently been unable to isolate live virus from stool samples (e.g. Wölfel et. al., 2020external icon). It is uncertain whether there are factors such as weakened immune function that may lead to shedding of live virus in feces. Based on available evidence, stool appears to pose a very low risk for spread of SARS-CoV-2. SN - 2048-7207 (Electronic); 2048-7193 (Linking) SP - 362-365 ST - Clinical and Epidemiological Features of a Family Cluster of Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection T2 - J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc TI - Clinical and Epidemiological Features of a Family Cluster of Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32441753 VL - 9 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 290 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The clinical features and immune responses of asymptomatic individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have not been well described. We studied 37 asymptomatic individuals in the Wanzhou District who were diagnosed with RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections but without any relevant clinical symptoms in the preceding 14 d and during hospitalization. Asymptomatic individuals were admitted to the government-designated Wanzhou People's Hospital for centralized isolation in accordance with policy(1). The median duration of viral shedding in the asymptomatic group was 19 d (interquartile range (IQR), 15-26 d). The asymptomatic group had a significantly longer duration of viral shedding than the symptomatic group (log-rank P = 0.028). The virus-specific IgG levels in the asymptomatic group (median S/CO, 3.4; IQR, 1.6-10.7) were significantly lower (P = 0.005) relative to the symptomatic group (median S/CO, 20.5; IQR, 5.8-38.2) in the acute phase. Of asymptomatic individuals, 93.3% (28/30) and 81.1% (30/37) had reduction in IgG and neutralizing antibody levels, respectively, during the early convalescent phase, as compared to 96.8% (30/31) and 62.2% (23/37) of symptomatic patients. Forty percent of asymptomatic individuals became seronegative and 12.9% of the symptomatic group became negative for IgG in the early convalescent phase. In addition, asymptomatic individuals exhibited lower levels of 18 pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. These data suggest that asymptomatic individuals had a weaker immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The reduction in IgG and neutralizing antibody levels in the early convalescent phase might have implications for immunity strategy and serological surveys. AD - Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. | School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. | Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China. | Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. | Wanzhou People's Hospital, Chongqing, China. | Wanzhou District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China. | The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. | School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. jfqiu@126.com. | Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. chenjuan2014@cqmu.edu.cn. | Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology on Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. ahuang@cqmu.edu.cn. AN - 32555424 AU - Long, Q. X. | Tang, X. J. | Shi, Q. L. | Li, Q. | Deng, H. J. | Yuan, J. | Hu, J. L. | Xu, W. | Zhang, Y. | Lv, F. J. | Su, K. | Zhang, F. | Gong, J. | Wu, B. | Liu, X. M. | Li, J. J. | Qiu, J. F. | Chen, J. | Huang, A. L. C1 - 2020-06-30 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/063020_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.1038/s41591-020-0965-6 ET - 2020/06/20 IS - 8 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | *Asymptomatic Infections | Betacoronavirus/immunology/pathogenicity | Covid-19 | Child | China/epidemiology | Coronavirus Infections/*blood/epidemiology/*immunology/virology | Cytokines/blood/immunology | Female | Hospitalization | Humans | *Immunity, Innate | Immunoglobulin G/blood/immunology | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*blood/epidemiology/*immunology/virology | SARS-CoV-2 | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://1118777660/Long-2020-Clinical and immunological assessmen.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Long, Quan-Xin; Tang, Xiao-Jun; Shi, Qiu-Lin; Li, Qin; Deng, Hai-Jun; Yuan, Jun; Hu, Jie-Li; Xu, Wei; Zhang, Yong; Lv, Fa-Jin; Su, Kun; Zhang, Fan; Gong, Jiang; Wu, Bo; Liu, Xia-Mao; Li, Jin-Jing; Qiu, Jing-Fu; Chen, Juan; Huang, Ai-Long; eng; 81871656/National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/International; 8181101099/National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)/International; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Nat Med. 2020 Aug;26(8):1200-1204. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-0965-6. Epub 2020 Jun 18. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels at the first positive RT-PCR test among asymptomatic individuals were similar to levels observed in mildly symptomatic individuals (sex-, age-, comorbidity-matched), (see Limitations). | Viral RNA was detectable ~5 days longer among asymptomatic group (median=19 days) than among matched symptomatic group (median=14 days), (see Limitations). | IgG levels were lower in the asymptomatic group than the symptomatic group during infection and after viral clearance (Figure 1A). | IgG levels had declined in both the asymptomatic and symptomatic groups when their IgG level were re-assessed about 8 weeks later (Figure 1A); Neutralizing antibody levels decreased in 81% (30/37) of asymptomatic and 62% (23/37) of symptomatic individuals (Figure 1C). | Over 15% of both symptomatic and asymptomatic persons were seronegative at the initial assessment, which about 8 weeks later had declined slightly in symptomatic persons but doubled in asymptomatic persons (Figure 1B). | Methods: 37 individuals with asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection were compared with 37 sex-, age-, and comorbidity-matched symptomatic individuals. Limitations: Case-finding (and possible stages of illness) differed between groups; groups were not matched on time since exposure; individuals were classified as asymptomatic if “relevant�?symptoms (not otherwise defined) were absent; viral RNA detection may not equate with infectiousness. | Implications: IgG levels declined in the 8 weeks following infection, raising concern about a potential lack of durable post-infection immunity. Cautious interpretation of data is encouraged: relationships between detectable IgG, IgG levels, and immunity are unclear. Robust long-term longitudinal studies are needed to better understand post-infection immunity. SN - 1546-170X (Electronic); 1078-8956 (Linking) SP - 1200-1204 ST - Clinical and immunological assessment of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections T2 - Nat Med TI - Clinical and immunological assessment of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32555424 VL - 26 ID - 461 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Pregnant women with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) may be at greater risk of poor maternal and pregnancy outcomes. This retrospective analysis reports clinical and pregnancy outcomes among hospitalized pregnant women with COVID-19 in the United States.The Premier Healthcare Database �?Special Release was used to examine the impact of COVID-19 among pregnant women aged 15�?4 years who were hospitalized and who delivered compared with pregnant women without COVID-19. Outcomes evaluated were COVID-19 clinical progression, including the use of supplemental oxygen therapy, intensive care unit admission, critical illness, receipt of invasive mechanical ventilation/extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and maternal death, and pregnancy outcomes, including preterm delivery and stillbirth.Overall, 473,902 hospitalized pregnant women were included, of whom 8584 (1.8%) had a COVID-19 diagnosis (mean [SD] age 28.4 [6.1] years; 40% Hispanic). The risk of poor clinical and pregnancy outcomes was greater among pregnant women with COVID-19 compared with pregnant women without a COVID-19 diagnosis in 2020; the risk of poor clinical and pregnancy outcomes increased with increasing age. Hispanic and Black non-Hispanic women were consistently observed to have the highest relative risk of experiencing poor clinical or pregnancy outcomes across all age groups.Overall, COVID-19 had a significant negative impact on maternal health and pregnancy outcomes. These data help inform clinical practice and counselling to pregnant women regarding the risks of COVID-19. Clinical studies evaluating the safety and efficacy of vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in pregnant women are urgently needed. AU - Ackerman, Christina M | Nguyen, Jennifer L | Ambati, Swapna | Reimbaeva, Maya | Emir, Birol | Cabrera, Javier | Benigno, Michael | Malhotra, Deepa | Hammond, Jennifer | Bahtiyar, Mert Ozan C1 - 2021-09-17 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09172021_covidupdate.html#anchor_NaturalHistory DO - 10.1093/ofid/ofab429 L1 - internal-pdf://2268826791/Ackerman-2021-Clinical and Pregnancy Outcomes.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Natural History | Testing | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among hospitalized pregnant women, risk of poor outcomes was higher in women with COVID-19 compared with those without COVID-19: | Supplemental oxygen use (Risk Ratio [RR] 2.7, 95% CI 2.5-3.0); critical illness (RR 4.3, 95% CI 4.0-4.5); ICU admission (RR 7.6, 95% CI 6.9-8.5); invasive mechanical ventilation or ECMO (RR 11.9, 95% CI 10.2-13.9); death (RR 13.3, 95% CI 7.3- 24.4). | In subgroup analyses, risk of ICU admission increased with age and was highest among Asian Non-Hispanic women. | Maternal deaths among pregnant women with COVID-19 (n = 13) occurred only among Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Black women. | Methods: Retrospective study of hospitalizations among pregnant women (n = 473,902) ages 15�?4 years in the United States from April–November 2020, of whom 1.8% (n = 8,584) had a COVID-19 diagnosis. Outcomes were measured among all pregnant women and separately among those who delivered. Limitations: 20.5% of pregnant women were missing information on race/ethnicity; analysis did not account for trimester of pregnancy. | Implications: COVID-19 has adverse effects on maternal health and pregnancy outcomes, especially with increasing maternal age and among Hispanic, Asian Non-Hispanic, and Black Non-Hispanic women. | Note: Adapted from Goldberg et al. A) Rate of SARS-CoV-2 infections, by age group (years) and vaccination period in 2021. | B) Rate of severe COVID-19, by age group (in years) and vaccination period in 2021. White bars represent time periods during which groups were not yet eligible for vaccination in Israel. Permission request in process. | SN - 2328-8957 ST - Clinical and Pregnancy Outcomes of COVID-19 Among Hospitalized Pregnant Women in the United States T2 - Open Forum Infect Dis TI - Clinical and Pregnancy Outcomes of COVID-19 Among Hospitalized Pregnant Women in the United States UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab429 | https://watermark.silverchair.com/ofab429.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAvYwggLyBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggLjMIIC3wIBADCCAtgGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMFS0sSMzeq5YJVCW5AgEQgIICqURzw927LZFlwfSmdJ8QVA4gDj9j8JNiiLcNs07t2cKp3oEQhQMIGfKO2QGu9OUq8eO1azUSp7Ne70FyHga07XYFb9d3Cw1MTSMcda8yU8dL-fTa_GXAja4DvLUdE-zjT6llR_-L0yW67SIUgnqcNMO2Gmagfwsr2B2lmdQTNVPEEjvdkojbOqo1Mpm5KSgVW78bMqyqEVnXFqZKUJvPi4fCGM56N43my7ELxgkSGXIocx5v46dPol8xfD56gqISHxks-h_qinuD5KOHd2yoHx6ocwS5_Gg9EVADqHgjTHsui2EmUXHexcOvejOFda6t3aVQk9t9YQ2C7ddQ0GnfmUDITe9JGP65BljpV-5FbKMKq9Wrih4iDEcoKnJ8UHUUu1WCDm8AAVgZ04rbz9TAnCC4APDFlhvXpmz4QIqyKYzWgd3inRmpKZq-pAV624GANg8ZTmGWdGD1Bfs_C5Hf5AQOCJCNAl0SJjwVvvM-GkHwi-gQiQrLn26FUDrTrTBm1iGFjivGizT8leexj986cEJgnHaRGeBTZHeuXaMYn-LCoU9zxcqV-i1nwJc8JsKj_8bJirtpQLS5GkrE6vVt2FTK3_GR6J-R6VSzjG3yCXK8lNuZE965YZF4uPgxYhfW7ZFwtI6alld_Veb1hggfIzYy5-uSU0N3i6o1pCadZ54M1_VAlhjffy4emanp9RIfhfUv2mZgGcdThCUMAtGVLaPgi4CGupO60NnJrqGLFND-aRx2ye6s75y_seN5qY6wBTrmFpkbWwdixdOyafhONGTOfZqDKxKKSdyUYdummlT-6W-Vi3JNo-ms_43WYbuSx19396lAyy6aH0cIsI5WjErR5ZpNmFdXgsRo_OGlubiffz2nljAk2DXNNk8eZgT97OMFHQROVFQuig Y2 - 9/20/2021 ID - 2331 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: Effective therapeutics to treat COVID-19 are urgently needed. Remdesivir is a nucleotide prodrug with in vitro and in vivo efficacy against coronaviruses. Here, we tested the efficacy of remdesivir treatment in a rhesus macaque model of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: To evaluate the effect of remdesivir treatment on SARS-CoV-2 disease outcome, we used the recently established rhesus macaque model of SARS-CoV-2 infection that results in transient lower respiratory tract disease. Two groups of six rhesus macaques were infected with SARS-CoV-2 and treated with intravenous remdesivir or an equal volume of vehicle solution once daily. Clinical, virological and histological parameters were assessed regularly during the study and at necropsy to determine treatment efficacy. Results: In contrast to vehicle-treated animals, animals treated with remdesivir did not show signs of respiratory disease and had reduced pulmonary infiltrates on radiographs. Virus titers in bronchoalveolar lavages were significantly reduced as early as 12hrs after the first treatment was administered. At necropsy on day 7 after inoculation, lung viral loads of remdesivir-treated animals were significantly lower and there was a clear reduction in damage to the lung tissue. Conclusions: Therapeutic remdesivir treatment initiated early during infection has a clear clinical benefit in SARS-CoV-2-infected rhesus macaques. These data support early remdesivir treatment initiation in COVID-19 patients to prevent progression to severe pneumonia. AD - Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America. | Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America. | Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America. | Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA, United States of America. | Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America. AN - 32511319 AU - Williamson, B. N. | Feldmann, F. | Schwarz, B. | Meade-White, K. | Porter, D. P. | Schulz, J. | van Doremalen, N. | Leighton, I. | Kwe Yinda, C. | Perez-Perez, L. | Okumura, A. | Lovaglio, J. | Hanley, P. W. | Saturday, G. | Bosio, C. M. | Anzick, S. | Barbian, K. | Cihlar, T. | Martens, C. | Scott, D. P. | Munster, V. J. | de Wit, E. C1 - 2020-04-28 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/042820_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 22 DO - 10.1101/2020.04.15.043166 ET - 2020/06/09 L1 - internal-pdf://2366830088/Williamson-2020-Clinical benefit of remdesivir.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Williamson, Brandi N; Feldmann, Friederike; Schwarz, Benjamin; Meade-White, Kimberly; Porter, Danielle P; Schulz, Jonathan; van Doremalen, Neeltje; Leighton, Ian; Kwe Yinda, Claude; Perez-Perez, Lizzette; Okumura, Atsushi; Lovaglio, Jamie; Hanley, Patrick W; Saturday, Greg; Bosio, Catharine M; Anzick, Sarah; Barbian, Kent; Cihlar, Tomas; Martens, Craig; Scott, Dana P; Munster, Vincent J; de Wit, Emmie; eng; Preprint; bioRxiv. 2020 Apr 22. doi: 10.1101/2020.04.15.043166. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Rhesus macaque monkeys treated with remdesivir experienced less illness (Figure 1) and had less evidence of disease on lung X-ray (Figure 2) than untreated controls. | At necropsy, treated animals (compared with controls) also had: | Lower viral RNA concentrations in the lungs but equal amounts in the nose, throat, and rectum. | Minimal to no lung disease, whereas 5 of 6 controls had pneumonia. | Methods: 12 rhesus macaques were inoculated with SARS-CoV-2. Then 12 hours later, 6 were given intravenous remdesivir and the others 6 an equal volume of vehicle solution (controls). Additional doses were given 12 hours later and then every 24 hours until day 7. Limitations: Only 12 rhesus macaque monkeys studied; some coauthors are employed by the manufacturer. | Implications: Remdesivir treatment reduced disease severity in non-human primates with SARS-CoV-2. Data from human clinical trials are needed. SP - 2020.04.15.043166 ST - Clinical benefit of remdesivir in rhesus macaques infected with SARS-CoV-2 T2 - bioRxiv TI - Clinical benefit of remdesivir in rhesus macaques infected with SARS-CoV-2 TT - Published article: Clinical benefit of remdesivir in rhesus macaques infected with SARS-CoV-2 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32511319 ID - 104 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Despite the ongoing spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), knowledge about factors affecting prolonged viral excretion is limited. METHODS: In this study, we retrospectively collected data from 99 hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) between 19 January and 17 February 2020 in Zhejiang Province, China. We classified them into 2 groups based on whether the virus test results eventually became negative. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to evaluate factors associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) shedding. RESULTS: Among 99 patients, 61 patients had SARS-CoV-2 clearance (virus-negative group), but 38 patients had sustained positive results (virus-positive group). The median duration of SARS-CoV-2 excretion was 15 (interquartile range, 12-19) days among the virus-negative patients. The shedding time was significantly increased if the fecal SARS-CoV-2 RNA test result was positive. Male sex (hazard ratio [HR], 0.58 [95% confidence interval {CI}, .35-.98]), immunoglobulin use (HR, 0.42 [95% CI, .24-.76]), APACHE II score (HR, 0.89 [95% CI, .84-.96]), and lymphocyte count (HR, 1.81 [95% CI, 1.05-3.1]) were independent factors associated with a prolonged duration of SARS-CoV-2 shedding. Antiviral therapy and corticosteroid treatment were not independent factors. CONCLUSIONS: SARS-CoV-2 RNA clearance time was associated with sex, disease severity, and lymphocyte function. The current antiviral protocol and low-to-moderate dosage of corticosteroid had little effect on the duration of viral excretion. AD - State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. | Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. AN - 32614392 AU - Shi, D. | Wu, W. | Wang, Q. | Xu, K. | Xie, J. | Wu, J. | Lv, L. | Sheng, J. | Guo, J. | Wang, K. | Fang, D. | Li, Y. | Li, L. C1 - 2020-07-17 C2 - Modeling and Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071720_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 17 DO - 10.1093/infdis/jiaa388 ET - 2020/07/03 IS - 6 KW - Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use | Adult | Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use | Betacoronavirus/*isolation & purification | Covid-19 | China | Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy/epidemiology/*virology | Feces/virology | Female | Humans | Lymphocytes | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy/epidemiology/*virology | Proportional Hazards Models | RNA, Viral/isolation & purification | Retrospective Studies | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | Severity of Illness Index | Sex Factors | Time Factors | *Virus Shedding | *SARS-CoV-2 | *disease severity | *lymphocyte function | *risk factors | *viral excretion L1 - internal-pdf://2798085346/Shi-2020-Clinical Characteristics and Factors.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Shi, Ding; Wu, Wenrui; Wang, Qing; Xu, Kaijin; Xie, Jiaojiao; Wu, Jingjing; Lv, Longxian; Sheng, Jifang; Guo, Jing; Wang, Kaicen; Fang, Daiqiong; Li, Yating; Li, Lanjuan; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; J Infect Dis. 2020 Aug 17;222(6):910-918. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa388. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 38 patients (38.4%) had positive RT-PCR results 28 days post-admission. | Patients with persistent SARS-CoV-2 RNA positivity showed greater disease severity (Table). | Male sex, immunoglobulin use, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score, and lymphocyte count <0.5×109/L were independent factors associated with prolonged SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding, but not antiviral or corticosteroid therapy. | Patients with fecal viral RNA-positivity had longer delay in viral RNA clearance from respiratory specimens. | Methods: Retrospective cohort study of 99 hospitalized COVID-19 patients. NP, sputum, or endotracheal aspirate and stool samples for PCR testing were collected daily for 28 days. Hazard ratios were estimated to evaluate factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding. Cessation of RNA shedding was defined as the occurrence of 2 consecutive RT-PCR negative results. Limitations: Short observation time; hospitalized patients likely represent more severe COVID-19; retrospective data collection; did not conduct viral cultures to assess if persistence of viral RNA was indicative of live virus or infectiousness. | Implications: SARS-CoV-2 RNA clearance time was associated with sex, immunoglobulin use, disease severity, and lymphocyte count and may be related to host immune response and inflammatory activation. SN - 1537-6613 (Electronic); 0022-1899 (Linking) SP - 910-918 ST - Clinical Characteristics and Factors Associated With Long-Term Viral Excretion in Patients With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection: a Single-Center 28-Day Study T2 - J Infect Dis TI - Clinical Characteristics and Factors Associated With Long-Term Viral Excretion in Patients With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection: a Single-Center 28-Day Study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32614392 VL - 222 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 547 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Physiologic adaptations and changes in immune regulation may increase the risk of morbidity and mortality in pregnant women with respiratory infections. The effects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in pregnancy have not been fully delineated. We compared the clinical characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized women who gave birth with and without COVID-19. AD - Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. | Premier Applied Sciences, Premier Inc, Charlotte, North Carolina. | Center for Care Delivery and Outcomes Research, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota. | Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. AN - 33449067 AU - Jering, K. S. | Claggett, B. L. | Cunningham, J. W. | Rosenthal, N. | Vardeny, O. | Greene, M. F. | Solomon, S. D. C1 - 2021-01-29 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01292021_covidupdate.html DA - May 1 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.9241 ET - 2021/01/16 IS - 5 KW - Adult | *COVID-19/diagnosis/epidemiology/physiopathology | Comorbidity | *Critical Care/methods/statistics & numerical data | *Delivery, Obstetric/adverse effects/methods/statistics & numerical data | Ethnic Groups | Female | Hospital Mortality | Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data | Humans | International Classification of Diseases | Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care | Pregnancy | *Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/diagnosis/epidemiology/physiopathology | Pregnancy Outcome/epidemiology | Severity of Illness Index | Symptom Assessment/methods/statistics & numerical data | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://1724514541/Jering-2021-Clinical Characteristics and Outco.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Jering, Karola S; Claggett, Brian L; Cunningham, Jonathan W; Rosenthal, Ning; Vardeny, Orly; Greene, Michael F; Solomon, Scott D; eng; JAMA Intern Med. 2021 May 1;181(5):714-717. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.9241. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In a large US cohort, pregnant women with COVID-19 had higher rates of preterm birth, preeclampsia, thrombotic events, and death than women without COVID-19. SN - 2168-6114 (Electronic); 2168-6106 (Linking) SP - 714-717 ST - Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Hospitalized Women Giving Birth With and Without COVID-19 T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Hospitalized Women Giving Birth With and Without COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33449067 VL - 181 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1449 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Nanlou Respiratory Diseases Department, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China. | Department of Nephrology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Chinese People's Liberation Army Institute of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Chinese People's Liberation Army Postgraduate Medical School, Beijing, China. | Department of Nephrology, Beijing-Chaoyang Hospital, Beijing, China. | Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Eighth Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China. | Shangqiu Municipal Hospital, Shangqiu, China. AN - 32379329 AU - Li, D. | Jin, M. | Bao, P. | Zhao, W. | Zhang, S. C1 - 2020-05-19 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051920_covidupdate.html DA - May 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.8292 ET - 2020/05/08 IS - 5 KW - Adult | Betacoronavirus/*isolation & purification | Covid-19 | China/epidemiology | Coronavirus Infections/*transmission/*virology | Disease Progression | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*transmission/*virology | Prospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 | Semen/*virology | Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral/*prevention & control | Virus Shedding/*physiology L1 - internal-pdf://3195630296/Li-2020-Clinical Characteristics and Results o.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Li, Diangeng; Jin, Meiling; Bao, Pengtao; Zhao, Weiguo; Zhang, Shixi; eng; Observational Study; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA Netw Open. 2020 May 1;3(5):e208292. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.8292. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Semen samples from 6 of 38 patients (15.8%) were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. | 4 of 15 (27%) were collected <12 days after onset (Figure). | 2 of 23 (9%) were collected �?2 days after onset. | Methods: 38 males age >15 years hospitalized with COVID-19 at a single hospital, Shangqiu, China. SARS-CoV-2 RNA RT-PCR testing of semen samples. Limitations: Small sample size; no repeat testing to determine duration of viral RNA in semen; unknown if viral RNA detected in semen reflects presence of live virus. | Implications: This is the first report of SARS CoV-2 RNA detection in semen, but this report does not establish that the virus can be sexually transmitted. Additional research is needed to assess whether infectious SARS-CoV-2 can occur in semen. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e208292 ST - Clinical Characteristics and Results of Semen Tests Among Men With Coronavirus Disease 2019 T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Clinical Characteristics and Results of Semen Tests Among Men With Coronavirus Disease 2019 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32379329 VL - 3 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 217 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BackgroundCOVID-19 is usually less severe and has lower case fatality in children than in adults. We aimed to characterise the clinical features of children and adolescents hospitalised with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and to evaluate the risk factors for COVID-19-related death in this population. AU - Oliveira, Eduardo A. | Colosimo, Enrico A. | Simões e Silva, Ana Cristina | Mak, Robert H. | Martelli, Daniella B. | Silva, Ludmila R. | Martelli-Júnior, Herc�Tlio | Oliveira, Maria Christina L. C1 - 2021-06-18 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06182021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1016/S2352-4642(21)00134-6 IS - 8 L1 - internal-pdf://0902060174/1-s2.0-S2352464221001346-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 11,613 children and adolescents hospitalized between January 2020 and February 2021 with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2, 886 (7.6%) died. Risk of death was highest in those < 2 years (adjusted hazards ratio (aHR) 2.36; 95% CI 1.94-2.88); 12�?9 years (aHR 2.23; 95% CI 1.84-2.71); and indigenous ethnicity (aHR 3.36; 95% CI 2.15-5.24). SE - 559 SN - 2352-4642 SP - 559-568 ST - Clinical characteristics and risk factors for death among hospitalised children and adolescents with COVID-19 in Brazil: an analysis of a nationwide database T2 - Lancet Child Adolesc Health TI - Clinical characteristics and risk factors for death among hospitalised children and adolescents with COVID-19 in Brazil: an analysis of a nationwide database UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(21)00134-6 VL - 5 Y2 - 2021/06/29 ID - 1845 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: There is limited information describing the full spectrum of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the duration of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA detection in children. Objective: To analyze the full clinical course and the duration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA detectability in children confirmed with COVID-19 in the Republic of Korea, where rigorous public health interventions have been implemented. Design, Setting, and Participants: This case series of children with COVID-19 was conducted in 20 hospitals and 2 nonhospital isolation facilities across the country from February 18, 2020, to March 31, 2020. Children younger than 19 years who had COVID-19 were included. Exposures: Confirmed COVID-19, detected via SARS-CoV-2 RNA in a combined nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab or sputum by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Main Outcomes and Measures: Clinical manifestations during the observation period, including the time and duration of symptom occurrence. The duration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection was also analyzed. Results: A total of 91 children with COVID-19 were included (median [range] age, 11 [0-18] years; 53 boys [58%]). Twenty children (22%) were asymptomatic during the entire observation period. Among 71 symptomatic cases, 47 children (66%) had unrecognized symptoms before diagnosis, 18 (25%) developed symptoms after diagnosis, and only 6 (9%) were diagnosed at the time of symptom onset. Twenty-two children (24%) had lower respiratory tract infections. The mean (SD) duration of the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in upper respiratory samples was 17.6 (6.7) days. Virus RNA was detected for a mean (SD) of 14.1 (7.7) days in asymptomatic individuals. There was no difference in the duration of virus RNA detection between children with upper respiratory tract infections and lower respiratory tract infections (mean [SD], 18.7 [5.8] days vs 19.9 [5.6] days; P = .54). Fourteen children (15%) were treated with lopinavir-ritonavir and/or hydroxychloroquine. All recovered, without any fatal cases. Conclusions and Relevance: In this case series study, inapparent infections in children may have been associated with silent COVID-19 transmission in the community. Heightened surveillance using laboratory screening will allow detection in children with unrecognized SARS-CoV-2 infection. AD - Department of Pediatrics, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea. | Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. | Department of Pediatrics, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Korea. | Department of Pediatrics, Hongseong Medical Center, Hongseong, Korea. | Department of Pediatrics, Seongnam Citizens Medical Center, Seongnam, Korea. | Department of Pediatrics, Gyeonggi Provincial Medical Center Ansung Hospital, Ansung, Korea. | Department of Pediatrics, Seonam Hospital, Seoul, Korea. | Department of Pediatrics, Gyeonggi Provincial Medical Center Icheon Hospital, Icheon, Korea. | Department of Pediatrics, Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan, Korea. | Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. | Department of Pediatrics, Masan Medical Center, Changwon, Korea. | Department of Pediatrics, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea. | Department of Pediatrics, Busan Medical Center, Busan, Korea. | Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea. | Department of Pediatrics, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea. | Department of Pediatrics, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Korea. | Department of Pediatrics, Myongji Hospital, Goyang, Korea. | Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea. | Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University Children's Hospital, Yangsan, Korea. | Department of Pediatrics, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, Korea. | Department of Pediatrics, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea. | Department of Pediatrics, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea. | Department of Pediatrics, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, Korea. | Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea. | Department of Pediatrics, Incheon St Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Incheon, Korea. | Department of Pediatrics, St Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea. AN - 32857112 AU - Han, M. S. | Choi, E. H. | Chang, S. H. | Jin, B. L. | Lee, E. J. | Kim, B. N. | Kim, M. K. | Doo, K. | Seo, J. H. | Kim, Y. J. | Kim, Y. J. | Park, J. Y. | Suh, S. B. | Lee, H. | Cho, E. Y. | Kim, D. H. | Kim, J. M. | Kim, H. Y. | Park, S. E. | Lee, J. K. | Jo, D. S. | Cho, S. M. | Choi, J. H. | Jo, K. J. | Choe, Y. J. | Kim, K. H. | Kim, J. H. C1 - 2020-09-08 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090820_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 1 DO - 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.3988 ET - 2020/08/29 IS - 1 KW - Adolescent | Age Factors | COVID-19/*complications/*diagnosis | COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing | Child | Child, Preschool | Female | Humans | Infant | Infant, Newborn | Male | RNA, Viral/*isolation & purification | Republic of Korea | Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction | SARS-CoV-2/*isolation & purification | Symptom Assessment L1 - internal-pdf://3395960113/Han-2021-Clinical Characteristics and Viral RN.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Han, Mi Seon; Choi, Eun Hwa; Chang, Sung Hee; Jin, Byoung-Lo; Lee, Eun Joo; Kim, Baek Nam; Kim, Min Kyoung; Doo, Kihyun; Seo, Ju-Hee; Kim, Yae-Jean; Kim, Yeo Jin; Park, Ji Young; Suh, Sun Bok; Lee, Hyunju; Cho, Eun Young; Kim, Dong Hyun; Kim, Jong Min; Kim, Hye Young; Park, Su Eun; Lee, Joon Kee; Jo, Dae Sun; Cho, Seung-Man; Choi, Jae Hong; Jo, Kyo Jin; Choe, Young June; Kim, Ki Hwan; Kim, Jong-Hyun; eng; JAMA Pediatr. 2021 Jan 1;175(1):73-80. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.3988. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among 91 children with confirmed COVID-19, 20 (22.0%) were asymptomatic. | Among 71 symptomatic cases: 47 (66%) had symptoms a median of 3 (range 1-28) days prior to diagnosis, 18 (25%) developed symptoms after diagnosis, and 6 (9%) were diagnosed at the time of symptom onset. | No difference in duration of virus RNA detection between 41 children with upper respiratory tract infection (RTI) and 22 with lower RTI (mean [SD], 18.7 [5.8] days vs 19.9 [5.6] days; p�?�?.54; Figure). | SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected for a mean of 17.6 days in all and 14.1 days in asymptomatic cases. | Methods: Case series from 20 hospitals and 2 isolation facilities between February 18, 2020 and March 31, 2020 among children (<19 years) with SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by RT-PCR. Main outcomes were clinical manifestations and duration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection. Upper and lower RTIs were diagnosed with chest radiographs or computed tomography. Limitations: Not able to analyze transmissibility of infections; follow-up tests not at uniform intervals; no age-disaggregated analyses. | Implications: Symptom screening alone may not identify many COVID-19 cases in children as 1 in 5 are asymptomatic and those who were symptomatic had a wide range of symptoms that may be difficult to recognize as COVID-19 without further testing. This study also shows a long period with detectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA among symptomatic and asymptomatic children. Studies are needed to determine if the virus remains infectious during the period of detection. SN - 2168-6211 (Electronic); 2168-6203 (Linking) SP - 73-80 ST - Clinical Characteristics and Viral RNA Detection in Children With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in the Republic of Korea T2 - JAMA Pediatr TI - Clinical Characteristics and Viral RNA Detection in Children With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in the Republic of Korea UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32857112 VL - 175 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 857 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: In communities with high rates of coronavirus disease 2019, reports have emerged of children with an unusual syndrome of fever and inflammation. Objectives: To describe the clinical and laboratory characteristics of hospitalized children who met criteria for the pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (PIMS-TS) and compare these characteristics with other pediatric inflammatory disorders. Design, Setting, and Participants: Case series of 58 children from 8 hospitals in England admitted between March 23 and May 16, 2020, with persistent fever and laboratory evidence of inflammation meeting published definitions for PIMS-TS. The final date of follow-up was May 22, 2020. Clinical and laboratory characteristics were abstracted by medical record review, and were compared with clinical characteristics of patients with Kawasaki disease (KD) (n = 1132), KD shock syndrome (n = 45), and toxic shock syndrome (n = 37) who had been admitted to hospitals in Europe and the US from 2002 to 2019. Exposures: Signs and symptoms and laboratory and imaging findings of children who met definitional criteria for PIMS-TS from the UK, the US, and World Health Organization. Main Outcomes and Measures: Clinical, laboratory, and imaging characteristics of children meeting definitional criteria for PIMS-TS, and comparison with the characteristics of other pediatric inflammatory disorders. Results: Fifty-eight children (median age, 9 years [interquartile range {IQR}, 5.7-14]; 20 girls [34%]) were identified who met the criteria for PIMS-TS. Results from SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction tests were positive in 15 of 58 patients (26%) and SARS-CoV-2 IgG test results were positive in 40 of 46 (87%). In total, 45 of 58 patients (78%) had evidence of current or prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. All children presented with fever and nonspecific symptoms, including vomiting (26/58 [45%]), abdominal pain (31/58 [53%]), and diarrhea (30/58 [52%]). Rash was present in 30 of 58 (52%), and conjunctival injection in 26 of 58 (45%) cases. Laboratory evaluation was consistent with marked inflammation, for example, C-reactive protein (229 mg/L [IQR, 156-338], assessed in 58 of 58) and ferritin (610 mug/L [IQR, 359-1280], assessed in 53 of 58). Of the 58 children, 29 developed shock (with biochemical evidence of myocardial dysfunction) and required inotropic support and fluid resuscitation (including 23/29 [79%] who received mechanical ventilation); 13 met the American Heart Association definition of KD, and 23 had fever and inflammation without features of shock or KD. Eight patients (14%) developed coronary artery dilatation or aneurysm. Comparison of PIMS-TS with KD and with KD shock syndrome showed differences in clinical and laboratory features, including older age (median age, 9 years [IQR, 5.7-14] vs 2.7 years [IQR, 1.4-4.7] and 3.8 years [IQR, 0.2-18], respectively), and greater elevation of inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (median, 229 mg/L [IQR 156-338] vs 67 mg/L [IQR, 40-150 mg/L] and 193 mg/L [IQR, 83-237], respectively). Conclusions and Relevance: In this case series of hospitalized children who met criteria for PIMS-TS, there was a wide spectrum of presenting signs and symptoms and disease severity, ranging from fever and inflammation to myocardial injury, shock, and development of coronary artery aneurysms. The comparison with patients with KD and KD shock syndrome provides insights into this syndrome, and suggests this disorder differs from other pediatric inflammatory entities. AD - Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. | Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom. | Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom. | Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom. | Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, United Kingdom. | Department of Women and Children's Health, School of Life Course Sciences, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom. | Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton and NIHR Southampton Clinical Research Facility and NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom. | Children's Acute Transport Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom. | Paediatric Cardiology Services, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom. | Department of Congenital Heart Disease, Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, United Kingdom. | Institute in Child Health, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom. | Paediatric Critical Care Unit, Nottingham Children's Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom. | Cardiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom. | Paediatric Intensive Care, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom. | Paediatric Intensive Care, Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, United Kingdom. | Kawasaki Disease Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego. AN - 32511692 AU - Whittaker, E. | Bamford, A. | Kenny, J. | Kaforou, M. | Jones, C. E. | Shah, P. | Ramnarayan, P. | Fraisse, A. | Miller, O. | Davies, P. | Kucera, F. | Brierley, J. | McDougall, M. | Carter, M. | Tremoulet, A. | Shimizu, C. | Herberg, J. | Burns, J. C. | Lyall, H. | Levin, M. | Pims-Ts Study Group | Euclids, | Perform Consortia C1 - 2020-06-16 C2 - Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061620_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 21 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.10369 ET - 2020/06/09 IS - 3 KW - Adolescent | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Child | Child, Preschool | Coronavirus Infections/*complications | England | Female | Humans | Male | Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome/physiopathology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications | SARS-CoV-2 | *Symptom Assessment | Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/*diagnosis/physiopathology L1 - internal-pdf://3217643846/Whittaker-2020-Clinical Characteristics of 58.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Whittaker, Elizabeth; Bamford, Alasdair; Kenny, Julia; Kaforou, Myrsini; Jones, Christine E; Shah, Priyen; Ramnarayan, Padmanabhan; Fraisse, Alain; Miller, Owen; Davies, Patrick; Kucera, Filip; Brierley, Joe; McDougall, Marilyn; Carter, Michael; Tremoulet, Adriana; Shimizu, Chisato; Herberg, Jethro; Burns, Jane C; Lyall, Hermione; Levin, Michael; eng; MR/S032304/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; R01 HL140898/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA. 2020 Jul 21;324(3):259-269. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.10369. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among 58 children hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2-related MIS-C in England, all presented with fever, 31 (53%) with abdominal pain, 30 (52%) with diarrhea, and 30 (52%) with rash; 8 developed coronary artery aneurysms. | 29/58 (50%) were critically ill: 27 were in shock, 25 required ventilation, 1 died. | Children with SARS-CoV-2-related MIS-C were older (Figure 1) and had a trend towards greater inflammation (measured by C-reactive protein) than children with other non-SARS-CoV-2-related inflammatory disorders (Figure 2). | SARS-CoV-2 IgG detected in 40/46 (87%) tested. | Methods: Clinical case-series from 8 hospitals in England, between March 23 and May 16, 2020. Cases met criteria for WHO, UK, or US case MIS-C definitions, but SARS-CoV-2 exposure not required for inclusion. Limitations: Cases identified through voluntary surveys, may not include all MIS-C cases. | Key findings:; Of 17 hospitalized children and adolescents with SARS-CoV-2-related MIS-C, median age was 8 years (range 1.8�?6); 12/17 (71%) were white; 3/17 (18%) had mild asthma. | GI symptoms were reported by 14/17 (82%); 1 had acute bowel inflammation (ileocolitis). | Moderate–severe cardiac dysfunction in 6/17 (35%); 1 had a coronary aneurysm. | 15/17 (88%) were critically ill: 13 were in shock on presentation; none were intubated or died. | IL-6 was elevated in 16/17 (94%). | Methods: Clinical case-series of 17 hospitalized children and adolescents with SARS-CoV-2-related MIS-C, New York City, April 18–May 5, 2020. Some patients might be included in Miller et al. Limitations: Single center, may not be representative. | Implications for 5 studies (Belot et al., Toubiana et al., Whittaker et al., Miller et al. & Cheung et al.): MIS-C can cause severe illness and seems to be a SARS-CoV-2 postinfectious complication. Patients with SARS-CoV-2-related MIS-C were older and required more intensive care than patients with Kawasaki disease. Pneumonia was noticeably absent; mechanical ventilation seemed to be used to support patients with cardiovascular collapse (shock) rather than respiratory failure. Early MIS-C with GI symptoms may be misdiagnosed as mild GI illness. Studies are needed to understand the spectrum of MIS-C severity, timing between SARS-CoV-2 infection and MIS-C, risk factors, possible long-term complications, and therapy. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 259-269 ST - Clinical Characteristics of 58 Children With a Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome Temporally Associated With SARS-CoV-2 T2 - JAMA TI - Clinical Characteristics of 58 Children With a Pediatric Inflammatory Multisystem Syndrome Temporally Associated With SARS-CoV-2 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32511692 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 376 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is a global threat. Identification of markers for symptom onset and disease progression is a pressing issue. We described the clinical features of people infected on board the Diamond Princess cruise ship who were diagnosed with asymptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection or mild or severe COVID-19, on admission to the Self-Defense Forces Central Hospital (Tokyo, Japan) and at the end of observation. METHODS: This retrospective, single-centre study included participants with laboratory-detected SARS-CoV-2 infection who were admitted to the Self-Defense Forces Central Hospital from Feb 11 to Feb 25, 2020. Clinical records, laboratory data, and radiological findings were analysed. Clinical outcomes were followed up until discharge or Feb 26, 2020, whichever came first. We defined asymptomatic infection as SARS-CoV-2 infection with no history of clinical signs and symptoms, severe COVID-19 as clinical symptoms of pneumonia (dyspnoea, tachypnoea, peripheral capillary oxygen saturation <93%, and need for oxygen therapy), and mild COVID-19 as all other symptoms. Clinical features on admission were compared among patients with different disease severity, including asymptomatic infection, at the end of observation. We used univariable analysis to identify factors associated with symptomatic illness among asymptomatic people infected with SARS-CoV-2 and disease progression in patients with COVID-19. FINDINGS: Among the 104 participants included in the final analysis, the median age was 68 years (IQR 47-75) and 54 (52%) were male. On admission, 43 (41%) participants were classified as asymptomatic, 41 (39%) as having mild COVID-10, and 20 (19%) as having severe COVID-19. At the end of observation, 33 (32%) participants were confirmed as being asymptomatic, 43 (41%) as having mild COVID-19, and 28 (27%) as having severe COVID-19. Serum lactate hydrogenase concentrations were significantly higher in the ten participants who were asymptomatic on admission but developed symptomatic COVID-19 compared with the 33 participants who remained asymptomatic throughout the observation period (five [50%] vs four [12%] participants; odds ratio 7.25, 95% CI 1.43-36.70; p=0.020). Compared with patients with mild disease at the end of observation, patients with severe COVID-19 were older (median age 73 years [IQR 55-77] vs 60 years [40-71]; p=0.028) and had more frequent consolidation on chest CT (13 [46%] of 28 vs nine [21%] of 43; p=0.035) and lymphopenia (16 [57%] vs ten [23%]; p=0.0055) on admission. INTERPRETATION: Older age, consolidation on chest CT images, and lymphopenia might be risk factors for disease progression of COVID-19 and contribute to improved clinical management. FUNDING: None. AD - Self-Defense Forces Central Hospital, Tokyo, Japan. | Self-Defense Forces Central Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Infectious Disease and Infection Control, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan. Electronic address: k_imai@saitama-med.ac.jp. | Self-Defense Forces Central Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Japan Ground Self-Defense Force Medical Service School, Tokyo, Japan. | Self-Defense Forces Central Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan. AN - 32539988 AU - Tabata, S. | Imai, K. | Kawano, S. | Ikeda, M. | Kodama, T. | Miyoshi, K. | Obinata, H. | Mimura, S. | Kodera, T. | Kitagaki, M. | Sato, M. | Suzuki, S. | Ito, T. | Uwabe, Y. | Tamura, K. C1 - 2020-06-23 C2 - Findings from the Diamond Princess CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/062320_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30482-5 ET - 2020/06/17 IS - 9 KW - Adult | Aged | Betacoronavirus/*physiology | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnostic imaging/epidemiology/virology | Disease Progression | Female | Hospitals | Humans | Japan | Lung/diagnostic imaging | Lymphopenia/*complications | Male | Middle Aged | *Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnostic imaging/epidemiology/virology | Retrospective Studies | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/*diagnostic imaging/epidemiology/virology | Ships | Tomography, X-Ray Computed L1 - internal-pdf://3032073847/Tabata-2020-Clinical characteristics of COVID-.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Tabata, Sakiko; Imai, Kazuo; Kawano, Shuichi; Ikeda, Mayu; Kodama, Tatsuya; Miyoshi, Kazuyasu; Obinata, Hirofumi; Mimura, Satoshi; Kodera, Tsutomu; Kitagaki, Manabu; Sato, Michiya; Suzuki, Satoshi; Ito, Toshimitsu; Uwabe, Yasuhide; Tamura, Kaku; eng; Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Sep;20(9):1043-1050. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30482-5. Epub 2020 Jun 12. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among 104 persons with SARS-CoV-2, 33 (32%) remained asymptomatic, 43 (41%) developed mild COVID-19, 28 (27%) developed severe COVID-19. | Of 43 initially asymptomatic persons, 10 (23%) developed symptoms (had been pre-symptomatic) and 3 had severe COVID-19. | On admission, pre-symptomatic persons more often had evidence of tissue damage (lactate dehydrogenase [LDH] >230 IU/L) than asymptomatic persons (50% vs. 12%, p=0.02). | Among 41 passengers with initial mild symptoms, 5 (12%) developed severe COVID-19. | Methods: 104 older adult (median age 68) passengers and crew members with SARS-CoV-2 (by RT-PCR) admitted to a Japanese hospital, February 2020, and followed for ~2 weeks. Limitations: Unclear discharge criteria; follow-up did not extend beyond discharge; mean/median LDH levels not presented. | Implications for 3 studies (Tabata et al., Hung et al. & Sakurai et al.): Among older persons with SARS-CoV-2, over 1/4 developed severe COVID-19. Even in asymptomatic persons with SARS-CoV-2, lung inflammation may be present and spur more robust immune responses. SARS-CoV-2 infections may resolve more slowly in older asymptomatic adults than in younger asymptomatic adults. SE - 1043 SN - 1474-4457 (Electronic); 1473-3099 (Linking) SP - 1043-1050 ST - Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in 104 people with SARS-CoV-2 infection on the Diamond Princess cruise ship: a retrospective analysis T2 - Lancet Infect Dis TI - Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 in 104 people with SARS-CoV-2 infection on the Diamond Princess cruise ship: a retrospective analysis UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32539988 VL - 20 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 421 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background & Aims The coronavirus disease 2019 (COIVD-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been characterized as a pandemic, which causes a serious public health challenge in the world. A very large group of patients infected by HBV has been reported worldwide, especially in China. In order to answer whether specific treatment strategy on the patients coinfected with HBV and SARS-CoV-2, it requires profound understanding of the clinical characteristics on those patients. However, the impacts of SARS-CoV-2 infection on HBV patients remain largely unknown.Approach & Results In this retrospective investigation, we included 123 COVID-19 patients admitted to Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China, from January 5 to March 7, 2020. All enrolled patients are the laboratory confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia cases according to the criteria reported previously. A total of 123 patients were analyzed for their Clinical records, laboratory results including the diagnosis of HBV infection and liver function. Among 123 confirmed COVID-19 patients, the mean age was 51 years old and 59.3% were females (73/123). Fifteen were previously HBV infected patients, 66.7% of them were males (10/15), patients with HBV infection appeared to have a higher incidence of liver cirrhosis and an increased level of total bilirubin. Seven (46.7%) patients with HBV infection were defined as severe cases, while the severity rate was 24.1% for the patients without HBV infection (26/108). The mortality of patients with HBV infection was 13.3% (2/15) compared to 2.8% (3/108) for the patients without HBV infection.Conclusions SARS-CoV-2 infection may cause Live function damage in COVID-19 cases and the patients with HBV infection are likely to have more severe disease outcome.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis study was funded by the Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University Science, Technology and Innovation Seed Fund, grant number znpy2018007. The funders had no role in study design, data collection or analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript. The authors declared no competing interests.Author DeclarationsAll relevant ethical guidelines have been followed; any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained and details of the IRB/oversight body are included in the manuscript.YesAll necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll data referred to in the manuscript are availability.COVID-19Coronavirus Disease-2019HBVHepatitis B virus AD - Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China. alackcn@126.com. | Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China. | Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Zoonosis Science Center, University of Uppsala, 75123, Uppsala, Sweden. | State Key Laboratory of Virology/Institute of Medical Virology/Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China. | Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, 17165, Stockholm, Sweden. jinlinli@whu.edu.cn. | Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China. znact1936@126.com. AN - 32839868 AU - Chen, X. | Jiang, Q. | Ma, Z. | Ling, J. | Hu, W. | Cao, Q. | Mo, P. | Yao, L. | Yang, R. | Gao, S. | Gui, X. | Hou, W. | Xiong, Y. | Li, J. | Zhang, Y. C1 - 2020-07-24 C2 - Clinical Manifestations and Complications CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072420_covidupdate.html DA - Dec DO - 10.1007/s12250-020-00276-5 ET - 2020/08/26 IS - 6 KW - Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | COVID-19/*physiopathology | Coinfection/*physiopathology/*virology | Female | Hepatitis B/*physiopathology | Hospitalization | Humans | Liver Cirrhosis/virology | Liver Function Tests | Male | Middle Aged | Retrospective Studies | Severity of Illness Index | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://3778521800/Chen-2020-Clinical Characteristics of Hospital.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Chen, Xiaoping; Jiang, Qunqun; Ma, Zhiyong; Ling, Jiaxin; Hu, Wenjia; Cao, Qian; Mo, Pingzheng; Yao, Lei; Yang, Rongrong; Gao, Shicheng; Gui, Xien; Hou, Wei; Xiong, Yong; Li, Jinlin; Zhang, Yongxi; eng; Letter; China; Virol Sin. 2020 Dec;35(6):842-845. doi: 10.1007/s12250-020-00276-5. Epub 2020 Aug 24. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: SARS-CoV-2 infection may cause liver function damage and patients with more severe outcomes in those with Hepatitis B Virus infection. SN - 1995-820X (Electronic); 1995-820X (Linking) SP - 842-845 ST - Clinical Characteristics of Hospitalized Patients with SARS-CoV-2 and Hepatitis B Virus Co-infection T2 - Virol Sin TI - Clinical Characteristics of Hospitalized Patients with SARS-CoV-2 and Hepatitis B Virus Co-infection UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32839868 VL - 35 ID - 590 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: There is limited information about the clinical course and viral load in asymptomatic patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Objective: To quantitatively describe SARS-CoV-2 molecular viral shedding in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients. Design, Setting, and Participants: A retrospective evaluation was conducted for a cohort of 303 symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection between March 6 and March 26, 2020. Participants were isolated in a community treatment center in Cheonan, Republic of Korea. Main Outcomes and Measures: Epidemiologic, demographic, and laboratory data were collected and analyzed. Attending health care personnel carefully identified patients' symptoms during isolation. The decision to release an individual from isolation was based on the results of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay from upper respiratory tract specimens (nasopharynx and oropharynx swab) and lower respiratory tract specimens (sputum) for SARS-CoV-2. This testing was performed on days 8, 9, 15, and 16 of isolation. On days 10, 17, 18, and 19, RT-PCR assays from the upper or lower respiratory tract were performed at physician discretion. Cycle threshold (Ct) values in RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 detection were determined in both asymptomatic and symptomatic patients. Results: Of the 303 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, the median (interquartile range) age was 25 (22-36) years, and 201 (66.3%) were women. Only 12 (3.9%) patients had comorbidities (10 had hypertension, 1 had cancer, and 1 had asthma). Among the 303 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, 193 (63.7%) were symptomatic at the time of isolation. Of the 110 (36.3%) asymptomatic patients, 21 (19.1%) developed symptoms during isolation. The median (interquartile range) interval of time from detection of SARS-CoV-2 to symptom onset in presymptomatic patients was 15 (13-20) days. The proportions of participants with a negative conversion at day 14 and day 21 from diagnosis were 33.7% and 75.2%, respectively, in asymptomatic patients and 29.6% and 69.9%, respectively, in symptomatic patients (including presymptomatic patients). The median (SE) time from diagnosis to the first negative conversion was 17 (1.07) days for asymptomatic patients and 19.5 (0.63) days for symptomatic (including presymptomatic) patients (P = .07). The Ct values for the envelope (env) gene from lower respiratory tract specimens showed that viral loads in asymptomatic patients from diagnosis to discharge tended to decrease more slowly in the time interaction trend than those in symptomatic (including presymptomatic) patients (beta = -0.065 [SE, 0.023]; P = .005). Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study of symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection who were isolated in a community treatment center in Cheonan, Republic of Korea, the Ct values in asymptomatic patients were similar to those in symptomatic patients. Isolation of asymptomatic patients may be necessary to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2. AD - Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. | Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Republic of Korea. | Department of Surgery, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Republic of Korea. | Department of Emergency Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Republic of Korea. | Department of Family Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon, Republic of Korea. | Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea. | Department of Biostatistics, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea. | Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. AN - 32780793 AU - Lee, S. | Kim, T. | Lee, E. | Lee, C. | Kim, H. | Rhee, H. | Park, S. Y. | Son, H. J. | Yu, S. | Park, J. W. | Choo, E. J. | Park, S. | Loeb, M. | Kim, T. H. C1 - 2020-08-25 C2 - Viral Shedding in People Recovering from COVID-19 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082520_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 1 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.3862 ET - 2020/08/12 IS - 11 KW - Adult | *Asymptomatic Infections/epidemiology/therapy | COVID-19/diagnosis/physiopathology | COVID-19 Testing/methods/statistics & numerical data | Epidemiological Monitoring | Female | *Hospitals, Isolation/methods/statistics & numerical data | Humans | Male | Patient Isolation/*methods | Public Health/statistics & numerical data | Republic of Korea/epidemiology | Retrospective Studies | *SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification/physiology | Symptom Assessment/methods/statistics & numerical data | Viral Load/*methods | *Virus Shedding L1 - internal-pdf://4128824122/Lee-2020-Clinical Course and Molecular Viral S.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Lee, Seungjae; Kim, Tark; Lee, Eunjung; Lee, Cheolgu; Kim, Hojung; Rhee, Heejeong; Park, Se Yoon; Son, Hyo-Ju; Yu, Shinae; Park, Jung Wan; Choo, Eun Ju; Park, Suyeon; Loeb, Mark; Kim, Tae Hyong; eng; JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Nov 1;180(11):1447-1452. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.3862. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Median time to convert from positive to negative RT-PCR test result was similar for asymptomatic and symptomatic patients, 17.0 versus 19.5 days, respectively (Figure). | Viral loads were similar in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients, as measured by Ct values. | Methods: Subjects consisted of a retrospective cohort of 303 symptomatic and asymptomatic patients testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 and isolated during the course of infection, South Korea, March 6 to 26, 2020. Median age was 22 years. Upper and lower respiratory specimens were obtained on Days 8, 9, 15 and 16 and tested by RT-PCR. Patients were released from isolation if they had consecutive negative RT-PCR tests. Limitations: Subjects were young and from only one region of South Korea. | Implications of the two studies (Lee et al. and Liao et al.) Persons diagnosed with asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection as outpatients may have similar capacity to infect others as symptomatic cases. Those with more severe COVID-19 disease might shed more virus and test positive longer than patients with less severe disease. SN - 2168-6114 (Electronic); 2168-6106 (Linking) SP - 1447-1452 ST - Clinical Course and Molecular Viral Shedding Among Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Patients With SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a Community Treatment Center in the Republic of Korea T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - Clinical Course and Molecular Viral Shedding Among Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Patients With SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a Community Treatment Center in the Republic of Korea UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32780793 VL - 180 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 756 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: A subset of patients with COVID-19 develops a hyperinflammatory syndrome that has similarities with other hyperinflammatory disorders. However, clinical criteria specifically to define COVID-19-associated hyperinflammatory syndrome (cHIS) have not been established. We aimed to develop and validate diagnostic criteria for cHIS in a cohort of inpatients with COVID-19. Methods: We searched for clinical research articles published between Jan 1, 1990, and Aug 20, 2020, on features and diagnostic criteria for secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, macrophage activation syndrome, macrophage activation-like syndrome of sepsis, cytokine release syndrome, and COVID-19. We compared published clinical data for COVID-19 with clinical features of other hyperinflammatory or cytokine storm syndromes. Based on a framework of conserved clinical characteristics, we developed a six-criterion additive scale for cHIS: fever, macrophage activation (hyperferritinaemia), haematological dysfunction (neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio), hepatic injury (lactate dehydrogenase or asparate aminotransferase), coagulopathy (D-dimer), and cytokinaemia (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, or triglycerides). We then validated the association of the cHIS scale with in-hospital mortality and need for mechanical ventilation in consecutive patients in the Intermountain Prospective Observational COVID-19 (IPOC) registry who were admitted to hospital with PCR-confirmed COVID-19. We used a multistate model to estimate the temporal implications of cHIS. Findings: We included 299 patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 between March 13 and May 5, 2020, in analyses. Unadjusted discrimination of the maximum daily cHIS score was 0.81 (95% CI 0.74-0.88) for in-hospital mortality and 0.92 (0.88-0.96) for mechanical ventilation; these results remained significant in multivariable analysis (odds ratio 1.6 [95% CI 1.2-2.1], p=0.0020, for mortality and 4.3 [3.0-6.0], p<0.0001, for mechanical ventilation). 161 (54%) of 299 patients met two or more cHIS criteria during their hospital admission; these patients had higher risk of mortality than patients with a score of less than 2 (24 [15%] of 138 vs one [1%] of 161) and for mechanical ventilation (73 [45%] vs three [2%]). In the multistate model, using daily cHIS score as a time-dependent variable, the cHIS hazard ratio for worsening from low to moderate oxygen requirement was 1.4 (95% CI 1.2-1.6), from moderate oxygen to high-flow oxygen 2.2 (1.1-4.4), and to mechanical ventilation 4.0 (1.9-8.2). Interpretation: We proposed and validated criteria for hyperinflammation in COVID-19. This hyperinflammatory state, cHIS, is commonly associated with progression to mechanical ventilation and death. External validation is needed. The cHIS scale might be helpful in defining target populations for trials and immunomodulatory therapies. Funding: Intermountain Research and Medical Foundation. AD - Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. | Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA. | Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. | Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. | Division of Rheumatology, Intermountain Healthcare, Dixie Regional Medical Center, St George, UT, USA. | Intermountain Acute Leukemia, Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, LDS Hospital, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. | Division of Hospital Medicine, Intermountain Healthcare, Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. | Pharmacy Services, Antimicrobial Stewardship, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. | Intermountain Healthcare Office of Research, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. | Healthcare Delivery Institute, Intermountain Healthcare, Murray, UT, USA. | Division of Trauma and Critical Care, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, UT, USA. | Office of Patient Experience, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. | Division of Inpatient Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. AN - 33015645 AU - Webb, B. J. | Peltan, I. D. | Jensen, P. | Hoda, D. | Hunter, B. | Silver, A. | Starr, N. | Buckel, W. | Grisel, N. | Hummel, E. | Snow, G. | Morris, D. | Stenehjem, E. | Srivastava, R. | Brown, S. M. C1 - 2020-10-09 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100920_covidupdate.html DA - Dec DO - 10.1016/S2665-9913(20)30343-X ET - 2020/10/06 IS - 12 L1 - internal-pdf://0054850762/Webb-2020-Clinical criteria for COVID-19-assoc.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Webb, Brandon J; Peltan, Ithan D; Jensen, Paul; Hoda, Daanish; Hunter, Bradley; Silver, Aaron; Starr, Nathan; Buckel, Whitney; Grisel, Nancy; Hummel, Erika; Snow, Gregory; Morris, Dave; Stenehjem, Eddie; Srivastava, Rajendu; Brown, Samuel M; eng; K23 GM129661/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/; England; Lancet Rheumatol. 2020 Dec;2(12):e754-e763. doi: 10.1016/S2665-9913(20)30343-X. Epub 2020 Sep 29. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Proposes and validates criteria for hyperinflammatory syndrome in COVID-19 among adults (�?8 years old), which is commonly associated with progression to mechanical ventilation and death. SN - 2665-9913 (Electronic); 2665-9913 (Linking) SP - e754-e763 ST - Clinical criteria for COVID-19-associated hyperinflammatory syndrome: a cohort study T2 - Lancet Rheumatol TI - Clinical criteria for COVID-19-associated hyperinflammatory syndrome: a cohort study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33015645 VL - 2 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 1024 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China; Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, L69 7BE Liverpool, UK. | Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 26 Shengli Street, Jiang,an District, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, China. | Department of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China. | Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 26 Shengli Street, Jiang,an District, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, China. Electronic address: wyj_tongji@163.com. | Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), No. 2, West road of Zheshan, Jinghu District, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China. Electronic address: lwh683@126.com. | Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), No. 2, West road of Zheshan, Jinghu District, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China. Electronic address: xu871011@126.com. AN - 32652163 AU - Zha, L. | Shen, J. | Tefsen, B. | Wang, Y. | Lu, W. | Xu, Q. C1 - 2020-07-21 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072120_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.07.010 DP - NLM ET - 2020/07/12 IS - 3 KW - Adult | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Child | Coinfection/*epidemiology | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | *HIV Infections | Humans | Mycoplasma pneumoniae | *Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | SARS-CoV-2 | *covid-19 | *Co-infection | *Mycoplasma pneumoniae | *SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://3009923592/Zha-2020-Clinical features and outcomes of adu.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Zha, Lei; Shen, Jian; Tefsen, Boris; Wang, Yujun; Lu, Weihua; Xu, Qiancheng; eng; Letter; Comment; England; J Infect. 2020 Sep;81(3):e12-e15. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.07.010. Epub 2020 Jul 8. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: The already elevated risk of thrombosis in COVID-19 patients is significantly increased by co-infection with Mycoplasma pneumonia. SN - 1532-2742 (Electronic); 0163-4453 (Linking) SP - e12-e15 ST - Clinical features and outcomes of adult COVID-19 patients co-infected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae T2 - J Infect TI - Clinical features and outcomes of adult COVID-19 patients co-infected with Mycoplasma pneumoniae UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32652163 VL - 81 ID - 557 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Hypertension is one of the most common comorbidities in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aimed to clarify the impact of hypertension on COVID-19 and investigate whether the prior use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors affects the prognosis of COVID-19. A total of 996 patients with COVID-19 were enrolled, including 282 patients with hypertension and 714 patients without hypertension. Propensity score-matched analysis (1:1 matching) was used to adjust the imbalanced baseline variables between the 2 groups. Patients with hypertension were further divided into the RAAS inhibitor group (n=41) and non-RAAS inhibitor group (n=241) according to their medication history. The results showed that COVID-19 patients with hypertension had more severe secondary infections, cardiac and renal dysfunction, and depletion of CD8(+) cells on admission. Patients with hypertension were more likely to have comorbidities and complications and were more likely to be classified as critically ill than those without hypertension. Cox regression analysis revealed that hypertension (hazard ratio, 95% CI, unmatched cohort [1.80, 1.20-2.70]; matched cohort [2.24, 1.36-3.70]) was independently associated with all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19. In addition, hypertensive patients with a history of RAAS inhibitor treatment had lower levels of C-reactive protein and higher levels of CD4(+) cells. The mortality of patients in the RAAS inhibitor group (9.8% versus 26.1%) was significantly lower than that of patients in the non-RAAS inhibitor group. In conclusion, hypertension may be an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19. Patients who previously used RAAS inhibitors may have a better prognosis. AD - From the Department of Cardiology (W.P., J.Z., M.W., J.Y., Y.X., Z.W., D.Y., M.Z., Z.L., J.L., J.W.), Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China. | Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, China (W.P., J.Z., M.W., J.Y., Y.X., Z.W., D.Y., M.Z., Z.L., J.L., J.W.). | Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China (W.P., J.Z., M.W., J.Y., Y.X., Z.W., D.Y., M.Z., Z.L., J.L., J.W.). | Department of Medical Affairs (B.S., H.H.), Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China. | Medical Quality Management Office (Mingxiao Liu), Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China. | Department of Clinical Laboratory (P.Z., J.G.), Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China. | Department of Emergency (Menglin Liu), Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China. | Department of Pediatrics (D.L.), Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China. AN - 32654555 AU - Pan, W. | Zhang, J. | Wang, M. | Ye, J. | Xu, Y. | Shen, B. | He, H. | Wang, Z. | Ye, D. | Zhao, M. | Luo, Z. | Liu, M. | Zhang, P. | Gu, J. | Liu, M. | Li, D. | Liu, J. | Wan, J. C1 - 2020-07-24 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072420_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15289 DP - NLM ET - 2020/07/14 IS - 3 KW - *Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists/administration & dosage/adverse effects | *Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/administration & dosage/adverse effects | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | China/epidemiology | Comorbidity | *Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/mortality/physiopathology | *Essential Hypertension/diagnosis/drug therapy/epidemiology | Female | Hospital Mortality | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis/mortality/physiopathology | Prognosis | Renin-Angiotensin System/drug effects | Retrospective Studies | Risk Assessment | SARS-CoV-2 | *comorbidity | *coronavirus | *mortality | *prognosis | *risk factor L1 - internal-pdf://0086294424/Pan-2020-Clinical Features of COVID-19 in Pati.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Pan, Wei; Zhang, Jishou; Wang, Menglong; Ye, Jing; Xu, Yao; Shen, Bo; He, Hua; Wang, Zhen; Ye, Di; Zhao, Mengmeng; Luo, Zhen; Liu, Mingxiao; Zhang, Pingan; Gu, Jian; Liu, Menglin; Li, Dan; Liu, Jianfang; Wan, Jun; eng; Hypertension. 2020 Sep;76(3):732-741. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15289. Epub 2020 Jul 13. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Hypertension was independently associated with all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19, (hazard ratio, 95% CI, unmatched cohort [1.80, 1.20�?.70]; matched cohort [2.24, 1.36�?.70]) after adjusting for age, sex, other comorbidities and complications. | Mortality of patients in the renin angiotensin aldosterone (RAAS) inhibitor group (9.8% versus 26.1%) was significantly lower than that of patients in the non-RAAS inhibitor group. | Methods: Assessment of impact of hypertension in COVID-19 patients (n = 996) hospitalized between January 4 and February 14, 2020, including 282 patients with hypertension and 714 patients without hypertension. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure >140mm Hg or diastolic pressure >90mm Hg. Patients with hypertension were stratified by prior use of RAAS inhibitors (n = 41) or not (n = 241). Propensity score-matched analysis (1:1 matching) was used to adjust the imbalanced baseline variables between the 2 groups. Limitations: Single site. | Implications: Hypertension may be an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19. Hypertensive patients who have previously used RAAS inhibitors may have a better prognosis than those who have not. SN - 1524-4563 (Electronic); 0194-911X (Linking) SP - 732-741 ST - Clinical Features of COVID-19 in Patients With Essential Hypertension and the Impacts of Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone System Inhibitors on the Prognosis of COVID-19 Patients T2 - Hypertension TI - Clinical Features of COVID-19 in Patients With Essential Hypertension and the Impacts of Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone System Inhibitors on the Prognosis of COVID-19 Patients UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32654555 VL - 76 ID - 572 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Data on patients with COVID-19 who have cancer are lacking. Here we characterise the outcomes of a cohort of patients with cancer and COVID-19 and identify potential prognostic factors for mortality and severe illness. METHODS: In this cohort study, we collected de-identified data on patients with active or previous malignancy, aged 18 years and older, with confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection from the USA, Canada, and Spain from the COVID-19 and Cancer Consortium (CCC19) database for whom baseline data were added between March 17 and April 16, 2020. We collected data on baseline clinical conditions, medications, cancer diagnosis and treatment, and COVID-19 disease course. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality within 30 days of diagnosis of COVID-19. We assessed the association between the outcome and potential prognostic variables using logistic regression analyses, partially adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, and obesity. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04354701, and is ongoing. FINDINGS: Of 1035 records entered into the CCC19 database during the study period, 928 patients met inclusion criteria for our analysis. Median age was 66 years (IQR 57-76), 279 (30%) were aged 75 years or older, and 468 (50%) patients were male. The most prevalent malignancies were breast (191 [21%]) and prostate (152 [16%]). 366 (39%) patients were on active anticancer treatment, and 396 (43%) had active (measurable) cancer. At analysis (May 7, 2020), 121 (13%) patients had died. In logistic regression analysis, independent factors associated with increased 30-day mortality, after partial adjustment, were: increased age (per 10 years; partially adjusted odds ratio 1.84, 95% CI 1.53-2.21), male sex (1.63, 1.07-2.48), smoking status (former smoker vs never smoked: 1.60, 1.03-2.47), number of comorbidities (two vs none: 4.50, 1.33-15.28), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 2 or higher (status of 2 vs 0 or 1: 3.89, 2.11-7.18), active cancer (progressing vs remission: 5.20, 2.77-9.77), and receipt of azithromycin plus hydroxychloroquine (vs treatment with neither: 2.93, 1.79-4.79; confounding by indication cannot be excluded). Compared with residence in the US-Northeast, residence in Canada (0.24, 0.07-0.84) or the US-Midwest (0.50, 0.28-0.90) were associated with decreased 30-day all-cause mortality. Race and ethnicity, obesity status, cancer type, type of anticancer therapy, and recent surgery were not associated with mortality. INTERPRETATION: Among patients with cancer and COVID-19, 30-day all-cause mortality was high and associated with general risk factors and risk factors unique to patients with cancer. Longer follow-up is needed to better understand the effect of COVID-19 on outcomes in patients with cancer, including the ability to continue specific cancer treatments. FUNDING: American Cancer Society, National Institutes of Health, and Hope Foundation for Cancer Research. AD - Advanced Cancer Research Group, Kirkland, WA, USA. | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA. | Mays Cancer Center, UT Health San Antonio MD Anderson Cancer Center, San Antonio, TX, USA. | Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA. | Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA. | MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. | University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA. | Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA. | Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. | Count Me In, Cambridge, MA, USA. | Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland. | Advocate Aurora Health, Milwaukee, WI, USA. | Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. | Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA. | Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. | McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada. | Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain. | Stamford Hospital, Stamford, CT, USA. | Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA. | St. Elizabeth Healthcare, Edgewood, KY, USA. | Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. | Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA. | Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA. | Smilow Cancer Hospital at Yale New Haven, New Haven, CT, USA. | Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN, USA. | Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center at Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. | University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA; Hartford Health Care, Hartford, CT, USA. | University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA. | Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. | The Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA. | School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA. | Willis-Knighton Cancer Center, Shreveport, LA, USA. | Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. | Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA. | Stanley S Scott Cancer Center, LSU Health, New Orleans, LA, USA. | Mount Auburn Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA. | Hartford Health Care, Hartford, CT, USA. | Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA. Electronic address: jeremy.warner@vumc.org. AN - 32473681 AU - Kuderer, N. M. | Choueiri, T. K. | Shah, D. P. | Shyr, Y. | Rubinstein, S. M. | Rivera, D. R. | Shete, S. | Hsu, C. Y. | Desai, A. | de Lima Lopes, G., Jr. | Grivas, P. | Painter, C. A. | Peters, S. | Thompson, M. A. | Bakouny, Z. | Batist, G. | Bekaii-Saab, T. | Bilen, M. A. | Bouganim, N. | Larroya, M. B. | Castellano, D. | Del Prete, S. A. | Doroshow, D. B. | Egan, P. C. | Elkrief, A. | Farmakiotis, D. | Flora, D. | Galsky, M. D. | Glover, M. J. | Griffiths, E. A. | Gulati, A. P. | Gupta, S. | Hafez, N. | Halfdanarson, T. R. | Hawley, J. E. | Hsu, E. | Kasi, A. | Khaki, A. R. | Lemmon, C. A. | Lewis, C. | Logan, B. | Masters, T. | McKay, R. R. | Mesa, R. A. | Morgans, A. K. | Mulcahy, M. F. | Panagiotou, O. A. | Peddi, P. | Pennell, N. A. | Reynolds, K. | Rosen, L. R. | Rosovsky, R. | Salazar, M. | Schmidt, A. | Shah, S. A. | Shaya, J. A. | Steinharter, J. | Stockerl-Goldstein, K. E. | Subbiah, S. | Vinh, D. C. | Wehbe, F. H. | Weissmann, L. B. | Wu, J. T. | Wulff-Burchfield, E. | Xie, Z. | Yeh, A. | Yu, P. P. | Zhou, A. Y. | Zubiri, L. | Mishra, S. | Lyman, G. H. | Rini, B. I. | Warner, J. L. | Covid, | Cancer, Consortium C1 - 2020-06-26 C2 - Clinical Outcomes of Patients with Cancer and COVID-19 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/062620_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 20 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31187-9 DP - NLM ET - 2020/06/01 IS - 10241 KW - Aged | Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use | Azithromycin/therapeutic use | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Cause of Death | Comorbidity | Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy/*epidemiology/mortality | Databases, Factual | Female | Humans | Hydroxychloroquine/therapeutic use | Male | Middle Aged | Neoplasms/*epidemiology/mortality/therapy | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy/*epidemiology/mortality | Prognosis | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://0535074539/Kuderer-2020-Clinical impact of COVID-19 on pa.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Kuderer, Nicole M; Choueiri, Toni K; Shah, Dimpy P; Shyr, Yu; Rubinstein, Samuel M; Rivera, Donna R; Shete, Sanjay; Hsu, Chih-Yuan; Desai, Aakash; de Lima Lopes, Gilberto Jr; Grivas, Petros; Painter, Corrie A; Peters, Solange; Thompson, Michael A; Bakouny, Ziad; Batist, Gerald; Bekaii-Saab, Tanios; Bilen, Mehmet A; Bouganim, Nathaniel; Larroya, Mateo Bover; Castellano, Daniel; Del Prete, Salvatore A; Doroshow, Deborah B; Egan, Pamela C; Elkrief, Arielle; Farmakiotis, Dimitrios; Flora, Daniel; Galsky, Matthew D; Glover, Michael J; Griffiths, Elizabeth A; Gulati, Anthony P; Gupta, Shilpa; Hafez, Navid; Halfdanarson, Thorvardur R; Hawley, Jessica E; Hsu, Emily; Kasi, Anup; Khaki, Ali R; Lemmon, Christopher A; Lewis, Colleen; Logan, Barbara; Masters, Tyler; McKay, Rana R; Mesa, Ruben A; Morgans, Alicia K; Mulcahy, Mary F; Panagiotou, Orestis A; Peddi, Prakash; Pennell, Nathan A; Reynolds, Kerry; Rosen, Lane R; Rosovsky, Rachel; Salazar, Mary; Schmidt, Andrew; Shah, Sumit A; Shaya, Justin A; Steinharter, John; Stockerl-Goldstein, Keith E; Subbiah, Suki; Vinh, Donald C; Wehbe, Firas H; Weissmann, Lisa B; Wu, Julie Tsu-Yu; Wulff-Burchfield, Elizabeth; Xie, Zhuoer; Yeh, Albert; Yu, Peter P; Zhou, Alice Y; Zubiri, Leyre; Mishra, Sanjay; Lyman, Gary H; Rini, Brian I; Warner, Jeremy L; eng; UL1 TR000445/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; P30 CA016056/CA/NCI NIH HHS/; U01 CA231840/CA/NCI NIH HHS/; UG1 CA189974/CA/NCI NIH HHS/; P30 CA060553/CA/NCI NIH HHS/; UG1 CA189828/CA/NCI NIH HHS/; P30 CA068485/CA/NCI NIH HHS/; P30 CA054174/CA/NCI NIH HHS/; P30 CA016672/CA/NCI NIH HHS/; T32 HG008341/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/; T32 CA203703/CA/NCI NIH HHS/; T32 CA009515/CA/NCI NIH HHS/; P30 CA023100/CA/NCI NIH HHS/; P30 CA013696/CA/NCI NIH HHS/; U10 CA180888/CA/NCI NIH HHS/; P30 CA196521/CA/NCI NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Lancet. 2020 Jun 20;395(10241):1907-1918. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31187-9. Epub 2020 May 28. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 13% of COVID-19 patients with cancer died. | Patients with active cancer were more likely to die than patients in remission, after adjusting for age, sex, smoking status, and obesity (Figure). | Death was also associated with increased age, male sex, history of smoking, comorbidities, and treatment with azithromycin plus hydroxychloroquine. | Type of cancer was not associated with death (Figure). | 39% of patients received cancer treatment within 4 weeks of COVID-19 diagnosis. | Receiving cancer treatment was not associated with death (Figure). | Methods: Retrospective cohort study of 928 patients with laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and active cancer (N=396) or in remission (N=422) from the USA, Canada, and Spain, March 17-April 16, 2020. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the odds of 30-day mortality. Limitations: Non-randomized study; short study follow-up period. | Implications of 3 studies (Kuderer et al., Lee et al. & Garassino et al.): Although a high percentage of cancer patients with SARS-CoV-2 die, risk of death was not associated with receipt of cancer treatment. Higher mortality is associated with same risks seen in noncancer patients (age, gender, comorbidities). SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 1907-1918 ST - Clinical impact of COVID-19 on patients with cancer (CCC19): a cohort study T2 - Lancet TI - Clinical impact of COVID-19 on patients with cancer (CCC19): a cohort study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32473681 VL - 395 ID - 438 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Policlinico di Sant'Orsola, Bologna, Italy. | Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Policlinico di Sant'Orsola, Bologna, Italy. AN - 32339215 AU - Tedeschi, S. | Giannella, M. | Bartoletti, M. | Trapani, F. | Tadolini, M. | Borghi, C. | Viale, P. C1 - 2020-05-08 C2 - Blood Pressure Reducing Medications CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050820_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 28 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa492 DP - NLM ET - 2020/04/28 IS - 15 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Hospital Mortality | Humans | *Hypertension | *Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | Renin-Angiotensin System | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://1090030355/Tedeschi-2020-Clinical Impact of Renin-angiote.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Vaccines | N1 - Tedeschi, Sara; Giannella, Maddalena; Bartoletti, Michele; Trapani, Filippo; Tadolini, Marina; Borghi, Claudio; Viale, Pierluigi; eng; Letter; Comment; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Jul 28;71(15):899-901. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa492. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In-hospital mortality was 29% for all patients with COVID-19, but higher in patients with hypertension than patients with normal blood pressure (42% vs 14%, p <0.001). | Patients with hypertension were older than patients without (median: 76 years vs 57 years). | Comorbidities (Figure 1), sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score on admission, and older age were associated with higher in-hospital mortality for patients with hypertension; however, chronic use of blood pressure reducing medications was not. | Methods: Prospective cohort of 609 COVID-19 patients in ten Italian hospitals, of whom 311 had hypertension, between February 22 and April 3, 2020. Investigators obtained clinical data to determine if chronic use of blood pressure reducing medications impacted in-hospital mortality due to COVID-19. Limitations: Severe cases over-represented in the study population. | Implications of 3 studies (Reynolds et al., Mancia et al., & Tedeschi et al.): In these Italian and US populations, RAAS inhibitors were not associated with an increased likelihood of having COVID-19, with more severe COVID-19 illness, or with in-hospital mortality. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - 899-901 ST - Clinical Impact of Renin-angiotensin System Inhibitors on In-hospital Mortality of Patients With Hypertension Hospitalized for Coronavirus Disease 2019 T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Clinical Impact of Renin-angiotensin System Inhibitors on In-hospital Mortality of Patients With Hypertension Hospitalized for Coronavirus Disease 2019 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32339215 VL - 71 ID - 147 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background The novel severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes COVID-19 originated in December 2019 and has now infected over 3 million people in the United States. In Spring of 2020, private laboratories and some hospitals began antibody testing despite lacking evidence-based guidance.Objective To describe clinician-described indications for SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing, including cost implications, immediately following testing availability.Design Retrospective chart review of patients who received antibody testing from May 14, 2020 to June 15, 2020.Setting A large academic medical center, one of the first in the US to provide antibody testing capability to individual clinicians.Patients 447 consecutive patients who received SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing.Measurements Clinician-described indications for SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing, cost implications, and comparison with current expert-based guidance from the IDSA and CDC.Results Of 444 individual antibody test results meeting inclusion criteria, the two most commonly described indications for ordering the antibody test, apart from public health epidemiology studies (n=223), were for patients with a now resolved COVID-19 compatible illness (n=105) with no previous molecular testing and in asymptomatic patients believed to have had a past exposure or contact with a person with COVID-19 compatible illness (n=60). The rate of positive SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing among those indications consistent with current IDSA and CDC guidance was 17% compared with 5% (p<0.0001) among those indications inconsistent with current IDSA and CDC guidance. Total cost estimates ranged from $57,720 to $97,680, of which 42% was for testing inconsistent with current expert-based guidance.Limitations The duration of antibody response following infection is unclear and asymptomatic individuals may not develop a positive antibody response.Conclusions Our findings demonstrate a dissociation between clinician described indications for testing and expert-based guidance and a significantly different rate of positive testing between these two groups. Clinical curiosity and patient preference appear to have played a significant role in testing decisions and substantially contributed to testing costs.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementFunding: NoneAuthor DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Chart review was performed under a protocol that was approved by the University of Virginia Institutional Review Board (IRB-HSR #13310).All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesN/A AU - Wiencek, Joesph R. | Head, Carter L. | Sifri, Costi D. | Parsons, Andrew S. C1 - 2020-07-31 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/073120_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.07.12.20152165 L1 - internal-pdf://1640421284/Wiencek-2020-Clinical Ordering Practices of th.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Clinicians�?top reasons for ordering a SARS-CoV-2 antibody test: | Public health epidemiology studies (n = 223). | Patients with resolved COVID-19-compatible illness (n = 105) with no previous molecular testing. | Asymptomatic patients believed to have had a past exposure (n = 60). | Results were 17% positive when conducted according to current guidance, and 5% when not consistent with guidance (p <0.0001) (Figure). | Testing consistent with guidance, excluding epidemiologic study data, had the lowest cost-per-positive test ($758.33-$1,283.33); but represented the lowest share of testing (8%). | Methods: Retrospective chart review of 447 patients who received SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing between May 14 and June 15, 2020, to describe clinician-described indications, cost implications, and comparison with current IDSA and CDC guidance. Limitations: True positives may be inaccurately counted due to timing of testing, symptom level of patients, and test characteristics. | Implications: Indications for testing that do not align with guidance lead to lower rates of positive results, which is unlikely to be of clinical value. SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing yield and utility is improved, and cost is reduced, when conducted according to guidance. SP - 2020.07.12.20152165 ST - Clinical Ordering Practices of the SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Test at a Large Academic Medical Center T2 - medRxiv TI - Clinical Ordering Practices of the SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Test at a Large Academic Medical Center TT - Published article: Clinical Ordering Practices of the SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Test at a Large Academic Medical Center UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/07/14/2020.07.12.20152165.full.pdf ID - 625 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is increasing rapidly among young adults in the US. Often described as a disease affecting older adults, to our knowledge, few studies have included younger patients to better understand their anticipated clinical trajectory. We investigated the clinical profile and outcomes of 3222 young adults (defined by the US Census as age 18-34 years) who required hospitalization for COVID-19 in the US. AD - Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. | Premier Applied Sciences, Premier Inc, Charlotte, North Carolina. AN - 32902580 AU - Cunningham, J. W. | Vaduganathan, M. | Claggett, B. L. | Jering, K. S. | Bhatt, A. S. | Rosenthal, N. | Solomon, S. D. C1 - 2020-09-18 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091820_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 9 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.5313 ET - 2020/09/10 IS - 3 L1 - internal-pdf://0762143419/Cunningham-2020-Clinical Outcomes in Young US.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Cunningham, Jonathan W; Vaduganathan, Muthiah; Claggett, Brian L; Jering, Karola S; Bhatt, Ankeet S; Rosenthal, Ning; Solomon, Scott D; eng; JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Sep 9. pii: 2770542. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.5313. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Of 3,222 adults age 18-34 years, 684 patients (21%) required intensive care; 331 (10%) required mechanical ventilation and 88 (2.7%) died. | A higher proportion of young adults with 2 or 3 comorbid conditions (either morbid obesity, hypertension, or diabetes) required mechanical ventilation or died compared with young adults with no comorbidities. | The proportion of young adults with 2 or 3 comorbidities requiring mechanical ventilation was greater than the proportion of older adults with no comorbidities (Figure). | Proportions of deaths were similar between these two groups. | Methods: Evaluation of adults with COVID-19 hospitalized between April 1 and June 30, 2020. Outcomes of 3,222 adults aged 18-34 years were compared with 8,862 adults age 35-64 years. Limitation: ICD-10 coding might have resulted in misclassification; no confirmation of laboratory diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. | Implications: Young adults are at risk for severe COVID-19 and death. The increased risk for mechanical ventilation and death conferred by multiple comorbidities common among young persons is comparable to that of otherwise healthy older adults. SN - 2168-6114 (Electronic); 2168-6106 (Linking) SP - 379-381 ST - Clinical Outcomes in Young US Adults Hospitalized With COVID-19 T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - Clinical Outcomes in Young US Adults Hospitalized With COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32902580 VL - 181 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 919 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Before the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), 25% of patients who underwent in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) survived to discharge, with the initial rhythm being nonshockable in 81% of cases. Despite the outbreak causing many deaths, to our knowledge, information on IHCA among this subset of patients in the US is lacking. AD - William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan. AN - 32986117 AU - Thapa, S. B. | Kakar, T. S. | Mayer, C. | Khanal, D. C1 - 2020-10-09 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100920_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 1 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.4796 ET - 2020/09/29 IS - 2 KW - Adult | Aged | COVID-19/*complications/epidemiology | *Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation | Female | Heart Arrest/mortality/*therapy/*virology | Humans | Male | Michigan/epidemiology | Middle Aged | SARS-CoV-2 | Survival Analysis L1 - internal-pdf://2336164594/Thapa-2021-Clinical Outcomes of In-Hospital Ca.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Thapa, Shrinjaya B; Kakar, Tanya S; Mayer, Corey; Khanal, Dilip; eng; JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Feb 1;181(2):279-281. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.4796. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Of 54 COVID-19 patients with in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA), none survived to discharge (95% CI 0-6.6). | Pre-COVID-19 survival to discharge for IHCA was 25%. | 42% had hypertension and 55.6% had diabetes. | Methods: A single institution, retrospective cohort study of hospitalized COVID-19 patients who underwent cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for IHCA, from March to April 2020. Primary outcomes were time to return of spontaneous circulation, overall survival and discharge. Limitations: Patient population had a high rate of comorbidities and although these constitute the vast majority of COVID-19 patients likely to suffer IHCA, may limit generalizability; observational data may be subject to unmeasured confounders. | Implications: CPR in hospitalized COVID-19 patients likely yields poor outcomes in patients with high rates of comorbidities. SN - 2168-6114 (Electronic); 2168-6106 (Linking) SP - 279-281 ST - Clinical Outcomes of In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in COVID-19 T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - Clinical Outcomes of In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32986117 VL - 181 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 1023 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Convalescent plasma therapy for COVID-19 relies on transfer of anti-viral antibody from donors to recipients via plasma transfusion. The relationship between clinical characteristics and antibody response to COVID-19 is not well defined. We investigated predictors of convalescent antibody production and quantified recipient antibody response in a convalescent plasma therapy clinical trial. METHODS: Multivariable analysis of clinical and serological parameters in 103 confirmed COVID-19 convalescent plasma donors 28 days or more following symptom resolution was performed. Mixed-effects regression models with piecewise linear trends were used to characterize serial antibody responses in 10 convalescent plasma recipients with severe COVID-19. RESULTS: Donor antibody titres ranged from 0 to 1 : 3892 (anti-receptor binding domain (RBD)) and 0 to 1 : 3289 (anti-spike). Higher anti-RBD and anti-spike titres were associated with increased age, hospitalization for COVID-19, fever and absence of myalgia (all P < 0.05). Fatigue was significantly associated with anti-RBD (P = 0.03). In pairwise comparison amongst ABO blood types, AB donors had higher anti-RBD and anti-spike than O donors (P < 0.05). No toxicity was associated with plasma transfusion. Non-ECMO recipient anti-RBD antibody titre increased on average 31% per day during the first three days post-transfusion (P = 0.01) and anti-spike antibody titre by 40.3% (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Advanced age, fever, absence of myalgia, fatigue, blood type and hospitalization were associated with higher convalescent antibody titre to COVID-19. Despite variability in donor titre, 80% of convalescent plasma recipients showed significant increase in antibody levels post-transfusion. A more complete understanding of the dose-response effect of plasma transfusion amongst COVID-19-infected patients is needed. AD - From the, Departments of, Department of, Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. | Department of, Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. | Department of, Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. | Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. | Clinical Microbiology and Immunology Laboratory, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. | Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. | Biological Sciences Division, Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. AN - 33034095 AU - Madariaga, M. L. L. | Guthmiller, J. J. | Schrantz, S. | Jansen, M. O. | Christensen, C. | Kumar, M. | Prochaska, M. | Wool, G. | Durkin-Celauro, A. | Oh, W. H. | Trockman, L. | Vigneswaran, J. | Keskey, R. | Shaw, D. G. | Dugan, H. | Zheng, N. Y. | Cobb, M. | Utset, H. | Wang, J. | Stovicek, O. | Bethel, C. | Matushek, S. | Giurcanu, M. | Beavis, K. G. | di Sabato, D. | Meltzer, D. | Ferguson, M. K. | Kress, J. P. | Shanmugarajah, K. | Matthews, J. B. | Fung, J. F. | Wilson, P. C. | Alverdy, J. C. | Donington, J. S. C1 - 2020-10-20 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102020_covidupdate.html DA - Apr DO - 10.1111/joim.13185 DP - NLM ET - 2020/10/10 IS - 4 KW - Adult | Aged | Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood | Antibodies, Viral/*blood | Antibody Formation/*immunology | COVID-19/epidemiology/immunology/physiopathology/*therapy | *COVID-19 Serological Testing/methods/statistics & numerical data | Female | Humans | Immunization, Passive/methods | Immunoglobulin G/blood | Male | Middle Aged | *SARS-CoV-2/immunology/isolation & purification | *Symptom Assessment/methods/statistics & numerical data | Treatment Outcome | United States | *covid-19 | *antibody titre | *convalescent plasma L1 - internal-pdf://1431873627/Madariaga-2021-Clinical predictors of donor an.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Madariaga, M L L; Guthmiller, J J; Schrantz, S; Jansen, M O; Christensen, C; Kumar, M; Prochaska, M; Wool, G; Durkin-Celauro, A; Oh, W H; Trockman, L; Vigneswaran, J; Keskey, R; Shaw, D G; Dugan, H; Zheng, N-Y; Cobb, M; Utset, H; Wang, J; Stovicek, O; Bethel, C; Matushek, S; Giurcanu, M; Beavis, K G; di Sabato, D; Meltzer, D; Ferguson, M K; Kress, J P; Shanmugarajah, K; Matthews, J B; Fung, J F; Wilson, P C; Alverdy, J C; Donington, J S; eng; T32 HL007605/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Collaborative Influenza Vaccine Innovation Centers (CIVIC) contract 75N93019C00051; Department of Surgery University of Chicago; T32 AI007090/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; 75N93019C00051/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Clinical Study; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; J Intern Med. 2021 Apr;289(4):559-573. doi: 10.1111/joim.13185. Epub 2020 Nov 3. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Describes clinical and serological parameters associated with convalescent antibody titer and response to plasma transfusion. SN - 1365-2796 (Electronic); 0954-6820 (Linking) SP - 559-573 ST - Clinical predictors of donor antibody titre and correlation with recipient antibody response in a COVID-19 convalescent plasma clinical trial T2 - J Intern Med TI - Clinical predictors of donor antibody titre and correlation with recipient antibody response in a COVID-19 convalescent plasma clinical trial UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33034095 VL - 289 ID - 1074 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVES: To describe the prevalence, nature and risk factors for the main clinical sequelae in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) survivors who have been discharged from the hospital for more than 3 months. METHODS: This longitudinal study was based on a telephone follow-up survey of COVID-19 patients hospitalized and discharged from Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China before 1 March 2020. Demographic and clinical characteristics and self-reported clinical sequelae of the survivors were described and analysed. A cohort of volunteers who were free of COVID-19 and lived in the urban area of Wuhan during the outbreak were also selected as the comparison group. RESULTS: Among 538 survivors (293, 54.5% female), the median (interquartile range) age was 52.0 (41.0-62.0) years, and the time from discharge from hospital to first follow-up was 97.0 (95.0-102.0) days. Clinical sequelae were common, including general symptoms (n = 267, 49.6%), respiratory symptoms (n = 210, 39%), cardiovascular-related symptoms (n = 70, 13%), psychosocial symptoms (n = 122, 22.7%) and alopecia (n = 154, 28.6%). We found that physical decline/fatigue (p < 0.01), postactivity polypnoea (p= 0.04) and alopecia (p < 0.01) were more common in female than in male subjects. Dyspnoea during hospitalization was associated with subsequent physical decline/fatigue, postactivity polypnoea and resting heart rate increases but not specifically with alopecia. A history of asthma during hospitalization was associated with subsequent postactivity polypnoea sequela. A history of pulse >/=90 bpm during hospitalization was associated with resting heart rate increase in convalescence. The duration of virus shedding after COVID-19 onset and hospital length of stay were longer in survivors with physical decline/fatigue or postactivity polypnoea than in those without. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical sequelae during early COVID-19 convalescence were common; some of these sequelae might be related to gender, age and clinical characteristics during hospitalization. AD - Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China. | Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China. Electronic address: xy37138@163.com. | Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China. Electronic address: dwg@whu.edu.cn. AN - 32979574 AU - Xiong, Q. | Xu, M. | Li, J. | Liu, Y. | Zhang, J. | Xu, Y. | Dong, W. C1 - 2020-10-09 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100920_covidupdate.html DA - Jan DO - 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.023 ET - 2020/09/27 IS - 1 KW - Adult | Alopecia/complications/*epidemiology/physiopathology/therapy | COVID-19/complications/*epidemiology/physiopathology/therapy | China/epidemiology | Convalescence | Dyspnea/complications/*epidemiology/physiopathology/therapy | Fatigue/complications/*epidemiology/physiopathology/therapy | Female | Humans | Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data | Longitudinal Studies | Male | Middle Aged | Patient Discharge | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity | Severity of Illness Index | *Survivors | Tachycardia/complications/*epidemiology/physiopathology/therapy | Covid-19 | Clinical sequelae | Early recovery | SARS-CoV-2 | Survivors L1 - internal-pdf://3615305914/Xiong-2021-Clinical sequelae of COVID-19 survi.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Xiong, Qiutang; Xu, Ming; Li, Jiao; Liu, Yinghui; Zhang, Jixiang; Xu, Yu; Dong, Weiguo; eng; England; Clin Microbiol Infect. 2021 Jan;27(1):89-95. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.023. Epub 2020 Sep 23. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Almost half (49.6%) of COVID-19 survivors reported general symptoms compared with 12.0% of control group members, p <0.01 (Figure). | Additional reported clinical sequelae included respiratory symptoms (39%), alopecia (28.6%), psychosocial symptoms (22.7%) and cardiovascular symptoms (13%). | Three symptoms were more common in women than in men: physical decline/fatigue (34.1% vs. 21.2%) p <0.01, rapid breathing after activity (24.6% vs 17.6%) p <0.05, and alopecia (48.5% vs 4.9%) p <0.01). | Methods: Phone survey of 538 individuals with COVID-19 discharged from Renmin Hospital, Wuhan at least three months prior to the survey. Incidence of symptoms from five categories—general, respiratory, cardiovascular, psychosocial, and specific�?were compared with those from 184 controls. Limitations: Self-reported data from a single hospital; control group had not been recently hospitalized; not all responded to psychosocial questions. | Implications: Given the prevalence of symptoms among convalescent COVID-19 patients, targeted investigation into the etiology, time course, and treatment of clinical sequelae is warranted. This is especially true for unique sequelae such as sleep disorders and alopecia, a symptom that disproportionately affected women in this study. SN - 1469-0691 (Electronic); 1198-743X (Linking) SP - 89-95 ST - Clinical sequelae of COVID-19 survivors in Wuhan, China: a single-centre longitudinal study T2 - Clin Microbiol Infect TI - Clinical sequelae of COVID-19 survivors in Wuhan, China: a single-centre longitudinal study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32979574 VL - 27 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 1026 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The effect of intubation timing on the prognosis of critically ill patients with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is not yet well understood. We investigated whether early intubation is associated with the survival of COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This multicenter, retrospective, observational study was done on 47 adult COVID-19 patients with ARDS who were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) in Daegu, Korea between February 17 and April 23, 2020. Clinical characteristics and in-hospital mortality were compared between the early intubation and initially non-intubated groups, and between the early and late intubation groups, respectively. Of the 47 patients studied, 23 (48.9%) were intubated on the day of meeting ARDS criteria (early intubation), while 24 (51.1%) were not initially intubated. Eight patients were never intubated during the in-hospital course. Median follow-up duration was 46 days, and 21 patients (44.7%) died in the hospital. No significant difference in in-hospital mortality rate was noted between the early group and initially non-intubated groups (56.5% vs. 33.3%, p = 0.110). Furthermore, the risk of in-hospital death in the early intubation group was not significantly different compared to the initially non-intubated group on multivariate adjusted analysis (p = 0.385). Results were similar between early and late intubation in the subgroup analysis of 39 patients treated with mechanical ventilation. In conclusion, in this study of critically ill COVID-19 patients with ARDS, early intubation was not associated with improved survival. This result may help in the efficient allocation of limited medical resources, such as ventilators. AD - Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea. | Department of Internal Medicine, Daegu Veterans Hospital, Daegu 42835, Korea. | Department of Internal Medicine, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu 42472, Korea. AN - 32887462 AU - Lee, Y. H. | Choi, K. J. | Choi, S. H. | Lee, S. Y. | Kim, K. C. | Kim, E. J. | Lee, J. C1 - 2020-09-18 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091820_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 2 DO - 10.3390/jcm9092847 ET - 2020/09/06 IS - 9 KW - Covid-19 | acute respiratory distress syndrome | intensive care units | intubation | mortality | respiratory failure L1 - internal-pdf://2684184523/Lee-2020-Clinical Significance of Timing of In.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Lee, Yong Hoon; Choi, Keum-Ju; Choi, Sun Ha; Lee, Shin Yup; Kim, Kyung Chan; Kim, Eun Jin; Lee, Jaehee; eng; Switzerland; J Clin Med. 2020 Sep 2;9(9). pii: jcm9092847. doi: 10.3390/jcm9092847. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A multicenter retrospective study of intubation timing in 47 patients with COVID-19 showed early intubation was not associated with improving survival. SN - 2077-0383 (Print); 2077-0383 (Linking) SP - 2847 ST - Clinical Significance of Timing of Intubation in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19: A Multi-Center Retrospective Study T2 - J Clin Med TI - Clinical Significance of Timing of Intubation in Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19: A Multi-Center Retrospective Study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32887462 VL - 9 ID - 905 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Efficient therapeutic strategies are needed to counter the COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In a context where specific vaccines are not yet available, the containment of the pandemic would be facilitated with efficient prophylaxis. We screened several clinical trials repositories and platforms in search of the prophylactic strategies being investigated against COVID-19 in July 2020. Up to July 5, 2020, only one clinical trial result was published, although we found 112 clinical trial protocols targeting medical workers (n=70, 63%), patients relatives (n=20, 18%) or individuals at risk of severe COVID-19 (n=14, 13%). (Hydroxy)chloroquine was the most frequently evaluated treatment (n=69, 62%), before BCG vaccine (n=12, 11%), this followed by numerous antivirals and immune enhancers. Ninety-eight (88%) clinical trials were randomized with a median of planned inclusions of 530 (IQR 258-1299). Both pre- and post-exposure prophylaxes are investigated. AD - Ecole normale superieure de Paris, 45, rue D'Ulm, 75005 Paris, France; Department of Human Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten-Herdecke University, 58453 Witten, Germany. Electronic address: erwan.sallard@ens.psl.eu. | Universite de Paris, INSERM, IAME, 75006 Paris, France. | Universite de Paris, INSERM, IAME, 75006 Paris, France; Bichat-Claude Bernard University Hospital, AP-HP, 75018 Paris, France. | Universite de Paris, INSERM, IAME, 75006 Paris, France; Bichat-Claude Bernard University Hospital, AP-HP, 75018 Paris, France; National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, Imperial College London, London, UK. AN - 33022293 AU - Sallard, E. | Belhadi, D. | Lescure, F. X. | Yazdanpanah, Y. | Peiffer-Smadja, N. C1 - 2020-10-16 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/101620_covidupdate.html DA - Feb DO - 10.1016/j.medmal.2020.09.013 ET - 2020/10/07 IS - 1 KW - *covid-19 | *Prophylaxis | *Repurposed chemotherapy | *SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://3901509204/Sallard-2021-Clinical trial protocols of repur.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Sallard, E; Belhadi, D; Lescure, F-X; Yazdanpanah, Y; Peiffer-Smadja, N; eng; Review; Infect Dis Now. 2021 Feb;51(1):7-13. doi: 10.1016/j.medmal.2020.09.013. Epub 2020 Oct 3. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Lists the known clinical trials, with rationales, to use existing drugs for COVID-19 treatment, including chloroquine derivatives, tuberculosis and measles vaccines, lopinavir, interferons, azithromycin, ivermectin, passive immunotherapies, and others. SN - 2666-9919 (Electronic); 2666-9919 (Linking) SP - 7-13 ST - Clinical trial protocols of repurposed prophylaxis for COVID-19: A review T2 - Infect Dis Now TI - Clinical trial protocols of repurposed prophylaxis for COVID-19: A review UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33022293 VL - 51 ID - 1065 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background COVID-19 pandemic is underway. Some COVID-19 cases re-tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA after discharge raising the public concern on their infectivity. Characterization of re-positive cases are urgently needed for designing intervention strategies.Methods Clinical data were obtained through Guangdong COVID-19 surveillance network. Neutralization antibody titre was determined using a microneutralization assay. Potential infectivity of clinical samples was evaluated after the cell inoculation. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected using three different RT-PCR kits and multiplex PCR with nanopore sequencing.Results Among 619 discharged COVID-19 cases, 87 were re-tested as SARS-CoV-2 positive in circumstance of social isolation. All re-positive cases had mild or moderate symptoms in initial diagnosis and a younger age distribution (mean, 30.4). Re-positive cases (n=59) exhibited similar neutralization antibodies (NAbs) titre distributions to other COVID-19 cases (n=150) parallel-tested in this study. No infective viral strain could be obtained by culture and none full-length viral genomes could be sequenced for all re-positive cases.Conclusions Re-positive SARS-CoV-2 was not caused by the secondary infection and was identified in around 14% of discharged cases. A robust Nabs response and a potential virus genome degradation were detected from nearly all re-positive cases suggesting a lower transmission risk, especially through a respiratory route.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis work was supported by grants from Guangdong Provincial Novel Coronavirus Scientific and Technological Project (2020111107001), Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong(2018B020207006), National Science and Technology Project(2020YFC0846800).Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:This study was reviewed and approved by the Medical Ethical Committee of Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Data collection and analysis of cases were determined by the Health Commission of Guangdong province to be part of a continuing public health outbreak investigation during the emergency response and were thus considered exempt from institutional review board approval.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThe data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request. AU - Lu, Jing | Peng, Jinju | Xiong, Qianling | Liu, Zhe | Lin, Huifang | Tan, Xiaohua | Kang, Min | Yuan, Runyu | Zeng, Lilian | Zhou, Pingping | Liang, Chumin | Yi, Lina | Plessis, Louis du | Song, Tie | Ma, Wenjun | Sun, Jiufeng | Pybus, Oliver G. | Ke, Changwen C1 - 2020-06-26 C2 - Modeling and Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/062620_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.06.15.20131748 L1 - internal-pdf://0217886065/Lu-2020-Clinical, immunological and virologica.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 87 (14%) COVID-19 patients re-tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA within 14 days after discharge. | Infectious virus could not be cultured from 36 RT-PCR-positive samples from 33 patients who re-tested positive. | SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody titers in re-test positive patients were comparable to those of patients with negative RT-PCR results after discharge and with those of hospitalized COVID-19 cases. | Methods: 619 COVID-19 patients who had been discharged based on 2 consecutive negative SARS-CoV-2 RNA RT-PCR tests results were re-tested at least twice during the 14-day period after discharge regardless of symptoms. Samples from a subset of patients who re-tested positive were analyzed for infectious virus and for neutralizing antibodies. Neutralizing antibody titers were obtained from discharged patients who re-tested positive, discharged patients who were SARS-CoV-2 negative 14 days after discharge and a separate group of hospitalized COVID-19 patients not yet discharged. Limitations: Small sample size. | Implications: Persons who re-test positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA after consecutive negative PCR test results are not infectious and had a neutralizing antibody response comparable to that observed in other persons with COVID-19. SP - 2020.06.15.20131748 ST - Clinical, immunological and virological characterization of COVID-19 patients that test re-positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR T2 - medRxiv TI - Clinical, immunological and virological characterization of COVID-19 patients that test re-positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR TT - Published article: Clinical, immunological and virological characterization of COVID-19; patients that test re-positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2020/06/17/2020.06.15.20131748.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/06/17/2020.06.15.20131748.full.pdf ID - 435 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies may protect from reinfection and disease, providing the rationale for administration of plasma containing SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (nAb) as a treatment for COVID-19. The clinical factors and laboratory assays to streamline plasma donor selection, and the durability of nAb responses, are incompletely understood. METHODS: Adults with virologically-documented SARS-CoV-2 infection in a convalescent plasma donor screening program were tested for serum IgG to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 domain, nucleoprotein (NP), and for nAb. RESULTS: Amongst 250 consecutive persons studied a median of 67 days since symptom onset, 243/250 (97%) were seropositive on one or more assays. Sixty percent of donors had nAb titers >/=1:80. Correlates of higher nAb titer included older age (adjusted OR [AOR] 1.03/year of age, 95% CI 1.00-1.06), male sex (AOR 2.08, 95% CI 1.13-3.82), fever during acute illness (AOR 2.73, 95% CI 1.25-5.97), and disease severity represented by hospitalization (AOR 6.59, 95% CI 1.32-32.96). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses of anti-S1 and anti-NP antibody results yielded cutoffs that corresponded well with nAb titers, with the anti-S1 assay being slightly more predictive. NAb titers declined in 37 of 41 paired specimens collected a median of 98 days (range, 77-120) apart (P<0.001). Seven individuals (2.8%) were persistently seronegative and lacked T cell responses. CONCLUSIONS: Nab titers correlated with COVID-19 severity, age, and sex. Standard commercially available SARS-CoV-2 IgG results can serve as useful surrogates for nAb testing. Functional nAb levels were found to decline and a small proportion of COVID-19 survivors lack adaptive immune responses. AN - 33052361 AU - Boonyaratanakornkit, J. | Morishima, C. | Selke, S. | Zamora, D. | McGuffin, S. | Shapiro, A. E. | Campbell, V. L. | McClurkan, C. L. | Jing, L. | Gross, R. | Liang, J. | Postnikova, E. | Mazur, S. | Chaudhary, A. | Das, M. K. | Fink, S. L. | Bryan, A. | Greninger, A. L. | Jerome, K. R. | Holbrook, M. R. | Gernsheimer, T. B. | Wener, M. H. | Wald, A. | Koelle, D. M. C1 - 2020-10-20 C2 - Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102020_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 8 DO - 10.1101/2020.10.06.20207472 ET - 2020/10/15 L1 - internal-pdf://2961675865/Boonyaratanakor-2020-Clinical, laboratory, and.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Boonyaratanakornkit, Jim; Morishima, Chihiro; Selke, Stacy; Zamora, Danniel; McGuffin, Sarah; Shapiro, Adrienne E; Campbell, Victoria L; McClurkan, Christopher L; Jing, Lichen; Gross, Robin; Liang, Janie; Postnikova, Elena; Mazur, Steven; Chaudhary, Anu; Das, Marie K; Fink, Susan L; Bryan, Andrew; Greninger, Alex L; Jerome, Keith R; Holbrook, Michael R; Gernsheimer, Terry B; Wener, Mark H; Wald, Anna; Koelle, David M; eng; Preprint; medRxiv. 2020 Oct 8. doi: 10.1101/2020.10.06.20207472. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; ~60% of potential convalescent plasma donors had SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody (nAb) titers �?:80(Figure). | Correlates of nAb titer �?:80 included the following: | Older age (adjusted OR [aOR] 1.03/year of age, 95% CI 1.00-1.06). | Male sex (aOR 2.08, 95% CI 1.13-3.82). | Fever during acute illness (aOR 2.73, 95% CI 1.25-5.97). | Hospitalization for COVID-19 (aOR 6.59, 95% CI 1.32-32.96). | Longer time between PCR diagnosis and antibody testing (aOR 0.97/day, 95% CI 96-0.99) associated with lower nAb titers. | IgG antibodies titers to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 domain and nucleoprotein corresponded well with nAb titers. | Methods: Samples from 250 adults recovering from RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and participating in a convalescent plasma donor screening program were tested for IgG to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 domain, spike protein nucleoprotein, and nAb. Analyses modeled predictors of high nAb titers (�?:80, the US Food and Drug Administration [FDA] minimum titer for convalescent plasma), adjusting for demographic and clinical variables, and determined correlation between IgG and nAb titers. Limitations: Cross sectional study with longitudinal data obtained from only a subset of the cohort; cohort consisted of predominantly white individuals. | Implications for 3 studies (Iyer et al., Isho et al., & Boonyaratanakornkit et al.): Serum IgG responses to SARS-CoV-2 appear to be sustained for at least 3 months and are highly correlated with SARS-CoV-2 nAb. Because direct assessment of neutralizing activity requires specialized laboratories, SARS-CoV-2 IgG titers from relatively easy-to-perform commercial assays may serve as a surrogate for assessment of neutralizing activity. Serum IgG is also correlated with saliva IgG which might serve as a marker for systemic immunity. Decreasing nAb titers over time raise concern for re-infection and could impact implementation of immunization programs and monitoring for herd immunity. SP - 2020.10.06.20207472 ST - Clinical, laboratory, and temporal predictors of neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 after COVID-19 T2 - medRxiv TI - Clinical, laboratory, and temporal predictors of neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 after COVID-19 TT - Published article: Clinical, laboratory, and temporal predictors of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 among COVID-19 convalescent plasma donor candidates UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33052361 ID - 1095 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Severe SARS-CoV-2 infection is linked to the presence of autoantibodies against multiple targets, including phospholipids and type-I interferons. We recently identified activation of an autoimmune-prone B cell response pathway as correlate of severe COVID-19, raising the possibility of de novo autoreactive antibody production during the antiviral response. Here, we identify autoreactive antibodies as a common feature of severe COVID-19, identifying biomarkers of tolerance breaks that may indicate subsets of patients that may particularly benefit from immunomodulation.Competing Interest StatementDr. Lee is the founder of MicroB-plex, Inc and has research grants with Genentech.Funding StatementThis work was supported by National Institutes of Health grants: UL TR000424 (Emory Library IT), U19-AI110483 Emory Autoimmunity Center of Excellence (I.S.), P01-AI125180-01 (I.S., F.E.L.), R37-AI049660 (I.S.), 1R01AI121252 (F.E.L.), 1U01AI141993 (F.E.L), and T32-HL116271-07 (R.P.R.)Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:All research was approved by the Emory University Institutional Review Board (Emory IRB numbers IRB00058507, IRB00057983, and IRB00058271) and was performed in accordance with all relevant guidelines and regulations. All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesRelevant data will be made available as necessary following peer-review AU - Woodruff, Matthew C. | Ramonell, Richard P. | Lee, F. Eun-Hyung | Sanz, Ignacio C1 - 2020-11-03 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/110320_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.10.21.20216192 L1 - internal-pdf://1673324643/Woodruff-2020-Clinically identifiable autoreac.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 44% of patients had antinuclear antibody (ANA) �?:80 (the diagnostic threshold for the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus) and 81% of these positive tests had titers �?:160. | 59% of ANA-positive patients had �? other positive autoreactive antibody test such as rheumatoid factor (10/52), phospholipids (3/52), prothrombin (2/52), or antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (2/52) (Figure). | All patients with >1 positive autoreactive antibody test were positive for either ANA or rheumatoid factor. | Autoreactivity was correlated with increasing serum levels of c-reactive protein (CRP), a protein found in the bloodstream in response to inflammation. | Methods: Study of 52 severe or critically ill patients with COVID-19 and no known history of autoimmune disease treated at two ICUs in Atlanta, Georgia, between June 1st and July 2nd, 2020. Patients were tested for a variety of autoimmune antibodies. Limitations: Limited follow-up. | Implications: Severe COVID-19 may cause de novo autoreactive antibody production against a variety of self-antigens which could argue for clinical interventions aimed at modifying the immune response. SP - 2020.10.21.20216192 ST - Clinically identifiable autoreactivity is common in severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection T2 - medRxiv TI - Clinically identifiable autoreactivity is common in severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2020/10/28/2020.10.21.20216192.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/10/28/2020.10.21.20216192.full.pdf ID - 1887 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We describe 9 patients at a medical center in Detroit, Michigan, USA, with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and Clostridioides difficile. Both infections can manifest as digestive symptoms and merit screening when assessing patients with diarrhea during the coronavirus disease pandemic. These co-infections also highlight the continued importance of antimicrobial stewardship. AN - 32441243 AU - Sandhu, A. | Tillotson, G. | Polistico, J. | Salimnia, H. | Cranis, M. | Moshos, J. | Cullen, L. | Jabbo, L. | Diebel, L. | Chopra, T. C1 - 2020-06-05 C2 - Clinical Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060520_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.3201/eid2609.202126 ET - 2020/05/23 IS - 9 KW - Adult | Aged | Anti-Bacterial Agents/adverse effects | Antimicrobial Stewardship | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Clostridioides difficile | Clostridium Infections/chemically induced/*epidemiology/microbiology | Coinfection/*epidemiology/microbiology | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/microbiology | Female | Humans | Male | Michigan/epidemiology | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/microbiology | Population Surveillance | SARS-CoV-2 | Clostridiodes difficile | Detroit | Michigan | United States | antibiotics | antimicrobial drug resistance | bacteria | bacterial infections | co-infection | coronavirus disease | diarrhea | nosocomial infections | respiratory infections | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 | viruses | zoonoses L1 - internal-pdf://3867512645/Sandhu-2020-Clostridioides difficile in COVID-.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Sandhu, Avnish; Tillotson, Glenn; Polistico, Jordan; Salimnia, Hossein; Cranis, Mara; Moshos, Judy; Cullen, Lori; Jabbo, Lavina; Diebel, Lawrence; Chopra, Teena; eng; Letter; Emerg Infect Dis. 2020 Sep;26(9). doi: 10.3201/eid2609.202126. Epub 2020 May 22. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: 9 patients co-infected with SARS-CoV-2 and difficile; highlights importance of prudent antibiotic use for treatment of severe COVID-19. SE - 2272 SN - 1080-6059 (Electronic); 1080-6040 (Linking) SP - 2272-2274 ST - Clostridioides difficile in COVID-19 Patients, Detroit, Michigan, USA, March-April 2020 T2 - Emerg Infect Dis TI - Clostridioides difficile in COVID-19 Patients, Detroit, Michigan, USA, March-April 2020 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32441243 VL - 26 ID - 321 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, Lariboisiere Hospital, Federation of Toxicology APHP, University of Paris, INSERM UMRS-1144, Paris, France bruno.megarbane@lrb.aphp.fr. | Department of Ophtalmology, Lariboisiere Hospital, University of Paris, Paris, France. AN - 32467314 AU - Megarbane, B. | Tadayoni, R. C1 - 2020-06-23 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/062320_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.1136/oemed-2020-106677 ET - 2020/05/30 IS - 8 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Chalazion | *Coronavirus | *Coronavirus Infections | Critical Care | Critical Illness | Humans | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral | SARS-CoV-2 | *Telemedicine | *ppe | *hygiene / occupational hygiene | *toxicology L1 - internal-pdf://3140082581/Megarbane-2020-Cluster of chalazia in nurses u.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Megarbane, Bruno; Tadayoni, Ramin; eng; Letter; Comment; England; Occup Environ Med. 2020 Aug;77(8):584-585. doi: 10.1136/oemed-2020-106677. Epub 2020 May 28. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Three ICU nurses caring for COVID-19 patients each developed a chalazion, which is a painless inflammatory lump in blocked oil glands of eyelid (Figure). | The cause was attributed to irritation by chemically-disinfected protective glasses, face masks, and reduced blinking and touching one’s face. | All chalazia resolved over a month with antibiotic and anti-inflammatory eye ointments and supportive care. | No further cases after recommendations to improve rinsing of glasses after chemical disinfection. | Methods: Case reports of ICU nurses, Paris, France. Limitations: No historical data on chalazion frequency. | Implications: Chalazia might occur among healthcare workers wearing PPE for extended periods, and may indicate a need for changes in how eyewear is disinfected, rinsed, and worn. SN - 1470-7926 (Electronic); 1351-0711 (Linking) SP - 584-585 ST - Cluster of chalazia in nurses using eye protection while caring for critically ill patients with COVID-19 in intensive care T2 - Occup Environ Med TI - Cluster of chalazia in nurses using eye protection while caring for critically ill patients with COVID-19 in intensive care UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32467314 VL - 77 ID - 428 ER - TY - JOUR AB - During 24 days in Cheonan, South Korea, 112 persons were infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 associated with fitness dance classes at 12 sports facilities. Intense physical exercise in densely populated sports facilities could increase risk for infection. Vigorous exercise in confined spaces should be minimized during outbreaks. AN - 32412896 AU - Jang, S. | Han, S. H. | Rhee, J. Y. C1 - 2020-05-26 C2 - Modeling and Transmission: Bending the Curve CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052620_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.3201/eid2608.200633 ET - 2020/05/16 IS - 8 KW - Adult | Betacoronavirus/genetics/*pathogenicity | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Clinical Laboratory Techniques/methods | Contact Tracing/*statistics & numerical data | Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/*epidemiology/*transmission | Dancing | *Disease Outbreaks | Exercise | Female | *Fitness Centers | Humans | Incidence | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis/*epidemiology/*transmission | Quarantine/methods | Republic of Korea/epidemiology | Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction | SARS-CoV-2 | 2019 novel coronavirus disease | Sars | South Korea | coronavirus | coronavirus disease | respiratory infections | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 | viruses | zoonoses L1 - internal-pdf://2668800954/Jang-2020-Cluster of Coronavirus Disease Assoc.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Jang, Sukbin; Han, Si Hyun; Rhee, Ji-Young; eng; Emerg Infect Dis. 2020 Aug;26(8):1917-1920. doi: 10.3201/eid2608.200633. Epub 2020 May 15. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Of 217 adult students who participated in high-intensity aerobic dance classes across 12 facilities, 57 (26%) were infected with SARS-CoV-2 from contact with instructors. | Classes where transmission occurred typically included 5�?2 people in a 645 square-foot room (about the size of a 3-car garage) for 50 minutes. | No cases observed in classes with <5 participants. | No students who took low-intensity classes (Pilates and yoga) from an infected instructor tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. | Methods: Contact tracing study in Cheonan, South Korea from February 15 to March 9, 2020. Limitations: Unclear whether any transmission occurred from instructors while presymptomatic. | Implications of 2 studies (Jang et al. & Courtemanche et al.): Social distancing measures can slow SARS-CoV-2 transmission. As restrictions are relaxed, it will be important to monitor possible transmission during various activities, including high-intensity aerobic exercise in enclosed spaces, even in small groups. SN - 1080-6059 (Electronic); 1080-6040 (Linking) SP - 1917-1920 ST - Cluster of Coronavirus Disease Associated with Fitness Dance Classes, South Korea T2 - Emerg Infect Dis TI - Cluster of Coronavirus Disease Associated with Fitness Dance Classes, South Korea UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32412896 VL - 26 ID - 246 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: It is important to understand the mode of transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) for disease control. We aimed to clarify how soon SARS-CoV-2 transmission can occur after infection by asymptomatically infected individuals. METHODS: We analyzed the publicly available epidemiological information for a cluster of 108 cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in Osaka, Japan. RESULTS: Among cases, 51 cases attended a live music club only once and were considered to have a single visit. Ten remained asymptomatic at the time of COVID-19 diagnosis by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, which was on average 20 days after exposure. Three routes of secondary transmission were identified, with 2-4 days from infection to transmission. All index cases for secondary transmission were asymptomatic at the time of contact with other people. Based on the date of symptom onset in the remaining 41 cases, the period from exposure to illness ranged from 2 to 17 days. CONCLUSIONS: Seemingly healthy people could spread SARS-CoV-2 during intense activities in enclosed environments without sufficient ventilation. Asymptomatically infected persons can transmit the virus as soon as 2 days after infection. Continuous efforts to avoid crowding and to maintain personal hygiene are needed for effective control of COVID-19. AD - Department of Orthopaedic Medical Engineering, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka Prefecture, Japan. | Department of Public Health, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Osaka Prefecture, Japan. | Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Osaka Prefecture, Japan. AN - 32840606 AU - Sugano, N. | Ando, W. | Fukushima, W. C1 - 2020-09-04 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090420_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 13 DO - 10.1093/infdis/jiaa542 ET - 2020/08/26 IS - 10 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Asymptomatic Diseases | Betacoronavirus/*genetics | Covid-19 | Child | Child, Preschool | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/*transmission/virology | *Crowding | Female | Humans | Infant | Infant, Newborn | Japan/epidemiology | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/*transmission/virology | *Recreation | Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | Self Report | Ventilation | Young Adult | *covid-19 | *SARS-CoV-2 | *coronavirus disease 2019 | *descriptive epidemiology | *severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 | *virus transmission L1 - internal-pdf://2662048465/Sugano-2020-Cluster of Severe Acute Respirator.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Sugano, Nobuhiko; Ando, Wataru; Fukushima, Wakaba; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; J Infect Dis. 2020 Oct 13;222(10):1635-1640. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa542. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Asymptomatic persons with COVID-19 transmitted infection from 2�? days after exposure. | The period from exposure to symptom onset in 40 cases ranged from 2�?7 days with a median of 7 days. | 53% of cases attending only one music club were infected via transmission from asymptomatic persons. | Methods: Investigation of a cluster of 108 COVID-19 cases among persons visiting music clubs one or more times in February, 2020 (no mask use). Investigators focused on persons attending �? clubs to determine period from exposure to ability to transmit SARS-CoV-2. Limitations: Information self-reported; genome sequencing not available; viral loads not assessed; exposure outside of clubs unknown. | Implications: Mitigation efforts, including avoiding crowding, improved ventilation, mask use, and hand hygiene are needed for effective control of COVID-19. Such short generation times (i.e., 2 days) may preclude usual contact tracing and require mass notification with precautionary quarantine to contain transmission. SN - 1537-6613 (Electronic); 0022-1899 (Linking) SP - 1635-1640 ST - Cluster of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infections Linked to Music Clubs in Osaka, Japan T2 - J Infect Dis TI - Cluster of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infections Linked to Music Clubs in Osaka, Japan UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32840606 VL - 222 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 835 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Current strategies for preventing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection are limited to nonpharmacologic interventions. Hydroxychloroquine has been proposed as a postexposure therapy to prevent coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), but definitive evidence is lacking. METHODS: We conducted an open-label, cluster-randomized trial involving asymptomatic contacts of patients with polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR)-confirmed Covid-19 in Catalonia, Spain. We randomly assigned clusters of contacts to the hydroxychloroquine group (which received the drug at a dose of 800 mg once, followed by 400 mg daily for 6 days) or to the usual-care group (which received no specific therapy). The primary outcome was PCR-confirmed, symptomatic Covid-19 within 14 days. The secondary outcome was SARS-CoV-2 infection, defined by symptoms compatible with Covid-19 or a positive PCR test regardless of symptoms. Adverse events were assessed for up to 28 days. RESULTS: The analysis included 2314 healthy contacts of 672 index case patients with Covid-19 who were identified between March 17 and April 28, 2020. A total of 1116 contacts were randomly assigned to receive hydroxychloroquine and 1198 to receive usual care. Results were similar in the hydroxychloroquine and usual-care groups with respect to the incidence of PCR-confirmed, symptomatic Covid-19 (5.7% and 6.2%, respectively; risk ratio, 0.86 [95% confidence interval, 0.52 to 1.42]). In addition, hydroxychloroquine was not associated with a lower incidence of SARS-CoV-2 transmission than usual care (18.7% and 17.8%, respectively). The incidence of adverse events was higher in the hydroxychloroquine group than in the usual-care group (56.1% vs. 5.9%), but no treatment-related serious adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS: Postexposure therapy with hydroxychloroquine did not prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection or symptomatic Covid-19 in healthy persons exposed to a PCR-positive case patient. (Funded by the crowdfunding campaign YoMeCorono and others; BCN-PEP-CoV2 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04304053.). AD - From the Fight AIDS and Infectious Diseases Foundation (O.M., M.C.-M., M.U., A.A., C.S., E.B., C.A.P., P.A., N.R.-M., P.L., J.M., M.C., L.B., M.S., S.G., A.N., J. Puig, F.R.-V., A. Sierra, M.V.-M., C.G.-B., B.C.), Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (O.M., J.A., M.F., C.Q., M.V.-M., B.C.), IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (E.B., A.E.-T., E.R.-M., L.R.), and the Center of Epidemiologic Studies of HIV/AIDS and STI of Catalonia, Catalan Institute of Oncology-Departament de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya (E.M., J.R.-U., A. Sentis), Badalona, Facultat de Medicina-Universitat de Barcelona (M.C.-M., M.U.), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (A.T.), Direccio-Gerencia, Institut Catala de la Salut (J.M.A., J.C.), Equip d'Atencio Primaria de Sarria (G.C.), Synlab Diagnosticos (P.C.), Direccio General de Recerca i Innovacio en Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya (R.F.), TFS Clinical Contract Research Organization (C.L., J.Z.), Gerencia Territorial de Barcelona, Institut Catala de la Salut (N.N.), ISGlobal, Hospital Clinic-Universitat de Barcelona (S.S.), and Agencia de Qualitat i Avaluacio Sanitaries de Catalunya (C.V., R.M.V.-H.), Barcelona, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (C.T., J. Penafiel), Gerencia Territorial de Catalunya Central, Institut Catala de la Salut, Sant Fruitos de Bages (A.F.), Xarxa Santa Tecla Sanitaria i Social, Tarragona (G.F.-M.), Entitat de Base Asociativa Centelles-Atencio Primaria, Centelles (S.N.), Gerencia Territorial de Ambit Metropolita Nord, Institut Catala de la Salut, Sabadell (N.P.), Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Madrid (J.C.), and Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, Vic (O.M., B.C.) - all in Spain; and Lihir Medical Center-International SOS, Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea (O.M.). AN - 33289973 AU - Mitja, O. | Corbacho-Monne, M. | Ubals, M. | Alemany, A. | Suner, C. | Tebe, C. | Tobias, A. | Penafiel, J. | Ballana, E. | Perez, C. A. | Admella, P. | Riera-Marti, N. | Laporte, P. | Mitja, J. | Clua, M. | Bertran, L. | Sarquella, M. | Gavilan, S. | Ara, J. | Argimon, J. M. | Cuatrecasas, G. | Canadas, P. | Elizalde-Torrent, A. | Fabregat, R. | Farre, M. | Forcada, A. | Flores-Mateo, G. | Lopez, C. | Muntada, E. | Nadal, N. | Narejos, S. | Nieto, A. | Prat, N. | Puig, J. | Quinones, C. | Ramirez-Viaplana, F. | Reyes-Uruena, J. | Riveira-Munoz, E. | Ruiz, L. | Sanz, S. | Sentis, A. | Sierra, A. | Velasco, C. | Vivanco-Hidalgo, R. M. | Zamora, J. | Casabona, J. | Vall-Mayans, M. | Gonzalez-Beiras, C. | Clotet, B. | B. CN-PEP-CoV2 Research Group C1 - 2020-12-01 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/120120_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 4 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2021801 ET - 2020/12/09 IS - 5 KW - Adult | Anti-Infective Agents/adverse effects/*therapeutic use | COVID-19/*prevention & control/transmission/virology | Disease Transmission, Infectious/prevention & control | Double-Blind Method | Female | Humans | Hydroxychloroquine/adverse effects/*therapeutic use | Male | Middle Aged | Patient Compliance | *SARS-CoV-2 | Treatment Failure | Viral Load L1 - internal-pdf://1631519563/Mitja-2021-A Cluster-Randomized Trial of Hydro.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Mitja, Oriol; Corbacho-Monne, Marc; Ubals, Maria; Alemany, Andrea; Suner, Clara; Tebe, Cristian; Tobias, Aurelio; Penafiel, Judith; Ballana, Ester; Perez, Carla A; Admella, Pol; Riera-Marti, Nuria; Laporte, Pep; Mitja, Jordi; Clua, Mireia; Bertran, Laia; Sarquella, Maria; Gavilan, Sergi; Ara, Jordi; Argimon, Josep M; Cuatrecasas, Gabriel; Canadas, Paz; Elizalde-Torrent, Aleix; Fabregat, Robert; Farre, Magi; Forcada, Anna; Flores-Mateo, Gemma; Lopez, Cristina; Muntada, Esteve; Nadal, Nuria; Narejos, Silvia; Nieto, Aroa; Prat, Nuria; Puig, Jordi; Quinones, Carles; Ramirez-Viaplana, Ferran; Reyes-Uruena, Juliana; Riveira-Munoz, Eva; Ruiz, Lidia; Sanz, Sergi; Sentis, Alexis; Sierra, Alba; Velasco, Cesar; Vivanco-Hidalgo, Rosa M; Zamora, Juani; Casabona, Jordi; Vall-Mayans, Marti; Gonzalez-Beiras, Camila; Clotet, Bonaventura; eng; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; N Engl J Med. 2021 Feb 4;384(5):417-427. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2021801. Epub 2020 Nov 24. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: An open-label, cluster-randomized trial found that hydroxychloroquine did not prevent COVID-19. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 417-427 ST - A Cluster-Randomized Trial of Hydroxychloroquine for Prevention of Covid-19 T2 - N Engl J Med TI - A Cluster-Randomized Trial of Hydroxychloroquine for Prevention of Covid-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33289973 VL - 384 ID - 1284 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Superspreading events (SSEs) have characterized previous epidemics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections(1-6). For SARS-CoV-2, the degree to which SSEs are involved in transmission remains unclear, but there is growing evidence that SSEs might be a typical feature of COVID-19(7,8). Using contact tracing data from 1,038 SARS-CoV-2 cases confirmed between 23 January and 28 April 2020 in Hong Kong, we identified and characterized all local clusters of infection. We identified 4-7 SSEs across 51 clusters (n = 309 cases) and estimated that 19% (95% confidence interval, 15-24%) of cases seeded 80% of all local transmission. Transmission in social settings was associated with more secondary cases than households when controlling for age (P = 0.002). Decreasing the delay between symptom onset and case confirmation did not result in fewer secondary cases (P = 0.98), although the odds that an individual being quarantined as a contact interrupted transmission was 14.4 (95% CI, 1.9-107.2). Public health authorities should focus on rapidly tracing and quarantining contacts, along with implementing restrictions targeting social settings to reduce the risk of SSEs and suppress SARS-CoV-2 transmission. AD - WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China. | Biosecurity Program, Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. | WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China. pengwu@hku.hk. | Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. AN - 32943787 AU - Adam, D. C. | Wu, P. | Wong, J. Y. | Lau, E. H. Y. | Tsang, T. K. | Cauchemez, S. | Leung, G. M. | Cowling, B. J. C1 - 2020-09-29 C2 - Modeling and Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/092920_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1038/s41591-020-1092-0 ET - 2020/09/19 IS - 11 KW - COVID-19/*epidemiology/*transmission | Carrier State/epidemiology | Cluster Analysis | Contact Tracing | Female | Health Policy | Hong Kong/epidemiology | Humans | Male | Models, Theoretical | Pandemics | Patient Isolation/legislation & jurisprudence | Public Health/legislation & jurisprudence | Quarantine/legislation & jurisprudence | SARS-CoV-2/physiology | Travel-Related Illness L1 - internal-pdf://3024192885/Adam-2020-Clustering and superspreading potent.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Adam, Dillon C; Wu, Peng; Wong, Jessica Y; Lau, Eric H Y; Tsang, Tim K; Cauchemez, Simon; Leung, Gabriel M; Cowling, Benjamin J; eng; COVID190118/Food and Health Bureau of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region | Health and Medical Research Fund (HMRF)/International; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Nat Med. 2020 Nov;26(11):1714-1719. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-1092-0. Epub 2020 Sep 17. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; An investigation of 137 different recognized clusters (median cluster size = 2) found that 7 probable super spreader events (SSEs) accounted for 58% of all clustered cases (Figure). | The largest cluster of 106 cases was associated with four bars in Hong Kong. | An estimated 19% (95% CI: 15% �?24%) of cases caused 80% of all local transmission. | Transmission in social settings was associated with more secondary cases than transmission in households (p = 0.002). | Methods: Contact tracing data from 1,038 confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections in Hong Kong between January 23 and April 28, 2020 was used to characterize clusters (�? cases) of SARS-CoV-2 infections, chains of transmission and description of SSE. Limitations: Potential incomplete identification of cases and contacts; some cases may have been incorrectly attributed to clusters. | Implications: There is substantial potential for SARS-CoV-2 superspreading in settings where large numbers of people gather such as bars, weddings, and religious events. Interventions targeting social settings may be key in reducing the risk of SSEs and SARS-CoV-2 transmission. SN - 1546-170X (Electronic); 1078-8956 (Linking) SP - 1714-1719 ST - Clustering and superspreading potential of SARS-CoV-2 infections in Hong Kong T2 - Nat Med TI - Clustering and superspreading potential of SARS-CoV-2 infections in Hong Kong UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32943787 VL - 26 ID - 953 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Many regions of the world where dengue epidemics are seasonal are also facing the COVID-19 pandemic. This is a medical concern because both diseases are difficult to distinguish since they have similar clinical symptoms and laboratory findings, and because they have different clinical management. So far, co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and dengue virus (DENV) has not been studied. Herein we report the first case of a patient with co-infection of COVID-19 and dengue. Both infections were simultaneously laboratory confirmed by positive RT-qPCR for SARS-CoV-2 and RT-qPCR for DENV, NS1, IgM and IgG antibody tests for dengue. The patient had a favorable clinical improvement, without severe symptoms. This case emphasize that, in pandemic era, having a diagnostic of one infection does not rule out the possibility of having another infection concomitantly. In addition, underscores the importance of an accurate and timely diagnosis to prevent the spread of COVID-19. AD - HOME Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Brasilia, DF, Brazil. Electronic address: nairabicudo@gmail.com. | HOME Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Brasilia, DF, Brazil. | HOME Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Brasilia, DF, Brazil. | Sabin Medicina Diagnostica, Brasilia, DF, Brazil. AN - 32866435 AU - Bicudo, N. | Bicudo, E. | Costa, J. D. | Castro, Jalp | Barra, G. B. C1 - 2020-09-11 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091120_covidupdate.html DA - Sep - Oct DO - 10.1016/j.bjid.2020.07.008 DP - NLM ET - 2020/09/01 IS - 5 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Clinical Laboratory Techniques | *Coinfection | *Coronavirus Infections | *Dengue/complications/diagnosis | *Dengue Virus/genetics | Humans | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral | SARS-CoV-2 | Co-infection | Dengue L1 - internal-pdf://3687384185/Bicudo-2020-Co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and den.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Bicudo, Naira; Bicudo, Eliana; Costa, Julia Duarte; Castro, Julliana Alline Leite Porto; Barra, Gustavo Barcelos; eng; Case Reports; Brazil; Braz J Infect Dis. 2020 Sep - Oct;24(5):452-454. doi: 10.1016/j.bjid.2020.07.008. Epub 2020 Aug 26. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Case of laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 and dengue coinfection, diseases with overlapping clinical presentations, in a 56-year old female in Brazil. SN - 1678-4391 (Electronic); 1413-8670 (Linking) SP - 452-454 ST - Co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and dengue virus: a clinical challenge T2 - Braz J Infect Dis TI - Co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and dengue virus: a clinical challenge UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32866435 VL - 24 ID - 869 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Case studies have revealed neurological problems in severely affected COVID-19 patients. However, there is little information regarding the nature and broader prevalence of cognitive problems post-infection or across the full spread of severity. We analysed cognitive test data from 84,285 Great British Intelligence Test participants who completed a questionnaire regarding suspected and biologically confirmed COVID-19 infection. People who had recovered, including those no longer reporting symptoms, exhibited significant cognitive deficits when controlling for age, gender, education level, income, racial-ethnic group and pre-existing medical disorders. They were of substantial effect size for people who had been hospitalised, but also for mild but biologically confirmed cases who reported no breathing difficulty. Finer grained analyses of performance support the hypothesis that COVID-19 has a multi-system impact on human cognition.Significance statement There is evidence that COVID-19 may cause long term health changes past acute symptoms, termed ‘long COVID�? Our analyses of detailed cognitive assessment and questionnaire data from tens thousands of datasets, collected in collaboration with BBC2 Horizon, align with the view that there are chronic cognitive consequences of having COVID-19. Individuals who recovered from suspected or confirmed COVID-19 perform worse on cognitive tests in multiple domains than would be expected given their detailed age and demographic profiles. This deficit scales with symptom severity and is evident amongst those without hospital treatment. These results should act as a clarion call for more detailed research investigating the basis of cognitive deficits in people who have survived SARS-COV-2 infection.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementDr Hampshire is supported by the UK Dementia Research Institute and Biomedical Research Centre at Imperial College London with technology development supported by EU-CIG EC Marie‐Curie CIG and NIHR grant II-LB-0715-20006. William Trender is supported by the EPSRC Center for Doctoral Training in Neurotechnology. Dr Chamberlains role in this study was funded by a Wellcome Trust Clinical Fellowship (Reference 110049/Z/15/Z). Joseph M Barnby is supported by the UK Medical Research Council (MR/N013700/1) and Kings College London member of the MRC Doctoral Training Partnership in Biomedical Sciences. Mitul Mehta is in part supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and Kings College London. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. We would like to acknowledge COST Action CA16207 European Network for Problematic Usage of the Internet supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) and the support of the National UK Research Network for Behavioural Addictions (NUK-BA).Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Ethics were approved through Imperial College London Research Ethics Committee.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network r search reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData available upon request AU - Hampshire, Adam | Trender, William | Chamberlain, Samuel R. | Jolly, Amy | Grant, Jon E. | Patrick, Fiona | Mazibuko, Ndaba | Williams, Steve | Barnby, Joseph M. | Hellyer, Peter | Mehta, Mitul A. C1 - 2020-11-03 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/110320_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.10.20.20215863 L1 - internal-pdf://0652117831/Hampshire-2020-Cognitive deficits in people wh.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Decreased global cognitive performance was seen among the following (Figure 1): | In persons hospitalized and on ventilators cognitive performance was -0.57 standard deviations (SDs) below healthy controls (approximates an 8.5-point difference in IQ). | Persons hospitalized but not on a ventilator, -0.45 SDs. | Persons assisted at home for respiratory difficulty, -0.12 SDs. | Persons with respiratory difficulty but received no medical assistance, -0.10 SDs. | Persons ill without respiratory difficulty, -0.04 SDs. | The most apparent deficits were in semantic problem solving and visual selective attention which were associated with disease severity (Figure 2). | Methods: An online survey of cognition, wellbeing, and behavior of 84,285 participants who completed a questionnaire regarding impacts of the pandemic among persons with suspected (n = 12,689) and confirmed (n = 361) SARS-CoV-2 infection were analyzed to determine associations between COVID-19 and cognitive deficits. Testing addressed semantic problem solving, spatial working memory, selective attention and emotional processing. Limitations: Most cases unconfirmed; symptom severity was self-reported; cross-sectional design. | Implications: Cognitive deficits were found in persons with history of COVID-19 and there may be a need for cognitive assessment of persons recovered from COVID-19. SP - 2020.10.20.20215863 ST - Cognitive deficits in people who have recovered from COVID-19 relative to controls: An N=84,285 online study T2 - medRxiv TI - Cognitive deficits in people who have recovered from COVID-19 relative to controls: An N=84,285 online study TT - Published article: Cognitive deficits in people who have recovered from COVID-19 UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/10/21/2020.10.20.20215863.full.pdf ID - 1172 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Pang, Xinghuo | Ren, Lili | Wu, Shuangsheng | Ma, Wentai | Yang, Jian | Di, Lin | Li, Jie | Xiao, Yan | Kang, Lu | Du, Shichang | Du, Jing | Wang, Jing | Li, Gang | Zhai, Shuguang | Chen, Lijuan | Zhou, Wenxiong | Lai, Shengjie | Gao, Lei | Pan, Yang | Wang, Quanyi | Li, Mingkun | Wang, Jianbin | Huang, Yanyi | Wang, Jianwei C1 - 2020-11-10 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/111020_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1093/nsr/nwaa264 IS - 12 L1 - internal-pdf://0004894607/Pang-2020-Cold-chain food contamination as the.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: An epidemiological investigation of a June 2020 outbreak in a covered wholesale food market in Beijing traced the source to a booth selling salmon, suggesting frozen seafood as a potential fomite for reintroducing SARS-CoV-2 into a community. SE - 1861 SN - 2095-5138; 2053-714X SP - 1861-1864 ST - Cold-chain food contamination as the possible origin of COVID-19 resurgence in Beijing T2 - National Science Review TI - Cold-chain food contamination as the possible origin of COVID-19 resurgence in Beijing UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa264 VL - 7 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1205 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO kansagra@wustl.edu. | Stanford University, Stanford, CA. AN - 32383831 AU - Kansagra, A. P. | Goyal, M. S. | Hamilton, S. | Albers, G. W. C1 - 2020-05-19 C2 - Collateral Effects of COVID-19 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051920_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 23 DO - 10.1056/NEJMc2014816 ET - 2020/05/10 IS - 4 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Databases, Factual | Humans | Neuroimaging/*statistics & numerical data/trends | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | SARS-CoV-2 | Stroke/*diagnostic imaging/*epidemiology | United States L1 - internal-pdf://2752683909/Kansagra-2020-Collateral Effect of Covid-19 on.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Kansagra, Akash P; Goyal, Manu S; Hamilton, Scott; Albers, Gregory W; eng; Letter; N Engl J Med. 2020 Jul 23;383(4):400-401. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2014816. Epub 2020 May 8. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The number of patients evaluated for suspected acute stroke in assessed US hospitals decreased by 39% early in the COVID-19 pandemic (Figure). | Decreases were seen across all age, sex, and stroke severity subgroups. | Methods: Retrospective analysis of a commercial database of 231,753 patients who underwent neuroimaging for acute ischemic stroke at 856 US hospitals between July 2019 and April 27, 2020. Daily patient counts during a 29-day pre-pandemic period (February 1-29, 2020) were compared with those in a 14-day period during the early outbreak (March 26- April 8, 2020). Limitations: Neuroimaging was a surrogate for care provided; findings may not be generalizable. | Implications of 3 studies (Lazzerini et al., Kansagra et al., & Loupy et al.): The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely impacted the timely receipt of urgently needed, non-COVID-19-related medical care, including stroke management, organ transplantation, and pediatric emergency care. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 400-401 ST - Collateral Effect of Covid-19 on Stroke Evaluation in the United States T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Collateral Effect of Covid-19 on Stroke Evaluation in the United States UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32383831 VL - 383 ID - 218 ER - TY - JOUR AB - As COVID-19 continues to spread rapidly and vaccine uptake stagnates, questions remain about the amount of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies present in the population induced by either SARS-CoV-2 infection, by a COVID-19 vaccine, or both.The TEXAS Coronavirus Antibody REsponse Survey (CARES) is a statewide seroprevalence program which utilizes the Roche S-test to detect antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and the Roche N-test to detect antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein, to monitor the combined impact of prior infection and the COVID-19 vaccine. The current sample size having both S- and N-test data and reported vaccination status is 8,846.Participants with prior infection (i.e. N+) and with either partial or full vaccination have the highest proportion of those showing the maximum value of the S-test (80.95% and 83.07%, respectively). Using a permutation test, there is no statistically significant difference between the median S-test value for those that have had prior infection and are partially vaccinated versus those that have had prior infection and are fully vaccinated. These groups both show significantly higher median amount compared to the other three groups: N+/not vaccinated, N-/partially vaccinated, and N-/fully vaccinated (all p-values < 0.0001).Unvaccinated individuals with prior infection have one of the lowest median S-test values. For participants with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and a COVID-19 vaccine, the median S-test value is high and is not statistically different between those who are partially vaccinated and those who are fully vaccinated.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementTexas Department of State Health Services (Contract #HHS000866600001) Texas Department of State Health Services had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis. Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:This project has been approved by the UTHealth Committee for Protection of Human Subjects, IRB# HSC-SPH-20-0825.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesTexas CARES investigators are committed to data sharing. Granular results and user-specified data summaries are currently publicly available on the Texas CARES portal. When baseline recruitment is complete, a deidentified individual level dataset will be available for download from the same portal. https://sph.uth.edu/projects/texascares/dashboard AU - Shuford, Jennifer A. | Swartz, Michael D. | Lakey, David L. | Aguillard, Kimberly A. | Pont, Stephen J. | Valerio-Shewmaker, Melissa A. | Boerwinkle, Eric C1 - 2021-09-24 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09242021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1101/2021.09.08.21263268 L1 - internal-pdf://3656569899/Shuford-2021-Combined Impact of Prior SARS-CoV.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 8,846 participants of the Texas Coronavirus Antibody REsponse Survey (CARES), persons with prior infection and with either partial or full vaccination had the highest proportion of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibody detection at the maximum value (80.95% and 83.07%, respectively). These 2 groups also showed higher antibody median amounts than persons with prior infection and not vaccinated, persons without prior infection and partially vaccinated, and persons without prior infection and fully vaccinated (all p-values <0.0001). SP - 2021.09.08.21263268 ST - Combined Impact of Prior SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccination on Antibody Presence T2 - medRxiv TI - Combined Impact of Prior SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccination on Antibody Presence UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/09/12/2021.09.08.21263268.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/09/12/2021.09.08.21263268.full.pdf ID - 2375 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Policymakers, experts and the general public heavily rely on the data that are being reported in the context of the coronavirus pandemic. Daily data releases on confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths provide information on the course of the pandemic. AD - Demographic Change and Aging, Federal Institute for Population Research, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 4, 65185 Wiesbaden, Germany.grid.506146.00000 0000 9445 5866 AN - 32536714 AU - Backhaus, A. C1 - 2020-06-26 C2 - COVID-19 Literature and Data CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/062620_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1007/s10272-020-0893-1 DP - NLM ET - 2020/06/17 IS - 3 L1 - internal-pdf://4282967198/Backhaus-2020-Common Pitfalls in the Interpret.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Backhaus, Andreas; eng; Germany; Inter Econ. 2020;55(3):162-166. doi: 10.1007/s10272-020-0893-1. Epub 2020 Jun 7. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Discusses the main caveats regarding the interpretation of data in the context of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. SN - 0020-5346 (Print); 0020-5346 (Linking) SP - 162-166 ST - Common Pitfalls in the Interpretation of COVID-19 Data and Statistics T2 - Inter Econ TI - Common Pitfalls in the Interpretation of COVID-19 Data and Statistics UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32536714 VL - 55 ID - 443 ER - TY - JOUR AD - DEPTH Research Group, Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK. Electronic address: cicely.marston@lshtm.ac.uk. | DEPTH Research Group, Department of Public Health, Environments and Society, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK. AN - 32380042 AU - Marston, C. | Renedo, A. | Miles, S. C1 - 2020-05-15 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051520_covidupdate.html DA - May 30 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31054-0 DP - NLM ET - 2020/05/08 IS - 10238 KW - Covid-19 | *Community Participation | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/*prevention & control | Humans | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/*prevention & control L1 - internal-pdf://3197555415/Marston-2020-Community participation is crucia.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Marston, Cicely; Renedo, Alicia; Miles, Sam; eng; England; Lancet. 2020 May 30;395(10238):1676-1678. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31054-0. Epub 2020 May 4. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Describes steps to engage community in the COVID-19 response. SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 1676-1678 ST - Community participation is crucial in a pandemic T2 - Lancet TI - Community participation is crucial in a pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32380042 VL - 395 ID - 190 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Until recently, diagnostic testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), was only available through public health laboratories. This limited testing was prioritized for persons who had severe illness or identifiable risk factors, such as travel to an area with ongoing transmission. Thus, the incidence of community transmission by persons with mild illness and without risk factors remains ill-defined.The current public health strategy of case containment is premised on the assumption of no or limited community transmission. Identifying a high rate of community transmission would indicate a need to shift the public health strategy from containment to mitigation of spread. Thus, determining the rate at which mild disease is spreading in the community, particularly among persons without risk factors for acquisition of the virus, is critically important. AD - Los Angeles County + University of Southern California Medical Center, Los Angeles. | Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Los Angeles, California. | Los Angeles County Department of Health Services, Los Angeles, California. AN - 32232421 AU - Spellberg, B. | Haddix, M. | Lee, R. | Butler-Wu, S. | Holtom, P. | Yee, H. | Gounder, P. C1 - 2020-04-07 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/040720_covidupdate.html DA - May 19 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.4958 ET - 2020/04/02 IS - 19 KW - Betacoronavirus/*isolation & purification | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Clinical Laboratory Techniques | Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/*epidemiology | Emergency Service, Hospital | Humans | Influenza, Human/diagnosis | Los Angeles/epidemiology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis/*epidemiology | Prevalence | Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction | SARS-CoV-2 | Sentinel Surveillance L1 - internal-pdf://3530235645/Spellberg-2020-Community Prevalence of SARS-Co.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Spellberg, Brad; Haddix, Meredith; Lee, Rebecca; Butler-Wu, Susan; Holtom, Paul; Yee, Hal; Gounder, Prabhu; eng; JAMA. 2020 May 19;323(19):1966-1967. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.4958. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; During March 12�?3 and 15�?6, 2020, seven (5.3%) of 131 persons with mild influenza like illness (ILI) presenting as outpatients to Los Angeles Medical Center tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. | All tested negative for influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). | Rates of ILI in LA County in March 2020 were increased compared with prior years (Figure A), while the fraction of influenza-positive tests declined (Figure B). | Methods: Screening study conducted among persons presenting with mild ILI and without risk factors to Los Angeles Medical Center during March 12�?3 and 15�?6, 2020. NP swabs tested by PCR for influenza, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2. Persons with travel exposure, known contact with traveler, or who were severely ill and admitted for respiratory tract infection were excluded from this analysis. Limitations: Testing for SARS-CoV-2 conducted during daytime only; single medical center. | Implications: The 5% rate of SARS CoV-2 among people with mild ILI suggests transmission in the community, suggesting need for stronger mitigation strategies. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1966-1967 ST - Community Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Among Patients With Influenzalike Illnesses Presenting to a Los Angeles Medical Center in March 2020 T2 - JAMA TI - Community Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Among Patients With Influenzalike Illnesses Presenting to a Los Angeles Medical Center in March 2020 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32232421 VL - 323 Y2 - 5/11/2021 ID - 17 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Contact tracing was one of the core public health strategies implemented during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic. In this essay, we describe the rapid establishment of a volunteer contact tracing program in New Haven, Connecticut. We describe successes of the program and challenges that were faced. Going forward, contact tracing efforts can best be supported by increased funding to state and local health departments for a stable workforce and use of evidence-based technological innovations. AD - Linda Niccolai and James Meek are with the Yale School of Public Health and the Connecticut Emerging Infections Program at Yale, New Haven, CT. Tyler Shelby, Justin Goodwin, and Rachel Hennein are with Yale School of Public Health and Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Christopher Schenck is with Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Brian Weeks, Jennifer Vazquez, and Maritza Bond are with New Haven Health Department, New Haven, CT. Meghan Rossini and Dorothyann van Rhijn are with Yale Health at Yale University, New Haven, CT. AN - 33211580 AU - Niccolai, L. | Shelby, T. | Weeks, B. | Schenck, C. | Goodwin, J. | Hennein, R. | Rossini, M. | Vazquez, J. | van Rhijn, D. | Meek, J. | Bond, M. C1 - 2020-12-08 C2 - Detection, Prevention, and Response CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/120820_covidupdate.html DA - Jan DO - 10.2105/AJPH.2020.305959 ET - 2020/11/20 IS - 1 KW - COVID-19/*transmission | Connecticut | *Contact Tracing | Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control | Humans | Public Health/*economics | Volunteers/*education L1 - internal-pdf://2678712606/ajph.2020.305959.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Niccolai, Linda; Shelby, Tyler; Weeks, Brian; Schenck, Christopher; Goodwin, Justin; Hennein, Rachel; Rossini, Meghan; Vazquez, Jennifer; van Rhijn, Dorothyann; Meek, James; Bond, Maritza; eng; T32 GM007205/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/; Am J Public Health. 2021 Jan;111(1):54-57. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2020.305959. Epub 2020 Nov 19. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Describes successes and challenges faced in developing and implementing a volunteer contact tracing program to supplement state and local health SN - 1541-0048 (Electronic); 0090-0036 (Linking) SP - 54-57 ST - Community Trace: Rapid Establishment of a Volunteer Contact Tracing Program for COVID-19 T2 - Am J Public Health TI - Community Trace: Rapid Establishment of a Volunteer Contact Tracing Program for COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33211580 VL - 111 ID - 1318 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BackgroundThe SARS-CoV-2 delta (B.1.617.2) variant is highly transmissible and spreading globally, including in populations with high vaccination rates. We aimed to investigate transmission and viral load kinetics in vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals with mild delta variant infection in the community. AD - NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Respiratory Infections, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK; National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK. | NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Respiratory Infections, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK. | NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK. | Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute Centre for Care Research and Technology, Imperial College London, London, UK; London Biofoundry, Imperial College Translation and Innovation Hub, London, UK. | Data and Analytical Services, Public Health England, London, UK. | Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK. | Department of Virology, Manchester Medical Microbiology Partnership, Manchester Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, UK. | National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK. | NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Modelling and Health Economics, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Jameel Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK. | NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Respiratory Infections, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK. Electronic address: a.lalvani@imperial.ac.uk. AN - 34756186 AU - Singanayagam, Anika | Hakki, Seran | Dunning, Jake | Madon, Kieran J. | Crone, Michael A. | Koycheva, Aleksandra | Derqui-Fernandez, Nieves | Barnett, Jack L. | Whitfield, Michael G. | Varro, Robert | Charlett, Andre | Kundu, Rhia | Fenn, Joe | Cutajar, Jessica | Quinn, Valerie | Conibear, Emily | Barclay, Wendy | Freemont, Paul S. | Taylor, Graham P. | Ahmad, Shazaad | Zambon, Maria | Ferguson, Neil M. | Lalvani, Ajit | Badhan, Anjna | Dustan, Simon | Tejpal, Chitra | Ketkar, Anjeli V. | Narean, Janakan Sam | Hammett, Sarah | McDermott, Eimear | Pillay, Timesh | Houston, Hamish | Luca, Constanta | Samuel, Jada | Bremang, Samuel | Evetts, Samuel | Poh, John | Anderson, Charlotte | Jackson, David | Miah, Shahjahan | Ellis, Joanna | Lackenby, Angie C1 - 2021-11-05 C2 - PMC8554486 National Institute of Health Research, UK Research and Innovation, Community Jameel, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance; consulting fees from the World Bank; payment or honoraria from the Wellcome Trust; travel expenses from WHO; advisory board participation for Takeda; and is a senior editor of the eLife journal. All other authors declare no competing interests. CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/11052021_covidupdate.html#anchor_NaturalHistory DA - Oct 29 DO - 10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00648-4 ET - 2021/11/11 L1 - internal-pdf://2654697230/PIIS1473309921006484.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Singanayagam, Anika | Hakki, Seran | Dunning, Jake | Madon, Kieran J | Crone, Michael A | Koycheva, Aleksandra | Derqui-Fernandez, Nieves | Barnett, Jack L | Whitfield, Michael G | Varro, Robert | Charlett, Andre | Kundu, Rhia | Fenn, Joe | Cutajar, Jessica | Quinn, Valerie | Conibear, Emily | Barclay, Wendy | Freemont, Paul S | Taylor, Graham P | Ahmad, Shazaad | Zambon, Maria | Ferguson, Neil M | Lalvani, Ajit | eng | Lancet Infect Dis. 2021 Oct 29. pii: S1473-3099(21)00648-4. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00648-4. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among symptomatic persons infected with the Delta (B.1.617.2) variant (index cases) and their household contacts, the secondary attack rate (SAR) was 25% (95% CI 18%-33%) among fully vaccinated household contacts and 38% (95% CI 24%-53%) among unvaccinated household contacts. | The SAR among contacts of vaccinated index cases (25%) was similar to the SAR among contacts of unvaccinated index cases (23%). | Methods: Prospective longitudinal cohort study, United Kingdom, September 2020–September 2021. SARS-CoV-2 household transmission risk was evaluated by vaccination status for 231 contacts (aged �? years) exposed to 162 epidemiologically linked Delta variant-infected index cases. Limitations: Only symptomatic index cases were recruited; young household members unlikely to have been vaccinated. | | Implications: Vaccination of household contacts may provide modest protection against household transmission of the Delta variant. However, fully vaccinated individuals with Delta variant infection can transmit SARS-CoV-2 to vaccinated and unvaccinated household contacts. SN - 1473-3099 ST - Community transmission and viral load kinetics of the SARS-CoV-2 delta (B.1.617.2) variant in vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals in the UK: a prospective, longitudinal, cohort study T2 - Lancet Infect Dis TI - Community transmission and viral load kinetics of the SARS-CoV-2 delta (B.1.617.2) variant in vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals in the UK: a prospective, longitudinal, cohort study UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00648-4 Y2 - 2021/11/08 ID - 2580 ER - TY - JOUR AB - State policies mandating public or community use of face masks or covers in mitigating the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are hotly contested. This study provides evidence from a natural experiment on the effects of state government mandates for face mask use in public issued by fifteen states plus Washington, D.C., between April 8 and May 15, 2020. The research design is an event study examining changes in the daily county-level COVID-19 growth rates between March 31 and May 22, 2020. Mandating face mask use in public is associated with a decline in the daily COVID-19 growth rate by 0.9, 1.1, 1.4, 1.7, and 2.0 percentage points in 1-5, 6-10, 11-15, 16-20, and 21 or more days after state face mask orders were signed, respectively. Estimates suggest that as a result of the implementation of these mandates, more than 200,000 COVID-19 cases were averted by May 22, 2020. The findings suggest that requiring face mask use in public could help in mitigating the spread of COVID-19. AD - Wei Lyu is a research associate in the Department of Health Management and Policy, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, in Iowa City, Iowa. | George L. Wehby (george-wehby@uiowa.edu) is a professor in the Department of Health Management and Policy, College of Public Health, at the University of Iowa, and a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research. AN - 32543923 AU - Lyu, W. | Wehby, G. L. C1 - 2020-07-07 C2 - Face Masks CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/070720_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.1377/hlthaff.2020.00818 ET - 2020/06/17 IS - 8 KW - Covid-19 | Communicable Disease Control/*organization & administration | Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/*prevention & control | Female | Humans | Male | Mandatory Programs/*legislation & jurisprudence | Masks/*statistics & numerical data | Needs Assessment | Pandemics/*prevention & control/statistics & numerical data | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/*prevention & control | Public Health/*legislation & jurisprudence/methods | United States | *Covid-19 | *Evidence based decision making | *Face masks | *Health professionals | *n95 | *Pandemics | *Populations | *Publish health | *Researchers | *State health policies | *State mandates | *coronavirus L1 - internal-pdf://0226519183/hlthaff.2020.00818.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Lyu, Wei; Wehby, George L; eng; Review; Health Aff (Millwood). 2020 Aug;39(8):1419-1425. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2020.00818. Epub 2020 Jun 16. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Daily COVID-19 growth rates declined following mandated state-level public face coverings (Figure). | Mandated public face coverings may have averted 230,000�?50,000 COVID-19 cases. | Methods: Event study examining changes in the daily county-level COVID-19 growth rates in 15 states plus DC that issued facemask mandates, between March 31 and May 22, 2020. The effects are shown over five-day periods before and the reference period of five days before signing the mandate. Limitations: Did not measure facemask use in the community (compliance with mandate); county-level mandates not included. | Implications: Mandated public face covering may reduce COVID-19 spread and be a useful mitigation measure. SN - 1544-5208 (Electronic); 0278-2715 (Linking) SP - 1419-1425 ST - Community Use Of Face Masks And COVID-19: Evidence From A Natural Experiment Of State Mandates In The US T2 - Health Aff (Millwood) TI - Community Use Of Face Masks And COVID-19: Evidence From A Natural Experiment Of State Mandates In The US UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32543923 VL - 39 ID - 470 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Mass vaccination has the potential to curb the current COVID-19 pandemic by protecting individuals who have been vaccinated against the disease and possibly lowering the likelihood of transmission to individuals who have not been vaccinated. The high effectiveness of the widely administered BNT162b vaccine from Pfizer–BioNTech in preventing not only the disease but also infection with SARS-CoV-2 suggests a potential for a population-level effect, which is critical for disease eradication. However, this putative effect is difficult to observe, especially in light of highly fluctuating spatiotemporal epidemic dynamics. Here, by analyzing vaccination records and test results collected during the rapid vaccine rollout in a large population from 177 geographically defined communities, we find that the rates of vaccination in each community are associated with a substantial later decline in infections among a cohort of individuals aged under 16 years, who are unvaccinated. On average, for each 20 percentage points of individuals who are vaccinated in a given population, the positive test fraction for the unvaccinated population decreased approximately twofold. These results provide observational evidence that vaccination not only protects individuals who have been vaccinated but also provides cross-protection to unvaccinated individuals in the community. AD - Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. | Maccabitech, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel. | Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel. | Maccabitech, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel. patalon_t@mac.org.il. | Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. rkishony@technion.ac.il. | Faculty of Computer Science, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. rkishony@technion.ac.il. AN - 34113015 AU - Milman, Oren | Yelin, Idan | Aharony, Noga | Katz, Rachel | Herzel, Esma | Ben-Tov, Amir | Kuint, Jacob | Gazit, Sivan | Chodick, Gabriel | Patalon, Tal | Kishony, Roy C1 - 2021-06-18 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06182021_covidupdate.html DA - 2021/06/10 DO - 10.1038/s41591-021-01407-5 ET - 2021/06/12 IS - 8 KW - COVID-19/*prevention & control/virology | COVID-19 Vaccines/*immunology | Humans | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology L1 - internal-pdf://0046307402/Milman-2021-Community-level evidence for SARS-.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Milman, Oren | Yelin, Idan | Aharony, Noga | Katz, Rachel | Herzel, Esma | Ben-Tov, Amir | Kuint, Jacob | Gazit, Sivan | Chodick, Gabriel | Patalon, Tal | Kishony, Roy | eng | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | Nat Med. 2021 Aug;27(8):1367-1369. doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01407-5. Epub 2021 Jun 10. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; High community vaccination rates against SARS-CoV-2 were associated with lower infection rates among unvaccinated persons aged <16 years within the same community (Figure). | On average, for each 20-percentage point increase in the vaccination rate the positive test fraction for unvaccinated persons decreased on average 2-fold. | Methods: COVID-19 vaccination records (n = 1.37 million, Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2) and SARS-CoV-2 PCR test results (n = 2,137,063) from 177 Israeli communities between December 2020 and March 2021 were used to determine the positive test fraction among unvaccinated persons <16 years of age. Limitations: Study does not completely account for naturally acquired immunity, asymptomatic infection, or individual behavior. | Implications: SARS-CoV-2 vaccination provides cross-protection to unvaccinated individuals in the community. SN - 1546-170X SP - 1367-1369 ST - Community-level evidence for SARS-CoV-2 vaccine protection of unvaccinated individuals T2 - Nat Med TI - Community-level evidence for SARS-CoV-2 vaccine protection of unvaccinated individuals UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01407-5 | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-021-01407-5.pdf VL - 27 ID - 1839 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Massachusetts has one of the highest cumulative incidence rates of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in the US. Understanding which specific demographic, economic, and occupational factors have contributed to disparities in COVID-19 incidence rates across the state is critical to informing public health strategies. We performed a cross-sectional study of 351 Massachusetts cities and towns from January 1 to May 6, 2020, and found that a 10-percentage-point increase in the Black non-Latino population was associated with an increase of 312.3 COVID-19 cases per 100,000 population, whereas a 10-percentage-point increase in the Latino population was associated with an increase of 258.2 cases per 100,000. Independent predictors of higher COVID-19 rates included the proportion of foreign-born noncitizens living in a community, mean household size, and share of food service workers. After adjustment for these variables, the association between the Latino population and COVID-19 rates was attenuated. In contrast, the association between the Black population and COVID-19 rates persisted but may be explained by other systemic inequities. Public health and policy efforts that improve care for foreign-born noncitizens, address crowded housing, and protect food service workers may help mitigate the spread of COVID-19 among minority communities. AD - Jose F. Figueroa (jfigueroa@hsph.harvard.edu) is an assistant professor of health policy and management in the Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, in Boston, Massachusetts. Figueroa and Rishi Wadhera are co-first authors. | Rishi K. Wadhera is an assistant professor of medicine in the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, in Boston, Massachusetts. Wadhera and Jose Figueroa are co-first authors. | Dennis Lee is a research assistant in the Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health. | Robert W. Yeh is an associate professor of medicine in the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. | Benjamin D. Sommers is the Huntley Quelch Professor of Health Care Economics in the Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, and a professor of medicine at Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, all in Boston, Massachusetts. AN - 32853056 AU - Figueroa, J. F. | Wadhera, R. K. | Lee, D. | Yeh, R. W. | Sommers, B. D. C1 - 2020-09-08 C2 - Transmission and Disease Severity CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090820_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1377/hlthaff.2020.01040 ET - 2020/08/28 IS - 11 KW - Adult | Betacoronavirus/isolation & purification | Covid-19 | *Continental Population Groups | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Ethnic Groups/*statistics & numerical data | Female | *Health Status Disparities | Humans | Incidence | Male | Massachusetts/epidemiology | Middle Aged | Minority Groups/statistics & numerical data | Morbidity | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://2920271798/hlthaff.2020.01040.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Figueroa, Jose F; Wadhera, Rishi K; Lee, Dennis; Yeh, Robert W; Sommers, Benjamin D; eng; K23 HL148525/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; R01 HL136708/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; R01 MD014970/MD/NIMHD NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Health Aff (Millwood). 2020 Nov;39(11):1984-1992. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2020.01040. Epub 2020 Aug 27. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A study of 351 Massachusetts cities found that independent predictors of higher COVID-19 rates included the community’s proportion of Black residents, foreign-born non-citizens, mean household size, and share of food service workers. SN - 1544-5208 (Electronic); 0278-2715 (Linking) SP - 1984-1992 ST - Community-Level Factors Associated With Racial And Ethnic Disparities In COVID-19 Rates In Massachusetts T2 - Health Aff (Millwood) TI - Community-Level Factors Associated With Racial And Ethnic Disparities In COVID-19 Rates In Massachusetts UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32853056 VL - 39 ID - 849 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The recent emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern, B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant and its high transmissibility has led to the second wave in India. BBV152, a whole-virion inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine used for mass immunization in India, showed a 65.2% protection against the Delta variant in a double-blind, randomized, multicentre, phase 3 clinical trial. Subsequently, Delta has been further mutated to Delta AY.1, AY.2, and AY.3. Of these, AY.1 variant was first detected in India in April 2021 and subsequently from twenty other countries as well. Here, we have evaluated the IgG antibody titer and neutralizing potential of sera of COVID-19 naive individual’s full doses of BBV152 vaccine, COVID-19 recovered cases with full dose vaccines and breakthrough cases post-immunization BBV152 vaccines against Delta, Delta AY.1 and B.1.617.3. A reduction in neutralizing activity was observed with the COVID-19 naive individuals full vaccinated (1.3, 1.5, 1.9-fold), COVID-19 recovered cases with full BBV152 immunization (2.5, 3.5, 3.8-fold) and breakthrough cases post-immunization (1.9, 2.8, 3.5-fold) against Delta, Delta AY.1 and B.1.617.3 respectively compared to B.1 variant. A minor reduction was observed in the neutralizing antibody titer in COVID-19 recovered cases full BBV152 vaccinated and post immunized infected cases compared to COVID-19 naive vaccinated individuals. However, with the observed high titers, the sera of individuals belonging to all the aforementioned groups they would still neutralize the Delta, Delta AY.1 and B.1.617.3 variants effectively.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest. AU - Yadav, Pragya D. | Sahay, Rima R. | Sapkal, Gajanan | Nyayanit, Dimpal | Shete, Anita M. | Deshpande, Gururaj | Patil, Deepak Y. | Gupta, Nivedita | Kumar, Sanjay | Abraham, Priya | Panda, Samiran | Bhargava, Balram C1 - 2021-08-13 C2 - Variants CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08132021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.07.30.454511 L1 - internal-pdf://0913543576/Yadav-2021-Comparable neutralization of SARS-C.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Antibody neutralization of B.1.617.2, AY.1, and B.1.617.3, respectively, was lower among vaccinated COVID-naïve (1.3, 1.5, 1.9-fold reduction), COVID-recovered (2.5, 3.5, 3.8-fold), and breakthrough cases (1.9, 2.8, 3.5-fold), compared with the earlier B.1 variant. (Figure); Methods: Neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 Delta variants (B.1.617.2, AY.1) and B.1.617.3 were examined in sera of persons fully vaccinated with BBV152 (a whole-virion inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine used for mass vaccination in India) who were COVID naïve (n = 42), COVID recovered (n = 14) or a breakthrough case (n = 30). Antibody responses were determined 2�?0 weeks post-2nd vaccine dose and compared with responses to the B.1 variant. Limitations: Small sample sizes. | Implications: BBV152-induced antibody response was reduced against SARS-CoV-2 Delta variants compared to against B.1, but neutralizing titers appeared sufficiently high to neutralize the Delta variants. SP - 2021.07.30.454511 ST - Comparable neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Delta AY.1 and Delta in individuals sera vaccinated with BBV152 T2 - bioRxiv TI - Comparable neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Delta AY.1 and Delta in individuals sera vaccinated with BBV152 UR - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2021/08/01/2021.07.30.454511.abstract | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2021/08/01/2021.07.30.454511.full.pdf ID - 2209 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The messenger RNA (mRNA)–based vaccines BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 are more than 90% effective against coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). However, their comparative effectiveness for a range of outcomes across diverse populations is unknown. | | METHODS | We emulated a target trial using the electronic health records of U.S. veterans who received a first dose of the BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 vaccine between January 4 and May 14, 2021, during a period marked by predominance of the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 (alpha) variant. We matched recipients of each vaccine in a 1:1 ratio according to their risk factors. Outcomes included documented severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, symptomatic Covid-19, hospitalization for Covid-19, admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) for Covid-19, and death from Covid-19. We estimated risks using the Kaplan–Meier estimator. To assess the influence of the B.1.617.2 (delta) variant, we emulated a second target trial that involved veterans vaccinated between July 1 and September 20, 2021. | | RESULTS | Each vaccine group included 219,842 persons. Over 24 weeks of follow-up in a period marked by alpha-variant predominance, the estimated risk of documented infection was 5.75 events per 1000 persons (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.39 to 6.23) in the BNT162b2 group and 4.52 events per 1000 persons (95% CI, 4.17 to 4.84) in the mRNA-1273 group. The excess number of events per 1000 persons for BNT162b2 as compared with mRNA-1273 was 1.23 (95% CI, 0.72 to 1.81) for documented infection, 0.44 (95% CI, 0.25 to 0.70) for symptomatic Covid-19, 0.55 (95% CI, 0.36 to 0.83) for hospitalization for Covid-19, 0.10 (95% CI, 0.00 to 0.26) for ICU admission for Covid-19, and 0.02 (95% CI, �?.06 to 0.12) for death from Covid-19. The corresponding excess risk (BNT162b2 vs. mRNA-1273) of documented infection over 12 weeks of follow-up in a period marked by delta-variant predominance was 6.54 events per 1000 persons (95% CI, �?.58 to 11.82). | | CONCLUSIONS | The 24-week risk of Covid-19 outcomes was low after vaccination with mRNA-1273 or BNT162b2, although risks were lower with mRNA-1273 than with BNT162b2. This pattern was consistent across periods marked by alpha- and delta-variant predominance. (Funded by the Department of Veterans Affairs and others.) AU - Dickerman, Barbra A. | Gerlovin, Hanna | Madenci, Arin L. | Kurgansky, Katherine E. | Ferolito, Brian R. | Figueroa Muñiz, Michael J. | Gagnon, David R. | Gaziano, J. Michael | Cho, Kelly | Casas, Juan P. | Hern֙n, Miguel A. C1 - 2021-12-10 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/12102021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2115463 L1 - internal-pdf://2893014350/Dickerman-2021-Comparative Effectiveness of BN.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In matched cohorts of BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 vaccinated U.S. veterans (n = 219,842 per group) during January–July 2021, risk of COVID-19 hospitalization in the 24 weeks after vaccine dose 1 was low in both groups (1.33 events/1,000 persons [95% CI 1.16-1.57] and 0.78 events/1,000 persons [95% CI 0.64-0.91], respectively). However, compared with mRNA-1273, BNT162b2 vaccination was associated with a higher risk of hospitalization (RR 1.70, 95% CI 1.42-2.24) and ICU admission (RR 1.38, 95% CI 1.01-2.42). SN - 0028-4793 | 1533-4406 ST - Comparative Effectiveness of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 Vaccines in U.S. Veterans T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Comparative Effectiveness of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 Vaccines in U.S. Veterans UR - https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2115463 | https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa2115463?articleTools=true ID - 2691 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 has proven highly effective and currently many millions are being vaccinated. There are limited and conflicting data from immunogenicity studies on the effects of age, gender, vaccination side effects (VSE), risk factors for severe COVID-19 (RFS-COV), obesity (BMI) and previous SARS-CoV-2 (Pr-CoV) Moreover, immunogenicity data from COVID-19 patients comparing various disease categories of natural infection i.e. asymptomatic vs mild vs moderate vs severe infection are sparse, and include limited number of individuals.This study included 871 vaccinated health care workers (HCW) and 181 patients with natural infection. Immunogenicity was assessed by a quantative assay measuring anti-SARS-CoV-2 against the RBD domain of the spike protein (anti-RBD) and anti-SARS-CoV-2 against nucleocapsid protein (anti-N). Samples were collected 1-2 weeks after completion of the 2nd dose in the vaccinated HCWs and 15-59 days post symptoms onset in patients with natural infection.The concentration of anti-RBD in vaccinated individuals after multivariable analysis was significantly associated with age, gender, VSE and Pr-CoV. Specifically, anti-RBD median levels (95% CI) were lower by 2,466 (651-5,583), 6,228 (3,254-9,203) and 7,651 (4,479-10,823) AU/ml in 35-44, 45-54, 55-70 yrs respectively, compared with 18-34 yrs group. In females, median levels of anti-RBD were higher by 2,823 (859-4,787) compared with males, in individuals with VSE were higher by 5,024 (3,122-6,926) compared with no VSE, and in HCWs with Pr-CoV were higher by 9,971 (5,158-14,783) AU/ml compared with HCWs without Pr-CoV.Among individuals with natural infection, the median anti-RBD levels were 14.8 times higher in patients with critical COVID-19 infection compared with non-hospitalized individuals. The ratio of anti-RBD in vaccinated individuals versus those with natural infection varied from 1.0 up to 19.4 according to the clinical subgroup of natural infection.This study proves the high immunogenicity of BNT162b2 vaccine although its sustainability remains to be seen. The use of comparative data from natural infection serological panels, expressing the clinical heterogeneity of natural infection may facilitate early decisions for vaccine evaluation in clinical trials.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThe study was funded by: Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center Union of Greek Ship Owners SB Bioanalytica S.A. Hellenic Scientific Society for the Study of AIDS, Sexually Transmitted and Emerging DiseasesAuthor DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The study was approved by the IRB committees of Laiko General Hospital and Onasis Cardiac Surgery Center.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesA limited data set is available for sharing upon request after the acceptance of the manuscript AU - Psichogiou, Mina | Karabinis, Andreas | Poulakou, Garyphallia | Antoniadou, Anastasia | Kotanidou, Anastasia | Degiannis, Dimitrios | Pavlopoulou, Ioanna D. | Chaidaroglou, Antigoni | Roussos, Sotirios | Mastrogianni, Elpida | Eliadi, Irene | Basoulis, Dimitrios | Petsios, Konstantinos | Leontis, Konstantinos | Kakkalou, Eleni | Protopapas, Konstantinos | Jahaj, Edison | Pratikaki, Maria | Syrigos, Konstantinos N. | Lagiou, Pagona | Gogas, Helen | Tsiodras, Sotirios | Magiorkinis, Gkikas | Paraskevis, Dimitrios | Sypsa, Vana | Hatzakis, Angelos C1 - 2021-07-02 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07022021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.06.15.21258669 L1 - internal-pdf://2172455869/Psichogiou-2021-COMPARATIVE IMMUNOGENICITY OF.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Compared to vaccinated healthcare workers (HCW), antibody levels to the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (anti-RBD) were lower among unvaccinated individuals with natural infection. | Among vaccinated HCWs, median anti-RBD levels were 15,877 AU/mL overall. | Among individuals with natural infection, antibody levels increased with increasing disease severity, with median anti-RBD levels of 9 AU/mL (asymptomatic), 1,634 (mild), 6,082 (moderate), 6,638 (severe), and 11,975 (critical) (Figure). | Methods: In a study in Greece, humoral immune responses were determined in 871 healthcare workers vaccinated with 2 doses of BNT162b2 and compared with those of 181 persons naturally infected with SARS-CoV-2. Immune response was determined 1�? weeks after complete vaccination or 15�?9 days post-symptom onset in persons with COVID-19. Limitations: Cellular immune responses were not evaluated. | Implications: Vaccination with 2 doses of BNT162b2 induces humoral immune responses similar to those of patients critically ill with COVID-19 and greater than those of patients with less severe illness or who are asymptomatic. SP - 2021.06.15.21258669 ST - COMPARATIVE IMMUNOGENICITY OF BNT162b2 mRNA VACCINE WITH NATURAL COVID-19 INFECTION T2 - medRxiv TI - COMPARATIVE IMMUNOGENICITY OF BNT162b2 mRNA VACCINE WITH NATURAL COVID-19 INFECTION UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/06/21/2021.06.15.21258669.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/06/21/2021.06.15.21258669.full.pdf ID - 1925 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The objective of this Personal View is to compare transmissibility, hospitalisation, and mortality rates for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with those of other epidemic coronaviruses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and pandemic influenza viruses. The basic reproductive rate (R0) for SARS-CoV-2 is estimated to be 2.5 (range 1.8-3.6) compared with 2.0-3.0 for SARS-CoV and the 1918 influenza pandemic, 0.9 for MERS-CoV, and 1.5 for the 2009 influenza pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 causes mild or asymptomatic disease in most cases; however, severe to critical illness occurs in a small proportion of infected individuals, with the highest rate seen in people older than 70 years. The measured case fatality rate varies between countries, probably because of differences in testing strategies. Population-based mortality estimates vary widely across Europe, ranging from zero to high. Numbers from the first affected region in Italy, Lombardy, show an all age mortality rate of 154 per 100 000 population. Differences are most likely due to varying demographic structures, among other factors. However, this new virus has a focal dissemination; therefore, some areas have a higher disease burden and are affected more than others for reasons that are still not understood. Nevertheless, early introduction of strict physical distancing and hygiene measures have proven effective in sharply reducing R0 and associated mortality and could in part explain the geographical differences. AD - European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. Electronic address: eskild.petersen@gmail.com. | European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands. | International Tuberculosis Research Center, Seoul, South Korea. | Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA. | European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Clinical Research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy. | Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Spedali Civili and University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy. | European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. | Directorate General for Disease Surveillance and Control, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman. | Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Global Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA. AN - 32628905 AU - Petersen, Eskild | Koopmans, Marion | Go, Unyeong | Hamer, Davidson H. | Petrosillo, Nicola | Castelli, Francesco | Storgaard, Merete | Al Khalili, Sulien | Simonsen, Lone C1 - 2020-07-17 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071720_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30484-9 ET - 2020/07/07 IS - 9 KW - Age Factors | Betacoronavirus/*physiology | COVID-19/*epidemiology/transmission/virology | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/transmission/virology | Epidemics | Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data | Humans | Hygiene | Influenza, Human/*epidemiology/transmission/virology | *Pandemics | Physical Distancing | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/transmission/virology | SARS-CoV-2 | Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome L1 - internal-pdf://1036591377/Petersen-2020-Comparing SARS-CoV-2 with SARS-C.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Petersen, Eskild; Koopmans, Marion; Go, Unyeong; Hamer, Davidson H; Petrosillo, Nicola; Castelli, Francesco; Storgaard, Merete; Al Khalili, Sulien; Simonsen, Lone; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. | Review; Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Sep;20(9):e238-e244. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30484-9. Epub 2020 Jul 3. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A review of SARS-Cov-2 spread using previous pandemics for context points out the importance of early action and longstanding infectious disease containment measures for epidemic control. SE - e238 SN - 14733099 SP - e238-e244 ST - Comparing SARS-CoV-2 with SARS-CoV and influenza pandemics T2 - Lancet Infect Dis TI - Comparing SARS-CoV-2 with SARS-CoV and influenza pandemics UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32628905 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7333991/pdf/main.pdf VL - 20 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 535 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The rate of deaths from overdose has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, and recent US overdose mortality rates have been markedly high. However, scant data are available on the causes of this increase or subpopulations at elevated risk.To evaluate the rates and characteristics of deaths from drug overdose before vs during the COVID-19 pandemic.This retrospective, population-based cohort study used data from 4 statewide databases linked at the person level via the Rhode Island Data Ecosystem on adults with deaths due to overdose in Rhode Island from January 1 to August 31, 2019, and January 1 to August 31, 2020.The rates of unintentional deaths from drug-related overdose during the 2019 and 2020 observation periods overall and by sociodemographic characteristics, drugs contributing to the cause of death, location of death, and socioeconomic factors were evaluated. In subgroup analyses restricted to Medicaid beneficiaries (n�?�?71), the proportions of deaths from overdose by behavioral health treatment and diagnosis claims in the year before death were also examined.A total of 470 adults who died of drug overdose were included in the analysis (353 men [75%]; mean [SD] age, 43.5 [12.1] years). The rate of deaths from overdose in Rhode Island increased 28.1%, from 29.2 per 100 000 person-years in 2019 to 37.4 per 100 000 person-years in 2020 (P�?�?009). Compared with 2019, rates of deaths due to overdose during 2020 were higher among men (43.2 vs 59.2 per 100�?00 person-years; P�?�?003), non-Hispanic White individuals (31.0 vs 42.0 per 100�?00 person-years; P�?�?005), single individuals (54.8 vs 70.4 per 100�?00 person-years; P�?�?04), deaths involving synthetic opioids (20.8 vs 28.3 per 100�?00 person-years; P�?�?005), and deaths occurring in a personal residence (13.2 vs 19.7 per 100�?00 person-years; P�?�?003). A decrease in the proportion of deaths from overdose involving heroin (11 of 206 [5%] vs <2% [exact value suppressed]; P�?�?02) and an increase among persons experiencing job loss (16 of 206 [8%] vs 41 of 264 [16%]; P�?�?01) from 2019 to 2020 were observed. Among individuals who died of overdose and were Medicaid beneficiaries, the proportions of those aged 50 to 59 years with anxiety (11 of 121 [9%] vs 29 of 150 [19%]; P�?�?03), men with depression (27 of 121 [22%] vs 57 of 150 [38%]; P�?�?008), and men with anxiety (28 of 121 [23%] vs 55 of 150 [37%]; P�?�?02) increased during 2020 compared with 2019.In this cohort study, during the first 8 months of 2020, the rate of deaths from overdose increased in Rhode Island compared with the same period in 2019, and several emerging characteristics of deaths from drug overdose during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic were identified. These findings may inform interventions that address macroenvironmental changes associated with the pandemic. AD - Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island. | Executive Office of Health and Human Services, State of Rhode Island, Cranston. | Center for Health Data and Analysis, Rhode Island Department of Health, Providence. | Department of Emergency Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island. | Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health, Center for Opioid Epidemiology and Policy, School of Medicine, New York University, New York. AN - 34533569 AU - Macmadu, Alexandria | Batthala, Sivakumar | Correia Gabel, Annice M. | Rosenberg, Marti | Ganguly, Rik | Yedinak, Jesse L. | Hallowell, Benjamin D. | Scagos, Rachel P. | Samuels, Elizabeth A. | Cerd֙, Magdalena | Paull, Kimberly | Marshall, Brandon D. L. C1 - 2021-09-24 C2 - PMC8449276 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09242021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - Sep 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.25538 ET - 2021/09/18 IS - 9 L1 - internal-pdf://1689572301/Macmadu-2021-Comparison of Characteristics of.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Macmadu, Alexandria | Batthala, Sivakumar | Correia Gabel, Annice M | Rosenberg, Marti | Ganguly, Rik | Yedinak, Jesse L | Hallowell, Benjamin D | Scagos, Rachel P | Samuels, Elizabeth A | Cerda, Magdalena | Paull, Kimberly | Marshall, Brandon D L | eng | F31 DA052971/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ | R01 DA046620/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ | P20 GM125507/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ | U54 GM115677/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ | Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural | JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Sep 1;4(9):e2125538. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.25538. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: The rate of overdose deaths in Rhode Island increased by 28.1% (from 29.2 per 100,000 person-years in 2019 to 37.4 per 100,000 person-years in 2020; p�? 0.009). Overdose deaths were higher among persons experiencing job loss (8% experienced job loss in 2019 vs. 16% in 2020; p�?�?.01) and among male Medicaid beneficiaries with depression (22% vs. 38%; p�? 0.008) and anxiety (23% vs. 37%; p =�?.02 SN - 2574-3805 SP - e2125538-e2125538 ST - Comparison of Characteristics of Deaths From Drug Overdose Before vs During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Rhode Island T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Comparison of Characteristics of Deaths From Drug Overdose Before vs During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Rhode Island UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.25538 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/articlepdf/2784267/macmadu_2021_oi_210754_1631204462.99106.pdf VL - 4 Y2 - 9/27/2021 ID - 2357 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Children and young people (CYP) were less affected than adults in the first wave of SARS-CoV-2 in the UK. We test the hypothesis that clinical characteristics of hospitalized CYP with SARS-CoV-2 in the UK second wave would differ from the first due to the combined impact of the alpha variant, school reopening and relaxation of shielding.Methods Patients <19 years hospitalised in the UK with clinician-reported SARS-CoV-2 were enrolled in a prospective multicentre observational cohort study between 17th January 2020 and 31st January 2021. Minimum follow up time was two weeks. Clinical characteristics were compared between the first (W1) and second wave (W2) of infections.Findings 2044 CYP aged <19 years were reported from 187 hospitals. 427/2044 (20.6%) had asymptomatic/incidental SARS-CoV-2 infection and were excluded from main analysis. 16.0% (248/1548) of symptomatic CYP were admitted to critical care and 0.8% (12/1504) died. 5.6% (91/1617) of symptomatic CYP had Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C).Patients in W2 were significantly older (median age 6.5 years, IQR 0.3-14.9) than W1 (4.0 (0.4-13.6, p 0.015). Fever was more common in W1, otherwise presenting symptoms and comorbidities were similar across waves. After excluding CYP with MIS-C, patients in W2 had lower PEWS at presentation, lower antibiotic use and less respiratory and cardiovascular support compared to W1. There was no change in the proportion of CYP admitted to critical care between W1 and W2.58.0% (938/1617) of symptomatic CYP had no reported comorbidity. Patients without co-morbidities were younger (42.4%, 398/938, <1 year old), had lower Paediatric Early Warning Scores (PEWS) at presentation, shorter length of hospital stay and received less respiratory support. MIS-C was responsible for a large proportion of critical care admissions, invasive and non-invasive ventilatory support, inotrope and intravenous corticosteroid use in CYP without comorbidities.Interpretation Severe disease in CYP admitted with symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 in the UK remains rare. One in five CYP in this cohort had asymptomatic/incidental SARS-CoV-2 infection. We found no evidence of increased disease severity in W2 compared with W1.Funding Short form: National Institute for Health Research, UK Medical Research Council, Wellcome Trust, Department for International Development and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.Long form: This work is supported by grants from the National Institute for Health Research (award CO-CIN-01) and the Medical Research Council (grant MC_PC_19059) and by the National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections at University of Liverpool in partnership with Public Health England (PHE), in collaboration with Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and the University of Oxford (NIHR award 200907), Wellcome Trust and Department for International Development (215091/Z/18/Z), and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1209135). Liverpool Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre provided infrastructure support for this research (grant reference: C18616/A25153). JSN-V-T is seconded to the Department of Health and Social Care, England (DHSC). The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the DHSC, DID, NIHR, MRC, Wellcome Trust, or PHE.Competing Interest StatementCJF reports no competing interests during the conduct of the study; but reports a Medical Research Council (MRC) Clinical Research Training Fellowship, outside the submitted work. JKB reports institutional grants from DHSC National Institute of Health Research UK (NIHR UK) and UK Research and Innovation (UKRI), during the conduct of the study; but reports no competing interests outside the submitted work. JSN-V-T reports no competing interests during the conduct of the study; but reports secondment to the Department of Health and Social Care, England (DHSC). JSN-V-T is an official Observer at, but not a member of, the Joint Committee for Vaccination and Immunisa ion (JCVI). The views expressed in this manuscript are those of its authors and not necessarily those of DHSC or the JCVI. LT reports no competing interests during the conduct of the study; but reports payment to the University of Liverpool from Eisai ltd for a lecture on COVID and cancer, outside of the submitted work. MGS reports grants from National Institute of Health Research UK (NIHR), Medical Research Council UK (MRC) and Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging & Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, during the conduct of the study; and is chair of the Infectious Diseases Science Advisory Board and minority owner of Integrum Scientific, Greensboro NC, outside the submitted work. PJMO reports grant support from Institute of Health Research UK (NIHR) and Medical Research Council UK (MRC), during the conduct of the study; and reports collaborative grant support for EMINENT consortium from MRC/GSK and payment to Imperial College from Affnivax, Oxford Immunotech, Nestle and Pfizer, outside of the conduct of the study. PJMO reports payment to Imperial College London by Jansen (J&J) for chairing a symposium and delivering a lecture. PJMO was Past President of British Society for Immunology (unpaid), outside of the conduct of the study. SNF reports a grant (NIHR Senior Investigator Award) to his institution from National Institute of Health Research UK (NIHR), during the conduct of the study; and has been a clinical trial investigator on behalf of institution for Pfizer, Sanofi, GSK, J&J, Merck, AstraZeneca and Valenva, outside of the conduct of the study. No personal payments of any kind were given for these. SNF also reports institutional fees for speaking at a symposiums for Pfizer for meningococcal vaccines (2018 and 2019) and pneumococcal vaccines (2021); as well as institutional fees for advisory board participation for AstraZeneca, Medimmune, Sanofi, Pfizer, Seqirus, Sandoz, Merck and J&J. SNF was also Chair of UK NICE Sepsis (2014-16) and Lyme Disease (2016-18) Guidelines (adults and children) with expenses paid in line with NICE financial regulations. TMD reports no competing interests during the conduct of the study; but reports grant funding to institution for Aligos therapeutics for work on hepatobiliary cancer, outside of the conduct of the study. All other authors declare no competing interests.Clinical TrialISRCTN66726260Clinical Protocols https://isaric4c.net/protocols/ Funding StatementThis work is supported by grants from the National Institute for Health Research (award CO-CIN-01) and the Medical Research Council (grant MC_PC_19059) and by the National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections at University of Liverpool in partnership with Public Health England (PHE), in collaboration with Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and the University of Oxford (NIHR award 200907), Wellcome Trust and Department for International Development (215091/Z/18/Z), and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1209135). Liverpool Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre provided infrastructure support for this research (grant reference: C18616/A25153). JSN-V-T is seconded to the Department of Health and Social Care, England (DHSC). The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the DHSC, DID, NIHR, MRC, Wellcome Trust, or PHE.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Legal basis for data collection and ethics approval. In England and Wales routine anonymised data from medical records was collected without the need for consent under regulation 3 (4) of the Health Service (Control of Patient Information) Regulations 2002. In Scotland, a waiver of need for consent was obtained from the Public Benefit and Privacy Panel. Ethical approval was given by the South entral Oxford C Research Ethics Committee in England (reference 13/SC/0149) and the Scotland A Research Ethics Committee (reference 20/SS/0028).All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData are available for reuse through a secure data sharing platform. Access is welcome through the ISARIC4C Independent Data and Material Access Committee (https://isaric4c.net). https://isaric4c.net/sample_access/ AU - Swann, Olivia V. | Pollock, Louisa | Holden, Karl A. | Munro, Alasdair P. S. | Bennett, Aisleen | Williams, Thomas C. | Turtle, Lance | Fairfield, Cameron J. | Drake, Thomas M. | Faust, Saul N. | Sinha, Ian P. | Roland, Damian | Whittaker, Elizabeth | Ladhani, Shamez N. | Nguyen-Van-Tam, Jonathan S. | Girvan, Michelle | Donohue, Chloe | Donegan, Cara | Spencer, Rebecca G. | Hardwick, Hayley E. | Openshaw, Peter J. M. | Baillie, J. Kenneth | Harrison, Ewen M. | Docherty, Annemarie B. | Semple, Malcolm G. | on behalf of, Isaric C. Investigators C1 - 2021-10-01 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10012021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1101/2021.09.14.21263567 L1 - internal-pdf://1980323026/Swann-2021-Comparison of children and young pe.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Compared with children and adolescents hospitalized with COVID-19 during Wave 1 (January–July 2020), children and adolescents hospitalized during Wave 2 (August 2020–January 2021) were more likely to be older (median age [years] 6.5 vs. 4.0), and less likely to be at risk for clinical deterioration at presentation (38% vs. 47%), be prescribed antibiotics (51% vs. 67%), and need respiratory/cardiovascular support. The percentage admitted to critical care did not differ between waves (12% vs. 13%). SP - 2021.09.14.21263567 ST - Comparison of children and young people admitted with SARS-CoV-2 across the UK in the first and second pandemic waves: prospective multicentre observational cohort study T2 - medRxiv TI - Comparison of children and young people admitted with SARS-CoV-2 across the UK in the first and second pandemic waves: prospective multicentre observational cohort study UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/09/17/2021.09.14.21263567.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/09/17/2021.09.14.21263567.full.pdf ID - 2406 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China. AN - 32459353 AU - Yang, R. | Gui, X. | Xiong, Y. C1 - 2020-06-12 C2 - Asymptomatic Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061220_covidupdate.html DA - May 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.10182 ET - 2020/05/28 IS - 5 KW - Adult | Aged | *Asymptomatic Infections/epidemiology | Betacoronavirus/isolation & purification | CD4 Lymphocyte Count | Covid-19 | China | Contact Tracing | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis/epidemiology/therapy/virology | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis/epidemiology/therapy/virology | SARS-CoV-2 | Virus Shedding L1 - internal-pdf://0533726486/Yang-2020-Comparison of Clinical Characteristi.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Yang, Rongrong; Gui, Xien; Xiong, Yong; eng; Comparative Study; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA Netw Open. 2020 May 1;3(5):e2010182. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.10182. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among 78 early patients in Wuhan with similar exposure histories and treatment course, 33 (42%) were asymptomatic. | Asymptomatic patients shed the virus for a shorter time than symptomatic patients. | Asymptomatic patients were more likely to be younger, have faster lung recovery per CT scans, and demonstrate less fluctuation of SARS-CoV-2 testing results. | Methods: 78 patients with RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 with exposure to the Hunan seafood market or close contact with a patient hospitalized for COVID-19. NP swabs for RT-PCR were collected every 24 to 48 hours. Limitations: Single hospital; clinical differences between asymptomatic and symptomatic patients may have been subject to provider bias; “fluctuation�?not well defined but may refer to negative tests followed by positive tests. | Implications for 3 studies (Yang et al., Chau et al. and Mays et al.): Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in asymptomatic persons may depend on the level of community spread and is likely to vary by region. Asymptomatic persons can transmit to others although virus in the respiratory tract of asymptomatic persons appears to be present in lower concentrations and for a shorter period than in symptomatic persons, suggesting a shorter period of infectiousness. Infection control practices, including self-isolation and contact tracing, remain necessary for asymptomatic infected persons. | See Oran et al.external icon for a summary of findings from studies on asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e2010182 ST - Comparison of Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Asymptomatic vs Symptomatic Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Comparison of Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Asymptomatic vs Symptomatic Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32459353 VL - 3 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 350 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Compared with seasonal influenza, the clinical features and epidemiologic characteristics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in US children remain largely unknown. Objective: To describe the similarities and differences in clinical features between COVID-19 and seasonal influenza in US children. Design, Setting, and Participants: This retrospective cohort study included children who were diagnosed with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 between March 25 and May 15, 2020, and children diagnosed with seasonal influenza between October 1, 2019, and June 6, 2020, at Children's National Hospital in the District of Columbia. Exposures: COVID-19 or influenza A or B. Main Outcomes and Measures: Rates of hospitalization, admission to the intensive care unit, and mechanical ventilator use and the association between underlying medical conditions, clinical symptoms, and COVID-19 vs seasonal influenza. Results: The study included 315 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 (164 [52%] male; median age, 8.3 years [range, 0.03-35.6 years]) and 1402 patients diagnosed with seasonal influenza (743 [53%] male; median age, 3.9 years [range, 0.04-40.4 years]). Patients with COVID-19 and those with seasonal influenza had a similar hospitalization rate (54 [17%] vs 291 [21%], P = .15), intensive care unit admission rate (18 [6%] vs 98 [7%], P = .42), and use of mechanical ventilators (10 [3%] vs 27 [2%], P = .17). More patients hospitalized with COVID-19 than with seasonal influenza reported fever (41 [76%] vs 159 [55%], P = .005), diarrhea or vomiting (14 [26%] vs 36 [12%], P = .01), headache (6 [11%] vs 9 [3%], P = .01), body ache or myalgia (12 [22%] vs 20 [7%], P = .001), and chest pain (6 [11%] vs 9 [3%], P = .01). Differences between patients hospitalized with COVID-19 vs influenza who reported cough (24 [48%] vs 90 [31%], P = .05) and shortness of breath (16 [30%] vs 59 [20%], P = .13) were not statistically significant. Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study of US children with COVID-19 or seasonal influenza, there was no difference in hospitalization rates, intensive care unit admission rates, and mechanical ventilator use between the 2 groups. More patients hospitalized with COVID-19 than with seasonal influenza reported clinical symptoms at the time of diagnosis. AD - Office of Infection Control and Epidemiology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC. | Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Health Science, Washington, DC. | Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC. | Division of Quality and Safety, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC. | Chief Medical Office, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC. | Division of Infectious Disease, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC. AN - 32897374 AU - Song, X. | Delaney, M. | Shah, R. K. | Campos, J. M. | Wessel, D. L. | DeBiasi, R. L. C1 - 2020-09-18 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091820_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.20495 ET - 2020/09/09 IS - 9 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Child | Child, Preschool | Cohort Studies | *Coronavirus | *Coronavirus Infections | Humans | Infant | Infant, Newborn | *Influenza, Human | Male | New York City | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 | Seasons | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://3976975644/Song-2020-Comparison of Clinical Features of C.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Song, Xiaoyan; Delaney, Meghan; Shah, Rahul K; Campos, Joseph M; Wessel, David L; DeBiasi, Roberta L; eng; Comment; JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Sep 1;3(9):e2020495. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.20495. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; There was no significant difference in clinical outcomes between children with COVID-19 versus seasonal influenza with regard to hospitalization (17% vs 21%), ICU admission (6% vs 7%) and mechanical ventilation (3% vs 2%) (Table). | More COVID-19 patients had fever, diarrhea or vomiting, myalgia and chest pain than patients with seasonal influenza. | 65% of patients hospitalized for COVID-19 had at least one comorbidity compared with 42% of patients hospitalized for seasonal influenza (p = 0.002). | Methods: Retrospective cohort study comparing 315 children diagnosed with COVID-19 between March 25 and May 15, 2020 and 1,402 children diagnosed with seasonal influenza between October 1, 2019 and June 6, 2020 at Children’s National Hospital in Washington D.C. Diagnosis of either COVID-19 or influenza was confirmed by RT-PCR. Clinical outcomes and symptoms were compared. Limitations: Retrospective study with potential recall bias and missing information; single hospital; some patients were over the age 20 years. | Implications: Clinical outcomes appeared similar comparing children with COVID-19 with those who had seasonal influenza. Diagnosis and clinical management of children with acute respiratory infections may be challenging without diagnostic testing for influenza and SARS-CoV-2. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e2020495 ST - Comparison of Clinical Features of COVID-19 vs Seasonal Influenza A and B in US Children T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Comparison of Clinical Features of COVID-19 vs Seasonal Influenza A and B in US Children UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32897374 VL - 3 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 916 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel. | Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. | Israel Center for Disease Control, Israel Ministry of Health, Ramat Gan, Israel. | University of Haifa School of Public Health, Haifa, Israel. | Department of Pediatrics, Scientific Institute Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy. | European Pediatric Association (EPA-UNEPSA), Union of National European, Pediatric Societies and Associations, Berlin, Germany. | University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado. | Department of Pediatrics, Mayanei Hayeshuah Medical Center, Bnei Brak, Israel. AN - 33900403 AU - Somekh, I. | Boker, L. K. | Shohat, T. | Pettoello-Mantovani, M. | Simoes, E. A. F. | Somekh, E. C1 - 2021-05-07 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05072021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.7105 ET - 2021/04/27 IS - 4 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | COVID-19/*diagnosis/epidemiology | Child | Child, Preschool | Female | Humans | *Incidence | Infant | Israel/epidemiology | Male | Middle Aged | Schools/organization & administration/statistics & numerical data/*trends | Students/statistics & numerical data L1 - internal-pdf://3515370844/Somekh-2021-Comparison of COVID-19 Incidence R.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Somekh, Ido; Boker, Lital Keinan; Shohat, Tamy; Pettoello-Mantovani, Massimo; Simoes, Eric A F; Somekh, Eli; eng; Observational Study; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Apr 1;4(4):e217105. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.7105. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; During 2 school reopening periods in Israel in 2020, children aged 0�? years had lower rates of SARS-CoV-2 PCR positive tests than older youth and adults. | Incidence rates increased linearly in all age groups after schools opened in September for the fall term. | The rate of increase was lowest among children aged 0�? years. | Methods: National PCR positivity for SARS-CoV-2 for individuals aged 0�? (n = 47,620), 10�?9 (n = 101,304), 20-39 (n = 151,295), 40�?9 (n = 103,056), and �?0 (n = 63,438) years in Israel after schools reopened two times (September 2020 and November 2020) compared to the prior week when schools were closed. Limitations: Infections in untested individuals could have been missed. | Implications: Findings support policies to prioritize school attendance for younger children. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e217105 ST - Comparison of COVID-19 Incidence Rates Before and After School Reopening in Israel T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Comparison of COVID-19 Incidence Rates Before and After School Reopening in Israel UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33900403 VL - 4 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1720 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Taiwan is one of the few countries with initial success in COVID-19 control without strict lockdown or school closure. The reasons remain to be fully elucidated. Objective: To compare and evaluate the effectiveness of case-based (including contact tracing and quarantine) and population-based (including social distancing and facial masking) interventions for COVID-19 in Taiwan. Design, Setting, and Participants: This comparative effectiveness study used a stochastic branching process model using COVID-19 epidemic data from Taiwan, an island nation of 23.6 million people, with no locally acquired cases of COVID-19 reported for 253 days between April and December 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures: Effective reproduction number of COVID-19 cases (the number of secondary cases generated by 1 primary case) and the probability of outbreak extinction (0 new cases within 20 generations). For model development and calibration, an estimation of the incubation period (interval from exposure to symptom onset), serial interval (time between symptom onset in an infector-infectee pair), and the statistical distribution of the number of any subsequent infections generated by 1 primary case was calculated. Results: This study analyzed data from 158 confirmed COVID-19 cases (median age, 45 years; interquartile range, 25-55 years; 84 men [53%]). An estimated 55% (95% credible interval [CrI], 41%-68%) of transmission events occurred during the presymptomatic stage. In our estimated analysis, case detection, contact tracing, and 14-day quarantine of close contacts (regardless of symptoms) was estimated to decrease the reproduction number from the counterfactual value of 2.50 to 1.53 (95% CrI, 1.50-1.57), which would not be sufficient for epidemic control, which requires a value of less than 1. In our estimated analysis, voluntary population-based interventions, if used alone, were estimated to have reduced the reproduction number to 1.30 (95% CrI, 1.03-1.58). Combined case-based and population-based interventions were estimated to reduce the reproduction number to below unity (0.85; 95% CrI, 0.78-0.89). Results were similar for additional analyses with influenza data and sensitivity analyses. Conclusions and Relevance: In this comparative effectiveness research study, the combination of case-based and population-based interventions (with wide adherence) may explain the success of COVID-19 control in Taiwan in 2020. Either category of interventions alone would have been insufficient, even in a country with an effective public health system and comprehensive contact tracing program. Mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic requires the collaborative effort of public health professionals and the general public. AD - Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan. | Epidemic Intelligence Center, Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan. | Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. | Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, Taipei. | National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan. | Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases and the Public Health Modelling Unit, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut. | Global Health Program, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan. AN - 33821922 AU - Ng, T. C. | Cheng, H. Y. | Chang, H. H. | Liu, C. C. | Yang, C. C. | Jian, S. W. | Liu, D. P. | Cohen, T. | Lin, H. H. C1 - 2021-04-16 C2 - Thrombosis and Thrombocytopenia After Vaccination CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04162021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 6 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.1644 ET - 2021/04/07 IS - 7 KW - Adult | COVID-19/*epidemiology | Communicable Disease Control/*methods | Contact Tracing/*methods | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | *Models, Theoretical | *Pandemics | Quarantine/*methods | SARS-CoV-2 | Taiwan/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://3122699228/Ng-2021-Comparison of Estimated Effectiveness.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Ng, Ta-Chou; Cheng, Hao-Yuan; Chang, Hsiao-Han; Liu, Cheng-Chieh; Yang, Chih-Chi; Jian, Shu-Wan; Liu, Ding-Ping; Cohen, Ted; Lin, Hsien-Ho; eng; JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Apr 6. pii: 2778395. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.1644. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Case-based interventions alone decrease the reproduction number (R) to 1.53 (95% credible interval [CrI], 1.50 �?1.57), not sufficient for epidemic control. | Population-based interventions reduce R to 1.30 (95% Crl, 1.03 �?1.58), also not sufficient for epidemic control. | Both case-based and population-based interventions were needed to reduce the SARS-CoV-2 reproductive rate to <1 in Taiwan (Figure). | Methods: A comparative effectiveness study of case-based (detection, contact tracing, and 14-day quarantine of close contacts) and population-based interventions (use of face masks, personal hygiene, and physical distancing) using a stochastic branching process model of 158 confirmed COVID-19 cases in Taiwan between March 2020 and February 2021. Limitations: Accuracy of the model depends on input parameters; parameters based on Taiwan may not be generalizable. | Implications: Taiwan reported no locally acquired cases of COVID-19 for 253 days between April and December 2020. The combination of case-based and population-based intervention strategies could explain how Taiwan was able to mitigate COVID-19 spread in the local population. SN - 2168-6114 (Electronic); 2168-6106 (Linking) SP - 913-921 ST - Comparison of Estimated Effectiveness of Case-Based and Population-Based Interventions on COVID-19 Containment in Taiwan T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - Comparison of Estimated Effectiveness of Case-Based and Population-Based Interventions on COVID-19 Containment in Taiwan UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33821922 VL - 181 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1679 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Health Policy and Public Health, Department of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston Massachusetts. | Yale New Haven Hospital, Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, New Haven, Connecticut. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia. | Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. AN - 32789512 AU - Faust, J. S. | Lin, Z. | Del Rio, C. C1 - 2020-08-25 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082520_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 3 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.17527 ET - 2020/08/14 IS - 8 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*mortality/virology | History, 20th Century | Humans | Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype | Influenza, Human/history/*mortality/virology | New York City/epidemiology | *Pandemics/history | Pneumonia, Viral/*mortality/virology | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://3121936237/Faust-2020-Comparison of Estimated Excess Deat.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Faust, Jeremy Samuel; Lin, Zhenqiu; Del Rio, Carlos; eng; Comparative Study; Historical Article; JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Aug 3;3(8):e2017527. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.17527. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Overall excess mortality in NYC during the peak of 1918 H1N1 influenza pandemic was higher than in the first 2 months of COVID-19. Rate of rise in deaths from pre-pandemic levels was substantially greater in early COVID-19 months than in 1918 pandemic. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e2017527 ST - Comparison of Estimated Excess Deaths in New York City During the COVID-19 and 1918 Influenza Pandemics T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Comparison of Estimated Excess Deaths in New York City During the COVID-19 and 1918 Influenza Pandemics UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32789512 VL - 3 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 765 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Attenuated immune responses to mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have been reported in solid organ transplant recipients. Most studies have assessed serological responses alone, and there is limited immunological data on vector-based vaccines in this population. This study compares the immunogenicity of BNT162b2 with ChAdOx1 in a cohort of kidney transplant patients, assessing both serological and cellular responses.Methods 920 patients were screened for spike protein antibodies (anti-S) following 2 doses of either BNT162b2 (n=490) or ChAdOx1 (n=430). 106 patients underwent assessment with T-cell ELISpot assays. 65 health care workers were used as a control group.Results Anti-S was detected in 569 (61.8%) patients. Seroconversion rates in infection-naïve patients who received BNT162b2 were higher compared with ChAdOx1, at 269/410 (65.6%) and 156/358 (43.6%) respectively, p<0.0001. Anti-S concentrations were higher following BNT162b, 58(7.1-722) BAU/ml, compared with ChAdOx1, 7.1(7.1-39) BAU/ml, p<0.0001. Calcineurin inhibitor monotherapy, vaccination occurring >1st year post-transplant and receiving BNT162b2 was associated with seroconversion.Only 28/106 (26.4%) of patients had detectable T-cell responses. There was no difference in detection between infection-naïve patients who received BNT162b2, 7/40 (17.5%), versus ChAdOx1, 2/39 (5.1%), p=0.15. There was also no difference in patients with prior infection who received BNT162b2, 8/11 (72.7%), compared with ChAdOx1, 11/16 (68.8%), p=0.83.Conclusions Enhanced humoral responses were seen with BNT162b2 compared with ChAdOx1 in kidney transplant patients. T-cell responses to both vaccines were markedly attenuated. Clinical efficacy data is still required but immunogenicity data suggests weakened responses to both vaccines in transplant patients, with ChAdOx1 less immunogenic compared with BNT162b2.Competing Interest StatementPeter Kelleher and Michelle Willicombe have received support to use the T-SPOT Discovery SARS-CoV-2 by Oxford ImmunotecFunding StatementThe OCTAVE trial, which is part of the COVID-19 Immunity National Core Study Programme, was sponsored by the University of Birmingham and funded by a grant from UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) administered by the Medical Research Council (grant reference number MC_PC_20031). It has been designated an Urgent Public Health (UPH) study by the National Institute of Health Research. This research is also supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre based at Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust and Imperial College London. The authors would like to thank the West London Kidney Patient Association, all the patients and staff at ICHNT (The Imperial COVID vaccine group and dialysis staff, and staff within the North West London Pathology laboratories). The authors are also grateful for the support from Hari and Rachna Murgai, The Nan Diamond Fund and the Auchi Charitable Foundation. MP is supported by an NIHR clinical lectureship. Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:All patients were recruited into one of two studies. The first is the OCTAVE study, an Observational Cohort Study of T-cells, Antibodies and Vaccine Efficacy in SARS-CoV-2 in people with chronic diseases and/or secondary immunodeficiency, which is part of the UK COVID-19 Immunity National Core Study Programme. The OCTAVE study was approved by the Health Research Authority, Research Ethics Committee (Reference:21/HRA/0489). The second study is a prospective longitudinal study, The effect of COVID-19 on Renal and Immunosuppressed patients, sponsored by Imperial College London. This study was approved by the Health Research Authority, Research Ethics Committee (Reference: 20/WA/0123).All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropr ate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThe data is not openly available on an external link. Requests for data should be made to the corresponding author. AU - Prendecki, Maria | Thomson, Tina | Clarke, Candice L. | Martin, Paul | Gleeson, Sarah | De Aguiar, Rute Cardoso | Edwards, Helena | Mortimer, Paige | McIntyre, Stacey | Lewis, Shanice | Deborah, Jaid | Cox, Alison | Pickard, Graham | Lightstone, Liz | Thomas, David | McAdoo, Stephen P. | Kelleher, Peter | Willicombe, Michelle | in collaboration with the, Octave Study Consortium C1 - 2021-07-23 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07232021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.07.09.21260192 L1 - internal-pdf://2880620347/Prendecki-2021-Comparison of humoral and cellu.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among infection-naïve kidney transplant recipients, 65.6% (269/410) of those fully vaccinated with BNT162b2 seroconverted compared to 43.6% (156/358) of those fully vaccinated with ChAdOx1 (p <0.0001). Only 26.4% (28/106) of patients had detectable T-cell responses with no significant difference by vaccine. SP - 2021.07.09.21260192 ST - Comparison of humoral and cellular responses in kidney transplant recipients receiving BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 SARS-CoV-2 vaccines T2 - medRxiv TI - Comparison of humoral and cellular responses in kidney transplant recipients receiving BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 SARS-CoV-2 vaccines UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/07/14/2021.07.09.21260192.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/07/14/2021.07.09.21260192.full.pdf ID - 2135 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Limited data exists on the immunogenicity of vector-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in patients with kidney disease. Given their use in over 180 countries, such data is of upmost importance to inform policy on optimal vaccination strategies. This study compares the immunogenicity of BNT162b2 with ChAdOx1 in patients receiving haemodialysis.Methods 1021 patients were screened for spike protein antibodies (anti-S) following 2 doses of either BNT162b2 (n=523) or ChAdOx1 (n=498). 191 patients underwent assessment with T-cell ELISpot assays. 65 health care workers were used as a control group.Results Anti-S was detected in 936 (91.2%) of patients post-vaccination. There was no difference in seroconversion rates between infection-naïve patients who received BNT162b2, 248/281 (88.3%), compared with ChAdOx1, 227/272 (83.5%), p=0.11. Anti-S concentrations were higher following BNT162b, 462(152-1171) BAU/ml, compared with ChAdOx-1 79(20-213) BAU/ml, p<0.0001. Immunosuppression was associated with failure to seroconvert (p<0.0001); whilst being active on the transplant wait list was a predictor for seroconversion (p=0.02).Only 73 (38.2%) of patients had detectable T-cell responses post-vaccination, with no proportional difference between infection-naïve patients who received BNT162b2, 2/19 (10.5%), versus ChAdOx1, 15/75 (20.0%), p=0.34. There were no quantitative differences in T-cell responses in infection-naïve patients, with a median 2(0-16) SFU/106 PBMCs and 10(4-28) SFU/106 PBMCs in those receiving BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 respectively, p=0.35. These responses were significantly weaker compared with healthy controls.Conclusions Enhanced immunogenicity was seen with BNT162b2 compared with ChAdOx1, driven by superior humoral responses, with attenuated T-cell responses to both vaccines. Comparative data on clinical efficacy is now required.Significance Statement Limited data exist on the immunogenicity of vector-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in patients with kidney disease. Given their use in over 180 countries worldwide, such data are of upmost importance to inform policy on optimal vaccination strategies. This study compares the immunogenicity of BNT162b2 (n=523) against the adenovirus vector vaccine, ChAdOx1 (n=498), in 1021 haemodialysis patients. In infection-naïve patients, overall seroconversion rates were comparable, however, spike protein antibody concentrations were significantly higher following BNT162b2. No difference in T-cell responses was seen, however, all naïve patients had weaker responses compared with healthy controls. Equivalent attenuated cellular responses to both vaccines, with greater humoral responses to BNT162b2, suggests BNT162b2 has superior immunogenicity in this patient population, with data on clinical efficacy required.Competing Interest StatementPeter Kelleher and Michelle Willicombe have received support to use the T-SPOT Discovery SARS-CoV-2 by Oxford Immunotec.Funding StatementThe OCTAVE trial, which is part of the COVID-19 Immunity National Core Study Programme, was sponsored by the University of Birmingham and funded by a grant from UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) administered by the Medical Research Council (grant reference number MC_PC_20031). It has been designated an Urgent Public Health (UPH) study by the National Institute of Health Research. This research is also supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre based at Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust and Imperial College London. The authors would like to thank the West London Kidney Patient Association, all the patients and staff at ICHNT (The Imperial COVID vaccine group and dialysis staff, and staff within the North West London Pathology laboratories). The authors are also grateful for the support from Hari and Rachna Murgai, The Nan Diamond Fund and the Auchi Charitable Foundation Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/o ersight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The Impact of COVID-19 on Patients with Renal disease and Immunosuppressed Patients was approved by the Health Research Authority, Research Ethics Committee (Reference: 20/WA/0123) The OCTAVE study was approved by the Health Research Authority, Research Ethics Committee (Reference:21/HRA/0489).All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData is not openly available on an external database. Requests for information can be made to the corresponding author. AU - Clarke, Candice L. | Martin, Paul | Gleeson, Sarah | Thomson, Tina | Edwards, Helena | Mortimer, Paige | McIntyre, Stacey | Deborah, Jaid | Cox, Alison | Pickard, Graham | Lightstone, Liz | Thomas, David | McAdoo, Stephen P. | Kelleher, Peter | Prendecki, Maria | Willicombe, Michelle | in collaboration with the, Octave Study Consortium C1 - 2021-07-23 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07232021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.07.09.21260089 L1 - internal-pdf://0750341182/Clarke-2021-Comparison of immunogenicity betwe.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Of 1,021 fully vaccinated COVID-19 naïve hemodialysis patients, those receiving BNT162b (n = 523) had higher anti-spike protein concentrations compared to those receiving ChAdOx1 (n = 498) (462 vs. 79 BAU/ml, p<0.0001). Immunosuppression was associated with a failure for vaccinees to cause seroconversion (p <0.0001). Only 38.2% of patients had detectable T-cell responses with no significant difference by vaccine. SP - 2021.07.09.21260089 ST - Comparison of immunogenicity between BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in a large haemodialysis population T2 - medRxiv TI - Comparison of immunogenicity between BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in a large haemodialysis population UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/07/14/2021.07.09.21260089.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/07/14/2021.07.09.21260089.full.pdf ID - 2121 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The paucity of public health messages that directly address communities of color might contribute to racial and ethnic disparities in knowledge and behavior related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). OBJECTIVE: To determine whether physician-delivered prevention messages affect knowledge and information-seeking behavior of Black and Latinx individuals and whether this differs according to the race/ethnicity of the physician and tailored content. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. (Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04371419; American Economic Association RCT Registry, AEARCTR-0005789). SETTING: United States, 13 May 2020 to 26 May 2020. PARTICIPANTS: 14 267 self-identified Black or Latinx adults recruited via Lucid survey platform. INTERVENTION: Participants viewed 3 video messages regarding COVID-19 that varied by physician race/ethnicity, acknowledgment of racism/inequality, and community perceptions of mask wearing. MEASUREMENTS: Knowledge gaps (number of errors on 7 facts on COVID-19 symptoms and prevention) and information-seeking behavior (number of web links demanded out of 10 proposed). RESULTS: 7174 Black (61.3%) and 4520 Latinx (38.7%) participants were included in the analysis. The intervention reduced the knowledge gap incidence from 0.085 to 0.065 (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 0.737 [95% CI, 0.600 to 0.874]) but did not significantly change information-seeking incidence. For Black participants, messages from race/ethnicity-concordant physicians increased information-seeking incidence from 0.329 (for discordant physicians) to 0.357 (IRR, 1.085 [CI, 1.026 to 1.145]). LIMITATIONS: Participants' behavior was not directly observed, outcomes were measured immediately postintervention in May 2020, and online recruitment may not be representative. CONCLUSION: Physician-delivered messages increased knowledge of COVID-19 symptoms and prevention methods for Black and Latinx respondents. The desire for additional information increased with race-concordant messages for Black but not Latinx respondents. Other tailoring of the content did not make a significant difference. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: National Science Foundation; Massachusetts General Hospital; and National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. AD - Harvard Kennedy School of Government, Cambridge, Massachusetts (M.A.). | Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (F.C.S.). | Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.B., B.A.O., A.S., P.V.). | Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts (E.B.). | Stanford University, Stanford, California (A.G.C., S.E.). | Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut (P.G.). | Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, and McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Belmont, Massachusetts (L.O.). | Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts (C.T.). | Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (E.D.). AN - 33347320 AU - Alsan, M. | Stanford, F. C. | Banerjee, A. | Breza, E. | Chandrasekhar, A. G. | Eichmeyer, S. | Goldsmith-Pinkham, P. | Ogbu-Nwobodo, L. | Olken, B. A. | Torres, C. | Sankar, A. | Vautrey, P. L. | Duflo, E. C1 - 2021-01-08 C2 - Social, Behavioral, and Communication Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01082021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr DO - 10.7326/M20-6141 ET - 2020/12/22 IS - 4 KW - Adult | *African Americans | COVID-19/epidemiology/*ethnology/*prevention & control | *Consumer Health Information | Female | *Hispanic Americans | Humans | Incidence | *Information Seeking Behavior | Male | Masks | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/prevention & control/virology | Public Health/*methods | SARS-CoV-2 | Surveys and Questionnaires | Video Recording L1 - internal-pdf://1756505984/Alsan-2021-Comparison of Knowledge and Informa.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Alsan, Marcella; Stanford, Fatima Cody; Banerjee, Abhijit; Breza, Emily; Chandrasekhar, Arun G; Eichmeyer, Sarah; Goldsmith-Pinkham, Paul; Ogbu-Nwobodo, Lucy; Olken, Benjamin A; Torres, Carlos; Sankar, Anirudh; Vautrey, Pierre-Luc; Duflo, Esther; eng; K08 HD094638/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/; K24 AR057827/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/; Comparative Study; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Video-Audio Media; Ann Intern Med. 2021 Apr;174(4):484-492. doi: 10.7326/M20-6141. Epub 2020 Dec 21. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Persons who received COVID-19 messaging videos had lower knowledge errors (average incident rate [aIR] 0.065, 95% CI 0.062-0.068) than persons who did not receive public health messaging videos (aIR 0.085, 95% CI 0.076-0.095). | Other ways of tailoring messaging did not change effectiveness. | Black physician presenters slightly increased information-seeking among Black participants. | Methods: A randomized controlled trial of knowledge gaps and information-seeking about COVID-19 public health messaging among 14,144 Black and Hispanic/Latino respondents was conducted in May 2020. Intervention videos presented information on COVID-19 symptoms tailored by presenter’s racial/ethnic concordance with viewers and several other message characteristics. Limitations: selection bias of participants using online survey; behavior change resulting from interventions was not directly measurable. | Implications: Public health messaging can reduce knowledge gaps about COVID-19 and as mentioned by Cooper et alexternal icon., racial representation in that messaging may improve information-seeking among Black or other communities of color. SN - 1539-3704 (Electronic); 0003-4819 (Linking) SP - 484-492 ST - Comparison of Knowledge and Information-Seeking Behavior After General COVID-19 Public Health Messages and Messages Tailored for Black and Latinx Communities : A Randomized Controlled Trial T2 - Ann Intern Med TI - Comparison of Knowledge and Information-Seeking Behavior After General COVID-19 Public Health Messages and Messages Tailored for Black and Latinx Communities : A Randomized Controlled Trial UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33347320 VL - 174 ID - 1391 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The increasing prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 variants has raised concerns regarding possible decreases in vaccine efficacy. Here, neutralizing antibody titers elicited by mRNA-based and an adenoviral vector-based vaccine against variant pseudotyped viruses were compared. BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273-elicited antibodies showed modest neutralization resistance against Beta, Delta, Delta plus and Lambda variants whereas Ad26.COV2.S-elicited antibodies from a significant fraction of vaccinated individuals were of low neutralizing titer (IC50 <50). The data underscore the importance of surveillance for breakthrough infections that result in severe COVID-19 and suggest the benefit of a second immunization following Ad26.COV2.S to increase protection against the variants.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest. AN - 34312623 AU - Tada, Takuya | Zhou, Hao | Samanovic, Marie I. | Dcosta, Belinda M. | Cornelius, Amber | Mulligan, Mark J. | Landau, Nathaniel R. C1 - 2021-07-30 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07302021_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 6 DO - 10.1101/2021.07.19.452771 ET - 2021/07/28 L1 - internal-pdf://0775174006/Tada-2021-Comparison of Neutralizing Antibody.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Tada, Takuya | Zhou, Hao | Samanovic, Marie I | Dcosta, Belinda M | Cornelius, Amber | Mulligan, Mark J | Landau, Nathaniel R | eng | Preprint | bioRxiv. 2021 Aug 6. doi: 10.1101/2021.07.19.452771. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Neutralizing antibody titers were consistently lower in individuals vaccinated with Ad26.COV2.S compared to natural infection, and vaccination with BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273. | Compared to D614G (B.1), loss of neutralization capacity for BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, and Ad26.COV2.S vaccinated sera against variants of concern were (Figure): | 6.1-fold, 4.6-fold, and 6.7-fold less against Beta (B.1.351). | 3.6-fold, 4.0-fold, and 7.4-fold less against Delta (B.1.617.2). | Methods: Serum samples were collected 32�?7 days post symptom onset (convalescent, n = 8), ~ 90 days post 2nd dose for BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNtech, n = 10) and ~80 days post 2nd dose for mRNA-1273 (Moderna, n = 6). Ad26.COV2.S (Johnson & Johnson/Janssen) sera were collected ~82 days post single dose (n = 10). Limitations: Specimen number is small, so titer values should be interpreted with caution; unknown exactly how neutralizing antibody levels correlate with protection from infection. | Implications: Although Ad26.COV2.S showed reduced neutralizing antibody titers against Beta and Delta variants, it is unknown what titers correlate with protection from infection. Against moderate to severe-critical COVID-19, Ad26.COV2.S was previously foundexternal icon to perform well in a setting where Beta was the predominant circulating variant. SP - 2021.07.19.452771 ST - Comparison of Neutralizing Antibody Titers Elicited by mRNA and Adenoviral Vector Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 Variants T2 - bioRxiv TI - Comparison of Neutralizing Antibody Titers Elicited by mRNA and Adenoviral Vector Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 Variants UR - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2021/07/21/2021.07.19.452771.abstract | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2021/07/21/2021.07.19.452771.full.pdf ID - 2187 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Lifecourse Epidemiology and Genomics Division, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing. | Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing. | Division of Chronic Disease and Injury Control, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing. | Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio. | Department of Epidemiology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing. AN - 33404614 AU - Nickles, A. V. | Oostema, A. | Allen, J. | O'Brien, S. L. | Demel, S. L. | Reeves, M. J. C1 - 2021-01-15 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01152021_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 4 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.32331 ET - 2021/01/07 IS - 1 KW - Adolescent | Adult | African Americans/statistics & numerical data | Age Distribution | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | COVID-19/*epidemiology | Child | Child, Preschool | Emergency Medical Services | European Continental Ancestry Group/statistics & numerical data | Female | Humans | Infant | Infant, Newborn | Male | Michigan/epidemiology | Middle Aged | Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest/*epidemiology/ethnology/mortality | SARS-CoV-2 | Sex Distribution | Suburban Population | Urban Population | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://1054823298/Nickles-2021-Comparison of Out-of-Hospital Car.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Nickles, Adrienne V; Oostema, Adam; Allen, Justin; O'Brien, Suzanne L; Demel, Stacie L; Reeves, Mathew J; eng; Comparative Study; JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Jan 4;4(1):e2032331. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.32331. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) calls increased 60% from 1,162 in 2019 to 1,854 in 2020; in 2020, the peak in the OHCA calls lagged slightly behind the peak of the COVID epidemic curve (Figure). | OHCA call increases occurred disproportionately among persons over 85 years, Black persons, and residents of nursing facilities. | A 42% increase in the proportion of OHCA calls for patients who died in the field was noted from 2019 (53.3%) to 2020 (75.5%). | Methods: Weekly per capita incidence of emergency medical services (EMS) calls for OHCA in Detroit were calculated from January 1 to May 31 of both 2019 and 2020 and compared with incident COVID-19 cases. Limitations: Data are limited to pre-admission sources and cannot distinguish between direct effects of SARS-CoV-2 infections or indirect effects of pandemic-related utilization. | Implications: Increased OHCA calls with higher mortality in the field among vulnerable populations warrant further investigations and targeted interventions. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e2032331 ST - Comparison of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrests and Fatalities in the Metro Detroit Area During the COVID-19 Pandemic With Previous-Year Events T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Comparison of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrests and Fatalities in the Metro Detroit Area During the COVID-19 Pandemic With Previous-Year Events UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33404614 VL - 4 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1413 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Understanding viral kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 is important to assess risk of transmission, manage treatment, and determine the need for isolation and protective equipment. The impact of viral load in asymptomatic infected children is important to understand transmission potential. We sought to determine whether children deemed to be asymptomatic had a difference in the PCR cycle threshold (Ct) value of respiratory samples from symptomatic children with SARS-CoV-2 infection.This was a retrospective cross-sectional study to compare PCR Ct values of children who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by respiratory samples collected over a 4-month period at a large tertiary care children’s hospital.We analyzed 728 children who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR from a respiratory sample over a 4-month period and for whom data was available in the electronic medical record. Overall, 71.2% of infected children were symptomatic. The mean Ct value for symptomatic patients (Ct mean 19.9, SD 6.3) was significantly lower than asymptomatic patients (Ct mean 23.5, SD 6.5) (P value < 0.001, CI 95th 2.6 - 4.6). The mean PCR Ct value was lowest in children less than 5 years of age.In this retrospective review of children who tested positive by RT-PCR for SARS CoV-2, the mean Ct was significantly lower in symptomatic children and was lowest in children under 5 years of age, indicating that symptomatic children and younger children infected with SARS-CoV-2 may have a higher viral load in the nasopharynx compared to asymptomatic children. Further studies are needed to assess the transmission potential from asymptomatic children. AD - Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, USA. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Diego, USA. | School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, USA. | Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, USA. AN - 34523670 AU - Strutner, John | Ramchandar, Nanda | Dubey, Shruti | Gamboa, Mary | Vanderpool, Michelle K | Mueller, Teresa | Wang, Wei | Cannavino, Christopher | Tovar Padua, Leidy | Malicki, Denise | Pong, Alice C1 - 2021-09-24 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09242021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - Sep 15 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciab403 ET - 2021/09/16 KW - Pcr | SARS-CoV-2 | children | cycle threshold L1 - internal-pdf://0406901787/Strutner-2021-Comparison of RT-PCR Cycle Thres.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Strutner, John | Ramchandar, Nanda | Dubey, Shruti | Gamboa, Mary | Vanderpool, Michelle K | Mueller, Teresa | Wang, Wei | Cannavino, Christopher | Tovar Padua, Leidy | Malicki, Denise | Pong, Alice | eng | Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Sep 15. pii: 6370557. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab403. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Respiratory specimens obtained from 728 SARS-CoV-2 positive pediatric patients (ages 0�?8 years) from April–August 2020 showed symptomatic children had lower mean Ct values than asymptomatic children, and children aged <5 years had the lowest Ct value compared with children of other age groups. SN - 1058-4838 ST - Comparison of RT-PCR Cycle Threshold Values from Respiratory Specimens in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Children with SARS-CoV-2 Infection T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Comparison of RT-PCR Cycle Threshold Values from Respiratory Specimens in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Children with SARS-CoV-2 Infection UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab403 Y2 - 9/27/2021 ID - 2371 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The association between COVID-19 symptoms and SARS-CoV-2 viral levels in children living in the community is not well understood.To characterize symptoms of pediatric COVID-19 in the community and analyze the association between symptoms and SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels, as approximated by cycle threshold (Ct) values, in children and adults.This cross-sectional study used a respiratory virus surveillance platform in persons of all ages to detect community COVID-19 cases from March 23 to November 9, 2020. A population-based convenience sample of children younger than 18 years and adults in King County, Washington, who enrolled online for home self-collection of upper respiratory samples for SARS-CoV-2 testing were included.Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from participant-collected samples.RT-PCR–confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, with Ct values stratified by age and symptoms.Among 555 SARS-CoV-2–positive participants (mean [SD] age, 33.7 [20.1] years; 320 were female [57.7%]), 47 of 123 children (38.2%) were asymptomatic compared with 31 of 432 adults (7.2%). When symptomatic, fewer symptoms were reported in children compared with adults (mean [SD], 1.6 [2.0] vs 4.5 [3.1]). Symptomatic individuals had lower Ct values (which corresponded to higher viral RNA levels) than asymptomatic individuals (adjusted estimate for children, �?.0; 95% CI, �?.5 to �?.6; P�?�?02; adjusted estimate for adults, �?.9; 95% CI, �?.2 to �?.6; P�?�?01). The difference in mean Ct values was neither statistically significant between symptomatic children and symptomatic adults (adjusted estimate, �?.7; 95% CI, �?.2 to 0.9; P�?�?41) nor between asymptomatic children and asymptomatic adults (adjusted estimate, �?.6; 95% CI, �?.0 to 2.8; P�?�?74).In this community-based cross-sectional study, SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels, as determined by Ct values, were significantly higher in symptomatic individuals than in asymptomatic individuals and no significant age-related differences were found. Further research is needed to understand the role of SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels and viral transmission. AD - Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle. | Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle. | Institute for Disease Modeling, Seattle, Washington. | Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, Washington. | Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle. | Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. | Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington. | Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle. | Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia. | Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, Washington. | Public Health-Seattle & King County, Seattle, Washington. | Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle. AN - 34115094 AU - Chung, Erin | Chow, Eric J. | Wilcox, Naomi C. | Burstein, Roy | Brandstetter, Elisabeth | Han, Peter D. | Fay, Kairsten | Pfau, Brian | Adler, Amanda | Lacombe, Kirsten | Lockwood, Christina M. | Uyeki, Timothy M. | Shendure, Jay | Duchin, Jeffrey S. | Rieder, Mark J. | Nickerson, Deborah A. | Boeckh, Michael | Famulare, Michael | Hughes, James P. | Starita, Lea M. | Bedford, Trevor | Englund, Janet A. | Chu, Helen Y. C1 - 2021-06-18 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06182021_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 11 DO - 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2025 ET - 2021/06/12 L1 - internal-pdf://3701120707/Chung-2021-Comparison of Symptoms and RNA Leve.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Chung, Erin | Chow, Eric J | Wilcox, Naomi C | Burstein, Roy | Brandstetter, Elisabeth | Han, Peter D | Fay, Kairsten | Pfau, Brian | Adler, Amanda | Lacombe, Kirsten | Lockwood, Christina M | Uyeki, Timothy M | Shendure, Jay | Duchin, Jeffrey S | Rieder, Mark J | Nickerson, Deborah A | Boeckh, Michael | Famulare, Michael | Hughes, James P | Starita, Lea M | Bedford, Trevor | Englund, Janet A | Chu, Helen Y | eng | JAMA Pediatr. 2021 Jun 11. pii: 2780963. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2025. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In a sample of 555 SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals in King County, WA, symptomatic individuals had lower Ct values than asymptomatic individuals (adjusted differences: children �?.0; 95% CI �?.5 to �?.6; adults �?.9; 95% CI �?.2 to �?.6). There were no differences in mean Ct values between children and adults for either symptomatic or asymptomatic individuals. SN - 2168-6203 ST - Comparison of Symptoms and RNA Levels in Children and Adults With SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Community Setting T2 - JAMA Pediatr TI - Comparison of Symptoms and RNA Levels in Children and Adults With SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Community Setting UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2025 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/articlepdf/2780963/jamapediatrics_chung_2021_oi_210036_1622826601.77873.pdf Y2 - 6/29/2021 ID - 1848 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: To date, influenza epidemics have been considered suitable for use as a model for the COVID-19 epidemic, given that they are respiratory diseases with similar modes of transmission. However, data directly comparing the two diseases are scarce. METHODS: We did a nationwide retrospective cohort study using the French national administrative database (PMSI), which includes discharge summaries for all hospital admissions in France. All patients hospitalised for COVID-19 from March 1 to April 30, 2020, and all patients hospitalised for influenza between Dec 1, 2018, and Feb 28, 2019, were included. The diagnosis of COVID-19 (International Classification of Diseases [10th edition] codes U07.10, U07.11, U07.12, U07.14, or U07.15) or influenza (J09, J10, or J11) comprised primary, related, or associated diagnosis. Comparisons of risk factors, clinical characteristics, and outcomes between patients hospitalised for COVID-19 and influenza were done, with data also stratified by age group. FINDINGS: 89 530 patients with COVID-19 and 45 819 patients with influenza were hospitalised in France during the respective study periods. The median age of patients was 68 years (IQR 52-82) for COVID-19 and 71 years (34-84) for influenza. Patients with COVID-19 were more frequently obese or overweight, and more frequently had diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia than patients with influenza, whereas those with influenza more frequently had heart failure, chronic respiratory disease, cirrhosis, and deficiency anaemia. Patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 more frequently developed acute respiratory failure, pulmonary embolism, septic shock, or haemorrhagic stroke than patients with influenza, but less frequently developed myocardial infarction or atrial fibrillation. In-hospital mortality was higher in patients with COVID-19 than in patients with influenza (15 104 [16.9%] of 89 530 vs 2640 [5.8%] of 45 819), with a relative risk of death of 2.9 (95% CI 2.8-3.0) and an age-standardised mortality ratio of 2.82. Of the patients hospitalised, the proportion of paediatric patients (<18 years) was smaller for COVID-19 than for influenza (1227 [1.4%] vs 8942 [19.5%]), but a larger proportion of patients younger than 5 years needed intensive care support for COVID-19 than for influenza (14 [2.3%] of 613 vs 65 [0.9%] of 6973). In adolescents (11-17 years), the in-hospital mortality was ten-times higher for COVID-19 than for influenza (five [1.1% of 458 vs one [0.1%] of 804), and patients with COVID-19 were more frequently obese or overweight. INTERPRETATION: The presentation of patients with COVID-19 and seasonal influenza requiring hospitalisation differs considerably. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is likely to have a higher potential for respiratory pathogenicity, leading to more respiratory complications and to higher mortality. In children, although the rate of hospitalisation for COVID-19 appears to be lower than for influenza, in-hospital mortality is higher; however, low patient numbers limit this finding. These findings highlight the importance of appropriate preventive measures for COVID-19, as well as the need for a specific vaccine and treatment. FUNDING: French National Research Agency. AD - Inserm CIC 1432, Clinical Epidemiology/Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Investigation Centre, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France; Infectious Diseases Department, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France; Faculty of Medicine, University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, Dijon, France. | Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (DIM), Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France; Faculty of Medicine, University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, Dijon, France. | Inserm CIC 1432, Clinical Epidemiology/Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Investigation Centre, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France; Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (DIM), Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France; Faculty of Medicine, University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, Dijon, France. | Reference Centre for Rare Pulmonary Diseases, Pulmonary Medicine and Intensive Care Unit Department, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France; Faculty of Medicine, University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, Dijon, France; Inserm LNC UMR1231, LipSTIC LabEx Team, Dijon, France. | Infectious Diseases Department, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France. | Universite Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Universite Paris-Sud, Inserm, High-Dimensional Biostatistics for Drug Safety and Genomics, CESP, Villejuif, France. | Inserm CIC 1432, Clinical Epidemiology/Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Investigation Centre, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France; Biostatistics and Bioinformatics (DIM), Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France; Faculty of Medicine, University of Bourgogne-Franche-Comte, Dijon, France; Universite Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Universite Paris-Sud, Inserm, High-Dimensional Biostatistics for Drug Safety and Genomics, CESP, Villejuif, France. Electronic address: catherine.quantin@chu-dijon.fr. AN - 33341155 AU - Piroth, L. | Cottenet, J. | Mariet, A. S. | Bonniaud, P. | Blot, M. | Tubert-Bitter, P. | Quantin, C. C1 - 2021-01-08 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01082021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar DO - 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30527-0 ET - 2020/12/21 IS - 3 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | COVID-19/*mortality/virology | Child | Critical Care/statistics & numerical data | Databases, Factual | Female | France/epidemiology | Hospital Mortality | Hospitalization/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Influenza, Human/*mortality/virology | Male | Middle Aged | Morbidity | *Orthomyxoviridae | Retrospective Studies | Risk Factors | *SARS-CoV-2 | Seasons L1 - internal-pdf://3537854719/Piroth-2021-Comparison of the characteristics.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Piroth, Lionel; Cottenet, Jonathan; Mariet, Anne-Sophie; Bonniaud, Philippe; Blot, Mathieu; Tubert-Bitter, Pascale; Quantin, Catherine; eng; Comparative Study; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Lancet Respir Med. 2021 Mar;9(3):251-259. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30527-0. Epub 2020 Dec 17. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Compared with patients hospitalized with influenza, patients hospitalized with COVID-19 were older, more likely to be male, and have comorbidities. | In-hospital mortality was 2.9 (95% CI 2.8-3.0) times higher in patients with COVID-19 than in patients with influenza (Figure). | In-hospital mortality was 10 times higher for COVID-19 than for influenza among patients ages 11�?7 years. | Patients hospitalized with COVID-19 were more likely than patients hospitalized with influenza to develop acute respiratory failure or pulmonary embolism, and more likely to require admission to intensive care and invasive mechanical ventilation. | Methods: Nationwide retrospective cohort study of 89,530 patients hospitalized for COVID-19 from March 1 to April 30, 2020 compared with 45,819 patients hospitalized for influenza between December 1, 2018, and February 28, 2019 in France. Limitations: Variable influenza testing practices and more patients were likely to have been tested for COVID-19 in 2020 than for influenza during 2018�?9; no ethnicity data; findings in children were based on small numbers. | Implications: Poorer outcomes might reflect greater respiratory pathogenicity associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection than with influenza infection. Preventive measures such as vaccination are critical to preserve hospital capacity and limit infections and deaths. SN - 2213-2619 (Electronic); 2213-2600 (Linking) SP - 251-259 ST - Comparison of the characteristics, morbidity, and mortality of COVID-19 and seasonal influenza: a nationwide, population-based retrospective cohort study T2 - Lancet Respir Med TI - Comparison of the characteristics, morbidity, and mortality of COVID-19 and seasonal influenza: a nationwide, population-based retrospective cohort study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33341155 VL - 9 Y2 - 2021/05/14 ID - 1390 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: COVID-19 vaccination programs are ongoing world-over using a wide array of vaccines. The performance of vaccines has been evaluated for immunogenicity and efficacy in separate clinical trials, but few head-to-head evaluations of vaccine responses have been carried out. | Methods: An age-matched cohort that received 2 doses of either BNT162b2 (=49) or CoronaVac (n=49) were recruited from adults in the community in Hong Kong SAR, China. The humoral and cellular immune responses were examined to determine the levels of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing and binding antibody in plasma and T cell reactivity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). | Findings: At one month after second dose of vaccine, BNT162b2 vaccines elicited significantly higher 50% plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT50), PRNT90, surrogate virus neutralization (sVNT), spike receptor binding (RBD), spike N terminal domain binding (NTD), spike S2 domain binding antibody levels compared to those vaccinated with CoronaVac. All 49 vaccinees in each group developed detectable PRNT 50 antibody. The geometric mean titers (GMT) PRNT50 in those vaccinated with BNT162b2 and CoronaVac vaccines was 251.6 and 69.45 respectively (p<0.0001). Forty-eight (98%) of 49 vaccinated with BNT162b2 and 44 (89.8%) of 49 vaccinated with CoronaVac achieved the 50% protection threshold for PRNT50. Allowing for a two-fold waning of antibody titers over time, 98% of those receiving BNT162b2 would still be protected but only 53.1% of CoronaVac recipients would remain protected. Age was negatively correlated with PRNT90 antibody titers among all vaccine recipients or either one of the vaccine subgroups separately. Both vaccines resulted in comparable levels of CD4 and CD8 T cell responses to spike protein at 1 month of post-vaccination. | Interpretation: Vaccination with BNT162b2 induces significantly higher levels of SARS-CoV-2 specific binding and neutralizing antibody responses compared to CoronaVac and these differences are likely to result in differences in protection from infection. The two vaccines induce comparable CD4 and CD8 T cell responses. These findings are of relevance for decisions on the need for booster vaccines and for public health control of SARS-CoV-2. | Funding Information: The Health and Medical Research Fund Commissioned Research on the Novel Coronavirus Disease (#COVID-1903003), Hong Kong SAR (see Acknowledgments for full list). | AU - Mok, Chris Ka Pun | Cohen, Carolyn A. | Cheng, Samuel M. S. | Chen, Chunke | Kwok, Kin-On | Yiu, Karen | Chan, Tat-On | Bull, Maireid | Ling, Kwun Cheung | Dai, Zixi | Ng, Susanna S. | Lui, Grace C. Y. | Wu, Chao | Amarasinghe, Gaya K. | Leung, Daisy W. | Wong, Samuel Yeung Shan | Valkenburg, Sophie A. | Peiris, J. S. Malik | Hui, David S. C. C1 - 2021-07-23 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07232021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.2139/ssrn.3884943 L1 - internal-pdf://2110685197/SSRN-id3884943.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: One month after 2nd dose of BNT162b2, participants (n = 49) had significantly higher antibody levels to SARS-CoV-2 in tests of plaque reduction neutralization, surrogate virus neutralization, spike receptor binding (RBD), spike N terminal domain binding (NTD), and spike S2 domain binding than did those receiving 2 doses of CoronaVac (n = 49). Both vaccines elicited comparable T cell (CD4 and CD8) responses to spike protein. SN - 1556-5068 ST - Comparison of the Immunogenicity of BNT162b2 and CoronaVac COVID-19 Vaccines in Hong Kong: An Observational Cohort Study T2 - SSRN TI - Comparison of the Immunogenicity of BNT162b2 and CoronaVac COVID-19 Vaccines in Hong Kong: An Observational Cohort Study UR - https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3884943 ID - 2131 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA is detected by reverse-transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) from respiratory specimens. This study compares throat washings (TW), nasopharyngeal swabs (NS) and oropharyngeal swabs (OS). A total of 102 samples from 34 adult patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were analysed by RT-qPCR with absolute quantification. The median concentrations and diagnostic sensitivities were 5.8x104 copies/mL, 85% (NS), 1.4x104, 79% (OS) and 4.3x103, 85% (TW). Concentration differences were significant between NS and TW (P = 0.019). Saliva (SA) was available from 21 patients (median 3.4x103). OS and TW can be considered for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics, although with slightly lower concentrations. AD - Department of Infection Prevention and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany. | Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany. | Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany. AN - 33920072 AU - Hitzenbichler, F. | Bauernfeind, S. | Salzberger, B. | Schmidt, B. | Wenzel, J. J. C1 - 2021-04-23 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04232021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 10 DO - 10.3390/v13040653 ET - 2021/05/01 IS - 4 KW - Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | COVID-19/*diagnosis | COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pharynx/*virology | RNA, Viral/analysis/genetics | SARS-CoV-2/genetics/*isolation & purification | Saliva/virology | Sensitivity and Specificity | Specimen Handling/*methods | Viral Load | Young Adult | *covid-19 | *pcr | *RT-qPCR | *SARS-CoV-2 | *diagnostic sensitivity | *nasopharyngeal swab | *nucleic acid test | *oropharyngeal swab | *saliva | *throat washing L1 - internal-pdf://3602471815/Hitzenbichler-2021-Comparison of Throat Washin.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Hitzenbichler, Florian; Bauernfeind, Stilla; Salzberger, Bernd; Schmidt, Barbara; Wenzel, Jurgen J; eng; Comparative Study; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Switzerland; Viruses. 2021 Apr 10;13(4). pii: v13040653. doi: 10.3390/v13040653. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: RT-qPCR analysis of 102 samples from 34 adult patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection found that the median concentration (copies/mL) was significantly higher for nasopharyngeal swabs (NS) than for throat washings (TW), suggesting TW and oropharyngeal swabs (OS) could be considered for testing. SN - 1999-4915 (Electronic); 1999-4915 (Linking) SP - 653 ST - Comparison of Throat Washings, Nasopharyngeal Swabs and Oropharyngeal Swabs for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 T2 - Viruses TI - Comparison of Throat Washings, Nasopharyngeal Swabs and Oropharyngeal Swabs for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33920072 VL - 13 ID - 1685 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Although clinical trials and real-world studies have affirmed the effectiveness and safety of the FDA-authorized COVID-19 vaccines, reports of breakthrough infections and persistent emergence of new variants highlight the need to vigilantly monitor the effectiveness of these vaccines. Here we compare the effectiveness of two full-length Spike protein-encoding mRNA vaccines from Moderna (mRNA-1273) and Pfizer/BioNTech (BNT162b2) in the Mayo Clinic Health System over time from January to July 2021, during which either the Alpha or Delta variant was highly prevalent. We defined cohorts of vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals from Minnesota (n = 25,589 each) matched on age, sex, race, history of prior SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing, and date of full vaccination. Both vaccines were highly effective during this study period against SARS-CoV-2 infection (mRNA-1273: 86%, 95%CI: 81-90.6%; BNT162b2: 76%, 95%CI: 69-81%) and COVID-19 associated hospitalization (mRNA-1273: 91.6%, 95% CI: 81-97%; BNT162b2: 85%, 95% CI: 73-93%). However, in July, the effectiveness against infection was considerably lower for mRNA-1273 (76%, 95% CI: 58-87%) with an even more pronounced reduction in effectiveness for BNT162b2 (42%, 95% CI: 13-62%). Notably, the Delta variant prevalence in Minnesota increased from 0.7% in May to over 70% in July whereas the Alpha variant prevalence decreased from 85% to 13% over the same time period. Comparing rates of infection between matched individuals fully vaccinated with mRNA-1273 versus BNT162b2 across Mayo Clinic Health System sites in multiple states (Minnesota, Wisconsin, Arizona, Florida, and Iowa), mRNA-1273 conferred a two-fold risk reduction against breakthrough infection compared to BNT162b2 (IRR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.39-0.64). In Florida, which is currently experiencing its largest COVID-19 surge to date, the risk of infection in July after full vaccination with mRNA-1273 was about 60% lower than after full vaccination with BNT162b2 (IRR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.24-0.62). Our observational study highlights that while both mRNA COVID-19 vaccines strongly protect against infection and severe disease, further evaluation of mechanisms underlying differences in their effectiveness such as dosing regimens and vaccine composition are warranted.Competing Interest StatementAP, PJL, ES, MJN, JC, AJV, and VS are employees of nference and have financial interests in the company. nference is collaborating with Moderna, Pfizer, Janssen, and other bio-pharmaceutical companies on data science initiatives unrelated to this study. These collaborations had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. JCO receives personal fees from Elsevier and Bates College, and receives small grants from nference, Inc, outside the submitted work. ADB is supported by grants from NIAID (grants AI110173 and AI120698), Amfar (#109593), and Mayo Clinic (HH Shieck Khalifa Bib Zayed Al-Nahyan Named Professorship of Infectious Diseases). ADB is a paid consultant for Abbvie, Gilead, Freedom Tunnel, Pinetree therapeutics Primmune, Immunome and Flambeau Diagnostics, is a paid member of the DSMB for Corvus Pharmaceuticals, Equilium, and Excision Biotherapeutics, has received fees for speaking for Reach MD and Medscape, owns equity for scientific advisory work in Zentalis and nference, and is founder and President of Splissen Therapeutics. MDS received grant funding from Pfizer via Duke University for a vaccine side effect registry. JH, JCO, AV, MDS and ADB are employees of the Mayo Clinic. The Mayo Clinic may stand to gain financially from the successful outcome of the research. This research has been reviewed by the Mayo Clinic Conflict of Interest Review Board and is being conducted in compliance with Mayo Clinic Conflict of Interest policies.Funding StatementNo external funding was received for this study.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight ody that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:This study was reviewed and approved by the Mayo Clinic Institutional Review Board (IRB 20-003278) as a minimal risk study. Subjects were excluded if they did not have a research authorization on file. The approved IRB was titled: Study of COVID-19 patient characteristics with augmented curation of Electronic Health Records (EHR) to inform strategic and operational decisions with the Mayo Clinic. The study was deemed exempt by the Mayo Clinic Institutional Review Board and waived from consent. The following resource provides further information on the Mayo Clinic Institutional Review Board and adherence to basic ethical principles underlying the conduct of research, and ensuring that the rights and well-being of potential research subjects are adequately protected: www.mayo.edu/research/institutional-review-board/overview.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAfter publication, the data will be made available upon reasonable requests to the corresponding author. A proposal with a detailed description of study objectives and the statistical analysis plan will be needed for evaluation of the reasonability of requests. Deidentified data will be provided after approval from the corresponding author and the Mayo Clinic. AD - nference, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. | Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55902, USA. AN - 34401884 AU - Puranik, Arjun | Lenehan, Patrick J. | Silvert, Eli | Niesen, Michiel J. M. | Corchado-Garcia, Juan | O’Horo, John C. | Virk, Abinash | Swift, Melanie D. | Halamka, John | Badley, Andrew D. | Venkatakrishnan, A. J. | Soundararajan, Venky C1 - 2021-08-20 C2 - Variants CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08202021_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 9 DO - 10.1101/2021.08.06.21261707 ET - 2021/08/18 L1 - internal-pdf://3633181891/Puranik-2021-Comparison of two highly-effectiv.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Puranik, Arjun | Lenehan, Patrick J | Silvert, Eli | Niesen, Michiel J M | Corchado-Garcia, Juan | O'Horo, John C | Virk, Abinash | Swift, Melanie D | Halamka, John | Badley, Andrew D | Venkatakrishnan, A J | Soundararajan, Venky | eng | R01 AI110173/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | R01 AI120698/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | R56 AI120698/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | Preprint | medRxiv. 2021 Aug 9. doi: 10.1101/2021.08.06.21261707. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In matched cohorts of vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals from Minnesota (n = 25,869/group), vaccine effectiveness (VE) against SARS-CoV-2 infection appeared to decrease after Delta (B.1.617.2) became the dominant variant in July 2021, to 76% (95% CI 58%-87%) with mRNA-1273 (Moderna) and 42% (95% CI 13%-62%) with BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech). Persons vaccinated with mRNA-1273 had lower odds of breakthrough infection compared to BNT162b2 (incidence rate ratio = 0.50, 95% CI 0.39-0.64), but VE remained high (�?5%) against severe COVID-19 requiring hospitalization or intensive care unit admission. No deaths occurred in either vaccinated cohort. SP - 2021.08.06.21261707 ST - Comparison of two highly-effective mRNA vaccines for COVID-19 during periods of Alpha and Delta variant prevalence T2 - medRxiv TI - Comparison of two highly-effective mRNA vaccines for COVID-19 during periods of Alpha and Delta variant prevalence UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/08/08/2021.08.06.21261707.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/08/21/2021.08.06.21261707.full.pdf ID - 2243 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle. | Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle. | Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington. AN - 32697321 AU - McCulloch, D. J. | Kim, A. E. | Wilcox, N. C. | Logue, J. K. | Greninger, A. L. | Englund, J. A. | Chu, H. Y. C1 - 2020-07-31 C2 - Laboratory Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/073120_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.16382 ET - 2020/07/23 IS - 7 KW - Betacoronavirus/*isolation & purification | Covid-19 | Clinical Laboratory Techniques/methods/trends | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis/epidemiology/virology | Cross-Sectional Studies | Humans | Nasal Cavity/virology | Nasopharynx/virology | Observational Studies as Topic | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis/epidemiology/virology | Reagent Kits, Diagnostic/standards/supply & distribution | SARS-CoV-2 | Specimen Handling/methods/statistics & numerical data/*trends | Viral Load/instrumentation L1 - internal-pdf://1928021748/McCulloch-2020-Comparison of Unsupervised Home.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - McCulloch, Denise J; Kim, Ashley E; Wilcox, Naomi C; Logue, Jennifer K; Greninger, Alex L; Englund, Janet A; Chu, Helen Y; eng; T32 AI007044/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Comparative Study; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Jul 1;3(7):e2016382. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.16382. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 41 (22.2%) participants had SARS-CoV-2 positive test results via clinician-collected NP swab, self-collected mid-nasal swab, or both (Table). | Sensitivity self-collected swabs was 80.0% (95% CI 63%-91%); Specificity of self-collected swabs was 97.9% (95% CI 94%-99.5%). | Ct values (i.e., viral burden) of self-collected swabs were highly correlated with those of clinician-collected swabs (R = 0.81; p <0.001) (Figure). | Methods: Cross-sectional study of symptomatic patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (n = 27) and symptomatic health care workers (n = 158), comparing performance of home self-collected swab with clinician-collected NP swabs for RT-PCR testing for SARS-CoV-2, between March 31 and April 13, 2020. Limitations: Relatively small sample; health care workers might have been unusually proficient at self-collected swabs, 1-day average delay in processing self-collected specimens might lead to false-negative test results. | Implications: Detection of SARS-CoV-2 using self-collected mid-nasal swabs was comparable to clinician-collected NP swabs. This approach may be safe and scalable, enabling increased access to testing. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e2016382 ST - Comparison of Unsupervised Home Self-collected Midnasal Swabs With Clinician-Collected Nasopharyngeal Swabs for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Infection T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Comparison of Unsupervised Home Self-collected Midnasal Swabs With Clinician-Collected Nasopharyngeal Swabs for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Infection UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32697321 VL - 3 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 612 ER - TY - JOUR AD - FXB Center for Health and Human Rights, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. | Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. | Population Health Sciences Department, Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts. | Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. AN - 32721026 AU - Cowger, T. L. | Davis, B. A. | Etkins, O. S. | Makofane, K. | Lawrence, J. A. | Bassett, M. T. | Krieger, N. C1 - 2020-08-07 C2 - Racial and Ethnic Disparities CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/080720_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.16933 ET - 2020/07/29 IS - 7 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S./statistics & numerical data | Continental Population Groups/statistics & numerical data | Coronavirus Infections/*ethnology/mortality | Cross-Sectional Studies | Data Collection/*methods | Ethnic Groups/statistics & numerical data | *Health Status Disparities | Humans | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*ethnology/mortality | SARS-CoV-2 | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://0688790368/Cowger-2020-Comparison of Weighted and Unweigh.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | N1 - Cowger, Tori L; Davis, Brigette A; Etkins, Onisha S; Makofane, Keletso; Lawrence, Jourdyn A; Bassett, Mary T; Krieger, Nancy; eng; Comparative Study; Letter; JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Jul 1;3(7):e2016933. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.16933. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Estimates by race/ethnicity based on population distributions weighted by number of COVID-19 deaths underestimate disparities compared with unweighted estimates because COVID-19 deaths are disproportionately concentrated in areas with higher proportions of racial and ethnic minorities, compared with the distribution of the overall population (Table). | According to unweighted estimates, Black people are overrepresented in COVID-19 deaths by 9.9% (22.4% of deaths versus 12.5% of the US population), compared with 4.2% by weighted estimates (Table). | According to unweighted estimates, White people are underrepresented in COVID-19 deaths by 8.1% (52.3% of deaths versus 60.4% of the US population), compared to overrepresented by 10.9% by weighted estimates. | Methods: Cross-sectional study of 54,861 COVID-19 deaths in the US as of May 13, 2020 using publicly available, aggregate data. Estimates of distribution of COVID-19 deaths by race/ethnicity were compared for two sources: data from the National Center of Health Statistics, which weighs each county’s population by its share of COVID-19 deaths, and US Census data, which are unweighted by share of COVID-19 deaths. Limitations: The impact of weighting is influenced by changes in the distribution of COVID-19 rates across time in the US. | Implications for 2 studies (Adhikari et al. and Cowger et al.): Racial and ethnic minorities continue to bear a disproportionate burden of COVID infections and deaths, and weighting schemes that are based on COVID-19 rates and that are also associated with racial and ethnic population distributions might bias disparity estimates. Accurately quantifying excess burden will assist public health authorities in designing and targeting prevention appropriately. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e2016933 ST - Comparison of Weighted and Unweighted Population Data to Assess Inequities in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Deaths by Race/Ethnicity Reported by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Comparison of Weighted and Unweighted Population Data to Assess Inequities in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Deaths by Race/Ethnicity Reported by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32721026 VL - 3 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 655 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Remdesivir, a nucleotide analogue prodrug that inhibits viral RNA polymerases, has shown in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2. METHODS: We provided remdesivir on a compassionate-use basis to patients hospitalized with Covid-19, the illness caused by infection with SARS-CoV-2. Patients were those with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who had an oxygen saturation of 94% or less while they were breathing ambient air or who were receiving oxygen support. Patients received a 10-day course of remdesivir, consisting of 200 mg administered intravenously on day 1, followed by 100 mg daily for the remaining 9 days of treatment. This report is based on data from patients who received remdesivir during the period from January 25, 2020, through March 7, 2020, and have clinical data for at least 1 subsequent day. RESULTS: Of the 61 patients who received at least one dose of remdesivir, data from 8 could not be analyzed (including 7 patients with no post-treatment data and 1 with a dosing error). Of the 53 patients whose data were analyzed, 22 were in the United States, 22 in Europe or Canada, and 9 in Japan. At baseline, 30 patients (57%) were receiving mechanical ventilation and 4 (8%) were receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. During a median follow-up of 18 days, 36 patients (68%) had an improvement in oxygen-support class, including 17 of 30 patients (57%) receiving mechanical ventilation who were extubated. A total of 25 patients (47%) were discharged, and 7 patients (13%) died; mortality was 18% (6 of 34) among patients receiving invasive ventilation and 5% (1 of 19) among those not receiving invasive ventilation. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of patients hospitalized for severe Covid-19 who were treated with compassionate-use remdesivir, clinical improvement was observed in 36 of 53 patients (68%). Measurement of efficacy will require ongoing randomized, placebo-controlled trials of remdesivir therapy. (Funded by Gilead Sciences.). AD - From Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (J.G.), El Camino Hospital, Mountain View (D.S., D. Chelliah), Sutter Santa Rosa Regional Hospital, Santa Rosa (G.G.), Regional Medical Center (A.S., J.R.) and Good Samaritan Hospital (S.M.), San Jose, John Muir Health, Walnut Creek (J.B.), UC Davis Health, Sacramento (S.H.C.), NorthBay Medical Center, Fairfield (S.I.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.O., A.D., Y.Z., L.Z., A. Chokkalingam, E.E., L. Telep, L. Timbs, I.H., S.S., H.C., S.K.T., L.W., P.D., R.M., A.G., R.P.M., D.M.B.) - all in California; the National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo (N.O.), Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center, Urayasu City (R.O.), Hiratsuka City Hospital, Hiratsuka (K.Y.), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama (H.K.), Gunma University Hospital, Gunma (T.M.), and Tosei General Hospital, Seto (Y.M.) - all in Japan; Providence Regional Medical Center Everett, Everett (G.D.), and University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest (M.L.G.) and Virginia Mason Medical Center (S. Chihara), Seattle - all in Washington; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia (E.A.), IRCCS, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (A. Castagna) and Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale Spedali (ASST) Santi Paolo e Carlo, Department of Health Services, University of Milan (A.D.M.), Milan, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, L. Spallanzani, Rome (E.N.), Universita degli Study of Brescia, ASST Civili di Brescia, Brescia (E.Q.-R.), San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza (G.L.), and Azienda Unite Sanitarie Locali-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia (M.M.) - all in Italy; Universitatsklinikum Dusseldorf, Dusseldorf, Germany (T. Feldt); Universite de Paris, Infection, Antimicrobiens, Modelisation, Evolution (IAME), INSERM, and Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Department of Infectious Diseases, Bichat Hospital, Paris (F.-X.L.), Centre Hospitalier Regional et Universitaire de Brest-La Cavale Blanche, Brest (E.L.), and Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux (D.N.) - all in France; St. Alexius Medical Center, Hoffman Estates, IL (S.A.); Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, ON, Canada (D. Chen); Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York (J.C.); Hospital Universitario La Paz-Carlos III, Instituto de Investigacion Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid (M.M.-R.); Bernhoven Hospital, Uden, the Netherlands (E.V.); Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna (A.Z.); the U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Washington, DC (R.C.); and Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (T. Flanigan). AN - 32275812 AU - Grein, J. | Ohmagari, N. | Shin, D. | Diaz, G. | Asperges, E. | Castagna, A. | Feldt, T. | Green, G. | Green, M. L. | Lescure, F. X. | Nicastri, E. | Oda, R. | Yo, K. | Quiros-Roldan, E. | Studemeister, A. | Redinski, J. | Ahmed, S. | Bernett, J. | Chelliah, D. | Chen, D. | Chihara, S. | Cohen, S. H. | Cunningham, J. | D'Arminio Monforte, A. | Ismail, S. | Kato, H. | Lapadula, G. | L'Her, E. | Maeno, T. | Majumder, S. | Massari, M. | Mora-Rillo, M. | Mutoh, Y. | Nguyen, D. | Verweij, E. | Zoufaly, A. | Osinusi, A. O. | DeZure, A. | Zhao, Y. | Zhong, L. | Chokkalingam, A. | Elboudwarej, E. | Telep, L. | Timbs, L. | Henne, I. | Sellers, S. | Cao, H. | Tan, S. K. | Winterbourne, L. | Desai, P. | Mera, R. | Gaggar, A. | Myers, R. P. | Brainard, D. M. | Childs, R. | Flanigan, T. C1 - 2020-04-14 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/041420_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 11 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2007016 ET - 2020/04/11 IS - 24 KW - Adenosine Monophosphate/adverse effects/*analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use | Administration, Intravenous | Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Alanine/adverse effects/*analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use | Antiviral Agents/adverse effects/*therapeutic use | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Canada | *Compassionate Use Trials | Coronavirus Infections/*drug therapy/mortality | Europe | Female | Humans | Japan | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*drug therapy/mortality | Respiration, Artificial | SARS-CoV-2 | United States | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://1653599707/Grein-2020-Compassionate Use of Remdesivir for.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Grein, Jonathan; Ohmagari, Norio; Shin, Daniel; Diaz, George; Asperges, Erika; Castagna, Antonella; Feldt, Torsten; Green, Gary; Green, Margaret L; Lescure, Francois-Xavier; Nicastri, Emanuele; Oda, Rentaro; Yo, Kikuo; Quiros-Roldan, Eugenia; Studemeister, Alex; Redinski, John; Ahmed, Seema; Bernett, Jorge; Chelliah, Daniel; Chen, Danny; Chihara, Shingo; Cohen, Stuart H; Cunningham, Jennifer; D'Arminio Monforte, Antonella; Ismail, Saad; Kato, Hideaki; Lapadula, Giuseppe; L'Her, Erwan; Maeno, Toshitaka; Majumder, Sumit; Massari, Marco; Mora-Rillo, Marta; Mutoh, Yoshikazu; Nguyen, Duc; Verweij, Ewa; Zoufaly, Alexander; Osinusi, Anu O; DeZure, Adam; Zhao, Yang; Zhong, Lijie; Chokkalingam, Anand; Elboudwarej, Emon; Telep, Laura; Timbs, Leighann; Henne, Ilana; Sellers, Scott; Cao, Huyen; Tan, Susanna K; Winterbourne, Lucinda; Desai, Polly; Mera, Robertino; Gaggar, Anuj; Myers, Robert P; Brainard, Diana M; Childs, Richard; Flanigan, Timothy; eng; N/A/Gilead Sciences/International; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; N Engl J Med. 2020 Jun 11;382(24):2327-2336. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2007016. Epub 2020 Apr 10. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among COVID-19 patients who received at least one remdesivir dose (n = 53), 68% showed improvement in oxygenation during the 2�? weeks after the first dose; improvement was primarily among those with milder disease. | Among the 53 assessed patients, 23% developed liver dysfunction and 8% developed kidney dysfunction; 13% (n = 7) died after remdesivir completion. | Four patients discontinued remdesivir early because of worsening kidney failure (n = 1), multiorgan system failure (n = 1), or liver dysfunction (n = 2). | Methods: Description of 61 hospitalized COVID-19 patients (n = 53 analyzed) who received at least one dose of a 10-day remdesivir course (200 mg IV for one day, 100 mg IV daily for nine days) available for compassionate use in 9 countries. Forty received the full remdesivir course. Limitations: Lack of a control group; not randomized; no explanation of how patients were chosen for remdesivir; variation in length of remdesivir therapy; remdesivir was started late in disease course (median 12 days); viral load not reported; exclusion of 8 patients, 7 of whom had no data after day 1; limited baseline data on clinical severity; unclear if adverse events due to COVID-19 or remdesivir; remdesivir manufacturer participated substantially in manuscript creation. | Implications: Remdesivir might be safe in patients with severe COVID-19. However, interpretations of safety are limited by substantial methodologic shortcomings. Data from ongoing randomized, placebo-control trialsexternal icon are needed. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 2327-2336 ST - Compassionate Use of Remdesivir for Patients with Severe Covid-19 T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Compassionate Use of Remdesivir for Patients with Severe Covid-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32275812 VL - 382 ID - 44 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Remdesivir is efficacious for severe COVID-19 in adults, but data in pregnant women are limited. We describe outcomes in the first 86 pregnant women with severe COVID-19 who were treated with remdesivir. METHODS: Reported data span March 21 to June 16, 2020 for hospitalized pregnant women with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and room air oxygen saturation 10-fold reduction (Figure). | E484 mutations were found in 0.11% of sequenced isolates in the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAIDexternal icon) library (Figure). | Impact of mutations on neutralization activity varied markedly across individuals and sometimes in the same individual over time. | Methods: Mapped SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD amino-acid mutations that substantially affected binding by antibodies from 35 plasma samples longitudinally collected from 17 SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals between 15 and 121 days post-symptom onset. Determined frequency of mapped mutations in circulating isolates of SARS-CoV-2 as recorded in GISAIDexternal icon as of December 23, 2020. Limitations: Only examined mutations to the RBD; small donor sample. | Implications for both studies (Greaney et al. & Andreano et al.): A first case of reinfection with the E484K variant of SARS-CoV-2 was recently reported in Brazil (Nonaka et alexternal icon.). Another recent paper (Kemp et al.external icon) suggests selection pressure on SARS-CoV-2 during convalescent plasma therapy might be associated with emergence of viral variants. Because we are now seeing variants that can evade immune defenses, new monoclonal antibody therapies and possibly new vaccines against emerging variants may be needed. There is an urgent need for widespread uptake of comprehensive prevention measures to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission. We should not rely on vaccination alone. SP - 2020.12.31.425021 ST - Comprehensive mapping of mutations to the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain that affect recognition by polyclonal human serum antibodies T2 - bioRxiv TI - Comprehensive mapping of mutations to the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain that affect recognition by polyclonal human serum antibodies TT - Published article: Comprehensive mapping of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain that affect recognition by polyclonal human plasma antibodies UR - https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2021/01/04/2020.12.31.425021.full.pdf ID - 1409 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Our Australian hospital tested almost 22 000 symptomatic people over 11 weeks for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Following travel bans and physical distancing, SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses diagnoses fell dramatically. Increasing rhinovirus diagnoses as social control measures were relaxed may indirectly indicate an elevated risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) resurgence. AD - Department of Infectious Diseases, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia. | Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia. | Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, Australia. AN - 32841316 AU - Marriott, D. | Beresford, R. | Mirdad, F. | Stark, D. | Glanville, A. | Chapman, S. | Harkness, J. | Dore, G. J. | Andresen, D. | Matthews, G. V. C1 - 2020-09-04 C2 - COVID-19 and Other Respiratory Infections CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090420_covidupdate.html DA - May 18 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa1256 ET - 2020/08/26 IS - 10 KW - Australia/epidemiology | *covid-19 | Hospitals | Humans | Prevalence | Public Health | *SARS-CoV-2 | *SARS CoV-2 | *influenza | *public health | *screening L1 - internal-pdf://4272497515/Marriott-2020-Concomitant marked decline in pr.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Marriott, Deborah; Beresford, Rohan; Mirdad, Feras; Stark, Damien; Glanville, Allan; Chapman, Scott; Harkness, Jock; Dore, Gregory J; Andresen, David; Matthews, Gail V; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2021 May 18;72(10):e649-e651. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1256. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The proportion of persons testing positive for any respiratory pathogen declined markedly, from 32.5% in week one to 3.1% in week eight following travel bans and physical distancing, and rising again to 12.9% in week 11 as social control measures were relaxed (p <0.001 for each subsequent week, compared to baseline), (Figure). | Rhinovirus declined from 19.9% to 1.7%, then rose again to 11.8% by late May. | Parainfluenza declined from 3.0% to 0.1%. | Non-SARS-COV-2 coronaviruses declined from 2.3% to <0.1%. | Among persons with SARS-CoV-2, 5% had co-infection with other respiratory pathogens, rhinovirus most commonly. No persons were coinfected with SARS-CoV-2 and other non-pandemic coronaviruses. | Methods: Australian study of 21,808 persons with respiratory symptoms, contact with persons with SARS-CoV-2, or who were healthcare workers tested between March 12 and May 27, 2020. Testing for SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory infections was performed with a multiplex PCR assay during introduction and subsequent relaxation of social and physical protection controls. Limitations: SARS-CoV-2 testing criteria changed during the study period; results might not be generalizable; unable to determine which protective measures affected epidemiology of infection; limited co-infection data. | Implications of both studies (Young et al. & Marriot et al.): These studies as well as a Research Letter by Wong et al. demonstrate that implementation of protective measures during the COVID-19 pandemic might have had an important impact on prevalence of respiratory infections, including seasonal influenza and SARS-CoV-2. Changes in the prevalence of circulating respiratory viruses might provide a useful indicator of success of ongoing measures, including physical distancing restrictions. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - e649-e651 ST - Concomitant Marked Decline in Prevalence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Other Respiratory Viruses Among Symptomatic Patients Following Public Health Interventions in Australia: Data from St Vincent's Hospital and Associated Screening Clinics, Sydney, NSW T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Concomitant Marked Decline in Prevalence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Other Respiratory Viruses Among Symptomatic Patients Following Public Health Interventions in Australia: Data from St Vincent's Hospital and Associated Screening Clinics, Sydney, NSW UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32841316 VL - 72 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 836 ER - TY - JOUR AB - INTRODUCTION: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel virus causing an ongoing pandemic in 2020. Although the symptomatic patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 generally show respiratory distress, atypical manifestations such as conjunctivitis are also observed. A series of cases are reported in which reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing on tears had demonstrated the presence of the virus. However, the transmission of the virus through ocular fluids remains unknown. CASE DESCRIPTION: In this case report, the development of conjunctivitis is presented as the sole symptom of a new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in an emergency health care worker. The patient's first application was to the ophthalmology clinic due to redness, stinging, tearing, and photophobia for one day in the right eye. The patient had no symptoms of fever, cough, shortness of breath, or fatigue. Two days later, the RT-PCR test, blood analysis, and chest computed tomography (CT) were applied to the patient for being in contact with a COVID positive patient. Conjunctival swabs did not identify SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR. However, nasopharyngeal swab and blood test confirmed the diagnosis of COVID-19. Chest CT did not show pneumonia. CONCLUSION: This phenomenon shows that conjunctivitis may occur as a sole manifestation of COVID-19 which needs to be carefully evaluated by health care workers and eye care professionals during the pandemic. AD - Department of Ophthalmology, Baskent University Istanbul Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey. AN - 32703010 AU - Ozturker, Z. K. C1 - 2020-08-04 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/080420_covidupdate.html DA - Mar DO - 10.1177/1120672120946287 ET - 2020/07/25 IS - 2 KW - Administration, Ophthalmic | Adult | Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use | COVID-19/*diagnosis/drug therapy | COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing | Conjunctivitis, Viral/*diagnosis/drug therapy | Eye Infections, Viral/*diagnosis/drug therapy | Humans | Male | Moxifloxacin/therapeutic use | Nurses | Occupational Exposure | Ophthalmic Solutions | Pneumonia, Viral/diagnostic imaging | RNA, Viral/analysis | SARS-CoV-2/genetics/*isolation & purification | Tears/virology | Tomography, X-Ray Computed | Covid-19 | Conjunctivitis | SARS-CoV-2 | novel coronavirus | ocular infection L1 - internal-pdf://3009155531/Ozturker-2021-Conjunctivitis as sole symptom o.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Ozturker, Zeynep Kayaarasi; eng; Case Reports; Review; Eur J Ophthalmol. 2021 Mar;31(2):NP161-NP166. doi: 10.1177/1120672120946287. Epub 2020 Jul 24. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A case report of a health care worker diagnosed with COVID-19 who experienced conjunctivitis as only symptom of the disease. SN - 1724-6016 (Electronic); 1120-6721 (Linking) SP - NP161-NP166 ST - Conjunctivitis as sole symptom of COVID-19: A case report and review of literature T2 - Eur J Ophthalmol TI - Conjunctivitis as sole symptom of COVID-19: A case report and review of literature UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32703010 VL - 31 ID - 645 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Five cases of non-remitting conjunctivitis turned out to be the sole presenting sign and symptom of COVID-19. These patients tested positive on RT-PCR of naso-pharyngeal swabs and developed no fever, malaise, or respiratory symptoms throughout the course of their illness. They all fully recovered. In the current efforts to fight the spread of this virus, authors want to emphasize that atypical clinical presentations of COVID-19 can occur and a high level of suspicion should be maintained. Ocular involvement and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 should never be overlooked. In fact, conjunctival mucosae are susceptible to respiratory viruses and remain an important point of entry. For this reason, eye protection in the form of goggles or a face shield should be considered essential for all healthcare providers, even when taking care of patients who are not showing typical symptoms of COVID-19. AD - DIMEC (Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. AN - 32373467 AU - Scalinci, S. Z. | Trovato Battagliola, E. C1 - 2020-05-05 C2 - PMC7195291 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050520_covidupdate.html DA - 2020/01/01/ DO - 10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00774 ET - 2020/05/07 KW - Acute conjunctivitis | Covid 19 | Eyes | SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic L1 - internal-pdf://2638564338/Scalinci-2020-Conjunctivitis can be the only p.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Scalinci, Sergio Zaccaria; Trovato Battagliola, Edoardo; eng; Case Reports; Netherlands; IDCases. 2020;20:e00774. doi: 10.1016/j.idcr.2020.e00774. Epub 2020 Apr 24. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Conjunctivitis (eye redness, watering, discharge, and light sensitivity) was the only symptom among 5 persons with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. | All nasopharyngeal RT-PCR tests were strongly positive (Ct �?2). | Methods: SARS-CoV-2 detected by RT-PCR from NP swabs. Limitation: Limited generalizability. | Implications: Conjunctivitis can be the only symptom of COVID-19. SN - 2214-2509 (Print); 2214-2509 (Linking) SP - e00774 ST - Conjunctivitis can be the only presenting sign and symptom of COVID-19 T2 - IDCases TI - Conjunctivitis can be the only presenting sign and symptom of COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32373467 VL - 20 ID - 141 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Elucidation of the chain of disease transmission and identification of the source of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections are crucial for effective disease containment. We describe an epidemiological investigation that, with use of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) serological assays, established links between three clusters of COVID-19. METHODS: In Singapore, active case-finding and contact tracing were undertaken for all COVID-19 cases. Diagnosis for acute disease was confirmed with RT-PCR testing. When epidemiological information suggested that people might have been nodes of disease transmission but had recovered from illness, SARS-CoV-2 IgG serology testing was used to establish past infection. FINDINGS: Three clusters of COVID-19, comprising 28 locally transmitted cases, were identified in Singapore; these clusters were from two churches (Church A and Church B) and a family gathering. The clusters in Church A and Church B were linked by an individual from Church A (A2), who transmitted SARS-CoV-2 infection to the primary case from Church B (F1) at a family gathering they both attended on Jan 25, 2020. All cases were confirmed by RT-PCR testing because they had active disease, except for A2, who at the time of testing had recovered from their illness and tested negative. This individual was eventually diagnosed with past infection by serological testing. ELISA assays showed an optical density of more than 1.4 for SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein and receptor binding domain antigens in titres up to 1/400, and viral neutralisation was noted in titres up to 1/320. INTERPRETATION: Development and application of a serological assay has helped to establish connections between COVID-19 clusters in Singapore. Serological testing can have a crucial role in identifying convalescent cases or people with milder disease who might have been missed by other surveillance methods. FUNDING: National Research Foundation (Singapore), National Natural Science Foundation (China), and National Medical Research Council (Singapore). AD - Ministry of Health, Singapore; National University Health System, Singapore. | Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore. | Ministry of Health, Singapore; National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore. | Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, Singapore. | Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, Singapore; Singapore Clinical Research Institute, Singapore; Ministry of Health Office for Healthcare Transformation, Singapore. | Ministry of Health, Singapore. | National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, Singapore. | National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore; Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore. | Ministry of Health, Singapore; National University Health System, Singapore; National University of Singapore, Singapore. | Ministry of Health, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, Singapore. Electronic address: vernon_lee@moh.gov.sg. AN - 32330439 AU - Yong, S. E. F. | Anderson, D. E. | Wei, W. E. | Pang, J. | Chia, W. N. | Tan, C. W. | Teoh, Y. L. | Rajendram, P. | Toh, Mphs | Poh, C. | Koh, V. T. J. | Lum, J. | Suhaimi, N. M. | Chia, P. Y. | Chen, M. I. | Vasoo, S. | Ong, B. | Leo, Y. S. | Wang, L. | Lee, V. J. M. C1 - 2020-05-01 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050120_covidupdate.html DA - Jul DO - 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30273-5 ET - 2020/04/25 IS - 7 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Cluster Analysis | Contact Tracing | Coronavirus Infections/blood/*epidemiology/*immunology | Humans | Immunoglobulin G/*blood/immunology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/blood/*epidemiology/*immunology | Population Surveillance | SARS-CoV-2 | Serologic Tests | Singapore/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://4165603877/Yong-2020-Connecting clusters of COVID-19_ an.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Yong, Sarah Ee Fang; Anderson, Danielle Elizabeth; Wei, Wycliffe E; Pang, Junxiong; Chia, Wan Ni; Tan, Chee Wah; Teoh, Yee Leong; Rajendram, Priyanka; Toh, Matthias Paul Han Sim; Poh, Cuiqin; Koh, Valerie T J; Lum, Joshua; Suhaimi, Nur-Afidah Md; Chia, Po Ying; Chen, Mark I-Cheng; Vasoo, Shawn; Ong, Benjamin; Leo, Yee Sin; Wang, Linfa; Lee, Vernon J M; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Jul;20(7):809-815. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30273-5. Epub 2020 Apr 21. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Three clusters �?comprised of 30 COVID-19 cases �?were identified through contact tracing and testing: two in churches (Church A and Church B) and one at a family gathering. | Included two cases who travelled to Wuhan, China prior to attending Church A (Figure); The link between Church A and Church B was identified through serological testing of a person who was RT-PCR negative for SARS-CoV-2 having recovered from prior infection. | Methods: Between January 31 and April 6, 2020, investigators in Singapore used a combination of RT-PCR, serological testing, and contact tracing to identify and confirm COVID-19 cases; find cases among close contacts; and establish links between cases. For the 3 COVID-19 clusters discovered, a transmission map was constructed. | Implications: Using a multipronged approach with both laboratory testing and contact tracing is important for identifying and breaking SARS-CoV-2 transmission chains. Without the inclusion of serological testing, the link between Church A and Church B may not have been identified. SN - 1474-4457 (Electronic); 1473-3099 (Linking) SP - 809-815 ST - Connecting clusters of COVID-19: an epidemiological and serological investigation T2 - Lancet Infect Dis TI - Connecting clusters of COVID-19: an epidemiological and serological investigation UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32330439 VL - 20 Y2 - 2021/05/12 ID - 119 ER - TY - JOUR AB - During Chicago’s initial COVID-19 vaccine rollout, the city disproportionately allocated vaccines to zip codes with high incomes and predominantly White populations. However, the impact of this inequitable distribution on COVID-19 outcomes is unknown. This observational study determined the association between zip-code level vaccination rate and COVID-19 mortality in residents of 52 Chicago zip codes. After controlling for age distribution and recovery from infection, a 10% higher vaccination rate by March 28, 2021, was associated with a 39% lower relative risk of death during the peak of the spring wave of COVID-19. Using a difference-in-difference analysis, Chicago could have prevented an estimated 72% of deaths in the least vaccinated quartile of the city (vaccination rates of 17.8 �?26.9%) if it had had the same vaccination rate as the most vaccinated quartile (39.9 �?49.3%). Inequitable vaccine allocation in Chicago likely exacerbated existing racial disparities in COVID-19 mortality.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementSupport was provided by the National Institute on Aging to Sharon Zeng as part of the Pritzker Summer Research Program in Aging. William Parker was supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K08 HL150291).Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:This study was a secondary analysis of publicly available, de-identified data and was granted exemption status by the University of Chicago Biological Sciences Division/University of Chicago Medical Center Institutional Review BoardAll necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThe data used in this manuscript was is publically available. https://github.com/zengsharon/ChicagoVaccineAllocation https://data.cityofchicago.org/browse?limitTo=datasets&sortBy=alpha&tags=covid-19 AU - Zeng, Sharon | Pelzer, Kenley M. | Gibbons, Robert D. | Peek, Monica E. | Parker, William F. C1 - 2021-10-01 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10012021_covidupdate.html#anchor_HealthEquity DO - 10.1101/2021.09.22.21263984 L1 - internal-pdf://3991688371/Zeng-2021-Consequences of COVID-19 vaccine all.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The percentage of Chicago residents identifying as non-Hispanic/Latino Black was 80% in the least vaccinated ZIP codes and 8% in ZIP codes with highest vaccination coverage. | Lower ZIP-code level vaccination coverage was significantly correlated with greater COVID-19 deaths. | 72% of deaths among Chicago residents in ZIP codes with the lowest quartile of vaccination coverage could have been prevented if vaccination coverage was similar to vaccine coverage in the highest quartile ZIP codes. | Methods: Ecological ZIP code-level analysis of COVID-19-associated cases, deaths, and 1st-dose vaccination coverage (as of March 28, 2021) in Chicago, August 2020—June 2021. ZIP codes were grouped by (1) lowest quartile of vaccine coverage, (2) middle 2 quartiles, and (3) highest quartile. Limitations: Population characteristics of ZIP codes can be heterogenous; ecological design limits controlling for individual-level factors. | | Implications for Liao and Zeng et al.: Communities in Chicago and other Illinois counties experienced unequal COVID-19 vaccine coverage. Reducing disproportionate morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 may require vaccination strategies that are informed by community social and economic needs. SP - 2021.09.22.21263984 ST - Consequences of COVID-19 vaccine allocation inequity in Chicago T2 - medRxiv TI - Consequences of COVID-19 vaccine allocation inequity in Chicago UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/09/23/2021.09.22.21263984.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/09/23/2021.09.22.21263984.full.pdf ID - 2398 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Infectious Diseases Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Infectious Diseases Unit, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia. Electronic address: nigel.curtis@rch.org.au. | The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. | Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Immunology and Metabolism, Life & Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. AN - 32359402 AU - Curtis, N. | Sparrow, A. | Ghebreyesus, T. A. | Netea, M. G. C1 - 2020-05-12 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051220_covidupdate.html DA - May 16 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31025-4 ET - 2020/05/04 IS - 10236 KW - *BCG Vaccine | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus Infections | Humans | *Immunity, Heterologous | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral | Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://1686644906/Curtis-2020-Considering BCG vaccination to red.pdf LA - en LB - Vaccines | N1 - Curtis, Nigel; Sparrow, Annie; Ghebreyesus, Tedros A; Netea, Mihai G; eng; Letter; England; Lancet. 2020 May 16;395(10236):1545-1546. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31025-4. Epub 2020 Apr 30. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Lead investigators of 2 BCG vaccine clinical trials in Australiaexternal icon and Netherlands external iconexplain how the BCG vaccine may protect against severe COVID-19. SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 1545-1546 ST - Considering BCG vaccination to reduce the impact of COVID-19 T2 - Lancet TI - Considering BCG vaccination to reduce the impact of COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32359402 VL - 395 Y2 - 2021/05/12 ID - 176 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A male bias in mortality has emerged in the COVID-19 pandemic, which is consistent with the pathogenesis of other viral infections. Biological sex differences may manifest themselves in susceptibility to infection, early pathogenesis, innate viral control, adaptive immune responses or the balance of inflammation and tissue repair in the resolution of infection. We discuss available sex-disaggregated epidemiological data from the COVID-19 pandemic, introduce sex-differential features of immunity and highlight potential sex differences underlying COVID-19 severity. We propose that sex differences in immunopathogenesis will inform mechanisms of COVID-19, identify points for therapeutic intervention and improve vaccine design and increase vaccine efficacy. AD - Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. | Institute of Gender and Health, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. | Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. | Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Geriatrie de Montreal, Faculte de Medecine, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. | Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. sklein2@jhu.edu. | W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. sklein2@jhu.edu. AN - 32528136 AU - Scully, E. P. | Haverfield, J. | Ursin, R. L. | Tannenbaum, C. | Klein, S. L. C1 - 2020-06-23 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/062320_covidupdate.html DA - Jul DO - 10.1038/s41577-020-0348-8 ET - 2020/06/13 IS - 7 KW - Adaptive Immunity | Age Factors | Betacoronavirus/physiology | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/immunology/pathology/physiopathology | Female | Humans | Interferons/immunology | Male | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/immunology/pathology/physiopathology | SARS-CoV-2 | Severity of Illness Index | Sex Factors | Sociological Factors L1 - internal-pdf://0995242467/Scully-2020-Considering how biological sex imp.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Scully, Eileen P; Haverfield, Jenna; Ursin, Rebecca L; Tannenbaum, Cara; Klein, Sabra L; eng; T32 AI007417/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; U54 AG062333/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; Review; England; Nat Rev Immunol. 2020 Jul;20(7):442-447. doi: 10.1038/s41577-020-0348-8. Epub 2020 Jun 11. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Thorough review of biological sex, immune responses, and differential COVID-19 outcomes by biological sex. SN - 1474-1741 (Electronic); 1474-1733 (Linking) SP - 442-447 ST - Considering how biological sex impacts immune responses and COVID-19 outcomes T2 - Nat Rev Immunol TI - Considering how biological sex impacts immune responses and COVID-19 outcomes UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32528136 VL - 20 ID - 417 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Risk for transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to close contacts of infected persons has not been well estimated. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the risk for transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to close contacts in different settings. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Close contacts of persons infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Guangzhou, China. PARTICIPANTS: 3410 close contacts of 391 index cases were traced between 13 January and 6 March 2020. Data on the setting of the exposure, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction testing, and clinical characteristics of index and secondary cases were collected. MEASUREMENT: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases were confirmed by guidelines issued by China. Secondary attack rates in different settings were calculated. RESULTS: Among 3410 close contacts, 127 (3.7% [95% CI, 3.1% to 4.4%]) were secondarily infected. Of these 127 persons, 8 (6.3% [CI, 2.1% to 10.5%]) were asymptomatic. Of the 119 symptomatic cases, 20 (16.8%) were defined as mild, 87 (73.1%) as moderate, and 12 (10.1%) as severe or critical. Compared with the household setting (10.3%), the secondary attack rate was lower for exposures in health care settings (1.0%; odds ratio [OR], 0.09 [CI, 0.04 to 0.20]) and on public transportation (0.1%; OR, 0.01 [CI, 0.00 to 0.08]). The secondary attack rate increased with the severity of index cases, from 0.3% (CI, 0.0% to 1.0%) for asymptomatic to 3.3% (CI, 1.8% to 4.8%) for mild, 5.6% (CI, 4.4% to 6.8%) for moderate, and 6.2% (CI, 3.2% to 9.1%) for severe or critical cases. Index cases with expectoration were associated with higher risk for secondary infection (13.6% vs. 3.0% for index cases without expectoration; OR, 4.81 [CI, 3.35 to 6.93]). LIMITATION: There was potential recall bias regarding symptom onset among patients with COVID-19, and the symptoms and severity of index cases were not assessed at the time of exposure to contacts. CONCLUSION: Household contact was the main setting for transmission of SARS-CoV-2, and the risk for transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among close contacts increased with the severity of index cases. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: Guangdong Province Higher Vocational Colleges and Schools Pearl River Scholar Funded Scheme. AD - Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China (L.L., X.L., Q.J., F.L., H.B., J.L., W.Z., Z.H., Y.M.). | School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China (D.L., X.W., J.Z., Z.L., W.S., Z.W., X.Z., Q.H., P.C., H.L., X.C., M.C., P.Y., X.Y., C.M.). | State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (S.Y.). | Clinical Data Center and Guangdong Provincial Children's Medical Research Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China (J.T.). AN - 32790510 AU - Luo, L. | Liu, D. | Liao, X. | Wu, X. | Jing, Q. | Zheng, J. | Liu, F. | Yang, S. | Bi, H. | Li, Z. | Liu, J. | Song, W. | Zhu, W. | Wang, Z. | Zhang, X. | Huang, Q. | Chen, P. | Liu, H. | Cheng, X. | Cai, M. | Yang, P. | Yang, X. | Han, Z. | Tang, J. | Ma, Y. | Mao, C. C1 - 2020-08-25 C2 - Secondary Infections from Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in Different Settings CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082520_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 1 DO - 10.7326/M20-2671 ET - 2020/08/14 IS - 11 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | COVID-19/epidemiology/*transmission | COVID-19 Testing | Child | Child, Preschool | China/epidemiology | *Contact Tracing | Female | Humans | Incidence | Infant | Infant, Newborn | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Prospective Studies | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | Severity of Illness Index L1 - internal-pdf://1275734159/Luo-2020-Contact Settings and Risk for Transmi.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Luo, Lei; Liu, Dan; Liao, Xinlong; Wu, Xianbo; Jing, Qinlong; Zheng, Jiazhen; Liu, Fanghua; Yang, Shigui; Bi, Hua; Li, Zhihao; Liu, Jianping; Song, Weiqi; Zhu, Wei; Wang, Zhenghe; Zhang, Xiru; Huang, Qingmei; Chen, Peiliang; Liu, Huamin; Cheng, Xin; Cai, Miaochun; Yang, Pei; Yang, Xingfen; Han, Zhigang; Tang, Jinling; Ma, Yu; Mao, Chen; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Ann Intern Med. 2020 Dec 1;173(11):879-887. doi: 10.7326/M20-2671. Epub 2020 Aug 13. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Secondary infection rate (SIR) was 3.7% (127/3,410). | Compared with household contacts, SIR was lower in contacts exposed in healthcare settings, public transportation and entertainment venues or workplaces (Figure 1). | SIR increased with COVID-19 severity in the index case (0.3% for asymptomatic, 3.3% for mild, 5.6% for moderate and 6.2% for severe; p for trend <0.001). | Expectoration (expelling sputum) or fever in the index case was associated with higher risk of infection in close contacts (Figure 2). | Methods: SIR in different exposure settings with association of various characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection among 3410 close contacts of 391 index patients with COVID-19. Limitations: Disease severity in index cases was not assessed at time of exposure to close contacts. | Implications for both studies (Lewis et al. & Luo et al.): Settings with prolonged close proximity with others such as households may facilitate transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Risk of transmission may depend on closeness to a person with COVID-19. Measures to minimize transmission may be needed both in and out of the household, particularly if household members have chronic conditions such as immunocompromise or diabetes. SN - 1539-3704 (Electronic); 0003-4819 (Linking) SP - 879-887 ST - Contact Settings and Risk for Transmission in 3410 Close Contacts of Patients With COVID-19 in Guangzhou, China : A Prospective Cohort Study T2 - Ann Intern Med TI - Contact Settings and Risk for Transmission in 3410 Close Contacts of Patients With COVID-19 in Guangzhou, China : A Prospective Cohort Study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32790510 VL - 173 ID - 759 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: The dynamics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmissibility are yet to be fully understood. Better understanding of the transmission dynamics is important for the development and evaluation of effective control policies. Objective: To delineate the transmission dynamics of COVID-19 and evaluate the transmission risk at different exposure window periods before and after symptom onset. Design, Setting, and Participants: This prospective case-ascertained study in Taiwan included laboratory-confirmed cases of COVID-19 and their contacts. The study period was from January 15 to March 18, 2020. All close contacts were quarantined at home for 14 days after their last exposure to the index case. During the quarantine period, any relevant symptoms (fever, cough, or other respiratory symptoms) of contacts triggered a COVID-19 test. The final follow-up date was April 2, 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures: Secondary clinical attack rate (considering symptomatic cases only) for different exposure time windows of the index cases and for different exposure settings (such as household, family, and health care). Results: We enrolled 100 confirmed patients, with a median age of 44 years (range, 11-88 years), including 44 men and 56 women. Among their 2761 close contacts, there were 22 paired index-secondary cases. The overall secondary clinical attack rate was 0.7% (95% CI, 0.4%-1.0%). The attack rate was higher among the 1818 contacts whose exposure to index cases started within 5 days of symptom onset (1.0% [95% CI, 0.6%-1.6%]) compared with those who were exposed later (0 cases from 852 contacts; 95% CI, 0%-0.4%). The 299 contacts with exclusive presymptomatic exposures were also at risk (attack rate, 0.7% [95% CI, 0.2%-2.4%]). The attack rate was higher among household (4.6% [95% CI, 2.3%-9.3%]) and nonhousehold (5.3% [95% CI, 2.1%-12.8%]) family contacts than that in health care or other settings. The attack rates were higher among those aged 40 to 59 years (1.1% [95% CI, 0.6%-2.1%]) and those aged 60 years and older (0.9% [95% CI, 0.3%-2.6%]). Conclusions and Relevance: In this study, high transmissibility of COVID-19 before and immediately after symptom onset suggests that finding and isolating symptomatic patients alone may not suffice to contain the epidemic, and more generalized measures may be required, such as social distancing. AD - Epidemic Intelligence Center, Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan. | Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan. | Office of Preventive Medicine, Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan. | Global Health Program, National Taiwan University College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan. AN - 32356867 AU - Cheng, H. Y. | Jian, S. W. | Liu, D. P. | Ng, T. C. | Huang, W. T. | Lin, H. H. | Taiwan, Covid-Outbreak Investigation Team C1 - 2020-05-22 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052220_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 1 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.2020 ET - 2020/05/02 IS - 9 KW - Adult | Asymptomatic Infections/*epidemiology | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Communicable Disease Control/*organization & administration | Contact Tracing/*methods | *Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/prevention & control/transmission | *Disease Transmission, Infectious/prevention & control/statistics & numerical | data | Female | Humans | Incidence | Male | *Pandemics/prevention & control | Patient Isolation/methods/statistics & numerical data | *Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/prevention & control/transmission | Prospective Studies | Risk Assessment | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | Taiwan/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://2059959322/Cheng-2020-Contact Tracing Assessment of COVID.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Cheng, Hao-Yuan; Jian, Shu-Wan; Liu, Ding-Ping; Ng, Ta-Chou; Huang, Wan-Ting; Lin, Hsien-Ho; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Sep 1;180(9):1156-1163. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.2020. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 2,761 close contacts of 100 index cases were identified: 5.5% household, 2.8% non-household, and 25.3% healthcare. | 22 secondary cases were identified through contact tracing; four were asymptomatic. | The secondary clinical attack rate (excluding four asymptomatic infections) was 18/2,761 (0.7%), with infections occurring among persons with contact before cases�?symptoms onset, as well as immediately after (Figure). | Methods: Prospective study in Taiwan of 100 index cases with RT-PCR confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and their close contacts. Close contacts were tested for SARS-CoV-2 when symptoms manifested, or they were deemed high risk during their 14-day quarantine period at home. The authors calculated secondary clinical attack rates (ratio of symptomatic confirmed cases among close contacts) for the period from the first day to the last day of exposure to the index case, and for different exposure settings (household, family, health care, and other). Limitations: Incomplete examination of contacts before symptom onset of the index cases. | Implications: SARS-CoV-2 transmission occurred before and immediately after symptom onset. This finding supports efforts to identify contacts exposed prior to illness onset in cases. SN - 2168-6114 (Electronic); 2168-6106 (Linking) SP - 1156-1163 ST - Contact Tracing Assessment of COVID-19 Transmission Dynamics in Taiwan and Risk at Different Exposure Periods Before and After Symptom Onset T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - Contact Tracing Assessment of COVID-19 Transmission Dynamics in Taiwan and Risk at Different Exposure Periods Before and After Symptom Onset UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32356867 VL - 180 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 224 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We analyzed reports for 59,073 contacts of 5,706 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) index patients reported in South Korea during January 20-March 27, 2020. Of 10,592 household contacts, 11.8% had COVID-19. Of 48,481 nonhousehold contacts, 1.9% had COVID-19. Use of personal protective measures and social distancing reduces the likelihood of transmission. AN - 32673193 AU - Park, Y. J. | Choe, Y. J. | Park, O. | Park, S. Y. | Kim, Y. M. | Kim, J. | Kweon, S. | Woo, Y. | Gwack, J. | Kim, S. S. | Lee, J. | Hyun, J. | Ryu, B. | Jang, Y. S. | Kim, H. | Shin, S. H. | Yi, S. | Lee, S. | Kim, H. K. | Lee, H. | Jin, Y. | Park, E. | Choi, S. W. | Kim, M. | Song, J. | Choi, S. W. | Kim, D. | Jeon, B. H. | Yoo, H. | Jeong, E. K. | Covid-19 National Emergency Response Center, Epidemiology | Case Management, Team C1 - 2020-07-28 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072820_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.3201/eid2610.201315 ET - 2020/07/17 IS - 10 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Age Distribution | Age Factors | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Child | Child, Preschool | Contact Tracing/*statistics & numerical data | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/transmission | *Disease Outbreaks | Family Characteristics | Humans | Infant | Infant, Newborn | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/transmission | Republic of Korea/epidemiology | SARS-CoV-2 | Young Adult | 2019 novel coronavirus disease | South Korea | contact tracing | coronavirus disease | pneumonia | respiratory diseases | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 | viruses | zoonoses L1 - internal-pdf://1224950060/Park-2020-Contact Tracing during Coronavirus D.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Park, Young Joon; Choe, Young June; Park, Ok; Park, Shin Young; Kim, Young-Man; Kim, Jieun; Kweon, Sanghui; Woo, Yeonhee; Gwack, Jin; Kim, Seong Sun; Lee, Jin; Hyun, Junghee; Ryu, Boyeong; Jang, Yoon Suk; Kim, Hwami; Shin, Seung Hwan; Yi, Seonju; Lee, Sangeun; Kim, Hee Kyoung; Lee, Hyeyoung; Jin, Yeowon; Park, Eunmi; Choi, Seung Woo; Kim, Miyoung; Song, Jeongsuk; Choi, Si Won; Kim, Dongwook; Jeon, Byoung-Hak; Yoo, Hyosoon; Jeong, Eun Kyeong; eng; Emerg Infect Dis. 2020 Oct;26(10):2465-2468. doi: 10.3201/eid2610.201315. Epub 2020 Jul 16. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The detection SARS-CoV-2 among household contacts of index patients (11.8%) was much higher than non-household contacts (1.9%) (Figure). | Among household contacts, the rate of SARS-CoV-2 was highest for contacts of children aged 10-19 years (18.6%), while the lowest rate was for those of children aged 0�? years (5.3%) (Figure). | Methods: A descriptive analysis of South Korea’s contact tracing program that included 59,073 contacts of 5,706 COVID-19 index patients between January 20 and March 27, 2020. Limitations: Underreporting of asymptomatic persons. | Implications: Contact tracing is critical in assessing SARS-CoV-2 transmission patterns. Rates of household transmission from older children is important in discussions and policies around reopening of schools. SN - 1080-6059 (Electronic); 1080-6040 (Linking) SP - 2465-2468 ST - Contact Tracing during Coronavirus Disease Outbreak, South Korea, 2020 T2 - Emerg Infect Dis TI - Contact Tracing during Coronavirus Disease Outbreak, South Korea, 2020 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32673193 VL - 26 ID - 602 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Emerging evidence suggests that contact tracing has had limited success in the UK in reducing the R number across the COVID-19 pandemic. We investigate potential pitfalls and areas for improvement by extending an existing branching process contact tracing model, adding diagnostic testing and refining parameter estimates. Our results demonstrate that reporting and adherence are the most important predictors of programme impact but tracing coverage and speed plus diagnostic sensitivity also play an important role. We conclude that well-implemented contact tracing could bring small but potentially important benefits to controlling and preventing outbreaks, providing up to a 15% reduction in R. We reaffirm that contact tracing is not currently appropriate as the sole control measure. AD - Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. emma.davis@bdi.ox.ac.uk. | Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | MathSys CDT, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK. | Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. | Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Disease & Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. | Department for Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. AN - 34518525 AU - Davis, Emma L. | Lucas, Tim C. D. | Borlase, Anna | Pollington, Timothy M. | Abbott, Sam | Ayabina, Diepreye | Crellen, Thomas | Hellewell, Joel | Pi, Li | Lowe, Rachel | Endo, Akira | Davies, Nicholas | Gore-Langton, Georgia R. | Russell, Timothy W. | Bosse, Nikos I. | Quaife, Matthew | Kucharski, Adam J. | Nightingale, Emily S. | Pearson, Carl A. B. | Gibbs, Hamish | O’Reilly, Kathleen | Jombart, Thibaut | Rees, Eleanor M. | Deol, Arminder K. | Hué, Stéphane | Auzenbergs, Megan | Houben, Rein M. G. J. | Funk, Sebastian | Li, Yang | Sun, Fiona | Prem, Kiesha | Quilty, Billy J. | Villabona-Arenas, Julian | Barnard, Rosanna C. | Hodgson, David | Foss, Anna | Jarvis, Christopher I. | Meakin, Sophie R. | Eggo, Rosalind M. | Abbas, Kaja | Zandvoort, Kevin van | Emery, Jon C. | Tully, Damien C. | Sandmann, Frank G. | Edmunds, W. John | Gimma, Amy | Knight, Gwen | Munday, James D. | Diamond, Charlie | Jit, Mark | Leclerc, Quentin | Rosello, Alicia | Chan, Yung-Wai Desmond | Simons, David | Clifford, Sam | Flasche, Stefan | Procter, Simon R. | Atkins, Katherine E. | Medley, Graham F. | Hollingsworth, T. Déirdre | Klepac, Petra | Cmmid Covid- Working Group C1 - 2021-09-24 C2 - PMC8438018 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09242021_covidupdate.html#anchor_PreventionStrategies DA - 2021/09/13 DO - 10.1038/s41467-021-25531-5 ET - 2021/09/15 IS - 1 KW - COVID-19/diagnosis/*epidemiology/*prevention & control/*transmission | COVID-19 Testing | Contact Tracing/*methods | Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control | Humans | *Pandemics/prevention & control | Quarantine | SARS-CoV-2 | Sensitivity and Specificity | United Kingdom/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://0052024316/Davis-2021-Contact tracing is an imperfect too.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Davis, Emma L | Lucas, Tim C D | Borlase, Anna | Pollington, Timothy M | Abbott, Sam | Ayabina, Diepreye | Crellen, Thomas | Hellewell, Joel | Pi, Li | Medley, Graham F | Hollingsworth, T Deirdre | Klepac, Petra | eng | WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom | MR/V028618/1/RCUK | Medical Research Council (MRC) | OPP1184344/Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation) | MR/V038613/1/RCUK | Medical Research Council (MRC) | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | England | Nat Commun. 2021 Sep 13;12(1):5412. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-25531-5. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; A 6�?3% reduction in R (reproduction number) was observed when testing and contact tracing identifies and traces 80% of contacts with good self-reporting and adherence to isolation (Figure). | Immediate contact tracing compared to 2-day delay modestly reduced the probability of a large outbreak (>2000 cases). | Difference in probability of a large outbreak between instant testing with a 65% sensitive test and a 2-day delay with a 95% sensitive test is relatively small. | Methods: Modeling study exploring the effects of contact tracing using 5,000 simulations with estimated parameters for incubation period, range of self-reported adherence to isolation, tracing rates, and sensitivity of diagnostic tests occurring in the United Kingdom. Limitations: Temporal variation in testing was not assessed, resulting in overestimation of test sensitivity in some cases. | | Implications: Contact tracing is an important tool to control SARS-CoV-2 infection transmission and to prevent outbreaks. However, contact tracing alone is unlikely to prevent outbreaks and needs to be combined with other interventions, such as physical distancing and increased vaccination. SN - 2041-1723 SP - 5412 ST - Contact tracing is an imperfect tool for controlling COVID-19 transmission and relies on population adherence T2 - Nat Commun TI - Contact tracing is an imperfect tool for controlling COVID-19 transmission and relies on population adherence UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25531-5 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8438018/pdf/41467_2021_Article_25531.pdf VL - 12 ID - 2365 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Taiwan is a country of about 24 million people, 81 miles off the coast of mainland China. As of late April 2020, Taiwan had about 330 confirmed cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and 6 deaths. By comparison, the US had about 1 million confirmed cases of COVID-19, and 60�?00 deaths.In this issue of JAMA Internal Medicine, there is a remarkable report from Taiwan on the use of contact tracing and virologic polymerase chain reaction testing to assess the transmission dynamics of COVID-19 in the country’s initial 100 confirmed cases. Among 2761 close contacts of the 100 cases, confirmed between January 15 and March 18, 2020, Cheng et al report that there were 22 paired-index secondary cases and an overall secondary clinical attack rate of 0.7% (95% CI, 0.4%-1.0%). AD - Editor at Large, JAMA Internal Medicine. AN - 32356871 AU - Steinbrook, R. C1 - 2020-05-12 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051220_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 1 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.2072 ET - 2020/05/02 IS - 9 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Contact Tracing | *Coronavirus Infections | Humans | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral | SARS-CoV-2 | Taiwan L1 - internal-pdf://2868921800/Steinbrook-2020-Contact Tracing, Testing, and.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Steinbrook, Robert; eng; Comment; JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Sep 1;180(9):1163-1164. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.2072. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Editor’s note on learning from Taiwan’s experience with contact tracing, testing, and control of COVID-19. This editorial accompanied: Cheng et alexternal icon. SN - 2168-6114 (Electronic); 2168-6106 (Linking) SP - 1163-1164 ST - Contact Tracing, Testing, and Control of COVID-19-Learning From Taiwan T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - Contact Tracing, Testing, and Control of COVID-19-Learning From Taiwan UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32356871 VL - 180 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 181 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In the epidemiological investigation of an infectious disease, investigating, classifying, tracking, and managing contacts by identifying the patient's route are important for preventing further transmission of the disease. However, omissions and errors in previous activities can occur when the investigation is performed through only a proxy interview with the patient. To overcome these limitations, methods that can objectively verify the patient's claims (medical facility records, Global Positioning System, card transactions, and closed-circuit television) were used for the recent ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 contact investigations in South Korea. AN - 32149043 AU - Covid-19 National Emergency Response Center, Epidemiology | Case Management Team, Korea Centers for Disease Control | Prevention, C1 - 2020-04-17 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/041720_covidupdate.html DA - Feb DO - 10.24171/j.phrp.2020.11.1.09 DP - NLM ET - 2020/03/10 IS - 1 KW - 2019 novel coronavirus infection | contact tracing | global positioning system | infectious disease | medical records L1 - internal-pdf://0264721837/Covid-19 Nation-2020-Contact Transmission of C.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - eng; Korea (South); Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2020 Feb;11(1):60-63. doi: 10.24171/j.phrp.2020.11.1.09. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings and Methods: South Korea public health employed a novel and potentially controversial contact tracing strategy put in place following a 2015 MERS outbreak. The strategy included confirming movement using cell phone GPS records and credit card transactions, closed-circuit television video footage to identify patients�?respiratory symptoms (e.g., cough), and contact exposure risks (e.g., whether patients wore masks, proximity of contact to patient). Limitations: No data on effectiveness, acceptability, time, or resources required for each method. Privacy safeguards not described. | Implications: Novel technology-based approaches to augment contact tracing and exposure assessments may have contributed to success controlling COVID-19 in South Korea. Assessments of the feasibility, effectiveness, resource utilization, and privacy concerns of these approaches are needed. SN - 2210-9099 (Print); 2210-9099 (Linking) SP - 60-63 ST - Contact Transmission of COVID-19 in South Korea: Novel Investigation Techniques for Tracing Contacts T2 - Osong Public Health Res Perspect TI - Contact Transmission of COVID-19 in South Korea: Novel Investigation Techniques for Tracing Contacts UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32149043 VL - 11 ID - 53 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged diagnostic systems globally. Expanding testing capabilities to conduct population-wide screening for COVID-19 requires innovation in diagnostic services at both the molecular and industrial scale. No report to-date has considered the complexity of laboratory infrastructure in conjunction with the available molecular assays to offer a standardised solution to testing. Here we present CONTAIN. A modular biosafety level 2+ laboratory optimised for automated RT-qPCR COVID-19 testing based on a standard 40ft shipping container. Using open-source liquid-handling robots and RNA extraction reagents we demonstrate a reproducible workflow for RT-qPCR COVID-19 testing. With five OT2 liquid handlers, a single CONTAIN unit reaches a maximum daily testing capacity of 2400 tests/day. We validate this workflow for automated RT-qPCR testing, using both synthetic SARS-CoV-2 samples and patient samples from a local NHS hospital. Finally, we discuss the suitability of CONTAIN and its flexibility in a range of diagnostic testing scenarios including high-density urban environments and mobile response units.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest. AU - Walker, Kenneth T. | Donora, Matthew | Thomas, Anthony | Phillips, Alexander James | Ramgoolam, Krishma | Pilch, Kjara S. | Oberacker, Phil | Jurkowski, Tomasz Piotr | Gosman, Rares Marius | Fleiss, Aubin | Perkins, Alex | MacKenzie, Neil | Zuckerman, Mark | Danovi, Davide | Steiner, Helene | Meany, Thomas C1 - 2020-05-29 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052920_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.05.20.106625 L1 - internal-pdf://3214452685/Walker-2020-CONTAIN_ An open-source shipping c.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Presents an approach to expand testing capacity by converting a shipping container into a BSL-2+ laboratory to automate RT-PCR testing. SP - 2020.05.20.106625 ST - CONTAIN: An open-source shipping container laboratory optimised for automated COVID-19 diagnostics T2 - bioRxiv TI - CONTAIN: An open-source shipping container laboratory optimised for automated COVID-19 diagnostics UR - https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2020/05/20/2020.05.20.106625.full.pdf ID - 283 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: This study investigated continued and discontinued use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB) during hospitalization of 614 hypertensive laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients. METHODS: Demographics, comorbidities, vital signs, laboratory data, and ACEi/ARB usage were analyzed. To account for confounders, patients were substratified by whether they developed hypotension and acute kidney injury (AKI) during the index hospitalization. RESULTS: Mortality (22% vs 17%, P > .05) and intensive care unit (ICU) admission (26% vs 12%, P > .05) rates were not significantly different between non-ACEi/ARB and ACEi/ARB groups. However, patients who continued ACEi/ARBs in the hospital had a markedly lower ICU admission rate (12% vs 26%; P = .001; odds ratio [OR] = 0.347; 95% confidence interval [CI], .187-.643) and mortality rate (6% vs 28%; P = .001; OR = 0.215; 95% CI, .101-.455) compared to patients who discontinued ACEi/ARB. The odds ratio for mortality remained significantly lower after accounting for development of hypotension or AKI. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that continued ACEi/ARB use in hypertensive COVID-19 patients yields better clinical outcomes. AD - Department of Radiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, New York, New York, USA. | Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, New York, New York, USA. | Department of Emergency Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, New York, New York, USA. AN - 32702098 AU - Lam, K. W. | Chow, K. W. | Vo, J. | Hou, W. | Li, H. | Richman, P. S. | Mallipattu, S. K. | Skopicki, H. A. | Singer, A. J. | Duong, T. Q. C1 - 2020-08-04 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/080420_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 14 DO - 10.1093/infdis/jiaa447 ET - 2020/07/24 IS - 8 KW - Acute Kidney Injury/chemically induced | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists/adverse effects/*therapeutic use | Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/adverse effects/*therapeutic use | Betacoronavirus/isolation & purification | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy/*mortality | Female | Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data | Humans | Hypertension/*drug therapy/*virology | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy/*mortality | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 | Treatment Outcome | United States/epidemiology | *acute kidney injury | *angiotensin II receptor blockers | *angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors | *hypotension | *troponin L1 - internal-pdf://0783786251/Lam-2020-Continued In-Hospital Angiotensin-Con.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Lam, Katherine W; Chow, Kenneth W; Vo, Jonathan; Hou, Wei; Li, Haifang; Richman, Paul S; Mallipattu, Sandeep K; Skopicki, Hal A; Singer, Adam J; Duong, Tim Q; eng; J Infect Dis. 2020 Sep 14;222(8):1256-1264. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa447. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In hypertensive patients hospitalized with COVID-19, in-hospital continuation of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) was associated with lower rates of mortality (28.1% vs 6.1%) and intensive care unit (ICU) admission (26.3% vs 12.2%) (Figure 1). | Differences in mortality remained when patients who developed hypotension or acute kidney injury were excluded. | Patients who were taking ACE inhibitors or ARBs at home did not have significantly different rates of mortality (22.2% vs 17.3%) or ICU admission (19.7% vs 19.4%) than patients not taking these medications at home (Figure 2). | Compared with patients taking ACEi/ARBs at home, patients not taking ACEi/IRBs at home were older (73 vs 68 years) and less likely to have diabetes (35.1% vs 45.4%) but more likely to have chronic kidney disease (23.4% vs 9.0%). | Methods: Retrospective single-center study of 614 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with a history of hypertension, February 7-May 23, 2020. Patients were divided into 3 groups: A) patient not taking ACEi/ARBs at home B) patients taking ACEi/ARBs at home but had ACEi/ARBs discontinued during hospitalization C) patients who continued ACEi/ARBs during hospitalization. Age, gender, and comorbidities were included as covariates in logistic regression modeling. Limitations: Patients were not randomized; unmeasured confounders might have been associated with both discontinuation of ACEi/ARBs during hospitalization and adverse outcomes. | Implications: Although there have been concerns raised with using ACEi/ARBs in patients with COVID-19, this study provides evidence that stopping ACEi/ARBs in hypertensive patients to prevent adverse outcomes from COVID-19 is unwarranted. SN - 1537-6613 (Electronic); 0022-1899 (Linking) SP - 1256-1264 ST - Continued In-Hospital Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor and Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker Use in Hypertensive COVID-19 Patients Is Associated With Positive Clinical Outcome T2 - J Infect Dis TI - Continued In-Hospital Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor and Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker Use in Hypertensive COVID-19 Patients Is Associated With Positive Clinical Outcome UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32702098 VL - 222 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 636 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Long-term care facilities (LTCFs) bear disproportionate burden of COVID-19 and are prioritized for vaccine deployment. LTCF outbreaks could continue occurring during vaccine rollout due to incomplete population coverage, and the effect of vaccines on viral transmission are currently unknown. Declining adherence to non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) against within-facility transmission could therefore limit the effectiveness of vaccination. We built a stochastic model to simulate outbreaks in LTCF populations with differing vaccination coverage and NPI adherence to evaluate their interacting effects. Vaccination combined with strong NPI adherence produced the least morbidity and mortality. Healthcare worker vaccination improved outcomes in unvaccinated LTCF residents but was less impactful with declining NPI adherence. To prevent further illness and deaths, there is a continued need for NPIs in LTCFs during vaccine rollout.Competing Interest StatementDrs. Angulo, Mclaughlin, Shea, and Swerdlow reported being employed by Pfizer Vaccines. This work was supported by Pfizer. Pfizer Inc. reviewed this manuscript and approved the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.Funding StatementFunding was provided by Pfizer, Inc.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:No IRB approval needed - modeling and simulation only.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData and model code will be made publicly available upon publication or request. AD - University of Utah Division of Epidemiology, Salt Lake City, USA. jay.love@utah.edu. | University of Utah Division of Epidemiology, Salt Lake City, USA. | Pfizer, Inc., New York, USA. AN - 34508133 AU - Love, Jay | Keegan, Lindsay T. | Angulo, Frederick J. | McLaughlin, John | Shea, Kimberly M. | Swerdlow, David L. | Samore, Matthew H. | Toth, Damon J. A. C1 - 2021-01-29 C2 - Protection in Healthcare and Non-Healthcare Work Settings CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01292021_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 10 DO - 10.1101/2021.01.06.21249339 ET - 2021/09/12 IS - 1 KW - COVID-19/*prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/*therapeutic use | Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control | Health Facilities | Humans | *Long-Term Care | *Models, Theoretical | Vaccination | *Vaccination Coverage L1 - internal-pdf://3973607677/Love-2021-Continued need for non-pharmaceutica.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Love, Jay | Keegan, Lindsay T | Angulo, Frederick J | McLaughlin, John M | Shea, Kimberly M | Swerdlow, David L | Samore, Matthew H | Toth, Damon J A | eng | U01CK000538/ACL/ACL HHS/ | MIND/CC/CDC HHS/ | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. | England | Sci Rep. 2021 Sep 10;11(1):18093. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-97612-w. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The modeled number of infections, severe infections, hospitalizations, and deaths were lowest in long term care facilities (LTCF) when vaccine deployment was paired with strong adherence to nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPI). | Prevention of deaths was higher with strategies that prioritize vaccination of residents compared with strategies that prioritize vaccination of health care workers (HCW). | Impact of HCW vaccination was dependent on NPI adherence more so than resident vaccination. | Methods: Model to simulate disease spread in LTCF based on vaccine influence on disease dynamics and accounting for combinations of vaccination routines and levels of NPI adherence. Limitations: Assumed theoretical vaccine efficacy. | Implications: In addition to vaccination in LTCF, continued emphasis on NPIs is essential. Given pandemic fatigue and the associated decline in NPI adherence, limiting visitors and the interactions between residents, is essential to support vaccination efforts (Kim et al. Looking beyond COVID-19 vaccine phase 3 trials. Nature Medicineexternal icon) SN - 2045-2322 (Electronic) | 2045-2322 (Linking) SP - 2021.01.06.21249339 ST - Continued need for non-pharmaceutical interventions after COVID-19 vaccination in long-term-care facilities T2 - medRxiv TI - Continued need for non-pharmaceutical interventions after COVID-19 vaccination in long-term-care facilities UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/01/06/2021.01.06.21249339.full.pdf VL - 11 ID - 1452 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Long-term care facilities (LTCFs) bear disproportionate burden of COVID-19 and are prioritized for vaccine deployment. LTCF outbreaks could continue occurring during vaccine rollout due to incomplete population coverage, and the effect of vaccines on viral transmission are currently unknown. Declining adherence to non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) against within-facility transmission could therefore limit the effectiveness of vaccination. We built a stochastic model to simulate outbreaks in LTCF populations with differing vaccination coverage and NPI adherence to evaluate their interacting effects. Vaccination combined with strong NPI adherence produced the least morbidity and mortality. Healthcare worker vaccination improved outcomes in unvaccinated LTCF residents but was less impactful with declining NPI adherence. To prevent further illness and deaths, there is a continued need for NPIs in LTCFs during vaccine rollout. AD - University of Utah Division of Epidemiology, Salt Lake City, USA. jay.love@utah.edu. | University of Utah Division of Epidemiology, Salt Lake City, USA. | Pfizer, Inc., New York, USA. AN - 34508133 AU - Love, Jay | Keegan, Lindsay T. | Angulo, Frederick J. | McLaughlin, John M. | Shea, Kimberly M. | Swerdlow, David L. | Samore, Matthew H. | Toth, Damon J. A. C1 - 2021-09-17 C2 - PMC8433303 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09172021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - 2021/09/10 DO - 10.1038/s41598-021-97612-w ET - 2021/09/12 IS - 1 KW - COVID-19/*prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/*therapeutic use | Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control | Health Facilities | Humans | *Long-Term Care | *Models, Theoretical | Vaccination | *Vaccination Coverage L1 - internal-pdf://2529004648/Love-2021-Continued need for non-pharmaceutica.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Love, Jay | Keegan, Lindsay T | Angulo, Frederick J | McLaughlin, John M | Shea, Kimberly M | Swerdlow, David L | Samore, Matthew H | Toth, Damon J A | eng | U01CK000538/ACL/ACL HHS/ | MIND/CC/CDC HHS/ | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. | England | Sci Rep. 2021 Sep 10;11(1):18093. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-97612-w. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In a stochastic model of outbreak scenarios in long-term care facilities (LTCF), vaccine deployment plus strong adherence to non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) produced 37% fewer infections, 61% fewer severe infections and hospitalizations, and 62% fewer deaths than baseline. Vaccinating healthcare workers prevented more deaths when NPIs adherence was high; that benefit diminished with lower adherence. SN - 2045-2322 SP - 18093 ST - Continued need for non-pharmaceutical interventions after COVID-19 vaccination in long-term-care facilities T2 - Sci Rep TI - Continued need for non-pharmaceutical interventions after COVID-19 vaccination in long-term-care facilities UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97612-w | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8433303/pdf/41598_2021_Article_97612.pdf VL - 11 ID - 2323 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: There is wide variation in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) case-fatality rates (CFRs) across countries, leading to uncertainty about the true lethality of the disease. A large part of this variation may be due to the ages of individuals who are tested and identified. OBJECTIVE: To measure the contribution of distortions from the age distributions of confirmed cases to CFRs within and across populations. DESIGN: Cross-sectional demographic study using aggregate data on COVID-19 cases and deaths by age. SETTING: Population-based data from China, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, South Korea, Spain, Switzerland, and the United States. PARTICIPANTS: All individuals with confirmed COVID-19, as reported by each country as of 19 April 2020 (n = 1 223 261). MEASUREMENTS: Age-specific COVID-19 CFRs and age-specific population shares by country. RESULTS: The overall observed CFR varies widely, with the highest rates in Italy (9.3%) and the Netherlands (7.4%) and the lowest rates in South Korea (1.6%) and Germany (0.7%). Adjustment for the age distribution of cases explains 66% of the variation across countries, with a resulting age-standardized median CFR of 1.9%. Among a larger sample of 95 countries, the observed variation in COVID-19 CFRs is 13 times larger than what would be expected on the basis of just differences in the age composition of countries. LIMITATION: The age-adjusted rates assume that, conditional on age, COVID-19 mortality among diagnosed cases is the same as that among undiagnosed cases and that individuals of all ages are equally susceptible to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. CONCLUSION: Selective testing and identification of older cases considerably warps estimates of the lethality of COVID-19 within populations and comparisons across countries. Removing age distortions and focusing on differences in age-adjusted case fatality will be essential for accurately comparing countries' performance in caring for patients with COVID-19 and for monitoring the epidemic over time. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. AD - Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany (N.S., T.B.). | Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany (O.D.). | Primary Care and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, California (P.G.). AN - 32698605 AU - Sudharsanan, N. | Didzun, O. | Barnighausen, T. | Geldsetzer, P. C1 - 2020-07-31 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/073120_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 3 DO - 10.7326/M20-2973 DP - NLM ET - 2020/07/24 IS - 9 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Age Factors | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Covid-19 | Child | Child, Preschool | China/epidemiology | Coronavirus Infections/*mortality | Cross-Sectional Studies | France/epidemiology | Germany/epidemiology | Humans | Infant | Infant, Newborn | Italy/epidemiology | Middle Aged | Netherlands/epidemiology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*mortality | Republic of Korea/epidemiology | Risk Factors | Spain/epidemiology | Switzerland/epidemiology | United States/epidemiology | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://3656277233/Sudharsanan-2020-The Contribution of the Age D.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Testing | N1 - Sudharsanan, Nikkil; Didzun, Oliver; Barnighausen, Till; Geldsetzer, Pascal; eng; KL2 TR003143/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; Ann Intern Med. 2020 Nov 3;173(9):714-720. doi: 10.7326/M20-2973. Epub 2020 Jul 22. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Observed (unadjusted) COVID-19 case-fatality rates (CFRs) varied widely across 9 countries, with a range of 0.7% in Germany to 9.3% in Italy (Figure). | Age-standardized median CFR was 1.9%, with a range of 1.2% to 3.9% (Figure). | Adjustment for the age distribution of cases in each country significantly affected most national estimates and explained 66% of the CFR variation of across countries. | Methods: A cross-sectional demographic study of age-specific COVID-19 CFRs using aggregate population-based data on confirmed COVID-19 cases (N = 1,223,261) from China, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, South Korea, Spain, Switzerland, and the United States. Age-standardized rates were calculated using the mean age distribution of diagnosed SARS-CoV-2 infections across the 9 countries. Limitations: Assumption that COVID-19 mortality among diagnosed cases is the same as that among undiagnosed cases and that individuals of all ages are equally susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. | Implications: Age distributions of cases had a substantial effect on COVID-19 CFR estimates, although meaningful differences remain between countries after correcting for age. Strategies for reducing COVID-19 mortality still need to be attentive to underlying population health status and healthcare system characteristics. SN - 1539-3704 (Electronic); 0003-4819 (Linking) SP - 714-720 ST - The Contribution of the Age Distribution of Cases to COVID-19 Case Fatality Across Countries : A Nine-Country Demographic Study T2 - Ann Intern Med TI - The Contribution of the Age Distribution of Cases to COVID-19 Case Fatality Across Countries : A Nine-Country Demographic Study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32698605 VL - 173 ID - 626 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Racial/ethnic inequities in COVID-19 mortality are hypothesized to be driven by education and occupation, but limited empirical evidence has assessed these mechanisms.Objective To quantify the extent to which educational attainment and occupation explain racial/ethnic inequities in COVID-19 mortality.Design Observational cohort.Setting California.Participants Californians aged 18-65 years.Measurements We linked all COVID-19-confirmed deaths in California through February 12, 2021 (N=14,783), to population estimates within strata defined by race/ethnicity, sex, age, USA nativity, region of residence, education, and occupation. We characterized occupations using measures related to COVID-19 exposure including essential sector, telework-ability, and wages. Using sex-stratified regressions, we predicted COVID-19 mortality by race/ethnicity if all races/ethnicities had the same education and occupation distribution as White people and if all people held the safest educational/occupational positions.Results COVID-19 mortality per 100,000 ranged from 15 for White and Asian females to 139 for Latinx males. Accounting for differences in age, nativity, and region, if all races/ethnicities had the education and occupation distribution of Whites, COVID-19 mortality would be reduced for Latinx males (�?2%) and females (�?3%), and Black males (�?%) and females (�?%), but increased for Asian males (+22%) and females (+23%). Additionally, if all individuals had the COVID-19 mortality associated with the safest educational and occupational position (Bachelor’s degree, non-essential, telework, highest wage quintile), there would have been 57% fewer COVID-19 deaths.Conclusion Educational and occupational disadvantage are important risk factors for COVID-19 mortality across all racial/ethnic groups, especially Latinx individuals. Eliminating avoidable excess risk associated with low-education, essential, on-site, and low-wage jobs may reduce COVID-19 mortality and inequities, but is unlikely to be sufficient to achieve equity.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis study was funded by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (grant number K99AA028256).Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:This study was approved by the institutional review boards of the California Department of Public Health and the University of California, San Francisco.I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesDeath data used for this analysis include person identifiers and cannot be shared publicly. They can be obtained directly from the California Department of Public Health with appropriate approvals. American Community Survey microdata are publicly available online from https://data.census.gov. AU - Matthay, Ellicott C. | Duchowny, Kate A. | Riley, Alicia R. | Thomas, Marilyn | Chen, Yea-Hung | Bibbins-Domingo, Kirsten | Glymour, M. Maria C1 - 2021-11-15 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/11152021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1101/2021.10.29.21265628 L1 - internal-pdf://2768479876/Matthay-2021-Contributions of occupation chara.pdf LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Using data from California for COVID-19-confirmed deaths and population estimates of demographics, education, and occupation, modeling estimated that COVID-19 mortality disparities may be partially (but not fully) mediated by educational attainment and occupation. Modeling estimated that, if all individuals had the COVID-19 mortality associated with the safest educational and occupational positions (Bachelor’s degree, telework access, the highest wages, and non-essential occupations), a purely theoretical state, there would have been 57% fewer COVID-19 deaths in California. SP - 2021.10.29.21265628 ST - Contributions of occupation characteristics and educational attainment to racial/ethnic inequities in COVID-19 mortality T2 - medRxiv TI - Contributions of occupation characteristics and educational attainment to racial/ethnic inequities in COVID-19 mortality UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/10/30/2021.10.29.21265628.full.pdf ID - 2625 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The rapid emergence and expansion of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants threatens our ability to achieve herd immunity for COVID-19. These novel SARS-CoV-2 variants often harbor multiple point mutations, conferring one or more evolutionarily advantageous traits, such as increased transmissibility, immune evasion and longer infection duration. In a number of cases, variant emergence has been linked to long-term infections in individuals who were either immunocompromised or treated with convalescent plasma. In this paper, we used a stochastic evolutionary modeling framework to explore the emergence of fitter variants of SARS-CoV-2 during long-term infections. We found that increased viral load and infection duration favor emergence of such variants. While the overall probability of emergence and subsequent transmission from any given infection is low, on a population level these events occur fairly frequently. Targeting these low-probability stochastic events that lead to the establishment of novel advantageous viral variants might allow us to slow the rate at which they emerge in the patient population, and prevent them from spreading deterministically due to natural selection. Our work thus suggests practical ways to achieve control of long-term SARS-CoV-2 infections, which will be critical for slowing the rate of viral evolution. AD - Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA. | Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. | University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. | Fractal Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA. | Boston University, Boston, MA, USA. | Fractal Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA. arijit@fractaltx.com. AN - 34799659 AU - Van Egeren, Debra | Novokhodko, Alexander | Stoddard, Madison | Tran, Uyen | Zetter, Bruce | Rogers, Michael S. | Joseph-McCarthy, Diane | Chakravarty, Arijit C1 - 2021-12-03 C2 - PMC8604936 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/12032021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - 2021/11/19 DO - 10.1038/s41598-021-02148-8 ET - 2021/11/21 IS - 1 L1 - internal-pdf://2072024732/Van Egeren-2021-Controlling long-term SARS-CoV.pdf LB - Natural History | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Van Egeren, Debra | Novokhodko, Alexander | Stoddard, Madison | Tran, Uyen | Zetter, Bruce | Rogers, Michael S | Joseph-McCarthy, Diane | Chakravarty, Arijit | eng | DGE-1762114/National Science Foundation | Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. | England | Sci Rep. 2021 Nov 19;11(1):22630. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-02148-8. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: An evolutionary model found that higher SARS-CoV-2 viral load and longer duration of infection favor emergence of fitter SARS-CoV-2 variants within an infected person. Control strategies that reduce SARS-CoV-2 viral load and minimize transmission to and from persons at increased risk of long-term infections (for example, immunocompromised persons) could slow the emergence and spread of new variants. SN - 2045-2322 SP - 22630 ST - Controlling long-term SARS-CoV-2 infections can slow viral evolution and reduce the risk of treatment failure T2 - Sci Rep TI - Controlling long-term SARS-CoV-2 infections can slow viral evolution and reduce the risk of treatment failure UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-02148-8 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8604936/pdf/41598_2021_Article_2148.pdf VL - 11 ID - 2674 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The newly emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) highlights the urgent need for assays that detect protective levels of neutralizing antibodies. We studied the relationship among anti-spike ectodomain (anti-ECD), anti-receptor-binding domain (anti-RBD) IgG titers, and SARS-CoV-2 virus neutralization (VN) titers generated by 2 in vitro assays using convalescent plasma samples from 68 patients with COVID-19. We report a strong positive correlation between both plasma anti-RBD and anti-ECD IgG titers and in vitro VN titers. The probability of a VN titer of >/=160, the FDA-recommended level for convalescent plasma used for COVID-19 treatment, was >/=80% when anti-RBD or anti-ECD titers were >/=1:1350. Of all donors, 37% lacked VN titers of >/=160. Dyspnea, hospitalization, and disease severity were significantly associated with higher VN titer. Frequent donation of convalescent plasma did not significantly decrease VN or IgG titers. Analysis of 2814 asymptomatic adults found 73 individuals with anti-ECD IgG titers of >/=1:50 and strong positive correlation with anti-RBD and VN titers. Fourteen of these individuals had VN titers of >/=1:160, and all of them had anti-RBD titers of >/=1:1350. We conclude that anti-RBD or anti-ECD IgG titers can serve as a surrogate for VN titers to identify suitable plasma donors. Plasma anti-RBD or anti-ECD titers of >/=1:1350 may provide critical information about protection against COVID-19 disease. AD - Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA. | Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA. | Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, and. | Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA. | Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA. | Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA. | Combat Capabilities Development Command Army Research Laboratory - South, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA. | Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA. | Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences and. | Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA. | US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, Maryland, USA. | Department of Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA. AN - 32910806 AU - Salazar, E. | Kuchipudi, S. V. | Christensen, P. A. | Eagar, T. | Yi, X. | Zhao, P. | Jin, Z. | Long, S. W. | Olsen, R. J. | Chen, J. | Castillo, B. | Leveque, C. | Towers, D. | Lavinder, J. | Gollihar, J. | Cardona, J. | Ippolito, G. | Nissly, R. | Bird, I. | Greenawalt, D. | Rossi, R. M. | Gontu, A. | Srinivasan, S. | Poojary, I. | Cattadori, I. M. | Hudson, P. J. | Josleyn, N. M. | Prugar, L. | Huie, K. | Herbert, A. | Bernard, D. W. | Dye, J. M. | Kapur, V. | Musser, J. M. C1 - 2020-09-22 C2 - Convalescent Plasma CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/092220_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 1 DO - 10.1172/JCI141206 DP - NLM ET - 2020/09/11 IS - 12 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | *Antibodies, Neutralizing/administration & dosage/blood | *Antibodies, Viral/administration & dosage/blood | COVID-19/*therapy | Female | Humans | Immunization, Passive | *Immunoglobulin G/administration & dosage/blood | Male | Middle Aged | *SARS-CoV-2 | *Adaptive immunity | *Cellular immune response | *Immunology | *Infectious disease | *Molecular pathology L1 - internal-pdf://2192760622/Salazar-2020-Convalescent plasma anti-SARS-CoV.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Salazar, Eric; Kuchipudi, Suresh V; Christensen, Paul A; Eagar, Todd; Yi, Xin; Zhao, Picheng; Jin, Zhicheng; Long, S Wesley; Olsen, Randall J; Chen, Jian; Castillo, Brian; Leveque, Christopher; Towers, Dalton; Lavinder, Jason; Gollihar, Jimmy; Cardona, Jose; Ippolito, Gregory; Nissly, Ruth; Bird, Ian; Greenawalt, Denver; Rossi, Randall M; Gontu, Abhinay; Srinivasan, Sreenidhi; Poojary, Indira; Cattadori, Isabella M; Hudson, Peter J; Josleyn, Nicole M; Prugar, Laura; Huie, Kathleen; Herbert, Andrew; Bernard, David W; Dye, John M; Kapur, Vivek; Musser, James M; eng; 75N93019C00050/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R21 AI146771/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Clinical Trial; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; J Clin Invest. 2020 Dec 1;130(12):6728-6738. doi: 10.1172/JCI141206. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Most CP donors (43/68; 63%) had high NAb titers (�?:160). | High NAb titers were associated with dyspnea, hospitalization, and severity at the time of illness in the donor (Figure 1). | Anti-RBD antibodies and anti-spike ectodomain (ECD) antibodies were strongly correlated with NAbs (p <0.001 for each). | 80% of CP donors had NAb titer �?:160 when their anti-RBD or anti-spike ectodomain (ECD) titer (part of the spike protein) was �?:1,350 (Figure 2). | In a separate survey of antibodies levels in 73 asymptomatically infected persons, 27 had anti-RBD or anti-spike ECD titers of �?:1,350. | Methods: Retrospective assessment of anti-ECD IgG, anti-RBD IgG, and SARS-CoV-2 NAb titers from 68 CP donors who had symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Dyspnea, hospitalization, and a severity score at the time of illness were recorded. IgG titers were also measured in a separate sample of 73 asymptomatic, seropositive individuals. Limitations: Assessed IgG only; findings may not be applicable to all antibody testing platforms or other sample types; relatively small sample size. | Implications for 2 studies (Salazar et al & Benner et al): Effect of CP in the treatment of COVID-19 likely depends on numerous characteristics including antibody level, avidity, and target as well as neutralization activity. Understanding how to best screen CP donors to identify those with NAb titers and characteristics that may optimize use of CP as treatment may be important. SN - 1558-8238 (Electronic); 0021-9738 (Linking) SP - 6728-6738 ST - Convalescent plasma anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein ectodomain and receptor-binding domain IgG correlate with virus neutralization T2 - J Clin Invest TI - Convalescent plasma anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein ectodomain and receptor-binding domain IgG correlate with virus neutralization UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32910806 VL - 130 ID - 935 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Convalescent plasma has been widely used to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) under the presumption that such plasma contains potentially therapeutic antibodies to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that can be passively transferred to the plasma recipient. Whether convalescent plasma with high antibody levels rather than low antibody levels is associated with a lower risk of death is unknown. METHODS: In a retrospective study based on a U.S. national registry, we determined the anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody levels in convalescent plasma used to treat hospitalized adults with Covid-19. The primary outcome was death within 30 days after plasma transfusion. Patients who were enrolled through July 4, 2020, and for whom data on anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels in plasma transfusions and on 30-day mortality were available were included in the analysis. RESULTS: Of the 3082 patients included in this analysis, death within 30 days after plasma transfusion occurred in 115 of 515 patients (22.3%) in the high-titer group, 549 of 2006 patients (27.4%) in the medium-titer group, and 166 of 561 patients (29.6%) in the low-titer group. The association of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels with the risk of death from Covid-19 was moderated by mechanical ventilation status. A lower risk of death within 30 days in the high-titer group than in the low-titer group was observed among patients who had not received mechanical ventilation before transfusion (relative risk, 0.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.48 to 0.91), and no effect on the risk of death was observed among patients who had received mechanical ventilation (relative risk, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.78 to 1.32). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients hospitalized with Covid-19 who were not receiving mechanical ventilation, transfusion of plasma with higher anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody levels was associated with a lower risk of death than transfusion of plasma with lower antibody levels. (Funded by the Department of Health and Human Services and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04338360.). AD - From the Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine (M.J.J., J.W.S., S.A.K., C.C.W., A.M.K., M.A.S., J.C.D.S., S.E.B., J.R.A.S., V.H., A.J.C., J.G.R., K.J.A., M.N.P.V., J.J.D., R.J.R.), Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (J.R.M., E.S.T., C.M.B., J.L.W., J.R.S.), and Cardiovascular Medicine (R.F.R., K.F.L., R.S.W.), the Human Research Protection Program (R.S.W.), and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine (P.R.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; the Departments of Health Sciences Research (R.E.C., P.W.J., E.R.L., D.O.H.) and Cardiovascular Medicine (K.A.B., E.R.W., D.F.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; the Department of Health Sciences Research (K.L.K., M.R.B.) and the Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (J.E.B.), Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ; the Department of Anesthesiology, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ (N.H.); the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring (N.C.V., P.M.), and the Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (A.C.) - both in Maryland; and the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing (N.S.P.). AN - 33523609 AU - Joyner, M. J. | Carter, R. E. | Senefeld, J. W. | Klassen, S. A. | Mills, J. R. | Johnson, P. W. | Theel, E. S. | Wiggins, C. C. | Bruno, K. A. | Klompas, A. M. | Lesser, E. R. | Kunze, K. L. | Sexton, M. A. | Diaz Soto, J. C. | Baker, S. E. | Shepherd, J. R. A. | van Helmond, N. | Verdun, N. C. | Marks, P. | van Buskirk, C. M. | Winters, J. L. | Stubbs, J. R. | Rea, R. F. | Hodge, D. O. | Herasevich, V. | Whelan, E. R. | Clayburn, A. J. | Larson, K. F. | Ripoll, J. G. | Andersen, K. J. | Buras, M. R. | Vogt, M. N. P. | Dennis, J. J. | Regimbal, R. J. | Bauer, P. R. | Blair, J. E. | Paneth, N. S. | Fairweather, D. | Wright, R. S. | Casadevall, A. C1 - 2021-01-15 C2 - Social, Behavioral, and Communication Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01152021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 18 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2031893 ET - 2021/02/02 IS - 11 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Antibodies, Viral/*blood | COVID-19/immunology/mortality/*therapy | Female | Hospitalization | Humans | Immunization, Passive | Immunoglobulin G/blood | Male | Middle Aged | Registries | Respiration, Artificial | Retrospective Studies | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology | Time-to-Treatment | United States/epidemiology | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://4224412230/Joyner-2021-Convalescent Plasma Antibody Level.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Joyner, Michael J; Carter, Rickey E; Senefeld, Jonathon W; Klassen, Stephen A; Mills, John R; Johnson, Patrick W; Theel, Elitza S; Wiggins, Chad C; Bruno, Katelyn A; Klompas, Allan M; Lesser, Elizabeth R; Kunze, Katie L; Sexton, Matthew A; Diaz Soto, Juan C; Baker, Sarah E; Shepherd, John R A; van Helmond, Noud; Verdun, Nicole C; Marks, Peter; van Buskirk, Camille M; Winters, Jeffrey L; Stubbs, James R; Rea, Robert F; Hodge, David O; Herasevich, Vitaly; Whelan, Emily R; Clayburn, Andrew J; Larson, Kathryn F; Ripoll, Juan G; Andersen, Kylie J; Buras, Matthew R; Vogt, Matthew N P; Dennis, Joshua J; Regimbal, Riley J; Bauer, Philippe R; Blair, Janis E; Paneth, Nigel S; Fairweather, DeLisa; Wright, R Scott; Casadevall, Arturo; eng; 75A50120C00096/Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority; F32 HL154320/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; 5R35HL139854/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; R21 AI154927/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; 1F32HL154320/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; U54AG044170/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; R21 AI152318/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R21 AI145356/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; 5T32DK07352/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/; UL1TR002377/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; PDF-532926-2019/Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; RO1 HL059842/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; N Engl J Med. 2021 Mar 18;384(11):1015-1027. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2031893. Epub 2021 Jan 13. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In a retrospective study, early treatment with high titer convalescent plasma was associated with lower risk of death among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 without need for mechanical ventilation. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 1015-1027 ST - Convalescent Plasma Antibody Levels and the Risk of Death from Covid-19 T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Convalescent Plasma Antibody Levels and the Risk of Death from Covid-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33523609 VL - 384 ID - 1398 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Convalescent plasma and hyperimmune immunoglobulin may reduce mortality in patients with viral respiratory diseases, and are currently being investigated in trials as potential therapy for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A thorough understanding of the current body of evidence regarding the benefits and risks is required. OBJECTIVES: To continually assess, as more evidence becomes available, whether convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin transfusion is effective and safe in treatment of people with COVID-19. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the World Health Organization (WHO) COVID-19 Global Research Database, MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Research Article Database and trial registries to identify completed and ongoing studies on 19 August 2020. SELECTION CRITERIA: We followed standard Cochrane methodology. We included studies evaluating convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin for people with COVID-19, irrespective of study design, disease severity, age, gender or ethnicity. We excluded studies including populations with other coronavirus diseases (severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) or Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)) and studies evaluating standard immunoglobulin. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We followed standard Cochrane methodology. To assess bias in included studies, we used the Cochrane 'Risk of bias' 2.0 tool for randomised controlled trials (RCTs), the Risk of Bias in Non-randomised Studies - of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool for controlled non-randomised studies of interventions (NRSIs), and the assessment criteria for observational studies, provided by Cochrane Childhood Cancer for non-controlled NRSIs. We rated the certainty of evidence using the GRADE approach for the following outcomes: all-cause mortality at hospital discharge, mortality (time to event), improvement of clinical symptoms (7, 15, and 30 days after transfusion), grade 3 and 4 adverse events (AEs), and serious adverse events (SAEs). MAIN RESULTS: This is the second living update of our review. We included 19 studies (2 RCTs, 8 controlled NRSIs, 9 non-controlled NRSIs) with 38,160 participants, of whom 36,081 received convalescent plasma. Two completed RCTs are awaiting assessment (published after 19 August 2020). We identified a further 138 ongoing studies evaluating convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin, of which 73 are randomised (3 reported in a study registry as already being completed, but without results). We did not identify any completed studies evaluating hyperimmune immunoglobulin. We did not include data from controlled NRSIs in data synthesis because of critical risk of bias. The overall certainty of evidence was low to very low, due to study limitations and results including both potential benefits and harms. Effectiveness of convalescent plasma for people with COVID-19 We included results from two RCTs (both stopped early) with 189 participants, of whom 95 received convalescent plasma. Control groups received standard care at time of treatment without convalescent plasma. We are uncertain whether convalescent plasma decreases all-cause mortality at hospital discharge (risk ratio (RR) 0.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.22 to 1.34; 1 RCT, 86 participants; low-certainty evidence). We are uncertain whether convalescent plasma decreases mortality (time to event) (hazard ratio (HR) 0.64, 95% CI 0.33 to 1.25; 2 RCTs, 189 participants; low-certainty evidence). Convalescent plasma may result in little to no difference in improvement of clinical symptoms (i.e. need for respiratory support) at seven days (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.30 to 3.19; 1 RCT, 103 participants; low-certainty evidence). Convalescent plasma may increase improvement of clinical symptoms at up to 15 days (RR 1.34, 95% CI 0.85 to 2.11; 2 RCTs, 189 participants; low-certainty evidence), and at up to 30 days (RR 1.13, 95% CI 0.88 to 1.43; 2 studies, 188 participants; low-certainty evidence). No studies reported on quality of life. Safety of convalescent plasma for people with COVID-19 We included results from two RCTs, eight controlled NRSIs and nine non-controlled NRSIs assessing safety of convalescent plasma. Reporting of safety data and duration of follow-up was variable. The controlled studies reported on AEs and SAEs only in participants receiving convalescent plasma. Some, but not all, studies included death as a SAE. The studies did not report the grade of AEs. Fourteen studies (566 participants) reported on AEs of possible grade 3 or 4 severity. The majority of these AEs were allergic or respiratory events. We are very uncertain whether convalescent plasma therapy affects the risk of moderate to severe AEs (very low-certainty evidence). 17 studies (35,944 participants) assessed SAEs for 20,622 of its participants. The majority of participants were from one non-controlled NRSI (20,000 participants), which reported on SAEs within the first four hours and within an additional seven days after transfusion. There were 63 deaths, 12 were possibly and one was probably related to transfusion. There were 146 SAEs within four hours and 1136 SAEs within seven days post-transfusion. These were predominantly allergic or respiratory, thrombotic or thromboembolic and cardiac events. We are uncertain whether convalescent plasma therapy results in a clinically relevant increased risk of SAEs (low-certainty evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: We are uncertain whether convalescent plasma is beneficial for people admitted to hospital with COVID-19. There was limited information regarding grade 3 and 4 AEs to determine the effect of convalescent plasma therapy on clinically relevant SAEs. In the absence of a control group, we are unable to assess the relative safety of convalescent plasma therapy. While major efforts to conduct research on COVID-19 are being made, recruiting the anticipated number of participants into these studies is problematic. The early termination of the first two RCTs investigating convalescent plasma, and the lack of data from 20 studies that have completed or were due to complete at the time of this update illustrate these challenges. Well-designed studies should be prioritised. Moreover, studies should report outcomes in the same way, and should consider the importance of maintaining comparability in terms of co-interventions administered in all study arms. There are 138 ongoing studies evaluating convalescent plasma and hyperimmune immunoglobulin, of which 73 are RCTs (three already completed). This is the second living update of the review, and we will continue to update this review periodically. Future updates may show different results to those reported here. AD - Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia. | Jon J van Rood Center for Clinical Transfusion Research, Sanquin/Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands. | Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands. | Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. | Systematic Review Initiative, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK. | Clinical, Research and Development, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK. | Sanquin Blood Bank, Amsterdam, Netherlands. | Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands. | Haematology/Transfusion Medicine, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK. | Cochrane Cancer, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. AN - 33044747 AU - Chai, K. L. | Valk, S. J. | Piechotta, V. | Kimber, C. | Monsef, I. | Doree, C. | Wood, E. M. | Lamikanra, A. A. | Roberts, D. J. | McQuilten, Z. | So-Osman, C. | Estcourt, L. J. | Skoetz, N. C1 - 2020-10-27 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102720_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 12 DO - 10.1002/14651858.CD013600.pub3 ET - 2020/10/13 IS - 10 KW - Bias | Covid-19 | Cause of Death | Coronavirus Infections/mortality/*therapy | Humans | Immunization, Passive/adverse effects/methods/statistics & numerical data | Non-Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic/statistics & numerical data | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/mortality/*therapy | Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic/statistics & numerical data | Treatment Outcome L1 - internal-pdf://3944908434/Chai_et_al-2020-Cochrane_Database_of_Systemati.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Chai, Khai Li; Valk, Sarah J; Piechotta, Vanessa; Kimber, Catherine; Monsef, Ina; Doree, Carolyn; Wood, Erica M; Lamikanra, Abigail A; Roberts, David J; McQuilten, Zoe; So-Osman, Cynthia; Estcourt, Lise J; Skoetz, Nicole; eng; Meta-Analysis; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Systematic Review; England; Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Oct 12;10:CD013600. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013600.pub3. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; There was low or very-low certainty evidence that convalescent plasma (CP) resulted in: | Decreased all-cause mortality at hospital discharge (risk ratio [RR] 0.55, 95% CI 0.22-1.34). | Decreased time-to-event mortality (hazard ratio 0.64, 95% CI 0.33-1.25). | Improved clinical symptoms (i.e., need for respiratory support): | Within 7 days after administration (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.30-3.19). | Within 15 days (RR 1.34, 95% CI 0.85-2.11). | With 30 days (RR 1.13, 95% CI 0.88-1.43). | Increased risk of moderate to severe adverse events. | Methods: Major medical databases were searched for clinical studies on treatment with CP or hyperimmune immunoglobulin for persons with COVID-19. Nineteen studies with 38,160 participants (36,081 received CP) published prior to August 19, 2020 were identified. Meta-analyses were conducted to assess CP efficacy (2 randomized controlled trials [RCT]) and safety (2 RCTs, 8 controlled non-randomized studies (NSRI), and 9 non-controlled NSRIs). Limitations: Few RCTs included; the assessment of potency of CP and hyperimmune immunoglobulin has not been well standardized; safety assessment limited due to limited numbers of controls; reporting of adverse events in reviewed studies varied. | Implications: Currently, there is little evidence that CP improves outcomes for persons with COVID-19. However, many trials are currently ongoing, including multiple RCTs, which will provide additional information. This Cochrane review is the second update of an ongoing review of CP efficacy and safety studies; subsequent updates may provide additional insight. SN - 1469-493X (Electronic); 1361-6137 (Linking) SP - CD013600 ST - Convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin for people with COVID-19: a living systematic review T2 - Cochrane Database Syst Rev TI - Convalescent plasma or hyperimmune immunoglobulin for people with COVID-19: a living systematic review UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33044747 VL - 10 ID - 1133 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a new human disease with few effective treatments(1). Convalescent plasma, donated by persons who have recovered from COVID-19, is the acellular component of blood that contains antibodies, including those that specifically recognize SARS-CoV-2. These antibodies, when transfused into patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, are thought to exert an antiviral effect, suppressing virus replication before patients have mounted their own humoral immune responses(2,3). Virus-specific antibodies from recovered persons are often the first available therapy for an emerging infectious disease, a stopgap treatment while new antivirals and vaccines are being developed(1,2). This retrospective, propensity score-matched case-control study assessed the effectiveness of convalescent plasma therapy in 39 patients with severe or life-threatening COVID-19 at The Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City. Oxygen requirements on day 14 after transfusion worsened in 17.9% of plasma recipients versus 28.2% of propensity score-matched controls who were hospitalized with COVID-19 (adjusted odds ratio (OR), 0.86; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.75-0.98; chi-square test P value = 0.025). Survival also improved in plasma recipients (adjusted hazard ratio (HR), 0.34; 95% CI, 0.13-0.89; chi-square test P = 0.027). Convalescent plasma is potentially effective against COVID-19, but adequately powered, randomized controlled trials are needed. AD - Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Surgery, Institute for Critical Care Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Medical Education, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. nicole.bouvier@mssm.edu. | Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. nicole.bouvier@mssm.edu. AN - 32934372 AU - Liu, S. T. H. | Lin, H. M. | Baine, I. | Wajnberg, A. | Gumprecht, J. P. | Rahman, F. | Rodriguez, D. | Tandon, P. | Bassily-Marcus, A. | Bander, J. | Sanky, C. | Dupper, A. | Zheng, A. | Nguyen, F. T. | Amanat, F. | Stadlbauer, D. | Altman, D. R. | Chen, B. K. | Krammer, F. | Mendu, D. R. | Firpo-Betancourt, A. | Levin, M. A. | Bagiella, E. | Casadevall, A. | Cordon-Cardo, C. | Jhang, J. S. | Arinsburg, S. A. | Reich, D. L. | Aberg, J. A. | Bouvier, N. M. C1 - 2020-09-25 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/092520_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1038/s41591-020-1088-9 ET - 2020/09/17 IS - 11 KW - Adult | Aged | Antibodies, Viral/blood | COVID-19/epidemiology/*pathology/*therapy | Case-Control Studies | Female | Humans | Immunization, Passive | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Propensity Score | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2/immunology | Severity of Illness Index | Treatment Outcome L1 - internal-pdf://0050588249/Liu-2020-Convalescent plasma treatment of seve.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Liu, Sean T H; Lin, Hung-Mo; Baine, Ian; Wajnberg, Ania; Gumprecht, Jeffrey P; Rahman, Farah; Rodriguez, Denise; Tandon, Pranai; Bassily-Marcus, Adel; Bander, Jeffrey; Sanky, Charles; Dupper, Amy; Zheng, Allen; Nguyen, Freddy T; Amanat, Fatima; Stadlbauer, Daniel; Altman, Deena R; Chen, Benjamin K; Krammer, Florian; Mendu, Damodara Rao; Firpo-Betancourt, Adolfo; Levin, Matthew A; Bagiella, Emilia; Casadevall, Arturo; Cordon-Cardo, Carlos; Jhang, Jeffrey S; Arinsburg, Suzanne A; Reich, David L; Aberg, Judith A; Bouvier, Nicole M; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Nat Med. 2020 Nov;26(11):1708-1713. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-1088-9. Epub 2020 Sep 15. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Fewer patients who received convalescent plasma (CP) died (5/39, 12.8%) than matched controls (38/156, 24.4%). | CP was associated with improved survival in patients who were not intubated (HR 0.23; 95% CI 0.05 �?8, p = 0.046), had symptoms for less than 1 week (HR 0.33; 95% CI 0.11 �?0.93, p = 0.035), or received anticoagulation (HR 0.28; 95% CI 0.10 �?0.80, p = 0.018). | Patients who were intubated showed no improved survival (HR 0.79; 95% CI 0.22 �?9, p = 0.716). | Survival rates improved in CP recipients compared with the control patients (HR 0.34; 95% CI 0.13 �?0.89, p = 0.027). | Methods: Retrospective case-control study analyzing the effectiveness of CP treatment in patients hospitalized at Mount Sinai Hospital with severe COVID-19 between March 24 and April 8, 2020. Propensity-score matched analysis was performed on data from baseline, up to the day of CP transfusion and from the day of CP transfusion forward while in care. Limitations: Cannot exclude the possibility that CP recipients benefitted from more assertive clinical management. | Implications: Results from nonrandomized case series such as this one suggest a benefit of CP in selected patients; high quality data from randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm these findings. SN - 1546-170X (Electronic); 1078-8956 (Linking) SP - 1708-1713 ST - Convalescent plasma treatment of severe COVID-19: a propensity score-matched control study T2 - Nat Med TI - Convalescent plasma treatment of severe COVID-19: a propensity score-matched control study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32934372 VL - 26 ID - 945 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Recent research suggests greater COVID-19 prevalence in areas burdened with higher exposure to chronic air pollution, but previous studies have not examined if socially disadvantaged populations are more likely to reside in communities located at the convergence of both COVID-19 and air pollution health risks. This article presents a national scale U.S. study that investigates whether racial/ethnic minorities, socioeconomically deprived residents, and other vulnerable groups are significantly overrepresented in counties where significantly higher COVID-19 incidence spatially coincides with higher respiratory health risks from outdoor exposure to hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). COVID-19 data from the Johns Hopkins Center for Systems Science and Engineering database are linked to respiratory risk estimates from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Air Toxics Assessment and variables from the 2018 American Community Survey. Bivariate local measures of spatial association are implemented to identify county clusters representing relationships between COVID-19 incidence rate and respiratory risk from HAP exposure. Socio-demographic characteristics of these clusters are compared using bivariate statistical tests and multivariable generalized estimating equations. Counties where greater COVID-19 incidence coincides significantly with higher HAP respiratory risk contain disproportionately higher percentages of non-Hispanic Black, socioeconomically deprived, and uninsured residents than all other U.S. counties, after controlling for spatial clustering, population density, older age, and other contextual factors. These significant socio-demographic inequities represent an important starting point for more detailed investigations of places facing the double burden of elevated COVID-19 prevalence and air pollution exposure, and also emphasize the urgent need to develop mitigation strategies for addressing both COVID-19 and chronic air pollution in socially vulnerable communities. AD - Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Texas at El Paso; 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968, USA. Electronic address: jchakraborty@utep.edu. AN - 33309819 AU - Chakraborty, J. C1 - 2021-02-26 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02262021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb DO - 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110586 ET - 2020/12/15 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | *Air Pollutants/analysis | *Air Pollution/adverse effects | *covid-19 | Child, Preschool | Continental Population Groups | Environmental Exposure | Humans | SARS-CoV-2 | Socioeconomic Factors | United States/epidemiology | Air pollution | Covid-19 | Environmental justice | Race/ethnicity | Socioeconomic status L1 - internal-pdf://0170171510/Chakraborty-2021-Convergence of COVID-19 and c.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Chakraborty, Jayajit; eng; Netherlands; Environ Res. 2021 Feb;193:110586. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110586. Epub 2020 Dec 10. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Counties with the most COVID-19 infections and significantly higher hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) have disproportionately higher numbers of non-Hispanic Black, socioeconomically disadvantaged, and uninsured residents than all other US counties. | There were significantly higher positive associations between COVID-19 and HAP respiratory risk in 14% (422) of US counties, all located in the southeastern US and southern California (High-High in Figure). | Methods: COVID-19 incidence rates were estimated by county (n = 3,108) based on 10,355,623 cases from January 22–November 13, 2020 across the continental US. These data were linked to respiratory risk data from EPA and analyzed to identify geographic clusters based on spatial associations. Limitations: Statistical analyses does not include individual level data and utilized respiratory risk data from 2014 may not represent current conditions or exposure risks. | Implications: The convergence of COVID-19 prevalence and high air pollution, which increases respiratory health risk, in communities where socially disadvantaged persons are more likely to reside, highlights the need to address social disparities through policy and other mitigation strategies. SN - 1096-0953 (Electronic); 0013-9351 (Linking) SP - 110586 ST - Convergence of COVID-19 and chronic air pollution risks: Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic inequities in the U.S T2 - Environ Res TI - Convergence of COVID-19 and chronic air pollution risks: Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic inequities in the U.S UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33309819 VL - 193 ID - 1538 ER - TY - JOUR AB - During the COVID-19 pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 infected millions of people and claimed hundreds of thousands of lives. Virus entry into cells depends on the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S). Although there is no vaccine, it is likely that antibodies will be essential for protection. However, little is known about the human antibody response to SARS-CoV-2(1-5). Here we report on 149 COVID-19 convalescent individuals. Plasmas collected an average of 39 days after the onset of symptoms had variable half-maximal neutralizing titers ranging from undetectable in 33% to below 1:1000 in 79%, while only 1% showed titers >1:5000. Antibody cloning revealed expanded clones of RBD-specific memory B cells expressing closely related antibodies in different individuals. Despite low plasma titers, antibodies to three distinct epitopes on RBD neutralized at half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) as low as single digit ng/mL. Thus, most convalescent plasmas obtained from individuals who recover from COVID-19 do not contain high levels of neutralizing activity. Nevertheless, rare but recurring RBD-specific antibodies with potent antiviral activity were found in all individuals tested, suggesting that a vaccine designed to elicit such antibodies could be broadly effective. AD - Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA. | Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA. | Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. | Hospital Program Direction, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA. | Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA. | Hospital Clinical Research Office, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA. | Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, 499 Illinois Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. | Howard Hughes Medical Institute. AN - 32511384 AU - Robbiani, D. F. | Gaebler, C. | Muecksch, F. | Lorenzi, J. C. C. | Wang, Z. | Cho, A. | Agudelo, M. | Barnes, C. O. | Gazumyan, A. | Finkin, S. | Hagglof, T. | Oliveira, T. Y. | Viant, C. | Hurley, A. | Hoffmann, H. H. | Millard, K. G. | Kost, R. G. | Cipolla, M. | Gordon, K. | Bianchini, F. | Chen, S. T. | Ramos, V. | Patel, R. | Dizon, J. | Shimeliovich, I. | Mendoza, P. | Hartweger, H. | Nogueira, L. | Pack, M. | Horowitz, J. | Schmidt, F. | Weisblum, Y. | Michailidis, E. | Ashbrook, A. W. | Waltari, E. | Pak, J. E. | Huey-Tubman, K. E. | Koranda, N. | Hoffman, P. R. | West, A. P., Jr. | Rice, C. M. | Hatziioannou, T. | Bjorkman, P. J. | Bieniasz, P. D. | Caskey, M. | Nussenzweig, M. C. C1 - 2020-05-26 C2 - Immunity Against Reinfection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052620_covidupdate.html DA - May 22 DO - 10.1101/2020.05.13.092619 ET - 2020/06/09 L1 - internal-pdf://0267096298/Robbiani-2020-Convergent Antibody Responses to.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Robbiani, Davide F; Gaebler, Christian; Muecksch, Frauke; Lorenzi, Julio C C; Wang, Zijun; Cho, Alice; Agudelo, Marianna; Barnes, Christopher O; Gazumyan, Anna; Finkin, Shlomo; Hagglof, Thomas; Oliveira, Thiago Y; Viant, Charlotte; Hurley, Arlene; Hoffmann, Hans-Heinrich; Millard, Katrina G; Kost, Rhonda G; Cipolla, Melissa; Gordon, Kristie; Bianchini, Filippo; Chen, Spencer T; Ramos, Victor; Patel, Roshni; Dizon, Juan; Shimeliovich, Irina; Mendoza, Pilar; Hartweger, Harald; Nogueira, Lilian; Pack, Maggi; Horowitz, Jill; Schmidt, Fabian; Weisblum, Yiska; Michailidis, Eleftherios; Ashbrook, Alison W; Waltari, Eric; Pak, John E; Huey-Tubman, Kathryn E; Koranda, Nicholas; Hoffman, Pauline R; West, Anthony P Jr; Rice, Charles M; Hatziioannou, Theodora; Bjorkman, Pamela J; Bieniasz, Paul D; Caskey, Marina; Nussenzweig, Michel C; eng; R01 AI078788/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 AI091707/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; UL1 TR001866/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; R37 AI064003/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; U19 AI111825/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; P50 AI150464/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Preprint; bioRxiv. 2020 May 22. doi: 10.1101/2020.05.13.092619. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Blood samples from 149 COVID-19 patients contained varying levels of antibodies able to neutralize virus and protect cells from infection with SARS-CoV-2. | Neutralizing activity was strongest in patients who recovered from severe COVID-19. | Methods: Blood was collected from 149 people who had recovered from COVID-19, an average of 39 days after onset of symptoms and �?4 days after symptom resolution. Antibodies reactive against SARS-CoV-2 were quantified with ELISA. Neutralizing activity was measured with pseudotyped virus assays. Limitations: Laboratory study; in vivo immunity against reinfection in patients recovered from COVID-19 not assessed. | Implications of 4 studies (Robbiani et al., Grifoni et al., Braun et al. & Chandrashekar et al.): Most people with COVID-19 develop neutralizing antibodies and helper T cells specific for SARS-CoV-2 that may help prevent reinfection. Similar defenses prevented reinfection of rhesus macaques with SARS-CoV-2. Studies are underway to ascertain whether a similar protective effect of natural infection with SARS-CoV-2 occurs in humans, which can help inform vaccine development. SP - 2020.05.13.092619 ST - Convergent Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Convalescent Individuals T2 - bioRxiv TI - Convergent Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Convalescent Individuals TT - Published article: Convergent antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in convalescent individuals UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32511384 ID - 262 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Today, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration issued an emergency use authorization (EUA) for the investigational monoclonal antibody therapy bamlanivimab for the treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in adult and pediatric patients. Bamlanivimab is authorized for patients with positive results of direct SARS-CoV-2 viral testing who are 12 years of age and older weighing at least 40 kilograms (about 88 pounds), and who are at high risk for progressing to severe COVID-19 and/or hospitalization. This includes those who are 65 years of age or older, or who have certain chronic medical conditions. | While the safety and effectiveness of this investigational therapy continues to be evaluated, bamlanivimab was shown in clinical trials to reduce COVID-19-related hospitalization or emergency room visits in patients at high risk for disease progression within 28 days after treatment when compared to placebo. | Bamlanivimab is not authorized for patients who are hospitalized due to COVID-19 or require oxygen therapy due to COVID-19. A benefit of bamlanivimab treatment has not been shown in patients hospitalized due to COVID-19. Monoclonal antibodies, such as bamlanivimab, may be associated with worse clinical outcomes when administered to hospitalized patients with COVID-19 requiring high flow oxygen or mechanical ventilation. | “As illustrated by today’s action, the FDA remains committed to expediting the development and availability of potential COVID-19 treatments and providing sick patients timely access to new therapies where appropriate, while at the same time supporting research to further evaluate whether they are safe and effective,�?said FDA Commissioner Stephen M. Hahn, M.D. “Through our Coronavirus Treatment Acceleration Program, the FDA continues to work around the clock and use every tool at our disposal toward these efforts.�? | Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-made proteins that mimic the immune system’s ability to fight off harmful antigens such as viruses. Bamlanivimab is a monoclonal antibody that is specifically directed against the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, designed to block the virus�?attachment and entry into human cells. | “The FDA’s emergency authorization of bamlanivimab provides health care professionals on the frontline of this pandemic with another potential tool in treating COVID-19 patients,�?said Patrizia Cavazzoni, M.D., acting director of the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. “We will continue to evaluate new data on the safety and efficacy of bamlanivimab as they become available.�? | The issuance of an EUA is different than FDA approval. In determining whether to issue an EUA, the FDA evaluates the available evidence and carefully balances any known or potential risks with any known or potential benefits of the product for use during an emergency. Based on the FDA’s review of the totality of the scientific evidence available, the agency determined that it is reasonable to believe that bamlanivimab may be effective in treating non-hospitalized patients with mild or moderate COVID-19. And, when used to treat COVID-19 for the authorized population, the known and potential benefits outweigh the known and potential risks for the drug. There are no adequate, approved and available alternative treatments to bamlanivimab for the authorized population. As part of the evaluation of the EUA, the agency imposed several quality measures to protect patients. The company is required to implement these quality measures to manufacture this drug under the EUA. | The data supporting this EUA for bamlanivimab are based on an interim analysis from a phase two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial in 465 non-hospitalized adults with mild to moderate COVID-19 symptoms. Of these patients, 101 received a 700-milligram dose of bamlanivimab, 107 received a 2,800-milligram dose, 101 received a 7,000-milligram dose and 156 received a placebo within three days of obtaining the clinical sample for the first positive SARS-CoV-2 viral test. | The pre-specified primary endpoint in the phase two trial was change in viral load from baseline to day 11 for bamlanivimab versus placebo. Most patients, including those receiving placebo, cleared the virus by day 11. However, the most important evidence that bamlanivimab may be effective came from the predefined secondary endpoint of COVID-19-related hospitalizations or emergency room visits within 28 days after treatment. For patients at high risk for disease progression, hospitalizations and emergency room visits occurred in 3% of bamlanivimab-treated patients on average compared to 10% in placebo-treated patients. The effects on viral load and on reduction in hospitalizations and ER visits, and on safety, were similar in patients receiving any of the three bamlanivimab doses. | The EUA allows for bamlanivimab to be distributed and administered as a single dose intravenously by health care providers. The EUA requires that fact sheets that provide important information about using bamlanivimab in treating COVID-19 be made available to health care providers and to patients and caregivers, including dosing instructions, potential side effects and drug interactions. Possible side effects of bamlanivimab include: anaphylaxis and infusion-related reactions, nausea, diarrhea, dizziness, headache, itching and vomiting. | The EUA was issued to Eli Lilly and Company. | The FDA, an agency within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, protects the public health by assuring the safety, effectiveness, and security of human and veterinary drugs, vaccines and other biological products for human use, and medical devices. The agency also is responsible for the safety and security of our nation’s food supply, cosmetics, dietary supplements, products that give off electronic radiation, and for regulating tobacco products. AU - Food and Drug Administration C1 - 2020-11-10 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/111020_covidupdate.html LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Implications: While another trial of LY-CoV555 was recently stopped given apparent lack of clinical benefit in hospitalized COVID-19 patientsexternal icon, LY-CoV555, known as banlanivimab, effects on early mild or moderate COVID-19 were effective enough for an FDA emergency use authorizationexternal icon issued November 9, 2020. ST - Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Authorizes Monoclonal Antibody for Treatment of COVID-19 T2 - Food and Drug Administration Press Release TI - Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Authorizes Monoclonal Antibody for Treatment of COVID-19 UR - https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-authorizes-monoclonal-antibody-treatment-covid-19 ID - 1217 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Today, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration issued an emergency use authorization for the investigational antiviral drug remdesivir for the treatment of suspected or laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 in adults and children hospitalized with severe disease. While there is limited information known about the safety and effectiveness of using remdesivir to treat people in the hospital with COVID-19, the investigational drug was shown in a clinical trial to shorten the time to recovery in some patients. | “FDA’s emergency authorization of remdesivir, two days after the National Institutes of Health’s clinical trial showed promising results, is a significant step forward in battling COVID-19 and another example of the Trump Administration moving as quickly as possible to use science to save lives,�?said HHS Secretary Alex Azar. “NIH, FDA, and scientists across America and around the world have worked tirelessly with patients to get us this new potential treatment for COVID-19. The seamless cooperation between government and private industry under the President’s all-of-America approach to COVID-19 is getting treatment options to patients in record time.�? | The emergency use authorization allows for remdesivir to be distributed in the U.S. and administered intravenously by health care providers, as appropriate, to treat suspected or laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 in adults and children hospitalized with severe disease. Severe disease is defined as patients with low blood oxygen levels or needing oxygen therapy or more intensive breathing support such as a mechanical ventilator. | “From day one, the FDA has been committed to expediting the development and availability of potential COVID-19 treatments. Today’s action is an important step in our efforts to collaborate with innovators and researchers to provide sick patients timely access to new therapies where appropriate, while at the same time supporting research to further evaluate whether they are safe and effective,�?said FDA Commissioner Stephen M. Hahn, M.D. “There’s tremendous interest among all parties to identify and arm ourselves with medicines to combat COVID-19, and through our Coronavirus Treatment Acceleration Program, the FDA is working around-the-clock and using every tool at our disposal to speed these efforts.�? | Based on evaluation of the emergency use authorization criteria and the scientific evidence available, it was determined that it is reasonable to believe that remdesivir may be effective in treating COVID-19, and that, given there are no adequate, approved, or available alternative treatments, the known and potential benefits to treat this serious or life-threatening virus currently outweigh the known and potential risks of the drug’s use. | The EUA also requires that fact sheets that provide important information about using remdesivir in treating COVID-19 be made available to health care providers and patients, including dosing instructions, potential side effects and drug interactions. Possible side effects of remdesivir include: increased levels of liver enzymes, which may be a sign of inflammation or damage to cells in the liver; and infusion-related reactions, which may include low blood pressure, nausea, vomiting, sweating, and shivering. | Following the declaration by the Secretary of HHS that circumstances exist justifying the emergency use of unapproved products, the FDA may issue an emergency use authorization to allow unapproved medical products or unapproved uses of approved medical products to be used in an emergency to diagnose, treat, or prevent serious or life-threatening diseases or conditions caused by chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear threats when there are no adequate, approved, and available alternatives. | The issuance of an EUA is different than FDA approval. In determining whether to issue an EUA, the FDA evaluates the available evidence and carefully balances any known or potential risks of any unproven products with any known or potential benefits of making them available during the emergency. | The EUA was issued to Gilead Sciences Inc. The FDA previously allowed for study of the investigational drug under clinical trials, as well as expanded access use for individual patients and through a multi-patient expanded access program coordinated by Gilead. | The EUA will be effective until the declaration that circumstances exist justifying the authorization of the emergency use of drugs and biologics for prevention and treatment of COVID-19 is terminated and may be revised or revoked if it is determined the EUA no longer meets the statutory criteria for issuance. | The FDA, an agency within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, protects the public health by assuring the safety, effectiveness, and security of human and veterinary drugs, vaccines and other biological products for human use, and medical devices. The agency also is responsible for the safety and security of our nation’s food supply, cosmetics, dietary supplements, products that give off electronic radiation, and for regulating tobacco products. AU - Food and Drug Administration C1 - 2020-05-05 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050520_covidupdate.html LA - en LB - Vaccines | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: On May 1, 2020 the FDA issued an emergency use authorization for the investigational antiviral drug remdesivir for the treatment of suspected or laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 in adults and children hospitalized with severe disease, two days after the National Institutes of Health’s clinical trial showed promising results. ST - Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Issues Emergency Use Authorization for Potential COVID-19 Treatment T2 - Food and Drug Administration Press Release TI - Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Issues Emergency Use Authorization for Potential COVID-19 Treatment UR - https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-issues-emergency-use-authorization-potential-covid-19-treatment ID - 130 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: There are limited data regarding the clinical impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH). In this study, we compared outcomes for PLWH with COVID-19 to a matched comparison group. METHODS: We identified 88 PLWH hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 in our hospital system in New York City between 12 March and 23 April 2020. We collected data on baseline clinical characteristics, laboratory values, HIV status, treatment, and outcomes from this group and matched comparators (1 PLWH to up to 5 patients by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and calendar week of infection). We compared clinical characteristics and outcomes (death, mechanical ventilation, hospital discharge) for these groups, as well as cumulative incidence of death by HIV status. RESULTS: Patients did not differ significantly by HIV status by age, sex, or race/ethnicity due to the matching algorithm. PLWH hospitalized with COVID-19 had high proportions of HIV virologic control on antiretroviral therapy. PLWH had greater proportions of smoking (P < .001) and comorbid illness than uninfected comparators. There was no difference in COVID-19 severity on admission by HIV status (P = .15). Poor outcomes for hospitalized PLWH were frequent but similar to proportions in comparators; 18% required mechanical ventilation and 21% died during follow-up (compared with 23% and 20%, respectively). There was similar cumulative incidence of death over time by HIV status (P = .94). CONCLUSIONS: We found no differences in adverse outcomes associated with HIV infection for hospitalized COVID-19 patients compared with a demographically similar patient group. AD - Division of General Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. | Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Health at Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. | Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. | Department of Anaesthesia, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. | Department of Oncologic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. | Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. | Digital Health Center, Hasso Plattner Institute, University of Potsdam, Professor-Dr.-Helmert-Strasse 2-3, Potsdam, Germany. | BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. | Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. | Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. | Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. | Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. | Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. | Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. AN - 32594164 AU - Sigel, K. | Swartz, T. | Golden, E. | Paranjpe, I. | Somani, S. | Richter, F. | De Freitas, J. K. | Miotto, R. | Zhao, S. | Polak, P. | Mutetwa, T. | Factor, S. | Mehandru, S. | Mullen, M. | Cossarini, F. | Bottinger, E. | Fayad, Z. | Merad, M. | Gnjatic, S. | Aberg, J. | Charney, A. | Nadkarni, G. | Glicksberg, B. S. C1 - 2020-07-17 | 2020-09-08 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071720_covidupdate.html | http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090820_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 31 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa880 ET - 2020/07/01 IS - 11 KW - *COVID-19/mortality/therapy | *Coronavirus | Hiv | *HIV Infections/complications/drug therapy/epidemiology | Humans | New York City/epidemiology | Patient Discharge | Respiration, Artificial | SARS-CoV-2 | Treatment Outcome | *coronavirus 2019 | *human immunodeficiency virus | *severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 L1 - internal-pdf://1723789150/Sigel-2020-Coronavirus 2019 and People Living.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Sigel, Keith; Swartz, Talia; Golden, Eddye; Paranjpe, Ishan; Somani, Sulaiman; Richter, Felix; De Freitas, Jessica K; Miotto, Riccardo; Zhao, Shan; Polak, Paz; Mutetwa, Tinaye; Factor, Stephanie; Mehandru, Saurabh; Mullen, Michael; Cossarini, Francesca; Bottinger, Erwin; Fayad, Zahi; Merad, Miriam; Gnjatic, Sacha; Aberg, Judith; Charney, Alexander; Nadkarni, Girish; Glicksberg, Benjamin S; eng; R01 CA210806/CA/NCI NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Dec 31;71(11):2933-2938. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa880. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Adverse outcomes associated with HIV infection for hospitalized COVID-19 patients were no different compared to demographically similar patients not infected with HIV. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - 2933-2938 ST - Coronavirus 2019 and People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Outcomes for Hospitalized Patients in New York City T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Coronavirus 2019 and People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Outcomes for Hospitalized Patients in New York City UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32594164 VL - 71 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 548 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Purple rashes, swollen legs, clogged catheters and sudden death �?blood clots, large and small, are a frequent complication of COVID-19, and researchers are just beginning to untangle why. For weeks, reports have poured in of the disease’s effects throughout the body, many of which are caused by clots. “This is like a storm of blood clots,�?says Behnood Bikdeli, a fourth-year cardiology fellow at Columbia University in New York City. Anyone with a severe illness is at risk of developing clots, but hospitalized patients with COVID-19 seem to be more susceptible. | Studies from the Netherlands and France suggest that clots arise in 20�?0% of critically ill COVID-19 patients1,2. Scientists have a few plausible hypotheses to explain the phenomenon, and they are just beginning to launch studies aimed at gaining mechanistic insights. But with the death toll rising, they are also scrambling to test clot-curbing medications. AN - 32393875 AU - Willyard, C. C1 - 2020-05-19 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051920_covidupdate.html DA - May DO - 10.1038/d41586-020-01403-8 ET - 2020/05/13 IS - 7808 KW - Betacoronavirus | Blood Coagulation Disorders/*virology | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus | *Coronavirus Infections | Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products | Hospital Mortality | Humans | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral | SARS-CoV-2 | *Immunology | *Medical research | *SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://2260634573/d41586-020-01403-8.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Willyard, Cassandra; eng; News; Comment; England; Nature. 2020 May;581(7808):250. doi: 10.1038/d41586-020-01403-8. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Potential reasons for increased clotting seen with COVID-19 and therapeutic options. SN - 1476-4687 (Electronic); 0028-0836 (Linking) SP - 250 ST - Coronavirus blood-clot mystery intensifies T2 - Nature TI - Coronavirus blood-clot mystery intensifies UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32393875 VL - 581 ID - 215 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 32546811 AU - Ledford, H. C1 - 2020-06-26 C2 - Treatment CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/062620_covidupdate.html DA - Jun DO - 10.1038/d41586-020-01824-5 ET - 2020/06/18 IS - 7813 KW - Adenosine Monophosphate/analogs & derivatives/supply & distribution/therapeutic | use | Alanine/analogs & derivatives/supply & distribution/therapeutic use | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*drug therapy/epidemiology/mortality | Critical Illness | Dexamethasone/administration & dosage/adverse effects/supply & | distribution/*therapeutic use | Humans | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*drug therapy/epidemiology/mortality | Preprints as Topic | Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic | Respiration, Artificial | Risk Assessment | Survival Rate | *Immunology | *Infection | *Medical research | *SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://3686129265/d41586-020-01824-5.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Ledford, Heidi; eng; News; England; Nature. 2020 Jun;582(7813):469. doi: 10.1038/d41586-020-01824-5. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Discusses the RECOVERY trial of dexamethasone as a new treatment for COVID-19. SN - 1476-4687 (Electronic); 0028-0836 (Linking) SP - 469 ST - Coronavirus breakthrough: dexamethasone is first drug shown to save lives T2 - Nature TI - Coronavirus breakthrough: dexamethasone is first drug shown to save lives UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32546811 VL - 582 ID - 450 ER - TY - JOUR AB - As the global fight against the COVID-19 pandemic continues, much of the world is pinning its hopes of easing lockdowns on being able to quickly identify people who might have been exposed to the virus. But such ‘contact tracing�?is generally a laborious, slow process that relies on in-person interviews and detective work. Enter the smartphone: a new breed of app aims to automate the process of retracing a person’s movements to find people they might have infected �?and possibly notify those people at the earliest possible stage. | The efficacy of such apps has yet to be proved. Modelling suggests they can help to slow the spread of the virus �?but only if enough of the population uses them. A preprint from a group at the University of Oxford, UK, suggests that a take-up threshold of 60% of the population can bring an outbreak under control1. The apps have also raised privacy concerns, because some need to store user data on central servers if people are to be identified and tracked. And even proponents of the apps say that, to be most effective, they still require human contact tracers in the loop to conduct follow-up interviews. | ; Latest updates: Coronavirus and COVID-19; | Over the past two months, researchers and developers around the world have been racing to design protocols that can win public trust and gain wide adoption. They’ve received a boost from the tech giants Apple and Google, which are implementing a common platform through an operating-system update that is widely praised by cryptographers. | Still, there is no guarantee that any app will work as intended to help curb the pandemic. And without widespread testing for the virus and high levels of uptake, their efficacy will be muted. “The fundamental thing is, this could all turn out to be garbage. None of it could work,�?says Matthew Green, a cryptographer at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. “We have to try. We just don’t know.�? | Contact tracing’s new era; Many regions that have made contact tracing a key part of their COVID-19 playbook �?including China, South Korea, Taiwan and Israel �?have empowered contact tracers with sensitive details of infected people, including CCTV footage, credit-card transactions and location data from mobile-phone carriers. But in places where such solutions are likely to be incompatible with privacy expectations, Bluetooth tracing has proved alluring. | During the past two months, several research groups have developed privacy-minded protocols, including the TraceTogether team in Singapore, the Private Automated Contact Tracing (PACT) group led by researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, and the largely European consortium Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing (DP-3T). | These three teams have embraced a basic common concept (see ‘App-based contact tracing�?. A smartphone regularly broadcasts a random string of characters that serves as a pseudonym to other phones using Bluetooth’s low-energy specification for sending short bursts of data. The phone adopts a new string every 15 minutes or so to further anonymize the pseudonyms. At the same time, it logs every ‘chirp�?it hears from other phones, as well as information about the signal strength to estimate how close they are. | App-based contact tracing. A graphic showing centralized and decentralized apps and how they work. | If a person is found to be infected, they can consent to uploading their phone’s list of encounters with other phones to a database maintained by the app’s operator. No identifying or location information is retained. Other phones can download that database, compare it with their encounter history, and alert the users if they have been exposed to the infected person for long enough to have put them at risk of infection. Or, as in Singapore, human contact tracers review the data and notify contacts manually. | Singapore’s TraceTogether app was developed by the country’s health ministry and technology agency, and was released on 20 March. Although groundbreaking, it exposed one glaring technical limitation to this general approach: because of the privacy measures imposed on Bluetooth function by Apple’s operating system, for the app to be useful, iPhones must remain unlocked all the time with the app open, a major inconvenience and a drain on the battery. | ‘Gappling�?with solutions; On 10 April, Apple and Google announced that they would collaborate on a common contact-tracing platform. The two tech giants are implementing cryptographic functions to generate and process the pseudonyms directly into the operating systems. That would resolve the iPhone battery issue by allowing apps to collect contact data in the background. This also adds an extra layer of security �?even the apps cannot see the raw chirps. Instead, the protocol will be accessible to public-health agencies wishing to use it for their own apps through an application-programming interface (API) called the ‘Exposure Notification API�? which will allow these apps to log and receive data. The API is expected to be released publicly by the end of May. | Security experts have hailed Google and Apple’s collaboration, dubbed ‘Gapple�? “It’s incredible that they were able to come up with this as quickly as they have, and also in partnership with each other,�?says Sarah Kreps, a political scientist at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, who studies surveillance systems and cybersecurity. | ; NatureTech; | Although countries will still need to develop their own apps to take advantage of the new protocol, the handling of the pseudonyms takes place entirely on users�?phones. | Advocates of this ‘decentralized�?approach include TraceTogether, PACT and DP-3T, all of which say they have provided feedback to Apple and Google. “We’re very happy because their protocol is basically our protocol,�?says James Larus, a computer scientist at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne and a member of the DP-3T group. | The approach is not without risk, researchers acknowledge, but exploiting that risk would require significant effort by hackers for seemingly little reward. For example, they would have to turn on a different phone every time they came near a different person and wait several days to see if it reported a positive test result. “There’s this little tiny window for abuse, but it’s so small,�?says Green. | Centralized dissenters; But not all proposed protocols and apps follow these decentralized principles. | Some store all users�?interaction data on government servers that analyse the data and perform the contact matching. Proponents say that this ‘centralized�?model allows health authorities to use the database to piece together a view of the network of contacts, enabling further epidemiological insights such as revealing clusters and superspreaders. | ; The simulations driving the world’s response to COVID-19; | But if the database is hacked, the anonymity provided by rotating pseudonyms is nullified, and individuals can be more easily tracked. Plus, says Kreps, “there’s a risk of function creep and state surveillance�? “I have little faith in government’s ability to keep data like this secure,�?says Green. | A German-led effort sought to create a European consortium built around a centralized approach called Pan-European Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing (PEPP-PT). But that attempt has faded as support has grown for the decentralized approach pushed by DP-3T. Germany itself switched to the Gapple approach on 26 April. | The United Kingdom and France are still pursuing centralized options, and the United Kingdom began testing its National Health Service app on the Isle of Wight on 4 May. But because this app eschews Apple and Google’s protocol, it will not be able to run in the background on iPhones. “That’s a nail in the coffin,�?says Green. (A Gapple app for the United Kingdom is in parallel development, according to an 8 May report in the Financial Times.); | Some apps go even further and collect GPS location data, sending it to a central server. Examples include India’s Aarogya Setu app, which has been downloaded by 100 million users, as well as apps developed by several US states, including Utah and North and South Dakota. Apple and Google will not let apps that record location data use their APIs. | Challenges abound; Beyond concerns over privacy, one key practical challenge to phone-based contact tracing is making accurate measurements of how close two devices are. Signal strength can vary on the basis of the orientation of the phone and whether it is in your hand or in your pocket, says Daniel Weitzner, a leader of the PACT group at MIT. “We’re going to need information besides just the Bluetooth signal strength to make those measurements work right,�?he says. | Another challenge is ensuring that enough people download the app to make it effective. The TraceTogether team said that 1.1 million people had downloaded its (non-Gapple protocol) app as of 20 April �?roughly one-fifth of Singapore’s population. But that means there’s just a 4% chance that any two given people will have the app, limiting its efficacy. One recent study2 of 2,612 Americans, by a team including Kreps, reports “widespread reluctance�?to embrace smartphone-based contact tracing. Only about one in four respondents (27%) “expressed willingness to download a hypothetical app with GPS location tracking, while 32% were willing when the app was described as using non-location-tracking Bluetooth technology�? the team reported. According to a report in The New York Times, only about 3% of the population of North Dakota had downloaded that state’s Care19 app as of late April. | ; Show evidence that apps for COVID-19 contact-tracing are secure and effective; | Apps also obviously exclude anyone who doesn’t own a smartphone �?who are often among those most vulnerable to COVID-19, such as older people and migrant workers. | In Singapore, for instance, foreign workers have borne the brunt of the country’s roughly 24,000 cases. Many of those 1.4 million individuals cannot afford smartphones and live in crowded dormitories, with up to 20 people in a room. In such a scenario, contact tracing is less important, because almost everyone is exposed to the virus, says Hsu Li Yang, an infectious-diseases physician at the National University of Singapore. | But widespread access to Bluetooth-based tracing could alleviate another problem that the migrant-worker population faces in Singapore’s manual contact-tracing process, Hsu says �?they are often not well served by in-person interviews because of language barriers. Another option would be to produce and distribute a cheap wearable device devoted to contact tracing. The authorities in Singapore have said they are exploring this possibility. | Still, in a white paper3, the developers of Singapore’s app caution against “an over-reliance on technology�?and argue that contact tracing “should remain a human-fronted process�? | Indeed, distrust of governments and wariness of big tech could provide the biggest challenges to mobile-phone-based contact tracing. “We’re living in the era of the ‘techlash�?�?says Kreps. | In the aftermath of the 2015 outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in South Korea �?which resulted in 186 cases and 38 deaths �?the country’s national assembly authorized the government to access records such as mobile-phone location data and release the reconstructed movements of infected cases to the public. Combined with a rapid ramp-up of virus testing and social distancing, this strategy worked well when COVID-19 struck. By the end of April, reported cases of community transmission had fallen to nearly zero. In mid-May, a new cluster of more than 160 cases emerged, traced to nightclubs in Seoul. But as of 17 May, the number of daily cases of local transmission had fallen again to single digits. Surveys show that the South Korean public broadly supports the interventions. | There’s no reason that other countries couldn’t do the same, except for a lack of trust in government, says Green. In the United States, he says, the infrastructure is already in place for widespread tracking. “Unfortunately, the idea of letting a government use that information is going to run into a lot of red flags from people, probably rightly. At the same time, this information is used every day �?it’s just used in service of targeted advertising, which is something that we sort of put up with.�? AN - 32433633 AU - Zastrow, Mark C1 - 2020-05-29 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052920_covidupdate.html DA - May 19 DO - 10.1038/d41586-020-01514-2 ET - 2020/05/21 KW - Epidemiology | Policy | SARS-CoV-2 | Society LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Zastrow, Mark; eng; News; England; Nature. 2020 May 19. pii: 10.1038/d41586-020-01514-2. doi: 10.1038/d41586-020-01514-2. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: New apps track movement of persons so that contract tracing can be automated. Privacy issues needs to be resolved and the efficacy of the apps needs to be verified. SN - 0028-0836; 1476-4687 ST - Coronavirus contact-tracing apps: can they slow the spread of COVID-19? T2 - Nature TI - Coronavirus contact-tracing apps: can they slow the spread of COVID-19? UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32433633 | https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-01514-2 ID - 280 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Coronavirus disease 2019 is an emerging disease with a rapid increase in cases and deaths since its first identification in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Limited data are available about coronavirus disease 2019 during pregnancy; however, information on illnesses associated with other highly pathogenic coronaviruses (ie, severe acute respiratory syndrome and the Middle East respiratory syndrome) might provide insights into coronavirus disease 2019’s effects during pregnancy. Coronaviruses cause illness ranging in severity from the common cold to severe respiratory illness and death. Currently the primary epidemiologic risk factors for coronavirus disease 2019 include travel from mainland China (especially Hubei Province) or close contact with infected individuals within 14 days of symptom onset. Data suggest an incubation period of �? days (range, 2�?4 days). Average age of hospitalized patients has been 49�?6 years, with a third to half with an underlying illness. Children have been rarely reported. Men were more frequent among hospitalized cases (54�?3%). Frequent manifestations include fever, cough, myalgia, headache, and diarrhea. Abnormal testing includes abnormalities on chest radiographic imaging, lymphopenia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Initial reports suggest that acute respiratory distress syndrome develops in 17�?9% of hospitalized patients. Overall case fatality rate appears to be �?%; however, early data may overestimate this rate. In 2 reports describing 18 pregnancies with coronavirus disease 2019, all were infected in the third trimester, and clinical findings were similar to those in nonpregnant adults. Fetal distress and preterm delivery were seen in some cases. All but 2 pregnancies were cesarean deliveries and no evidence of in utero transmission was seen. Data on severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome in pregnancy are sparse. For severe acute respiratory syndrome, the largest series of 12 pregnancies had a case-fatality rate of 25%. Complications included acute respiratory distress syndrome in 4, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy in 3, renal failure in 3, secondary bacterial pneumonia in 2, and sepsis in 2 patients. Mechanical ventilation was 3 times more likely among pregnant compared with nonpregnant women. Among 7 first-trimester infections, 4 ended in spontaneous abortion. Four of 5 women with severe acute respiratory syndrome after 24 weeks�?gestation delivered preterm. For Middle East respiratory syndrome, there were 13 case reports in pregnant women, of which 2 were asymptomatic, identified as part of a contact investigation; 3 patients (23%) died. Two pregnancies ended in fetal demise and 2 were born preterm. No evidence of in utero transmission was seen in severe acute respiratory syndrome or Middle East respiratory syndrome. Currently no coronavirus-specific treatments have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Because coronavirus disease 2019 might increase the risk for pregnancy complications, management should optimally be in a health care facility with close maternal and fetal monitoring. Principles of management of coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnancy include early isolation, aggressive infection control procedures, oxygen therapy, avoidance of fluid overload, consideration of empiric antibiotics (secondary to bacterial infection risk), laboratory testing for the virus and coinfection, fetal and uterine contraction monitoring, early mechanical ventilation for progressive respiratory failure, individualized delivery planning, and a team-based approach with multispecialty consultations. Information on coronavirus disease 2019 is increasing rapidly. Clinicians should continue to follow the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website to stay up to date with the latest information (http://www.cy118119.com/coronavirus/2019-nCoV/hcp/index.html). AD - Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL; Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL. Electronic address: skr9@ufl.edu. | Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL. | Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida College of Public Health and Health Professions, and University of Florida Emerging Pathogens Institute, Gainesville, FL. | Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA. AN - 32105680 AU - Rasmussen, Sonja A. | Smulian, John C. | Lednicky, John A. | Wen, Tony S. | Jamieson, Denise J. C1 - 2020-04-01 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/040120_covidupdate.html DA - 2020/05/01/ DO - 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.02.017 ET - 2020/02/28 IS - 5 KW - fetal death | fetus | maternal death | Middle East respiratory syndrome | newborn | novel coronavirus | 2019 novel coronavirus | perinatal infection | pneumonia | pregnancy | preterm birth | severe acute respiratory syndrome | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 | vertical transmission L1 - internal-pdf://0356490410/1-s2.0-S0002937820301976-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Rasmussen, Sonja A | Smulian, John C | Lednicky, John A | Wen, Tony S | Jamieson, Denise J | eng | Review | Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020 May;222(5):415-426. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.02.017. Epub 2020 Feb 24. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: There continues to be no evidence of perinatal SARS-CoV-2 transmission. SN - 0002-9378 SP - 415-426 ST - Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pregnancy: what obstetricians need to know T2 - Am J Obstet Gynecol TI - Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pregnancy: what obstetricians need to know UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002937820301976 VL - 222 ID - 1988 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The Diamond Princess cruise ship was the site of a large outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Of 437 Americans and their travel companions on the ship, 114 (26%) tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). METHODS: We interviewed 229 American passengers and crew after disembarkation following a ship-based quarantine to identify risk factors for infection and characterize transmission onboard the ship. RESULTS: The attack rate for passengers in single-person cabins or without infected cabinmates was 18% (58/329), compared with 63% (27/43) for those sharing a cabin with an asymptomatic infected cabinmate, and 81% (25/31) for those with a symptomatic infected cabinmate. Whole genome sequences from specimens from passengers who shared cabins clustered together. Of 66 SARS-CoV-2-positive American travelers with complete symptom information, 14 (21%) were asymptomatic while on the ship. Among SARS-CoV-2-positive Americans, 10 (9%) required intensive care, of whom 7 were >/=70 years. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the high risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission on cruise ships. High rates of SARS-CoV-2 positivity in cabinmates of individuals with asymptomatic infections suggest that triage by symptom status in shared quarters is insufficient to halt transmission. A high rate of intensive care unit admission among older individuals complicates the prospect of future cruise travel during the pandemic, given typical cruise passenger demographics. The magnitude and severe outcomes of this outbreak were major factors contributing to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's decision to halt cruise ship travel in US waters in March 2020. AD - All authors are part of the COVID-19 Cruise Ship Task Force, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. AN - 32785683 AU - Plucinski, M. M. | Wallace, M. | Uehara, A. | Kurbatova, E. V. | Tobolowsky, F. A. | Schneider, Z. D. | Ishizumi, A. | Bozio, C. H. | Kobayashi, M. | Toda, M. | Stewart, A. | Wagner, R. L. | Moriarty, L. F. | Murray, R. | Queen, K. | Tao, Y. | Paden, C. | Mauldin, M. R. | Zhang, J. | Li, Y. | Elkins, C. A. | Lu, X. | Herzig, C. T. A. | Novak, R. | Bower, W. | Medley, A. M. | Acosta, A. M. | Knust, B. | Cantey, P. T. | Pesik, N. T. | Halsey, E. S. | Cetron, M. S. | Tong, S. | Marston, B. J. | Friedman, C. R. C1 - 2020-08-21 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082120_covidupdate.html DA - May 18 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa1180 ET - 2020/08/14 IS - 10 KW - *covid-19 | Diamond | Disease Outbreaks | Humans | Quarantine | SARS-CoV-2 | *Ships | Travel | United States/epidemiology | *SARS-CoV-2 | *cruise ship | *risk factor | *symptoms | *whole genome L1 - internal-pdf://1443110083/Plucinski-2020-COVID-19 in Americans aboard th.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Plucinski, Mateusz M; Wallace, Megan; Uehara, Anna; Kurbatova, Ekaterina V; Tobolowsky, Farrell A; Schneider, Zachary D; Ishizumi, Atsuyoshi; Bozio, Catherine H; Kobayashi, Miwako; Toda, Mitsuru; Stewart, Andrea; Wagner, Riley L; Moriarty, Leah F; Murray, Rachel; Queen, Krista; Tao, Ying; Paden, Clinton; Mauldin, Matthew R; Zhang, Jing; Li, Yan; Elkins, Christopher A; Lu, Xiaoyan; Herzig, Carolyn T A; Novak, Ryan; Bower, William; Medley, Alexandra M; Acosta, Anna M; Knust, Barbara; Cantey, Paul T; Pesik, Nicki T; Halsey, Eric S; Cetron, Martin S; Tong, Suxiang; Marston, Barbara J; Friedman, Cindy R; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2021 May 18;72(10):e448-e457. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1180. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Overall, 26% tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. | Attack rates (AR) were higher for people who shared cabins with infected individuals (Figure). | Among surveyed passengers, close contact with a case was associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 3.37 (95% CI 1.73-6.64). | Methods: Assessment of 437 American passengers and crew on the Diamond Princess, January 20 to February 17, 2020. Investigators collected RT-PCR results and cabin location for each passenger. A subset of passengers (n = 229) responded to a cross-sectional survey including an assessment of close contacts (defined as >15 minutes in a room with someone without a mask). Limitations: Survey response rate was 52%; very sick passengers were excluded; symptomatic persons may have been more likely to participate in the survey. | Implications: Both symptomatic and asymptomatic persons were likely sources of transmission. Data suggest prolonged exposure in small quarters increases transmission risk substantially. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - e448-e457 ST - Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Americans Aboard the Diamond Princess Cruise Ship T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Americans Aboard the Diamond Princess Cruise Ship UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32785683 VL - 72 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 746 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We report the public health response to a COVID-19 outbreak in a San Francisco shelter where 67% of residents and 17% of staff tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. We describe the limited utility of case investigation, person-based contact tracing and symptom screening, and the benefits of mass testing in outbreak response. AD - University of California, San Francisco, Division of HIV, ID and Global Medicine. | San Francisco Department of Public Health. | University of California, San Francisco, Department of Emergency Medicine. | University of California, San Francisco, UCSF Center for Vulnerable Populations;Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital. | University of California, San Francisco, Department of Medicine. AN - 32744615 AU - Imbert, E. | Kinley, P. M. | Scarborough, A. | Cawley, C. | Sankaran, M. | Cox, S. N. | Kushel, M. | Stoltey, J. | Cohen, S. | Fuchs, J. D. | Sf Covid- Response Team C1 - 2020-08-11 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/081120_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 3 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa1071 ET - 2020/08/04 IS - 2 KW - *covid-19 | Disease Outbreaks | *Homeless Persons | Humans | SARS-CoV-2 | San Francisco/epidemiology | *SARS-CoV2 | *disease outbreaks L1 - internal-pdf://1501515757/Imbert-2020-Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Imbert, Elizabeth; Kinley, Patrick M; Scarborough, Ashley; Cawley, Caroline; Sankaran, Madeline; Cox, Sarah N; Kushel, Margot; Stoltey, Juliet; Cohen, Stephanie; Fuchs, Jonathan D; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Aug 3. pii: 5879965. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1071. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; During the first 2 days of this outbreak investigation, only 8 of 22 high-risk shelter resident contacts could be identified through contract tracing, of whom 7 were additional cases. | During mass testing, 150 out of 255 (59%) residents were successfully tested; 101 (67%) tested positive (Figure). | 52 (51%) were asymptomatic at time of testing, 21% were age > 60 years, and 27% had underlying medical conditions. | Among 64 staff, 60 (94%) were tested, of whom 10 (17%) tested positive. | After the shelter closed, 190 residents moved to single occupancy hotel rooms, including 100 of those who tested positive. | Methods: Describes a public health response to a COVID-19 outbreak in a 250-bed homeless shelter; two index cases tested positive for COVID-19 on April 4-5; contact tracing was initiated over the next two days, followed by mass testing until April 15, 2020. The shelter closed on April 11, and residents moved to hotels for isolation and quarantine. Limitations: Poor case interview completion rate; limited contact information provided; low acceptance of testing; underreporting of symptoms. | Implications: For outbreak response among people in crowded settings such as homeless shelters, mass testing can provide a faster and more informative snapshot of the outbreak than contact tracing. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - 324-327 ST - Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in a San Francisco Homeless Shelter T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in a San Francisco Homeless Shelter UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32744615 VL - 73 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 675 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVE: To assess whether vaginal secretions and breast milk of women with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) contain severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). DESIGN: Single centre cohort study. SETTING: Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei province, China. POPULATION: We studied 13 SARS-CoV-2-infected pregnant women diagnosed between 31 January and 9 March 2020. METHODS: We collected clinical data, vaginal secretions, stool specimens and breast milk from SARS-CoV-2-infected women during different stages of pregnancy and collected neonatal throat and anal swabs. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: We assessed viral presence in different biosamples. RESULTS: Of the 13 women with COVID-19, five were in their first trimester, three in their second trimester and five in their third trimester. Of the five women in their third trimester who gave birth, all delivered live newborns. Among these five deliveries, the primary adverse perinatal outcomes included premature delivery (n = 2) and neonatal pneumonia (n = 2). One of nine stool samples was positive; all 13 vaginal secretion samples, and five throat swabs and four anal swabs collected from neonates, were negative for the novel coronavirus. However, one of three samples of breast milk was positive by viral nucleic acid testing. CONCLUSIONS: In this case series of 13 pregnant women with COVID-19, we observed negative viral test results in vaginal secretion specimens, suggesting that a vaginal delivery may be a safe delivery option. However, additional research is urgently needed to examine breast milk and the potential risk for viral contamination. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: New evidence for the safety of vaginal delivery and breastfeeding in pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2, positive viral result in a breast-milk sample. AD - The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. | Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital to Army Medical University, Chongqing, China. | Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang, Wuhan, China. | Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China. | Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. | Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. AN - 32369656 AU - Wu, Y. | Liu, C. | Dong, L. | Zhang, C. | Chen, Y. | Liu, J. | Zhang, C. | Duan, C. | Zhang, H. | Mol, B. W. | Dennis, C‐L | Yin, T. | Yang, J. | Huang, H. C1 - 2020-05-29 C2 - Transmission: Mother to Child CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052920_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.1111/1471-0528.16276 ET - 2020/05/06 IS - 9 KW - Adult | Anal Canal/virology | Betacoronavirus/*isolation & purification | Breast Feeding | Covid-19 | China | Cohort Studies | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis/transmission | Delivery, Obstetric | Feces/virology | Female | Humans | Infant, Newborn | Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical | Milk, Human/*virology | Pandemics | Pharynx/virology | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis/transmission | Pregnancy | Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/*diagnosis/virology | SARS-CoV-2 | Vagina/*virology | *Breast milk | *coronavirus disease 2019 | *vaginal secretions L1 - internal-pdf://1961210835/Wu-2020-Coronavirus disease 2019 among pregnan.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Wu, Y; Liu, C; Dong, L; Zhang, C; Chen, Y; Liu, J; Duan, C; Zhang, H; Mol, B W; Dennis, C-L; Yin, T; Yang, J; Huang, H; eng; 2016YFC1000203/National Key Research and Development Program of China/International; 2018YFC1002804/National Key Research and Development Program of China/International; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; BJOG. 2020 Aug;127(9):1109-1115. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.16276. Epub 2020 May 26. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among all 13 assessed pregnant women, vaginal samples were negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. | Among newborns, throat and anal swabs were all negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. | Breast milk samples from 1 of 5 women were transiently positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. | Methods: A case series of 13 pregnant women with mild COVID-19 and their 5 newborns at a single hospital in Wuhan, China. Among the 5 births, 4 women had cesarean section deliveries and 1 had a vaginal delivery. SARS-CoV-2 RNA testing was performed on vaginal and breast milk samples from the mothers, and throat and anal swabs from the newborns. Limitations: Small sample size; single hospital. | Implications of both studies (Wu et al. & Groß et al.): There was no evidence of SARS-CoV-2 transmission from mother to newborn during pregnancy or delivery. However, transmission via breastfeeding, either through breast milk or close physical contact, is uncertain. Further studies are needed to assess the potential for vertical transmission from mother to newborn, including via breastfeeding. SE - 1109 SN - 1470-0328; 1471-0528 SP - 1109-1115 ST - Coronavirus disease 2019 among pregnant Chinese women: case series data on the safety of vaginal birth and breastfeeding T2 - BJOG TI - Coronavirus disease 2019 among pregnant Chinese women: case series data on the safety of vaginal birth and breastfeeding UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32369656 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7383704/pdf/BJO-127-1109.pdf VL - 127 ID - 268 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are parallel and interacting health emergencies that provide the opportunity for mutual learning. As their measures and consequences are comparable, the COVID-19 pandemic helps to illustrate the potential long-term impact of AMR, which is less acute but not less crucial. They may also impact each other as there is a push to use existing antimicrobials to treat critically ill COVID-19 patients in the absence of specific treatments. Attempts to manage the spread of COVID-19 may also lead to a slowdown in AMR. Understanding how COVID-19 affects AMR trends and what we can expect if these trends remain the same or worsen will help us to plan the next steps for tackling AMR. Researchers should start collecting data to measure the impact of current COVID-19 policies and programs on AMR. AD - Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. | Biostatistics Unit, Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Centre, St Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. | Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. | Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. | Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. | Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. | Department of Health Product Policy and Standards, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. | Michael G. DeGroote Cochrane Canada Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. AN - 32544232 AU - Nieuwlaat, R. | Mbuagbaw, L. | Mertz, D. | Burrows, L. L. | Bowdish, D. M. E. | Moja, L. | Wright, G. D. | Schunemann, H. J. C1 - 2020-06-26 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/062620_covidupdate.html DA - May 4 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa773 ET - 2020/06/17 IS - 9 KW - Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use | *Anti-Infective Agents | *covid-19 | Drug Resistance, Bacterial | Emergencies | Humans | Pandemics | SARS-CoV-2 | *SARS-CoV-2 | *antibiotic resistance | *antimicrobial resistance L1 - internal-pdf://2237886766/Nieuwlaat-2021-Coronavirus Disease 2019 and An.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Nieuwlaat, Robby; Mbuagbaw, Lawrence; Mertz, Dominik; Burrows, Lori L; Bowdish, Dawn M E; Moja, Lorenzo; Wright, Gerard D; Schunemann, Holger J; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2021 May 4;72(9):1657-1659. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa773. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Discusses the parallel and interacting public health emergencies of COVID-19 and antimicrobial resistance. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - 1657-1659 ST - Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Antimicrobial Resistance: Parallel and Interacting Health Emergencies T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Antimicrobial Resistance: Parallel and Interacting Health Emergencies UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32544232 VL - 72 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 448 ER - TY - JOUR AB - PURPOSE: Veterans represent a significant proportion of the U.S. population (7%), and the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in this group of vulnerable patients has been largely overlooked. This analysis reports COVID-19 patient demographics, infection, mortality, and case-fatality rates in the veteran population. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional analysis using the Veterans Affairs informatics and computing infrastructure tool to assess the veterans' COVID-19 infections at the Veterans Affairs facilities from March 4th to June 23rd, 2020. RESULTS: Of the 10,621,580 veterans in this analysis, 59.7% were >/=65 yo, 92.5% were men, 68.7% were white, and 14.2% were black. Veterans >/=65 yo comprised 52.1% of cases and 89.9% of deaths. The relative mortality and case-fatality rates of black veterans, when compared with white veterans, were 2.83 (CI 2.56-3.14; P < .001) and 0.75 (CI 0.68-0.82; P < .001), respectively. Among the veterans who died from COVID-19, 87.4% had a history of cardiovascular disease, 56.5% had a history of diabetes, and 33.6% were obese. CONCLUSIONS: Elderly veterans (>/=65yo) and veterans with a history of cardiovascular disease represent a large proportion of the VA COVID-19 cases and deaths. Black veterans had higher mortality rates but lower case fatality rates when than white veterans. AD - Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City. | Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Research, George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT. | Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City. | Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Research, George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT. Electronic address: jay.agarwal@hsc.utah.edu. AN - 33338646 AU - Luo, J. | Jeyapalina, S. | Stoddard, G. J. | Kwok, A. C. | Agarwal, J. P. C1 - 2021-01-08 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01082021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar DO - 10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.12.003 ET - 2020/12/19 KW - Adolescent | Adult | African Continental Ancestry Group | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | COVID-19/*epidemiology/mortality | Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology | Cross-Sectional Studies | European Continental Ancestry Group | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | United States/epidemiology | United States Department of Veterans Affairs | *Veterans | Veterans Health | Young Adult | *covid-19 | *Coronavirus disease 2019 | *Epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://3522745481/Luo-2021-Coronavirus disease 2019 in veterans.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Testing | N1 - Luo, Jessica; Jeyapalina, Sujee; Stoddard, Gregory J; Kwok, Alvin C; Agarwal, Jayant P; eng; UL1 RR025764/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/; UL1 TR000105/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; UL1 TR001067/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; UL1 TR002538/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Ann Epidemiol. 2021 Mar;55:10-14. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.12.003. Epub 2020 Dec 16. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among 14,259 COVID-19 cases in veterans, the relative mortality rate of Black veterans was 2.83 (95% CI 2.56-3.14) times higher than White veterans; however, the case-fatality rate (CFR) of Black veterans was 0.75 (95% CI 0.68-0.82) times that of White veterans. | Among veterans who died from COVID-19 (n = 1703), large proportions were aged �?65 years (90%), had cardiovascular disease (87%) and diabetes (57%). | Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of aggregated data from veterans�?electronic health records studied SARS-CoV-2 infections at Veterans Affairs (VA) facilities from March 4 to June 23, 2020. Unadjusted infection, mortality, and CFRs were determined by age, gender, race, and comorbidities. Limitations: was restricted to veterans treated at VA facilities; did not adjust for potential confounders. | Implications: This preliminary analysis shows differences in mortality by age and race from COVID-19 among veterans, however further analyses adjusting for potential confounders are needed. SN - 1873-2585 (Electronic); 1047-2797 (Linking) SP - 10-14 ST - Coronavirus disease 2019 in veterans receiving care at veterans health administration facilities T2 - Ann Epidemiol TI - Coronavirus disease 2019 in veterans receiving care at veterans health administration facilities UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33338646 VL - 55 ID - 1393 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a major threat to nursing homes. During the COVID-19 pandemic wave that hit France in March and April 2020, staff members of some French nursing homes decided to confine themselves with their residents on a voluntary basis to reduce the risk of entry of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 into the facility. Objective: To investigate COVID-19-related outcomes in French nursing homes that implemented voluntary staff confinement with residents. Design, Setting, and Participants: This retrospective cohort study was conducted in French nursing homes from March 1 to May 11, 2020. Participants included residents and staff members of the nursing homes where staff participated in voluntary self-confinement as well as those of the facilities for elderly people where staff did not practice self-confinement. Rates of COVID-19 cases and mortality in the cohort of nursing homes with self confinement were compared with those derived from a population-based survey of nursing homes conducted by French health authorities. Exposures: Nursing homes with staff who self-confined were identified from the media and included if the confinement period of staff with residents was longer than 7 days. Main Outcomes and Measures: Mortality related to COVID-19 among residents and COVID-19 cases among residents and staff members. COVID-19 was diagnosed by primary care or hospital physicians on the basis of fever and respiratory signs (eg, cough, dyspnea) or a clinical illness compatible with COVID-19; COVID-19 diagnoses were considered confirmed if real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 on nasopharyngeal swab was positive and considered possible if the test had not been performed or results were negative. Cases of COVID-19 were recorded by a telephone interview with the directors of nursing homes with staff who self-confined and by a nationwide declaration survey to health authorities for all facilities. Results: This study included 17 nursing homes in which 794 staff members confined themselves to the facility with their 1250 residents. The national survey included 9513 facilities with 385290 staff members and 695060 residents. Only 1 nursing home with staff who self-confined (5.8%) had cases of COVID-19 among residents, compared with 4599 facilities in the national survey (48.3%) (P < .001). Five residents (0.4%) in the nursing homes with staff who self-confined had confirmed COVID-19, compared with 30569 residents (4.4%) with confirmed COVID-19 in the national survey (P < .001); no residents of facilities with self-confinement had possible COVID-19, compared with 31799 residents (4.6%) with possible COVID-19 in the national survey (P < .001). Five residents (0.4%) in the nursing homes with staff who self-confined died of COVID-19, compared with 12516 (1.8%) in the national survey (odds ratio, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.09-0.53; P < .001). Twelve staff members (1.6%) from the facilties with self-confinement had confirmed or possible COVID-19, compared with 29463 staff members (7.6%) in the national survey (P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study of French nursing homes during the COVID-19 pandemic, mortality rates related to COVID-19 were lower among nursing homes that implemented staff confinement with residents compared with those in a national survey. These findings suggest that self-confinement of staff members with residents may help protect nursing home residents from mortality related to COVID-19 and residents and staff from COVID-19 infection. AD - Service Universitaire de Geriatrie, Hopital Charles Foix, Groupe Hospitalier APHP Sorbonne Universite, Ivry-sur-Seine, France. | Faculte de Medecine Sorbonne Medecine, Paris, France. AN - 32789517 AU - Belmin, J. | Um-Din, N. | Donadio, C. | Magri, M. | Nghiem, Q. D. | Oquendo, B. | Pariel, S. | Lafuente-Lafuente, C. C1 - 2020-08-25 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082520_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 3 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.17533 ET - 2020/08/14 IS - 8 KW - Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus | Coronavirus Infections/mortality/*prevention & control/virology | France/epidemiology | *Homes for the Aged | Humans | *Nursing Homes | *Nursing Staff | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/mortality/*prevention & control/virology | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 | Skilled Nursing Facilities | *Social Isolation | Surveys and Questionnaires L1 - internal-pdf://1661174828/Belmin-2020-Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outcomes.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Belmin, Joel; Um-Din, Nathavy; Donadio, Cristiano; Magri, Maurizio; Nghiem, Quoc Duy; Oquendo, Bruno; Pariel, Sylvie; Lafuente-Lafuente, Carmelo; eng; JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Aug 3;3(8):e2017533. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.17533. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Describes lower rates of COVID-19 in 17 French nursing homes where staff voluntarily self-quarantined in the facility compared with other nursing homes from March-April 2020. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e2017533 ST - Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outcomes in French Nursing Homes That Implemented Staff Confinement With Residents T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outcomes in French Nursing Homes That Implemented Staff Confinement With Residents UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32789517 VL - 3 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 762 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A time series analysis of 871 543 pediatric emergency visits revealed that the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown and school closures were associated with a significant decrease in infectious diseases disseminated through airborne or fecal-oral transmission: common cold, gastroenteritis, bronchiolitis, and acute otitis. No change was found for urinary tract infections. AD - Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Pediatric Emergency Department, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Universite de Paris, Paris, France. | Inserm, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, UMRS 1138, Sorbonne Universite, Universite de Paris, Paris, France. | Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Department of General Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Disease and Internal Medicine, Robert Debre University Hospital, Universite de Paris, Paris, France. | Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Robert Debre University Hospital, ECEVE Inserm UMR 1123, Universite de Paris, Paris, France. | Association Clinique et Therapeutique Infantile du Val-de-Marne, Creteil, France. | Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Universite de Paris, Paris, France. | Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Pediatric Department, Antoine Beclere University Hospital, Universite de Paris Saclay, Clamart, France. | Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Inserm UMR1018, Villejuif, France. | Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Pediatric Emergency Department, Robert Debre University Hospital, Universite de Paris, Paris, France. | Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Pediatric Emergency Department, Armand Trousseau University Hospital, Sorbonne Universite, Paris, France. | Obstetrical, Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research Team, Centre de Recherche Epidemiologie et Statistique Sorbonne Paris Cite, Inserm UMR1153 , Universite de Paris, Paris, France. | Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Service de Pediatrie, Hopital Ambroise Pare, Boulogne-Billancourt, France. | Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Service de Pediatrie-Urgences, Hopital Louis-Mourier, Universite de Paris, Colombes, France. | IAME , Inserm UMR1137, Universite de Paris, Paris, France. | Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, General Pediatric and Pediatric Emergency Department, Jean Verdier Hospital, Bondy, France. | Inserm U976, Human Systems Immunology and Inflammatory Networks, Saint Louis Research Institute, Universite de Paris, Paris, France. | Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Strategy and Transformation Management Department-Emergencies and Intensive Cares, Paris, France. | Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Patient Quality Medical Organisation Departement-Health Crisis Management, Paris, France. | Inserm U1151, Equipe 11, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Universite de Paris, Paris, France. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. AN - 33501967 AU - Angoulvant, F. | Ouldali, N. | Yang, D. D. | Filser, M. | Gajdos, V. | Rybak, A. | Guedj, R. | Soussan-Banini, V. | Basmaci, R. | Lefevre-Utile, A. | Brun-Ney, D. | Beaujouan, L. | Skurnik, D. C1 - 2020-06-12 C2 - Lockdowns and School Closures CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061220_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 27 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa710 ET - 2021/01/28 IS - 2 KW - *covid-19 | Child | Communicable Disease Control | Humans | *Pandemics | SARS-CoV-2 | Schools | *emergency | *epidemic | *lockdown | *pediatric L1 - internal-pdf://3554698255/Angoulvant-2021-Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pande.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Angoulvant, Francois; Ouldali, Naim; Yang, David Dawei; Filser, Mathilde; Gajdos, Vincent; Rybak, Alexis; Guedj, Romain; Soussan-Banini, Valerie; Basmaci, Romain; Lefevre-Utile, Alain; Brun-Ney, Dominique; Beaujouan, Laure; Skurnik, David; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Jan 27;72(2):319-322. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa710. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: An analysis of pediatric emergency room visits that indicates that there has been a significant decrease in diseases transmitted via airborne or fecal oral route since the COVID-19 shutdown. SE - 319 SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - 319-322 ST - Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: Impact Caused by School Closure and National Lockdown on Pediatric Visits and Admissions for Viral and Nonviral Infections-a Time Series Analysis T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: Impact Caused by School Closure and National Lockdown on Pediatric Visits and Admissions for Viral and Nonviral Infections-a Time Series Analysis UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33501967 VL - 72 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 367 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We describe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) among US food manufacturing and agriculture workers and provide updated information on meat and poultry processing workers. Among 742 food and agriculture workplaces in 30 states, 8,978 workers had confirmed COVID-19; 55 workers died. Racial and ethnic minority workers could be disproportionately affected by COVID-19. AN - 33075274 AU - Waltenburg, M. A. | Rose, C. E. | Victoroff, T. | Butterfield, M. | Dillaha, J. A. | Heinzerling, A. | Chuey, M. | Fierro, M. | Jervis, R. H. | Fedak, K. M. | Leapley, A. | Gabel, J. A. | Feldpausch, A. | Dunne, E. M. | Austin, C. | Pedati, C. S. | Ahmed, F. S. | Tubach, S. | Rhea, C. | Tonzel, J. | Krueger, A. | Crum, D. A. | Vostok, J. | Moore, M. J. | Kempher, H. | Scheftel, J. | Turabelidze, G. | Stover, D. | Donahue, M. | Thomas, D. | Edge, K. | Gutierrez, B. | Berl, E. | McLafferty, M. | Kline, K. E. | Martz, N. | Rajotte, J. C. | Julian, E. | Diedhiou, A. | Radcliffe, R. | Clayton, J. L. | Ortbahn, D. | Cummins, J. | Barbeau, B. | Carpenter, S. | Pringle, J. C. | Murphy, J. | Darby, B. | Graff, N. R. | Dostal, T. K. H. | Pray, I. W. | Tillman, C. | Rose, D. A. | Honein, M. A. | Cdc, Covid | Emergency Response, Team C1 - 2020-11-06 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/110620_covidupdate.html DA - Jan DO - 10.3201/eid2701.203821 ET - 2020/10/20 IS - 1 KW - Adult | Aged | *Agriculture | COVID-19/*epidemiology/*transmission | Female | *Food Industry | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | *SARS-CoV-2 | United States/epidemiology | Young Adult | *covid-19 | *sars | *coronavirus | *coronavirus disease | *occupational health | *respiratory infections | *severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 | *viruses | *worker safety | *zoonoses L1 - internal-pdf://2458825701/Waltenburg-2021-Coronavirus Disease among Work.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Waltenburg, Michelle A; Rose, Charles E; Victoroff, Tristan; Butterfield, Marilee; Dillaha, Jennifer A; Heinzerling, Amy; Chuey, Meagan; Fierro, Maria; Jervis, Rachel H; Fedak, Kristen M; Leapley, Andrea; Gabel, Julie A; Feldpausch, Amanda; Dunne, Eileen M; Austin, Connie; Pedati, Caitlin S; Ahmed, Farah S; Tubach, Sheri; Rhea, Charles; Tonzel, Julius; Krueger, Anna; Crum, David A; Vostok, Johanna; Moore, Michael J; Kempher, Hannah; Scheftel, Joni; Turabelidze, George; Stover, Derry; Donahue, Matthew; Thomas, Deepam; Edge, Karen; Gutierrez, Bernadette; Berl, Erica; McLafferty, Meagan; Kline, Kelly E; Martz, Nichole; Rajotte, James C; Julian, Ernest; Diedhiou, Abdoulaye; Radcliffe, Rachel; Clayton, Joshua L; Ortbahn, Dustin; Cummins, Jason; Barbeau, Bree; Carpenter, Stacy; Pringle, Julia C; Murphy, Julia; Darby, Brandy; Graff, Nicholas R; Dostal, Tia K H; Pray, Ian W; Tillman, Courtney; Rose, Dale A; Honein, Margaret A; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Emerg Infect Dis. 2021 Jan;27(1). doi: 10.3201/eid2701.203821. Epub 2020 Oct 19. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 8,978 cases and 55 (0.6%) deaths were reported among workers in 742 food manufacturing and agriculture workplaces in 30 states. | Median number of affected facilities per state was 12 (interquartile range 4�?0). | While only 36.5% of food manufacturing and agriculture workers are Hispanic or Latino, 72.8% of cases were found in this group (Figure). | Of the 5,957 workers with symptom status reported, 4,957 (83.2%) were symptomatic and 1,000 (16.8%) were asymptomatic or presymptomatic. | Methods: Data from 36 state health departments on workers in US food processing, food manufacturing, and agriculture workplaces who had laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 from March 1 to May 31, 2020 were collected, including number and type of workplaces that reported �? COVID-19 case among workers; the number of workers in affected workplaces; the number, demographics, and symptom status of workers with COVID-19; and the number of COVID-19 related deaths among workers. Limitations: Only 36 states reported data; varied testing strategies by workplace influenced number of cases detected and reported. | Implications: Given the disproportionate burden of COVID-19 among some racial and ethnic minority groups in the food manufacturing and agriculture workplaces, culturally and linguistically appropriate COVID-19 mitigation policies are needed to ensure equitable protection for these groups. Comprehensive testing strategies are needed in these high-density workplaces to rapidly detect cases, regardless of symptoms, and reduce transmission. SN - 1080-6059 (Electronic); 1080-6040 (Linking) SP - 243 ST - Coronavirus Disease among Workers in Food Processing, Food Manufacturing, and Agriculture Workplaces T2 - Emerg Infect Dis TI - Coronavirus Disease among Workers in Food Processing, Food Manufacturing, and Agriculture Workplaces UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33075274 VL - 27 ID - 1186 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 32901123 AU - Callaway, E. C1 - 2020-09-25 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/092520_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1038/d41586-020-02544-6 ET - 2020/09/10 IS - 7824 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Humans | Mutation | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral | SARS-CoV-2 | *Diseases | *Microbiology | *Molecular biology | *SARS-CoV-2 | *Structural biology | *Virology L1 - internal-pdf://1702314337/d41586-020-02544-6.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Callaway, Ewen; eng; News; Comment; England; Nature. 2020 Sep;585(7824):174-177. doi: 10.1038/d41586-020-02544-6. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: News feature that discusses the rate and role of mutations in SARS-CoV-2 and how mutations could impact future vaccines. SN - 1476-4687 (Electronic); 0028-0836 (Linking) SP - 174-177 ST - The coronavirus is mutating - does it matter? T2 - Nature TI - The coronavirus is mutating - does it matter? UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32901123 VL - 585 ID - 941 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 32393874 AU - Maxmen, A. C1 - 2020-05-22 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052220_covidupdate.html DA - May DO - 10.1038/d41586-020-01389-3 ET - 2020/05/13 IS - 7807 KW - Betacoronavirus | Boston | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus | *Coronavirus Infections | *Homeless Persons | *Housing | Humans | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral | Prevalence | SARS-CoV-2 | *Epidemiology | *SARS-CoV-2 | *Society L1 - internal-pdf://2200674081/d41586-020-01389-3.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Maxmen, Amy; eng; News; Comment; England; Nature. 2020 May;581(7807):129-130. doi: 10.1038/d41586-020-01389-3. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Approximately 1.4 million Americans stay in homeless shelters each year; robust testing policies are needed. SN - 1476-4687 (Electronic); 0028-0836 (Linking) SP - 129-130 ST - Coronavirus is spreading under the radar in US homeless shelters T2 - Nature TI - Coronavirus is spreading under the radar in US homeless shelters UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32393874 VL - 581 ID - 233 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 32504019 AU - Ledford, H. C1 - 2020-06-16 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061620_covidupdate.html DA - Jun DO - 10.1038/d41586-020-01524-0 ET - 2020/06/07 IS - 7811 KW - Betacoronavirus/*drug effects | Covid-19 | Clinical Trials as Topic/*methods/*organization & administration | Coronavirus Infections/*drug therapy/virology | Drug Development/methods/organization & administration/trends | Drug Industry/*methods/organization & administration | Humans | Hydroxychloroquine/*pharmacology/*therapeutic use | Pandemics | Patient Selection | Pneumonia, Viral/*drug therapy/virology | SARS-CoV-2 | Time Factors | United States | United States Food and Drug Administration/legislation & jurisprudence | *Business | *Drug discovery | *Industry | *SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://2097147389/d41586-020-01524-0.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Ledford, Heidi; eng; England; Nature. 2020 Jun;582(7811):172. doi: 10.1038/d41586-020-01524-0. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Remote clinical trials and streamlined processes are a few ways that the coronavirus pandemic may permanently transform how clinical trials are conducted. SN - 1476-4687 (Electronic); 0028-0836 (Linking) SP - 172 ST - The coronavirus outbreak could make it quicker and easier to trial drugs T2 - Nature TI - The coronavirus outbreak could make it quicker and easier to trial drugs UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32504019 VL - 582 ID - 385 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 32887957 AU - Ledford, H. C1 - 2020-09-15 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091520_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1038/d41586-020-02506-y ET - 2020/09/06 IS - 7824 KW - Adaptive Immunity/*immunology | Betacoronavirus/*immunology/pathogenicity | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/*immunology/*prevention & | control/transmission | Humans | Immunologic Memory/*immunology | Male | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/*immunology/*prevention & control/transmission | SARS-CoV-2 | Time Factors | *Uncertainty | Viral Vaccines/*immunology | Virus Shedding | *Diseases | *Infection | *SARS-CoV-2 | *Virology L1 - internal-pdf://3250344892/d41586-020-02506-y.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Ledford, Heidi; eng; News; England; Nature. 2020 Sep;585(7824):168-169. doi: 10.1038/d41586-020-02506-y. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Explanation of key questions about reinfection including: (1) How common is reinfection? (2) Are reinfections more or less severe than the first? (3) What implications do reinfections have for vaccine prospects? SN - 1476-4687 (Electronic); 0028-0836 (Linking) SP - 168-169 ST - Coronavirus reinfections: three questions scientists are asking T2 - Nature TI - Coronavirus reinfections: three questions scientists are asking UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32887957 VL - 585 ID - 890 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 32376966 C1 - 2020-05-29 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052920_covidupdate.html DA - May DO - 10.1038/d41586-020-01311-x ET - 2020/05/08 IS - 7806 KW - *Infection | *Policy | *Public health | *SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://1939725100/d41586-020-01311-x.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - eng; Editorial; Comment; England; Nature. 2020 May;581(7806):8. doi: 10.1038/d41586-020-01311-x. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Countries need to share best practices as they lift restrictions on movement. SN - 1476-4687 (Electronic); 0028-0836 (Linking) SP - 8 ST - Coronavirus: share lessons on lifting lockdowns T2 - Nature TI - Coronavirus: share lessons on lifting lockdowns UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32376966 VL - 581 ID - 273 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In the United States, African Americans (AAs) have been disproportionately affected by COVID-19 mortality. However, AAs are more likely to be hesitant in receiving COVID-19 vaccinations when compared to non-Hispanic Whites. We examined factors associated with vaccine hesitancy among a predominant AA community sample. We performed a cross-sectional analysis on data collected from a convenience sample of 257 community-dwelling participants in the Central Savannah River Area from 5 December 2020, through 17 April 2021. Vaccine hesitancy was categorized as resistant, hesitant, and acceptant. We estimated relative odds of vaccine resistance and vaccine hesitancy using polytomous logistic regression models. Nearly one-third of the participants were either hesitant (n = 40, 15.6%) or resistant (n = 42, 16.3%) to receiving a COVID-19 vaccination. Vaccine-resistant participants were more likely to be younger and were more likely to have experienced housing insecurity due to COVID-19 when compared to both acceptant and hesitant participants, respectively. Age accounted for nearly 25% of the variation in vaccine resistance, with 21-fold increased odds (OR: 21.93, 95% CI: 8.97-5.26-91.43) of vaccine resistance in participants aged 18 to 29 compared to 50 and older adults. Housing insecurity accounted for 8% of the variation in vaccine resistance and was associated with 7-fold increased odds of vaccine resistance (AOR: 7.35, 95% CI: 1.99-27.10). In this sample, AAs under the age of 30 and those experiencing housing insecurity because of the COVID-19 pandemic were more likely to be resistant to receiving a free COVID-19 vaccination. AD - Division of Epidemiology, Department of Population Health Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA. | Cancer Prevention, Control, & Population Health Program, Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA. | Institute of Preventive and Public Health, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA. | Department of Behavioral Science and Health Education, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA. | Department of Pathology, Section of Anatomic Pathology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA. | Department of Family Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30192, USA. AN - 34452004 AU - Moore, Justin Xavier | Gilbert, Keon L. | Lively, Katie L. | Laurent, Christian | Chawla, Rishab | Li, Cynthia | Johnson, Ryan | Petcu, Robert | Mehra, Mehul | Spooner, Antron | Kolhe, Ravindra | Ledford, Christy J. W. C1 - 2021-08-20 C2 - Health Equity CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08202021_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 8 DO - 10.3390/vaccines9080879 ET - 2021/08/29 IS - 8 KW - Covid-19 | disparities | race | vaccine acceptance L1 - internal-pdf://0380886620/Moore-2021-Correlates of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesi.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Moore, Justin Xavier | Gilbert, Keon L | Lively, Katie L | Laurent, Christian | Chawla, Rishab | Li, Cynthia | Johnson, Ryan | Petcu, Robert | Mehra, Mehul | Spooner, Antron | Kolhe, Ravindra | Ledford, Christy J W | eng | K01MD015304/MD/NIMHD NIH HHS/ | 75N93019C00052/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | Switzerland | Vaccines (Basel). 2021 Aug 8;9(8). pii: vaccines9080879. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9080879. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 257 African American adults residing in the Central Savannah River Area in December 2020–April 2021, about 1/3 reported resistance (n = 42) or hesitancy (n = 40) to receiving free COVID-19 vaccination. Vaccine resistance was associated with age <30 years or housing insecurity due to COVID-19. SN - 2076-393X SP - 879 ST - Correlates of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy among a Community Sample of African Americans Living in the Southern United States T2 - Vaccines TI - Correlates of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy among a Community Sample of African Americans Living in the Southern United States UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/9/8/879 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8402307/pdf/vaccines-09-00879.pdf VL - 9 ID - 2240 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Recent studies have reported the protective efficacy of both natural(1) and vaccine-induced(2-7) immunity against challenge with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in rhesus macaques. However, the importance of humoral and cellular immunity for protection against infection with SARS-CoV-2 remains to be determined. Here we show that the adoptive transfer of purified IgG from convalescent rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) protects naive recipient macaques against challenge with SARS-CoV-2 in a dose-dependent fashion. Depletion of CD8(+) T cells in convalescent macaques partially abrogated the protective efficacy of natural immunity against rechallenge with SARS-CoV-2, which suggests a role for cellular immunity in the context of waning or subprotective antibody titres. These data demonstrate that relatively low antibody titres are sufficient for protection against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques, and that cellular immune responses may contribute to protection if antibody responses are suboptimal. We also show that higher antibody titres are required for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection in macaques. These findings have implications for the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and immune-based therapeutic agents. AD - Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. | Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA. | Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. | Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. | Bioqual, Rockville, MD, USA. | Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA. | Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. dbarouch@bidmc.harvard.edu. | Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA. dbarouch@bidmc.harvard.edu. | Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. dbarouch@bidmc.harvard.edu. | Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA. dbarouch@bidmc.harvard.edu. AN - 33276369 AU - McMahan, K. | Yu, J. | Mercado, N. B. | Loos, C. | Tostanoski, L. H. | Chandrashekar, A. | Liu, J. | Peter, L. | Atyeo, C. | Zhu, A. | Bondzie, E. A. | Dagotto, G. | Gebre, M. S. | Jacob-Dolan, C. | Li, Z. | Nampanya, F. | Patel, S. | Pessaint, L. | Van Ry, A. | Blade, K. | Yalley-Ogunro, J. | Cabus, M. | Brown, R. | Cook, A. | Teow, E. | Andersen, H. | Lewis, M. G. | Lauffenburger, D. A. | Alter, G. | Barouch, D. H. C1 - 2020-12-15 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/121520_covidupdate.html DA - Feb DO - 10.1038/s41586-020-03041-6 ET - 2020/12/05 IS - 7847 KW - Adoptive Transfer | Animals | CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology/immunology | COVID-19/*immunology/*prevention & control/*therapy/virology | *Disease Models, Animal | Female | Immunization, Passive | Immunoglobulin G/administration & dosage/analysis/immunology | Macaca mulatta/immunology/virology | Male | Regression Analysis | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology | Viral Load/immunology L1 - internal-pdf://1402352546/McMahan-2021-Correlates of protection against.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - McMahan, Katherine; Yu, Jingyou; Mercado, Noe B; Loos, Carolin; Tostanoski, Lisa H; Chandrashekar, Abishek; Liu, Jinyan; Peter, Lauren; Atyeo, Caroline; Zhu, Alex; Bondzie, Esther A; Dagotto, Gabriel; Gebre, Makda S; Jacob-Dolan, Catherine; Li, Zhenfeng; Nampanya, Felix; Patel, Shivani; Pessaint, Laurent; Van Ry, Alex; Blade, Kelvin; Yalley-Ogunro, Jake; Cabus, Mehtap; Brown, Renita; Cook, Anthony; Teow, Elyse; Andersen, Hanne; Lewis, Mark G; Lauffenburger, Douglas A; Alter, Galit; Barouch, Dan H; eng; OD024917/NH/NIH HHS/; AI129797/NH/NIH HHS/; UM1 AI126603/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; U01 CA260476/CA/NCI NIH HHS/; R01 OD024917/OD/NIH HHS/; UM1 AI124377/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; U19 AI128751/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 AI129797/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Nature. 2021 Feb;590(7847):630-634. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-03041-6. Epub 2020 Dec 4. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG, even at low levels, and CD8+ T cells provided protection to rhesus macaques from SARS-CoV-2 infection. SN - 1476-4687 (Electronic); 0028-0836 (Linking) SP - 630-634 ST - Correlates of protection against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques T2 - Nature TI - Correlates of protection against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33276369 VL - 590 ID - 1344 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: Patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can shed virus, thereby causing human-to-human transmission, and the viral RNA shedding is commonly used as a proxy measure for infectivity. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed confirmed cases of COVID-19 who attended the fever clinic of Wuhan Union Hospital from January 14 to February 24. In terms of the viral RNA shedding (median values) at first visit, patients were divided into a high-viral RNA shedding group and a low-viral RNA shedding group. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to investigate the correlation between viral RNA shedding and clinical features. Results: A total of 918 consecutive COVID-19 patients were enrolled, and severe patients made up 26.1%. After univariate and multivariate logistic regression, advanced age (odds ratio [OR], 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01-1.03; P = .001), having severe chronic diseases (OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.03-2.01; P = .04), and severe illness (OR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.12-2.28; P = .01) were independent risk factors for high viral RNA shedding. Shorter time interval from symptom onset to viral detection was a protective factor for viral RNA shedding (OR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.94-0.99; P = .01). Compared with mild patients, severe patients have higher virus shedding over a long period of time after symptom onset (P = .01). Conclusions: Outpatients who were old, had severe illness, and had severe underlying diseases had high viral RNA shedding. AD - Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. AN - 32851112 AU - Liao, T. | Yin, Z. | Xu, J. | Lv, Z. | Wang, S. | Duan, L. | Fan, J. | Jin, Y. C1 - 2020-08-25 C2 - Viral Shedding in People Recovering from COVID-19 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082520_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.1093/ofid/ofaa331 ET - 2020/08/28 IS - 8 KW - Covid-19 | SARS-CoV-2 | clinical features | outpatients | viral RNA shedding L1 - internal-pdf://1407420796/Liao-2020-The Correlation Between Clinical Fea.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Liao, Tingting; Yin, Zhengrong; Xu, Juanjuan; Lv, Zhilei; Wang, Sufei; Duan, Limin; Fan, Jinshuo; Jin, Yang; eng; Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020 Aug 7;7(8):ofaa331. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa331. eCollection 2020 Aug. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Outpatients with high SARS CoV-2 RNA shedding, in comparison with those with low viral shedding, were (Figure): | Older (57.9 vs 53.7 years, p = 0.001). | More likely to have preexisting chronic illness (32% vs 21%, p <0.001). | More likely to have severe COVID-19 disease when diagnosed (44% vs. 29%, p <0.001). | More likely to have a shorter time from onset of illness to viral detection (7.9 vs 9.6 days, p <0.001). | Methods: Subjects were 918 outpatients diagnosed with COVID-19 in Wuhan, January 14 to February 24, 2020. Ct values below the median indicated high viral RNA shedding, while Ct values above the median indicated low viral RNA shedding. Logistic regression was used to test associations between viral RNA shedding and clinical features. Limitations: Single center; testing at one time point with no viral cultures; no long-term outcomes. | Implications of the two studies (Lee et al. and Liao et al.) Persons diagnosed with asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection as outpatients may have similar capacity to infect others as symptomatic cases. Those with more severe COVID-19 disease might shed more virus and test positive longer than patients with less severe disease. SN - 2328-8957 (Print); 2328-8957 (Linking) SP - ofaa331 ST - The Correlation Between Clinical Features and Viral RNA Shedding in Outpatients With COVID-19 T2 - Open Forum Infect Dis TI - The Correlation Between Clinical Features and Viral RNA Shedding in Outpatients With COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32851112 VL - 7 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 757 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The short-term effectiveness of a two-dose regimen of the BioNTech/Pfizer mRNA BNT162b2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine was widely demonstrated. However, long term effectiveness is still unknown. A nationwide vaccination campaign was initiated early in Israel, allowing for a real-world evaluation of the interaction between protection and time-from-vaccine. The Delta (B.1.617.2) variant became the dominant strain in Israel in June 2021, as Israel is currently experiencing a new surge of cases. Leveraging the centralized computerized database of Maccabi Healthcare Services (MHS), we assessed the correlation between time-from-vaccine and incidence of breakthrough infection. We found that the risk for infection was significantly higher for early vaccinees compared to those vaccinated later. This preliminary finding should prompt further investigagions into long-term protection against different strains, and prospective clinical trials to examine the effect of a booster vaccine against breakthrough infection.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Clinical TrialThis is a retrospective studyFunding StatementFunded by Maccabi health careAuthor DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:local ethics committee Maccabi health care servicesAll necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData not available due to ethical restrictions AU - Mizrahi, Barak | Lotan, Roni | Kalkstein, Nir | Peretz, Asaf | Perez, Galit | Ben-Tov, Amir | Chodick, Gabriel | Gazit, Sivan | Patalon, Tal C1 - 2021-08-13 C2 - Vaccines CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08132021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.07.29.21261317 L1 - internal-pdf://0406554908/Mizrahi-2021-Correlation of SARS-CoV-2 Breakth.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; After Delta variants became predominant in Israel in June 2021, persons fully vaccinated with BNT162b2 in January 2021 had higher incidence (36.50 per 10,000) and significantly increased odds of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections (Figure) compared with persons vaccinated in later months: | February: 33.65 per 10,000 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.33, 95% CI 1.21-1.46). | March: 23.06 per 10,000 (aOR 1.65, 95% CI 1.44-1.89). | April: 16.98 per 10,000 (aOR 2.26, 95% CI 1.70-3.01). | In age-stratified analyses of early versus late vaccinees, similar results were seen across all age groups. | Methods: Retrospective cohort study in Israel comparing incidence of breakthrough infections (positive PCR test result for SARS-CoV-2 from June 1–July 27, 2021) among 1,352,444 fully vaccinated persons (BNT162b2, Pfizer/BioNTech) aged �?6 years in a large health maintenance organization, by month of vaccination. Cohort matched 1:1 by age and other demographics; analyses adjusted for comorbidities. Limitations: Potential unmeasured or residual confounders; disease severity not assessed. | Implications: Risk of infection with the Delta variant might be higher with longer time since initial vaccination. Additional analyses are needed to assess effect of time since vaccination on risk of symptomatic infection, hospitalization, or death, and to define any populations at risk for severe outcomes. SP - 2021.07.29.21261317 ST - Correlation of SARS-CoV-2 Breakthrough Infections to Time-from-vaccine; Preliminary Study T2 - medRxiv TI - Correlation of SARS-CoV-2 Breakthrough Infections to Time-from-vaccine; Preliminary Study UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/07/31/2021.07.29.21261317.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/07/31/2021.07.29.21261317.full.pdf ID - 2210 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Corticosteroids, such as hydrocortisone and dexamethasone, have anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, and vasoconstrictive effects, which intensivists have been trying to leverage for decades to improve outcomes in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and septic shock. In the first description of ARDS in 1967, Ashbaugh and colleagues noted that “corticosteroids appeared to have value in the treatment of patients with fat-embolism and possibly viral pneumonia.”Over the intervening decades, many clinical trials have tested the utility of corticosteroids in critically ill patients with pneumonia, septic shock, or ARDS. However, due to limited sample sizes, variable dosing strategies, and inconsistent findings, results remained inconclusive. Uptake of this therapeutic approach was modest in 2014, with only 18% of 2377 patients with ARDS in the LUNG SAFE study receiving corticosteroids. AD - Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. | VA Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, Michigan. | Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee. AN - 32876693 AU - Prescott, H. C. | Rice, T. W. C1 - 2020-09-11 C2 - Corticosteroid Randomized Clinical Trials CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091120_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 6 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.16747 ET - 2020/09/03 IS - 13 KW - Adrenal Cortex Hormones | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy | Humans | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral | *Respiratory Distress Syndrome/epidemiology | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://2194546235/Prescott-2020-Corticosteroids in COVID-19 ARDS.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Prescott, Hallie C; Rice, Todd W; eng; Editorial; JAMA. 2020 Oct 6;324(13):1292-1295. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.16747. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: notes actions and collaborations among researchers undertaken to overcome challenges that have been encountered in the context of the pandemic. It describes the importance of analysis of pooled data, especially when ongoing randomized controlled trials were halted early as in the three studies reported here [Tomazini et al., Dequin et al., REACH Working Group & Wwriting Committee for the REMAP-CAP Investigators]. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1292-1295 ST - Corticosteroids in COVID-19 ARDS: Evidence and Hope During the Pandemic T2 - JAMA TI - Corticosteroids in COVID-19 ARDS: Evidence and Hope During the Pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32876693 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 882 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Efficient and equitable vaccination distribution is a priority for effectively outcompeting the transmission of COVID-19 globally. A recent study from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) identified that US counties with high social vulnerability according to metrics such as poverty, unemployment, low income, and no high school diploma, have significantly lower rates of vaccination compared to the national average1. Here, we build upon this analysis to consider associations between county-level vaccination rates and 68 different demographic, socioeconomic, and environmental factors for 1,510 American counties with over 228 million individuals for which vaccination data was also available. Our analysis reveals that counties with high levels of uninsured individuals have significantly lower COVID-19 vaccination rates (Spearman correlation: �?.264), despite the fact that the CDC has mandated that all COVID-19 vaccines are free and cannot be denied to anyone based upon health insurance coverage or immigration status. Furthermore, we find that the counties with high levels of uninsured individuals tend to have the highest COVID-19 incidence rates in March 2021 relative to December 2020 (Spearman correlation: 0.388). Among the 68 factors analyzed, insurance coverage is the only factor which is highly correlated with both vaccination rate and change in COVID-19 incidence during the vaccination period (|Spearman correlation|> 0.25). We also find that counties with higher percentages of Black and Hispanic individuals have significantly lower vaccination rates (Spearman correlations: �?.128, �?.136) and lesser declines of COVID-incidence rates (Spearman correlations: 0.334, 0.330) during the vaccination period. Surprisingly however, after controlling for race, we find that the association between lack of insurance coverage and vaccination rate as well as COVID-19 incidence rates is largely driven by counties with a majority white population. Among the counties with high proportions of white residents (top 10% decile), the association between insurance coverage and vaccination rate is significant (Spearman correlation: �?.210, p-value: 0.002), but among counties with low proportions of white residents (bottom 10% decile) this association is not significant (Spearman correlation: 0.072, p-value: 0.088). Taken together, this study highlights the fact that intricate socioeconomic factors are correlated not just to COVID-19 vaccination rates, but also to COVID-19 incidence fluctuations, underscoring the need to improve COVID-19 vaccination campaigns in marginalized communities. The strong positive correlation between low levels of health insurance coverage and low vaccination rates is particularly concerning, and calls for improved public health messaging to emphasize the fact that health insurance is not required to be eligible for any of the FDA-authorized COVID-19 vaccines in the United StatesCompeting Interest StatementAll authors (Emily Lindemer, Mayank Choudhary, Gregory Donadio, Colin Pawlowski, Venky Soundararajan) are employees of nference, and have financial interests in the company.Funding StatementThe research was self-funded by nferenceAuthor DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:All data analyzed was publicly and freely available from the CDC COVID Data Tracker (https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#datatracker-home) and the 2020 County Health Rankings resource provided by the County Health Rankings & Roadmaps program at the University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute (https://www.countyhealthrankings.org/explore-health-rankings/rankings-data-documentation). So no IRB was required for this study.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical tria s and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAfter publication, the data will be made available to others upon reasonable requests to the corresponding authors (colin{at}nference.net, venky{at}nference.net). A proposal with a detailed description of study objectives and the statistical analysis plan will be needed for evaluation of the reasonability of requests. AU - Lindemer, Emily | Choudhary, Mayank | Donadio, Gregory | Pawlowski, Colin | Soundararajan, Venky C1 - 2021-04-09 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04092021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.03.24.21254270 L1 - internal-pdf://1140555799/Lindemer-2021-Counties with lower insurance co.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: US counties with high levels of uninsured persons have significantly lower rates of COVID-19 vaccination, even after controlling for race and ethnicity, and had the highest COVID-19 incidence rate increases (comparing March 2021 to December 2020). SP - 2021.03.24.21254270 ST - Counties with lower insurance coverage are associated with both slower vaccine rollout and higher COVID-19 incidence across the United States T2 - medRxiv TI - Counties with lower insurance coverage are associated with both slower vaccine rollout and higher COVID-19 incidence across the United States UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/03/26/2021.03.24.21254270.full.pdf ID - 1644 ER - TY - JOUR AD - University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA. | Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. | Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Boston, MA, USA. | Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. iganguli@bwh.harvard.edu. | Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. iganguli@bwh.harvard.edu. AN - 32578018 AU - Khazanchi, R. | Beiter, E. R. | Gondi, S. | Beckman, A. L. | Bilinski, A. | Ganguli, I. C1 - 2021-07-02 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/070220_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1007/s11606-020-05882-3 DP - NLM ET - 2020/06/25 IS - 9 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/*mortality | Cross-Sectional Studies | Humans | *Local Government | Minority Health/*trends | Mortality/trends | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis/*mortality | SARS-CoV-2 | Social Welfare/*trends | United States/epidemiology | *Vulnerable Populations L1 - internal-pdf://2878438824/Khazanchi-2020-County-Level Association of Soc.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Testing | N1 - Khazanchi, Rohan; Beiter, Evan R; Gondi, Suhas; Beckman, Adam L; Bilinski, Alyssa; Ganguli, Ishani; eng; Letter; J Gen Intern Med. 2020 Sep;35(9):2784-2787. doi: 10.1007/s11606-020-05882-3. Epub 2020 Jun 23. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; People residing in counties with greater social vulnerability were more likely to be diagnosed with COVID-19 or die due to COVID-19, compared with people living in both urban and rural counties with lesser social vulnerability. | The associations were most pronounced within the social vulnerability domain of combined minority status and language, which includes race, ethnicity, and English language proficiency (Figure). | Methods: Cross-sectional study examining county-specific social vulnerability indices and US COVID-19 case and deaths rates. Cases and deaths in the first and fourth quartiles of CDC’s Social Vulnerability Index overall and within each social vulnerability domain (minority status and language, socioeconomic status, housing and transportation, and household composition and disability) were compared. Limitations: Ecological study; individual-level effects not examined; causal relationships cannot be inferred; heterogeneity in testing rates and case reporting not accounted for. | Implications: Counties with higher levels of social vulnerability, such as those with higher proportion of racial/ethnic minorities and non-English speakers may benefit from targeted COVID-19 prevention and control strategies. SN - 1525-1497 (Electronic); 0884-8734 (Linking) SP - 2784-2787 ST - County-Level Association of Social Vulnerability with COVID-19 Cases and Deaths in the USA T2 - J Gen Intern Med TI - County-Level Association of Social Vulnerability with COVID-19 Cases and Deaths in the USA UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32578018 VL - 35 ID - 486 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK. | UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK. | Cancer Research UK & UCL Cancer, Trials Centre, University College London, London, UK. | The Norfolk Smell & Taste Clinic, Norfolk & Waveney ENT Service, Norfolk, UK. | Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK. | Wrightington, Wigan and Leigh Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. | Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. | Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. | Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital, UCLH Foundation Trust, London, UK. AN - 33283459 AU - Lechner, M. | Liu, J. | Counsell, N. | Ta, N. H. | Rocke, J. | Anmolsingh, R. | Eynon-Lewis, N. | Paun, S. | Hopkins, C. | Khwaja, S. | Kumar, B. N. | Jayaraj, S. | Lund, V. J. | Philpott, C. C1 - 2020-12-22 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/122220_covidupdate.html DA - Mar DO - 10.1111/coa.13683 ET - 2020/12/08 IS - 2 KW - Adult | COVID-19/*complications/epidemiology | Female | *Health Personnel | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Olfaction Disorders/epidemiology/*virology | Pandemics | SARS-CoV-2 | Surveys and Questionnaires | Taste Disorders/epidemiology/*virology | United Kingdom/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://0861093128/Lechner-2021-Course of symptoms for loss of se.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Lechner, Matt; Liu, Jacklyn; Counsell, Nicholas; Ta, Ngan Hong; Rocke, John; Anmolsingh, Rajesh; Eynon-Lewis, Nicholas; Paun, Santdeep; Hopkins, Claire; Khwaja, Sadie; Kumar, B Nirmal; Jayaraj, Samuel; Lund, Valerie J; Philpott, Carl; eng; Letter; England; Clin Otolaryngol. 2021 Mar;46(2):451-457. doi: 10.1111/coa.13683. Epub 2020 Dec 21. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Nearly two-thirds of surveyed health care worked experienced sudden loss of smell or taste, and there was a strong correlation between loss of smell or taste and being diagnosed with COVID-19. SN - 1749-4486 (Electronic); 1749-4478 (Linking) SP - 451-457 ST - Course of symptoms for loss of sense of smell and taste over time in one thousand forty-one healthcare workers during the Covid-19 pandemic: Our experience T2 - Clin Otolaryngol TI - Course of symptoms for loss of sense of smell and taste over time in one thousand forty-one healthcare workers during the Covid-19 pandemic: Our experience UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33283459 VL - 46 ID - 1358 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 33188367 AU - Mallapaty, S. C1 - 2020-11-17 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/111720_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1038/d41586-020-03218-z ET - 2020/11/15 IS - 7834 KW - Animal Culling/*legislation & jurisprudence | Animals | Animals, Domestic/*virology | COVID-19/mortality/*prevention & control/transmission/*veterinary | COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology | Denmark/epidemiology | Farms | Humans | Information Dissemination | Mink/*virology | *Mutation | Netherlands/epidemiology | SARS-CoV-2/genetics/immunology/isolation & purification/*pathogenicity | Viral Zoonoses/*prevention & control/transmission L1 - internal-pdf://0627131556/d41586-020-03218-z.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Mallapaty, Smriti; eng; News; England; Nature. 2020 Nov;587(7834):340-341. doi: 10.1038/d41586-020-03218-z. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: concerns about potential mutations in SARS-CoV-2 from animal-to-human transmission that may lead to more rapid spread or jeopardize vaccine efficacy may be premature. SN - 1476-4687 (Electronic); 0028-0836 (Linking) SP - 340-341 ST - COVID mink analysis shows mutations are not dangerous - yet T2 - Nature TI - COVID mink analysis shows mutations are not dangerous - yet UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33188367 VL - 587 ID - 1242 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 33199901 AU - Callaway, E. C1 - 2020-12-01 C2 - Vaccines CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/120120_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1038/d41586-020-03248-7 ET - 2020/11/18 IS - 7834 KW - Adult | Age Factors | Aged | Aging/immunology | Biotechnology/trends | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic | Coronavirus Infections/genetics/*immunology/*prevention & control | Humans | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*immunology/*prevention & control | Time Factors | Vaccination/*standards | Viral Vaccines/adverse effects/genetics/*immunology | *SARS-CoV-2 | *Vaccines L1 - internal-pdf://3818884484/d41586-020-03248-7.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Callaway, Ewen; eng; England; Nature. 2020 Nov;587(7834):337-338. doi: 10.1038/d41586-020-03248-7. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: News release for the Moderna vaccine ongoing Phase III efficacy trial shown to be more than 94% efficacious. SE - 337 SN - 1476-4687 (Electronic); 0028-0836 (Linking) SP - 337-338 ST - COVID vaccine excitement builds as Moderna reports third positive result T2 - Nature TI - COVID vaccine excitement builds as Moderna reports third positive result UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33199901 VL - 587 ID - 1378 ER - TY - JOUR AD - From Harvard Medical School (I.Z.-O., R.M.S.) and the Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (R.M.S.) - both in Boston. AN - 32343505 AU - Zagury-Orly, I. | Schwartzstein, R. M. C1 - 2020-05-08 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050820_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 16 DO - 10.1056/NEJMp2009405 ET - 2020/04/29 IS - 3 KW - Betacoronavirus | Bias | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/prevention & control/therapy | Delivery of Health Care/methods/organization & administration | Emotions | Humans | Pandemics/prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/prevention & control/therapy | Research Design/standards | SARS-CoV-2 | *Uncertainty L1 - internal-pdf://1598474763/Zagury-Orly-2020-Covid-19 - A Reminder to Reas.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Zagury-Orly, Ivry; Schwartzstein, Richard M; eng; N Engl J Med. 2020 Jul 16;383(3):e12. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2009405. Epub 2020 Apr 28. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Authors highlight the need to use reason to balance the priority to do something during a pandemic, including to avoid favoring newly acquired information, neglecting to seek reasonable alternatives, or confirmation bias. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - e12 ST - Covid-19 - A Reminder to Reason T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Covid-19 - A Reminder to Reason UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32343505 VL - 383 ID - 161 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In this article, the editors of Clinical Infectious Diseases review some of the most important lessons they have learned about the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection and identify essential questions about COVID-19 that remain to be answered. AD - University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA. | University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA. | Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA. | Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA. | Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA. | Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA. | University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA. | University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA. | Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. | University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Australia. | University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. | University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA. AN - 33104186 AU - Fang, F. C. | Benson, C. A. | Del Rio, C. | Edwards, K. M. | Fowler, V. G., Jr. | Fredricks, D. N. | Limaye, A. P. | Murray, B. E. | Naggie, S. | Pappas, P. G. | Patel, R. | Paterson, D. L. | Pegues, D. A. | Petri, W. A. | Schooley, R. T. C1 - 2020-11-06 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/110620_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 26 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa1654 ET - 2020/10/27 IS - 12 KW - *covid-19 | Humans | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://0377877093/Fang-2020-COVID-19 - Lessons Learned and Quest.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Fang, Ferric C; Benson, Constance A; Del Rio, Carlos; Edwards, Kathryn M; Fowler, Vance G Jr; Fredricks, David N; Limaye, Ajit P; Murray, Barbara E; Naggie, Susanna; Pappas, Peter G; Patel, Robin; Paterson, David L; Pegues, David A; Petri, William A; Schooley, Robert T; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Oct 26. pii: 5940148. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1654. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Review detailing what we know about the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as unanswered questions about COVID-19. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - 2225-2240 ST - COVID-19 - Lessons Learned and Questions Remaining T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - COVID-19 - Lessons Learned and Questions Remaining UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33104186 VL - 72 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1196 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Much has been published in leading medical journals about the phenomenon of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The resulting condition, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has had a societal effect comparable only to the Spanish flu epidemic of 1918. As the flow of clinical science has better informed the contemporary narratives, more is being learned about which individuals and groups experience the most dire complications. Researchers have emphasized older age, male sex, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, concomitant cardiovascular diseases (including coronary artery disease and heart failure), and myocardial injury as important risk factors associated with worse outcomes; specifically, case-fatality rates vary over 100%. These data sourced from China and Europe have not been replicated in the US, but the US experience may nevertheless represent similarly distressing outcomes in these highest-risk phenotypes. AD - Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois. AN - 32293639 AU - Yancy, C. W. C1 - 2020-04-24 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/042420_covidupdate.html DA - May 19 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.6548 ET - 2020/04/16 IS - 19 KW - *African Americans | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Comorbidity | Coronavirus Infections/*ethnology/prevention & control/therapy | Female | *Healthcare Disparities | Humans | Male | Pandemics/prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*ethnology/prevention & control/therapy | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | *Social Determinants of Health | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://2919826138/Yancy-2020-COVID-19 and African Americans.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | N1 - Yancy, Clyde W; eng; JAMA. 2020 May 19;323(19):1891-1892. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.6548. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Perspective on how health care disparities, including ability to adequately “social distance,�?in the United States are translating into higher rates of infection and case fatality rates among African Americans. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1891-1892 ST - COVID-19 and African Americans T2 - JAMA TI - COVID-19 and African Americans UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32293639 VL - 323 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 79 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The debate around the role of vaccination with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin has revived right in the time of the Coronavirus disease 19 pandemic. Since Bacillus Calmette-Guerin is one of the most commonly delivered therapies in urology, in this editorial we discuss some points that we think will be of interest and guidance to practicing urologists during this public health emergency. AD - Department of Urology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Mater Private Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. | Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA. | Urology Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Academic Medical Centre, Udine, Italy. Electronic address: gianluca.giannarini@hotmail.it. | The Global Tuberculosis Program, Texas Children's Hospital, Immigrant Health and G. Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. | Department of Urology, Division of Surgery, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. AN - 32327396 AU - Hegarty, P. K. | Sfakianos, J. P. | Giannarini, G. | DiNardo, A. R. | Kamat, A. M. C1 - 2020-05-12 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051220_covidupdate.html DA - Jun DO - 10.1016/j.euo.2020.04.001 DP - NLM ET - 2020/04/25 IS - 3 KW - Antineoplastic Agents/*administration & dosage/adverse effects/supply & | distribution | BCG Vaccine/*administration & dosage/adverse effects/supply & distribution | Betacoronavirus/*drug effects/immunology/pathogenicity | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/immunology/*prevention & control/virology | Europe/epidemiology | *Health Services Accessibility | Humans | *Immunization/adverse effects | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/immunology/*prevention & control/virology | SARS-CoV-2 | Urologic Neoplasms/*drug therapy/epidemiology/immunology | Viral Vaccines/*administration & dosage/adverse effects/supply & distribution L1 - internal-pdf://2581980062/Hegarty-2020-COVID-19 and Bacillus Calmette-Gu.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Hegarty, Paul K; Sfakianos, John P; Giannarini, Gianluca; DiNardo, Andrew R; Kamat, Ashish M; eng; Editorial; Netherlands; Eur Urol Oncol. 2020 Jun;3(3):259-261. doi: 10.1016/j.euo.2020.04.001. Epub 2020 Apr 13. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Lead investigators of a US-based BCG clinical trial (BADASexternal icon) show that the incidence of COVID-19 and case fatality rates are lower in countries with an active BCG vaccination program. SN - 2588-9311 (Electronic); 2588-9311 (Linking) SP - 259-261 ST - COVID-19 and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin: What is the Link? T2 - Eur Urol Oncol TI - COVID-19 and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin: What is the Link? UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32327396 VL - 3 ID - 178 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Schiller Institute for Integrated Science and Society, Boston College, Newton, MA 02467, USA. Electronic address: phil.landrigan@bc.edu. | Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Pediatric Hospitalist, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Climate, Health and the Global Environment, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. | University of Global Health Equity, Kigali, Rwanda. AN - 33038318 AU - Landrigan, P. J. | Bernstein, A. | Binagwaho, A. C1 - 2020-10-20 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102020_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30201-1 ET - 2020/10/11 IS - 10 KW - Air Pollutants/analysis | Air Pollution/economics/*prevention & control/statistics & numerical data | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/prevention & control | Cost-Benefit Analysis | Fossil Fuels/analysis/economics | Humans | Industrial Development/trends | *Pandemics/prevention & control | *Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/prevention & control | Renewable Energy/economics | SARS-CoV-2 | Social Planning L1 - internal-pdf://0842068720/Landrigan-2020-COVID-19 and clean air_ an oppo.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Natural History | N1 - Landrigan, Philip J; Bernstein, Aaron; Binagwaho, Agnes; eng; Netherlands; Lancet Planet Health. 2020 Oct;4(10):e447-e449. doi: 10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30201-1. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Authors argue that the reduction in ambient air pollution since the pandemic began demonstrates that cleaner air is possible, and they propose key actions to control air pollution and reduce pollution related health inequalities. SN - 2542-5196 (Electronic); 2542-5196 (Linking) SP - e447-e449 ST - COVID-19 and clean air: an opportunity for radical change T2 - Lancet Planet Health TI - COVID-19 and clean air: an opportunity for radical change UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33038318 VL - 4 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 1075 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK. Electronic address: streweek@mac.com. | MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK. | Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. | Centre for Black and Minority Ethnic Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK. AN - 32539937 AU - Treweek, S. | Forouhi, N. G. | Narayan, K. M. V. | Khunti, K. C1 - 2020-06-26 C2 - Disproportionately Affected Groups CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/062620_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 27 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31380-5 DP - NLM ET - 2020/06/17 IS - 10242 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Biomedical Research/*statistics & numerical data | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*ethnology/prevention & control/transmission | Ethnic Groups/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Pandemics/prevention & control | *Patient Selection | Pneumonia, Viral/*ethnology/prevention & control/transmission | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://2619007559/Treweek-2020-COVID-19 and ethnicity_ who will.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Treweek, Shaun; Forouhi, Nita G; Narayan, K M Venkat; Khunti, Kamlesh; eng; P30 DK111024/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; England; Lancet. 2020 Jun 27;395(10242):1955-1957. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31380-5. Epub 2020 Jun 12. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Discusses the under-representation of Black, Asian, and minority ethnic groups in COVID-19 research. SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 1955-1957 ST - COVID-19 and ethnicity: who will research results apply to? T2 - Lancet TI - COVID-19 and ethnicity: who will research results apply to? UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32539937 VL - 395 ID - 442 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The US has experienced more deaths from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) than any other country and has one of the highest cumulative per capita death rates. An unanswered question is to what extent high US mortality was driven by the early surge of cases prior to improvements in prevention and patient management vs a poor longer-term response. We compared US COVID-19 deaths and excess all-cause mortality in 2020 (vs 2015-2019) to that of 18 countries with diverse COVID-19 responses. AD - Interfaculty Initiative in Health Policy, Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts. | University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia. AN - 33044514 AU - Bilinski, A. | Emanuel, E. J. C1 - 2020-10-23 C2 - The True Burden of COVID-19 in the US CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102320_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 24 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.20717 ET - 2020/10/13 IS - 20 KW - COVID-19/*mortality | Humans | Internationality | Mortality/*trends | Pandemics | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://0743049012/Bilinski-2020-COVID-19 and Excess All-Cause Mo.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Bilinski, Alyssa; Emanuel, Ezekiel J; eng; Comparative Study; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA. 2020 Nov 24;324(20):2100-2102. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.20717. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Compared with other countries, the US experienced high COVID-19–associated mortality and excess all-cause mortality into September 2020 (Figure). | The US had lower COVID-19 mortality rates than other high mortality countries in early Spring, but higher mortality rates after May 10, 2020. | As of September 2020, the United States had similar COVID-19 mortality rates (60.3 per 100,000) as other high mortality countries (36.2�?6.8 per 100,000). | Methods: Comparison of the US with countries of population >5 million and a gross domestic product >$25,000 per capita. COVID-19 and all-cause mortality was grouped into different mortality rate strata. Differences in COVID-19 related deaths between the US and other countries were calculated on three different mortality rate scenarios. Limitations: Does not control for differences in mortality risk such as age and comorbidities. | Implications for 3 articles (Cutler & Summers, Woolf, et al., & Bilinski et al.): The economic burden of the COVID-19 pandemic in the US is immense and poses the greatest threat to economic prosperity and well-being since the Great Depression. The US has experienced a higher COVID-19 specific and all-cause mortality rate than other countries through September 2020; Fineberg et alexternal icon provide insight into cause of death determination and the importance of contributing factors for mortality. Policies that can reduce the spread of COVID-19, such as testing and contact tracing, can have enormous economic and health value. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 2100-2102 ST - COVID-19 and Excess All-Cause Mortality in the US and 18 Comparison Countries T2 - JAMA TI - COVID-19 and Excess All-Cause Mortality in the US and 18 Comparison Countries UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33044514 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1116 ER - TY - JOUR AD - From the Clinical Excellence Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine (S.K., A.J., K.S.), and the Stanford University Graduate School of Business (K.S.) - both in Stanford, CA. AN - 32240581 AU - Keesara, S. | Jonas, A. | Schulman, K. C1 - 2020-04-17 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/041720_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 4 DO - 10.1056/NEJMp2005835 ET - 2020/04/03 IS - 23 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Confidentiality/legislation & jurisprudence | *Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/transmission | Delivery of Health Care/legislation & jurisprudence/*methods/organization & | administration | *Government Regulation | Health Policy/*legislation & jurisprudence | Humans | Medicare/legislation & jurisprudence | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/transmission | SARS-CoV-2 | Telemedicine/*legislation & jurisprudence/methods | United States | Videoconferencing/legislation & jurisprudence L1 - internal-pdf://0674105432/Keesara-2020-Covid-19 and Health Care's Digita.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Keesara, Sirina; Jonas, Andrea; Schulman, Kevin; eng; N Engl J Med. 2020 Jun 4;382(23):e82. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2005835. Epub 2020 Apr 2. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Call to unleash the “power of digital technologies�?for the COVID-19 response. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - e82 ST - Covid-19 and Health Care's Digital Revolution T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Covid-19 and Health Care's Digital Revolution UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32240581 VL - 382 ID - 51 ER - TY - JOUR AB - There have been numerous reports that the impact of the ongoing COVID-19 epidemic has disproportionately impacted traditionally vulnerable communities associated with neighborhood attributes, such as the proportion of racial and ethnic minorities, migrants, and the lower income households. The goal of this ecological cross-sectional study is to examine the demographic and economic nature of spatial hot and cold spots of SARS-CoV-2 rates in New York City and Chicago as of April 13, 2020 using data from the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Illinois Department of Public Health, and the American Community Survey. In both cities, cold spots (clusters of low SARS-CoV-2 rate ZIP code tabulation areas as identified by the Getis-Ord (GI*) statistic) demonstrated social determinants of health characteristics typically associated with better health outcomes and the ability to maintain physical distance ("social distancing"). These neighborhoods tended to be wealthier, have higher educational attainment, higher proportions of non-Hispanic white residents, and more workers in managerial occupations (all p values < 0.01 using Wilcoxon two-sample test). Hot spots (clusters of high SARS-CoV-2 rate ZIP code tabulation areas) had similarities as well, such as lower rates of college graduates and higher proportions of people of color. It also appears that household size (more people per household), rather than overall population density (people per square mile), is more strongly associated with hot spots. New York City had an average of 3.0 people per household in hot spots and 2.1 in cold spots (p < 0.01), and Chicago had 2.8 people per household in hot spots and 2.0 in cold spots (p = 0.03). However, hotspots were located in neighborhoods that were significantly less dense (New York City: 22,900 people per square mile in hot spots and 68,900 in cold spots (p < 0.01); Chicago: 10,000 people per square mile in hot spots and 23,400 in cold spots (p = 0.03)). Findings suggest important differences between the cities' hot spots as well. NYC hot spots can be described as working-class and middle-income communities, perhaps indicative of greater concentrations of service workers and other occupations (including those classified as "essential services" during the pandemic) that may not require a college degree but pay wages above poverty levels. Chicago's hot spot neighborhoods, on the other hand, are among the city's most vulnerable, low-income neighborhoods with extremely high rates of poverty, unemployment, and non-Hispanic Black residents. AD - City University of New York Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY, USA. andrew.maroko@sph.cuny.edu. | City University of New York Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY, USA. | CUNY Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, New York, NY, USA. AN - 32691212 AU - Maroko, A. R. | Nash, D. | Pavilonis, B. T. C1 - 2020-07-31 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/073120_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.1007/s11524-020-00468-0 DP - NLM ET - 2020/07/22 IS - 4 KW - Aged | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Chicago/epidemiology | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Cross-Sectional Studies | Ethnic Groups/statistics & numerical data | Humans | New York City/epidemiology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | Population Density | Poverty/statistics & numerical data | Residence Characteristics/statistics & numerical data | SARS-CoV-2 | *covid | *Chicago | *Equity | *gis | *Geography | *Hot spot | *New York | *SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://1710858292/Maroko-2020-COVID-19 and Inequity_ a Comparati.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Maroko, Andrew R; Nash, Denis; Pavilonis, Brian T; eng; Comparative Study; J Urban Health. 2020 Aug;97(4):461-470. doi: 10.1007/s11524-020-00468-0. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In both New York City (NYC) and Chicago, greater mean household size, but lower neighborhood density, were associated with COVID-19 “hot spots�?(Figure). | NYC: 3.0 people per household in hot spots compared with 2.1 in cold spots; p = 0.01. | Chicago: 2.8 people per household in hot spots compared with 2.0 in cold spots; p = 0.03. | NYC: 22,900 people per square mile in hot spots and 68,900 in cold spots, p <0.01. | Chicago: 10,000 people per square mile in hot spots and 23,400 in cold spots, p = 0.02. | In both NYC and Chicago, hot spots, compared with cold spots, had significantly: | Higher proportions of Black/African-American residents and older residents. | Lower proportions of non-Hispanic White residents as well as workers in managerial occupations and college graduates. | In Chicago, hotspots had higher poverty rates compared with cold spots (31.2% vs 9.9%, p <0.01). | Methods: Ecological cross-sectional study to examine spatial and demographic nature of reported COVID-19 diagnoses in New York City and Chicago as of April 13, 2020. COVID-19 high and low prevalence areas (“hot spots�?and “cold spots�? were calculated using zip code tabulation areas (ZCTA). Limitations: Data may not represent the true distribution of COVID-19 cases based differential testing or access to testing. Results characterize neighborhoods and may not accurately represent the characteristics of individuals living in those neighborhoods. | Implications: Demographic and economic characteristics of hot spots may help inform public health prevention and mitigation strategies and resource allocation to reduce the vulnerability of critical populations to the impact of COVID-19. SN - 1468-2869 (Electronic); 1099-3460 (Linking) SP - 461-470 ST - COVID-19 and Inequity: a Comparative Spatial Analysis of New York City and Chicago Hot Spots T2 - J Urban Health TI - COVID-19 and Inequity: a Comparative Spatial Analysis of New York City and Chicago Hot Spots UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32691212 VL - 97 ID - 629 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Influenza and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are both contagious respiratory illnesses, but they are caused by different viruses. COVID-19 pandemic is caused by a novel virus - severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Influenza is an infectious respiratory disease, caused by influenza A and influenza B viruses. We describe the three cases of influenza and COVID-19 co-infection. AD - Hematology/Oncology, Saint Joseph's University Medical Center, Paterson, USA. | Cardiology, Saint Joseph's University Medical Center, Paterson, USA. | Internal Medicine, Saint Joseph's University Medical Center, Paterson, USA. | Cardiology, Saint Joseph's University Medical Center, Patterson, USA. AN - 32832306 AU - Singh, B. | Kaur, P. | Reid, R. J. | Shamoon, F. | Bikkina, M. C1 - 2020-09-04 C2 - Respiratory Viruses CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090420_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 18 DO - 10.7759/cureus.9852 DP - NLM ET - 2020/08/25 IS - 8 KW - co-infection | coronavirus | covid-19 | flu | influenza | influenza virus type a | influenza virus type b | influenza-like illness | sars-cov-2 | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 L1 - internal-pdf://2866237527/Singh-2020-COVID-19 and Influenza Co-Infection.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Singh, Balraj; Kaur, Parminder; Reid, Ro-Jay; Shamoon, Fayez; Bikkina, Mahesh; eng; Case Reports; Cureus. 2020 Aug 18;12(8):e9852. doi: 10.7759/cureus.9852. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Three adult patients with SARS-CoV-2 and influenza coinfection are described, including clinical presentation, treatment, and outcomes. SN - 2168-8184 (Print); 2168-8184 (Linking) SP - e9852 ST - COVID-19 and Influenza Co-Infection: Report of Three Cases T2 - Cureus TI - COVID-19 and Influenza Co-Infection: Report of Three Cases UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32832306 VL - 12 ID - 829 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY eakalin@montefiore.org. AN - 32329975 AU - Akalin, E. | Azzi, Y. | Bartash, R. | Seethamraju, H. | Parides, M. | Hemmige, V. | Ross, M. | Forest, S. | Goldstein, Y. D. | Ajaimy, M. | Liriano-Ward, L. | Pynadath, C. | Loarte-Campos, P. | Nandigam, P. B. | Graham, J. | Le, M. | Rocca, J. | Kinkhabwala, M. C1 - 2020-05-05 C2 - PMC7200055 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050520_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 18 DO - 10.1056/NEJMc2011117 ET - 2020/04/25 IS - 25 KW - Adult | Aged | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*complications/mortality/physiopathology | Female | Humans | Immunosuppressive Agents | *Kidney Transplantation | Male | Middle Aged | New York City | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications/mortality/physiopathology | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | *Transplant Recipients L1 - internal-pdf://0346026892/Akalin-2020-Covid-19 and Kidney Transplantatio.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Akalin, Enver; Azzi, Yorg; Bartash, Rachel; Seethamraju, Harish; Parides, Michael; Hemmige, Vagish; Ross, Michael; Forest, Stefanie; Goldstein, Yitz D; Ajaimy, Maria; Liriano-Ward, Luz; Pynadath, Cindy; Loarte-Campos, Pablo; Nandigam, Purna B; Graham, Jay; Le, Marie; Rocca, Juan; Kinkhabwala, Milan; eng; Letter; N Engl J Med. 2020 Jun 18;382(25):2475-2477. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2011117. Epub 2020 Apr 24. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Of 28 kidney-transplant recipients hospitalized with COVID-19, 27 had viral pneumonia, and 11 required a ventilator. | Among these 28 patients, there was 28% mortality at 3 weeks (n = 10), compared to 1%-5% among patients with COVID-19 in the general population. | 10 patients died, including 2 of 8 who were monitored at home. | Methods: Observational study of 36 adult kidney-transplant recipients with COVID-19 at a NYC hospital, between March 16 and April 1, 2020. Descriptive statistics. Limitations: Single institution, which limits generalizability. | Implications: Immunosuppressive treatment in kidney-transplant recipients may contribute to poor outcomes. Decreasing immunosuppressive treatment may be warranted among COVID-19 patients with renal-transplant. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 2475-2477 ST - Covid-19 and Kidney Transplantation T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Covid-19 and Kidney Transplantation UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32329975 VL - 382 ID - 138 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; The Center for Health and Justice Transformation, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA. Electronic address: alexandria_macmadu@brown.edu. | School of Public Health, and Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA. | The Center for Health and Justice Transformation, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA. | Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA. | Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; School of Public Health, and Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; The Center for Health and Justice Transformation, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA. | Department of Social Medicine and Center for Health Equity Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. AN - 33045186 AU - Macmadu, A. | Berk, J. | Kaplowitz, E. | Mercedes, M. | Rich, J. D. | Brinkley-Rubinstein, L. C1 - 2020-10-23 C2 - COVID-19 and Health Disparities CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102320_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30231-0 ET - 2020/10/13 IS - 11 KW - African Americans/*statistics & numerical data | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*ethnology | *Health Status Disparities | Humans | *Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*ethnology | Prisoners/*statistics & numerical data | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://4017864416/Macmadu-2020-COVID-19 and mass incarceration_.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Macmadu, Alexandria; Berk, Justin; Kaplowitz, Eliana; Mercedes, Marquisele; Rich, Josiah D; Brinkley-Rubinstein, Lauren; eng; England; Lancet Public Health. 2020 Nov;5(11):e571-e572. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30231-0. Epub 2020 Oct 10. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: The number of COVID-19 cases is 5.5x higher among people who are incarcerated (approximately 2.3 million people in the US) compared with the general population. Decreasing the size of the prison population would reduce the number of persons at risk and help flatten the curve. SN - 2468-2667 (Electronic) SP - e571-e572 ST - COVID-19 and mass incarceration: a call for urgent action T2 - Lancet Public Health TI - COVID-19 and mass incarceration: a call for urgent action UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33045186 VL - 5 Y2 - 2021/05/14 ID - 1103 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVE: This is the first comprehensive review to focus on currently available evidence regarding maternal, fetal and neonatal mortality cases associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection, up to July 2020. METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and Web of Science databases to identify any reported cases of maternal, fetal or neonatal mortality associated with COVID-19 infection. The references of relevant studies were also hand-searched. RESULTS: Of 2815 studies screened, 10 studies reporting 37 maternal and 12 perinatal mortality cases (7 fetal demise and 5 neonatal death) were finally eligible for inclusion to this review. All maternal deaths were seen in women with previous co-morbidities, of which the most common were obesity, diabetes, asthma and advanced maternal age. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and severity of pneumonia were considered as the leading causes of all maternal mortalities, except for one case who died of thromboembolism during postpartum period. Fetal and neonatal mortalities were suggested to be a result of the severity of maternal infection or the prematurity, respectively. Interestingly, there was no evidence of vertical transmission or positive COVID-19 test result among expired neonates. CONCLUSION: Current available evidence suggested that maternal mortality mostly happened among women with previous co-morbidities and neonatal mortality seems to be a result of prematurity rather than infection. However, further reports are needed so that the magnitude of the maternal and perinatal mortality could be determined more precisely. AD - Maternal-Fetal Medicine Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. | Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. | Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. AN - 32799712 AU - Hessami, Kamran | Homayoon, Nahid | Hashemi, Atefe | Vafaei, Homeira | Kasraeian, Maryam | Asadi, Nasrin C1 - 2020-08-28 C2 - Clinical Manifestations CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082820_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 16 DO - 10.1080/14767058.2020.1806817 ET - 2020/08/18 KW - Covid-19 | SARS-CoV-2 | maternal mortality | neonatal mortality | pregnancy L1 - internal-pdf://2520426090/Hessami-2020-COVID-19 and maternal, fetal and.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Hessami, Kamran; Homayoon, Nahid; Hashemi, Atefe; Vafaei, Homeira; Kasraeian, Maryam; Asadi, Nasrin; eng; England; J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2020 Aug 16:1-6. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2020.1806817. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Fetal and neonatal deaths were associated with severity of maternal infection and prematurity rather than vertical transmission of infection. SE - 1 SN - 1476-7058; 1476-4954 SP - 1-6 ST - COVID-19 and maternal, fetal and neonatal mortality: a systematic review T2 - J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med TI - COVID-19 and maternal, fetal and neonatal mortality: a systematic review UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32799712 | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14767058.2020.1806817?needAccess=true ID - 785 ER - TY - JOUR AB - On January 10, Chinese researchers posted the novel coronavirus�?RNA sequence on a preprint server. Immediately, scientists who study genetic vaccines turned their efforts to the emerging pathogen that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). They knew that rapid response genetic platforms could shave precious weeks to months off development, crucial during a pandemic.They were right. When the first US clinical trial for a vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) began just 66 days later, volunteers received mRNA-1273, a messenger RNA (mRNA) candidate codeveloped by biotechnology company Moderna, Inc and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). AN - 32880613 AU - Abbasi, J. C1 - 2020-09-15 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091520_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 22 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.16866 ET - 2020/09/04 IS - 12 KW - Betacoronavirus/*genetics | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | Coronavirus Infections/*prevention & control | Humans | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*prevention & control | *RNA, Messenger | RNA, Viral | SARS-CoV-2 | *Viral Vaccines L1 - internal-pdf://0906844246/Abbasi-2020-COVID-19 and mRNA Vaccines-First L.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Abbasi, Jennifer; eng; News; JAMA. 2020 Sep 22;324(12):1125-1127. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.16866. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Perspective on mRNA vaccine being developed and its effectiveness. If mRNA vaccines work then it’s a huge breakthrough, not just for COVID-19, but for the future of vaccinations generally. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1125-1127 ST - COVID-19 and mRNA Vaccines-First Large Test for a New Approach T2 - JAMA TI - COVID-19 and mRNA Vaccines-First Large Test for a New Approach UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32880613 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 887 ER - TY - JOUR AB - As severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 continues to spread worldwide, there have been increasing reports from Europe, North America, Asia, and Latin America describing children and adolescents with COVID-19-associated multisystem inflammatory conditions. However, the association between multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and COVID-19 is still unknown. We review the epidemiology, causes, clinical features, and current treatment protocols for multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and adolescents associated with COVID-19. We also discuss the possible underlying pathophysiological mechanisms for COVID-19-induced inflammatory processes, which can lead to organ damage in paediatric patients who are severely ill. These insights provide evidence for the need to develop a clear case definition and treatment protocol for this new condition and also shed light on future therapeutic interventions and the potential for vaccine development. TRANSLATIONS: For the French, Chinese, Arabic, Spanish and Russian translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section. AD - Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. | Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. | Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK. | Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. | Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. | Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute for Global Health and Development, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan. Electronic address: zulfiqar.bhutta@aku.edu. AN - 32818434 AU - Jiang, L. | Tang, K. | Levin, M. | Irfan, O. | Morris, S. K. | Wilson, K. | Klein, J. D. | Bhutta, Z. A. C1 - 2020-08-28 C2 - Clinical Manifestations CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082820_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30651-4 ET - 2020/08/21 IS - 11 KW - Adolescent | Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use | Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Child | Child, Preschool | Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy/*epidemiology/*immunology/virology | Female | Humans | Immunoglobulins, Intravenous/therapeutic use | Infant | Infant, Newborn | Male | Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome/drug therapy/immunology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy/*epidemiology/*immunology/virology | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/drug | therapy/*epidemiology/*immunology/virology | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://2488910946/Jiang-2020-COVID-19 and multisystem inflammato.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Jiang, Li; Tang, Kun; Levin, Mike; Irfan, Omar; Morris, Shaun K; Wilson, Karen; Klein, Jonathan D; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A; eng; Review; Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Nov;20(11):e276-e288. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30651-4. Epub 2020 Aug 17. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Review lists various definitions of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), compares MIS-C with Kawasaki disease, and describes clinical management of MIS-C. SN - 1474-4457 (Electronic); 1473-3099 (Linking) SP - e276-e288 ST - COVID-19 and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and adolescents T2 - Lancet Infect Dis TI - COVID-19 and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and adolescents UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32818434 VL - 20 ID - 789 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVES: Evaluate if the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic influences parents' intentions to have their children receive the 2020-2021 seasonal influenza vaccination. METHODS: In May 2020, we recruited 2164 US parents and guardians of children ages 6 months to 5 years to complete a brief online survey that examined parental behavior and decision-making in response to experimental stimuli and real-world events. We estimated a multivariate multinomial logistic regression (controlling for key demographics) to assess the relationship between a child's 2019-2020 influenza vaccination status and the COVID-19 pandemic's influence on a parent's intentions for their child's 2020-2021 influenza vaccination. RESULTS: Changes in vaccination intentions significantly differed between parents whose children received the 2019-2020 influenza vaccine compared with those whose children did not (P < .001). Specifically, among parents whose children did not receive the 2019-2020 vaccine, 34% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 30%-37%) reported that the COVID-19 pandemic made them less likely to have their child receive the 2020-2021 vaccine. Among those whose children did receive the 2019-2020 vaccine, this figure was just 24% (95% CI: 22%-27%). Conversely, only 21% (95% CI: 18%-24%) of parents whose children did not receive the 2019-2020 vaccine reported that the COVID-19 pandemic made them more likely to have their child receive the 2020-2021 vaccine, compared with 39% (95% CI: 36%-41%) of parents whose children did receive the 2019-2020 vaccine. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic alone does not appear sufficient to encourage the uptake of pediatric seasonal influenza vaccination. Instead, the COVID-19 pandemic may exacerbate polarity in vaccination uptake. AD - School of Social Work, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; rlsokol@wayne.edu. | Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts; and. | Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. AN - 32999011 AU - Sokol, R. L. | Grummon, A. H. C1 - 2020-10-13 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/101320_covidupdate.html DA - Dec DO - 10.1542/peds.2020-022871 ET - 2020/10/02 IS - 6 KW - Adolescent | Adult | COVID-19/*epidemiology/psychology | Child, Preschool | Confidence Intervals | Female | Health Surveys/statistics & numerical data | Humans | Income | Infant | Influenza Vaccines/*administration & dosage | Influenza, Human/epidemiology/*prevention & control | *Intention | Logistic Models | Male | Middle Aged | Parents/education/*psychology | Politics | Probability | *SARS-CoV-2 | United States/epidemiology | Vaccination/psychology/statistics & numerical data | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://0536856256/Sokol-2020-COVID-19 and Parent Intention to Va.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Vaccines | N1 - Sokol, Rebeccah L; Grummon, Anna H; eng; F32 HD100021/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/; F32HD100021-01/NH/NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Pediatrics. 2020 Dec;146(6). pii: peds.2020-022871. doi: 10.1542/peds.2020-022871. Epub 2020 Sep 30. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Parental intention to vaccinate children against influenza significantly differed between parents whose children received the 2019�?020 influenza vaccine compared with those whose children did not (p <0.001). | Among parents whose children did not receive the 2019�?020 influenza vaccine, 34% (95% CI 30%-37%) reported that the COVID-19 pandemic made them less likely to vaccinate their child against influenza during the 2020�?021 influenza season (Figure). | Methods: In May 2020, a convenience sample of 2,164 parents of children 6 months to 5 years of age completed an online survey comparing their children’s 2019-2020 influenza vaccination status with parental intention to vaccinate their children against influenza during the 2020�?021 influenza season. A multivariate model was adjusted for child and caregiver demographics. Limitations: Convenience sample may not be generalizable; survey limited to people with internet access. | Implications: The COVID-19 pandemic does not seem to uniformly motivate parents to vaccinate their children against influenza. Outreach and education to parents may help them better understand the importance of influenza vaccination. SN - 1098-4275 (Electronic); 0031-4005 (Linking) SP - e2020022871 ST - COVID-19 and Parent Intention to Vaccinate Their Children Against Influenza T2 - Pediatrics TI - COVID-19 and Parent Intention to Vaccinate Their Children Against Influenza UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32999011 VL - 146 ID - 1030 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 has changed American society in ways that are difficult to capture in a timely manner. With this study, we take advantage of daily survey data collected before and after the crisis started to investigate the hypothesis that the crisis has worsened parents' and children's psychological well-being. We also examine the extent of crisis-related hardships and evaluate the hypothesis that the accumulation of hardships will be associated with parent and child psychological well-being. METHODS: Daily survey data were collected between February 20 and April 27, 2020, from hourly service workers with a young child (aged 2-7) in a large US city (N = 8222 person-days from 645 individuals). A subsample completed a one-time survey about the effects of the crisis fielded between March 23 and April 26 (subsample n = 561). RESULTS: Ordered probit models revealed that the frequency of parent-reported daily negative mood increased significantly since the start of the crisis. Many families have experienced hardships during the crisis, including job loss, income loss, caregiving burden, and illness. Both parents' and children's well-being in the postcrisis period was strongly associated with the number of crisis-related hardships that the family experienced. CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with our hypotheses, in families that have experienced multiple hardships related to the coronavirus disease 2019 crisis, both parents' and children's mental health is worse. As the crisis continues to unfold, pediatricians should screen for mental health, with particular attention to children whose families are especially vulnerable to economic and disease aspects of the crisis. AD - Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; and agassman.pines@duke.edu. | Department of Economics, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, New York. | Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; and. AN - 32764151 AU - Gassman-Pines, A. | Ananat, E. O. | Fitz-Henley, J., 2nd C1 - 2020-10-27 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102720_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1542/peds.2020-007294 ET - 2020/08/09 IS - 4 KW - Affect | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Child | Child Care/psychology | *Child Health | Child, Preschool | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/*psychology | Cost of Illness | Health Surveys | Humans | Income | *Mental Health | *Pandemics | *Parent-Child Relations | Parents/*psychology | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/*psychology | SARS-CoV-2 | Unemployment/psychology | Vulnerable Populations/psychology L1 - internal-pdf://3492865630/Gassman-Pines-2020-COVID-19 and Parent-Child P.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | N1 - Gassman-Pines, Anna; Ananat, Elizabeth Oltmans; Fitz-Henley, John 2nd; eng; P2C HD058486/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/; P2C HD065563/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/; R21 HD100893/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/; 1R21HD100893-01/NH/NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. | Pediatrics. 2020 Oct;146(4). pii: peds.2020-007294. doi: 10.1542/peds.2020-007294. Epub 2020 Aug 6. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Constant parental negative mood increased 29% (p <0.05) and work disruption increased 122% (p <001). | 86% of families experienced hardships including loss of household income (69%), job loss (60%), increased caregiving burden (45%), and household illness (12%). | Families experiencing hardship had worse psychological well-being. | Each individual hardship was associated with worse parental mood, p <0.05. | Increased caregiving burden and household illness were associated with children’s uncooperative behavior and worry, both p-values <0.05. | Families with 2�? hardships had worse parental mood and sleep quality, and more uncooperative child behavior than those with no hardships, all p-values <0.05. | Families with all 4 hardships also had significantly more child worry, p <0.05. | Methods: Hourly service workers with a child 2�? years of age were surveyed daily by SMS text message, between February and April 2020 (n = 8,222 person-days from 645 people), in one large US city. Between March and April 2020, a subsample (n = 561) completed a one-time survey on hardships (job loss, income loss, caregiving burden, household illness) and psychological wellbeing (parental mood, parental sleep quality, child uncooperative behavior, children’s worry) experienced as a result of COVID-19. Limitations: Participation limited to hourly workers in retail, food service, and hotel industry with mobile phone access; conducted in one city limiting generalizability. | Implications: The COVID-19 crisis has substantially affected the well-being of hourly service workers and their children illustrating that these families may require additional social support for mental health. SN - 1098-4275 (Electronic); 0031-4005 (Linking) SP - e2020007294 ST - COVID-19 and Parent-Child Psychological Well-being T2 - Pediatrics TI - COVID-19 and Parent-Child Psychological Well-being UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32764151 VL - 146 ID - 1139 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The highly contagious nature of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, leading to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, necessitated the enactment of public health actions on an unprecedented scale in US history. Closure of all nonessential businesses along with strict social-distancing measures were instituted to curb disease transmission across the nation. After gradually closing some businesses and schools, the state of New York instituted New York State on PAUSE, a statewide lockdown, effective on March 22, 2020. Social isolation, restrictions of activities, workplace closures, as well as associated financial losses and the fears of COVID-19 may place a considerable psychological burden on people. Literature on the effects of quarantine highlights their negative consequences on mental health. To better understand mental health concerns during the New York COVID-19 lockdown, we analyzed trends in internet searches for mental health issues. AD - Centre for Research and Intervention on Suicide, Ethical Issues and End-of-Life Practices, Universite du Quebec a Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. | Department of Psychology, Universite du Quebec a Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. AN - 33016982 AU - Stijelja, S. | Mishara, B. L. C1 - 2020-10-16 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/101620_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 1 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.3271 ET - 2020/10/06 IS - 12 KW - *Anxiety/diagnosis/epidemiology | *COVID-19/epidemiology/psychology | Fear | Financial Stress/psychology | Humans | Information Seeking Behavior | Internet Use/*statistics & numerical data | Mental Health/statistics & numerical data | New York/epidemiology | *Panic Disorder/diagnosis/epidemiology | Physical Distancing | SARS-CoV-2 | *Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders/diagnosis/epidemiology | Social Isolation/*psychology | *Stress, Psychological/epidemiology/etiology/psychology | Unemployment/psychology L1 - internal-pdf://3161190106/Stijelja-2020-COVID-19 and Psychological Distr.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Stijelja, Stefan; Mishara, Brian L; eng; Letter; JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Dec 1;180(12):1703-1706. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.3271. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Internet searches were higher than expected based on historical search data for the topics anxiety, 18% (95% prediction interval [PI] 5%-29%), panic attack, 56% (95% PI 37%-97%), and insomnia, 21% (95% PI 1%-55%) after March 22, 2020, and remained high for up to 5 weeks (Figure). | Searches for the topics suicide and depression did not increase above expected. | Searches for suicide increased during the week of April 25 to May 2, matching the time frame of a publicized suicide of a New York physician. | Methods: Google Trend was used to examine relative search volumes (RSV) and forecasts between March 23 and May 14, 2020 for internet search terms including suicide, anxiety, panic attack, insomnia, and depression in New York State. Weekly RSV forecasts were computed with 95% PIs. Limitations: Does not estimate the number of individuals experiencing symptoms; many people with mental health issues may not have access the internet. | Implications: There is the potential to monitor the mental health of a population during emergencies using internet search trends to identify areas needing targeted resources for mental health support. SN - 2168-6114 (Electronic); 2168-6106 (Linking) SP - 1703-1706 ST - COVID-19 and Psychological Distress-Changes in Internet Searches for Mental Health Issues in New York During the Pandemic T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - COVID-19 and Psychological Distress-Changes in Internet Searches for Mental Health Issues in New York During the Pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33016982 VL - 180 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 1068 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Historical epidemiological perspectives from past pandemics and recent neurobiological evidence link infections and psychoses, leading to concerns that COVID-19 will present a significant risk for the development of psychosis. But are these concerns justified, or mere sensationalism? In this article we review the historical associations between viral infection and the immune system more broadly in the development of psychosis, before critically evaluating the current evidence pertaining to SARS-CoV-2 and risk of psychosis as an acute or post-infectious manifestation of COVID-19. We review the 42 cases of psychosis reported in infected patients to date, and discuss the potential implications of in utero infection on subsequent neurodevelopment and psychiatric risk. Finally, in the context of the wider neurological and psychiatric manifestations of COVID-19 and our current understanding of the aetiology of psychotic disorders, we evaluate possible neurobiological and psychosocial mechanisms as well as the numerous challenges in ascribing a causal pathogenic role to the infection. AD - Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University London, UK. Electronic address: cameron.watson@qmul.ac.uk. | Translational and Clinical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, UK; Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, UK. | Department of Neurology, The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK; National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infection, University of Liverpool, UK; Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Zoological Science, University of Liverpool, UK. | Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK. AN - 33220366 AU - Watson, C. J. | Thomas, R. H. | Solomon, T. | Michael, B. D. | Nicholson, T. R. | Pollak, T. A. C1 - 2020-12-08 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/120820_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 10 DO - 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135491 ET - 2020/11/22 KW - Adolescent | Adult | COVID-19/*complications/*diagnosis/psychology | Delusions/*diagnosis/*etiology/psychology | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Psychotic Disorders/*diagnosis/*etiology/psychology | Risk Factors | Young Adult | *covid-19 | *Encephalitis | *Neurology | *Neuropsychiatry | *Psychiatry | *Psychosis | *SARS-CoV-2 | *Schizophrenia L1 - internal-pdf://1935283194/1-s2.0-S0304394020307618-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Watson, Cameron J; Thomas, Rhys H; Solomon, Tom; Michael, Benedict Daniel; Nicholson, Timothy R; Pollak, Thomas A; eng; MR/V033441/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; IS-HPU-1112-10117/DH_/Department of Health/United Kingdom; NIHR200907/DH_/Department of Health/United Kingdom; 17/63/110/DH_/Department of Health/United Kingdom; MR/V03605X/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; Case Reports; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review; Ireland; Neurosci Lett. 2021 Jan 10;741:135491. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135491. Epub 2020 Nov 18. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Reviews 42 case reports of psychosis associated with COVID-19 and describes possible neurobiological and psychosocial mechanisms, as well as the numerous challenges in clearly identifying causal pathways. SN - 1872-7972 (Electronic); 0304-3940 (Linking) SP - 135491 ST - COVID-19 and psychosis risk: Real or delusional concern? T2 - Neurosci Lett TI - COVID-19 and psychosis risk: Real or delusional concern? UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33220366 VL - 741 ID - 1319 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The novel SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) has led to a global pandemic manifested as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), with its most severe presentation being acute respiratory distress syndrome leading to severe complications and death. Select underlying medical comorbidities, older age, diabetes, obesity, and male sex have been identified as biological vulnerabilities for more severe COVID-19 outcomes. Geographic locations that reported data by race/ethnicity indicate that African American individuals and, to a lesser extent, Latino individuals bear a disproportionate burden of COVID-19–related outcomes. The pandemic has shone a spotlight on health disparities and created an opportunity to address the causes underlying these inequities. AD - National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. AN - 32391864 AU - Webb Hooper, M. | Napoles, A. M. | Perez-Stable, E. J. C1 - 2020-05-22 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052220_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 23 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.8598 ET - 2020/05/12 IS - 24 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Continental Population Groups | Coronavirus Infections/*ethnology/mortality | Ethnic Groups | *Health Policy | *Health Status Disparities | Healthcare Disparities | Humans | Incidence | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*ethnology/mortality | SARS-CoV-2 | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://3528457005/Webb Hooper-2020-COVID-19 and Racial_Ethnic Di.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Webb Hooper, Monica; Napoles, Anna Maria; Perez-Stable, Eliseo J; eng; JAMA. 2020 Jun 23;323(24):2466-2467. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.8598. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Describes the disproportionate burden of coronavirus in African American and Latino populations in the US. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 2466-2467 ST - COVID-19 and Racial/Ethnic Disparities T2 - JAMA TI - COVID-19 and Racial/Ethnic Disparities UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32391864 VL - 323 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 239 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Editor-in-Chief. Electronic address: cbetz@chla.usc.edu. AN - 32811702 AU - Betz, C. L. C1 - 2020-08-14 C2 - School Openings CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08142020_covidupdate.html DA - Sep - Oct DO - 10.1016/j.pedn.2020.07.015 ET - 2020/08/20 KW - Covid-19 | Child | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/*prevention & control | Humans | Nurse's Role | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pediatric Nursing | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/*prevention & control | Safety | School Nursing | Schools/*organization & administration | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://0861666988/Betz-2020-COVID-19 and school return_ The need.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Betz, Cecily L; eng; Editorial; J Pediatr Nurs. 2020 Sep - Oct;54:A7-A9. doi: 10.1016/j.pedn.2020.07.015. Epub 2020 Aug 4. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Roles of pediatric nurses in providing evidence-based guidance and support to parents and children for safe return to school. SN - 1532-8449 (Electronic); 0882-5963 (Linking) SP - A7-A9 ST - COVID-19 and school return: The need and necessity T2 - J Pediatr Nurs TI - COVID-19 and school return: The need and necessity UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32811702 VL - 54 ID - 696 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Social distancing in the wake of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may affect the sexual behavior of men who have sex with men (MSM). In early March 2020, Israel imposed travel restrictions and limited social contacts to household members only. The effects of these restrictions on the sexual behavior and mental health of MSM are unknown. AIM: To assess sexual behaviors and mental health of Israeli MSM during social distancing and to compare sexual behaviors before and during social distancing, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Data were collected through anonymous web-based questionnaires in a popular geospatial application used by MSM between March and April 2020 during the social-distancing period. OUTCOMES: The dependent variable was casual sex, in violation of social-distancing regulations. Independent variables were demographic characteristics, sexual behaviors before and during social-distancing restrictions, and mental health. RESULTS: Of the 2,562 participants, 1,012 (39.5%) continued to meet new casual sex partners during this period. Being of a younger age, single, and with higher levels of mental distress predicted engagement in casual sex during the social-distancing period. MSM reduced their sexual risk and limited sexual repertoire-in particular, kissing with their sexual partners. Participants also spent more time in dating applications than in the pre-social-distancing period and increased their use of sex phone, webcams, and porn consumption. They perceived the threat of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus to be greater than that of HIV: only 3.2% could imagine themselves having sex with a partner who is infected with SARS-CoV-2 compared with 30.1% in case of HIV, P < .01. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: MSM reduced their risk behaviors during social distancing because of the threat of COVID-19. Casual sex during social distancing was associated with negative feelings of mental distress. Future public health response in the future waves of COVID-19 morbidity should strike a balance between containment measures and the need for social distancing with its possible mental and social burdens. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS: This is the first study in Israel and one of the few in the world to examine sexual behaviors among MSM during the COVID-19 social distancing period. It involved a relatively large sample, through convenience sampling, which limits causality. Findings should be interpreted cautiously, specifically because COVID-19-related behaviors and circumstances may change rapidly. CONCLUSION: The negative feelings of distress due to social distancing should be considered as a potential barrier to adherence among vulnerable populations, such as MSM. Future public health response should strike a balance between containment measures and its possible mental, social, and financial burdens. Shilo G, Mor Z. COVID-19 and the Changes in the Sexual Behavior of Men Who Have Sex With Men: Results of an Online Survey. J Sex Med 2020;17:1827-1834. AD - Bob-Shapell School of Social Work, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. Electronic address: shiloguy@tauex.tau.ac.il. | Tel Aviv Department of Health, Ministry of Health, Tel Aviv, Israel; School of Health Sciences, Ashkelon Academic College, Ashkelon, Israel. AN - 32883631 AU - Shilo, G. | Mor, Z. C1 - 2020-08-21 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082120_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.07.085 DP - NLM ET - 2020/09/05 IS - 10 KW - Adult | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Cross-Sectional Studies | HIV Infections/epidemiology | Homosexuality, Male/*psychology | Humans | Israel | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | Risk-Taking | Sexual Behavior/*psychology | Sexual Partners/psychology | Sexual and Gender Minorities/*psychology | Surveys and Questionnaires | *covid-19 | *Israel | *Men Who Have Sex With Men | *Sexual Behavior L1 - internal-pdf://2492129788/Shilo-2020-COVID-19 and the Changes in the Sex.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Shilo, Guy; Mor, Zohar; eng; Netherlands; J Sex Med. 2020 Oct;17(10):1827-1834. doi: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.07.085. Epub 2020 Aug 10. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 90.0% of respondents reported casual sex before social distancing requirements. | 39.5% reported casual sex before and during social distancing requirements. | Casual sex was associated with single status, odds ratio (OR) 1.65 (95% CI 1.3-2.1) and higher levels of mental distress, OR 1.5 (95% CI 1.3-1.8). | Frequency of phone or webcam use for sex increased during social distancing requirements, p < 0.001. | Methods: Anonymous cross-sectional survey about sexual practices and mental health in 2,562 Israeli men who have sex with men (MSM) >18 years, March to April, 2020 during social distancing requirements in Israel. Limitations: Convenience sample; conclusions limited to MSM. | Implications: MSM with a history of casual sex appear willing to decrease this activity during social distancing requirements, although mental health distress in this group might inhibit adherence to social distancing. SN - 1743-6109 (Electronic); 1743-6095 (Linking) SP - 1827-1834 ST - COVID-19 and the Changes in the Sexual Behavior of Men Who Have Sex With Men: Results of an Online Survey T2 - J Sex Med TI - COVID-19 and the Changes in the Sexual Behavior of Men Who Have Sex With Men: Results of an Online Survey UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32883631 VL - 17 ID - 740 ER - TY - JOUR AD - HealthPartners Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Saint Paul, Minnesota; American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Elk Grove Village, Illinois. Electronic address: monto088@umn.edu. | American College of Correctional Physicians, Marion, Massachusetts. | American Association of Public Health Physicians, Ilwaco, Washington; Willapa Behavioral Health, Long Beach, Washington. | American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Elk Grove Village, Illinois. AN - 32387174 AU - Montoya-Barthelemy, A. G. | Lee, C. D. | Cundiff, D. R. | Smith, E. B. C1 - 2020-04-28 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/042820_covidupdate.html DA - Jun DO - 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.04.001 ET - 2020/05/11 IS - 6 KW - Adult | *Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/prevention & control/transmission | Crowding | Female | Humans | *Infection Control/methods/organization & administration | Male | Occupational Exposure/prevention & control | *Pandemics/prevention & control | *Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/prevention & control/transmission | *Police | *Prisoners | Prisons/organization & administration/standards | Public Health/*methods | Quality Improvement | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | United States/epidemiology | Vulnerable Populations L1 - internal-pdf://2001891995/Montoya-Barthel-2020-COVID-19 and the Correcti.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Montoya-Barthelemy, Andre G; Lee, Charles D; Cundiff, Dave R; Smith, Eric B; eng; Netherlands; Am J Prev Med. 2020 Jun;58(6):888-891. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.04.001. Epub 2020 Apr 17. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Discusses risk to prisoners and staff within correctional institutions, its impact on public health, and mitigation strategies. SN - 1873-2607 (Electronic); 0749-3797 (Linking) SP - 888-891 ST - COVID-19 and the Correctional Environment: The American Prison as a Focal Point for Public Health T2 - Am J Prev Med TI - COVID-19 and the Correctional Environment: The American Prison as a Focal Point for Public Health UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32387174 VL - 58 Y2 - 2021/05/12 ID - 98 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The COVID-19 crisis is taking its toll on the global economy, public health and our way of life. The virus; has now infected more than 3.6 million people worldwide, killed 250,000 and led Governments to; take drastic measures to limit the spread of coronavirus disease 2019. Roughly half of the global; population is living under mobility restrictions, international border crossings have been closed and; economic activity has declined drastically, as many countries have opted for the closure of nonessential businesses. | Drug trafficking relies heavily on legal trade to camouflage its activities and on individuals being able; to distribute drugs to consumers. The measures implemented by Governments to counter the COVID19 pandemic have thus inevitably affected all aspects of the illegal drug markets, from the production; and trafficking of drugs to their consumption. | Having said that, the impact of those measures varies both in terms of the different business models; used in the distribution of each type of drug and the approaches used by different countries to address; the pandemic. These range from the closure of international border crossings, while allowing domestic; travel, to moderate-to-strict shelter-in-place orders, or a complete lockdown of all activities, including; suspension of essential services other than for emergencies. The impact on actual drug production; may vary greatly depending on the substance and the geographical location of its production. | Based on the most recent data from government authorities, open sources, including the media, and; the network of UNODC field offices, the evidence available suggests the following ongoing dynamics; in the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the illicit drug markets. AU - United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime C1 - 2021-04-23 C2 - Social, Behavioral, and Communication Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04232021_covidupdate.html L1 - internal-pdf://1506218147/Covid-19-and-drug-supply-chain-Mai2020.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: The association between timing of the COVID-19 pandemic and increases in fatal overdoses is not yet understood. Possible contributing factors include... interruptions to/changes in the illicit drug supply. ST - COVID-19 and the drug supply chain: from production and trafficking to use T2 - Research Brief TI - COVID-19 and the drug supply chain: from production and trafficking to use UR - https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/covid/Covid-19-and-drug-supply-chain-Mai2020.pdf ID - 1913 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The rapid growth in the number of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) threatened to overwhelm hospital and intensive care unit capacity. The pandemic also raises questions about the ability of hospitals to remain financially solvent amid unprecedented changes in care delivery and billable services. To limit the spread of disease and create additional inpatient capacity and staffing, many hospitals are closing outpatient departments and postponing or canceling elective visits and procedures. These changes, while needed to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic, potentially threaten the financial viability of hospitals, especially those with preexisting financial challenges and those heavily reliant on revenue from outpatient and elective services. AD - Division of Health Policy and Economics, Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York. | Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York. AN - 32364565 AU - Khullar, D. | Bond, A. M. | Schpero, W. L. C1 - 2020-05-15 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051520_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 2 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.6269 ET - 2020/05/05 IS - 21 KW - Ambulatory Care/economics | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/therapy | *Economics, Hospital/legislation & jurisprudence | Elective Surgical Procedures/economics | Health Resources/economics | Hospital Administration/*economics | Hospitalization/economics | Humans | Medicare/economics/legislation & jurisprudence | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/therapy | SARS-CoV-2 | Surgical Procedures, Operative/economics | United States L1 - internal-pdf://1414544820/Khullar-2020-COVID-19 and the Financial Health.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | N1 - Khullar, Dhruv; Bond, Amelia M; Schpero, William L; eng; JAMA. 2020 Jun 2;323(21):2127-2128. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.6269. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: COVID-19 pandemic will cause almost all hospitals to experience financial difficulties, with smaller, independent and rural hospitals being particularly at risk. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 2127-2128 ST - COVID-19 and the Financial Health of US Hospitals T2 - JAMA TI - COVID-19 and the Financial Health of US Hospitals UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32364565 VL - 323 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 187 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama dkimberlin@peds.uab.edu. | Divisions of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama. AN - 32879031 AU - Kimberlin, D. W. | Bjornstad, E. C. C1 - 2020-09-15 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091520_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1542/peds.2020-019232 ET - 2020/09/04 IS - 4 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Child | *Coronavirus Infections | Humans | *Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | SARS-CoV-2 | conflicts of interest to disclose. L1 - internal-pdf://2032371806/Kimberlin-2020-COVID-19 and the Law of Unfores.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Kimberlin, David W; Bjornstad, Erica C; eng; Comment; Pediatrics. 2020 Oct;146(4). pii: peds.2020-019232. doi: 10.1542/peds.2020-019232. Epub 2020 Sep 2. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: caution that missed scheduled vaccinations during the pandemic may result in outbreaks of measles and other infectious agents that had previously been kept under control via immunization programs. SN - 1098-4275 (Electronic); 0031-4005 (Linking) SP - e2020019232 ST - COVID-19 and the Law of Unforeseen Consequences T2 - Pediatrics TI - COVID-19 and the Law of Unforeseen Consequences UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32879031 VL - 146 ID - 895 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The need for timely, accurate, and reliable data about the health of the US population has never been greater. Critical questions include the following: (1) how many individuals test positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and how many are affected by the disease it causes—novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in a given geographic area; (2) what are the age and race of these individuals; (3) how many people sought care at a health care facility; (4) how many were hospitalized; (5) within individual hospitals, how many patients required intensive care, received ventilator support, or died; and (6) what was the length of stay in the hospital and in the intensive care unit for patients who survived and for those who died. In an attempt to answer some of these questions, on March 29, 2020, Vice President Mike Pence requested all hospitals to email key COVID-19 testing data to the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The National Healthcare Safety Network, an infection-tracking system of the CDC, was tasked with coordinating additional data collection through a new web-based COVID-19 module. Because reporting is optional and partial reporting is allowed, it is unclear how many elements of the requested information are actually being collected and how they will be used. Although the US is one of the most technologically advanced societies in the world and one that spends the most money on health care, this approach illustrates the need for more effective solutions for gathering COVID-19 data at a national level. AD - School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. | Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness, and Safety (IQuESt) at the Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. AN - 32421178 AU - Sittig, D. F. | Singh, H. C1 - 2020-05-29 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052920_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 16 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.7239 ET - 2020/05/19 IS - 23 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Bioethical Issues | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus Infections | Data Collection/ethics/*standards | Electronic Health Records | Emergencies | Humans | *Medical Informatics | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral | Population Surveillance/*methods | SARS-CoV-2 | United States | United States Dept. of Health and Human Services L1 - internal-pdf://1446861053/Sittig-2020-COVID-19 and the Need for a Nation.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Sittig, Dean F; Singh, Hardeep; eng; R01 HS027363/HS/AHRQ HHS/; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. | JAMA. 2020 Jun 16;323(23):2373-2374. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.7239. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Accurate, timely, and complete data are essential for guiding clinical management and treatment, and responding to the COVID-19 pandemic. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 2373-2374 ST - COVID-19 and the Need for a National Health Information Technology Infrastructure T2 - JAMA TI - COVID-19 and the Need for a National Health Information Technology Infrastructure UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32421178 VL - 323 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 277 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The emergence of adaptive immunity in response to the novel Betacoronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), occurs within the first 7 to 10 days of infection. Understanding the key features and evolution of B-cell�?and T-cell–mediated adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is essential in forecasting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes and for developing effective strategies to control the pandemic. Ascertaining long-term B-cell and T-cell immunological memory against SARS-CoV-2 is also critical to understanding durable protection.A robust memory B-cell and plasmablast expansion is detected early in infection, with secretion of serum IgM and IgA antibodies by day 5 to 7 and IgG by day 7 to 10 from the onset of symptoms. In general, serum IgM and IgA titers decline after approximately 28 days (Figure), and IgG titers peak at approximately 49 days. Simultaneously, SARS-CoV-2 activates T cells in the first week of infection, and virus-specific memory CD4+ cells and CD8+ T cells reportedly peak within 2 weeks but remain detectable at lower levels for 100 or more days of observation. Grifoni et al and others have identified SARS-CoV-2–specific memory CD4+ T cells in up to 100% and CD8+ T cells in approximately 70% of patients recovering from COVID-19. Although severe COVID-19 is characterized by high-viral titers, dysregulated innate inflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses and prolonged lymphopenia, antibody-dependent enhancement or dominant CD4+ TH2-type cytokines (eg, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) do not appear to contribute to acute COVID-19 severity. AD - Emory University School of Medicine, Robert W. Woodruff Health Sciences Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. | Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. AN - 32915201 AU - Stephens, D. S. | McElrath, M. J. C1 - 2020-09-22 C2 - Immunity CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/092220_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 6 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.16656 ET - 2020/09/12 IS - 13 KW - *Adaptive Immunity | Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood | Antibodies, Viral/*blood | Betacoronavirus/*immunology | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | Coronavirus Infections/*immunology/prevention & control | Humans | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*immunology | SARS-CoV-2 | Seroepidemiologic Studies | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology | T-Lymphocytes/*immunology | Viral Vaccines/immunology L1 - internal-pdf://1077442141/Stephens-2020-COVID-19 and the Path to Immunit.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Stephens, David S; McElrath, M Juliana; eng; JAMA. 2020 Oct 6;324(13):1279-1281. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.16656. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Describes immunity to COVID-19 and the key features and evolution of B-cell�?and T-cell–mediated adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2. These features are important in forecasting COVID-19 outcomes and for developing effective strategies to control the pandemic. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1279-1281 ST - COVID-19 and the Path to Immunity T2 - JAMA TI - COVID-19 and the Path to Immunity UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32915201 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 930 ER - TY - JOUR AD - London. AN - 32439704 AU - Wise, J. C1 - 2020-06-02 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060220_covidupdate.html DA - May 21 DO - 10.1136/bmj.m2058 ET - 2020/05/23 L1 - internal-pdf://3887761972/Wise-2020-Covid-19 and thrombosis_ what do we.pdf LA - en N1 - Wise, Jacqui; eng; England; BMJ. 2020 May 21;369:m2058. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m2058. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Q&A about thrombosis in the context of COVID-19. SN - 1756-1833 (Electronic); 0959-8138 (Linking) SP - m2058 ST - Covid-19 and thrombosis: what do we know about the risks and treatment? T2 - BMJ TI - Covid-19 and thrombosis: what do we know about the risks and treatment? UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32439704 VL - 369 ID - 310 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Recent reports have described a secondary Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) after a prior COVID-19 infection that often has features of Kawasaki disease (KD). Here, we report the case of a 36-year-old woman who presented to the emergency department hypotensive and tachycardic after 1 week of fevers, abdominal pain, vomiting and diarrhea, and was found to have the classic phenotype of complete Kawasaki's Disease including nonexudative conjunctivitis, cracked lips, edema of the hands and feet, palmar erythema, a diffuse maculopapular rash, and cervical lymphadenopathy. Initial laboratory studies were significant for hyponatremia, elevated liver function tests including direct hyperbilirubinemia, and leukocytosis with neutrophilia. Imaging revealed mild gallbladder wall edema, a small area of colitis, and small pleural effusion. She was treated for Kawasaki Disease Shock Syndrome (KDSS) with pulse dose solumedrol, IVIG, and aspirin with near resolution of symptoms and normalization of vital signs within 1 day and subsequent improvement in her laboratory abnormalities. She was later found to be COVID-19 IgG positive, suggesting past exposure. This case represents an early report of a KD-like illness in an adult with serologic evidence of a previous COVID-19 infection, similar to MIS-C. It suggests that the virulent strain of SARS-CoV-2 appears to cause a post-infectious inflammatory syndrome similar to KD in adults, as well as children. Our understanding of the myriad of COVID-19 symptoms and sequelae is rapidly evolving. We recommend physicians remain vigilant for inflammatory syndromes that mimic KD/KDSS which may warrant prompt treatment with IVIG and steroids. AD - Department of Emergency Medicine, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States of America. | Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States of America. | Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States of America. | Division of Rheumatology, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, United States of America. Electronic address: JScheers-Masters@maimonidesmed.org. AN - 32631771 AU - Sokolovsky, S. | Soni, P. | Hoffman, T. | Kahn, P. | Scheers-Masters, J. C1 - 2020-07-21 C2 - Kawasaki-like Illness in Adults with COVID-19 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072120_covidupdate.html DA - Jan DO - 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.06.053 ET - 2020/07/08 KW - Adult | COVID-19/complications/*diagnosis | Diagnosis, Differential | Female | Humans | Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome | Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/*virology | Covid-19 | Kawasaki Disease Shock Syndrome | Kawasaki disease | Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome L1 - internal-pdf://3671177655/Sokolovsky-2021-COVID-19 associated Kawasaki-l.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Sokolovsky, Sabrina; Soni, Parita; Hoffman, Taryn; Kahn, Philip; Scheers-Masters, Joshua; eng; Case Reports; Am J Emerg Med. 2021 Jan;39:253.e1-253.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.06.053. Epub 2020 Jun 25. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; KD-like illness was diagnosed in an adult with serologic evidence of a previous COVID-19 infection. | Key features included nonexudative conjunctivitis with heliotrope (purple) rash, mucositis with cracked lips, extremity edema, palmar erythema, and diffuse maculopapular rash (Figure). | Methods: A case study on a previously healthy 36 year-old Hispanic female with SARS-CoV-2 infection presented with KD-like illness. Limitations: Single case report. | Implications of both studies (Sokolovsky et al. & Shaigany et al.): Similarly, to MIS-C being identified in children, clinicians and public health officials need to be vigilant about COVID-19-associated cases of Kawasaki-like illness in adults. Robust studies are needed to understand the extent of Kawasaki-like illness in adults. SN - 1532-8171 (Electronic); 0735-6757 (Linking) SP - 253 e1-253 e2 ST - COVID-19 associated Kawasaki-like multisystem inflammatory disease in an adult T2 - Am J Emerg Med TI - COVID-19 associated Kawasaki-like multisystem inflammatory disease in an adult UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32631771 VL - 39 ID - 569 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background While increasing coverage of effective vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), emergent variants raise concerns about breakthrough infections. Data are limited, however, whether breakthrough infection during the epidemic of the variant is ascribed to insufficient vaccine-induced immunogenicity.Methods We described incident COVID-19 in relation to the vaccination program among workers of a referral hospital in Tokyo. During the predominantly Delta epidemic, we followed 2,473 fully vaccinated staff (BNT162b2) for breakthrough infection and selected three matched controls. We measured pre-infection neutralizing antibodies against the wild-type, Alpha (B.1.1.7), and Delta (B.1.617.2) strains using live viruses and anti-spike antibodies using quantitative assays, and compared them using the generalized estimating equation model between the two groups.Results No COVID-19 cases occurred 1�? months after the vaccination program during the fourth epidemic wave in Japan, dominated by the Alpha variant, while 22 cases emerged 2�? months after the vaccination program during the fifth wave, dominated by the Delta variant. In the vaccinated cohort, all 17 cases of breakthrough infection were mild or asymptomatic and had returned to work early. There was no measurable difference between cases and controls in pre-infection neutralizing antibody titers against the wild-type, Alpha, and Delta, and anti-spike antibody titers, while neutralizing titers against the variants were considerably lower than those against the wild-type.Conclusions Pre-infection neutralizing antibody titers were not decreased among patients with breakthrough infection under the Delta variant rampage. The result points to the importance of infection control measures in the post-vaccination era, irrespective of immunogenicity profile.Competing Interest StatementAbbott Japan and Roche Diagnostics provided reagents for anti-spike antibody assays.Funding StatementThis work was supported by the NCGM COVID-19 Gift Fund (grant number 19K059) and the Japan Health Research Promotion Bureau Research Fund (grant number 2020-B-09).Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The ethics committee/IRB of the National Center for Global Health and Medicine gave ethical approval for this work.I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThe data is not publicly available due to ethical restrictions and participant confidentiality concerns, but de-identified data can be available for interested researchers after permission for using the data from the National Center for Global Health and Medicine Ethics Committee. AU - Yamamoto, Shohei | Maeda, Kenji | Matsuda, Kouki | Tanaka, Akihito | Horii, Kumi | Okudera, Kaori | Takeuchi, Junko S. | Mizoue, Tetsuya | Konishi, Maki | Ozeki, Mitsuru | Sugiyama, Haruhito | Aoyanagi, Nobuyoshi | Mitsuya, Hiroaki | Sugiura, Wataru | Ohmagari, Norio C1 - 2021-11-05 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/11052021_covidupdate.html#anchor_Vaccines DO - 10.1101/2021.10.20.21265301 L1 - internal-pdf://0260929326/Yamamoto-2021-COVID-19 breakthrough infections.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among vaccinated (BNT162b2 [Comirnaty, Pfizer/BioNTech]) hospital workers, persons with breakthrough infections during July–September 2021 had pre-infection neutralizing antibody titers that were similar to titers among uninfected persons (matched controls) (Figure). | Neutralizing antibodies against Alpha and Delta variants were lower compared to wild type. | Methods: Matched case-control study conducted within longitudinal serological study, Japan. Cases (n = 17) and controls (n = 51) were matched on multiple factors, including worksite, sex, age, and time interval between the 2nd vaccination and blood specimen collection. Pre-infection neutralizing antibodies and anti-spike antibodies were assessed 5�?0 weeks before infection. Limitations: Small sample size; antibodies might have waned before infection. | | Implications: Neutralizing antibody titers did not distinguish between susceptibility or immunity to breakthrough infections in this small study. These data support CDC guidance, which does not currently recommend antibody testing to assess for immunity following COVID-19 vaccination. SP - 2021.10.20.21265301 ST - COVID-19 breakthrough infections and pre-infection neutralizing antibody T2 - medRxiv TI - COVID-19 breakthrough infections and pre-infection neutralizing antibody UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/10/25/2021.10.20.21265301.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/10/25/2021.10.20.21265301.full.pdf ID - 2585 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Despite the high efficacy of the BNT162b2 messenger RNA vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), rare breakthrough infections have been reported, including infections among health care workers. Data are needed to characterize these infections and define correlates of breakthrough and infectivity. METHODS: At the largest medical center in Israel, we identified breakthrough infections by performing extensive evaluations of health care workers who were symptomatic (including mild symptoms) or had known infection exposure. These evaluations included epidemiologic investigations, repeat reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) assays, antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic testing (Ag-RDT), serologic assays, and genomic sequencing. Correlates of breakthrough infection were assessed in a case-control analysis. We matched patients with breakthrough infection who had antibody titers obtained within a week before SARS-CoV-2 detection (peri-infection period) with four to five uninfected controls and used generalized estimating equations to predict the geometric mean titers among cases and controls and the ratio between the titers in the two groups. We also assessed the correlation between neutralizing antibody titers and N gene cycle threshold (Ct) values with respect to infectivity. RESULTS: Among 1497 fully vaccinated health care workers for whom RT-PCR data were available, 39 SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections were documented. Neutralizing antibody titers in case patients during the peri-infection period were lower than those in matched uninfected controls (case-to-control ratio, 0.361; 95% confidence interval, 0.165 to 0.787). Higher peri-infection neutralizing antibody titers were associated with lower infectivity (higher Ct values). Most breakthrough cases were mild or asymptomatic, although 19% had persistent symptoms (>6 weeks). The B.1.1.7 (alpha) variant was found in 85% of samples tested. A total of 74% of case patients had a high viral load (Ct value, <30) at some point during their infection; however, of these patients, only 17 (59%) had a positive result on concurrent Ag-RDT. No secondary infections were documented. CONCLUSIONS: Among fully vaccinated health care workers, the occurrence of breakthrough infections with SARS-CoV-2 was correlated with neutralizing antibody titers during the peri-infection period. Most breakthrough infections were mild or asymptomatic, although persistent symptoms did occur. AD - From the Infection Prevention and Control Unit (M.B., T.G., C.C., E.G.L., C.R., I.T., M.Z., G.R.-Y.), the Department of Clinical Microbiology (S.A.), General Management (Y.K.), and the Central Virology Laboratory, Public Health Authority, Ministry of Health (Y.L., M.M., V.I., N.Z.), Sheba Medical Center Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv (T.G., Y.L., M.M., E.G.L., Y.K., G.R.-Y.), and the Laboratory Wing, Asaf Harofe Medical Center, Be'er Ya'akov (A.B.-C.) - all in Israel; St. George's School of Medicine of London and Faculty of Medicine, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus (M.B.); and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.L.). AN - 34320281 AU - Bergwerk, Moriah | Gonen, Tal | Lustig, Yaniv | Amit, Sharon | Lipsitch, Marc | Cohen, Carmit | Mandelboim, Michal | Gal Levin, Einav | Rubin, Carmit | Indenbaum, Victoria | Tal, Ilana | Zavitan, Malka | Zuckerman, Neta | Bar-Chaim, Adina | Kreiss, Yitshak | Regev-Yochay, Gili C1 - 2021-08-06 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08062021_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 28 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2109072 ET - 2021/07/29 L1 - internal-pdf://0381769264/Bergwerk-2021-Covid-19 Breakthrough Infections.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Bergwerk, Moriah | Gonen, Tal | Lustig, Yaniv | Amit, Sharon | Lipsitch, Marc | Cohen, Carmit | Mandelboim, Michal | Levin, Einav Gal | Rubin, Carmit | Indenbaum, Victoria | Tal, Ilana | Zavitan, Malka | Zuckerman, Neta | Bar-Chaim, Adina | Kreiss, Yitshak | Regev-Yochay, Gili | eng | U01 CA261277/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ | N Engl J Med. 2021 Jul 28. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2109072. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among 1,497 fully vaccinated healthcare workers in Israel who were tested for SARS-CoV-2 because of symptoms or known exposure over 14 weeks in early 2021, 39 (2.6%) had documented SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections. Most (85%) were B.1.1.7 (Alpha) variant, and 17 (59%) case-patients also had a concurrent positive rapid antigen test. | 29 (74%) case-patients had a high viral load (Ct value <30) at some point during their infection (Figure), but no secondary infections were documented. | 26 (67%) case-patients had mild infections, 13 (33%) were asymptomatic, and none required hospitalization, but 19% had symptoms persisting >6 weeks. | Suspected source of infection was an unvaccinated person for 37 case-patients with available data: a household member for 21 (57%), and a patient or another healthcare worker for 11 (30%). | Methods: After 91% (n = 11,453) of healthcare workers at Israel’s largest medical center received 2 doses of BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) vaccine from December 19, 2020 through April 28, 2021, breakthrough infections were identified among symptomatic or exposed healthcare workers from January 20, 2021 until April 28, 2021 using RT-PCR. Matched controls were used to identify correlates of infection, including asymptomatic infection. Limitations: Small number of cases; uncontrolled differences in exposure risk; asymptomatic cases could have been overlooked. | Implications: After 2 doses of BNT162b2 vaccine, few healthcare workers had breakthrough infections within 14 weeks; none required hospitalization, but some had persistent symptoms. Given high viral loads, potential onward transmission by vaccinated persons cannot be ruled out. However, no secondary infections were identified. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic) | 0028-4793 (Linking) ST - Covid-19 Breakthrough Infections in Vaccinated Health Care Workers T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Covid-19 Breakthrough Infections in Vaccinated Health Care Workers UR - https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2109072 | https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa2109072?articleTools=true ID - 2192 ER - TY - JOUR AB - INTRODUCTION: People living in correctional facilities are at high risk for contracting COVID-19. To characterize the burden of COVID-19 in the Federal Bureau of Prisons, inmate testing, case, and mortality rates are calculated and compared with those of the U.S. METHODS: Federal Bureau of Prisons data were derived from its inmate management system and a Federal Bureau of Prisons COVID-19-specific database. U.S. data were derived from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the U.S. Census. Data were aggregated from February to September 2020 and accessed in September and November 2020. Testing rates were calculated for both the Federal Bureau of Prisons and the U.S. Case and infection fatality rates were calculated overall and by institution and compared with those of the U.S. An age- and sex-standardized mortality ratio was calculated. RESULTS: The Federal Bureau of Prisons tested more than half of its inmates (50.3%); its crude case and mortality rates were 11,710.1 and 77.4 per 100,000, respectively. Compared with the U.S., the case ratio was 4.7, and the standardized mortality ratio was 2.6. The infection fatality rate for both the Federal Bureau of Prisons and the U.S. was 0.7%. Among institutions that tested >/=85% of inmates, the combined infection fatality rate was 0.8% and ranged from 0.0% to 3.0%. CONCLUSIONS: The Federal Bureau of Prisons COVID-19 case rates and standard mortality ratio were approximately 5 and 2.5 times those in U.S. adults, respectively, consistent with those of prisons nationwide. High testing rates and standardized death reporting could result in a more accurate infection fatality rate in the Federal Bureau of Prisons than in the U.S. Testing and other mitigation strategies, including reducing the population, have likely prevented further transmission and mortality in the Federal Bureau of Prisons. AD - Health Services Division, Federal Bureau of Prisons, Washington, District of Columbia. Electronic address: robin.toblin@fda.hhs.gov. | Health Services Division, Federal Bureau of Prisons, Washington, District of Columbia. AN - 33781619 AU - Toblin, R. L. | Hagan, L. M. C1 - 2021-04-09 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04092021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 25 DO - 10.1016/j.amepre.2021.01.019 ET - 2021/03/31 IS - 1 KW - Adult | *covid-19 | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. | Humans | *Prisons | SARS-CoV-2 | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://2716059098/Toblin-2021-COVID-19 Case and Mortality Rates.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Toblin, Robin L; Hagan, Liesl M; eng; Netherlands; Am J Prev Med. 2021 Feb 25. pii: S0749-3797(21)00119-7. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2021.01.019. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Bureau of Prison (BOP) incarcerated persons received proportionally more SARS-CoV-2 testing (50.3%) than the US population (32.5%), assuming one test per person. | The crude case and mortality rates for incarcerated persons were 11,710.1 and 77.4 per 100,000 people, respectively. | Compared with the U.S., the case ratio was 4.7, and standardized mortality ratio (SMR) was 2.6. | The crude infection fatality rate (IFR) for both the BOP and US was 0.7%. | Methods: Data analysis from 146,036 incarcerated persons in the BOP inmate management system and its COVID-19 database, from February 29 to September 23, 2020. Compared BOP deaths with US COVID-19 deaths, and calculated age- and sex-adjusted SMR. Limitations: Pre-pandemic BOP population counts used for institution-specific testing rates; US testing rates and IFRs include children; SMR calculation did not control for underlying health conditions or racial/ethnic differences in incarcerated populations compared to the US population. | Implications: The high case rate in incarcerated persons relative to US adults might be attributed to close contact within congregate living conditions or higher testing rates. However, high rates of testing might have allowed BOP institutions to isolate cases and prevent further spread of COVID-19. Continued surveillance and adherence to mitigation strategies in correctional facilities could reduce the impact of COVID-19 in prison populations. SN - 1873-2607 (Electronic); 0749-3797 (Linking) SP - 120-123 ST - COVID-19 Case and Mortality Rates in the Federal Bureau of Prisons T2 - Am J Prev Med TI - COVID-19 Case and Mortality Rates in the Federal Bureau of Prisons UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33781619 VL - 61 ID - 1655 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate participation in COVID-19 case investigation and contact tracing in central Washington State between June 15 and July 12, 2020. METHODS: In this retrospective observational evaluation we combined SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR and antigen test reports from the Washington Disease Reporting System with community case investigation and contact tracing data for 3 health districts (comprising 5 counties) in central Washington State. All 3 health districts have large Hispanic communities disproportionately affected by COVID-19. RESULTS: Investigators attempted to call all referred individuals with COVID-19 (n = 4,987); 71% were interviewed. Of those asked about close contacts (n = 3,572), 68% reported having no close contacts, with similar proportions across ethnicity, sex, and age group. The 968 individuals with COVID-19 who named specific contacts (27% of those asked) reported a total of 2,293 contacts (mean of 2.4 contacts per individual with COVID-19); 85% of listed contacts participated in an interview. CONCLUSIONS: Most individuals with COVID-19 reported having no close contacts. Increasing community engagement and public messaging, as well as understanding and addressing barriers to participation, are crucial for CICT to contribute meaningfully to controlling the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. AD - Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA. qdt0@cdc.gov. | CDC COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta, GA, USA. qdt0@cdc.gov. | Washington State Department of Health, 1610 NE 150th St, Shoreline, WA, 98155, USA. qdt0@cdc.gov. | Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA. | CDC COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta, GA, USA. | Washington State Department of Health, 1610 NE 150th St, Shoreline, WA, 98155, USA. | Chelan-Douglas Health District, East Wenatchee, WA, USA. | Yakima Health District, Yakima, WA, USA. | Benton-Franklin Health District, Kennewick, WA, USA. AN - 33689116 AU - Miller, J. S. | Bonacci, R. A. | Lash, R. R. | Moonan, P. K. | Houck, P. | Van Meter, J. J. | Butler, M. | Everson, T. | Morrison, B. | Sixberry, M. | Person, A. | Oeltmann, J. E. C1 - 2021-03-19 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03192021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 10 DO - 10.1007/s10900-021-00974-5 ET - 2021/03/11 KW - Covid-19 | Case investigation | Community engagement | Contact tracing | Participation L1 - internal-pdf://1515382674/Miller-2021-COVID-19 Case Investigation and Co.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Miller, James S; Bonacci, Robert A; Lash, R Ryan; Moonan, Patrick K; Houck, Peter; Van Meter, J Joyous; Butler, Malcolm; Everson, Teresa; Morrison, Brittany; Sixberry, Melissa; Person, Amy; Oeltmann, John E; eng; Netherlands; J Community Health. 2021 Mar 10. pii: 10.1007/s10900-021-00974-5. doi: 10.1007/s10900-021-00974-5. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: An evaluation of COVID-19 case investigation and contact tracing (June–July 2020) in Washington State revealed that most persons with COVID-19 reported having no close contacts; highlighting the need for increased community engagement and public messaging to improve the impact of contact tracing. SN - 1573-3610 (Electronic); 0094-5145 (Linking) ST - COVID-19 Case Investigation and Contact Tracing in Central Washington State, June-July 2020 T2 - J Community Health TI - COVID-19 Case Investigation and Contact Tracing in Central Washington State, June-July 2020 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33689116 ID - 1584 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Contact tracing is a multistep process to limit SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Gaps in the process result in missed opportunities to prevent COVID-19.To quantify proportions of cases and their contacts reached by public health authorities and the amount of time needed to reach them and to compare the risk of a positive COVID-19 test result between contacts and the general public during 4-week assessment periods.This cross-sectional study took place at 13 health departments and 1 Indian Health Service Unit in 11 states and 1 tribal nation. Participants included all individuals with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 and their named contacts. Local COVID-19 surveillance data were used to determine the numbers of persons reported to have laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 who were interviewed and named contacts between June and October 2020.For contacts, the numbers who were identified, notified of their exposure, and agreed to monitoring were calculated. The median time from index case specimen collection to contact notification was calculated, as were numbers of named contacts subsequently notified of their exposure and monitored. The prevalence of a positive SARS-CoV-2 test among named and tested contacts was compared with that jurisdiction’s general population during the same 4 weeks.The total number of cases reported was 74�?85. Of these, 43�?31 (59%) were interviewed, and 24�?05 (33%) named any contacts. Among the 74�?39 named contacts, 53�?14 (71%) were notified of their exposure, and 34�?45 (46%) agreed to monitoring. A mean of 0.7 contacts were reached by telephone by public health authorities, and only 0.5 contacts per case were monitored. In general, health departments reporting large case counts during the assessment (�?000) conducted smaller proportions of case interviews and contact notifications. In 9 locations, the median time from specimen collection to contact notification was 6 days or less. In 6 of 8 locations with population comparison data, positive test prevalence was higher among named contacts than the general population.In this cross-sectional study of US local COVID-19 surveillance data, testing named contacts was a high-yield activity for case finding. However, this assessment suggests that contact tracing had suboptimal impact on SARS-CoV-2 transmission, largely because 2 of 3 cases were either not reached for interview or named no contacts when interviewed. These findings are relevant to decisions regarding the allocation of public health resources among the various prevention strategies and for the prioritization of case investigations and contact tracing efforts. AD - Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia. | COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia. | Public Health Division, Oregon Health Authority, Portland. | Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services, Lincoln. | North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh. | Tennessee Department of Health, Nashville. | New Jersey Department of Health, Trenton. | Washington State Department of Health, Tumwater. | South Dakota State Health Department, Sioux Falls. | Vermont Department of Health, Burlington. | Career Epidemiology Field Officer Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia. | Springfield-Greene County Health Department, Springfield, Missouri. | Polk County Health Center, Des Moines, Iowa. | Chinle Indian Health Service Unit, Chinle, Arizona. | Gwinnett, Newton, Rockdale Counties Health Departments, Lawrenceville, Georgia. | Marin County Public Health, San Rafael, California. AN - 34081135 AU - Lash, R. Ryan | Moonan, Patrick K. | Byers, Brittany L. | Bonacci, Robert A. | Bonner, Kimberly E. | Donahue, Matthew | Donovan, Catherine V. | Grome, Heather N. | Janssen, Julia M. | Magleby, Reed | McLaughlin, Heather P. | Miller, James S. | Pratt, Caroline Q. | Steinberg, Jonathan | Varela, Kate | Anschuetz, Greta L. | Cieslak, Paul R. | Fialkowski, Veronica | Fleischauer, Aaron T. | Goddard, Clay | Johnson, Sara Jo | Morris, Michelle | Moses, Jill | Newman, Allison | Prinzing, Lauren | Sulka, Alana C. | Va, Puthiery | Willis, Matthew | Oeltmann, John E. | COVID-19 Contact Tracing Assessment Team C1 - 2021-06-11 C2 - Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06112021_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.15850 ET - 2021/06/04 IS - 6 KW - COVID-19/complications/diagnosis/epidemiology/*prevention & control | COVID-19 Testing | *Contact Tracing/statistics & numerical data | Cost-Benefit Analysis | Cross-Sectional Studies | Disclosure/statistics & numerical data | Health Services, Indigenous | Humans | Incidence | Prevalence | *Public Health | SARS-CoV-2 | Telephone | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://1590275302/Lash-2021-COVID-19 Case Investigation and Cont.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Lash, R Ryan | Moonan, Patrick K | Byers, Brittany L | Bonacci, Robert A | Bonner, Kimberly E | Donahue, Matthew | Donovan, Catherine V | Grome, Heather N | Janssen, Julia M | Magleby, Reed | McLaughlin, Heather P | Miller, James S | Pratt, Caroline Q | Steinberg, Jonathan | Varela, Kate | Anschuetz, Greta L | Cieslak, Paul R | Fialkowski, Veronica | Fleischauer, Aaron T | Goddard, Clay | Johnson, Sara Jo | Morris, Michelle | Moses, Jill | Newman, Allison | Prinzing, Lauren | Sulka, Alana C | Va, Puthiery | Willis, Matthew | Oeltmann, John E | eng | Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. | JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Jun 1;4(6):e2115850. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.15850. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Of 74,185 persons having SARS-CoV-2 infection reported to health departments (HDs), 43,931 (59%) received case interviews and 24,705 (33%) provided contacts. | Based on contact information from 6 of 8 HDs, positive test prevalence among contacts was higher than the general population (prevalence ratios [PR] 1.2-17.6). | All 14 HDs faced challenges regarding timely collection and communication of relevant information that included insufficient personnel, unlinked databases, and incomplete data. | Methods: A cross-sectional study, over 4 weeks, that included 13 health departments and 1 Indian Health Service Unit (“health departments�? in 11 states and 1 tribal nation. Participants included all individuals with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 and their named contacts. Trends for each study location were based on the mean weekly percentage change in incidence. Limitations: Investigators could not directly assess the effectiveness of contact tracing; effective contact tracing is dependent on transmission intensity, as well as resources available. | Implications: While contract tracing was a high-yield activity when successful, fewer than 60% of cases could be reached or named no contacts when interviewed. Therefore, contact tracing was unlikely to have had a major impact on SARS-CoV-2 transmission. SN - 2574-3805 SP - e2115850-e2115850 ST - COVID-19 Case Investigation and Contact Tracing in the US, 2020 T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - COVID-19 Case Investigation and Contact Tracing in the US, 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.15850 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/articlepdf/2780568/lash_2021_oi_210475_1622057707.87431.pdf VL - 4 Y2 - 6/29/2021 ID - 1823 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) represents a challenge to prisons because of close confinement, limited access to personal protective equipment, and elevated burden of cardiac and respiratory conditions that exacerbate COVID-19 risk among prisoners. Although news reports document prison outbreaks of COVID-19, systematic data are lacking. Relying on officially reported data, we examined COVID-19 case rates and deaths among federal and state prisoners. AD - Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland. | UCLA Law COVID-19 Behind Bars Data Project, Los Angeles, California. | University of California Los Angeles School of Law, UCLA Law COVID-19 Behind Bars Data Project, Los Angeles. AN - 32639537 AU - Saloner, B. | Parish, K. | Ward, J. A. | DiLaura, G. | Dolovich, S. C1 - 2020-07-17 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071720_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 11 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.12528 ET - 2020/07/09 IS - 6 KW - Adult | Aged | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/mortality | Federal Government | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/mortality | Prisoners/*statistics & numerical data | *Prisons | SARS-CoV-2 | State Government | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://2301878518/Saloner-2020-COVID-19 Cases and Deaths in Fede.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Saloner, Brendan; Parish, Kalind; Ward, Julie A; DiLaura, Grace; Dolovich, Sharon; eng; JAMA. 2020 Aug 11;324(6):602-603. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.12528. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 42,107 cases of COVID-19 were reported among prisoners: | Case rate for prisoners (3,251 per 100,000) was 5.5 times higher than the US general population (587 per 100,000) (Figure). | 510 prisoner deaths due to COVID-19 were reported: | Crude death rate was 39 deaths per 100,000 prisoners (compared with the US population rate of 29 deaths per 100,000). | Controlling for age and gender, the death rate was 3.0 times higher among prisoners than the rest of the US. population. | Over the study period, mean daily case growth rate was 8.3% per day in prisons compared with 3.4 % per day in the US population (Figure). | Methods: Reported COVID-19 cases and presumed or confirmed deaths March 31-June 6, 2020 were used to calculate cumulative cases, case rates and deaths among federal and state prisoners. Limitations: Reported data may be subject to inaccuracies and delays; prison-based testing data not available; other types of detention facilities (e.g., jails) were not included. | Implications: COVID-19 case rates and deaths have been substantially higher and escalated more rapidly in prisons than in the US population. Improved infection prevention and control efforts can reduce transmission in these settings. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 602-603 ST - COVID-19 Cases and Deaths in Federal and State Prisons T2 - JAMA TI - COVID-19 Cases and Deaths in Federal and State Prisons UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32639537 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 533 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Departments of Urology and Public Health, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. | Department of Surgery, South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta, Finland. | Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. | Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Technical University of Munich School of Medicine, Munich, Germany. | Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland. | Institute for Evidence-Based Healthcare, Bond University, Robina, Australia. pglaszio@bond.edu.au. AN - 32963376 AU - Tikkinen, K. A. O. | Malekzadeh, R. | Schlegel, M. | Rutanen, J. | Glasziou, P. C1 - 2020-10-06 C2 - Care and Treatment CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100620_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1038/s41591-020-1077-z ET - 2020/09/24 IS - 11 KW - Biomedical Research/history/*organization & administration/standards | COVID-19/diagnosis/epidemiology/*therapy | Canada/epidemiology | *Clinical Trials as Topic/methods/organization & administration/standards | Community Networks/organization & administration/standards | Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods/standards | Europe/epidemiology | History, 21st Century | Humans | International Cooperation | Learning | Neural Networks, Computer | Organizational Innovation | *Pandemics/history | Patient Selection | Pragmatic Clinical Trials as Topic/methods/standards | Research Design | Scandinavian and Nordic Countries/epidemiology | United Kingdom/epidemiology | World Health Organization/organization & administration L1 - internal-pdf://0393870657/Tikkinen-2020-COVID-19 clinical trials_ learni.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | N1 - Tikkinen, Kari A O; Malekzadeh, Reza; Schlegel, Martin; Rutanen, Jarno; Glasziou, Paul; eng; Historical Article; Letter; Nat Med. 2020 Nov;26(11):1671-1672. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-1077-z. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Summarizes the RECOVER and SOLIDARITY trials highlighting the speed of assessing the effects of several treatments while maintaining rigorous yet flexible study designs to allow for rapid generation of high-quality data to guide recommendations for COVID-19. SN - 1546-170X (Electronic); 1078-8956 (Linking) SP - 1671-1672 ST - COVID-19 clinical trials: learning from exceptions in the research chaos T2 - Nat Med TI - COVID-19 clinical trials: learning from exceptions in the research chaos UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32963376 VL - 26 ID - 1003 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: A new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has escalated to a pandemic since its first outbreak in Wuhan, China. A small proportion of patients may have difficulty in generating IgM or IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, and little attention has been paid to them. CASE PRESENTATIONS: We present two cases of confirmed COVID-19 patients and characterize their initial symptoms, chest CT results, medication, and laboratory test results in detail (including RT-PCR, IgM/ IgG, cytokine and blood cell counts). CONCLUSION: Both of patients with confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia failed to produce either IgM or IgG even 40 to 50 days after their symptoms onset. This work provides evidence demonstrating that at least a small proportion of patients may have difficulty in rapidly gaining immunity against SARS-CoV-2. AD - Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. | Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. | Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. | Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. zhengwang@hust.edu.cn. | Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. zhengwang@hust.edu.cn. | Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. lin_wang@hust.edu.cn. | Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. lin_wang@hust.edu.cn. AN - 32962655 AU - Wang, J. | Chen, C. | Li, Q. | Cai, P. | Wang, Z. | Wang, L. C1 - 2020-10-02 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100220_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 22 DO - 10.1186/s12879-020-05419-3 ET - 2020/09/24 IS - 1 KW - Adult | Antibodies, Viral/*blood | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | China/epidemiology | Clinical Laboratory Techniques | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis/immunology | Humans | Immunoglobulin G/*blood | Immunoglobulin M/*blood | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis/immunology | SARS-CoV-2 | Case report | IgG | IgM | Negative antibodies results L1 - internal-pdf://2391413734/Wang-2020-COVID-19 confirmed patients with neg.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Wang, Jian; Chen, Chong; Li, Qilin; Cai, Pengcheng; Wang, Zheng; Wang, Lin; eng; Case Reports; England; BMC Infect Dis. 2020 Sep 22;20(1):698. doi: 10.1186/s12879-020-05419-3. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Describing patients where seroconversion was either partial or failed to occur. SN - 1471-2334 (Electronic); 1471-2334 (Linking) SP - 698 ST - COVID-19 confirmed patients with negative antibodies results T2 - BMC Infect Dis TI - COVID-19 confirmed patients with negative antibodies results UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32962655 VL - 20 ID - 987 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background The duration and magnitude of SARS-CoV-2 immunity after infection, especially with regard to the emergence of new variants of concern (VoC), remains unclear. Here, immune memory to primary infection and immunity to VoC was assessed in mild-COVID-19 convalescents one year after infection and in the absence of viral re-exposure or COVID-19 vaccination.Methods Serum and PBMC were collected from mild-COVID-19 convalescents at �? and 12 months after a COVID-19 positive PCR (n=43) and from healthy SARS-CoV-2-seronegative controls (n=15-40). Serum titers of RBD and Spike-specific Ig were quantified by ELISA. Virus neutralisation was assessed against homologous, pseudotyped virus and homologous and VoC live viruses. Frequencies of Spike and RBD-specific memory B cells were quantified by flow cytometry. Magnitude of memory T cell responses was quantified and phenotyped by activation-induced marker assay, while T cell functionality was assessed by intracellular cytokine staining using peptides specific to homologous Spike virus antigen and four VoC Spike antigens.Findings At 12 months after mild-COVID-19, >90% of convalescents remained seropositive for RBD-IgG and 88.9% had circulating RBD-specific memory B cells. Despite this, only 51.2% convalescents had serum neutralising activity against homologous live-SARS-CoV-2 virus, which decreased to 44.2% when tested against live B.1.1.7, 4.6% against B.1.351, 11.6% against P.1 and 16.2%, against B.1.617.2 VoC. Spike and non-Spike-specific T cells were detected in >50% of convalescents with frequency values higher for Spike antigen (95% CI, 0.29-0.68% in CD4+ and 0.11-0.35% in CD8+ T cells), compared to non-Spike antigens. Despite the high prevalence and maintenance of Spike-specific T cells in Spike ‘high-responder�?convalescents at 12 months, T cell functionality, measured by cytokine expression after stimulation with Spike epitopes corresponding to VoC was severely affected.Interpretations SARS-CoV-2 immunity is retained in a significant proportion of mild COVID-19 convalescents 12 months post-infection in the absence of re-exposure to the virus. Despite this, changes in the amino acid sequence of the Spike antigen that are present in current VoC result in virus evasion of neutralising antibodies, as well as evasion of functional T cell responses.Funding This work was funded by project grants from The Hospital Research Foundation and Women’s and Children’s Hospital Foundation, Adelaide, Australia. MGM is THRF Early Career Fellow. BGB is THRF Mid-Career Fellow. This project has been supported partly with Federal funds from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, under Contract No. 75N93021C00016 to A.S. and Contract No. 75N9301900065 to A.S, D.W.Evidence before this study We regularly searched on PubMed and Google Scholar in June-October 2021 using individual or combinations of the terms “long-term immunity�? “SARS-CoV-2�? “antigenic breadth�? “variant of concern�?and “COVID-19�? We found studies that had assessed immune correlates at multipe time points after COVID-19 disease onset in convalescents, but not the antigenic breadth of T cells and antibodies and not in relation to VoC. Other immune studies in virus naive vaccinees, or vaccinated convalescents evaluated VoC-specific immunity, but not in convalescents that have not been vaccinated. In summary, we could not find long-term studies providing and in-depth evaluation of functionality of humoral and cell-mediated immunity, combined with addressing the adaptability of these immune players to VoC.Added value of this study The window of opportunity to conduct studies in COVID-19 convalescents (i.e. natural immunity to SARS-CoV-2) is closing due to mass vaccination programs. Here, in a cohort of unvaccinated mild-COVID-19 convalescents, we conducted a comprehensive, longitudinal, long-term immune study, which included functional assays to assess immune fitness against antigenically d fferent VoC. Importantly, the cohort resided in a SARS-CoV-2-free community for the duration of the study with no subsequent re-exposure or infection. Our findings reveal a deeply weakened humoral response and functional vulnerability of T cell responses to VoC Spike antigens.Implications of all the available evidence This study provides a valuable snapshot of the quality of SARS-CoV-2 natural immunity and its durability in the context of a pandemic in which new variants continuously emerge and challenge pre-existing immune responses in convalescents and vacinees. Our results serve as a warning that delays in vaccination programs could lead to an increase in re-infection rates of COVID-19 convalescents, caused by virus variants that escape humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Furthermore, they reinforce the potential benefit of booster vaccination that is tuned to the active variants.Competing Interest StatementAS is currently a consultant for Gritstone, Flow Pharma, Arcturus, Epitogenesis, Oxfordimmunotech, Caprion and Avalia. La Jolla Institute for Immunology (AS and DW) has filed for patent protection for various aspects of T cell epitope and vaccine design work. Authors PGV, CMH, MGM, AELY, HB, ZAM, ZAD, AA, DA, AOS, AA, JG, CF, SO, EMM, DJL, GM, EJG, BAJR, DS, CKL, SGT, MRB, DW, RAB, SCB and BGB declare no conflict of interest.Funding StatementThis work was funded by project grants from The Hospital Research Foundation and Women's and Children's Hospital Foundation, Adelaide, Australia. MGM is THRF Early Career Fellow. BGB is THRF Mid-Career Fellow. This project has been supported partly with Federal funds from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, under Contract No. 75N93021C00016 to A.S. and Contract No. 75N9301900065 to A.S, D.W.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Study protocols were approved by the Central Adelaide Clinical Human Research Ethics Committee (#13050) and the Women's and Children's Health Network Human research ethics (protocol HREC/19/WCHN/65), Adelaide, Australia. All participants provided written informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and procedures were carried out following the approved guidelines.I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll data produced in the present study are available upon reasonable request to the authors AU - Garcia-Valtanen, Pablo | Hope, Christopher M. | Masavuli, Makutiro G. | Lip Yeow, Arthur Eng | Balachandran, Harikrishnan | Mekonnen, Zelalem A. | Al-Delfi, Zahraa | Abayasingam, Arunasingam | Agapiou, David | Stella, Alberto Ospina | Aggarwal, Anupriya | Gummow, Jason | Ferguson, Catherine | O’Connor, Stephanie | McCartney, Erin M. | Lynn, David J. | Maddern, Guy | Gowans, Eric J. | Reddi, Benjamin A. J. | Shaw, David | Kok-Lim, Chuan | Turville, Stuart G. | Beard, Michael R. | Weiskopf, Daniela | Sette, Alessandro | Bull, Rowena A. | Barry, Simon C. | Grubor-Bauk, Branka C1 - 2021-11-19 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/11192021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1101/2021.11.08.21266035 L1 - internal-pdf://1686362319/Garcia-Valtanen-2021-COVID-19 convalescents ex.pdf LB - Natural History | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In 43 persons who had mild COVID-19 (Australia, March–Apr 2020), 51.2% maintained neutralizing activity against ancestral wild-type virus 12 months after infection. The proportion of persons with neutralizing activity against VOCs was 44.2% (Alpha), 4.6% (Beta), 11.6% (Gamma), and 16.2% (Delta). SP - 2021.11.08.21266035 ST - COVID-19 convalescents exhibit deficient humoral and T cell responses to variant of concern Spike antigens at 12 month post-infection T2 - medRxiv TI - COVID-19 convalescents exhibit deficient humoral and T cell responses to variant of concern Spike antigens at 12 month post-infection UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/11/11/2021.11.08.21266035.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/11/11/2021.11.08.21266035.full.pdf ID - 2634 ER - TY - JOUR AB - PURPOSE: This study compared the average daily increase in COVID-19 mortality rates by county racial/ethnic composition (percent non-Hispanic Black and percent Hispanic) among US rural counties. METHODS: COVID-19 daily death counts for 1,976 US nonmetropolitan counties for the period March 2-July 26, 2020, were extracted from USAFacts and merged with county-level American Community Survey and Area Health Resource File data. Covariates included county percent poverty, age composition, adjacency to a metropolitan county, health care supply, and state fixed effects. Mixed-effects negative binomial regression with random intercepts to account for repeated observations within counties were used to predict differences in the average daily increase in the COVID-19 mortality rate across quartiles of percent Black and percent Hispanic. FINDINGS: Since early March, the average daily increase in the COVID-19 mortality rate has been significantly higher in rural counties with the highest percent Black and percent Hispanic populations. Compared to counties in the bottom quartile, counties in the top quartile of percent Black have an average daily increase that is 70% higher (IRR = 1.70, CI: 1.48-1.95, P < .001), and counties in the top quartile of percent Hispanic have an average daily increase that is 50% higher (IRR = 1.50, CI: 1.33-1.69, P < .001), net of covariates. CONCLUSION: COVID-19 mortality risk is not distributed equally across the rural United States, and the COVID-19 race penalty is not restricted to cities. Among rural counties, the average daily increase in COVID-19 mortality rates has been significantly higher in counties with the largest shares of Black and Hispanic residents. AD - Social Science Department, Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York. | Sociology Department, Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York. AN - 32894612 AU - Cheng, K. J. G. | Sun, Y. | Monnat, S. M. C1 - 2020-09-18 C2 - Racial Disparities in COVID-19 Morbidity and Mortality CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091820_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1111/jrh.12511 ET - 2020/09/08 IS - 4 KW - African Americans/*statistics & numerical data | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*mortality/therapy | Female | Health Services Accessibility/*statistics & numerical data | Health Status Disparities | Hispanic Americans/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*mortality/therapy | Poverty/statistics & numerical data | Risk Factors | Rural Population/statistics & numerical data | SARS-CoV-2 | United States | *covid-19 | *mortality | *racial disparities | *rural America L1 - internal-pdf://0192198337/Cheng-2020-COVID-19 Death Rates Are Higher in.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Cheng, Kent Jason G; Sun, Yue; Monnat, Shannon M; eng; Department of Agriculture/International; R24 AG045061/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; P2C HD041025/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/; 2R24 AG045061/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; P30 AG066583/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; R24 AG065159/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; P2CHD041025/Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development/International; # 2018-68006-27640/National Institute of Food and Agriculture/International; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. | England; J Rural Health. 2020 Sep;36(4):602-608. doi: 10.1111/jrh.12511. Epub 2020 Sep 7. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The average daily increase in COVID�?9 mortality has been significantly greater in rural counties with the largest percentages of Black and Hispanic residents (Figure). | In this study, when the 20 rural counties with the highest mortality rates were stratified in quartiles by percentage of racial/ethnic minority residents: | By Black race, the average daily increase in COVID-19 deaths was 70% higher in the top quartile compared with the bottom quartile (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.70, CI 1.48-1.95, p <0.001). | By Hispanic ethnicity, the average daily increase in COVID-19 deaths was 50% higher in the top quartile compared with the bottom quartile (IRR 1.50, CI 1.33-1.69, p <0.001). | Methods: Regression analysis was used to measure differences in the increase in the COVID-19 mortality rate based on the proportion of the Black or Hispanic population during the first 5 months of the pandemic from 1,976 US non-metropolitan US counties. Limitations: This study did not assess individual mortality risk; because race/ethnicity-specific COVID-19 mortality data were lacking, it’s possible that White persons also had higher mortality rates in rural areas. | Implications of both studies (Cheng et al. & Saenz et al.): Communities of color bear a disproportionate share of the mortality risk of COVID-19 and this extends to rural areas of the US, highlighting the need to address structural inequities that contribute these mortality differences. Greater COVID-19 age-adjusted mortality in Hispanic persons relative to White persons has diminished the “Latino paradox�?in which Latino persons have historically had greater longevity than non-Hispanic persons. SN - 1748-0361 (Electronic); 0890-765X (Linking) SP - 602-608 ST - COVID-19 Death Rates Are Higher in Rural Counties With Larger Shares of Blacks and Hispanics T2 - J Rural Health TI - COVID-19 Death Rates Are Higher in Rural Counties With Larger Shares of Blacks and Hispanics UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32894612 VL - 36 ID - 902 ER - TY - JOUR AD - IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan 20132, Italy. Electronic address: odone.anna@hsr.it. | IMEM-CNR, Italian National Research Council, Parma, Italy. | Johns Hopkins Humanitarian Center, Baltimore, MD, USA. | School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan 20132, Italy. AN - 32339478 AU - Odone, A. | Delmonte, D. | Scognamiglio, T. | Signorelli, C. C1 - 2020-06-05 C2 - Mortality Measures CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060520_covidupdate.html DA - Jun DO - 10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30099-2 DP - NLM ET - 2020/04/28 IS - 6 KW - Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*mortality | Humans | Italy/epidemiology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*mortality | *Public Health Surveillance L1 - internal-pdf://2304572675/Odone-2020-COVID-19 deaths in Lombardy, Italy_.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Odone, Anna; Delmonte, Davide; Scognamiglio, Thea; Signorelli, Carlo; eng; Letter; England; Lancet Public Health. 2020 Jun;5(6):e310. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30099-2. Epub 2020 Apr 25. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: regional case fatality and mortality rate data in Italy provide different types of information and enable comparisons across regions to inform public health interventions SN - 2468-2667 (Electronic) SP - e310 ST - COVID-19 deaths in Lombardy, Italy: data in context T2 - Lancet Public Health TI - COVID-19 deaths in Lombardy, Italy: data in context UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32339478 VL - 5 ID - 316 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Studies on the real-life effect of the BNT162b2 vaccine for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) prevention are urgently needed. In this study, we conducted a retrospective analysis of data from the Israeli Ministry of Health collected between 28 August 2020 and 24 February 2021. We studied the temporal dynamics of the number of new COVID-19 cases and hospitalizations after the vaccination campaign, which was initiated on 20 December 2020. To distinguish the possible effects of the vaccination on cases and hospitalizations from other factors, including a third lockdown implemented on 8 January 2021, we performed several comparisons: (1) individuals aged 60 years and older prioritized to receive the vaccine first versus younger age groups; (2) the January lockdown versus the September lockdown; and (3) early-vaccinated versus late-vaccinated cities. A larger and earlier decrease in COVID-19 cases and hospitalization was observed in individuals older than 60 years, followed by younger age groups, by the order of vaccination prioritization. This pattern was not observed in the previous lockdown and was more pronounced in early-vaccinated cities. Our analysis demonstrates the real-life effect of a national vaccination campaign on the pandemic dynamics. AD - Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel. | Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel. | Pediatric Diabetes Clinic, Institute of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel. | Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel. gorfinem@tauex.tau.ac.il. | Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. urishalit@technion.ac.il. | Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel. eran.segal@weizmann.ac.il. | Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel. eran.segal@weizmann.ac.il. AN - 33875890 AU - Rossman, H. | Shilo, S. | Meir, T. | Gorfine, M. | Shalit, U. | Segal, E. C1 - 2021-04-30 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04302021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 19 DO - 10.1038/s41591-021-01337-2 ET - 2021/04/21 IS - 6 KW - Adult | Aged | COVID-19/epidemiology/*prevention & control/virology | COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology/*therapeutic use | Communicable Disease Control | Hospitalization | Humans | Israel/epidemiology | Male | Middle Aged | *Pandemics | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2/drug effects/*pathogenicity | Vaccination L1 - internal-pdf://4170443479/Rossman-2021-COVID-19 dynamics after a nationa.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Rossman, Hagai; Shilo, Smadar; Meir, Tomer; Gorfine, Malka; Shalit, Uri; Segal, Eran; eng; Nat Med. 2021 Apr 19. pii: 10.1038/s41591-021-01337-2. doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01337-2. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In Israel, COVID-19 cases and hospitalizations decreased first in individuals �?0 years old, followed by younger age groups, reflecting vaccination prioritization. SN - 1546-170X (Electronic); 1078-8956 (Linking) SP - 1055-1061 ST - COVID-19 dynamics after a national immunization program in Israel T2 - Nat Med TI - COVID-19 dynamics after a national immunization program in Israel UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33875890 VL - 27 ID - 1713 ER - TY - JOUR AB - People with serious mental illness are at disproportionate risk of COVID-19 morbidity and mortality because of high rates of risk factors that directly parallel those related to poor coronavirus outcomes, including smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes, along with housing instability, homelessness, food insecurity, and poverty. Community-based behavioral health organizations are also at risk of adverse outcomes because of dramatic declines in revenues and a diminished workforce. The State of Massachusetts has responded to this crisis by rapidly implementing a variety of policy, regulatory, and payment reforms. This column describes some of these reforms, which are designed to enhance remote telehealth delivery of care, ensure access to needed medications and residential care staff, and support the financial livelihood of community-based behavioral health services. AD - Department of Medicine (Bartels) and Department of Psychiatry (Freudenreich), Harvard Medical School, Boston; Mongan Institute (Bartels), Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program, Institute for Research, Quality, and Policy in Homeless Health Care (Baggett), and Department of Medicine (Bartels) and Department of Psychiatry (Freudenreich), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Vinfen, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Bird). Marvin S. Swartz, M.D., is editor of this column. AN - 32487009 AU - Bartels, S. J. | Baggett, T. P. | Freudenreich, O. | Bird, B. L. C1 - 2020-06-12 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061220_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 1 DO - 10.1176/appi.ps.202000244 ET - 2020/06/04 IS - 10 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Community Health Services/*legislation & jurisprudence/*methods | Coronavirus Infections/complications/*therapy | Health Policy/*legislation & jurisprudence | Health Services Accessibility/*legislation & jurisprudence | Humans | Massachusetts | Mental Disorders/complications/*therapy | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/complications/*therapy | SARS-CoV-2 | *Medical morbidity and mortality in psychiatric patients | *Public policy issues L1 - internal-pdf://3671429495/appi.ps.202000244.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Bartels, Stephen J; Baggett, Travis P; Freudenreich, Oliver; Bird, Bruce L; eng; Review; Psychiatr Serv. 2020 Oct 1;71(10):1078-1081. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.202000244. Epub 2020 Jun 3. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Describes reforms designed to enhance access to medical services for persons with mental illness and to support community-based behavioral health services. SN - 1557-9700 (Electronic); 1075-2730 (Linking) SP - 1078-1081 ST - COVID-19 Emergency Reforms in Massachusetts to Support Behavioral Health Care and Reduce Mortality of People With Serious Mental Illness T2 - Psychiatr Serv TI - COVID-19 Emergency Reforms in Massachusetts to Support Behavioral Health Care and Reduce Mortality of People With Serious Mental Illness UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32487009 VL - 71 ID - 357 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Since coronavirus disease 2019 ushered in lockdowns and limited movement, London-based Marie Stopes International reported that roughly 2 million fewer women have received reproductive care services through its programs in 37 countries. The result could be 1.5 million additional unsafe abortions, 900�?00 unintended pregnancies, and 3100 additional deaths, according to the nonprofit organization that provides contraception and safe abortion.In a recent update, Doctors Without Borders/Médecins Sans Fronti؈res (MSF) also warned that responses to the pandemic—clinic closures, supply chain delays, or travel restrictions—have curtailed women’s sexual and reproductive health services. In response, MSF has worked with governments around the world to ensure that reproductive services are deemed essential and remain open. However, Manisha Kumar, MD, MPH, coordinator of the MSF Task Force for Safe Abortion Care, said during an August press briefing that many organizations have had to provide care in ways that don’t require women to travel to brick-and-mortar facilities. AN - 33079161 AU - Kuehn, B. M. C1 - 2020-10-30 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/103020_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 20 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.19025 ET - 2020/10/21 IS - 15 L1 - internal-pdf://2198937377/Kuehn-2020-COVID-19 Halts Reproductive Care fo.pdf LA - en LB - Vaccines | N1 - Kuehn, Bridget M; eng; JAMA. 2020 Oct 20;324(15):1489. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.19025. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Doctors Without Borders warns that COVID-19 clinic closures, supply chain delays, or travel restrictions have curtailed women’s sexual and reproductive health services in a number of countries. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1489 ST - COVID-19 Halts Reproductive Care for Millions of Women T2 - JAMA TI - COVID-19 Halts Reproductive Care for Millions of Women UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33079161 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1151 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BackgroundIndividuals with schizophrenia have an increased risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes, nonetheless, no previous study has provided a year-long account of this risk, or assessed postvaccination trends in this population. This study assessed temporal trends in COVID-19 hospitalisation and mortality among people with schizophrenia during the first year of the pandemic, the predictors for COVID-19 vaccination, postvaccination infection, admission to hospital, and mortality. AU - Tzur Bitan, Dana | Kridin, Khalaf | Cohen, Arnon Dov | Weinstein, Orly C1 - 2021-08-13 C2 - Vaccines CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08132021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00256-X IS - 10 L1 - internal-pdf://1469328834/1-s2.0-S221503662100256X-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In a longitudinal cohort study (n = 51,078) through April 2021, people with schizophrenia had increased risks of hospitalization (hazard ratio [HR] 4.81, 95% CI 3.57-6.48) and death (HR 2.52, 95% CI 1.64-3.85) compared with controls. Fewer people with schizophrenia (50.6%) than controls (52.8%) were fully vaccinated. SE - 901 SN - 2215-0366 SP - 901-908 ST - COVID-19 hospitalisation, mortality, vaccination, and postvaccination trends among people with schizophrenia in Israel: a longitudinal cohort study T2 - Lancet Psychiatry TI - COVID-19 hospitalisation, mortality, vaccination, and postvaccination trends among people with schizophrenia in Israel: a longitudinal cohort study UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00256-X VL - 8 Y2 - 2021/08/16 ID - 2211 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Odontology, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal. moustapha2.mbow@ucad.edu.sn m.yazdanbakhsh@lumc.nl. | Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. | Centre de Recherches Medicales de Lambarene, Lambarene, Gabon. | Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden, Netherlands. | London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. | Institute of Health Research, Epidemiological Surveillance and Training, Dakar, Senegal. | Laboratory of Immunology-Vaccinology, FARAH, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium. | Medical Research Council at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia. | Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Odontology, Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, Dakar, Senegal. | Leiden University Center of Infectious Diseases, Leiden, Netherlands. moustapha2.mbow@ucad.edu.sn m.yazdanbakhsh@lumc.nl. AN - 32764055 AU - Mbow, M. | Lell, B. | Jochems, S. P. | Cisse, B. | Mboup, S. | Dewals, B. G. | Jaye, A. | Dieye, A. | Yazdanbakhsh, M. C1 - 2020-08-18 C2 - International Findings CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/081820_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 7 DO - 10.1126/science.abd3902 ET - 2020/08/09 IS - 6504 KW - Africa/epidemiology | Age Factors | Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology | Antibodies, Viral/immunology | *Betacoronavirus/genetics/immunology/pathogenicity | Covid-19 | Communicable Disease Control | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/immunology/prevention & control/virology | Cytokine Release Syndrome/etiology | Humans | Immunity, Cellular | Macrophages, Alveolar/immunology | Pandemics/prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/immunology/prevention & control/virology | SARS-CoV-2 | T-Lymphocytes/immunology L1 - internal-pdf://2975852348/Mbow-2020-COVID-19 in Africa_ Dampening the st.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Mbow, Moustapha; Lell, Bertrand; Jochems, Simon P; Cisse, Badara; Mboup, Souleymane; Dewals, Benjamin G; Jaye, Assan; Dieye, Alioune; Yazdanbakhsh, Maria; eng; Science. 2020 Aug 7;369(6504):624-626. doi: 10.1126/science.abd3902. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Africa’s low rates of COVID-19 cases and deaths may be due in part to unreliable data, but also early mitigation actions, population characteristics such as age, and environmental exposures that strengthen immune response. SN - 1095-9203 (Electronic); 0036-8075 (Linking) SP - 624-626 ST - COVID-19 in Africa: Dampening the storm? T2 - Science TI - COVID-19 in Africa: Dampening the storm? UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32764055 VL - 369 ID - 721 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: To date, few data on paediatric COVID-19 have been published, and most reports originate from China. This study aimed to capture key data on children and adolescents with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection across Europe to inform physicians and health-care service planning during the ongoing pandemic. METHODS: This multicentre cohort study involved 82 participating health-care institutions across 25 European countries, using a well established research network-the Paediatric Tuberculosis Network European Trials Group (ptbnet)-that mainly comprises paediatric infectious diseases specialists and paediatric pulmonologists. We included all individuals aged 18 years or younger with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, detected at any anatomical site by RT-PCR, between April 1 and April 24, 2020, during the initial peak of the European COVID-19 pandemic. We explored factors associated with need for intensive care unit (ICU) admission and initiation of drug treatment for COVID-19 using univariable analysis, and applied multivariable logistic regression with backwards stepwise analysis to further explore those factors significantly associated with ICU admission. FINDINGS: 582 individuals with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were included, with a median age of 5.0 years (IQR 0.5-12.0) and a sex ratio of 1.15 males per female. 145 (25%) had pre-existing medical conditions. 363 (62%) individuals were admitted to hospital. 48 (8%) individuals required ICU admission, 25 (4%) mechanical ventilation (median duration 7 days, IQR 2-11, range 1-34), 19 (3%) inotropic support, and one (<1%) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Significant risk factors for requiring ICU admission in multivariable analyses were being younger than 1 month (odds ratio 5.06, 95% CI 1.72-14.87; p=0.0035), male sex (2.12, 1.06-4.21; p=0.033), pre-existing medical conditions (3.27, 1.67-6.42; p=0.0015), and presence of lower respiratory tract infection signs or symptoms at presentation (10.46, 5.16-21.23; p<0.0001). The most frequently used drug with antiviral activity was hydroxychloroquine (40 [7%] patients), followed by remdesivir (17 [3%] patients), lopinavir-ritonavir (six [1%] patients), and oseltamivir (three [1%] patients). Immunomodulatory medication used included corticosteroids (22 [4%] patients), intravenous immunoglobulin (seven [1%] patients), tocilizumab (four [1%] patients), anakinra (three [1%] patients), and siltuximab (one [<1%] patient). Four children died (case-fatality rate 0.69%, 95% CI 0.20-1.82); at study end, the remaining 578 were alive and only 25 (4%) were still symptomatic or requiring respiratory support. INTERPRETATION: COVID-19 is generally a mild disease in children, including infants. However, a small proportion develop severe disease requiring ICU admission and prolonged ventilation, although fatal outcome is overall rare. The data also reflect the current uncertainties regarding specific treatment options, highlighting that additional data on antiviral and immunomodulatory drugs are urgently needed. FUNDING: ptbnet is supported by Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit. AD - Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, National Reference Centre for Childhood Tuberculosis, Wilhelminenspital, Vienna, Austria. | Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Gregorio Maranon and Gregorio Maranon Research Institute, Madrid, Spain; Red de Investigacion Translacional en Infectologia Pediatrica, Madrid, Spain. | Malalties Infeccioses i Resposta Inflamatoria Sistemica en Pediatria, Unitat d'Infeccions, Servei de Pediatria, Institut de Recerca Pediatrica Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Pediatria, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Madrid, Spain; Red de Investigacion Translacional en Infectologia Pediatrica, Madrid, Spain. | Malalties Infeccioses i Resposta Inflamatoria Sistemica en Pediatria, Unitat d'Infeccions, Servei de Pediatria, Institut de Recerca Pediatrica Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain. | Academic Department of Paediatrics, Bambino Gesu Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy. | Children's Clinic, Department of Pulmonary Diseases, MHATLD "St Sofia", Medical University Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria. | Department of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia. | Department of Paediatric Pulmonology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia. | Section of Paediatrics, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy. | Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK. | Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. | Medical and Surgical Science Department, S Orsola University Hospital, Bologna, Italy. | Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland. | Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland. | Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. | Department of Paediatrics, Leicester Children's Hospital, Leicester, UK. | Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, University Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Zagreb, Croatia. | Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, CHC Montlegia, Liege, Belgium. | Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy. | Birmingham Chest Clinic and Heartlands Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. | Department of Paediatric Pulmonology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany. | Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK; Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. Electronic address: m.tebruegge@ucl.ac.uk. AN - 32593339 AU - Gotzinger, F. | Santiago-Garcia, B. | Noguera-Julian, A. | Lanaspa, M. | Lancella, L. | Calo Carducci, F. I. | Gabrovska, N. | Velizarova, S. | Prunk, P. | Osterman, V. | Krivec, U. | Lo Vecchio, A. | Shingadia, D. | Soriano-Arandes, A. | Melendo, S. | Lanari, M. | Pierantoni, L. | Wagner, N. | L'Huillier, A. G. | Heininger, U. | Ritz, N. | Bandi, S. | Krajcar, N. | Roglic, S. | Santos, M. | Christiaens, C. | Creuven, M. | Buonsenso, D. | Welch, S. B. | Bogyi, M. | Brinkmann, F. | Tebruegge, M. | ptbnet, Covid-Study Group C1 - 2020-07-07 C2 - Children CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/070720_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30177-2 ET - 2020/07/01 IS - 9 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Child | Child, Preschool | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/therapy | Delivery of Health Care/*organization & administration | Europe/epidemiology | Female | Follow-Up Studies | Humans | Infant | Infant, Newborn | Intensive Care Units/*organization & administration | Male | *Pandemics | Patient Admission/trends | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/therapy | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://0362159553/Gotzinger-2020-COVID-19 in children and adoles.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Gotzinger, Florian; Santiago-Garcia, Begona; Noguera-Julian, Antoni; Lanaspa, Miguel; Lancella, Laura; Calo Carducci, Francesca I; Gabrovska, Natalia; Velizarova, Svetlana; Prunk, Petra; Osterman, Veronika; Krivec, Uros; Lo Vecchio, Andrea; Shingadia, Delane; Soriano-Arandes, Antoni; Melendo, Susana; Lanari, Marcello; Pierantoni, Luca; Wagner, Noemie; L'Huillier, Arnaud G; Heininger, Ulrich; Ritz, Nicole; Bandi, Srini; Krajcar, Nina; Roglic, Srdan; Santos, Mar; Christiaens, Christelle; Creuven, Marine; Buonsenso, Danilo; Welch, Steven B; Bogyi, Matthias; Brinkmann, Folke; Tebruegge, Marc; eng; Multicenter Study; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020 Sep;4(9):653-661. doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30177-2. Epub 2020 Jun 25. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Of 582 children and adolescents with SARS-CoV-2 infections, 490 (84%) were symptomatic. | 379 (65%) had fever, 313 (54%) had mild URI symptoms. | 363 (62%) were hospitalized; 48 (8%) required intensive care; 4 died. | ICU admission was more common among children age <�? month (aOR 5.1, 95% CI 1.7�?4.9) and with pre-existing conditions (aOR 3.3, 95% 1.7�?.4). | 5 (1%) were co-infected with influenza (outcome data on these children not reported). | Methods: Description of children and adolescents with SARS-CoV-2 infection, 77 institutions in 21 European countries, between April 1 and 24, 2020. Limitations: SARS-CoV-2 testing criteria differed by country; symptomatic disease might be overestimated as study captured data from children and adolescents who were seen or managed in a hospital setting. | Implications: SARS-CoV-2 infection was relatively mild in these European children and adolescents. Severe disease was associated with very young age (<1 month of age) and pre-existing medical conditions. SN - 2352-4650 (Electronic); 2352-4642 (Linking) SP - 653-661 ST - COVID-19 in children and adolescents in Europe: a multinational, multicentre cohort study T2 - Lancet Child Adolesc Health TI - COVID-19 in children and adolescents in Europe: a multinational, multicentre cohort study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32593339 VL - 4 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 475 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit. | Pediatric Department, Hopital de La Tour, Geneva, Switzerland. | Division of General Pediatrics, and. | Pediatric Platform for Clinical Research, Department of Woman, Child and Adolescent Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. | Primary Care Unit, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. | Clinique des Grangettes, Geneva, Switzerland; and. | Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, arnaud.lhuillier@hcuge.ch. | Division of Infectious Diseases and Laboratory of Virology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland. AN - 32457213 AU - Posfay-Barbe, K. M. | Wagner, N. | Gauthey, M. | Moussaoui, D. | Loevy, N. | Diana, A. | L'Huillier, A. G. C1 - 2020-07-21 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072120_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.1542/peds.2020-1576 ET - 2020/05/28 IS - 2 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Child | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Humans | *Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | SARS-CoV-2 | conflicts of interest to disclose. L1 - internal-pdf://3739818004/Posfay-Barbe-2020-COVID-19 in Children and the.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Posfay-Barbe, Klara M; Wagner, Noemie; Gauthey, Magali; Moussaoui, Dehlia; Loevy, Natasha; Diana, Alessandro; L'Huillier, Arnaud G; eng; Comment; Pediatrics. 2020 Aug;146(2). pii: peds.2020-1576. doi: 10.1542/peds.2020-1576. Epub 2020 May 26. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Most children had mild or atypical presentation. | Common comorbidities included: asthma (10%), diabetes (8%), obesity (5%), premature birth (5%), and hypertension (3%). | Seven children (18%) needed hospitalization; none needed ICU admission; all resolved symptoms by 7 days after diagnosis. | Among the 111 household contacts (HHCs), 85% of adult and 43% of pediatric siblings developed symptoms (Figure). | Methods: Retrospective chart review and HHC tracing of 40 children <16 years tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Limitations: Not representative of all pediatric SARS-CoV-2 cases; recall bias from HHCs; potential under-reporting of symptoms. | Implications: Extensive household contact tracing is possible and can inform the dynamics of household transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Similarly, to other studies, the results highlight that children are less likely to be main sources of infection in familial clusters. SN - 1098-4275 (Electronic); 0031-4005 (Linking) SP - e20201576 ST - COVID-19 in Children and the Dynamics of Infection in Families T2 - Pediatrics TI - COVID-19 in Children and the Dynamics of Infection in Families UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32457213 VL - 146 ID - 567 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Data on the prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in children, and in children with cancer specifically have been limited. Less than 1% of cases reported from China were in children younger than 10 years. The MSK Kids pediatric program at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSK) is one of the largest pediatric cancer programs in the US. Starting in mid-March, 2020, we instituted a screening and testing plan to mitigate risk associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). AD - Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. | Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. | Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. AN - 32401276 AU - Boulad, F. | Kamboj, M. | Bouvier, N. | Mauguen, A. | Kung, A. L. C1 - 2020-05-19 C2 - Pediatric Comorbidities CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051920_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 1 DO - 10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.2028 ET - 2020/05/14 IS - 9 KW - Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity | Covid-19 | Child | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/virology | Female | Humans | Male | Neoplasms/*epidemiology/virology | New York City/epidemiology | *Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/virology | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://2159509517/Boulad-2020-COVID-19 in Children With Cancer i.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Boulad, Farid; Kamboj, Mini; Bouvier, Nancy; Mauguen, Audrey; Kung, Andrew L; eng; P30 CA008748/CA/NCI NIH HHS/; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA Oncol. 2020 Sep 1;6(9):1459-1460. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.2028. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among 20 children who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection at a pediatric cancer hospital, only one required hospital admission for COVID-19 but did not need ICU-level care. | Implications of both studies (Shekerdemian et al. & Boulad et al.): Most children with symptomatic COVID-19 have pre-existing comorbidities. However, severe COVID-19 among pediatric cancer patients may be low. SN - 2374-2445 (Electronic); 2374-2437 (Linking) SP - 1459-1460 ST - COVID-19 in Children With Cancer in New York City T2 - JAMA Oncol TI - COVID-19 in Children With Cancer in New York City UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32401276 VL - 6 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 206 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: In early 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, New Zealand implemented graduated, risk-informed national COVID-19 suppression measures aimed at disease elimination. We investigated their impacts on the epidemiology of the first wave of COVID-19 in the country and response performance measures. METHODS: We did a descriptive epidemiological study of all laboratory-confirmed and probable cases of COVID-19 and all patients tested for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in New Zealand from Feb 2 to May 13, 2020, after which time community transmission ceased. We extracted data from the national notifiable diseases database and the national SARS-CoV-2 test results repository. Demographic features and disease outcomes, transmission patterns (source of infection, outbreaks, household transmission), time-to-event intervals, and testing coverage were described over five phases of the response, capturing different levels of non-pharmaceutical interventions. Risk factors for severe outcomes (hospitalisation or death) were examined with multivariable logistic regression and time-to-event intervals were analysed by fitting parametric distributions using maximum likelihood estimation. FINDINGS: 1503 cases were detected over the study period, including 95 (6.3%) hospital admissions and 22 (1.5%) COVID-19 deaths. The estimated case infection rate per million people per day peaked at 8.5 (95% CI 7.6-9.4) during the 10-day period of rapid response escalation, declining to 3.2 (2.8-3.7) in the start of lockdown and progressively thereafter. 1034 (69%) cases were imported or import related, tending to be younger adults, of European ethnicity, and of higher socioeconomic status. 702 (47%) cases were linked to 34 outbreaks. Severe outcomes were associated with locally acquired infection (crude odds ratio [OR] 2.32 [95% CI 1.40-3.82] compared with imported), older age (adjusted OR ranging from 2.72 [1.40-5.30] for 50-64 year olds to 8.25 [2.59-26.31] for people aged >/=80 years compared with 20-34 year olds), aged residential care residency (adjusted OR 3.86 [1.59-9.35]), and Pacific peoples (adjusted OR 2.76 [1.14-6.68]) and Asian (2.15 [1.10-4.20]) ethnicities relative to European or other. Times from illness onset to notification and isolation progressively decreased and testing increased over the study period, with few disparities and increasing coverage of females, Maori, Pacific peoples, and lower socioeconomic groups. INTERPRETATION: New Zealand's response resulted in low relative burden of disease, low levels of population disease disparities, and the initial achievement of COVID-19 elimination. FUNDING: Ministry of Business Innovation and Employment Strategic Scientific Investment Fund, and Ministry of Health, New Zealand. AD - Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Porirua, New Zealand. Electronic address: sarah.jefferies@esr.cri.nz. | School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. | Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Porirua, New Zealand. | School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. | Population Health and Prevention Directorate, Ministry of Health, Wellington, New Zealand. | Epi-interactive, Wellington, New Zealand. | Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. AN - 33065023 AU - Jefferies, S. | French, N. | Gilkison, C. | Graham, G. | Hope, V. | Marshall, J. | McElnay, C. | McNeill, A. | Muellner, P. | Paine, S. | Prasad, N. | Scott, J. | Sherwood, J. | Yang, L. | Priest, P. C1 - 2020-10-23 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102320_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30225-5 ET - 2020/10/17 IS - 11 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Betacoronavirus/isolation & purification | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Child | Child, Preschool | Clinical Laboratory Techniques | Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/*epidemiology/*prevention & control | Epidemiologic Studies | Female | Humans | Infant | Male | Middle Aged | New Zealand/epidemiology | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/*prevention & control | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://1929522365/Jefferies-2020-COVID-19 in New Zealand and the.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Jefferies, Sarah; French, Nigel; Gilkison, Charlotte; Graham, Giles; Hope, Virginia; Marshall, Jonathan; McElnay, Caroline; McNeill, Andrea; Muellner, Petra; Paine, Shevaun; Prasad, Namrata; Scott, Julia; Sherwood, Jillian; Yang, Liang; Priest, Patricia; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Lancet Public Health. 2020 Nov;5(11):e612-e623. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30225-5. Epub 2020 Oct 14. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The estimated case infection rate per million people per day peaked at 8.5 (95% CI 7.6-9.4) between March 16 and March 25, 2020 and progressively declined to 0.5 per million per day (95% CI 0.4-0.7) when the most stringent non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) were enforced (Figure 1 & 2). | 1,034 cases (69% of total) were imported or import-related and this proportion declined from Phase 3 onward (Figure 1). | Severe outcomes (hospitalization or death) were associated with: | Locally acquired infection (OR 2.32, 95% CI 1.4-3.8) compared with imported infection. | Older age, adjusted OR (aOR) 2.72 (95% CI 1.4-5.3) for 50─64-year-olds and 8.25 (95% CI 2.6-26.3 for people aged �?0 years compared with 20─34-year-olds. | Residing in an aged residential care facility (aOR 2.9, 95% CI 1.6-9.4). | Pacific peoples (aOR 2.76, 95% CI 1.1-6.7) and Asian (aOR 2.15, 95% CI 1.1-4.2) ethnicities compared with European or other. | Methods: A descriptive epidemiological study of 1,503 confirmed and probable COVID-19 cases from February 2 to May 13, 2020 in New Zealand. Demographic features and disease outcomes, transmission patterns, time-to-event intervals, and testing coverage over five phases of the national response. Limitations: Impact of individual NPIs could not be measured due to rapid and concomitant implementation of these measures. | Implications: New Zealand’s ability to limit the burden of COVID-19 has potential implications for island states and potentially other high-income countries with similar resources, political will, and population compliance. Robertexternal icon et al. highlight the importance of detailed epidemiological linkage data to aid in identifying transmission chains and targeting surveillance to settings with high risk of transmission. SN - 2468-2667 (Electronic) SP - e612-e623 ST - COVID-19 in New Zealand and the impact of the national response: a descriptive epidemiological study T2 - Lancet Public Health TI - COVID-19 in New Zealand and the impact of the national response: a descriptive epidemiological study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33065023 VL - 5 Y2 - 2021/05/14 ID - 1117 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: The highest number of COVID-19 cases in Italy have been reported in Lombardy, a region in northern Italy. We aimed to analyse the course of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases living in a district of Lombardy with a high prevalence of COVID-19. Methods: We did a single-centre observational study at the Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Spedali Civili of Brescia, Italy. We collected data from patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases enrolled in our outpatient clinic to identify confirmed or possible cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Data were collected through a survey that was administered via telephone or in the outpatient clinic by rheumatologists. We also did a case-control study of all patients with confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia and rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases who were admitted to the ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia during the study period. Cases were matched by age, sex, and month of hospital admission to at least two controls admitted to the same hospital for COVID-19 pneumonia during the study period. Findings: Between Feb 24 and May 1, 2020, we collected data from 1525 patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases: 117 (8%) presented with symptoms that were compatible with COVID-19. 65 patients had a swab confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection, whereas 52 presented with a spectrum of symptoms indicative of COVID-19 but were not swab tested. Patients with confirmed COVID-19 were older than those with suspected COVID-19 (median age 68 [IQR 55-76] years vs 57 [49-67] years; p=0.0010) and more likely to have arterial hypertension (33 [51%] vs 14 [27%] patients; odds ratio [OR] 2.8 [95% CI 1.3-6.1]; p=0.031) and obesity (11 [17%] vs 1 [2%]; OR 11.0 [1.3-83.4]; p=0.0059). We found no differences in rheumatological disease or background therapy between confirmed and suspected COVID-19 cases. 47 (72%) of the 65 patients with confirmed COVID-19 developed pneumonia that required admission to hospital. 12 (10%) deaths occurred among the 117 patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 (ten in those with confirmed COVID-19 and two in those with suspected COVID-19). Deceased patients with confirmed COVID-19 were older than survivors (median age 78.8 years [IQR 75.3-81.3] vs 65.5 years [53.3-74.0]; p=0.0002). We observed no differences in sex, comorbidities, or therapies between the deceased patients and survivors. The case-control study comprised 26 patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases and COVID-19 pneumonia and 62 matched controls. We found no significant differences between cases and controls in duration of COVID-19 symptoms before admission, duration of stay in hospital, or the local chest X-ray scoring system. Glucocorticoids were used for severe respiratory manifestations related to lung involvement in 17 (65%) of 26 cases and tocilizumab in six (23%) of 26; thrombotic events occurred in four (15%) of 26 cases. Four (15%) of 26 cases and six (10%) of 62 controls died during the study period. Interpretation: In this cohort of patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases in a geographical region with a high prevalence of COVID-19, a poor outcome from COVID-19 seems to be associated with older age and the presence of comorbidities rather than the type of rheumatic disease or the degree of pharmacological immunosuppression. Funding: None. AD - Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy. | Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy. AN - 32838307 AU - Fredi, M. | Cavazzana, I. | Moschetti, L. | Andreoli, L. | Franceschini, F. | Brescia Rheumatology, Covid-Study Group C1 - 2021-07-02 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/070220_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1016/S2665-9913(20)30169-7 ET - 2020/08/25 IS - 9 L1 - internal-pdf://2986995217/Fredi-2020-COVID-19 in patients with rheumatic.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Fredi, Micaela; Cavazzana, Ilaria; Moschetti, Liala; Andreoli, Laura; Franceschini, Franco; eng; England; Lancet Rheumatol. 2020 Sep;2(9):e549-e556. doi: 10.1016/S2665-9913(20)30169-7. Epub 2020 Jun 18. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Clinical features of COVID-19 patients with musculoskeletal or rheumatic diseases were similar to patients without musculoskeletal or rheumatic diseases (controls) (Table). | Methods: Age-, sex-, and month of admission- matched case-control study of 26 COVID-19 pneumonia patients with musculoskeletal and rheumatic diseases compared to 62 COVID-19 pneumonia patients without these diseases. Limitations: Observational study, one site. | Implications: COVID-19 patients with pre-existing musculoskeletal or rheumatic diseases did not have a different clinical course compared to other COVID-19 patients. SE - e549 SN - 2665-9913 (Electronic); 2665-9913 (Linking) SP - e549-e556 ST - COVID-19 in patients with rheumatic diseases in northern Italy: a single-centre observational and case-control study T2 - Lancet Rheumatol TI - COVID-19 in patients with rheumatic diseases in northern Italy: a single-centre observational and case-control study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32838307 VL - 2 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 485 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Early reports on patients with cancer and COVID-19 have suggested a high mortality rate compared with the general population. Patients with thoracic malignancies are thought to be particularly susceptible to COVID-19 given their older age, smoking habits, and pre-existing cardiopulmonary comorbidities, in addition to cancer treatments. We aimed to study the effect of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection on patients with thoracic malignancies. METHODS: The Thoracic Cancers International COVID-19 Collaboration (TERAVOLT) registry is a multicentre observational study composed of a cross-sectional component and a longitudinal cohort component. Eligibility criteria were the presence of any thoracic cancer (non-small-cell lung cancer [NSCLC], small-cell lung cancer, mesothelioma, thymic epithelial tumours, and other pulmonary neuroendocrine neoplasms) and a COVID-19 diagnosis, either laboratory confirmed with RT-PCR, suspected with symptoms and contacts, or radiologically suspected cases with lung imaging features consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia and symptoms. Patients of any age, sex, histology, or stage were considered eligible, including those in active treatment and clinical follow-up. Clinical data were extracted from medical records of consecutive patients from Jan 1, 2020, and will be collected until the end of pandemic declared by WHO. Data on demographics, oncological history and comorbidities, COVID-19 diagnosis, and course of illness and clinical outcomes were collected. Associations between demographic or clinical characteristics and outcomes were measured with odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs using univariable and multivariable logistic regression, with sex, age, smoking status, hypertension, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease included in multivariable analysis. This is a preliminary analysis of the first 200 patients. The registry continues to accept new sites and patient data. FINDINGS: Between March 26 and April 12, 2020, 200 patients with COVID-19 and thoracic cancers from eight countries were identified and included in the TERAVOLT registry; median age was 68.0 years (61.8-75.0) and the majority had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0-1 (142 [72%] of 196 patients), were current or former smokers (159 [81%] of 196), had non-small-cell lung cancer (151 [76%] of 200), and were on therapy at the time of COVID-19 diagnosis (147 [74%] of 199), with 112 (57%) of 197 on first-line treatment. 152 (76%) patients were hospitalised and 66 (33%) died. 13 (10%) of 134 patients who met criteria for ICU admission were admitted to ICU; the remaining 121 were hospitalised, but were not admitted to ICU. Univariable analyses revealed that being older than 65 years (OR 1.88, 95% 1.00-3.62), being a current or former smoker (4.24, 1.70-12.95), receiving treatment with chemotherapy alone (2.54, 1.09-6.11), and the presence of any comorbidities (2.65, 1.09-7.46) were associated with increased risk of death. However, in multivariable analysis, only smoking history (OR 3.18, 95% CI 1.11-9.06) was associated with increased risk of death. INTERPRETATION: With an ongoing global pandemic of COVID-19, our data suggest high mortality and low admission to intensive care in patients with thoracic cancer. Whether mortality could be reduced with treatment in intensive care remains to be determined. With improved cancer therapeutic options, access to intensive care should be discussed in a multidisciplinary setting based on cancer specific mortality and patients' preference. FUNDING: None. AD - Thoracic Unit, Medical Oncology Department, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy. Electronic address: marina.garassino@istitutotumori.mi.it. | Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. | Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. | Evaluative Epidemiology, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy. | Laboratory of Clinical Research Methodology, Oncology Department, "Mario Negri" Institute of Pharmacological Researches-IRCCS, Milan, Italy. | Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico "San Matteo", Pavia, Italy. | Medical Oncology Department, Thoracic Cancer and Early Drug Development Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain. | Department of Oncology, Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK. | Medical Oncology Department, AOU Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Universita Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy. | Oncology Unit, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy. | Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy. | Medical Oncology Department, ASST Cremona, Cremona, Italy. | Hopital Tenon, Paris, France. | Thoracic Unit, Medical Oncology Department, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy. | Oncology Unit, ASST dei Sette Laghi, Varese, Italy. | Department of Biotechnology and Applied Clinical Science, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy. | Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain. | Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy. | IRYCIS, Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Universidad de Alcala, Madrid, Spain. | IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy. | Medical Oncology Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy. | Department of Oncology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. | Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy. | Mesothelioma Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Nazionale Santi Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy. | Medical Oncology Department, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Brescia, Italy. | Medical Oncology Department, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy. | Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC. | CHU, Institut universitaire du cancer, Toulouse, France. | Thoracic Surgery Unit, Experimental Clinical Oncology Department, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy. | Oncology Department, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland. | Department of Oncology and Hematology, AUSL della Romagna, Ravenna, Italy. | Service Hospitalier Universitaire Pneumologie Physiologie, CHU Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France. | Istituto Oncologico Veneto IRCCS, Padova, Italy. | European Institute of Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy. | Radiotherapy Unit V Scotti, Thoracic Surgery Unit L Voltolini, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, Firenze, Italy. | Thoracic Surgery, Policlinico S Orsola, Alma Mater Studiorum University, Bologna, Italy. | Medical Oncology Unit, Ospedale "Guglielmo da Saliceto", Piacenza, Italy. | Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, University Hospital of Parma, Parma, Italy. | Guangdong Lung Cancer Department, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China. | Medical Oncology Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Nazionale Santi Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy. | Centre de Recherche en Cancerologie de Toulouse, Toulouse, France. | Department of Pulmonology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, University Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands. | Department of Pulmonology and Thoracic Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium. | Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CRCM, Marseille, France. | Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. | Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA. AN - 32539942 AU - Garassino, M. C. | Whisenant, J. G. | Huang, L. C. | Trama, A. | Torri, V. | Agustoni, F. | Baena, J. | Banna, G. | Berardi, R. | Bettini, A. C. | Bria, E. | Brighenti, M. | Cadranel, J. | De Toma, A. | Chini, C. | Cortellini, A. | Felip, E. | Finocchiaro, G. | Garrido, P. | Genova, C. | Giusti, R. | Gregorc, V. | Grossi, F. | Grosso, F. | Intagliata, S. | La Verde, N. | Liu, S. V. | Mazieres, J. | Mercadante, E. | Michielin, O. | Minuti, G. | Moro-Sibilot, D. | Pasello, G. | Passaro, A. | Scotti, V. | Solli, P. | Stroppa, E. | Tiseo, M. | Viscardi, G. | Voltolini, L. | Wu, Y. L. | Zai, S. | Pancaldi, V. | Dingemans, A. M. | Van Meerbeeck, J. | Barlesi, F. | Wakelee, H. | Peters, S. | Horn, L. | Teravolt investigators C1 - 2020-06-26 C2 - Clinical Outcomes of Patients with Cancer and COVID-19 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/062620_covidupdate.html DA - Jul DO - 10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30314-4 ET - 2020/06/17 IS - 7 KW - Aged | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Cause of Death | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/mortality/pathology | Cross-Sectional Studies | Female | Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data | Humans | Longitudinal Studies | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/mortality/pathology | Registries/*statistics & numerical data | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | Thoracic Neoplasms/*epidemiology/mortality/pathology/therapy L1 - internal-pdf://3421612529/Garassino-2020-COVID-19 in patients with thora.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Garassino, Marina Chiara; Whisenant, Jennifer G; Huang, Li-Ching; Trama, Annalisa; Torri, Valter; Agustoni, Francesco; Baena, Javier; Banna, Giuseppe; Berardi, Rossana; Bettini, Anna Cecilia; Bria, Emilio; Brighenti, Matteo; Cadranel, Jacques; De Toma, Alessandro; Chini, Claudio; Cortellini, Alessio; Felip, Enriqueta; Finocchiaro, Giovanna; Garrido, Pilar; Genova, Carlo; Giusti, Raffaele; Gregorc, Vanesa; Grossi, Francesco; Grosso, Federica; Intagliata, Salvatore; La Verde, Nicla; Liu, Stephen V; Mazieres, Julien; Mercadante, Edoardo; Michielin, Olivier; Minuti, Gabriele; Moro-Sibilot, Denis; Pasello, Giulia; Passaro, Antonio; Scotti, Vieri; Solli, Piergiorgio; Stroppa, Elisa; Tiseo, Marcello; Viscardi, Giuseppe; Voltolini, Luca; Wu, Yi-Long; Zai, Silvia; Pancaldi, Vera; Dingemans, Anne-Marie; Van Meerbeeck, Jan; Barlesi, Fabrice; Wakelee, Heather; Peters, Solange; Horn, Leora; eng; Multicenter Study; Observational Study; England; Lancet Oncol. 2020 Jul;21(7):914-922. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30314-4. Epub 2020 Jun 12. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 33% of COVID-19 patients died. | Death was associated with a history of smoking. | 74% of patients received cancer treatment. | Receiving chemotherapy treatment alone was not associated with death after adjusting for age, smoking status, hypertension, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | Methods: Cross-section analysis of 200 COVID-19 patients with thoracic cancer within the TERAVOLT registry, eight European countries, March 26-April 12, 2020. Limitations: Small sample of patients; non-randomized study. | Implications of 3 studies (Kuderer et al., Lee et al. & Garassino et al.): Although a high percentage of cancer patients with SARS-CoV-2 die, risk of death was not associated with receipt of cancer treatment. Higher mortality is associated with same risks seen in noncancer patients (age, gender, comorbidities). SN - 1474-5488 (Electronic); 1470-2045 (Linking) SP - 914-922 ST - COVID-19 in patients with thoracic malignancies (TERAVOLT): first results of an international, registry-based, cohort study T2 - Lancet Oncol TI - COVID-19 in patients with thoracic malignancies (TERAVOLT): first results of an international, registry-based, cohort study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32539942 VL - 21 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 440 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Data on people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) in the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is still scarce. This case series of 33 PLWH patients with COVID-19 reveals symptoms and outcome in this special population. Three out of 32 patients with documented outcome died (9%). However, 91% of the patients recovered and 76% have been classified as mild cases, indicating that there is no excess morbidity and mortality among PLWH with symptomatic COVID-19. All patients were on antiretroviral treatment, of them 22 on tenofovir-containing regimen, and 4 on the protease inhibitor darunavir.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementNo funding available.Author DeclarationsAll relevant ethical guidelines have been followed; any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained and details of the IRB/oversight body are included in the manuscript.YesAll necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThe datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. AD - Medicover Ulm MVZ, Munsterplatz 6, 89073, Ulm, Germany. ghaerter@gmx.de. | School of Medicine, Department of Medicine II, Technical University of Munich, University Hospital Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munchen, Germany. | Sektion Klinische Infektiologie, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universitat, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Pettenkoferstrasse 8a, 80336, Munchen, Germany. | German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Munich, Munchen, Germany. | Infektiologikum Frankfurt, Stresemannallee 3, D-60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. | Zentrum fur Infektiologie Berlin/Prenzelberg, Driesener Str. 11, 10439, Berlin, Germany. | MVZ Karlsplatz Munchen, Karlsplatz 8, 80335, Munchen, Germany. | MVZ Innere Medizin Koln, Hohenstaufenring 59, 50674, Koln, Germany. | Prinzmed, Sendlinger-Tor-Platz 8, 80336, Munchen, Germany. | Department of Infection Medicine, Medical Care Center, MVZ Clotten, Berliner Allee 29, 79110, Freiburg, Germany. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine II, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Strasse 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany. | , Stuttgart, Germany. | , Koln, Germany. | ICH Study Center Hamburg, Glockengiesserwall 1, 20095, Hamburg, Germany. | University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3, 24105, Kiel, Germany. AN - 32394344 AU - Härter, Georg | Spinner, Christoph D. | Roider, Julia | Bickel, Markus | Krznaric, Ivanka | Grunwald, Stephan | Schabaz, Farhad | Gillor, Daniel | Postel, Nils | Mueller, Matthias C. | Müller, Markus | Römer, Katja | Schewe, Knud | Hoffmann, Christian C1 - 2020-05-12 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051220_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1101/2020.04.28.20073767 ET - 2020/05/13 IS - 5 KW - Adult | Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active | Betacoronavirus/drug effects/immunology/*pathogenicity | Covid-19 | Coinfection | Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy/mortality/pathology/*virology | Darunavir/*therapeutic use | Female | HIV/drug effects/immunology/*pathogenicity | HIV Infections/drug therapy/mortality/pathology/*virology | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy/mortality/pathology/*virology | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 | Severity of Illness Index | Survival Analysis | Tenofovir/*therapeutic use | Viral Load/drug effects | Aids | Antiretroviral therapy | HIV infection L1 - internal-pdf://4019212100/Härter-2020-COVID-19 in people living with hum.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Harter, Georg | Spinner, Christoph D | Roider, Julia | Bickel, Markus | Krznaric, Ivanka | Grunwald, Stephan | Schabaz, Farhad | Gillor, Daniel | Postel, Nils | Mueller, Matthias C | Muller, Markus | Romer, Katja | Schewe, Knud | Hoffmann, Christian | eng | Germany | Infection. 2020 Oct;48(5):681-686. doi: 10.1007/s15010-020-01438-z. Epub 2020 May 11. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among 33 people with HIV (PWH), COVID-19 was mild in 25 (76%), severe in 3 (9%), and critical in 6 (18%) (Figure). | 30 patients (91%) recovered and 3 (9%) died; all who died had critical COVID-19 and either poorly controlled HIV or multiple comorbidities. | All patients were on antiretroviral therapy; 31 (94%) were virally suppressed (HIV RNA <50 copies/mL). | 20 patients (60%) had comorbidities, including hypertension, COPD, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, or renal insufficiency. | Methods: Retrospective analysis of 33 PWH diagnosed with COVID-19 between March 11 and April 17, 2020 in 12 German HIV centers. Disease severity was classified as mild, severe, or critical. Most recent and lowest ever CD4 lymphocyte count, most recent HIV RNA level, current antiretroviral regimen, and comorbidities were recorded. Limitations: Only symptomatic patients were documented; uncontrolled case-series with limited follow-up. | Implications: People with well-controlled HIV generally do not appear to experience excess disease severity or mortality from COVID-19. | SN - 1439-0973 (Electronic) | 0300-8126 (Linking) SP - 2020.04.28.20073767 ST - COVID-19 in people living with human immunodeficiency virus: A case series of 33 patients T2 - medRxiv TI - COVID-19 in people living with human immunodeficiency virus: A case series of 33 patients TT - Published article: COVID-19 in people living with human immunodeficiency virus: a case series of 33 patients UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2020/05/01/2020.04.28.20073767.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/05/01/2020.04.28.20073767.full.pdf VL - 48 ID - 2004 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVE: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Several reports highlighted the risk of infection and disease in pregnant women and neonates. To assess the risk of clinical complications in pregnant women and neonates infected with SARS-CoV-2 carrying out a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. DATA SOURCES: Search of the scientific evidence was performed using the engines PubMed and Scopus, including articles published from December 2019 to 15 April 2020. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Only observational studies focused on the assessment of clinical outcomes associated with pregnancy in COVID-19 women were selected. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS: The first screening was based on the assessment of titles and abstracts, followed by the evaluation of full-texts. Qualitative variables were summarized with frequencies, whereas quantitative variables with central and variability indicators depending on their parametric distribution. Forest plots were used to describe point estimates and in-between studies variability. Study quality assessment was performed. RESULTS: Thirteen studies were selected. All of them were carried out in China. The mean (SD) age and gestational age of pregnant women were 30.3 (1.5) years and 35.9 (2.9) weeks, respectively. The mean (SD) duration from the first symptoms to the hospital admission and to labour were 5.5 (2.0) and 9.5 (8.7) days, respectively. Patients mainly complained of fever and cough (pooled (95 % CI) proportions were 76.0 % (57.0 %-90.0 %) and 38.0 (28.0 %-47.0 %), respectively). Several antibiotics, antivirals, and corticosteroids were prescribed in different combinations. The pooled prevalence of maternal complications and of caesarean section were 45.0 % (95 % CI: 24.0 %-67.0 %) and 88.0 % (95 %CI: 82.0 %-94.0 %). A proportion of pregnant women less than 20 % were admitted to ICU. The pooled proportion of preterm infants was 23.0 % (95 %CI: 11.0 %-39.0 %). The most frequent neonatal complications were pneumonia and respiratory distress syndrome. The pooled percentage of infected neonates was 6.0 % (95 %CI: 2.0 %-12.0 %). CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggests a high rate of maternal and neonatal complications in infected individuals. However, the current scientific evidence highlights a low risk of neonatal infection. Multicentre, cohort studies are needed to better elucidate the role of SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy. AD - Gynecologic and Obstetric Clinic, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy. | Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy. | Respiratory Unit and Cystic Fibrosis Adult Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy. | Respiratory Unit, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Department of Health Sciences, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. | Gynecologic and Obstetric Clinic, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy. | Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy. Electronic address: gsotgiu@uniss.it. AN - 32713730 AU - Capobianco, G. | Saderi, L. | Aliberti, S. | Mondoni, M. | Piana, A. | Dessole, F. | Dessole, M. | Cherchi, P. L. | Dessole, S. | Sotgiu, G. C1 - 2020-07-31 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/073120_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.07.006 ET - 2020/07/28 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Cesarean Section/statistics & numerical data | China/epidemiology | Coronavirus Infections/*complications/transmission/virology | Female | Humans | Infant, Newborn | Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/statistics & numerical data | Observational Studies as Topic | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications/transmission/virology | Pregnancy | Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/*virology | Pregnancy Outcome/*epidemiology | Premature Birth/epidemiology/virology | SARS-CoV-2 | Neonate | Vertical transmission | conflict of interest L1 - internal-pdf://1566397693/Capobianco-2020-COVID-19 in pregnant women_ A.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Capobianco, Giampiero; Saderi, Laura; Aliberti, Stefano; Mondoni, Michele; Piana, Andrea; Dessole, Francesco; Dessole, Margherita; Cherchi, Pier Luigi; Dessole, Salvatore; Sotgiu, Giovanni; eng; Meta-Analysis; Systematic Review; Ireland; Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2020 Sep;252:543-558. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.07.006. Epub 2020 Jul 16. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Meta-analysis concluding high rates of maternal and neonatal complications in infected individuals, but low risk of neonatal infection. SN - 1872-7654 (Electronic); 0301-2115 (Linking) SP - 543-558 ST - COVID-19 in pregnant women: A systematic review and meta-analysis T2 - Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol TI - COVID-19 in pregnant women: A systematic review and meta-analysis UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32713730 VL - 252 ID - 613 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In mid-March 2020, the first case of novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) was diagnosed at Riker’s Island, the main jail complex in New York City. Within 2 weeks, more than 200 cases were diagnosed within the facility, despite efforts to curb the spread. The situation at the Cook County jail in Chicago is similar, with about 350 incarcerated persons and staff members testing positive for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus as of early April 2020. Many other jails and prisons have reported outbreaks of COVID-19 and related deaths.Prior viral epidemics have wrought havoc in carceral settings. An account from San Quentin prison detailing the Spanish influenza of 1918 estimated that half of the 1900 inmates contracted the disease during the first wave of the epidemic; sick calls increased from 150 to 700 daily. Contrary to protocol, most of the ill were kept in the general prison population because the hospital ward was full. AD - Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, Massachusetts. | Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. | Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York. AN - 32343355 AU - Hawks, L. | Woolhandler, S. | McCormick, D. C1 - 2020-05-01 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050120_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 1 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.1856 ET - 2020/04/29 IS - 8 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Communicable Disease Control/organization & administration | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Health Services Accessibility/*statistics & numerical data | *Health Status Disparities | Humans | Long-Term Care/organization & administration | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | Prisoners/*statistics & numerical data | Prisons/*organization & administration | SARS-CoV-2 | United States L1 - internal-pdf://2920656621/Hawks-2020-COVID-19 in Prisons and Jails in th.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Hawks, Laura; Woolhandler, Steffie; McCormick, Danny; eng; JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Aug 1;180(8):1041-1042. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.1856. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: On challenges of COVID-19 control in US prisons and jails, including difficulty with social distancing, ability to accommodate surge in sick calls, controlling outbreaks once they occur, and preparing release into the community. SN - 2168-6114 (Electronic); 2168-6106 (Linking) SP - 1041-1042 ST - COVID-19 in Prisons and Jails in the United States T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - COVID-19 in Prisons and Jails in the United States UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32343355 VL - 180 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 110 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Following emergency use authorization in December 2020, the Coronavirus Efficacy (COVE) trial was amended to an open-label phase, where participants were unblinded and those randomized to placebo were offered vaccination. Emergence of the delta variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been associated with increased incidences of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) among unvaccinated and vaccinated persons. This exploratory analysis evaluated the incidence and genetic sequences of Covid-19 cases in the ongoing COVE trial during the open-label phase, with a focus on July-August 2021, when delta-variants surged in the US.Methods Covid-19 cases were identified in participants initially randomized to mRNA-1273 (vaccinated from July-December 2020) and those initially randomized to the placebo (vaccinated December 2020-April 2021) who received at least one dose and were SARS-CoV-2-negative at baseline in the modified-intent-to-treat population were analyzed. Included were Covid-19 cases occurring after 26-Mar-2021 with positive RT-PCR results in nasopharyngeal samples (central lab test) and reported Covid-19 symptoms. Genetic sequencing of Covid-19 cases was also performed.Results There were 14,746 participants in the earlier mRNA-1273 (mRNA-1273e) group and 11,431 in the later placebo-mRNA1273 (mRNA-1273p) group. Covid-19 cases increased from the start of the open-label phase to July-August 2021. During July and August, 162 Covid-19 cases occurred in the mRNA-1273e group and 88 in the mRNA-1273p group. Of the cases sequenced, 144/149 [97%]) in the mRNA-1273 and 86/88 (99%) in the mRNA-1273p groups were attributed to delta. The incidence rate of Covid-19 was lower for the mRNA-1273p (49.0/1000 person-years) versus mRNA-1273e (77.1/1000 person-years) group [36.4% (95% CI 17.1%-51.5%) reduction]. There were fewer severe Covid-19 cases in the mRNA-1273p (6; 6.2/1000 person-years) than mRNA-1273e (13; 3.3/1000 person-years) [46.0% (95% CI �?2.4%-83.2%) reduction]. Three Covid-19 related hospitalizations occurred with two resulting deaths in the mRNA-1273e group.Conclusion Incidence rates of Covid-19 and severe Covid-19 were lower during the months when delta was the dominant variant (July/August 2021) among COVE participants vaccinated more recently. Analysis of COVID-19 cases from the open-label phase of the COVE study is ongoing.Competing Interest StatementDr. Baden reports being funded by the NIH to conduct clinical trials in collaboration with Crucell/Janssen and Moderna; Dr. El Sahly reports grants from National Institutes of Health during the conduct of the study; Dr. Follmann has nothing to disclose; Dr. Neuzil, reports receiving grant support from Pfizer; Drs. August, Deng, Han, Leav, Talarico Pajon, Girard, Paila, Tomassini, Schodel, Zhou, Das and Miller, and Ms Clouting and Fortier and Mr Zhao, report being employees of Moderna, Inc. and may hold stock/stock options in the company.Clinical TrialclinicalTrials.gov NCT04470427Funding StatementModerna Inc. Moderna, Inc. Also supported by the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (contract 75A50120C00034) and by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). The NIAID provides grant funding to the HIV Vaccine Trials Network (HVTN) Leadership and Operations Center (UM1 AI 68614HVTN), the Statistics and Data Management Center (UM1 AI 68635), the HVTN Laboratory Center (UM1 AI 68618), the HIV Prevention Trials Network Leadership and Operations Center (UM1 AI 68619), the AIDS Clinical Trials Group Leadership and Operations Center (UM1 AI 68636), and the Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Consortium leadership group 5 (UM1 AI148684-03.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The trial is conduc ed in accordance with the International Council for Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use, Good Clinical Practice Guidance, and applicable government regulations. The central Institutional Review Board/Ethics Committee, Advarra, Inc., 6100 Merriweather Drive, Columbia, MD 21044 approved the protocol and consent forms. All participants provided written informed consent.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAs the trial is ongoing, access to patient-level data and supporting clinical documents with qualified external researchers may be available upon request and subject to review once the trial is complete. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33378609 AU - Baden, Lindsey R. | El Sahly, Hana M. | Essink, Brandon | Follmann, Dean | Neuzil, Kathleen M. | August, Allison | Clouting, Heather | Fortier, Gabrielle | Deng, Weiping | Han, Shu | Zhao, Xiaoping | Leav, Brett | Talarico, Carla | Girard, Bethany | Paila, Yamuna D. | Tomassini, Joanne E. | Schödel, Florian | Pajon, Rolando | Zhou, Honghong | Das, Rituparna | Miller, Jacqueline C1 - 2021-10-01 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10012021_covidupdate.html#anchor_Variants DO - 10.1101/2021.09.17.21263624 L1 - internal-pdf://3508622593/Baden-2021-Covid-19 in the Phase 3 Trial of mR.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; During the Delta variant surge, rates of COVID-19 were reduced by 36.4% (95% CI 17.1-51.5) and severe illness by 46% (95% CI -52.4-83.2) among adults vaccinated with mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccine more recently, compared with those vaccinated earlier. | Reductions in the rate of infection were more pronounced in persons aged <65 years, but reductions in the rate of severe illness were more pronounced among persons aged �?5 years. | Methods: Using data from the randomized Coronavirus Efficacy (COVE) mRNA-1273 vaccine trial, rates of COVID-19 and severe COVID-19 illness were assessed during July 1–August 27, 2021 in an intention-to-treat analysis. Outcomes among adult participants vaccinated earlier (July–December 2020; N = 14,746) were compared to those vaccinated more recently (December 2020–April 2021; N = 11,431). Limitations: Short follow up time (2 months). | | Implications: During the months when Delta was the dominant COVID-19 variant, rates of COVID-19 and severe illness were lower among persons who were more recently vaccinated. Reevaluation after longer follow-up is needed. | SP - 2021.09.17.21263624 ST - Covid-19 in the Phase 3 Trial of mRNA-1273 During the Delta-variant Surge T2 - medRxiv TI - Covid-19 in the Phase 3 Trial of mRNA-1273 During the Delta-variant Surge UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/09/22/2021.09.17.21263624.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/09/22/2021.09.17.21263624.full.pdf ID - 2415 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, case and death rates in US prisons substantially exceeded national rates. Prison systems subsequently reported adopting several policies to contain COVID-19 spread, including limiting social interactions, distributing personal protective equipment, and expediting prisoner releases, although failures of infection prevention and control have been documented. We examined COVID-19 cases and deaths among US federal and state prisoners during the first 52 weeks of the pandemic and compared these rates with the overall US population, updating a previously published report analyzing COVID-19 incidence and mortality in prisons through June 6, 2020. AD - University of Washington Department of Sociology, Seattle. | Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland. | Yale Law School, New Haven, Connecticut. | University of California Los Angeles School of Law, Los Angeles. AN - 34613335 AU - Marquez, Neal | Ward, Julie A. | Parish, Kalind | Saloner, Brendan | Dolovich, Sharon C1 - 2021-10-22 C2 - PMC8495600 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10222021_covidupdate.html#anchor_HealthEquity DA - Oct 6 DO - 10.1001/jama.2021.17575 ET - 2021/10/07 L1 - internal-pdf://0961237866/Marquez-2021-COVID-19 Incidence and Mortality.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Marquez, Neal | Ward, Julie A | Parish, Kalind | Saloner, Brendan | Dolovich, Sharon | eng | JAMA. 2021 Oct 6. pii: 2784944. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.17575. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Incarcerated persons were over 3 times as likely to contract COVID-19 (cumulative incidence rate ratio [cIRR] 3.3, 95% CI 3.3-3.3) and over twice as likely to die from COVID-19 (cumulative mortality rate ratio [cMRR] 2.5 95% CI 2.3-2.7) compared to the general population. | Methods: COVID-19 case and death rates among prisoners in all 50 state prison systems and the Federal Bureau of Prisons were compared to U.S. population rates using data from the UCLA Law COVID Behind Bars Project and Vera Institute. Cumulative incidence and mortality rates were calculated and adjusted for age and sex. Limitations: Differential testing rates may have influenced incidence and mortality ratios. | | Implications: Policies and approaches to prevent COVID-19 among incarcerated persons should be prioritized. SN - 0098-7484 ST - COVID-19 Incidence and Mortality in Federal and State Prisons Compared With the US Population, April 5, 2020, to April 3, 2021 T2 - JAMA TI - COVID-19 Incidence and Mortality in Federal and State Prisons Compared With the US Population, April 5, 2020, to April 3, 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.17575 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/2784944/jama_marquez_2021_ld_210068_1633439802.80572.pdf Y2 - 10/25/2021 ID - 2513 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: Nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) mitigate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Essential workplaces remained open during COVID-19, but few US-based settings detail outcomes. Methods: Mercury Systems is a US-based manufacturing company that remained open during COVID-19. NPIs-distancing, masking, hand hygiene, ventilation-were successively deployed from March to August 2020. The company expanded sick leave, asked employees to report work outages from illness, and administered employee satisfaction surveys. Three sites in Arizona, Southern California, and New Hampshire administered testing campaigns via reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of nasal swabs in late July to early August for all employees at work or at home self-isolating due to symptoms. Descriptive statistics summarized findings. Results: Among 586 employees at 3 sites, only 1.5% employees developed severe illness over the study duration. Testing campaigns revealed 44 with positive PCR results at a cycle threshold (CT) <37 (likely infectious) and 61 with a CT >/=37 (low-level viral load). True positivity rates were consistent with community prevalence at the time: 1.1% in New Hampshire, 6.2% in California, 12.9% in Arizona. Of all employees with positive tests, 99% were asymptomatic. Employee surveys showed high satisfaction. Conclusions: In a multisite US company that instituted NPIs for COVID-19 mitigation, the proportion of asymptomatic COVID-19 infections on surveillance testing was high (99%). Although surges in community transmission were seen in 2 sites during the study, employee prevalence reflected community prevalence, despite daily workplace presence. This study demonstrates that NPIs likely mitigate severe COVID-19 illness, that PCR tests should incorporate CT values, and that expanded sick leave likely encourages self-isolation, suggesting strategies for work re-openings. AD - Mercury Systems Inc, Andover, Massachusetts, USA. | Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of San Francisco, California (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA. AN - 33880391 AU - Haigh, K. Z. | Gandhi, M. C1 - 2021-04-30 C2 - Protection in Healthcare and Non-Healthcare Work Settings CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04302021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr DO - 10.1093/ofid/ofab086 ET - 2021/04/22 IS - 4 KW - Covid-19 | asymptomatic infection | masking | mitigation | nonpharmaceutical interventions | workplace safety L1 - internal-pdf://1237634896/Haigh-2021-COVID-19 Mitigation With Appropriat.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Haigh, Karen Z; Gandhi, Monica; eng; Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021 Feb 22;8(4):ofab086. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofab086. eCollection 2021 Apr. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among workers at 3 manufacturing facility sites that implemented non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) early in the pandemic, a single-day testing campaign found 7.5% of on-site employees tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and 10.4% had inconclusive results. | Rates of infection were highest at the site with the highest community case prevalence and lowest at the site with the lowest community case prevalence. | Among employees with positive or inconclusive tests, 99% were asymptomatic when tested. | Methods: Single day PCR testing of 586 on-site employees at 3 manufacturing plants in Arizona, California, and New Hampshire between July and August 2020. NPIs began in January 2020 and included travel restrictions, handwashing, masking, HEPA filtration, on-site screening, expanded sick leave, requested self-isolation for symptoms, paid quarantine for COVID-19 illness and exposure, workbench shields, one-way walking paths, employee spacing, and availability of face shields and KN95 masks. Limitations: Compliance with NPIs not assessed; findings may not be generalizable. | Implications: In manufacturing settings with robust NPI, transmission was limited; however, screening testing suggests that asymptomatic cases may be missed. SN - 2328-8957 (Print); 2328-8957 (Linking) SP - ofab086 ST - COVID-19 Mitigation With Appropriate Safety Measures in an Essential Workplace: Lessons for Opening Work Settings in the United States During COVID-19 T2 - Open Forum Infect Dis TI - COVID-19 Mitigation With Appropriate Safety Measures in an Essential Workplace: Lessons for Opening Work Settings in the United States During COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33880391 VL - 8 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1704 ER - TY - JOUR AD - From the Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD. AN - 32905667 AU - Shuren, J. | Stenzel, T. C1 - 2020-09-18 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091820_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 22 DO - 10.1056/NEJMp2023830 ET - 2020/09/10 IS - 17 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | *Clinical Laboratory Techniques/methods/standards | Consumer Product Safety | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis | False Positive Reactions | Humans | *Molecular Diagnostic Techniques | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis | SARS-CoV-2 | Sensitivity and Specificity | United States | United States Food and Drug Administration L1 - internal-pdf://4023218508/Shuren-2020-Covid-19 Molecular Diagnostic Test.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Shuren, Jeffrey; Stenzel, Timothy; eng; N Engl J Med. 2020 Oct 22;383(17):e97. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2023830. Epub 2020 Sep 9. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Perspective from two senior FDA officials that describes the Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) changes for SARS-CoV-2 testing and provides recommendations for future EUAs during pandemics. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - e97 ST - Covid-19 Molecular Diagnostic Testing - Lessons Learned T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Covid-19 Molecular Diagnostic Testing - Lessons Learned UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32905667 VL - 383 ID - 907 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Substantial racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19 mortality have been observed at the state and national levels. However, less is known about how race and ethnicity and neighborhood-level disadvantage may intersect to contribute to both COVID-19 mortality and excess mortality during the pandemic. To assess this potential interaction of race and ethnicity with neighborhood disadvantage, we link death certificate data from Minnesota from the period 2017?20 to the Area Deprivation Index to examine hyperlocal disparities in mortality. Black, Indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) standardized COVID-19 mortality was 459 deaths per 100,000 population in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods compared with 126 per 100,000 in the most advantaged. Total mortality increased in 2020 by 14 percent for non-Hispanic White people and 41 percent for BIPOC. Statistical decompositions show that most of this growth in racial and ethnic disparity is associated with mortality gaps between White people and communities of color within the same levels of area disadvantage, rather than with the fact that White people live in more advantaged areas. Policy interventions to reduce COVID-19 mortality must consider neighborhood context. AD - Elizabeth Wrigley-Field (ewf@umn.edu) is an assistant professor in the Department of Sociology and the Minnesota Population Center, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, in Minneapolis, Minnesota. | Sarah Garcia is a PhD candidate in the Department of Sociology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities. | Jonathon P. Leider is a senior lecturer in the Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and an associate faculty member at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, in Baltimore, Maryland. | David Van Riper is the director of spatial analysis at the Institute for Social Research and Data Innovation, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities. AN - 34524913 AU - Wrigley-Field, Elizabeth | Garcia, Sarah | Leider, Jonathon P. | Van Riper, David C1 - 2021-09-24 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09242021_covidupdate.html#anchor_HealthEquity DA - Sep 15 DO - 10.1377/hlthaff.2021.00365 ET - 2021/09/16 L1 - internal-pdf://3933328349/hlthaff.2021.00365.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Wrigley-Field, Elizabeth | Garcia, Sarah | Leider, Jonathon P | Van Riper, David | eng | Health Aff (Millwood). 2021 Sep 15:101377hlthaff202100365. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2021.00365. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Total mortality increased 41% among non-White BIPOC (Black, Indigenous, People of Color) populations and 14% among non-Hispanic White populations from 2017�?019 to 2020 in Minnesota. | Excess deaths directly attributed to COVID-19 were over 3 times higher in neighborhoods with the most disadvantage (Area Deprivation Index [ADI] of 10; 75/100,000) compared to those with the least disadvantage (ADI of 1; 23/100,000) (Figure). | Methods: Total mortality and COVID-19 mortality were examined over time by race/ethnicity and census tract. Area Deprivation Index (a composite of poverty, housing, employment, and education measures collected by the Census Bureau American Community Survey) and geography (metro/non-metro). Limitations: Possible cause of death misclassification may have resulted in an undercount of total COVID-19 mortality, and differences by race and geography. | | Implications: Interventions to reduce COVID-19 mortality and address health disparities may need to consider neighborhood contexts. SN - 0278-2715 SP - 10.1377/hlthaff.2021.00365 ST - COVID-19 Mortality At The Neighborhood Level: Racial And Ethnic Inequalities Deepened In Minnesota In 2020 T2 - Health Aff (Millwood) TI - COVID-19 Mortality At The Neighborhood Level: Racial And Ethnic Inequalities Deepened In Minnesota In 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2021.00365 Y2 - 2021/09/27 ID - 2361 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Objective To estimate COVID-19 and pre-pandemic low respiratory infection (LRI) mortality in children and young people in Mexico.Material and methods We estimated the percentage of total mortality attributable to COVID-19 (95% confidence intervals; 95%CI) and corresponding estimates for pre-pandemic LRI mortality.Results In 2019, LRIs represented 8.6% (95%CI 8.3, 8.9) of deaths in children 0-9 years and 2.0% (95%CI 1.8, 2.3) in those aged 10-19 years. In 2020, corresponding estimates for COVID-19 were 4.4% (95%CI 4.1, 4.6) and 3.7% (95%CI 3.4, 4.1).Conclusions Relative to LRI, COVID-19 may be exerting considerable mortality burden, particularly in older children and adolescents.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding Statementno external funding was receivedAuthor DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:We used publicly available dataAll necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll data are publicly available AU - Stern, Dalia | de la Garza, Eduardo Arias | Garc�Ta-Romero, Mar�Ta Teresa | Lajous, Martin C1 - 2021-09-17 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09172021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1101/2021.09.01.21262981 L1 - internal-pdf://3592522809/Stern-2021-COVID-19 mortality in children and.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In 2020, COVID-19 accounted for 4.4% (95% CI 4.1%-4.6%) of deaths in children ages 0�? years and 3.7% (95% CI 3.4%-4.1%) in adolescents ages 10�?9 years in Mexico. From January 2020 to July 2021, the largest increase in cumulative COVID-19 mortality was among children <1 year and adolescents 15�?9 years. SP - 2021.09.01.21262981 ST - COVID-19 mortality in children and young people in Mexico T2 - medRxiv TI - COVID-19 mortality in children and young people in Mexico UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/09/05/2021.09.01.21262981.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/09/05/2021.09.01.21262981.full.pdf ID - 2320 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Individuals with cancer, particularly those who are receiving systemic anticancer treatments, have been postulated to be at increased risk of mortality from COVID-19. This conjecture has considerable effect on the treatment of patients with cancer and data from large, multicentre studies to support this assumption are scarce because of the contingencies of the pandemic. We aimed to describe the clinical and demographic characteristics and COVID-19 outcomes in patients with cancer. METHODS: In this prospective observational study, all patients with active cancer and presenting to our network of cancer centres were eligible for enrolment into the UK Coronavirus Cancer Monitoring Project (UKCCMP). The UKCCMP is the first COVID-19 clinical registry that enables near real-time reports to frontline doctors about the effects of COVID-19 on patients with cancer. Eligible patients tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 on RT-PCR assay from a nose or throat swab. We excluded patients with a radiological or clinical diagnosis of COVID-19, without a positive RT-PCR test. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality, or discharge from hospital, as assessed by the reporting sites during the patient hospital admission. FINDINGS: From March 18, to April 26, 2020, we analysed 800 patients with a diagnosis of cancer and symptomatic COVID-19. 412 (52%) patients had a mild COVID-19 disease course. 226 (28%) patients died and risk of death was significantly associated with advancing patient age (odds ratio 9.42 [95% CI 6.56-10.02]; p<0.0001), being male (1.67 [1.19-2.34]; p=0.003), and the presence of other comorbidities such as hypertension (1.95 [1.36-2.80]; p<0.001) and cardiovascular disease (2.32 [1.47-3.64]). 281 (35%) patients had received cytotoxic chemotherapy within 4 weeks before testing positive for COVID-19. After adjusting for age, gender, and comorbidities, chemotherapy in the past 4 weeks had no significant effect on mortality from COVID-19 disease, when compared with patients with cancer who had not received recent chemotherapy (1.18 [0.81-1.72]; p=0.380). We found no significant effect on mortality for patients with immunotherapy, hormonal therapy, targeted therapy, radiotherapy use within the past 4 weeks. INTERPRETATION: Mortality from COVID-19 in cancer patients appears to be principally driven by age, gender, and comorbidities. We are not able to identify evidence that cancer patients on cytotoxic chemotherapy or other anticancer treatment are at an increased risk of mortality from COVID-19 disease compared with those not on active treatment. FUNDING: University of Birmingham, University of Oxford. AD - Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre for Computational Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. Electronic address: l.lee.2@bham.ac.uk. | Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre for Computational Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. | The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. | Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. | Centre for Computational Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. | Institute of Translational Medicine, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK. | Cancer Research Clinical Research Facility, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. | Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. | Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK. | Centre for Computational Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Advanced Research Computing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. | Department of Cancer Imaging, King's College London, London, UK. | Nuffield Division of Clinical and Laboratory Services, Oxford University, Oxford, UK. | UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK. | University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK. | Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre for Computational Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. | St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. | Department of Oncology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. | The Clatterbridge Cancer Centre, Wirral, UK. | St George's University of London, London, UK. | Bart's Cancer Institute, London, UK. | University of Birmingham Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. | Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. | Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. | Department of Oncology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK. | Consultancy Support, Oxford, UK. | Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK. | Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. AN - 32473682 AU - Lee, L. Y. | Cazier, J. B. | Angelis, V. | Arnold, R. | Bisht, V. | Campton, N. A. | Chackathayil, J. | Cheng, V. W. | Curley, H. M. | Fittall, M. W. | Freeman-Mills, L. | Gennatas, S. | Goel, A. | Hartley, S. | Hughes, D. J. | Kerr, D. | Lee, A. J. | Lee, R. J. | McGrath, S. E. | Middleton, C. P. | Murugaesu, N. | Newsom-Davis, T. | Okines, A. F. | Olsson-Brown, A. C. | Palles, C. | Pan, Y. | Pettengell, R. | Powles, T. | Protheroe, E. A. | Purshouse, K. | Sharma-Oates, A. | Sivakumar, S. | Smith, A. J. | Starkey, T. | Turnbull, C. D. | Varnai, C. | Yousaf, N. | U. K. Coronavirus Monitoring Project Team | Kerr, R. | Middleton, G. C1 - 2020-06-26 C2 - Clinical Outcomes of Patients with Cancer and COVID-19 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/062620_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 20 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31173-9 ET - 2020/06/01 IS - 10241 KW - Age Factors | Aged | Antineoplastic Agents/*therapeutic use | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Cause of Death | Comorbidity | Coronavirus Infections/*complications/*mortality | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Neoplasms/*complications/*drug therapy/mortality | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications/*mortality | Prospective Studies | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | Sex Factors L1 - internal-pdf://3180052990/Lee-2020-COVID-19 mortality in patients with c.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Lee, Lennard Yw; Cazier, Jean-Baptiste; Angelis, Vasileios; Arnold, Roland; Bisht, Vartika; Campton, Naomi A; Chackathayil, Julia; Cheng, Vinton Wt; Curley, Helen M; Fittall, Matthew W; Freeman-Mills, Luke; Gennatas, Spyridon; Goel, Anshita; Hartley, Simon; Hughes, Daniel J; Kerr, David; Lee, Alvin Jx; Lee, Rebecca J; McGrath, Sophie E; Middleton, Christopher P; Murugaesu, Nirupa; Newsom-Davis, Thomas; Okines, Alicia Fc; Olsson-Brown, Anna C; Palles, Claire; Pan, Yi; Pettengell, Ruth; Powles, Thomas; Protheroe, Emily A; Purshouse, Karin; Sharma-Oates, Archana; Sivakumar, Shivan; Smith, Ashley J; Starkey, Thomas; Turnbull, Chris D; Varnai, Csilla; Yousaf, Nadia; Kerr, Rachel; Middleton, Gary; eng; Observational Study; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Lancet. 2020 Jun 20;395(10241):1919-1926. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31173-9. Epub 2020 May 28. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 28% of COVID-19 patients with active cancer died. | Death was associated with increased age, male sex, and comorbidities. | 65% received cancer treatment within 4 weeks of COVID-19 diagnosis. | Receiving cancer treatment was not associated with death (Figure). | Methods: Retrospective cohort study from 55 cancer centers of 800 UK patients with active cancer and SARS-CoV-2 infection diagnosed by RT-PCR NP swab, March 1-April 26, 2020. Limitations: Non-randomized study; short follow-up period. | Implications of 3 studies (Kuderer et al., Lee et al. & Garassino et al.): Although a high percentage of cancer patients with SARS-CoV-2 die, risk of death was not associated with receipt of cancer treatment. Higher mortality is associated with same risks seen in noncancer patients (age, gender, comorbidities). SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 1919-1926 ST - COVID-19 mortality in patients with cancer on chemotherapy or other anticancer treatments: a prospective cohort study T2 - Lancet TI - COVID-19 mortality in patients with cancer on chemotherapy or other anticancer treatments: a prospective cohort study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32473682 VL - 395 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 439 ER - TY - JOUR AD - University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. | University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom. | London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom. | University College London, Health Data Research UK, and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom. AN - 33085509 AU - Clift, A. K. | Coupland, C. A. C. | Keogh, R. H. | Hemingway, H. | Hippisley-Cox, J. C1 - 2020-10-30 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/103020_covidupdate.html DA - Apr DO - 10.7326/M20-4986 ET - 2020/10/22 IS - 4 KW - Adult | Aged | COVID-19/*mortality | Down Syndrome/*complications | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | United Kingdom/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://2378844134/Clift-2021-COVID-19 Mortality Risk in Down Syn.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Clift, Ashley Kieran; Coupland, Carol A C; Keogh, Ruth H; Hemingway, Harry; Hippisley-Cox, Julia; eng; RP-PG-0407-10314/DH_/Department of Health/United Kingdom; MR/M501633/2/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; MR/K006584/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; 05/40/04/DH_/Department of Health/United Kingdom; MC_PC_13041/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; G0902393/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; Letter; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Ann Intern Med. 2021 Apr;174(4):572-576. doi: 10.7326/M20-4986. Epub 2020 Oct 21. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A project undertaken by the UK government estimated a 4-fold increased risk for COVID-19–related hospitalization and a 10-fold increased risk for COVID-19–related death in persons with Down syndrome, a group that is currently not strategically protected. SN - 1539-3704 (Electronic); 0003-4819 (Linking) SP - 572-576 ST - COVID-19 Mortality Risk in Down Syndrome: Results From a Cohort Study of 8 Million Adults T2 - Ann Intern Med TI - COVID-19 Mortality Risk in Down Syndrome: Results From a Cohort Study of 8 Million Adults UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33085509 VL - 174 ID - 1152 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Individuals on immunosuppressive (IS) therapy have increased mortality from SARS-CoV-2 infection, and delayed viral clearance may lead to new viral variants.1 IS therapy reduces antibody responses following COVID-19 messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccination;2�? however, a comprehensive assessment of vaccine immunogenicity is lacking. Here we show that IS therapy reduced neutralizing, binding, and non-neutralizing antibody functions in addition to CD4 and CD8 T cell IFN-��responses following COVID-19 mRNA vaccination compared to immunocompetent individuals. Moreover, IS therapy reduced cross-reactivity against SARS-CoV-2 variants. These data suggest that the current COVID-19 mRNA vaccine regimens will likely not provide optimal protection in immunocompromised individuals. AD - Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. | Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. | Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. | Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA. | Transplant Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. AN - 34792136 AU - Collier, Ai-Ris Y. | Yu, Jingyou | McMahan, Katherine | Liu, Jinyan | Atyeo, Caroline | Ansel, Jessica L. | Fricker, Zachary P. | Pavlakis, Martha | Curry, Michael P. | Jacob-Dolan, Catherine | Patel, Het | Sellers, Daniel | Barrett, Julia | Rowe, Marjorie | Ahmad, Kunza | Gompers, Annika | Aguayo, Ricardo | Chandrashekar, Abishek | Alter, Galit | Hacker, Michele R. | Barouch, Dan H. C1 - 2021-12-03 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/12032021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - Nov 18 DO - 10.1093/infdis/jiab569 ET - 2021/11/19 KW - COVID-19 vaccine | Immunocompromised | SARS-CoV-2 | T cells | vaccine immunogenicity L1 - internal-pdf://0838243933/Collier-2021-COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Immunogenic.pdf LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Collier, Ai-Ris Y | Yu, Jingyou | Mcmahan, Katherine | Liu, Jinyan | Atyeo, Caroline | Ansel, Jessica L | Fricker, Zachary P | Pavlakis, Martha | Curry, Michael P | Jacob-Dolan, Catherine | Patel, Het | Sellers, Daniel | Barrett, Julia | Rowe, Marjorie | Ahmad, Kunza | Gompers, Annika | Aguayo, Ricardo | Chandrashekar, Abishek | Alter, Galit | Hacker, Michele R | Barouch, Dan H | eng | J Infect Dis. 2021 Nov 18. pii: 6430790. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiab569. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination, persons receiving immunosuppressive therapy had lower neutralizing, binding, and non-neutralizing antibody functions than immunocompetent persons. Immunosuppressive therapy was also associated with lower CD4 and CD8 T cell IFN-�� responses and lower cross-reactivity against SARS-CoV-2 variants. SN - 0022-1899 SP - jiab569 ST - COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Immunogenicity in Immunosuppressed Individuals T2 - J Infect Dis TI - COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Immunogenicity in Immunosuppressed Individuals UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiab569 Y2 - 12/6/2021 ID - 2664 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Substantial immunological changes occur throughout pregnancy to render the mother immunologically tolerant to the fetus and allow fetal growth. However, additional local and systemic immunological adaptations also occur, allowing the maternal immune system to continue to protect the dyad against pathogens both during pregnancy and after birth through lactation. This fine balance of tolerance and immunity, along with physiological and hormonal changes, contributes to increased susceptibility to particular infections in pregnancy, including more severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Whether these changes also make pregnant women less responsive to vaccination or induce altered immune responses to vaccination remains incompletely understood. To define potential changes in vaccine response during pregnancy and lactation, we undertook deep sequencing of the humoral vaccine response in a group of pregnant and lactating women and nonpregnant age-matched controls. Vaccine-specific titers were comparable between pregnant women, lactating women, and nonpregnant controls. However, Fc receptor (FcR) binding and antibody effector functions were induced with delayed kinetics in both pregnant and lactating women compared with nonpregnant women after the first vaccine dose, which normalized after the second dose. Vaccine boosting resulted in high FcR-binding titers in breastmilk. These data suggest that pregnancy promotes resistance to generating proinflammatory antibodies and indicates that there is a critical need to follow prime-boost timelines in this vulnerable population to ensure full immunity is attained. AD - Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. | PhD Program in Virology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA. | Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. | Department of Pediatrics, Lurie Center for Autism, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA. | Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA. | Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. | Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. | Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. | Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. | Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. | Maternal and Child Health Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. AN - 34664972 AU - Fasano, Caroline Atyeo | Elizabeth A. DeRiso | Christine Davis | Evan A. Bordt | Rose M. De Guzman | Lydia L. Shook | Lael M. Yonker | Alessio C1 - 2021-10-29 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10292021_covidupdate.html#anchor_Vaccines DA - Oct 27 DO - 10.1126/scitranslmed.abi8631 ET - 2021/10/20 IS - 617 KW - *covid-19 | *COVID-19 Vaccines | Female | Humans | Lactation | Pregnancy | RNA, Messenger | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://1311434265/scitranslmed.abi8631.pdf LB - Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Atyeo, Caroline | DeRiso, Elizabeth A | Davis, Christine | Bordt, Evan A | De Guzman, Rose M | Shook, Lydia L | Yonker, Lael M | Fasano, Alessio | Akinwunmi, Babatunde | Lauffenburger, Douglas A | Elovitz, Michal A | Gray, Kathryn J | Edlow, Andrea G | Alter, Galit | eng | K08 HL146963/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ | R01 HD100022/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ | R37 AI080289/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | R01 AI146785/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | U19 AI135995/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | U01 CA260476/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ | Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | Sci Transl Med. 2021 Oct 27;13(617):eabi8631. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abi8631. Epub 2021 Oct 27. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Overall antibody titers were similar, but functionally distinct, among pregnant, lactating, and non-pregnant women following full vaccination with BNT162b2 (Comirnaty, Pfizer/BioNTech) and mRNA-1273 (Moderna). | Following vaccine dose 1, pregnant and lactating persons had lower post-vaccination Fc receptor (FcR)-binding activity than non-pregnant women (Figure). | Following dose 2, FcR activity was more comparable across groups, but statistically significant differences remained (Figure). | High FcR-binding titers were detected in breastmilk after full vaccination. | Methods: Cohort study of 84 pregnant persons, 31 lactating persons, and 16 non-pregnant women aged 18�?5 years, December 2020–February 2021. Serum specimens collected after 1st or 2nd doses of BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 vaccines (and after both in a subset). SARS-CoV-2-specific anti-spike protein antibodies were assessed. Limitations: Small sample size; antibody responses in different gestational stages not examined; specimen collection timing after 2nd dose was different by vaccine; some patients contributed a specimen at single time point; immunologic indicators of protection from infection or disease are not yet established. | | Implications: Pregnant and lactating persons may have modest immunological responses after the 1st dose of an mRNA vaccine but appear able to mount robust responses after the 2nd dose. Receipt of both primary series vaccine doses is critical for protecting the health of pregnant and lactating persons. SN - 1946-6242 (Electronic) | 1946-6234 (Linking) SP - eabi8631 ST - COVID-19 mRNA vaccines drive differential antibody Fc-functional profiles in pregnant, lactating, and nonpregnant women T2 - Sci Transl Med TI - COVID-19 mRNA vaccines drive differential antibody Fc-functional profiles in pregnant, lactating, and nonpregnant women UR - https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/scitranslmed.abi8631 VL - 13 ID - 2560 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Myocarditis is a leading cause of sudden cardiac death among competitive athletes and may occur without antecedent symptoms. COVID-19-associated myocarditis has been well-described, but the prevalence of myocardial inflammation and fibrosis in young athletes after COVID-19 infection is unknown. Objectives This study sought to evaluate the prevalence and extent of cardiovascular involvement in collegiate athletes that had recently recovered from COVID-19. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of collegiate varsity athletes with prior COVID-19 infection, all of whom underwent cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) prior to resumption of competitive sports in August 2020. Results Twenty-two collegiate athletes with prior COVID-19 infection underwent CMR. The median time from SARS-CoV-2 infection to CMR was 52 days. The mean age was 20.2 years. Athletes represented 8 different varsity sports. This cohort was compared to 22 healthy controls and 22 tactical athlete controls. Most athletes experienced mild illness (N=17, 77%), while the remainder (23%) were asymptomatic. No athletes had abnormal troponin I, electrocardiograms, or LVEF < 50% on echocardiography. Late gadolinium enhancement was found in 9% of collegiate athletes and one athlete (5%) met formal criteria for myocarditis. Conclusions Our study suggests that the prevalence of myocardial inflammation or fibrosis after an asymptomatic or mild course of ambulatory COVID-19 among competitive athletes is modest (9%), but would be missed by ECG, Ti, and strain echocardiography. Future investigation is necessary to further phenotype cardiovascular manifestations of COVID-19 in order to better counsel athletes on return to sports participation. AD - Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA. | Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA. | Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Thomas P. Graham Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Nashville, TN, USA. AN - 32908996 AU - Clark, D. E. | Parikh, A. | Dendy, J. M. | Diamond, A. B. | George-Durrett, K. | Fish, F. A. | Fitch, W. | Hughes, S. G. | Soslow, J. H. C1 - 2020-09-15 C2 - Cardiovascular Disease Among Athletes Recovered from COVID-19 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091520_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 2 DO - 10.1101/2020.08.31.20185140 ET - 2020/09/11 L1 - internal-pdf://2206972945/Clark-2020-COVID-19 Myocardial Pathology Evalu.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Clark, Daniel E; Parikh, Amar; Dendy, Jeffrey M; Diamond, Alex B; George-Durrett, Kristen; Fish, Frank A; Fitch, Warne; Hughes, Sean G; Soslow, Jonathan H; eng; T32 HL007411/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; Preprint; medRxiv. 2020 Sep 2. doi: 10.1101/2020.08.31.20185140. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) of 22 collegiate athletes recovered from mild or asymptomatic COVID-19 was abnormal in 2 (9%) cases athletes. | One had pericarditis with effusion (inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart) and the other had acute myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle) (Figure). | All other cardiac assessments were normal. | Methods: Retrospective study of collegiate athletes with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection at a single Division 1 university in August 2020. Electrocardiogram, troponin I, echocardiogram with strain imaging, and contrasted CMR were performed. Limitations: Small sample; single university. | Implications for 2 studies (Rajpal et al. & Clark et al.): Myocarditis and pericarditis both can increase the risk of life-threatening abnormal cardiac rhythms, especially during strenuous exertion. These preliminary data suggest CMR may be useful to screen for such heart abnormalities following COVID-19 and guide return-to-play decisions. A further review of the cardiovascular effects of COVID-19 is detailed by Capotosto et alexternal icon. SP - 2020.08.31.20185140 ST - COVID-19 Myocardial Pathology Evaluated Through scrEening Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (COMPETE CMR) T2 - medRxiv TI - COVID-19 Myocardial Pathology Evaluated Through scrEening Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (COMPETE CMR) TT - Published article: COVID-19 Myocardial Pathology Evaluation in Athletes With Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (COMPETE CMR) UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32908996 ID - 900 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In a P.1 COVID-19 outbreak in long-term-care, vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infection was 52.5% (95%CI 26.9-69.1%) in residents and 66.2% (95%CI, 2.3-88.3%) in staff. VE against severe illness was 78.6% (95%CI 47.9-91.2) in residents. Two of 19 vaccinated resident cases died. Outbreak management required both vaccination and infection control measures. AD - Infection Prevention and Control Department, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada. | Toronto Public Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. | Responsive Management, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. | Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario. Canada. | Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. | Public Health Ontario Laboratory, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. | National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. | Department of Microbiology, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. | Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. | Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. AN - 34240103 AU - Williams, Chantal | Al-Bargash, Dana | Macalintal, Celeste | Stuart, Rebecca | Seth, Anu | Latham, Julienne | Gitterman, Leah | Fedsin, Stephanie | Godoy, Marion | Kozak, Robert | Guthrie, Jennifer L | Wood, Heidi | McGeer, Allison | Hota, Susy | Rea, Elizabeth C1 - 2021-07-16 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07162021_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 8 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciab617 ET - 2021/07/10 KW - Covid-19 | SARS-CoV-2 | long term care | outbreak | vaccination L1 - internal-pdf://1393614260/Williams-2021-COVID-19 Outbreak Associated wit.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Williams, Chantal | Al-Bargash, Dana | Macalintal, Celeste | Stuart, Rebecca | Seth, Anu | Latham, Julienne | Gitterman, Leah | Fedsin, Stephanie | Godoy, Marion | Kozak, Robert | Guthrie, Jennifer L | Wood, Heidi | McGeer, Allison | Hota, Susy | Rea, Elizabeth | eng | Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Jul 8. pii: 6317716. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab617. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among fully vaccinated residents and staff, 39% (19/48) of residents and 9.3% (4/43) of staff tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 P.1 (Gamma). | Severe illness (hypoxemia, hospitalization, or death) was reported among residents only (12.5%). | Estimated vaccine effectiveness (VE) was 52.5% (95% CI 26.9%-69.1%) among residents, and 66.2% (95% CI 2.3%-88.3%) among staff. | VE against severe illness among residents was 78.6% (95% CI 47.9%-91.2%). | Methods: Outbreak investigation among staff and residents at long-term care facility in late April 2021. As of March 2021, 54% (120/224) of staff and 81% (100/121) residents were fully vaccinated with BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech). Positive SARS-CoV-2 cases were confirmed by RT-PCR, and genomic sequencing was performed. Limitations: Small sample sizes resulting in estimates with wide confidence intervals; because not all facility residents were included, vaccine effectiveness rates may be underestimated. | Implications: Two doses of BNT162b2 provided reduced protection against transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 P.1 variant among residents in a long-term care facility outbreak. SN - 1058-4838 ST - COVID-19 Outbreak Associated with a SARS-CoV-2 P.1 Lineage in a Long-Term Care Home after Implementation of a Vaccination Program �?Ontario, April-May 2021 T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - COVID-19 Outbreak Associated with a SARS-CoV-2 P.1 Lineage in a Long-Term Care Home after Implementation of a Vaccination Program �?Ontario, April-May 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab617 Y2 - 7/19/2021 ID - 1966 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BackgroundThe full reopening of schools in September 2020 was associated with an increase in COVID-19 cases and outbreaks in educational settings across England. AD - Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom. | Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom. | Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group (PIDRG), St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom. AN - 34278370 AU - Aiano, Felicity | Mensah, Anna A. | McOwat, Kelsey | Obi, Chinelo | Vusirikala, Amoolya | Powell, Annabel A. | Flood, Jessica | Bosowski, Johanna | Letley, Louise | Jones, Samuel | Amin-Chowdhury, Zahin | Lacy, Joanne | Hayden, Iain | Ismail, Sharif A. | Ramsay, Mary E. | Ladhani, Shamez N. | Saliba, Vanessa C1 - 2021-05-28 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05282021_covidupdate.html DA - Jul DO - 10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100120 ET - 2021/07/20 KW - Covid-19 | Children | Outbreak | SARS-CoV-2 | Schools | Transmission L1 - internal-pdf://2058120849/1-s2.0-S2666776221000971-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Aiano, Felicity | Mensah, Anna A | McOwat, Kelsey | Obi, Chinelo | Vusirikala, Amoolya | Powell, Annabel A | Flood, Jessica | Bosowski, Johanna | Letley, Louise | Jones, Samuel | Amin-Chowdhury, Zahin | Lacy, Joanne | Hayden, Iain | Ismail, Sharif A | Ramsay, Mary E | Ladhani, Shamez N | Saliba, Vanessa | eng | England | Lancet Reg Health Eur. 2021 Jul;6:100120. doi: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100120. Epub 2021 May 19. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 969 primary and secondary schools reported COVID-19 outbreaks in the first half of the autumn 2020 term, representing 2% of primary schools and 10% of secondary schools. | There were 2,314 cases in the 179 schools with outbreaks that provided information on cases: | Teachers were more likely to be index cases in primary school outbreaks (48/100, 48%) than in secondary school outbreaks (25/79, 32%) (p = 0.027). | Attack rates in secondary school students (1.20%; 95% CI 1.13%-1.28%) were higher than in primary school students (0.84%; 95% CI 0.75%-0.94%). | Attack rates in staff members (5.07%; 95% CI 4.75%-5.41%) were almost five times higher than in students (1.09%; 95% CI 1.04%-1.15%) at both primary and secondary schools. | Methods: Cross-sectional investigation of COVID-19 outbreaks occurring in primary and secondary schools in England among 18,943 primary schools, 5,409 secondary schools, and 1,231 special schools that reopened. Schools that reported an outbreak (�? laboratory-confirmed cases within 14 days) to Public Health England between August 31 and October 18, 2020 were contacted in November 2020 to complete an online questionnaire. Limitations: 47% of contacted schools did not participate in the online questionnaire. | Implications: Higher attack rates among teaching staff during an outbreak underscores the importance of maintaining low community infection rates for reducing the risk of virus introduction into educational settings. SN - 2666-7762 SP - 100120 ST - COVID-19 outbreaks following full reopening of primary and secondary schools in England: Cross-sectional national surveillance, November 2020 T2 - Lancet Reg Health Eur TI - COVID-19 outbreaks following full reopening of primary and secondary schools in England: Cross-sectional national surveillance, November 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100120 VL - 6 Y2 - 2021/06/29 ID - 1785 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: People with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) may be at higher risk of severe outcomes from COVID-19. OBJECTIVE: To describe COVID-19 outcomes among people with IDD living in residential groups homes in the state of New York and the general population of New York State. METHODS: Data for people with IDD are from a coalition of organizations providing over half of the residential services for the state of New York, and from the New York State Department of Health. Analysis describes COVID-19 case rates, case-fatality, and mortality among people with IDD living in residential group homes and New York State through May 28, 2020. RESULTS: People with IDD living in residential group homes were at greater risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes: case rates - 7,841 per 100,000 for people with IDD compared to 1,910 for New York State; case-fatality - 15.0% for people with IDD compared to 7.9% for New York State; and mortality rate - 1,175 per 100,000 for people with IDD compared to 151 per 100,000 for New York State. Differences in cases and mortality rate were confirmed across regions of the state, but case-fatality rate was only higher for people with IDD in and around the New York City region. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 appears to present a greater risk to people with IDD, especially those living in congregate settings. A full understanding of the severity of this risk will not be possible until US states begin publicly sharing all relevant data they have on COVID-19 outcomes among this population. AD - Department of Sociology and Aging Studies Institute, Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA. Electronic address: sdlandes@maxwell.syr.edu. | Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA. | Departments of Public Health & Preventive Medicine and Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA. | Department of Public Health, Falk College of Sport and Human Dynamics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA. | Department of Sociology and Aging Studies Institute, Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA. AN - 32600948 AU - Landes, S. D. | Turk, M. A. | Formica, M. K. | McDonald, K. E. | Stevens, J. D. C1 - 2020-07-07 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/070720_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1016/j.dhjo.2020.100969 DP - NLM ET - 2020/07/01 IS - 4 KW - Adult | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/mortality | Developmental Disabilities/*virology | *Disabled Persons | Female | Group Homes | Humans | Intellectual Disability/*virology | Male | New York/epidemiology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/mortality | SARS-CoV-2 | *covid-19 | *Case-fatality | *Cases | *Developmental disability | *Intellectual disability | *Mortality | *Residential group homes | interest, financial or other, exists. L1 - internal-pdf://3567882868/Landes-2020-COVID-19 outcomes among people wit.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Landes, Scott D; Turk, Margaret A; Formica, Margaret K; McDonald, Katherine E; Stevens, J Dalton; eng; Disabil Health J. 2020 Oct;13(4):100969. doi: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2020.100969. Epub 2020 Jun 24. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Rates of COVID-19 infection and mortality were more than 4 times higher among people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) living in group homes than in the New York State general population. | Cases �?7,841 vs 1,901 cases per 100,000 population. | Deaths �?1,175 vs 151 cases per 100,000 population. | Rates of COVID-19 infection among IDD were highest in NYC and Mid-Hudson area of New York: 12,760 and 12,898 per 100,000, respectively. | Methods: Analysis of COVID-19 case rates and mortality among people with IDD living in NY residential group homes and among New York State general population through May 28, 2020. Limitations: Asymptomatic cases likely not well captured; ~half of group homes reported. | Implications: People with IDD living in congregate settings are at high risk of COVID-19 and poor outcomes. SN - 1876-7583 (Electronic); 1876-7583 (Linking) SP - 100969 ST - COVID-19 outcomes among people with intellectual and developmental disability living in residential group homes in New York State T2 - Disabil Health J TI - COVID-19 outcomes among people with intellectual and developmental disability living in residential group homes in New York State UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32600948 VL - 13 ID - 477 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND The authors sought to study the risk factors associated with severe outcomes in hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with cancer. METHODS The authors queried the New York University Langone Medical Center's records for hospitalized patients who were polymerase chain reaction?positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) and performed chart reviews on patients with cancer diagnoses to identify patients with active cancer and patients with a history of cancer. Descriptive statistics were calculated and multivariable logistic regression was used to determine associations between clinical, demographic, and laboratory characteristics with outcomes, including death and admission to the intensive care unit. RESULTS A total of 4184 hospitalized SARS CoV-2+ patients, including 233 with active cancer, were identified. Patients with active cancer were more likely to die than those with a history of cancer and those without any cancer history (34.3% vs 27.6% vs 20%, respectively; P < .01). In multivariable regression among all patients, active cancer (odds ratio [OR], 1.89; CI, 1.34-2.67; P < .01), older age (OR, 1.06; CI, 1.05-1.06; P < .01), male sex (OR for female vs male, 0.70; CI, 0.58-0.84; P < .01), diabetes (OR, 1.26; CI, 1.04-1.53; P = .02), morbidly obese body mass index (OR, 1.87; CI, 1.24-2.81; P < .01), and elevated D-dimer (OR, 6.41 for value >2300; CI, 4.75-8.66; P < .01) were associated with increased mortality. Recent cancer-directed medical therapy was not associated with death in multivariable analysis. Among patients with active cancer, those with a hematologic malignancy had the highest mortality rate in comparison with other cancer types (47.83% vs 28.66%; P < .01). CONCLUSIONS The authors found that patients with an active cancer diagnosis were more likely to die from COVID-19. Those with hematologic malignancies were at the highest risk of death. Patients receiving cancer-directed therapy within 3 months before hospitalization had no overall increased risk of death. LAY SUMMARY Our investigators found that hospitalized patients with active cancer were more likely to die from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) than those with a history of cancer and those without any cancer history. Patients with hematologic cancers were the most likely among patients with cancer to die from COVID-19. Patients who received cancer therapy within 3 months before hospitalization did not have an increased risk of death. AD - NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York. | Manhattan VA Medical Center, New York, New York. | NYU Langone Medical Center-Brooklyn, Brooklyn, New York. | NYU Langone Medical Center-Winthrop, Mineola, New York. AN - 34096048 AU - Fu, Chen | Stoeckle, James H. | Masri, Lena | Pandey, Abhishek | Cao, Meng | Littman, Dalia | Rybstein, Marissa | Saith, Sunil E. | Yarta, Kinan | Rohatgi, Abhinav | Makarov, Danil V. | Sherman, Scott E. | Morrissey, Christy | Jordan, Alexander C. | Razzo, Beatrice | Theprungsirikul, Poy | Tsai, Joseph | Becker, Daniel J. C1 - 2021-07-16 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07162021_covidupdate.html DA - 2021/06/07 DO - 10.1002/cncr.33657 ET - 2021/06/08 IS - n/a KW - active | cancer | chemotherapy | coronavirus | coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) | hospitalized | New York City | outcomes | risk L1 - internal-pdf://3993418428/Fu-2021-COVID-19 outcomes in hospitalized pati.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | M3 - https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.33657 N1 - https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.33657 PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 4,184 hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 at a single NYC hospital (March–May 2020), patients with active cancer (n = 233) had increased odds of mortality (adjusted OR 1.89; 95% CI 1.34-2.67). Among those with active cancer, hematologic malignancy had higher mortality compared to other cancers (47.8% vs. 28.7%, p<0.01). SN - 0008-543X SP - 3466-3475 ST - COVID-19 outcomes in hospitalized patients with active cancer: Experiences from a major New York City health care system T2 - Cancer TI - COVID-19 outcomes in hospitalized patients with active cancer: Experiences from a major New York City health care system UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.33657 | https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/cncr.33657?download=true VL - n/a Y2 - 2021/07/19 ID - 1982 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In late 2019, a novel infectious disease with human to human transmission (COVID-19) was identified in Wuhan China, which now has turned into a global pandemic. Countries all over the world have implemented some sort of lockdown to slow down its infection and mitigate it. Lockdown due to COVID-19 has drastic effects on social and economic fronts. However, this lockdown also has some positive effect on natural environment. Recent data released by NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) and ESA (European Space Agency) indicates that pollution in some of the epicenters of COVID-19 such as Wuhan, Italy, Spain and USA etc. has reduced up to 30%. This study compiled the environmental data released by NASA and ESA before and after the coronavirus pandemic and discusses its impact on environmental quality. AD - School of Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China. Electronic address: Sulaman_muhammad@yahoo.com. | School of Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China. Electronic address: longxingle@163.com. | School of Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China. AN - 32334164 AU - Muhammad, S. | Long, X. | Salman, M. C1 - 2020-05-01 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050120_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 1 DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138820 ET - 2020/04/26 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | China | *Coronavirus Infections | Environmental Pollution/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Italy | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral | SARS-CoV-2 | Spain | United States | Environmental pollution | NO(2) emissions | competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared | to influence the work reported in this paper. L1 - internal-pdf://2458296922/Muhammad-2020-COVID-19 pandemic and environmen.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Muhammad, Sulaman; Long, Xingle; Salman, Muhammad; eng; Netherlands; Sci Total Environ. 2020 Aug 1;728:138820. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138820. Epub 2020 Apr 20. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Due to a large proportion of people social distancing due to COVID-19 risk, environmental pollution (measured by nitrogen dioxide emission) was reduced up to 30% and mobility was reduced by up to 90%. SN - 1879-1026 (Electronic); 0048-9697 (Linking) SP - 138820 ST - COVID-19 pandemic and environmental pollution: A blessing in disguise? T2 - Sci Total Environ TI - COVID-19 pandemic and environmental pollution: A blessing in disguise? UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32334164 VL - 728 ID - 111 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Covid-19 virus started from Wuhan, China and has brought the world down to its knees. It has catapulted as a venomous global phenomenon. This study focuses on the Covid-19 situation in India and its recovery time. METHOD: The study period is from March 1, 2020 to April 25, 2020. A random sample of 221 individuals found positive with Covid-19 from March 1, 2020 to 31st March is included in the study which is followed up April 25, 2020. There is a male preponderance in the sample with 66% of the Covid-19 patients being male and about 34% being female. Kaplan-Meier Product limit estimator, Kaplan-Meier survival curve and Log-rank test are used to analyze the recovery time of Covid-19 patients. RESULT: From the results of the study, it is found that the average recovery time of Covid-19 patients in India is 25 days (95% C.I. 16 days to 34 days). Only 4% of the patients get cured after 10 days of treatment. The recovery time of male and female patients is not statistically different. Recovery time of patients belonging to different age groups is also not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: This information on recovery time of Covid-19 patients will help planners to chalk out effective strategies. AD - Department of Statistics, Dibrugarh University, Assam, India. | Department of Statistics, Dibrugarh University, Assam, India. Electronic address: rs_tousifurrahman@dibru.ac.in. | Sibsagar College, Joysagar, Assam, India. AN - 32673841 AU - Barman, M. P. | Rahman, T. | Bora, K. | Borgohain, C. C1 - 2020-07-21 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072120_covidupdate.html DA - Sep - Oct DO - 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.07.004 DP - NLM ET - 2020/07/17 IS - 5 KW - Betacoronavirus/*isolation & purification | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy/*epidemiology/*prevention & | control/transmission/virology | Disease Management | Female | Humans | India/epidemiology | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pilot Projects | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/*prevention & control/transmission/virology | Prognosis | SARS-CoV-2 | Time Factors | Kaplan-meier | Survival curve | competing interest, which could have influence in this paper. L1 - internal-pdf://1192064655/Barman-2020-COVID-19 pandemic and its recovery.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Barman, Manash Pratim; Rahman, Tousifur; Bora, Krishnarjun; Borgohain, Chandan; eng; Netherlands; Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020 Sep - Oct;14(5):1205-1211. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.07.004. Epub 2020 Jul 9. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A study in India showing recovery time of Covid-19 patients will help planners with effective strategies to address the pandemic. SN - 1878-0334 (Electronic); 1871-4021 (Linking) SP - 1205-1211 ST - COVID-19 pandemic and its recovery time of patients in India: A pilot study T2 - Diabetes Metab Syndr TI - COVID-19 pandemic and its recovery time of patients in India: A pilot study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32673841 VL - 14 ID - 570 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) pandemic is the greatest threat to prosperity and well-being the US has encountered since the Great Depression. This Viewpoint aggregates mortality, morbidity, mental health conditions, and direct economic losses to estimate the total cost of the pandemic in the US on the optimistic assumption that it will be substantially contained by the fall of 2021. These costs far exceed those associated with conventional recessions and the Iraq War, and are similar to those associated with global climate change. However, increased investment in testing and contact tracing could have economic benefits that are at least 30 times greater than the estimated costs of the investment in these approaches. AD - Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. | Harvard Kennedy School, Cambridge, Massachusetts. AN - 33044484 AU - Cutler, D. M. | Summers, L. H. C1 - 2020-10-23 C2 - The True Burden of COVID-19 in the US CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102320_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 20 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.19759 ET - 2020/10/13 IS - 15 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*economics | *Cost of Illness | Health Care Costs/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Pandemics/*economics | Pneumonia, Viral/*economics | Preventive Health Services/*economics | Public Health Practice/economics | SARS-CoV-2 | United States L1 - internal-pdf://0895170818/Cutler-2020-The COVID-19 Pandemic and the $16.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Cutler, David M; Summers, Lawrence H; eng; P01 AG005842/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; JAMA. 2020 Oct 20;324(15):1495-1496. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.19759. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Total economic cost of US pandemic through Fall, 2021 estimated at $16 trillion or 90% of the gross domestic product (GDP). | Cumulative deaths estimated at 625,000 yielding $4.4 trillion in losses for premature death. | Losses from long-term COVID-19 complications estimated at $2.6 trillion. | Losses for mental health symptoms estimated at $1.6 trillion. | Lost economic output estimated at $7.6 trillion over 20 years. | Lost income from COVID-19-induced recession accounts for 50% of total losses. | The economic return on investment of a SARS-CoV-2 testing and contact tracing program was estimated at 30 times the cost. | Methods: Viewpoint describing aggregated costs for direct economic losses combined with mortality, morbidity, and mental health costs related to COVID-19 to estimate the economic burden of the pandemic in the US through Fall of 2021. Assumes a $7 million value for a statistical life, and that the pandemic will be substantially contained by Fall, 2021. Limitations: Costs for additional public health measures to reach containment in 2021 not incorporated. | Implications for 3 articles (Cutler & Summers, Woolf, et al., & Bilinski et al.): The economic burden of the COVID-19 pandemic in the US is immense and poses the greatest threat to economic prosperity and well-being since the Great Depression. The US has experienced a higher COVID-19 specific and all-cause mortality rate than other countries through September 2020; Fineberg et alexternal icon provide insight into cause of death determination and the importance of contributing factors for mortality. Policies that can reduce the spread of COVID-19, such as testing and contact tracing, can have enormous economic and health value. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1495-1496 ST - The COVID-19 Pandemic and the $16 Trillion Virus T2 - JAMA TI - The COVID-19 Pandemic and the $16 Trillion Virus UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33044484 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1115 ER - TY - JOUR AD - School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. | School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. sunggeun@umich.edu. AN - 32347403 AU - Pinto, R. M. | Park, S. C1 - 2020-05-05 C2 - PMC7186186 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050520_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1007/s10461-020-02893-3 ET - 2020/04/30 IS - 9 L1 - internal-pdf://3254418016/Pinto-2020-COVID-19 Pandemic Disrupts HIV Cont.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Testing | N1 - Pinto, Rogerio M; Park, Sunggeun; eng; Editorial; AIDS Behav. 2020 Sep;24(9):2486-2489. doi: 10.1007/s10461-020-02893-3. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the HIV Continuum of Care and Prevention i.e., testing, pre-exposure prophylaxis, and primary care. SN - 1573-3254 (Electronic); 1090-7165 (Linking) SP - 2486-2489 ST - COVID-19 Pandemic Disrupts HIV Continuum of Care and Prevention: Implications for Research and Practice Concerning Community-Based Organizations and Frontline Providers T2 - AIDS Behav TI - COVID-19 Pandemic Disrupts HIV Continuum of Care and Prevention: Implications for Research and Practice Concerning Community-Based Organizations and Frontline Providers UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32347403 VL - 24 ID - 136 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVE: To describe variations in COVID-19 confirmed cases and deaths among assisted living (AL) residents and examine their associations with key AL characteristics. DESIGN: Observational study employing data on confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths in ALs from seven states, through May 29, 2020. SETTING: Information on COVID-19 cases/deaths in ALs was obtained from state government websites. A national inventory of ALs was used to identify communities with and without COVID-19 cases/deaths. Medicare Beneficiary Summary File identifying AL residents was employed to develop AL characteristics. County-level COVID-19 laboratory-confirmed cases/deaths were obtained from publicly available data. PARTICIPANTS: We found 4,865 ALs (2,647 COVID-19 cases and 777 deaths) in the seven states. After excluding missing data, the sample consisted of 3,994 ALs (82.1%) with 2,542 cases (96.0%) and 675 deaths (86.9%). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Outcomes were AL-level counts of cases and deaths. Covariates were AL characteristics and county-level confirmed COVID-19 cases/deaths. Multivariable two-part models determined the associations of independent variables with the likelihood of at least one case and death in the AL, and with the count of cases (deaths). RESULTS: State case fatality ranged from 3.32% in North Carolina to 9.26% in Connecticut, but for ALs in these states it was 12.89% and 31.59%, respectively. Among ALs with at least one case, midsize communities had fewer cases (incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 0.829; P = .004) than small ALs. ALs with higher proportions of racial/ethnic minorities had more COVID-19 cases (IRR = 1.08; P < .001), as did communities with higher proportions of residents with dementia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and obesity. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: ALs with a higher proportion of minorities had more COVID-19 cases. Many of the previously identified individual risk factors are also present in this vulnerable population. The impact of COVID-19 on ALs is as critical as that on nursing homes, and is worth equal attention from policy makers. AD - Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA. | Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA. AN - 32955107 AU - Temkin-Greener, H. | Guo, W. | Mao, Y. | Cai, X. | Li, Y. C1 - 2020-10-02 C2 - COVID-19 and Long-term Care Communities CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100220_covidupdate.html DA - Dec DO - 10.1111/jgs.16850 ET - 2020/09/22 IS - 12 KW - Aged | Assisted Living Facilities/*statistics & numerical data | *COVID-19/diagnosis/mortality | Comorbidity | Ethnic Groups | Female | Health Facility Size | Homes for the Aged/statistics & numerical data | Humans | Male | Medicare/*statistics & numerical data | Nursing Homes/*statistics & numerical data | Risk Assessment/*methods | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification | United States/epidemiology | Vulnerable Populations | *covid-19 | *assisted living | *risk factors L1 - internal-pdf://0966914541/Temkin-Greener-2020-COVID-19 Pandemic in Assis.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Temkin-Greener, Helena; Guo, Wenhan; Mao, Yunjiao; Cai, Xueya; Li, Yue; eng; R01 HS024923/HS/AHRQ HHS/; R01 HS026893/HS/AHRQ HHS/; RF1 MH117528/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/; R01HS026893/Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality/International; Observational Study; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; J Am Geriatr Soc. 2020 Dec;68(12):2727-2734. doi: 10.1111/jgs.16850. Epub 2020 Oct 7. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; COVID-19 death rates in assisted living centers were higher than state-level death rates. | The proportion of minority residents was associated with the likelihood of COVID-19 cases (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.08; p <0.001). | The proportion of minority residents was not associated with the likelihood of deaths (IRR = 0.98; p = 0.739) after controlling for co-morbidities and assisted living center characteristics. | Methods: Observational study employing Medicare Beneficiary data and county-level COVID-19 data to examine COVID-19 outcomes, confirmed cases and deaths in assisted living centers from seven states through May 2020. The sample included 3,994 assisted living centers, 2,542 cases and 675 deaths. Limitations: Generalizability may be limited as only 7 states were included; observational data may be subject to unmeasured confounders. | Implications for 2 studies (Li et al. and Temkin-Greener): Nursing homes have structural inequities that contribute to differences in COVID-19 morbidity and mortality by race-ethnicity. While there may be important differences in visitation policies and interaction with the community, these same or similar facility-level structural inequities may extend to assisted living facilities. The impact of COVID-19 on assisted living centers may be similar to that of nursing homes and deserves consideration from policy makers. SN - 1532-5415 (Electronic); 0002-8614 (Linking) SP - 2727-2734 ST - COVID-19 Pandemic in Assisted Living Communities: Results from Seven States T2 - J Am Geriatr Soc TI - COVID-19 Pandemic in Assisted Living Communities: Results from Seven States UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32955107 VL - 68 ID - 985 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Introduction We aim to estimate the impact of COVID-19 in Immokalee, FL and assess community experiences with workplace conditions, access to testing, sources of information, and contact tracing to inform and strengthen local public health sector efforts in reaching and providing high-quality care to the community.Methods We conducted a descriptive analysis of data on COVID-19 deaths for Collier County from May-August 2020. We surveyed a cross-sectional, randomized representative sample of 318 adults living in Immokalee from March-November 2020 to assess socio-demographics, sources of information, ability to follow guidelines, and experiences with local programs. Results were compared across language groups.Results Average excess mortality in Collier County was 108%. The majority surveyed in Immokalee had socio-demographic factors associated with higher COVID risk. Non-English speakers had higher workplace risk due to less ability to work from home. Haitian Creole speakers were less likely to be tested, though all participants were willing to get symptomatic testing and quarantine. Those participants who tested positive or had COVID-19 exposures had low engagement with the contact tracing program, and Spanish-speakers reported lower quality of contact tracing than English speakers.Conclusions The community of Immokalee, FL is a vulnerable population that suffered disproportionate deaths from COVID-19. This study reveals language inequities in COVID testing and contact tracing should be targeted in future pandemic response in Immokalee and other migrant farmworker communities.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementNo external funding was received.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The study was reviewed by the Mass General Brigham IRB (Protocol 2020P003045) and Harvard Human Research Protection Program (IRB20-1755) and determined to meet criteria for exemption.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll data will be available upon request from the authors AU - Limaye, Neha | Ninesling, Brennan | Marcelin, Frantzso | Nolan, Cody | Sobba, Walter | Hing, Matthew | Ptaszek, Emily | Léandre, Fernet | Palazuelos, Daniel C1 - 2021-10-15 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10152021_covidupdate.html#anchor_NaturalHistory DO - 10.1101/2021.10.01.21264382 L1 - internal-pdf://3455058536/Limaye-2021-COVID-19 Pandemic Response in a Mi.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 167 excess deaths (108% excess mortality) occurred during April–August 2020 compared to prior years. | Among participants, a lower percentage of people who spoke Haitian Creole were tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection (42.4%) than those who spoke English (61.9%) or Spanish (51.9%). | During contact tracing, only 39% of Spanish speakers were asked about their ability to safely quarantine compared with 70% of English speakers (p = 0.041). | 28% of Spanish speakers reporting receiving information on local quarantine resources compared with 45% of English speakers. | Methods: Calculation of excess deaths (April─August 2020) and household survey (n = 318) conducted in Florida county with high SARS-CoV-2 infection rate and a high percentage of migrant and seasonal farmworkers who spoke Spanish or Haitian Creole, March–November 2020. Limitations: Survey response rate was <50%; may not be generalizable to other farmworker populations. | | Implications: Inequities in provision of healthcare and contact tracing for migrant farmworkers were observed during the early months of the pandemic. Healthcare access and prevention efforts for this population should address structural factors and barriers posed by language to protect health and advance health equity. SP - 2021.10.01.21264382 ST - COVID-19 Pandemic Response in a Migrant Farmworker Community: Excess Mortality, Testing Access and Contact Tracing in Immokalee, Florida T2 - medRxiv TI - COVID-19 Pandemic Response in a Migrant Farmworker Community: Excess Mortality, Testing Access and Contact Tracing in Immokalee, Florida UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/10/01/2021.10.01.21264382.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/10/01/2021.10.01.21264382.full.pdf ID - 2486 ER - TY - JOUR AB - While the COVID-19 pandemic presents a global challenge, the U.S. response places substantial responsibility for both decision-making and communication on local health authorities. To better support counties and municipalities, we integrated baseline data on relevant community vulnerabilities with dynamic data on local infection rates and interventions into a Pandemic Vulnerability Index (PVI). The PVI presents a visual synthesis of county-level vulnerability indicators that can be compared in a regional, state, or nationwide context. We describe use of the PVI, supporting epidemiological modeling and machine-learning forecasts, and deployment of an interactive, web Dashboard. The Dashboard facilitates decision-making and communication among government officials, scientists, community leaders, and the public to enable more effective and coordinated action to combat the pandemic. AD - Bioinformatics Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. | Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA. | Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA. | Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA. AN - 32817964 AU - Marvel, S. W. | House, J. S. | Wheeler, M. | Song, K. | Zhou, Y. | Wright, F. A. | Chiu, W. A. | Rusyn, I. | Motsinger-Reif, A. | Reif, D. M. C1 - 2020-08-25 C2 - New Tools for Policy and Practice CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082520_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 13 DO - 10.1101/2020.08.10.20169649 ET - 2020/08/21 L1 - internal-pdf://1312382185/Marvel-2020-The COVID-19 Pandemic Vulnerabilit.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Marvel, Skylar W; House, John S; Wheeler, Matthew; Song, Kuncheng; Zhou, Yihui; Wright, Fred A; Chiu, Weihsueh A; Rusyn, Ivan; Motsinger-Reif, Alison; Reif, David M; eng; P30 ES025128/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/; ZIA ES103352/ImNIH/Intramural NIH HHS/; P42 ES031009/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/; P30 ES029067/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/; P42 ES027704/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/; Preprint; medRxiv. 2020 Aug 13. doi: 10.1101/2020.08.10.20169649. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Describes a free online dashboardexternal icon that tracks 12 county-level scoring indicators designed to assist local decision-making regarding COVID-19 pandemic response. SP - 2020.08.10.20169649 ST - The COVID-19 Pandemic Vulnerability Index (PVI) Dashboard: monitoring county level vulnerability T2 - medRxiv TI - The COVID-19 Pandemic Vulnerability Index (PVI) Dashboard: monitoring county level vulnerability TT - Published article: The COVID-19 Pandemic Vulnerability Index (PVI) Dashboard: Monitoring County-Level Vulnerability Using Visualization, Statistical Modeling, and Machine Learning UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32817964 ID - 769 ER - TY - JOUR AB - More than 110�?00 people have died in the US because of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, a pathogen that was unknown just 6 months ago. Ubiquitous fear and anxiety that accompanied the emergence of the new coronavirus led to widespread limits on physical contact in attempts to mitigate the spread of the virus. That in turn brought the US economy to a halt, resulting in more than 40 million people filing for unemployment, approximating numbers not seen since the Great Depression of the 1930s. In the past month, the killing of several unarmed black men and women—Ahmaud Arbery, Breonna Taylor, and George Floyd�?has spurred widespread civil unrest, with night after night of demonstrations demanding reform of systems of policing that have disproportionately harmed black people for centuries. AD - School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts. | Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts. AN - 32530457 AU - Galea, S. | Abdalla, S. M. C1 - 2020-06-23 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/062320_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 21 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.11132 ET - 2020/06/13 IS - 3 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Continental Population Groups | Coronavirus Infections/*economics | Ethnic Groups | Health Status Disparities | *Healthcare Disparities | Humans | Pandemics/*economics | Pneumonia, Viral/*economics | SARS-CoV-2 | *Socioeconomic Factors | *Unemployment | United States L1 - internal-pdf://2270616714/Galea-2020-COVID-19 Pandemic, Unemployment, an.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | N1 - Galea, Sandro; Abdalla, Salma M; eng; JAMA. 2020 Jul 21;324(3):227-228. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.11132. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Discusses intersection of COVID-19, economic upheaval, and racial injustice. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 227-228 ST - COVID-19 Pandemic, Unemployment, and Civil Unrest: Underlying Deep Racial and Socioeconomic Divides T2 - JAMA TI - COVID-19 Pandemic, Unemployment, and Civil Unrest: Underlying Deep Racial and Socioeconomic Divides UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32530457 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 414 ER - TY - JOUR AB - What services are available and where racial and ethnic minorities receive long-term services and supports (LTSS) have resulted in a lower quality of care and life for racial/ethnic minority users. These disparities are only likely to worsen during the COVID-19 pandemic, as the pandemic has disproportionately affected racial and ethnic minority communities both in the rate of infection and virus-related mortality. By examining these disparities in the context of the pandemic, we bring to light the challenges and issues faced in LTSS by minority communities with regard to this virus as well as the disparities in LTSS that have always existed. AD - Associate Professor, Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. | Research Assistant, Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. | Database Manager, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. | Research Assistant, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. | Postdoctoral Fellow in Primary Care Research, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. | Professor of Economics, Farmer School of Business, Miami University , Oxford, Ohio, USA. AN - 32476614 AU - Shippee, T. P. | Akosionu, O. | Ng, W. | Woodhouse, M. | Duan, Y. | Thao, M. S. | Bowblis, J. R. C1 - 2020-06-12 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061220_covidupdate.html DA - Jul-Oct DO - 10.1080/08959420.2020.1772004 ET - 2020/06/02 IS - 4-5 KW - African Continental Ancestry Group | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Comorbidity | *Continental Population Groups | Coronavirus Infections/*ethnology | *Ethnic Groups | Health Services Accessibility | *Health Status Disparities | Healthcare Disparities/*ethnology | Hispanic Americans | Homes for the Aged/organization & administration | Humans | Language | Long-Term Care/*organization & administration/standards | Minority Groups | Nursing Homes/organization & administration | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*ethnology | Quality of Health Care/organization & administration | Quality of Life | SARS-CoV-2 | United States/epidemiology | Coronavirus | Ltss | disparities | quality of care L1 - internal-pdf://1476455560/Shippee-2020-COVID-19 Pandemic_ Exacerbating R.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Shippee, Tetyana P; Akosionu, Odichinma; Ng, Weiwen; Woodhouse, Mark; Duan, Yinfei; Thao, Mai See; Bowblis, John R; eng; England; J Aging Soc Policy. 2020 Jul-Oct;32(4-5):323-333. doi: 10.1080/08959420.2020.1772004. Epub 2020 May 31. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Existing racial/ethnic barriers to receiving high-quality long-term care services and support may be heightened with COVID-19. SN - 1545-0821 (Electronic); 0895-9420 (Linking) SP - 323-333 ST - COVID-19 Pandemic: Exacerbating Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Long-Term Services and Supports T2 - J Aging Soc Policy TI - COVID-19 Pandemic: Exacerbating Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Long-Term Services and Supports UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32476614 VL - 32 ID - 359 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Context As the COVID-19 pandemic persists around the world, the scientific community continues to produce and circulate knowledge on the deadly disease at an unprecedented rate. During the early stage of the pandemic, preprints represented nearly 40% of all English-language COVID-19 scientific corpus (6, 000+ preprints | 16, 000+ articles). As of mid-August 2020, that proportion dropped to around 28% (13, 000+ preprints | 49, 000+ articles). Nevertheless, preprint servers remain a key engine in the efficient dissemination of scientific work on this infectious disease. But, giving the ‘uncertified�?nature of the scientific manuscripts curated on preprint repositories, their integration to the global ecosystem of scientific communication is not without creating serious tensions. This is especially the case for biomedical knowledge since the dissemination of bad science can have widespread societal consequences.Scope In this paper, I propose a robust method that will allow the repeated monitoring and measuring of COVID-19 preprint’s publication rate. I also introduce a new API called Upload-or-Perish. It is a micro-API service that enables a client to query a specific preprint manuscript’s publication status and associated meta-data using a unique ID. This tool is in active development.Data I use Covid-19 Open Research Dataset (CORD-19) to calculate COVID-19 preprint corpus�?conversion rate to peer-reviewed articles. CORD-19 dataset includes preprints from arXiv, bioRxiv, and medRxiv.Methods I utilize conditional fuzzy logic on article titles to determine if a preprint has a published counterpart version in the database. My approach is an important departure from previous studies that rely exclusively on bioRxiv API to ascertain preprints�?publication status. This is problematic since the level of false positives in bioRxiv metadata could be as high as 37%.Findings My analysis reveals that around 15% of COVID-19 preprint manuscripts in CORD-19 dataset that were uploaded on from arXiv, bioRxiv, and medRxiv between January and early August 2020 were published in a peer-reviewed venue. When compared to the most recent measure available, this represents a two-fold increase in a period of two months. My discussion review and theorize on the potential explanations for COVID-19 preprints�?low conversion rate.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThe author received no funding for this work.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:This research is not require any approval or exemption from any IRB/oversight body at my home institution.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesI use Covid-19 Open Research Dataset (CORD-19) to calculate COVID-19 preprint corpus' conversion rate to peer-reviewed articles. Arguably the most ambitious bibliometric COVID-19 project, CORD-19 is the collaborative effort between the Allen Institute for AI and half a dozen organizations including NIH and the White House (for more details, see Wang et al., 2020). This is an open-source dataset. I also used bioRxiv API pipelin to determine if COVID-19 preprints were associated with a peer-review final counterpart. I also scraped pubmed and pmc NIH's websites for the same purpose. Finally, I use the Python 'wrapper' package "arxiv" to query arXiv aPI to, again, determine if certain COVID-19 arXiv preprints had also been a published peer-reviewed journal. https://www.kaggle.com/allen-institute-for-ai/CORD-19-research-challenge https://api.biorxiv.org/details/biorxiv/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ https://github.com/titipata/arxivpy AU - Lachapelle, Francois C1 - 2020-09-18 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091820_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.09.04.20188771 L1 - internal-pdf://3496782711/Lachapelle-2020-COVID-19 Preprints and Their P.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Only ~15% of COVID-19-related preprints went on to be peer-reviewed manuscripts between January and August 2020. SP - 2020.09.04.20188771 ST - COVID-19 Preprints and Their Publishing Rate: An Improved Method T2 - medRxiv TI - COVID-19 Preprints and Their Publishing Rate: An Improved Method UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/09/07/2020.09.04.20188771.full.pdf | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/10/13/2020.09.04.20188771.full.pdf ID - 904 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to increase morbidity and mortality. Early recognition of symptoms, along with prompt intervention, is required to improve patient outcomes. COVID-19 can have a multifaceted presentation, which can be a diagnostic challenge. Here, we report the first case of COVID-19 presenting as severe rhabdomyolysis with creatine kinase > 500,000 U/L with normal renal function in a young adult. AD - Internal Medicine/Geriatrics, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA. | Internal Medicine, Canton Medical Education Foundation, Canton, USA. AN - 32905464 AU - Shanbhag, A. | Manaktala, P. S. | Rizvi, H. | Frey, K. | Narayanan, R. C1 - 2020-09-04 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Outcomes CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090420_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 4 DO - 10.7759/cureus.9556 DP - NLM ET - 2020/09/10 IS - 8 KW - covid-19 | normal renal function | rhabdomyolysis L1 - internal-pdf://2794369785/Shanbhag-2020-COVID-19 Presenting as Severe Rh.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Shanbhag, Akshay; Manaktala, Pritika S; Rizvi, Hira; Frey, Kevin; Narayanan, Rama; eng; Case Reports; Cureus. 2020 Aug 4;12(8):e9556. doi: 10.7759/cureus.9556. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A young adult with a previous history of influenza-associated rhabdomyolysis developed COVID-19-associated rhabdomyolysis while maintaining normal renal function and urine output. SN - 2168-8184 (Print); 2168-8184 (Linking) SP - e9556 ST - COVID-19 Presenting as Severe Rhabdomyolysis With Normal Renal Function T2 - Cureus TI - COVID-19 Presenting as Severe Rhabdomyolysis With Normal Renal Function UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32905464 VL - 12 ID - 828 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Electronic address: philip.britton@health.nsw.gov.au. | Population Child Health Research Group, School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia. | National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. | Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Management Support and Analysis Unit, Directorate of Clinical Integration, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia. | Management Support and Analysis Unit, Directorate of Clinical Integration, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia. | Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia; School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. | Department of General Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia. | Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. | National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia; Department of General Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. | Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia; National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. | Population Child Health Research Group, School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Community Paediatrics, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia. AN - 32956616 AU - Britton, P. N. | Hu, N. | Saravanos, G. | Shrapnel, J. | Davis, J. | Snelling, T. | Dalby-Payne, J. | Kesson, A. M. | Wood, N. | Macartney, K. | McCullagh, C. | Lingam, R. C1 - 2020-10-02 C2 - Other Respiratory Diseases in Children During COVID-19 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100220_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30307-2 ET - 2020/09/22 IS - 11 KW - Australia/epidemiology | Betacoronavirus/*isolation & purification | Covid-19 | Child | Child Health/*trends | *Communicable Disease Control/methods/organization & administration | *Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/prevention & control | Disease Transmission, Infectious/prevention & control | Electronic Health Records/statistics & numerical data | *Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data/trends | Humans | *Pandemics/prevention & control | *Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/prevention & control | Public Health/trends | Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/*isolation & purification | *Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology/therapy/virology | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://1557717462/23524642.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Britton, Philip N; Hu, Nan; Saravanos, Gemma; Shrapnel, Jane; Davis, Jake; Snelling, Tom; Dalby-Payne, Jacqui; Kesson, Alison M; Wood, Nicholas; Macartney, Kristine; McCullagh, Cheryl; Lingam, Raghu; eng; Letter; England; Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020 Nov;4(11):e42-e43. doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30307-2. Epub 2020 Sep 18. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Over a five-year medical record review, the majority of positive tests for RSV (63.7%); bronchiolitis admissions (99.6%); and respiratory-related pediatric emergency department (ED) visits (63.4%) were in the 0 �?2 year age-group (Figure 1). | Following implementation of aggressive public health measures to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission, there were 94.3% fewer RSV positive tests, 85.9% fewer admissions for bronchiolitis, and 70.9% fewer ED visits in 2020, compared with previous years (Figures 1 &2). | The number of RSV tests done in 2020 was double that of previous years. | Methods: Retrospective review of records from a hospital network in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, for three events: RSV PCR test (n = 69,646), bronchiolitis hospital admission (n = 6,730), and ED visit for acute respiratory illness (n = 58,491) among children younger than 16 years between January 1 and June 30, 2020. Frequencies of events in peak RSV epidemic months (April �?June) in 2020 and same time period in 2015 �?2019 were analyzed. Limitations: Findings may be specific to NSW; actual uptake and effect of mitigation measures such as handwashing, social distancing, and reduced population movement was not measured; study period was brief and cannot determine if results equate to true reduction in RSV. | Implications for 2 studies (Zhang et al. & Britton et al.): Implementation of public health measures to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection during peak RSV season in NSW, Australia, was strongly associated with a large decrease in the burden of RSV disease among children. Compared to endemic coronaviruses, coinfections with SARS-CoV-2 appear less common in the limited pediatric population data currently available but this may be partially a result of current prevention practices including handwashing and social distancing. SE - e42 SN - 2352-4650 (Electronic); 2352-4642 (Linking) SP - e42-e43 ST - COVID-19 public health measures and respiratory syncytial virus T2 - Lancet Child Adolesc Health TI - COVID-19 public health measures and respiratory syncytial virus UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32956616 VL - 4 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 974 ER - TY - JOUR AD - IRD, APHM, Aix-Marseille University, MEPHI, Marseille, France. | IHU-Mediterranee Infection, APHM, Marseille, France. | IRD, APHM, Aix-Marseille University, VITROME, Marseille, France. AN - 33675046 AU - Brouqui, Philippe | Colson, Philippe | Melenotte, Cléa | Houhamdi, Linda | Bedotto, Marielle | Devaux, Christian | Gautret, Philipe | Million, Matthieu | Parola, Philippe | Stoupan, Didier | La Scola, Bernard | Lagier, Jean-Christophe | Raoult, Didier C1 - 2021-05-07 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05072021_covidupdate.html DA - May DO - 10.1111/eci.13537 ET - 2021/03/07 IS - 5 KW - Adult | Aged | COVID-19/diagnosis/*epidemiology/mortality/virology | Female | France/epidemiology | Genotype | Humans | Intensive Care Units/statistics & numerical data | Male | Middle Aged | Reinfection/diagnosis/*epidemiology/mortality/virology | Respiratory Distress Syndrome/epidemiology/virology | SARS-CoV-2/*genetics | Severity of Illness Index | Covid-19 | Icu | SARS Cov2 | death | immunity | mutant | prognosis | re-infection | vaccine | variant L1 - internal-pdf://4120454199/Brouqui-2021-COVID-19 re-infection.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Brouqui, Philippe | Colson, Philippe | Melenotte, Clea | Houhamdi, Linda | Bedotto, Marielle | Devaux, Christian | Gautret, Philipe | Million, Matthieu | Parola, Philippe | Stoupan, Didier | La Scola, Bernard | Lagier, Jean-Christophe | Raoult, Didier | eng | Agence Nationale pour la Recherche | Letter | England | Eur J Clin Invest. 2021 May;51(5):e13537. doi: 10.1111/eci.13537. Epub 2021 Mar 17. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: [low rate of reinfection with SARS-CoV-2] in France (.47%). SN - 0014-2972 SP - e13537 ST - COVID-19 re-infection T2 - Eur J Clin Invest TI - COVID-19 re-infection UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/eci.13537 | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/eci.13537?download=true VL - 51 ID - 1914 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Waning immunity occurs in patients who have recovered from COVID-19. However, it remains unclear whether true re-infection occurs. METHODS: Whole genome sequencing was performed directly on respiratory specimens collected during two episodes of COVID-19 in a patient. Comparative genome analysis was conducted to differentiate re-infection from persistent viral shedding. Laboratory results, including RT-PCR Ct values and serum SARS-CoV-2 IgG, were analyzed. RESULTS: The second episode of asymptomatic infection occurred 142 days after the first symptomatic episode in an apparently immunocompetent patient. During the second episode, there was serological evidence of elevated C-reactive protein and SARS-CoV-2 IgG seroconversion. Viral genomes from first and second episodes belong to different clades/lineages. Compared to viral genomes in GISAID, the first virus genome has a stop codon at position 64 of orf8 leading to a truncation of 58 amino acids, and was phylogenetically closely related to strains collected in March/April 2020, while the second virus genome was closely related to strains collected in July/August 2020. Another 23 nucleotide and 13 amino acid differences located in 9 different proteins, including positions of B and T cell epitopes, were found between viruses from the first and second episodes. CONCLUSIONS: Epidemiological, clinical, serological and genomic analyses confirmed that the patient had re-infection instead of persistent viral shedding from first infection. Our results suggest SARS-CoV-2 may continue to circulate among the human populations despite herd immunity due to natural infection or vaccination. Further studies of patients with re-infection will shed light on protective correlates important for vaccine design. AD - State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. | Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. | Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. | Department of Accident and Emergency Medicine, Tin Shui Wai Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. | Department of Medicine, North Lantau Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. | Department of Medicine, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China. | Department of Pathology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong, China. | Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Hong Kong. | School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. AN - 32840608 AU - To, K. K. | Hung, I. F. | Ip, J. D. | Chu, A. W. | Chan, W. M. | Tam, A. R. | Fong, C. H. | Yuan, S. | Tsoi, H. W. | Ng, A. C. | Lee, L. L. | Wan, P. | Tso, E. | To, W. K. | Tsang, D. | Chan, K. H. | Huang, J. D. | Kok, K. H. | Cheng, V. C. | Yuen, K. Y. C1 - 2020-09-01 C2 - Cases of Reinfection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090120_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 25 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa1275 ET - 2020/08/26 KW - Covid-19 | D614g | SARS-CoV-2 | re-infection | whole genome sequencing L1 - internal-pdf://0169594792/To-2020-COVID-19 re-infection by a phylogeneti.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - To, Kelvin Kai-Wang; Hung, Ivan Fan-Ngai; Ip, Jonathan Daniel; Chu, Allen Wing-Ho; Chan, Wan-Mui; Tam, Anthony Raymond; Fong, Carol Ho-Yan; Yuan, Shuofeng; Tsoi, Hoi-Wah; Ng, Anthony Chin-Ki; Lee, Larry Lap-Yip; Wan, Polk; Tso, Eugene; To, Wing-Kin; Tsang, Dominic; Chan, Kwok-Hung; Huang, Jian-Dong; Kok, Kin-Hang; Cheng, Vincent Chi-Chung; Yuen, Kwok-Yung; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Aug 25. pii: 5897019. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1275. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; One person had two episodes of SARS-CoV-2 infection that were detected >4 months apart. | Symptoms during the first episode lasted for three days; the second episode was asymptomatic. | Viral nucleic acid sampled during the two episodes was genetically distinct and the two viruses were in different clades (Figure). | Serology after the first episode was negative but was positive 5 days after hospitalization for the second episode (Figure 1 and 2). | Methods: Case report of a 33-year old male in Hong Kong with symptoms and positive RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 on March 26, 2020 and re-infection August 15, 2020. SARS-CoV-2 was sequenced from respiratory specimens from both episodes to compare the virus. Limitations: Single case; multiple specimens were positive for SAR-CoV-2 in second episode but first diagnosis (first episode) was based on a single specimen. | Implications for the two case reports (To et al. & Tillett et al.): There is growing evidence for instances of reinfection with SARS CoV-2. Consensus guidance for defining reinfection and more data are needed before drawing inferences for vaccination or epidemiological control measures. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) ST - COVID-19 re-infection by a phylogenetically distinct SARS-coronavirus-2 strain confirmed by whole genome sequencing T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - COVID-19 re-infection by a phylogenetically distinct SARS-coronavirus-2 strain confirmed by whole genome sequencing UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32840608 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 817 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA. | Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA. Electronic address: johanna.fifi@mountsinai.org. AN - 32822622 AU - Fifi, J. T. | Mocco, J. C1 - 2020-08-28 C2 - Clinical Manifestations CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082820_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30272-6 ET - 2020/08/22 IS - 9 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus Infections | Humans | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral | SARS-CoV-2 | *Stroke L1 - internal-pdf://2277928198/Fifi-2020-COVID-19 related stroke in young ind.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Fifi, Johanna T; Mocco, J; eng; Comment; England; Lancet Neurol. 2020 Sep;19(9):713-715. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30272-6. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Brief review and commentary on reports of stroke associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in relatively young patients (<50 years old) are increasing, even in patients with mild symptoms. SN - 1474-4465 (Electronic); 1474-4422 (Linking) SP - 713-715 ST - COVID-19 related stroke in young individuals T2 - Lancet Neurol TI - COVID-19 related stroke in young individuals UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32822622 VL - 19 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 782 ER - TY - JOUR AD - David Nott Foundation, London W11 4QA, UK. Electronic address: david.nott@davidnottfoundation.com. AN - 32380045 AU - Nott, D. C1 - 2020-05-15 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051520_covidupdate.html DA - May 16 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31036-9 ET - 2020/05/08 IS - 10236 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | China | *Coronavirus Infections | Humans | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral | *Relief Work | SARS-CoV-2 | *Vulnerable Populations L1 - internal-pdf://0598217842/1-s2.0-S0140673620310369-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Nott, David; eng; Comment; England; Lancet. 2020 May 16;395(10236):1532-1533. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31036-9. Epub 2020 May 4. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Highlights the lack of infrastructure in conflict areas, and the urgent need to strengthen the COVID-19 response in such places. SE - 1532 SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 1532-1533 ST - The COVID-19 response for vulnerable people in places affected by conflict and humanitarian crises T2 - Lancet TI - The COVID-19 response for vulnerable people in places affected by conflict and humanitarian crises UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32380045 VL - 395 Y2 - 2021/05/12 ID - 191 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We implemented serial COVID-19 testing for inpatients with a negative test on admission. The conversion rate (negative to positive) on repeat testing was one percent. We identified patients during their incubation period and hospital-onset cases, rapidly isolated them, and potentially reduced exposures. Serial testing and infectiousness determination were resource intensive. AD - University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa. AN - 33103196 AU - Kobayashi, T. | Trannel, A. | Holley, S. A. | Alsuhaibani, M. | Abosi, O. J. | Jenn, K. E. | Meacham, H. | Sheeler, L. L. | Etienne, W. | Dains, A. | Casado, F. | Kukla, M. E. | Ward, E. | Ford, B. | Edmond, M. B. | Wellington, M. | Diekema, D. J. | Salinas, J. L. C1 - 2020-11-06 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/110620_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 26 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa1630 ET - 2020/10/27 L1 - internal-pdf://0008113668/Kobayashi-2020-COVID-19 Serial Testing among H.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Kobayashi, Takaaki; Trannel, Alexandra; Holley, Stephanie A; Alsuhaibani, Mohammed; Abosi, Oluchi J; Jenn, Kyle E; Meacham, Holly; Sheeler, Lorinda L; Etienne, William; Dains, Angelique; Casado, Fernando; Kukla, Mary E; Ward, Emily; Ford, Bradley; Edmond, Michael B; Wellington, Melanie; Diekema, Daniel J; Salinas, Jorge L; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Oct 26. pii: 5939900. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1630. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: All patients with a negative SARS-CoV-2 test upon hospital admission were serially tested, and rapidly isolated upon becoming positive; 1% became positive. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) ST - COVID-19 Serial Testing among Hospitalized Patients in a Midwest Tertiary Medical Center, July-September 2020 T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - COVID-19 Serial Testing among Hospitalized Patients in a Midwest Tertiary Medical Center, July-September 2020 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33103196 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1194 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Although the risk of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 is higher for frontline healthcare workers, not all personnel have similar risks. Determining infection rate is difficult due to the limits on testing and the high rate of asymptomatic individuals. Detection of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 may be useful for determining prior exposure to the virus and assessing mitigation strategies, such as isolation, masks, and other protective equipment. METHODS: An online assessment that included demographic, clinical, and exposure information and a blood sample was collected from 20,614 participants out of ~43,000 total employees at Beaumont Health, which includes eight hospitals distributed across the Detroit metropolitan area in southeast Michigan. The presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG was determined using the EUROIMMUN assay. RESULTS: A total of 1,818 (8.8%) participants were seropositive between April 13 and May 28, 2020. Among the seropositive individuals, 44% reported that they were asymptomatic during the month prior to blood collection. Healthcare roles such as phlebotomy, respiratory therapy, and nursing/nursing support exhibited significantly higher seropositivity. Among participants reporting direct exposure to a COVID-19 positive individual, those wearing an N95/PAPR mask had a significantly lower seropositivity rate (10.2%) compared to surgical/other masks (13.1%) or no mask (17.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Direct contact with COVID-19 patients increased the likelihood of seropositivity among employees but study participants who wore a mask during COVID-19 exposures were less likely to be seropositive. Additionally, a large proportion of seropositive employees self-reported as asymptomatic. (Funded by Beaumont Health and by major donors through the Beaumont Health Foundation)ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT04349202. AD - Beaumont Royal Oak, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Royal Oak, MI, United States. | Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, United States. | Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Department of Foundational Medical Studies (M.D.S., R.H.K, R.H.), United States. | Beaumont Royal Oak, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Royal Oak, MI, United States. | Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, United States. | Beaumont Research Institute, Biostatistics, Royal Oak, MI, United States. | Beaumont Research Institute, Research Computing, Royal Oak, MI, United States. | Beaumont Health, Project Management Office, Southfield, MI, United States. | Beaumont Health, Information Technology, Southfield, MI, United States. | Quire Inc., Memphis, TN, United States. | Beaumont Research Institute, Royal Oak, MI, United States. AN - 33150375 AU - Sims, M. D. | Maine, G. N. | Childers, K. L. | Podolsky, R. H. | Voss, D. R. | Berkiw-Scenna, N. | Oh, J. | Heinrich, K. E. | Keil, H. | Kennedy, R. H. | Homayouni, R. | Blast Covid- Study Group C1 - 2020-11-17 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/111720_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 5 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa1684 ET - 2020/11/06 IS - Suppl 2 KW - Covid-19 | Healthcare Workers | Masking | SARS-CoV-2 | Seropositivity L1 - internal-pdf://2747219569/Sims-2020-COVID-19 seropositivity and asymptom.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Sims, Matthew D; Maine, Gabriel N; Childers, Karen Lins; Podolsky, Robert H; Voss, Daniel R; Berkiw-Scenna, Natalie; Oh, Joyce; Heinrich, Kevin E; Keil, Hans; Kennedy, Richard H; Homayouni, Ramin; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Nov 5. pii: 5956266. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1684. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Direct contact with COVID-19 patients increased the likelihood of seropositivity among employees of a Michigan healthcare system, but study participants who wore a mask during exposures were less likely to be seropositive. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - S154-S162 ST - COVID-19 seropositivity and asymptomatic rates in healthcare workers are associated with job function and masking T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - COVID-19 seropositivity and asymptomatic rates in healthcare workers are associated with job function and masking UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33150375 VL - 73 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1230 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A SARS-CoV-2 serosurvey among first responder/healthcare personnel showed that loss of taste/smell was most predictive of seropositivity; percent seropositivity increased with number of COVID-19 symptoms. However, 22.9% with nine symptoms were seronegative, and 8.3% with no symptoms were seropositive. These findings demonstrate limitations of symptom-based surveillance and importance of testing. AD - National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, MD, USA. | US Public Health Service, Rockville, MD, USA. | National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO, USA. | Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. | National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. | Region 2 South Healthcare Coalition, Detroit, MI, USA. | BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. AN - 33515250 AU - Akinbami, L. J. | Petersen, L. R. | Sami, S. | Vuong, N. | Lukacs, S. L. | Mackey, L. | Atas, J. | LaFleur, B. J. C1 - 2021-02-12 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02122021_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 30 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciab080 ET - 2021/01/31 IS - 3 KW - COVID-19 symptom | SARS-CoV-2 | first responders | healthcare personnel | seroprevalence L1 - internal-pdf://0748926254/Akinbami-2021-Coronavirus Disease 2019 Symptom.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Akinbami, Lara J; Petersen, Lyle R; Sami, Samira; Vuong, Nga; Lukacs, Susan L; Mackey, Lisa; Atas, Jenny; LaFleur, Bonnie J; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Jan 30. pii: 6124470. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab080. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Although only 8% of participants reported loss of taste/smell, adjusted seroprevalence was highest among those who reported this symptom (55.6%, 95% CI 53.5%-57.7%). | Adjusted seroprevalence among asymptomatic participants (14.5%, 95% CI 13.9%-15.1%) was similar to that of participants reporting diarrhea (14.4%, 95% CI 13.6%-15.1%) and higher than that of participants reporting sore throat (12.0%, 95% CI 11.5%-12.5%). | 22.9% of participants who reported all 9 symptoms were seronegative. | Methods: Serologic survey among 40,938 first responders and healthcare personnel in New York City and the Detroit metropolitan area conducted from May 17–July 2, 2020. Data were collected on 9 COVID-19 symptoms (loss of taste/smell, fever, chills, shortness of breath, muscle aches, cough, headache, diarrhea, and sore throat). Adjusted seropositivity rates were estimated using logistic regression. Limitations: Recall bias; misclassification bias given inability to differentiate between false negative results, loss of antibodies, and failure to develop antibodies. | Implications: SARS-CoV-2 testing more accurately identifies SARS-CoV-2 infection than syndromic surveillance. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - e822-e825 ST - COVID-19 symptoms and SARS-CoV-2 antibody positivity in a large survey of first responders and healthcare personnel, May-July 2020 T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - COVID-19 symptoms and SARS-CoV-2 antibody positivity in a large survey of first responders and healthcare personnel, May-July 2020 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33515250 VL - 73 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1495 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Skilled nursing facility (SNF) residents comprise over 40% of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) deaths nationally. Surveillance testing is critical for controlling asymptomatic and presymptomatic viral transmission in these high-risk settings. For surveillance testing in SNFs to effectively guide infection control, results need to be obtained in less than 1 day. To facilitate such rapid testing, Medicare began distributing point-of-care severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen test instruments in July 2020, focused on SNFs in COVID-19 hot spot counties. Little is known about the adequacy of test result turnaround in SNFs. AD - Division of Geriatrics and Aging, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester in Rochester, New York. | Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. | Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. | Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. AN - 33125044 AU - McGarry, B. E. | SteelFisher, G. K. | Grabowski, D. C. | Barnett, M. L. C1 - 2020-11-10 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/111020_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 1 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.7330 ET - 2020/10/31 IS - 4 KW - COVID-19/*diagnosis | *COVID-19 Testing | Cross-Sectional Studies | Humans | *Nursing Homes | Time Factors | United States L1 - internal-pdf://3045648388/McGarry-2021-COVID-19 Test Result Turnaround T.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - McGarry, Brian E; SteelFisher, Gillian K; Grabowski, David C; Barnett, Michael L; eng; K23 AG058806/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Apr 1;181(4):556-559. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.7330. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; From August 16 to September 16, 2020: | Only 6.2% of skilled nursing facilities (SNF) had one-day turn-around times for SARS-CoV-2 tests for staff (Figure). | Only 4.8% of SNF had one-day turn-around times for SARS-CoV-2 tests for residents (Figure). | From September 13 to September 27, 2020: | Only 13.5% of SNF had one-day test turn-around times for staff (Figure). | Only 9.5% of SNF had one-day test turn-around times for residents (Figure). | For SNF in hotspot areas, 43.3% and 41.3% had turn-around times �? days for residents and staff, respectively (Figure). | Methods: Cross-sectional study of 15,065 SNF evaluating SARS-CoV-2 test turn-around times for residents and staff during two time-frames. Hotspot was defined as location in a county with recent increases in confirmed or suspected cases or with in inadequate testing. Limitations: Test turn-around time was reported by facilities; inability to differentiate between one- and two-day test turn-around time; lack of data on test type. | Implications: Testing in SNF does not meet the turn-around time of less than one day that modeling suggests is needed to prevent COVID-19 outbreaks, even in hotspot areas. SN - 2168-6114 (Electronic); 2168-6106 (Linking) SP - 556-559 ST - COVID-19 Test Result Turnaround Time for Residents and Staff in US Nursing Homes T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - COVID-19 Test Result Turnaround Time for Residents and Staff in US Nursing Homes UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33125044 VL - 181 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1209 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In a national survey of 2,074 US parents conducted in March 2021, 35.9% reported their youngest child had been tested at least once for COVID-19. Parents�?preferred testing venue choice was the pediatrician’s office. Only half of parent surveyed (50.6%) reported that they would allow their child to be tested for COVID-19 at school/daycare if it was required.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis study was funded internally by the Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH) of the City University of New York (CUNY) Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy (SPH). The authors declare no conflicts of interest.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The institutional review board of the CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy provided ethical approval.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesSurvey data will be available upon request. AU - Teasdale, Chloe A. | Borrell, Luisa N. | Shen, Yanhan | Kimball, Spencer | Rinke, Michael L. | Fleary, Sasha A. | Nash, Denis C1 - 2021-06-11 C2 - Social, Behavioral, and Communication Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06112021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.05.27.21257932 L1 - internal-pdf://3828457055/Teasdale-2021-COVID-19 testing among children.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In a national online survey of 2,074 US parents conducted in March 2021, 50.6% of parents said they would allow their youngest child to be tested for SARS-CoV-2 at school or daycare if required; 33.5% said they would not allow school-based testing. The preferred testing venue was pediatrician’s office. SP - 2021.05.27.21257932 ST - COVID-19 testing among children, parental preferences for testing venues and acceptability of school-based testing: a survey of US parents T2 - medRxiv TI - COVID-19 testing among children, parental preferences for testing venues and acceptability of school-based testing: a survey of US parents UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/05/29/2021.05.27.21257932.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/05/29/2021.05.27.21257932.full.pdf ID - 1835 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Individuals detained by US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) live in congregate settings and thus have a disproportionately high risk of contracting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To reduce spread of COVID-19, ICE published its Pandemic Response Requirements in April 2020. These requirements established social distancing and disinfection protocols, testing guidelines, and expedited detainee release. This analysis examined COVID-19 testing and cases per month among ICE detainees. AD - Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. | Department of Family Medicine, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC. | Division of Medical Critical Care, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. AN - 33119038 AU - Erfani, P. | Uppal, N. | Lee, C. H. | Mishori, R. | Peeler, K. R. C1 - 2020-11-06 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/110620_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 12 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.21473 ET - 2020/10/30 IS - 2 KW - COVID-19/diagnosis/*epidemiology | COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing/*statistics & numerical data | Emigrants and Immigrants/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Jails | United States/epidemiology | United States Government Agencies L1 - internal-pdf://3963433860/Erfani-2021-COVID-19 Testing and Cases in Immi.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Erfani, Parsa; Uppal, Nishant; Lee, Caroline H; Mishori, Ranit; Peeler, Katherine R; eng; JAMA. 2021 Jan 12;325(2):182-184. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.21473. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The monthly case rate per 100,000 detainees increased from 1,527 to 6,683 from April 2020 to August 2020 (Figure). | Cases increased despite mitigation measures put in place in April 2020, including social distancing and disinfection protocols, testing guidelines, and expedited detainee release (45% decrease in the detained population). | US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) reported 5,379 cumulative COVID-19 cases and 6 deaths among detainees by August. | Cases were reported in 92 of 135 facilities; 20 facilities accounted for 71% of cases. | Methods: Review of COVID-19 testing and deaths among ICE detainees from April 1 to August 31, 2020. Limitations: Relied on ICE publicly available data, which may be subject to reporting delays and missing data; asymptomatic detainees not routinely tested, which may underestimate case counts. | Implications: Detainees living in congregate settings are at increased risk for COVID-19 despite implementation of mitigation measures. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 182-184 ST - COVID-19 Testing and Cases in Immigration Detention Centers, April-August 2020 T2 - JAMA TI - COVID-19 Testing and Cases in Immigration Detention Centers, April-August 2020 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33119038 VL - 325 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1197 ER - TY - JOUR AB - IMPORTANCE: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection causes coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), an evolving pandemic. Limited data are available characterizing SARS-Cov-2 infection in the United States. OBJECTIVE: To determine associations between demographic and clinical factors and testing positive for coronavirus 2019 (Covid-19+), and among Covid-19+ subsequent hospitalization and intensive care. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Retrospective cohort study including all patients tested for Covid-19 between February 8 and March 30, 2020, inclusive. We extracted electronic health record data from the national Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, the largest integrated healthcare system in the United States, on 2,026,227 patients born between 1945 and 1965 and active in care. Exposures: Demographic data, comorbidities, medication history, substance use, vital signs, and laboratory measures. Laboratory tests were analyzed first individually and then grouped into a validated summary measure of physiologic injury (VACS Index). Main Outcomes and Measures: We evaluated which factors were associated with Covid-19+ among all who tested. Among Covid-19+ we identified factors associated with hospitalization or intensive care. We identified independent associations using multivariable and conditional multivariable logistic regression with multiple imputation of missing values. RESULTS: Among Veterans aged 54-75 years, 585/3,789 (15.4%) tested Covid-19+. In adjusted analysis (C-statistic=0.806) black race was associated with Covid-19+ (OR 4.68, 95% CI 3.79-5.78) and the association remained in analyses conditional on site (OR 2.56, 95% CI 1.89-3.46). In adjusted models, laboratory abnormalities (especially fibrosis-4 score [FIB-4] >3.25 OR 8.73, 95% CI 4.11-18.56), and VACS Index (per 5-point increase OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.43-1.84) were strongly associated with hospitalization. Associations were similar for intensive care. Although significant in unadjusted analyses, associations with comorbid conditions and medications were substantially reduced and, in most cases, no longer significant after adjustment. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Black race was strongly associated with Covid-19+, but not with hospitalization or intensive care. Among Covid-19+, risk of hospitalization and intensive care may be better characterized by laboratory measures and vital signs than by comorbid conditions or prior medication exposure. AN - 32511595 AU - Rentsch, C. T. | Kidwai-Khan, F. | Tate, J. P. | Park, L. S. | King, J. T. | Skanderson, M. | Hauser, R. G. | Schultze, A. | Jarvis, C. I. | Holodniy, M. | Lo Re, V. | Akgun, K. M. | Crothers, K. | Taddei, T. H. | Freiberg, M. S. | Justice, A. C. C1 - 2020-04-17 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/041720_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 14 DO - 10.1101/2020.04.09.20059964 ET - 2020/06/09 L1 - internal-pdf://2828740613/Rentsch-2020-Covid-19 Testing, Hospital Admiss.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Testing | N1 - Rentsch, Christopher T; Kidwai-Khan, Farah; Tate, Janet P; Park, Lesley S; King, Joseph T; Skanderson, Melissa; Hauser, Ronald G; Schultze, Anna; Jarvis, Christopher I; Holodniy, Mark; Lo Re, Vincent; Akgun, Kathleen M; Crothers, Kristina; Taddei, Tamar H; Freiberg, Matthew S; Justice, Amy C; eng; Preprint; medRxiv. 2020 Apr 14. doi: 10.1101/2020.04.09.20059964. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 15.4% of assessed U.S. veterans aged 54-75 years tested positive for COVID-19. | Black race was a risk factor for infection (Figure), but not for need for hospitalization or ICU transfer when controlling for underlying medical conditions. | Neither use of ACE inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) nor non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) was associated with hospitalization or ICU transfer. | Methods: Retrospective cohort study of 3,789 veterans tested for COVID-19 in the Veterans Affairs Birth Cohort (2,026,227 veterans aged 54-75 years and active in care). Electronic health record data from the national Veterans Affairs Healthcare System were used to assess patient characteristics and clinical outcomes. Limitations: Most subjects (90%) were male; many patients were still in care at time of analysis, and thus unable to assess outcomes, including death. | Implications: Findings indicate higher risk for COVID-19 among U.S. veterans of black race. ACE/ARBs and NSAIDS did not increase risk for severe disease. SP - 2020.04.09.20059964 ST - Covid-19 Testing, Hospital Admission, and Intensive Care Among 2,026,227 United States Veterans Aged 54-75 Years T2 - medRxiv TI - Covid-19 Testing, Hospital Admission, and Intensive Care Among 2,026,227 United States Veterans Aged 54-75 Years UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32511595 ID - 54 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Weeks after issuing social distancing orders to suppress severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission and reduce growth in cases of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), all U.S. states and the District of Columbia partially or fully relaxed these measures. METHODS: We identified all statewide social distancing measures that were implemented and/or relaxed in the U.S. between March 10-July 15, 2020, triangulating data from state government and third-party sources. Using segmented linear regression, we estimated the extent to which relaxation of social distancing affected epidemic control, as indicated by the time-varying, state-specific effective reproduction number (Rt). RESULTS: In the eight weeks prior to relaxation, mean Rt declined by 0.012 units per day (95% CI, -0.013 to -0.012), and 46/51 jurisdictions achieved Rt < 1.0 by the date of relaxation. After relaxation of social distancing, Rt reversed course and began increasing by 0.007 units per day (95% CI, 0.006-0.007), reaching a mean Rt of 1.16 eight weeks later, with only 9/51 jurisdictions maintaining Rt <1.0. Parallel models showed similar reversals in the growth of COVID-19 cases and deaths. Indicators often used to motivate relaxation at the time of relaxation (e.g. test positivity rate <5%) predicted greater post-relaxation epidemic growth. CONCLUSIONS: We detected an immediate and significant reversal in SARS-CoV-2 epidemic suppression after relaxation of social distancing measures across the U.S. Premature relaxation of social distancing measures undermined the country's ability to control the disease burden associated with COVID-19. AD - Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. | Health Policy Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. | Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. | University College London, London, United Kingdom. | Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. | Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. AN - 33009800 AU - Tsai, A. C. | Harling, G. | Reynolds, Z. | Gilbert, R. F. | Siedner, M. J. C1 - 2020-10-13 C2 - Modeling and Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/101320_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 3 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa1502 ET - 2020/10/04 IS - Suppl 2 KW - Covid-19 | SARS-CoV-2 | basic reproductive number | public health regulations | social distancing L1 - internal-pdf://2496622014/Tsai-2020-COVID-19 transmission in the U.S. be.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Tsai, Alexander C; Harling, Guy; Reynolds, Zahra; Gilbert, Rebecca F; Siedner, Mark J; eng; R37 AI058736/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Oct 3. pii: 5917573. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1502. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Two months prior to relaxing social distancing (SD) policies, most states saw a decline in cases with the mean effective reproduction number (Rt, the average number of new infections caused by a single infected person) declining by 0.012, per day (Figure). | In all but nine states, the reversal of SD measures resulted in an increase in cases within eight weeks with an estimated Rt >1.0. | Increases in Rt were apparent regardless of the kind of SD rescinded (easing of work restrictions, rescission of statewide restriction on internal movement) or the epidemic severity. | Methods: Analysis of state-level data on implementation and relaxation of SD measures between March 10 and July 15, 2020 in the US. The effect that relaxing SD had on epidemic control was determined using linear regression and Rt was estimated. Limitations: Potential for confounding by factors that occurred simultaneously with relaxation of SD measures which could also influence the Rt. | Implications: These findings could inform policymakers in their evaluation of when and how to reverse SD measures. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - S120-S126 ST - COVID-19 transmission in the U.S. before vs. after relaxation of statewide social distancing measures T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - COVID-19 transmission in the U.S. before vs. after relaxation of statewide social distancing measures UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33009800 VL - 73 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 1034 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVES: Central to the debate over school and child care reopening is whether children are efficient coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmitters and are likely to increase community spread when programs reopen. We compared COVID-19 outcomes in child care providers who continued to provide direct in-person child care during the first 3 months of the US COVID-19 pandemic with outcomes in those who did not. METHODS: Data were obtained from US child care providers (N = 57 335) reporting whether they had ever tested positive or been hospitalized for COVID-19 (n = 427 cases) along with their degree of exposure to child care. Background transmission rates were controlled statistically, and other demographic, programmatic, and community variables were explored as potential confounders. Logistic regression analysis was used in both unmatched and propensity score-matched case-control analyses. RESULTS: No association was found between exposure to child care and COVID-19 in both unmatched (odds ratio [OR], 1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.82-1.38) and matched (OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.73-1.21) analyses. In matched analysis, being a home-based provider (as opposed to a center-based provider) was associated with COVID-19 (OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.14-2.23) but revealed no interaction with exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Within the context of considerable infection mitigation efforts in US child care programs, exposure to child care during the early months of the US pandemic was not associated with an elevated risk for COVID-19 transmission to providers. These findings must be interpreted only within the context of background transmission rates and the considerable infection mitigation efforts implemented in child care programs. AD - Yale Child Study Center and walter.gilliam@yale.edu. | School of Medicine. | Yale Institute for Global Health. | Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York; and. | Yale Child Study Center and. | Department of Economics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. | Department of Pediatrics. | Yale New Haven Children's Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut. | Schools of Public Health and. | Tobin Center for Economic Policy, and. | Nursing. AN - 33055228 AU - Gilliam, W. S. | Malik, A. A. | Shafiq, M. | Klotz, M. | Reyes, C. | Humphries, J. E. | Murray, T. | Elharake, J. A. | Wilkinson, D. | Omer, S. B. C1 - 2020-11-03 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/110320_covidupdate.html DA - Jan DO - 10.1542/peds.2020-031971 ET - 2020/10/16 IS - 1 KW - Adult | COVID-19/diagnosis/*epidemiology/*transmission | Child | Child Care/*trends | Child Day Care Centers/*trends | Child, Preschool | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Surveys and Questionnaires | United States/epidemiology | conflicts of interest to disclose. L1 - internal-pdf://0318378842/Gilliam-2021-COVID-19 Transmission in US Child.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Gilliam, Walter S; Malik, Amyn A; Shafiq, Mehr; Klotz, Madeline; Reyes, Chin; Humphries, John Eric; Murray, Thomas; Elharake, Jad A; Wilkinson, David; Omer, Saad B; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Pediatrics. 2021 Jan;147(1). pii: peds.2020-031971. doi: 10.1542/peds.2020-031971. Epub 2020 Oct 14. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 0.7% (n = 427) of child care providers reported testing positive or being hospitalized for COVID-19. | No association was found between exposure to child care programs and COVID-19 (OR 0.94; 95% CI 0.73-1.21). | Being a home-based rather than center-based provider was associated with diagnosis of COVID-19 (OR 1.59, 95%CI 1.14-2.23) but this was independent of reported exposure. | Methods: Survey of 57,335 child care providers between May 22 and June 8, 2020, identified through two national child care organizations and 28 state child care workforce registries. Participants were surveyed on exposure to child care programs in the previous 8 weeks and whether they had tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 or had been hospitalized for COVID-19. Logistic regression was conducted to control for confounders (county COVID-19 mortality rate, hand washing and social distancing, child care facility type). Limitations: Child care program not defined; state policy-level variables may not have been adequately controlled. | Implications: Early in the pandemic, exposure to child care programs did not appear to place child care providers at increased risk of COVID-19. This may be partially attributable to infection mitigation efforts in child care programs and background incidence rates. Infections among child care providers will need to be re-evaluated once facilities more broadly re-open. SN - 1098-4275 (Electronic); 0031-4005 (Linking) SP - e2020031971 ST - COVID-19 Transmission in US Child Care Programs T2 - Pediatrics TI - COVID-19 Transmission in US Child Care Programs UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33055228 VL - 147 ID - 1171 ER - TY - JOUR AB - To guide evidence-based prevention of COVID-19 in children, we estimated risks of severe outcomes in 820,404 symptomatic paediatric cases reported by 10 EU Member States between August 2020 and October 2021. Case and hospitalisation rates rose as overall transmission increased but severe outcomes were rare: 9,611 (1.2%) were hospitalised, 640 (0.08%) required intensive care and 84 (0.01%) died. Despite increased individual risk (aOR; 95% CI for hospitalisation: 7.3; 3.3 - 16.2, ICU: 8.7; 6.2 - 12.3) in cases with comorbidities such as cancer, diabetes, cardiac or lung disease, most (83.7%) hospitalised children had no reported comorbidity.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis study did not receive any fundingAuthor DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The analysis is based on surveillance data reported to the European Surveillance System (TESSy) (www.ecdc.europa.eu and https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/country-overviews)I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll data produced in the present study are available upon reasonable request to the authors AU - Bundle, Nick | Dave, Nishi | Pharris, Anastasia | Spiteri, Gianfranco | Deogan, Charlotte | Suk, Jonathan E. | study group, members C1 - 2021-12-10 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/12102021_covidupdate.html#anchor_NaturalHistory DO - 10.1101/2021.11.25.21266875 L1 - internal-pdf://4100252990/Bundle-2021-COVID-19 trends and severity among.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Pediatric cases and hospitalization rates increased as rates in adult age groups rose (Figure), but severe outcomes were rare. | Among symptomatic children, 1.2% (n = 9,611) were hospitalized, 0.08% (n = 640) required intensive care, and 0.01% (n = 84) died. | The risk of hospitalization was highest among children aged <1 year (13.1%) and lowest among those aged 8�?3 years (0.6%). | Most hospitalized children (83.7%) had no reported comorbidities; however, risks of hospitalization (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]29), intensive care (aOR 8.74), and death (aOR 26.85) were higher among children with any comorbidity compared with no comorbidities. | Methods: Analysis of pooled weekly surveillance data of COVID-19 symptomatic children aged 0-17 years (n = 820,404) reported by 10 European Union countries (Austria, Cyprus, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Slovakia, and Sweden) from August 2020–October 2021. Hospitalization associated with comorbidities was estimated for 7 countries only. Limitations: Data on vaccination status of the children were not available; data restricted to symptomatic cases. | | Implications: Risk of hospitalization and severe COVID-19 outcomes are higher among children with a potential comorbidity; CDC recommends COVID-19 vaccines for persons ages 5 years and older and emphasizes use of multiple COVID-19 prevention strategies to protect children <5 years of age. SP - 2021.11.25.21266875 ST - COVID-19 trends and severity among symptomatic children aged 0-17 years in ten EU countries, 3 August 2020 �?3 October 2021 T2 - medRxiv TI - COVID-19 trends and severity among symptomatic children aged 0-17 years in ten EU countries, 3 August 2020 �?3 October 2021 UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/11/29/2021.11.25.21266875.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/11/29/2021.11.25.21266875.full.pdf ID - 2690 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Pregnant women with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) are at increased risk for adverse outcomes, and Covid-19 vaccination is recommended during pregnancy.1,2 However, safety data on Covid-19 vaccination during pregnancy remain limited.3,4 | | We performed a case–control study with data from Norwegian registries on first-trimester pregnancies, Covid-19 vaccination, background characteristics, and underlying health conditions (Supplementary Methods and Tables S1 through S3 in the Supplementary Appendix, available with the full text of this letter at NEJM.org). We identified all women who were registered between February 15 and August 15, 2021, as having had a miscarriage before 14 weeks of gestation (case patients) and those with a primary care–based confirmation of ongoing pregnancy in the first trimester (controls). In Norway, although vaccination during the first trimester is not recommended except in women with underlying risk conditions, women not yet aware that they were pregnant may still be vaccinated in the first trimester. We estimated odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals for Covid-19 vaccination within 5-week and 3-week windows before a miscarriage or ongoing pregnancy, adjusting for women’s age, country of birth, marital status, educational level, household income, number of children, employment in a health care profession, underlying risk conditions for Covid-19, previous test positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, and calendar month. AD - Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway maria.christine.magnus@fhi.no. | National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC. | School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada. | Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway. AN - 34670062 AU - Magnus, Maria C. | Gjessing, Håkon K. | Eide, Helena N. | Wilcox, Allen J. | Fell, Deshayne B. | Håberg, Siri E. C1 - 2021-10-29 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10292021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - Oct 20 DO - 10.1056/NEJMc2114466 ET - 2021/10/21 L1 - internal-pdf://0049473018/Magnus-2021-Covid-19 Vaccination during Pregna.pdf LB - Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Magnus, Maria C | Gjessing, Hakon K | Eide, Helena N | Wilcox, Allen J | Fell, Deshayne B | Haberg, Siri E | eng | 262700/Norges Forskningsrad | 324312/Norges Forskningsrad | 105545/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom | 947684/H2020 European Research Council | Letter | N Engl J Med. 2021 Oct 20. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2114466. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: COVID-19 vaccination was not associated with increased odds of 1st trimester miscarriage in a case-control study using registry data (February–August 2021) of Norwegian women who miscarried (cases; n = 4,521) or with ongoing pregnancy (controls; n = 13,956). Results were similar for sub-analyses by number of doses received or vaccine type (BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, or ChAdOx1), and when limited to healthcare personnel only or women with at least 8 weeks of follow-up after confirmed pregnancy. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic) | 0028-4793 (Linking) ST - Covid-19 Vaccination during Pregnancy and First-Trimester Miscarriage T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Covid-19 Vaccination during Pregnancy and First-Trimester Miscarriage UR - https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2114466 | https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMc2114466?articleTools=true ID - 2556 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The availability of various types of COVID-19 vaccines and diverse characteristics of the vaccines present a dilemma in vaccination choices, which may result in individuals refusing a particular COVID-19 vaccine offered, hence presenting a threat to immunisation coverage and reaching herd immunity. The study aimed to assess global COVID-19 vaccination intention, vaccine characteristics influencing vaccination acceptance and desirable vaccine characteristics influencing the choice of vaccines. AD - Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China. wonglp@ummc.edu.my. | Centre for Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Practice, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. wonglp@ummc.edu.my. | Centre for Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Practice, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. | Department of Community Health Science, Muhammad Medical College, Mirpurkhas, Sindh, 69000, Pakistan. | World Health Organization National Polio Surveillance Project (NPSP) Unit Belgaum World Customs Organization, Hindu Nagar, Tilakwadi, Belgaum, Karnataka, 590006, India. | Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China. | Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China. yulanlin@fjmu.edu.cn. | Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment Factors and Cancer, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, Fujian, China. huzhijian@fjmu.edu.cn. | Leadership Institute for Global Health Transformation, Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, 12 Science Drive, Singapore, 117549, Singapore. | Department of Public Health, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan. | Department of Academic Affairs and Testing, Dong Nai Technology University, Dong Nai, Vietnam. | Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control & Research (IEDCR), Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh. | Ministry of Health and Prevention (MOHAP), Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. | Vijaya College of Nursing, Belgaum, Ayodhya Nagar, Belgaum, Karnataka, 590001, India. | Department of Nursing, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. | Leadership Dialogue, 16 Elland Road, Manor Gardens, Durban, 4001, South Africa. | Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. | Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Indiana University, 410 W, 10th St., HS 1001, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. | State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China. AN - 34620243 AU - Wong, Li Ping | Alias, Haridah | Danaee, Mahmoud | Ahmed, Jamil | Lachyan, Abhishek | Cai, Carla Zi | Lin, Yulan | Hu, Zhijian | Tan, Si Ying | Lu, Yixiao | Cai, Guoxi | Nguyen, Di Khanh | Seheli, Farhana Nishat | Alhammadi, Fatma | Madhale, Milkar D. | Atapattu, Muditha | Quazi-Bodhanya, Tasmi | Mohajer, Samira | Zimet, Gregory D. | Zhao, Qinjian C1 - 2021-10-22 C2 - PMC8496428 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10222021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - 2021/10/07 DO - 10.1186/s40249-021-00900-w ET - 2021/10/09 IS - 1 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control | *COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage | Cross-Sectional Studies | Female | Global Health | Humans | *Intention | Male | Middle Aged | Socioeconomic Factors | Surveys and Questionnaires | *Vaccination/psychology/statistics & numerical data | Young Adult | COVID-19 vaccine | Vaccination acceptance | Vaccination intention | Vaccine characteristics | Vaccine choice L1 - internal-pdf://4259337191/Wong-2021-COVID-19 vaccination intention and v.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Wong, Li Ping | Alias, Haridah | Danaee, Mahmoud | Ahmed, Jamil | Lachyan, Abhishek | Cai, Carla Zi | Lin, Yulan | Hu, Zhijian | Tan, Si Ying | Lu, Yixiao | Cai, Guoxi | Nguyen, Di Khanh | Seheli, Farhana Nishat | Alhammadi, Fatma | Madhale, Milkar D | Atapattu, Muditha | Quazi-Bodhanya, Tasmi | Mohajer, Samira | Zimet, Gregory D | Zhao, Qinjian | eng | England | Infect Dis Poverty. 2021 Oct 7;10(1):122. doi: 10.1186/s40249-021-00900-w. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: COVID-19 vaccine acceptance was measured in a cross-sectional multi-country global online survey (n = 17 countries; 19,714 total responses), January 4–March 6, 2021. Nearly all respondents in Australia (96.4%), China (95.3%), and Norway (95.3) reported they were likely or extremely likely to receive a vaccine. About one-third of respondents in Japan (34.6%), the U.S. (29.4%), and Iran (27.9%) were unlikely or extremely unlikely to receive a vaccine. The U.S. had the highest proportion who were extremely unlikely to receive a vaccine (15.4%). SN - 2049-9957 SP - 122 ST - COVID-19 vaccination intention and vaccine characteristics influencing vaccination acceptance: a global survey of 17 countries T2 - Infect Dis Poverty TI - COVID-19 vaccination intention and vaccine characteristics influencing vaccination acceptance: a global survey of 17 countries UR - https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-021-00900-w | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8496428/pdf/40249_2021_Article_900.pdf VL - 10 ID - 2527 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We estimate the impact of government-mandated proof of vaccination requirements for access to public venues and non-essential businesses on COVID-19 vaccine uptake. We use event-study and difference-in-differences approaches exploiting the variation in the timing of these measures across Canadian provinces. We find that the announcement of a vaccination mandate is associated with large increase in new first-dose vaccinations in the first week (more than 50% on average) and the second week (more than 100%) immediately following the announcement. The estimated effect starts waning about six weeks past the announcement. Counterfactual simulations using our estimates suggest that these mandates have led to about 289,000 additional first-dose vaccinations in Canada as of September 30, 2021, which is 1 to 8 weeks after the policy announcements across the different provinces. Time-series analysis corroborates our results for Canada, and we further estimate that national vaccine mandates in three European countries also led to large gains in first-dose vaccinations (7+ mln in France, 4+ mln in Italy and 1+ mln in Germany, 7 to 12 weeks after the policy announcements). NOTE: The reported numbers may change with more data. Please see updated version when available.Note on data availability The proof of vaccination mandates that we analyze in this paper are recent policies, as several Canadian provinces announced the mandates not long before the current sample end date September 30, 2021. As more data become available and we include them in our analysis, our estimate of the average effect of a mandate announcement on vaccine uptake may change. For example, to the extent that the large increase in first dose vaccinations we observe may include intertemporal substitution (people receiving the vaccine sooner than otherwise intended), the estimated net gain in vaccinations (people who otherwise would not have become immunized), relative to the no-mandate counterfactual, could be overstated. On the other hand, we expect our estimates for the initial increase in first doses (the first two weeks after the announcement) not to be affected much by the additional data. Lastly, many of the announced mandates are coming into force at the time of writing, which could provide an additional increase in vaccinations that we intend to analyze.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementNo funding external to the authors' home institution was received for this project.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:All data used in this manuscript is based on information available in public domain. Data sources and links are provided within the manuscript.I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll data used in this manuscript is based on information available in public domain. Data sources and links are pr vided within the manuscript. AU - Karaivanov, Alexander | Kim, Dongwoo | Lu, Shih En | Shigeoka, Hitoshi C1 - 2021-11-05 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/11052021_covidupdate.html#anchor_PreventionStrategies DO - 10.1101/2021.10.21.21265355 L1 - internal-pdf://3803936558/Karaivanov-2021-COVID-19 Vaccination Mandates.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In Canada, announcements of governmental COVID-19 vaccination mandates (proof of vaccination requirements for access to public venues and non-essential businesses) were associated with an estimated 55% increase in 1st dose vaccinations in the 1st week and >100% increase in the 2nd week following the policy announcement. | The mandates�?effect decreased over time and largely dissipated after 6�? weeks. | Similar trends were observed in France, Italy and Germany. | Methods: Variation in timing of provincial mandates (August 5 to September 21, 2021) allowed for a difference-in-differences model to determine the average effect of announcing vaccination mandates on 1st dose vaccine uptake in 9 Canadian provinces. Counterfactual simulations and time-series analyses were used to separately estimate the effect on uptake in each province and in France, Italy, and Germany. Limitations: Estimates may change as more data becomes available; cannot prove causality. | | Implications: COVID-19 vaccination mandates appear to have a large but short-lived effect on 1st dose uptake. SP - 2021.10.21.21265355 ST - COVID-19 Vaccination Mandates and Vaccine Uptake T2 - medRxiv TI - COVID-19 Vaccination Mandates and Vaccine Uptake UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/10/25/2021.10.21.21265355.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/10/25/2021.10.21.21265355.full.pdf ID - 2587 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Purpose This study provides information on COVID-19 vaccination and attitudes among young adults with recent experiences of homelessness. Methods Participants (n=134) from a clinical trial of a risk reduction program for youth experiencing homelessness in Los Angeles completed survey items about COVID-19 vaccinations between March-October, 2021. Results 29% of respondents were vaccinated and 50% were not interested in getting vaccinated. Among the unvaccinated, 58% had not been offered the vaccine; further, 38%-45% had strong distrust of the vaccine and worry about its harmfulness. Vaccination status was generally unrelated with demographics, housing instability, service use, substance use, or mental health. Conclusions Our data suggest that vaccination rates are lower among young adults with recent experiences of homelessness than those in the general U.S. population. Results suggest a need for greater direct outreach that includes both offering the vaccine and addressing misconceptions about its safety to increase vaccination rates in this population. AU - Tucker, Joan S. | D’Amico, Elizabeth J. | Pedersen, Eric R. | Garvey, Rick | Rodriguez, Anthony | Klein, David J. C1 - 2021-12-10 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/12102021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - 2021/11/23/ DO - 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.11.017 KW - COVID-19 | vaccination | young people | homelessness L1 - internal-pdf://3096831372/1-s2.0-S1054139X21006303-main.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In a March–October 2021 survey of 134 young adults (ages 18�?5 years; 68% male, 87% non-White) who recently experienced homelessness in Los Angeles County, 29% reported they were vaccinated. Among those not vaccinated, 57% strongly disagreed that they would get vaccinated if it was immediately available to them, and 45% strongly agreed that they would not trust the COVID-19 vaccine. Never being offered the vaccine was widely reported among unvaccinated participants (42%), suggesting insufficient outreach to young people experiencing homelessness. SN - 1054-139X ST - COVID-19 Vaccination Rates and Attitudes Among Young Adults With Recent Experiences of Homelessness T2 - J Adolesc Health TI - COVID-19 Vaccination Rates and Attitudes Among Young Adults With Recent Experiences of Homelessness UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1054139X21006303 ID - 2703 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Black and Latinx communities have faced disproportionate harm from the COVID-19 pandemic. Increasing COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and access has the potential to mitigate mortality and morbidity from COVID-19 for all communities, including those most impacted by the pandemic.To investigate and understand factors associated with facilitating and obstructing COVID-19 vaccine access and acceptance among Black and Latinx communities.This community-partnered qualitative study conducted semistructured, in-depth focus groups with Black and Latinx participants from March 17 to March 29, 2021, using a secure video conferencing platform. Participants were recruited through emails from local community-based organizations, federally qualified health centers, social service agencies, the New Haven, Connecticut, Health Department, and in-person distribution of study information from community health workers. A total of 8 focus groups were conducted, including 4 in Spanish and 4 in English, with 72 participants from a diverse range of community roles, including teachers, custodial service workers, and health care employees, in New Haven, Connecticut. Data were analyzed from March 17 to July 30, 2021.Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, translated, and analyzed using an inductive content analysis approach. Themes and subthemes were identified on the acceptability and accessibility of the COVID-19 vaccine among participants who identified as Black and/or Latinx.Among 72 participants, 36 (50%) identified as Black, 28 (39%) as Latinx, and 8 (11%) as Black and Latinx and 56 (78%) identified as women and 16 (22%) identified as men. Participants described 3 major themes that may represent facilitators and barriers to COVID-19 vaccinations: pervasive mistreatment of Black and Latinx communities and associated distrust; informing trust via trusted messengers and messages, choice, social support, and diversity; and addressing structural barriers to vaccination access.The findings of this qualitative study may impact what health care systems, public health officials, policy makers, health care practitioners, and community leaders can do to facilitate equitable uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine. Community-informed insights are imperative to facilitating COVID-19 vaccine access and acceptance among communities hardest hit by the pandemic. Preventing the further widening of inequities and addressing structural barriers to vaccination access are vital to protecting all communities, especially Black and Latinx individuals who have experienced disproportionate death and loss from COVID-19. AD - Yale National Clinician Scholars Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut. | Community Alliance for Research and Engagement, New Haven, Connecticut. | Veterans Administration Health Services Research and Development Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation, and Policy, West Haven, Connecticut. | Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut. | Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut. | Department of Public Health, College of Health and Human ServiceSouthern Connecticut State University, New Haven. | Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut. | Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut. | Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven Connecticut. AN - 34643719 AU - Balasuriya, Lilanthi | Santilli, Alycia | Morone, Jennifer | Ainooson, Jessica | Roy, Brita | Njoku, Anuli | Mendiola-Iparraguirre, Andrea | O’Connor Duffany, Kathleen | Macklin, Bernard | Higginbottom, Jackson | Fern֙ndez-Ayala, Celina | Vicente, Genesis | Venkatesh, Arjun C1 - 2021-10-22 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10222021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - Oct 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.28575 ET - 2021/10/14 IS - 10 L1 - internal-pdf://0639062905/Balasuriya-2021-COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance an.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Balasuriya, Lilanthi | Santilli, Alycia | Morone, Jennifer | Ainooson, Jessica | Roy, Brita | Njoku, Anuli | Mendiola-Iparraguirre, Andrea | O'Connor Duffany, Kathleen | Macklin, Bernard | Higginbottom, Jackson | Fernandez-Ayala, Celina | Vicente, Genesis | Venkatesh, Arjun | eng | Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. | JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Oct 1;4(10):e2128575. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.28575. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: To understand facilitators and barriers to COVID-19 vaccination, 8 semi-structured in-depth focus groups (4 in Spanish; 4 in English) were conducted in March 2021 with 72 participants who identified as Hispanic/Latino and/or Black and had a diverse range of community roles in New Haven, CT. Three major themes emerged: pervasive mistreatment of Black and Hispanic/Latino communities and associated distrust; opportunities to build trust via trusted messengers and messages, choice, social support, and diversity; and the need to address structural barriers to vaccination access. SN - 2574-3805 SP - e2128575-e2128575 ST - COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance and Access Among Black and Latinx Communities T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance and Access Among Black and Latinx Communities UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.28575 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/articlepdf/2784917/balasuriya_2021_oi_210833_1633112274.71603.pdf VL - 4 Y2 - 10/25/2021 ID - 2517 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA etchin@stanford.edu. | San Luis Obispo, CA. | Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. | Center for Research and Teaching in Economics, Aguascalientes, Mexico. AN - 33979505 AU - Chin, E. T. | Leidner, D. | Ryckman, T. | Liu, Y. E. | Prince, L. | Alarid-Escudero, F. | Andrews, J. R. | Salomon, J. A. | Goldhaber-Fiebert, J. D. | Studdert, D. M. C1 - 2021-05-21 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05212021_covidupdate.html DA - May 12 DO - 10.1056/NEJMc2105282 ET - 2021/05/13 IS - 4 KW - Adult | Aged | *COVID-19 Vaccines | California | Humans | Middle Aged | Patient Acceptance of Health Care/ethnology/*statistics & numerical data | Prisoners/*statistics & numerical data | Vaccination Refusal/ethnology/*statistics & numerical data | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://1037075714/Chin-2021-Covid-19 Vaccine Acceptance in Calif.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Chin, Elizabeth T; Leidner, David; Ryckman, Theresa; Liu, Yiran E; Prince, Lea; Alarid-Escudero, Fernando; Andrews, Jason R; Salomon, Joshua A; Goldhaber-Fiebert, Jeremy D; Studdert, David M; eng; R37-DA15612/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/; NU38OT000297-02/CC/CDC HHS/; DGE-1656518/National Science Foundation; Letter; N Engl J Med. 2021 May 12. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2105282. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among incarcerated adults in California who were offered vaccine, 66.5% accepted at least 1 dose. | Vaccine acceptance was: | Lowest among non-Hispanic Blacks (54.9%; 99.6% CI 54.3%-55.5%) (Figure). | Lower among younger and healthier residents (those with a low risk score) than older and medically vulnerable residents (those with a high risk score) (Figure). | Among those who initially declined vaccination, 45.9% accepted when re-offered. | Methods: California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) records for 64,633 prisoners offered COVID-19 vaccination between December 22, 2020 and March 4, 2021. Predicted margins estimated from logistic regression models adjusted for prison, prisoner security level, room type, labor participation, race/ethnicity, COVID-19 history, age, and CDCR COVID-19 risk score group. Risk score for potential severity of infection was based on age and 16 health conditions. Limitations: Results do not include information on receipt of second dose; COVID-19 history prior to incarceration not considered. | Implications: Attitudes towards vaccination may change over time, so providing another opportunity for vaccination to those who decline initially may increase vaccinations. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 374-376 ST - Covid-19 Vaccine Acceptance in California State Prisons T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Covid-19 Vaccine Acceptance in California State Prisons UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33979505 VL - 385 ID - 1763 ER - TY - JOUR AB - An effective vaccine is needed to halt the spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. Recently, we reported safety, tolerability and antibody response data from an ongoing placebo-controlled, observer-blinded phase I/II coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine trial with BNT162b1, a lipid nanoparticle-formulated nucleoside-modified mRNA that encodes the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein(1). Here we present antibody and T cell responses after vaccination with BNT162b1 from a second, non-randomized open-label phase I/II trial in healthy adults, 18-55 years of age. Two doses of 1-50 mug of BNT162b1 elicited robust CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses and strong antibody responses, with RBD-binding IgG concentrations clearly above those seen in serum from a cohort of individuals who had recovered from COVID-19. Geometric mean titres of SARS-CoV-2 serum-neutralizing antibodies on day 43 were 0.7-fold (1-mug dose) to 3.5-fold (50-mug dose) those of the recovered individuals. Immune sera broadly neutralized pseudoviruses with diverse SARS-CoV-2 spike variants. Most participants had T helper type 1 (TH1)-skewed T cell immune responses with RBD-specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cell expansion. Interferon-gamma was produced by a large fraction of RBD-specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells. The robust RBD-specific antibody, T cell and favourable cytokine responses induced by the BNT162b1 mRNA vaccine suggest that it has the potential to protect against COVID-19 through multiple beneficial mechanisms. AD - BioNTech, Mainz, Germany. ugur.sahin@biontech.de. | TRON gGmbH-Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg, Mainz, Germany. ugur.sahin@biontech.de. | BioNTech, Mainz, Germany. | Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA. | Bexon Clinical Consulting, Upper Montclair, NJ, USA. | CRS Clinical Research Services Mannheim GmbH, Mannheim, Germany. | University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. | Pfizer, Pearl River, NY, USA. AN - 32998157 AU - Sahin, U. | Muik, A. | Derhovanessian, E. | Vogler, I. | Kranz, L. M. | Vormehr, M. | Baum, A. | Pascal, K. | Quandt, J. | Maurus, D. | Brachtendorf, S. | Lorks, V. | Sikorski, J. | Hilker, R. | Becker, D. | Eller, A. K. | Grutzner, J. | Boesler, C. | Rosenbaum, C. | Kuhnle, M. C. | Luxemburger, U. | Kemmer-Bruck, A. | Langer, D. | Bexon, M. | Bolte, S. | Kariko, K. | Palanche, T. | Fischer, B. | Schultz, A. | Shi, P. Y. | Fontes-Garfias, C. | Perez, J. L. | Swanson, K. A. | Loschko, J. | Scully, I. L. | Cutler, M. | Kalina, W. | Kyratsous, C. A. | Cooper, D. | Dormitzer, P. R. | Jansen, K. U. | Tureci, O. C1 - 2020-10-09 C2 - Laboratory Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100920_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1038/s41586-020-2814-7 ET - 2020/10/01 IS - 7830 KW - Adult | Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology | Antibodies, Viral/*immunology | CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology/immunology | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | Coronavirus Infections/*immunology/prevention & control | Cytokines/immunology | Female | Germany | Humans | Immunoglobulin G/immunology | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*immunology | Th1 Cells/cytology/*immunology | Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*immunology | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://4072889964/Sahin-2020-COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b1 elicits h.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Sahin, Ugur; Muik, Alexander; Derhovanessian, Evelyna; Vogler, Isabel; Kranz, Lena M; Vormehr, Mathias; Baum, Alina; Pascal, Kristen; Quandt, Jasmin; Maurus, Daniel; Brachtendorf, Sebastian; Lorks, Verena; Sikorski, Julian; Hilker, Rolf; Becker, Dirk; Eller, Ann-Kathrin; Grutzner, Jan; Boesler, Carsten; Rosenbaum, Corinna; Kuhnle, Marie-Cristine; Luxemburger, Ulrich; Kemmer-Bruck, Alexandra; Langer, David; Bexon, Martin; Bolte, Stefanie; Kariko, Katalin; Palanche, Tania; Fischer, Boris; Schultz, Armin; Shi, Pei-Yong; Fontes-Garfias, Camila; Perez, John L; Swanson, Kena A; Loschko, Jakob; Scully, Ingrid L; Cutler, Mark; Kalina, Warren; Kyratsous, Christos A; Cooper, David; Dormitzer, Philip R; Jansen, Kathrin U; Tureci, Ozlem; eng; Clinical Trial, Phase I; Clinical Trial, Phase II; England; Nature. 2020 Oct;586(7830):594-599. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2814-7. Epub 2020 Sep 30. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Highest levels of neutralizing antibody were seen 29 days after initial dose (virus neutralization titers [VNT50] 36�?78) and were dose-dependent. | A booster at day 22 after the initial dose was necessary to see a robust immune response. | Levels of IgG binding to the receptor binding domain (RBD) and neutralizing antibodies were highly correlated, r = 0.9452, p <0.0001 (Figure 1). | BNT162b1 had robust neutralizing titers against the common RBD variants, including D614G (the dominant spike variant). | A positive correlation between the frequency of RBD-specific CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells was seen (Figure 2). | Methods: Phase 1/2 clinical trial with 60 participants assigned to five 12-person groups and administered the BNT162b1 mRNA experimental vaccine at varying dose levels between April 23 and May 22, 2020. Groups were given the first dose on day one and boosted on day 22, except for one group that was administered only one dose. Antibody and T-cell immune responses were evaluated. Limitations: Small sample size and only included participants <55 years; short study did not allow testing persistence of immune response. | Implications: With a robust RBD-specific antibody and T-cell response, BNT162b1 mRNA vaccine is a promising SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate. SN - 1476-4687 (Electronic); 0028-0836 (Linking) SP - 594-599 ST - COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b1 elicits human antibody and TH1 T cell responses T2 - Nature TI - COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b1 elicits human antibody and TH1 T cell responses UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32998157 VL - 586 ID - 1020 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been accompanied by rising concern of vaccine breakthrough due to SARS-CoV-2 variants, waning protection over time, differential vaccine effectiveness, and regional resurgence of Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). Characterizing the frequency and drivers of vaccine breakthrough is necessary to inform COVID-19 control efforts.Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of vaccine breakthrough infections in fully vaccinated persons in Veterans Health Administration. We applied Cox proportional hazard models to estimate cumulative incidence, assess differences in outcomes by vaccine, and identify associations with individual characteristics as well as time-dependent geographic variation in COVID-19 incidence, proportion of delta variant, and vaccine coverage.Results Among 3,032,561 fully vaccinated persons, documented SARS-CoV-2 infection occurred in 11,197 (0.37%) and COVID-19 hospitalization occurred in 2,080 (0.07%). Compared to Ad26.COV2.S, BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 had lower occurrence of documented SARS-CoV-2 infection (aHR 0.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.51-0.58; aHR 0.36; 95% CI 0.33-0.38; respectively) and COVID-19 hospitalization (aHR 0.56, 95% CI 0.47-0.66; aHR 0.30; 0.25-0.35; respectively). Documented SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 hospitalization were associated with younger age, Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, number of comorbidities, and previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. Regional proportion of delta variant and county-level COVID-19 incidence were predictors of vaccine breakthrough events; county-level vaccine coverage was inversely associated.Conclusions Vaccine breakthrough was rare among fully vaccinated persons. mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 were more protective against documented SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 hospitalization compared to Ad26.COV2.S. Efforts to limit COVID-19 transmission and bolster vaccine coverage would also curtail vaccine breakthrough.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:This project was approved by the Stanford University Institutional Review Board (Protocol ID 47191, "Public Health Surveillance in the Department of Veterans Affairs" and written informed consent was waived.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesDue to US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) regulations, the analytic data sets used for this study are not permitted to leave the VA firewall without a Data Use Agreement. This limitation is consistent with other studies based on VA data. AU - Sharma, Aditya | Oda, Gina | Holodniy, Mark C1 - 2021-10-08 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10082021_covidupdate.html#anchor_Vaccines DO - 10.1101/2021.09.23.21263864 L1 - internal-pdf://3804696134/Sharma-2021-COVID-19 Vaccine Breakthrough Infe.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among fully vaccinated Veterans Health Administration (VHA) patients, 11,197 (0.37%) had breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections and 2,080 (0.07%) were hospitalized for COVID-19. | After mRNA-1273 (Moderna): 0.26% had infections; 0.05% were hospitalized. | After BNT162b2 (Comirnaty, Pfizer/BioNTech): 0.45% had infections; 0.09% were hospitalized. | After Ad26.COV2.S (Johnson & Johnson/Janssen): 0.57% had infections; 0.09% were hospitalized. | BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccinees had fewer infections (adjusted Hazard Ratio [aHR] 0.54, 95% CI 0.51-0.58 and aHR 0.36, 95% CI 0.33-0.38, respectively) and hospitalizations (aHR 0.51, 95% CI 0.43-0.60 and aHR 0.27, 95% CI 0.23-0.32, respectively) than Ad26.COV2.S vaccinees (Figure). | Methods: Retrospective cohort study of 3,032,561 fully-vaccinated persons (aged �?8 years) in the Veterans Health Administration, January–August 31, 2021. Hazard ratios adjusted for demographics, co-morbidities, and geographic characteristics. Limitations: May not be representative of other populations (sample was >90% male, median age 70 years; nursing home residents were excluded). | | Implications: Patients who received the mRNA-1273 or BNT162b2 vaccines had lower risks of infection and hospitalization than those who received the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine, but post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infection and hospitalization rates were very uncommon for all authorized vaccines. SP - 2021.09.23.21263864 ST - COVID-19 Vaccine Breakthrough Infections in Veterans Health Administration T2 - medRxiv TI - COVID-19 Vaccine Breakthrough Infections in Veterans Health Administration UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/09/26/2021.09.23.21263864.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/09/26/2021.09.23.21263864.full.pdf ID - 2443 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND | Population-based data from the United States on the effectiveness of the three coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) vaccines currently authorized by the Food and Drug Administration are limited. Whether declines in effectiveness are due to waning immunity, the B.1.617.2 (delta) variant of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), or other causes is unknown. | | METHODS | We used data for 8,690,825 adults in New York State to assess the effectiveness of the BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, and Ad26.COV2.S vaccines against laboratory-confirmed Covid-19 and hospitalization with Covid-19 (i.e., Covid-19 diagnosed at or after admission). We compared cohorts defined according to vaccine product received, age, and month of full vaccination with age-specific unvaccinated cohorts by linking statewide testing, hospital, and vaccine registry databases. We assessed vaccine effectiveness against Covid-19 from May 1 through September 3, 2021, and against hospitalization with Covid-19 from May 1 through August 31, 2021. | | RESULTS | There were 150,865 cases of Covid-19 and 14,477 hospitalizations with Covid-19. During the week of May 1, 2021, when the delta variant made up 1.8% of the circulating variants, the median vaccine effectiveness against Covid-19 was 91.3% (range, 84.1 to 97.0) for BNT162b2, 96.9% (range, 93.7 to 98.0) for mRNA-1273, and 86.6% (range, 77.8 to 89.7) for Ad26.COV2.S. Subsequently, effectiveness declined contemporaneously in all cohorts, from a median of 93.4% (range, 77.8 to 98.0) during the week of May 1 to a nadir of 73.5% (range, 13.8 to 90.0) around July 10, when the prevalence of the delta variant was 85.3%. By the week of August 28, when the prevalence of the delta variant was 99.6%, the effectiveness was 74.2% (range, 63.4 to 86.8). Effectiveness against hospitalization with Covid-19 among adults 18 to 64 years of age remained almost exclusively greater than 86%, with no apparent time trend. Effectiveness declined from May through August among persons 65 years of age or older who had received BNT162b2 (from 94.8 to 88.6%) or mRNA-1273 (from 97.1 to 93.7%). The effectiveness of Ad26.COV2.S was lower than that of the other vaccines, with no trend observed over time (range, 80.0 to 90.6%). | | CONCLUSIONS | The effectiveness of the three vaccines against Covid-19 declined after the delta variant became predominant. The effectiveness against hospitalization remained high, with modest declines limited to BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 recipients 65 years of age or older. AU - Rosenberg, Eli S. | Dorabawila, Vajeera | Easton, Delia | Bauer, Ursula E. | Kumar, Jessica | Hoen, Rebecca | Hoefer, Dina | Wu, Meng | Lutterloh, Emily | Conroy, Mary Beth | Greene, Danielle | Zucker, Howard A. C1 - 2021-12-10 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/12102021_covidupdate.html#anchor_Vaccines DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2116063 L1 - internal-pdf://3993625980/Rosenberg-2021-Covid-19 Vaccine Effectiveness.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Vaccine effectiveness (VE) against SARS-CoV-2 infection declined from 93.4% in May to 74.2% by the end of August 2021. | VE against hospitalization generally remained high for adults of all ages (Figure): | Among adults aged 18�?4 years, VE against hospitalization exceeded 86%. | Among adults aged >65 years, VE against hospitalization was higher for recipients of BNT162b2 (Comirnaty, Pfizer/BioNTech) and mRNA-1273 (Moderna) compared with COV2.S (Johnson & Johnson/Janssen) but declined over time; VE among recipients of Ad26.COV2.S did not decline over time. | Methods: Prospective cohort study of New York state residents (n = 8,690,825), aged �?8 years; weekly hazard rates were estimated by vaccine, product, age, and timing of vaccination cohort for VE against laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (May 1–September 3, 2021) and COVID-19 hospitalization (May 1–August 31, 2021). Limitations: Indirect effects (e.g., herd immunity) and effect of prior SARS-CoV-2 infections were not assessed. | | Implications: COVID-19 VE against hospitalization remains high despite the emergence of the Delta (B.1.617.2) variant, but declining VE among adults �?5 years of age underscores the importance of prioritizing this group for vaccine boosters. SN - 0028-4793 | 1533-4406 ST - Covid-19 Vaccine Effectiveness in New York State T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Covid-19 Vaccine Effectiveness in New York State UR - https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2116063 | https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa2116063?articleTools=true ID - 2700 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Objective To investigate COVID-19 vaccine efficacy (VE) among healthcare workers (HCWs) in an ethnically diverse community healthcare system, during its initial immunization campaign.Methods HCWs of the system were retrospectively included from the beginning of a COVID-19 vaccination program (December 16, 2020) until March 31, 2021. Those with a prior COVID-19 infection before December 15 were excluded. The Occupational Health department of the system ran a COVID-19 screening and testing referral program for workers, consistently throughout the study period. A master database had been established and updated comprising of the demographics, COVID-19 PCR assays, and vaccinations of each HCW. Andersen-Gill extension of the Cox models were built to estimate the VE of fully/partially vaccinated person-days at risk.Results Among the 4317 eligible HCWs, 3249 (75%) received any vaccination during the study period. Vaccinated HCWs were older, less likely to be Black/African American, Hispanic/Latino or identify as two or more races, and more likely to be medical providers. After adjusting for age, sex, race, and the statewide background incidence at the time of vaccination, we observed a VE of 80.2% (95% CI: 57.5�?0.8%) for �?4 days after the first dose of Pfizer/Moderna, and 95.5% (95% CI: 88.2-98.3%) among those fully vaccinated (i.e. �?4 days after the second dose of Pfizer/Moderna or the single dose of J&J/Janssen).Conclusion COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness in the real world is promising, and these data in concert with culturally appropriate may decrease vaccine hesitancy.Competing Interest StatementS.N.K. has received COVID-19-related consulting fees from Open Health and has owned shares of Regeneron, Moderna and Astra-Zeneca. All other authors declare no competing interests.Funding StatementNone reported.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The data we used were de-identified, the need for a consent was waived and the study was exempted by the Cambridge Health Alliance Institutional Review Board. (Protocol number 4/29/202-003)All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesDe-identified data are available on reasonable request.HCWhealthcare workerCOVID-19coronavirus disease 2019VEvaccine efficacyCTcycle threshold AU - Iliaki, Eirini | Lan, Fan-Yun | Christophi, Costas A. | Guidotti, Guido | Jobrack, Alexander D. | Buley, Jane | Nathan, Neetha | Osgood, Rebecca | Bruno-Murtha, Lou Ann | Kales, Stefanos N. C1 - 2021-09-17 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09172021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1101/2021.09.02.21263038 L1 - internal-pdf://1208257718/Iliaki-2021-COVID-19 Vaccine Efficacy in a Div.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Natural History | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 4,317 Massachusetts healthcare workers (HCWs), 3,249 were vaccinated between December 2020 and March 2021 and vaccine effectiveness was 95.5% (95% CI 88.2%-98.3%) for those fully vaccinated. Vaccinated HCWs were older, more likely to be non-Hispanic White persons, and to be medical providers. Vaccine uptake among African-American HCWs was lower (54%) than among White HCWs (83%). SP - 2021.09.02.21263038 ST - COVID-19 Vaccine Efficacy in a Diverse Urban Healthcare Worker Population T2 - medRxiv TI - COVID-19 Vaccine Efficacy in a Diverse Urban Healthcare Worker Population UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/09/06/2021.09.02.21263038.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/09/06/2021.09.02.21263038.full.pdf ID - 2333 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. roekerl@mskcc.org. | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Basking Ridge, NJ, USA. | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Commack, NY, USA. AN - 33986431 AU - Roeker, L. E. | Knorr, D. A. | Thompson, M. C. | Nivar, M. | Lebowitz, S. | Peters, N. | Deonarine, I., Jr. | Momotaj, S. | Sharan, S. | Chanlatte, V. | Hampton, B. | Butala, L. | Amato, L. | Richford, A. | Lunkenheimer, J. | Battiato, K. | Laudati, C. | Mato, A. R. C1 - 2021-05-21 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategy CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05212021_covidupdate.html DA - May 13 DO - 10.1038/s41375-021-01270-w ET - 2021/05/15 IS - 9 KW - Adult | Aged | COVID-19/*drug therapy/immunology/pathology/virology | COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology/*therapeutic use | Female | Humans | Immunity | Immunocompromised Host | Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug | therapy/*immunology/pathology/virology | Male | Middle Aged | SARS-CoV-2/*drug effects/immunology L1 - internal-pdf://1567533301/Roeker-2021-COVID-19 vaccine efficacy in patie.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Roeker, Lindsey E; Knorr, David A; Thompson, Meghan C; Nivar, Mariely; Lebowitz, Sonia; Peters, Nicole; Deonarine, Isaac Jr; Momotaj, Saddia; Sharan, Saumya; Chanlatte, Vanessa; Hampton, Bianca; Butala, Liana; Amato, Lindsay; Richford, Angela; Lunkenheimer, Jessica; Battiato, Kristen; Laudati, Carissa; Mato, Anthony R; eng; K08 CA248966/CA/NCI NIH HHS/; P30 CA008748/CA/NCI NIH HHS/; England; Leukemia. 2021 May 13. pii: 10.1038/s41375-021-01270-w. doi: 10.1038/s41375-021-01270-w. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Only 23/44 (52.3%) patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia tested positive for anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies 21 days following the second dose of an mRNA vaccine. SN - 1476-5551 (Electronic); 0887-6924 (Linking) SP - 2703-2705 ST - COVID-19 vaccine efficacy in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia T2 - Leukemia TI - COVID-19 vaccine efficacy in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33986431 VL - 35 ID - 1776 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Introduction COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy increased among US adults April-December, 2020, and threatens efforts to end the pandemic. Among US adults 18-64 years, we report prevalence of and reasons for vaccine hesitancy, overall and by employment and occupation, during the COVID-19 vaccine rollout.Methods The Delphi Group at Carnegie Mellon University conducted a COVID-19 survey administered by Facebook. In January, February and March, 2021, 791,716, 710,529, and 732,308 Facebook users, respectively, reported age 18-64 years and answered a vaccine acceptance question. Weights matched the sample to the age, gender, and state profile of the US population. Percentages and risk ratios (RR) for vaccine hesitancy were estimated using a weighted Poisson regression; 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using robust standard errors.Results Vaccine hesitancy decreased among adults 18-64 years from January (27.5% [95%CI, 27.3-27.6]) to March (22.1% [95%CI, 21.9-22.2]). Vaccine hesitancy varied widely by occupational category: 9.6%, (95%CI, 8.5-10.7) in life/physical/social sciences to 46.4% (95%CI, 45.1-47.7) in construction/extraction. Almost half (47.9%, 95%, 47.6-48.3) of hesitant participants indicated concern about side effects, and over a third didn’t believe they needed the vaccine, didn’t trust the government, were waiting to see if it was safe, and didn’t trust COVID-19 vaccines (versus 14.5% [95%CI, 14.3-14.8] who didn’t like vaccines in general).Conclusions In this nationally representative survey of adults 18-64 years, vaccine hesitancy decreased to 22.1% by March, 2021. Still, hesitancy, which varies widely by occupation, remains a barrier to pandemic control. Reasons for hesitancy indicate messaging about safety and addressing trust are paramount.Competing Interest StatementDr. King, Dr. Mejia and Mr. Rubenstein have no conflict of interest to report. Dr. Reinhart received salary support from an unrestricted monetary gift Facebook.Clinical Protocols https://delphi.cmu.edu/covidcast/surveys/ Funding StatementDr. King, Dr. Mejia and Mr. Rubenstein have no conflict of interest to report. Dr. Reinhart received salary support from an unrestricted gift from Facebook. Funding/Support: This material is based upon work supported by Facebook (unrestricted gift) and a research grant from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U01IP001121). Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of Facebook or the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Role of the Funder: Facebook was involved in the design and conduct of the study. The CDC provided funding only. Neither Facebook nor the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention had a role in the collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; or decision to submit the manuscript for publication. Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) CMU Institutional Review Board approved the survey protocol and instrument: STUDY2020_00000162All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research repo ting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesIf you are interested in using the survey data for your research, you can start the process by submitting a form requesting a data use agreement (DUA) from Facebook. The data is not available from the authors. https://dataforgood.fb.com/docs/covid-19-symptom-survey-request-for-data-access/ AU - King, Wendy C. | Rubinstein, Max | Reinhart, Alex | Mejia, Robin J. C1 - 2021-04-30 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04302021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.04.20.21255821 L1 - internal-pdf://3344291319/King-2021-COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy January-M.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among adults 18-64 years, vaccine hesitancy decreased from 27.5% (95% CI 27.3-27.6) in January 2021 to 22.1% (95% CI 21.9-22.2) in March 2021 (Figure). | Vaccine hesitancy varied by occupational category, from 9.6% (95% CI 8.5-10.7) in the life/physical/social sciences to 46.4% (95% CI 45.1-47.7) in construction. | Hesitancy was related to concern about side effects, not believing the need for a vaccine, lack of trust in the government or vaccines, or wanting to wait to see if the vaccine was safe. | Methods: A COVID-19 vaccine acceptance survey was administered to a random sample of Facebook users 18�?4 years old stratified by region, January−March 2021. Percentages and risk ratios were estimated using a weighted Poisson regression. Limitations: White race and higher education were over-represented in the internet-based sample. | Implications: Though vaccine hesitancy is decreasing overall, there is still high hesitancy, especially in some occupational categories; addressing concerns about vaccine safety and trust will be critical for increasing vaccination rates. SP - 2021.04.20.21255821 ST - COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy January-March 2021 among 18-64 year old US adults by employment and occupation T2 - medRxiv TI - COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy January-March 2021 among 18-64 year old US adults by employment and occupation UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/04/24/2021.04.20.21255821.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/05/06/2021.04.20.21255821.full.pdf ID - 1706 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Introduction In a multi-center prospective cohort of essential workers, we assessed knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) by vaccine intention, prior SARS-CoV-2 positivity, and occupation, and their impact on vaccine uptake over time.Methods Initiated in July 2020, HEROES-RECOVER cohort provided socio-demographics and COVID-19 vaccination data. Using follow-up two surveys approximately three months apart, COVID-19 vaccine KAP, intention, and receipt was collected; the first survey categorized participants as reluctant, reachable, or endorsers.Results A total of 4,803 participants were included in the analysis. Most (70%) were vaccine endorsers, 16% were reachable, and 14% were reluctant. By May 2021, 77% had received at least one vaccine dose. KAP responses strongly predicted vaccine uptake, particularly positive attitudes about safety (aOR=5.46, 95% CI: 1.4-20.8) and effectiveness (aOR=5.0, 95% CI: 1.3-19.1). Participants prior SARS-CoV-2 infection were 22% less likely to believe the COVID-19 vaccine was effective compared with uninfected participants (aOR 0.78, 95% CI: 0.64-0.96). This was even more pronounced in first responders compared with other occupations, with first responders 42% less likely to believe in COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (aOR=0.58, 95% CI 0.40-0.84). KAP responses shifted positively, with reluctant and reachable participant scores modestly increasing in positive responses for perceived vaccine effectiveness (7% and 12%, respectively) on the second follow-up survey; 25% of initially reluctant participants received the COVID-19 vaccine.Discussion Our study demonstrates attitudes associated with COVID-19 vaccine uptake and a positive shift in attitudes over time. First responders, despite potential high exposure to SARS-CoV-2, and participants with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection were more vaccine reluctant.Conclusions COVID-19 vaccine KAP responses predicted vaccine uptake and associated attitudes improved over time. Perceptions of the COVID-19 vaccine can shift over time. Targeting messages about the vaccine’s safety and effectiveness in reducing SARS-CoV-2 virus infection and illness severity may increase vaccine uptake for reluctant and reachable participants.Competing Interest StatementThe findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Allison L. Naleway reported funding from Pfizer for a meningococcal B vaccine study unrelated to the submitted work.Funding StatementThis study was funded by the National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (contracts 75D30120R68013 to Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, 75D30120C08379 to the University of Arizona, and 75D30120C08150 to Abt Associates).Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:- Ethics committee/IRB of University of Arizona gave ethical approval for this work - Ethic committee/IRB of all RECOVER Abt sites (University of Utah, Baylor Scott & White, University of Miami, St Luke's, and Kaiser Permanente) gave ethical approval for this work - Ethics committee/IRB of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention deferred to RECOVER Abt sites and University of Arizona for this workI confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any suc study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll data produced in the present study are available upon reasonable request to the authorsFDAU.S. Food and Drug AdministrationCDCCenters for Disease Control and PreventionEUAEmergency Use AuthorizationKAPKnowledge, attitudes, and practicesHEROESArizona Healthcare, Emergency Response and Other Essential Workers SurveillanceRECOVERStudy and Research on the Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Essential Response PersonnelH-RHEROES-RECOVERHCPHealth care personnelFWFrontline workersPPEPersonal protective equipment AU - Lutrick, Karen | Groom, Holly | Fowlkes, Ashley L. | Groover, Kimberly | Gaglani, Manjusha | Rivers, Patrick | Naleway, Allison L. | Nguyen, Kimberly | Herring, Meghan | Dunnigan, Kayan | Phillips, Andrew | Parker, Joel | Lamberte, Julie Mayo | Prather, Khaila | Thiese, Matthew S. | Baccam, Zoe | Tyner, Harmony | Yoon, Sarang C1 - 2021-11-05 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/11052021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1101/2021.10.20.21265288 L1 - internal-pdf://0233928478/Lutrick-2021-COVID-19 Vaccine Perceptions and.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In a multicenter prospective cohort of essential workers (n = 2,017) who completed 2 surveys 3 months apart (December 2020–May 2021), 25% (n = 94) of those initially classified as vaccine-reluctant, 56% (n = 195) of those classified as reachable, and 83% (n = 1,232) vaccine-endorsers were vaccinated at the time of the follow-up survey. Among endorsers, unvaccinated participants were more likely to be male, younger, and firefighters than endorsers that were vaccinated. Sixteen percent of firefighters and 21% of other first responders were vaccine-reluctant. SP - 2021.10.20.21265288 ST - COVID-19 Vaccine Perceptions and Uptake in a National Prospective Cohort of Essential Workers T2 - medRxiv TI - COVID-19 Vaccine Perceptions and Uptake in a National Prospective Cohort of Essential Workers UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/10/23/2021.10.20.21265288.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/10/23/2021.10.20.21265288.full.pdf ID - 2582 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: Pregnant and lactating women were excluded from initial COVID-19 vaccine trials; thus, data to guide vaccine decision-making are lacking. We sought to evaluate the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in pregnant and lactating women. Methods: 131 reproductive-age vaccine recipients (84 pregnant, 31 lactating, and 16 non-pregnant) were enrolled in a prospective cohort study at two academic medical centers. Titers of SARS-CoV-2 Spike and RBD IgG, IgA and IgM were quantified in participant sera (N=131), umbilical cord sera (N=10), and breastmilk (N=31) at baseline, 2nd vaccine dose, 2-6 weeks post 2nd vaccine, and delivery by Luminex, and confirmed by ELISA. Titers were compared to pregnant women 4-12 weeks from native infection (N=37). Post-vaccination symptoms were assessed. Kruskal-Wallis tests and a mixed effects model, with correction for multiple comparisons, were used to assess differences between groups. Results: Vaccine-induced immune responses were equivalent in pregnant and lactating vs non-pregnant women. All titers were higher than those induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy. Vaccine-generated antibodies were present in all umbilical cord blood and breastmilk samples. SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG, but not IgA, increased in maternal blood and breastmilk with vaccine boost. No differences were noted in reactogenicity across the groups. Conclusions: COVID-19 mRNA vaccines generated robust humoral immunity in pregnant and lactating women, with immunogenicity and reactogenicity similar to that observed in non-pregnant women. Vaccine-induced immune responses were significantly greater than the response to natural infection. Immune transfer to neonates occurred via placental and breastmilk. AN - 33758889 AU - Gray, K. J. | Bordt, E. A. | Atyeo, C. | Deriso, E. | Akinwunmi, B. | Young, N. | Baez, A. M. | Shook, L. L. | Cvrk, D. | James, K. | De Guzman, R. M. | Brigida, S. | Diouf, K. | Goldfarb, I. | Bebell, L. M. | Yonker, L. M. | Fasano, A. | Rabi, S. A. | Elovitz, M. A. | Alter, G. | Edlow, A. G. C1 - 2021-03-19 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03192021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 8 DO - 10.1101/2021.03.07.21253094 ET - 2021/03/25 L1 - internal-pdf://2532158412/Gray-2021-COVID-19 vaccine response in pregnan.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Gray, Kathryn J; Bordt, Evan A; Atyeo, Caroline; Deriso, Elizabeth; Akinwunmi, Babatunde; Young, Nicola; Baez, Aranxta Medina; Shook, Lydia L; Cvrk, Dana; James, Kaitlyn; De Guzman, Rose M; Brigida, Sara; Diouf, Khady; Goldfarb, Ilona; Bebell, Lisa M; Yonker, Lael M; Fasano, Alessio; Rabi, Sayed A; Elovitz, Michal A; Alter, Galit; Edlow, Andrea G; eng; Preprint; medRxiv. 2021 Mar 8. doi: 10.1101/2021.03.07.21253094. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Robust IgG titers were seen among vaccinated pregnant, lactating, and non-pregnant women (Figure). | Vaccine side effects did not differ between pregnant, lactating, or non-pregnant women. | IgG was detected in breastmilk, with a significant increase after 2nd vaccine dose. | Among vaccinated mothers, spike and SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain-specific IgG were detected in 100% of umbilical cord blood. | Methods: Prospective cohort study of pregnant (n = 84), lactating (n = 31), and non-pregnant (n = 16) women between December 17, 2020 and March 2, 2021, who were vaccinated with either the Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna mRNA COVID-19 vaccines, to determine immunogenicity, reactogenicity, and potential maternal transfer of vaccine antibodies. Antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 were quantified in participant sera (n = 131) and breastmilk (n = 31) at baseline/time of 1st vaccine dose (V0), 2nd vaccine dose (V1), and 2�? weeks post 2nd vaccine (V2) and in umbilical cord sera (n = 10) at time of delivery. Limitations: Small sample size; potential risks to the fetus not assessed, all women who delivered during the study period were vaccinated in their 3rd trimester. | Implications: mRNA Covid-19 vaccination in pregnancy and lactation generated robust humoral immunity with similar side effect profiles compared with vaccination among nonpregnant women. Immune transfer via placenta and breastmilk may provide some protection to infants. A case report by Gill et al.external icon has also documented passage of transplacental antibodies for SARS-CoV-2 following vaccination with an mRNA vaccine in the third trimester. Because pregnant women were not included in SARS-CoV-2 vaccine trials, studies such as these provide important data to inform decision-making around vaccination during pregnancy. SP - 2021.03.07.21253094 ST - COVID-19 vaccine response in pregnant and lactating women: a cohort study T2 - medRxiv TI - COVID-19 vaccine response in pregnant and lactating women: a cohort study TT - Published article: Coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine response in pregnant and lactating women: a cohort study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33758889 ID - 1593 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Worldwide, leaders are implementing nonpharmaceutical interventions to slow transmission of the novel coronavirus while pursuing vaccines that confer immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. In this article we describe lessons learned from past pandemics and vaccine campaigns about the path to successful vaccine delivery. The historical record suggests that to have a widely immunized population, leaders must invest in evidence-based vaccine delivery strategies that generate demand, allocate and distribute vaccines, and verify coverage. To generate demand, there must be an understanding of the roots of vaccine hesitancy, involvement of trusted sources of authority in advocacy for vaccination, and commitment to longitudinal engagement with communities. To allocate vaccines, qualified organizations and expert coalitions must be allowed to determine evidence-based vaccination approaches and generate the political will to ensure the cooperation of local and national governments. To distribute vaccines, the people and organizations with expertise in manufacturing, supply chains, and last-mile distribution must be positioned to direct efforts. To verify vaccine coverage, vaccination tracking systems that are portable, interoperable, and secure must be identified. Lessons of past pandemics suggest that nations should invest in evidence-informed strategies to ensure that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines protect individuals, suppress transmission, and minimize disruption to health services and livelihoods. AD - Rebecca L. Weintraub (rebecca@globalhealthdelivery.org) is director of Better Evidence, Ariadne Labs, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health and Brigham and Women's Hospital, and an associate physician at Brigham and Women's Hospital, all in Boston, Massachusetts. | Laura Subramanian is a senior specialist at Ariadne Labs. | Ami Karlage is a writing specialist at Ariadne Labs. | Iman Ahmad is a research assistant at Better Evidence, Ariadne Labs. | Julie Rosenberg is deputy director of Better Evidence, Ariadne Labs. AN - 33211554 AU - Weintraub, R. L. | Subramanian, L. | Karlage, A. | Ahmad, I. | Rosenberg, J. C1 - 2020-12-08 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Investigation Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/120820_covidupdate.html DA - Jan DO - 10.1377/hlthaff.2020.01523 ET - 2020/11/20 IS - 1 KW - COVID-19/*prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/*administration & dosage | Delivery of Health Care/*organization & administration | Humans | Immunization Programs/*organization & administration | Vaccination L1 - internal-pdf://1528069594/hlthaff.2020.01523.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Weintraub, Rebecca L; Subramanian, Laura; Karlage, Ami; Ahmad, Iman; Rosenberg, Julie; eng; Health Aff (Millwood). 2021 Jan;40(1):33-41. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2020.01523. Epub 2020 Nov 19. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Applies lessons learned from past pandemics and vaccine campaigns to support successful COVID-19 vaccine delivery, including the need to invest in evidence-based strategies that generate demand, distribute vaccines, and verify coverage. SN - 1544-5208 (Electronic); 0278-2715 (Linking) SP - 33-41 ST - COVID-19 Vaccine To Vaccination: Why Leaders Must Invest In Delivery Strategies Now T2 - Health Aff (Millwood) TI - COVID-19 Vaccine To Vaccination: Why Leaders Must Invest In Delivery Strategies Now UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33211554 VL - 40 ID - 1320 ER - TY - JOUR AD - From the Department of Bioethics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. AN - 33085884 AU - Strassle, C. | Jardas, E. | Ochoa, J. | Berkman, B. E. | Danis, M. | Rid, A. | Taylor, H. A. C1 - 2020-11-06 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/110620_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 12 DO - 10.1056/NEJMp2025955 ET - 2020/10/22 IS - 20 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | Clinical Trials as Topic/*ethics | Coronavirus Infections/immunology/*prevention & control | Humans | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*prevention & control | *Prisoners | *Research Subjects | SARS-CoV-2 | Viral Vaccines/*immunology L1 - internal-pdf://3240889757/Strassle-2020-Covid-19 Vaccine Trials and Inca.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Strassle, Camila; Jardas, E; Ochoa, Jorge; Berkman, Benjamin E; Danis, Marion; Rid, Annette; Taylor, Holly A; eng; N Engl J Med. 2020 Nov 12;383(20):1897-1899. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2025955. Epub 2020 Oct 21. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Perspective discussing if including incarcerated populations in COVID-19 vaccine trials with early access to efficacious vaccines would outweigh concerns about consent regarding inclusion of incarcerated people in studies. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 1897-1899 ST - Covid-19 Vaccine Trials and Incarcerated People - The Ethics of Inclusion T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Covid-19 Vaccine Trials and Incarcerated People - The Ethics of Inclusion UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33085884 VL - 383 ID - 1187 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Objectives Ensuring a high COVID-19 vaccine uptake among U.S. child care providers is crucial to mitigating the public health implications of child-to-staff and staff-to-child transmission of SARS-CoV-2; however, the vaccination rate among this group is unknown.Methods To characterize the vaccine uptake among U.S. child care providers, we conducted a cross-sectional survey of the child care workforce. Providers were identified through various national databases and state registries. A link to the survey was sent via email between May 26 and June 23, 2021. Out of 44,771 potential respondents, 21,663 responded (48.4%).Results Overall COVID-19 vaccine uptake among U.S. child care providers (78.1%, 95% CI [77.3% to 78.9%]) was higher than that of the U.S. adult population (65%). Vaccination rates varied from 53.5% to 89.4% between states. Vaccine uptake differed significantly (p < .01) based on respondent age (70.0% for ages 25-34, 91.5% for ages 75-84), race (70.0% for Black or African Americans, 92.5% for Asian-Americans), annual household income (70.7% for <$35,000, 85.0% for>$75,000), and childcare setting (72.9% for home-based, 79.7% for center-based).Conclusions COVID-19 vaccine uptake among U.S. child care providers was higher than that of the general U.S. adult population. Those who were younger, lower income, Black or African American, resided in states either in the Mountain West or the South, and/or worked in home-based childcare programs reported the lowest rates of vaccination; state public health leaders and lawmakers should prioritize these subgroups for placement on the policy agenda to realize the largest gains in vaccine uptake among providers.Tables of Contents Summary This article describes the results of a national survey of childcare providers to determine the overall COVID-19 vaccine uptake and the gaps in vaccine coverage.What’s Known on This Subject Ensuring a high COVID-19 vaccine uptake among U.S. child care providers is crucial to mitigating the public health implications of child-to-staff and staff-to-child transmission of SARS-CoV-2; however, the vaccination rate among this group is unknown.What This Study Adds While the vaccine uptake among U.S. child care providers was higher than that of U.S. adults, certain subgroups continue to warrant focused attention for outreach and/or placement on the policy agenda.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis study was supported by The Andrew & Julie Klingenstein Family Fund, Esther A. & Joseph Klingenstein Fund, Heising-Simons Foundation, W.K. Kellogg Foundation, Foundation for Child Development, Early Educator Investment Collaborative, Scholastic Inc, Yale Institute for Global Health, and Tobin Center for Economic Policy at Yale University. Invaluable assistance with obtaining child care provider contact information was provided by the National Workforce Registry Alliance (and its network of state child care workforce registries), Child Care Aware of America, and National Association for the Education of Young Children. Drs. Amalia Londono Tobon and Adrian Cerezo Caballero provided Spanish translations and back translations of the survey measures and recruitment information. Alicia Alonso, Catherine Chang, Renee Dauerman, Stella FitzGerald, Harleen Kaur, Emma Knight, and Helen Mooney provided assistance in qualitative data categorization of respondent comments.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The research protocol was approved by the Yale University Institutional Review Board (IRB protocol number: 2000028232).All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies m st be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesN/A AU - Patel, Kavin M. | Malik, Amyn A. | Lee, Aiden | Klotz, Madeline | Humphries, John Eric | Murray, Thomas | Wilkinson, David | Shafiq, Mehr | Yildirim, Inci | Elharake, Jad A. | Diaz, Rachel | Reyes, Chin | Omer, Saad B. | Gilliam, Walter S. C1 - 2021-08-13 C2 - Prevention Strategies and Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08132021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.07.30.21261383 L1 - internal-pdf://0060266981/Patel-2021-COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake among U.S.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 20,000 respondents to an online survey of childcare workers (May 26─June 23, 2021), 78.1% reported being vaccinated (92.6% with mRNA COVID-19 vaccines). Lower vaccine uptake was reported by childcare providers residing in the Mountain West or South regions of the United States, among childcare providers in home-based childcare programs, and among childcare providers who were younger, lower income, and of Black or African American race. Among unvaccinated respondents, the most commonly reported reason was concern about potential side effects and safety (79.9%); few reported structural barriers such as inability to take time off work (5.4%), being too busy (3.5%), or having difficulty scheduling a vaccine appointment (2.7%). SP - 2021.07.30.21261383 ST - COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake among U.S. Child Care Providers T2 - medRxiv TI - COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake among U.S. Child Care Providers UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/08/01/2021.07.30.21261383.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/08/01/2021.07.30.21261383.full.pdf ID - 2212 ER - TY - JOUR AD - From the Bill and Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA. AN - 32663910 AU - Heaton, P. M. C1 - 2020-07-21 C2 - Vaccine Development CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072120_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 12 DO - 10.1056/NEJMe2025111 ET - 2020/07/15 IS - 20 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | *Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/prevention & control | Humans | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology | RNA, Messenger | SARS-CoV-2 | Viral Vaccines L1 - internal-pdf://3948447560/Heaton-2020-The Covid-19 Vaccine-Development M.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Heaton, Penny M; eng; Editorial; Comment; N Engl J Med. 2020 Nov 12;383(20):1986-1988. doi: 10.1056/NEJMe2025111. Epub 2020 Jul 14. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A vaccine to prevent COVID-19 is urgently needed. In this editorial, Dr. Penny Heaton describes the 3 to 9 year vaccine development pathway to reach phase 1 safety trials (Figure), and how now in the 6 months from the time SARS-CoV-2 sequences were first identified, Jackson et al. have reported preliminary results from the phase 1 trial of an mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Safety and immunogenicity findings from this study are promising; further research will be needed to demonstrate efficacy and long-term safety. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 1986-1988 ST - The Covid-19 Vaccine-Development Multiverse T2 - N Engl J Med TI - The Covid-19 Vaccine-Development Multiverse UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32663910 VL - 383 ID - 562 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background The COVID-19 pandemic brought about large increases in mental distress. The uptake of COVID-19 vaccines is expected to significantly reduce health risks, improve economic and social outcomes, with potential benefits to mental health. Purpose To examine short-term changes in mental distress following the receipt of the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. Methods Participants included 8,003 adults from the address-based sampled, nationally representative Understanding America Study (UAS), surveyed at regular intervals between March 10, 2020, and March 31, 2021 who completed at least two waves of the survey. Respondents answered questions about COVID-19 vaccine status and self-reported mental distress as measured with the four-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4). Fixed-effects regression models were used to identify the change in PHQ-4 scores and categorical indicators of mental distress resulting from the application of the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. Results People who were vaccinated between December 2020 and March 2021 reported decreased mental distress levels in the surveys conducted after receiving the first dose. The fixed-effects estimates show an average effect of receiving the vaccine equivalent to 4% of the standard deviation of PHQ-4 scores (p-value<0.01), a reduction in 1 percentage point (4% reduction from the baseline level) in the probability of being at least mildly depressed, and of 0.7 percentage points (15% reduction from the baseline level) in the probability of being severely depressed (p-value = 0.06). Conclusions Getting the first dose of COVID-19 resulted in significant improvements in mental health, beyond improvements already achieved since mental distress peaked in the spring of 2020. AD - Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America. | Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America. AN - 34496006 AU - Perez-Arce, Francisco | Angrisani, Marco | Bennett, Daniel | Darling, Jill | Kapteyn, Arie | Thomas, Kyla C1 - 2021-09-24 C2 - PMC8425550 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09242021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0256406 ET - 2021/09/09 IS - 9 KW - COVID-19/*immunology/*psychology | COVID-19 Vaccines/*immunology | Female | Humans | Male | Mental Disorders/*psychology | Mental Health/statistics & numerical data | Middle Aged | Pandemics/prevention & control | Patient Health Questionnaire/statistics & numerical data | Psychological Distress | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology | Self Report/statistics & numerical data | Surveys and Questionnaires/statistics & numerical data L1 - internal-pdf://2879837211/Perez-Arce-2021-COVID-19 vaccines and mental d.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Perez-Arce, Francisco | Angrisani, Marco | Bennett, Daniel | Darling, Jill | Kapteyn, Arie | Thomas, Kyla | eng | 5U01 AG054580/NH/NIH HHS/ | Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | PLoS One. 2021 Sep 8;16(9):e0256406. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256406. eCollection 2021. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 8,003 adults (aged 18 years and older) responding, every 14 days by mail or online, to the nationally representative Understanding America Study (March 2020–March 2021), never-vaccinated adults (n = 6,384) reported higher mental distress than the ever-vaccinated adults (n = 1,643) throughout the study period. In both groups, the level of mental distress increased during the first 30 days then declined and remained stable until December 2020, when the vaccines became available. Early in 2021 trajectories diverged, and mental distress rates declined only among ever-vaccinated participants. SN - 1932-6203 (Electronic) | 1932-6203 (Linking) SP - e0256406 ST - COVID-19 vaccines and mental distress T2 - PLoS ONE TI - COVID-19 vaccines and mental distress UR - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256406 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8425550/pdf/pone.0256406.pdf VL - 16 ID - 2370 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 32514102 AU - Mullard, A. C1 - 2020-06-19 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061920_covidupdate.html DA - Jul DO - 10.1038/d41573-020-00107-y ET - 2020/06/10 IS - 7 L1 - internal-pdf://3767844493/d41573-020-00107-y.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Mullard, Asher; eng; News; England; Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2020 Jul;19(7):435. doi: 10.1038/d41573-020-00107-y. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Current landscape of leading COVID-19 vaccine candidates. SE - 435 SN - 1474-1784 (Electronic); 1474-1776 (Linking) SP - 435 ST - COVID-19 vaccines start moving into advanced trials T2 - Nat Rev Drug Discov TI - COVID-19 vaccines start moving into advanced trials UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32514102 VL - 19 ID - 399 ER - TY - JOUR AB -. AD - Professor of Pediatrics and Endocrinology Department of Pediatrics, Hamad Medical Center. atsoliman@yahoo.com. | Department of Pediatrics, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar. atsoliman56@gmail.com. | Department of Primary Health Care, AbuNakhla Hospital, Doha, Qatar. atsoliman56@gmail.com. AN - 32420951 AU - Soliman, A. T. | Alyafei, F. | Elalaily, R. C1 - 2020-05-29 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052920_covidupdate.html DA - May 11 DO - 10.23750/abm.v91i2.9530 DP - NLM ET - 2020/05/19 IS - 2 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Biometry | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*mortality | Data Interpretation, Statistical | Disease Outbreaks | Humans | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*mortality | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://0193898675/Soliman-2020-COVID-19 virus case fatality rate.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | N1 - Soliman, Ashraf T; Alyafei, Fawziya; Elalaily, Rania; eng; Letter; Italy; Acta Biomed. 2020 May 11;91(2):222-223. doi: 10.23750/abm.v91i2.9530. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Authors present two methods for more accurate estimation of case fatality rates associated with COVID-19. SN - 2531-6745 (Electronic); 0392-4203 (Linking) SP - 222-223 ST - COVID-19 virus case fatality rate: How to avoid errors in calculation of data during the outbreak? T2 - Acta Biomed TI - COVID-19 virus case fatality rate: How to avoid errors in calculation of data during the outbreak? UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32420951 VL - 91 ID - 278 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) exhibits variable symptom severity ranging from asymptomatic to life-threatening, yet the relationship between severity and the humoral immune response is poorly understood. We examined antibody responses in 113 COVID-19 patients and found that severe cases resulting in intubation or death exhibited increased inflammatory markers, lymphopenia, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and high anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) antibody levels. Although anti-RBD immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels generally correlated with neutralization titer, quantitation of neutralization potency revealed that high potency was a predictor of survival. In addition to neutralization of wild-type SARS-CoV-2, patient sera were also able to neutralize the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 mutant D614G, suggesting cross-protection from reinfection by either strain. However, SARS-CoV-2 sera generally lacked cross-neutralization to a highly homologous pre-emergent bat coronavirus, WIV1-CoV, which has not yet crossed the species barrier. These results highlight the importance of neutralizing humoral immunity on disease progression and the need to develop broadly protective interventions to prevent future coronavirus pandemics. AD - Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. | Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. | Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. | Infectious Disease Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA. | Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. Electronic address: abalazs@mgh.harvard.edu. AN - 33412089 AU - Garcia-Beltran, W. F. | Lam, E. C. | Astudillo, M. G. | Yang, D. | Miller, T. E. | Feldman, J. | Hauser, B. M. | Caradonna, T. M. | Clayton, K. L. | Nitido, A. D. | Murali, M. R. | Alter, G. | Charles, R. C. | Dighe, A. | Branda, J. A. | Lennerz, J. K. | Lingwood, D. | Schmidt, A. G. | Iafrate, A. J. | Balazs, A. B. C1 - 2021-01-08 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01082021_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 21 DO - 10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.015 ET - 2021/01/08 IS - 2 KW - Adult | Antibodies, Neutralizing/analysis/*immunology | Antibodies, Viral/analysis/blood | Biomarkers/*analysis/blood | COVID-19/blood/epidemiology/*immunology/*physiopathology | Comorbidity | Coronavirus/classification/physiology | Cross Reactions | Cytokines/blood | Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay | Female | Humans | Immunoglobulin A/analysis | Immunoglobulin G/blood/immunology | Immunoglobulin M/blood/immunology | Male | Massachusetts/epidemiology | Middle Aged | Protein Domains | SARS-CoV-2/chemistry/physiology | Severity of Illness Index | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry | Survival Analysis | Treatment Outcome | *covid-19 | *d614g | *elisa | *rbd | *SARS-CoV-2 | *WIV1-CoV | *disease severity | *neutralizing antibodies | *pro-inflammatory cytokines | *spike | DiaSorin, and Roche Diagnostics. L1 - internal-pdf://3444945327/Garcia-Beltran-2021-COVID-19-neutralizing anti.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Garcia-Beltran, Wilfredo F; Lam, Evan C; Astudillo, Michael G; Yang, Diane; Miller, Tyler E; Feldman, Jared; Hauser, Blake M; Caradonna, Timothy M; Clayton, Kiera L; Nitido, Adam D; Murali, Mandakolathur R; Alter, Galit; Charles, Richelle C; Dighe, Anand; Branda, John A; Lennerz, Jochen K; Lingwood, Daniel; Schmidt, Aaron G; Iafrate, A John; Balazs, Alejandro B; eng; R01 AI153098/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 AI155447/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; T32 AI007245/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; T32 GM007753/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/; F32 AI143480/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 AI146779/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; DP2 DA040254/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/; DP2 DA042422/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/; R01 AI124378/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R21 AI119457/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 AI137057/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Cell. 2021 Jan 21;184(2):476-488.e11. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.015. Epub 2020 Dec 15. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; High neutralizing potency of anti-receptor binding domain (anti-RBD) antibodies was protective against death (100% 30-day survival, n = 35) compared with low neutralizing potency (87% 30-day survival, n = 76) (Figure). | IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies together neutralize SARS-CoV-2, but only IgG was detected throughout the 3-month follow-up period. | Sera were cross-neutralizing between SARS-CoV-2 wild-type and D614G mutated viruses. | Methods: Cohort study describing the humoral immune response (anti-RBD and IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies) and clinical outcomes of 113 RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infected persons with �? months of follow-up from date of symptom onset and compared to 1,257 pre-pandemic serum samples in the US. A SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus neutralization assay quantified the neutralization potency of humoral responses. Limitations: Inferences between COVID-19 treatments and disease severity are limited by multiple treatments being used. | Implications: The relationship between neutralizing humoral immunity and disease progression is important and merits further study to develop new therapeutics. SN - 1097-4172 (Electronic); 0092-8674 (Linking) SP - 476-488 e11 ST - COVID-19-neutralizing antibodies predict disease severity and survival T2 - Cell TI - COVID-19-neutralizing antibodies predict disease severity and survival UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33412089 VL - 184 ID - 1395 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Dermatology Department of the Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain. AN - 32534473 AU - Falkenhain-Lopez, D. | Agud-Dios, M. | Ortiz-Romero, P. L. | Sanchez-Velazquez, A. C1 - 2020-06-23 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/062320_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1111/jdv.16740 ET - 2020/06/14 IS - 11 KW - Adult | COVID-19/*complications | COVID-19 Testing | Diagnosis, Differential | Female | Genital Diseases, Female/drug therapy/*virology | Glucocorticoids/therapeutic use | Humans | Lip Diseases/drug therapy/*virology | Prednisone/therapeutic use | SARS-CoV-2 | Ulcer/drug therapy/*virology L1 - internal-pdf://0768745562/Falkenhain-Lope-2020-COVID-19-related acute ge.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Falkenhain-Lopez, D; Agud-Dios, M; Ortiz-Romero, P L; Sanchez-Velazquez, A; eng; Case Reports; Letter; England; J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020 Nov;34(11):e655-e656. doi: 10.1111/jdv.16740. Epub 2020 Jun 26. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Case report of acute genital ulceration attributed to immune response to SARS-CoV-2. Work-up insufficient to attribute to SARS-CoV-2 with confidence. SN - 1468-3083 (Electronic); 0926-9959 (Linking) SP - e655-e656 ST - COVID-19-related acute genital ulcers T2 - J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol TI - COVID-19-related acute genital ulcers UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32534473 VL - 34 ID - 415 ER - TY - JOUR AB - As the COVID-19 outbreak peaks, millions of individuals are losing their income, and economic anxiety is felt worldwide. In three different countries (the USA, the UK, and Israel: N = 1200), the present study addresses four different sources of anxiety: health-related anxiety, economic-related anxiety, daily routine-change anxiety, and anxiety generated by social isolation. We hypothesized that, economic anxiety would have a similar or greater effect, compared to health anxiety. Results show that in all three countries, the levels of economic and health anxiety were essentially equal, and both surpassed routine-change and isolation anxiety. Although the COVID-19 crisis originated in the health field, this study emphasizes the need to move from a generalized concept of anxiety to specific types of distress, most notably economic anxiety. Economic anxiety results in serious mental and physical health problems and should be attended to by clinical professionals and by policy makers. AD - School of Behavioral Sciences, Peres Academic Center, 10 shimon Peres St, 7610202 Rehovot, Israel.grid.443146.00000 0004 0366 8591; Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.grid.7489.20000 0004 1937 0511; Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.grid.12136.370000 0004 1937 0546 AN - 32837674 AU - Bareket-Bojmel, L. | Shahar, G. | Margalit, M. C1 - 2020-06-09 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060920_covidupdate.html DA - May 29 DO - 10.1007/s41811-020-00078-3 DP - NLM ET - 2020/08/25 KW - Covid-19 | Economic-anxiety | Financial-anxiety | Health-anxiety | State-anxiety | that there is no conflict of interest. L1 - internal-pdf://2138839865/Bareket-Bojmel-2020-COVID-19-Related Economic.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Bareket-Bojmel, Liad; Shahar, Golan; Margalit, Malka; eng; Switzerland; Int J Cogn Ther. 2020 May 29:1-9. doi: 10.1007/s41811-020-00078-3. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among residents of the US, UK, and Israel, health- and economic-related anxiety levels were higher than anxiety from changes in daily routines and social isolation (Figure). | US residents reported moderate levels of health- and economic-related anxiety (~4 on 7-point scale) (Figure). | Methods: 1,200 participants (400 from US, UK and Israel each) completed an anxiety questionnaire (April 2020). Responses were provided on a 7-point Likert scale. Limitations: Used non-validated questionnaire; inability to compare scores to other populations or time points; convenience sample. | Implications: During the COVID-19 pandemic, US residents reported moderate health- and economic-related anxiety. Studies of mental health symptoms may identify populations that need emotional support and mental health services. SN - 1937-1209 (Print); 1937-1209 (Linking) SP - 1-9 ST - COVID-19-Related Economic Anxiety Is As High as Health Anxiety: Findings from the USA, the UK, and Israel T2 - Int J Cogn Ther TI - COVID-19-Related Economic Anxiety Is As High as Health Anxiety: Findings from the USA, the UK, and Israel UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32837674 ID - 345 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Chandan, Joht Singh | Taylor, Julie | Bradbury-Jones, Caroline | Nirantharakumar, Krishnarajah | Kane, Eddie | Bandyopadhyay, Siddhartha C1 - 2020-05-19 C2 - COVID-19 and Violence CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051920_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1016/s2468-2667(20)30112-2 IS - 6 L1 - internal-pdf://1627309395/Chandan-2020-COVID-19_ a public health approac.pdf LA - en PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Possible increase in domestic violence and child abuse during the pandemic. SE - e309 SN - 24682667 SP - e309 ST - COVID-19: a public health approach to manage domestic violence is needed T2 - Lancet Public Health TI - COVID-19: a public health approach to manage domestic violence is needed UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30112-2 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7252171/pdf/main.pdf VL - 5 Y2 - 2021/05/12 ID - 209 ER - TY - JOUR AD - London. AN - 32349991 AU - Wise, J. C1 - 2020-05-08 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050820_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 29 DO - 10.1136/bmj.m1735 ET - 2020/05/01 L1 - internal-pdf://0141188086/Wise-2020-Covid-19_ Cancer mortality could ris.pdf LA - en N1 - Wise, Jacqui; eng; England; BMJ. 2020 Apr 29;369:m1735. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m1735. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Delays in cancer diagnosis and treatment associated with the pandemic may lead to an increase in cancer deaths. SN - 1756-1833 (Electronic); 0959-8138 (Linking) SP - m1735 ST - Covid-19: Cancer mortality could rise at least 20% because of pandemic, study finds T2 - BMJ TI - Covid-19: Cancer mortality could rise at least 20% because of pandemic, study finds UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32349991 VL - 369 ID - 160 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Montreal, Canada. AN - 33055099 AU - Dyer, O. C1 - 2020-10-30 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/103020_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 14 DO - 10.1136/bmj.m3985 ET - 2020/10/16 L1 - internal-pdf://2636610941/Dyer-2020-Covid-19_ Eli Lilly pauses antibody.pdf LA - en LB - Vaccines | N1 - Dyer, Owen; eng; England; BMJ. 2020 Oct 14;371:m3985. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m3985. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Report on the Activ-3 trial of Eli Lilly’s neutralizing antibody LY-CoV555 (bamlanivimab), which was paused for safety reasons. SN - 1756-1833 (Electronic); 0959-8138 (Linking) SP - m3985 ST - Covid-19: Eli Lilly pauses antibody trial for safety reasons T2 - BMJ TI - Covid-19: Eli Lilly pauses antibody trial for safety reasons UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33055099 VL - 371 ID - 1158 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Universite de Paris, CEPED, IRD, INSERM, Paris, France. Electronic address: laetitia.atlani-duault@ird.fr. | Laboratoire de Virologie des Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hopital de la Croix Rousse, and Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Virpath, Universite de Lyon, Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR 5308, Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France. | Department for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University Hospital Center of Bordeaux, Inserm 1219, Universite de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France. | Reacting Inserm and Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Bichat-Claude Bernard University Hospital, AP-HP, Universite de Paris, Paris, France. | Institut PRESAGE, Jean Monnet University, Saint-Etienne University Hospital, Saint Etienne, France. | National Ethical Consultative Committee for Life Sciences and Health, Paris, France. AN - 33045184 AU - Atlani-Duault, L. | Lina, B. | Malvy, D. | Yazdanpanah, Y. | Chauvin, F. | Delfraissy, J. F. C1 - 2020-10-27 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102720_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30235-8 ET - 2020/10/13 IS - 11 KW - Covid-19 | Coercion | Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/*prevention & control | France/epidemiology | Humans | Motivation | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/*prevention & control | *Public Policy | *Quarantine | Time Factors L1 - internal-pdf://3078719344/Atlani-Duault-2020-COVID-19_ France grapples w.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Atlani-Duault, Laetitia; Lina, Bruno; Malvy, Denis; Yazdanpanah, Yazdan; Chauvin, Franck; Delfraissy, Jean-Francois; eng; England; Lancet Public Health. 2020 Nov;5(11):e573-e574. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30235-8. Epub 2020 Oct 10. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Author summarizes France’s COVID-19 Scientific Council recommendations to reduce the mandatory quarantine period to 7 days and to offer incentives to promote adherence to COVID-19 regulations. SN - 2468-2667 (Electronic) SP - e573-e574 ST - COVID-19: France grapples with the pragmatics of isolation T2 - Lancet Public Health TI - COVID-19: France grapples with the pragmatics of isolation UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33045184 VL - 5 ID - 1128 ER - TY - JOUR AU - The Lancet Public, Health C1 - 2020-08-07 C2 - Collateral Damage CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/080720_covidupdate.html DA - 2020/08/01/ DO - 10.1016/s2468-2667(20)30165-1 IS - 8 L1 - internal-pdf://3702790886/1-s2.0-S2468266720301651-main.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Discusses research in emerging mental health challenges attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic, including among frontline health care and other workers. SE - e414 SN - 24682667 SP - e414 ST - COVID-19: from a PHEIC to a public mental health crisis? T2 - Lancet Public Health TI - COVID-19: from a PHEIC to a public mental health crisis? UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468266720301651 VL - 5 ID - 663 ER - TY - JOUR AD - London. AN - 32357950 AU - Torjesen, I. C1 - 2020-05-12 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051220_covidupdate.html DA - May 1 DO - 10.1136/bmj.m1799 ET - 2020/05/03 L1 - internal-pdf://3700411746/Torjesen-2020-Covid-19_ Home testing programme.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Torjesen, Ingrid; eng; England; BMJ. 2020 May 1;369:m1799. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m1799. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: 100,000 randomly selected people from across England will be sent self-sampling kits and asked to take nose and throat swabs that will be tested for SARS-CoV-2. SN - 1756-1833 (Electronic); 0959-8138 (Linking) SP - m1799 ST - Covid-19: Home testing programme across England aims to help define way out of lockdown T2 - BMJ TI - Covid-19: Home testing programme across England aims to help define way out of lockdown UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32357950 VL - 369 ID - 182 ER - TY - JOUR AD - London, UK. AN - 32205334 AU - Day, M. C1 - 2020-04-01 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/040120_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 23 DO - 10.1136/bmj.m1165 ET - 2020/03/25 L1 - internal-pdf://3230743515/Day-2020-Covid-19_ identifying and isolating a.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Day, Michael; eng; England; BMJ. 2020 Mar 23;368:m1165. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m1165. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Universal and repeat testing along with implementation of quarantine/isolation of positive cases (including 50%-75% of asymptomatic persons) reduced transmission in a completely isolated village of 3000 people in northern Italy. SN - 1756-1833 (Electronic); 0959-8138 (Linking) SP - m1165 ST - Covid-19: identifying and isolating asymptomatic people helped eliminate virus in Italian village T2 - BMJ TI - Covid-19: identifying and isolating asymptomatic people helped eliminate virus in Italian village UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32205334 VL - 368 ID - 13 ER - TY - JOUR AD - London, UK. AN - 32393504 AU - Wise, J. C1 - 2020-05-22 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052220_covidupdate.html DA - May 11 DO - 10.1136/bmj.m1873 ET - 2020/05/13 L1 - internal-pdf://2967737422/Wise-2020-Covid-19_ Known risk factors fail to.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Wise, Jacqui; eng; England; BMJ. 2020 May 11;369:m1873. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m1873. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Known risk factors are not enough to explain why Asian and black people in the UK are at greater risk of death from COVID-19. SN - 1756-1833 (Electronic); 0959-8138 (Linking) SP - m1873 ST - Covid-19: Known risk factors fail to explain the increased risk of death among people from ethnic minorities T2 - BMJ TI - Covid-19: Known risk factors fail to explain the increased risk of death among people from ethnic minorities UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32393504 VL - 369 ID - 244 ER - TY - JOUR AD - London. AN - 32753398 AU - Wise, J. C1 - 2020-08-14 C2 - School Openings CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08142020_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 4 DO - 10.1136/bmj.m3083 ET - 2020/08/06 L1 - internal-pdf://0825652891/Wise-2020-Covid-19_ NHS Test and Trace must im.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Wise, Jacqui; eng; England; BMJ. 2020 Aug 4;370:m3083. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m3083. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Emphasizes needed improvements in scale up and effectiveness of testing and contact tracing in the context of planned school openings in England. SN - 1756-1833 (Electronic); 0959-8138 (Linking) SP - m3083 ST - Covid-19: NHS Test and Trace must improve for schools to reopen safely, say researchers T2 - BMJ TI - Covid-19: NHS Test and Trace must improve for schools to reopen safely, say researchers UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32753398 VL - 370 ID - 698 ER - TY - JOUR AB - According to Reuters, the cafe, situated in Daejeon, the country’s fifth-largest metropolis, deployed the humanoids after the novel coronavirus claimed the lives of 267 patients and infected 11,000. | It was gathered that the new technology, which uses a coffee-making robotic arm and a serving robot, can make 60 different types of coffee and serves the drinks to customers at their seats. | They are also said to possess the ability to communicate and transmit data to other devices while deploying their self-driving technology that calculates the best routes to ply around the cafe. | Advertisement; “Here is your Rooibos almonds tea latte, please enjoy. It’s even better if you stir it,�?it routinely says as customers reach for their drink on a tray installed on the robot’s white capsule-shaped computer. | Unlike before, ordering six drinks from a kiosk was said to have taken seven minutes, with only one human employee, a patissier who indulges in cleaning and refills ingredients, at the cafe’s disposal. | Speaking on the new technology, Lee Chae-mi, a 23-year-old student who frequents the cafe, said: “Robots are fun and it was easy because you don’t have to pick up your order. | Advertisement; “But I’m also a bit of worried about the job market as many of my friends are doing part-time jobs at cafes and these robots would replace humans.�? | The development comes at about the same time when Rwanda took the delivery of robots that “screens 150 people in one minute.�? AU - Kenechukwu, Stephen C1 - 2020-05-29 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052920_covidupdate.html LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Robots are fighting the spread of COVID-19, too: A cafe in South Korea has hired robot baristas. ST - COVID-19: S’Korean cafe hires robots to serve coffee amid social distancing T2 - The Cable Lifestyle TI - COVID-19: S’Korean cafe hires robots to serve coffee amid social distancing UR - https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/covid-19-skorean-cafe-hires-robots-to-serve-coffee-amid-social-distancing/ ID - 1880 ER - TY - JOUR AD - The BMJ. AN - 32371381 AU - Mahase, E. C1 - 2020-05-15 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051520_covidupdate.html DA - May 5 DO - 10.1136/bmj.m1842 ET - 2020/05/07 L1 - internal-pdf://2007055307/Mahase-2020-Covid-19_ South Korea relaxes soci.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Mahase, Elisabeth; eng; England; BMJ. 2020 May 5;369:m1842. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m1842. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In May, South Korea eased social distancing measures and allowed businesses to open; in the “new normal�? people need to utilize infectious disease prevention practices. SN - 1756-1833 (Electronic); 0959-8138 (Linking) SP - m1842 ST - Covid-19: South Korea relaxes social distancing after the number of new cases drops below 10 a day T2 - BMJ TI - Covid-19: South Korea relaxes social distancing after the number of new cases drops below 10 a day UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32371381 VL - 369 ID - 189 ER - TY - JOUR AD - London. AN - 32499313 AU - Wise, J. C1 - 2020-06-16 C2 - Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061620_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 4 DO - 10.1136/bmj.m2227 ET - 2020/06/06 L1 - internal-pdf://0784994459/Wise-2020-Covid-19_ Sweden should have done mo.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Wise, Jacqui; eng; England; BMJ. 2020 Jun 4;369:m2227. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m2227. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: The epidemiologist responsible for Sweden’s light-touch response admits Sweden should have done more. SN - 1756-1833 (Electronic); 0959-8138 (Linking) SP - m2227 ST - Covid-19: Sweden should have done more, says architect of country's strategy T2 - BMJ TI - Covid-19: Sweden should have done more, says architect of country's strategy UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32499313 VL - 369 ID - 381 ER - TY - JOUR AD - London, UK. AN - 33139323 AU - Wise, J. C1 - 2020-11-17 C2 - Immunity CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/111720_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 2 DO - 10.1136/bmj.m4257 ET - 2020/11/04 L1 - internal-pdf://3060611346/Wise-2020-Covid-19_ T cell response lasts for.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Wise, Jacqui; eng; England; BMJ. 2020 Nov 2;371:m4257. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m4257. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: highlights that durable T cell responses against a range of SARS-CoV-2 proteins might point to potential new vaccine targets. SN - 1756-1833 (Electronic); 0959-8138 (Linking) SP - m4257 ST - Covid-19: T cell response lasts for at least six months after infection, study shows T2 - BMJ TI - Covid-19: T cell response lasts for at least six months after infection, study shows UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33139323 VL - 371 ID - 1225 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Cambridge, MA, USA. AN - 32404315 AU - Ready, T. C1 - 2020-05-22 C2 - N/A; CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052220_covidupdate.html DA - May 13 DO - 10.1136/bmj.m1890 ET - 2020/05/15 L1 - internal-pdf://2809721860/Ready-2020-Covid-19_ The US state copying a gl.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Ready, Tinker; eng; England; BMJ. 2020 May 13;369:m1890. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m1890. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Contact tracing efforts, a key component to ending the epidemic, are described for Massachusetts. SN - 1756-1833 (Electronic); 0959-8138 (Linking) SP - m1890 ST - Covid-19: The US state copying a global health template for contact tracing success T2 - BMJ TI - Covid-19: The US state copying a global health template for contact tracing success UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32404315 VL - 369 ID - 236 ER - TY - JOUR AD - The BMJ. AN - 32532710 AU - Mahase, E. C1 - 2020-06-23 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/062320_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 12 DO - 10.1136/bmj.m2386 ET - 2020/06/14 L1 - internal-pdf://3928698561/Mahase-2020-Covid-19_ Urgent cancer referrals.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | N1 - Mahase, Elisabeth; eng; England; BMJ. 2020 Jun 12;369:m2386. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m2386. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: During the COVID-19 pandemic, urgent referrals for cancer care dropped dramatically in England. Delayed cancer diagnoses and treatment are anticipated. SN - 1756-1833 (Electronic); 0959-8138 (Linking) SP - m2386 ST - Covid-19: Urgent cancer referrals fall by 60%, showing "brutal" impact of pandemic T2 - BMJ TI - Covid-19: Urgent cancer referrals fall by 60%, showing "brutal" impact of pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32532710 VL - 369 ID - 412 ER - TY - JOUR AD - The BMJ. AN - 32665317 AU - Mahase, E. C1 - 2020-07-24 C2 - Clinical Manifestations and Complications CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072420_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 14 DO - 10.1136/bmj.m2815 ET - 2020/07/16 L1 - internal-pdf://0546479675/Mahase-2020-Covid-19_ What do we know about _l.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | N1 - Mahase, Elisabeth; eng; England; BMJ. 2020 Jul 14;370:m2815. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m2815. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Commentary on the prevalence of fatigue, joint or chest pain, and other longer-term symptoms associated with COVID-19. SN - 1756-1833 (Electronic); 0959-8138 (Linking) SP - m2815 ST - Covid-19: What do we know about "long covid"? T2 - BMJ TI - Covid-19: What do we know about "long covid"? UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32665317 VL - 370 ID - 588 ER - TY - JOUR AD - The BMJ. AN - 33234507 AU - Mahase, E. C1 - 2020-12-15 C2 - Prevention CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/121520_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 24 DO - 10.1136/bmj.m4576 ET - 2020/11/26 L1 - internal-pdf://2369163836/Mahase-2020-Covid-19_ What do we know about th.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Mahase, Elisabeth; eng; England; BMJ. 2020 Nov 24;371:m4576. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m4576. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Summary of the status of phase III vaccine trials currently in progress. SE - m4576 SN - 1756-1833 (Electronic); 0959-8138 (Linking) SP - m4576 ST - Covid-19: What do we know about the late stage vaccine candidates? T2 - BMJ TI - Covid-19: What do we know about the late stage vaccine candidates? UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33234507 VL - 371 ID - 1343 ER - TY - JOUR AD - The BMJ. AN - 32759299 AU - Mahase, E. C1 - 2020-08-18 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/081820_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 5 DO - 10.1136/bmj.m3096 ET - 2020/08/08 L1 - internal-pdf://3512838499/Mahase-2020-Covid-19_ Where are we on immunity.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Mahase, Elisabeth; eng; England; BMJ. 2020 Aug 5;370:m3096. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m3096. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Describes current international vaccine development efforts and the need to expand research on T-cell immunity. SN - 1756-1833 (Electronic); 0959-8138 (Linking) SP - m3096 ST - Covid-19: Where are we on immunity and vaccines? T2 - BMJ TI - Covid-19: Where are we on immunity and vaccines? UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32759299 VL - 370 ID - 720 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 32978611 AU - Mallapaty, S. | Ledford, H. C1 - 2020-10-06 C2 - Vaccines CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100620_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1038/d41586-020-02706-6 ET - 2020/09/27 IS - 7827 KW - Covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | Clinical Trial Protocols as Topic | *Clinical Trials as Topic/ethics/methods/standards | Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/*prevention & control | Disclosure | Drug Approval/*legislation & jurisprudence | *Drug Industry/ethics/legislation & jurisprudence/standards | Humans | Myelitis, Transverse/etiology | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/*prevention & control | *Politics | Public Opinion | *Research Personnel/psychology | *Safety | Sample Size | United Kingdom | United States | United States Food and Drug Administration/legislation & jurisprudence | Viral Vaccines/*adverse effects/standards | *Infection | *Public health | *SARS-CoV-2 | *Vaccines L1 - internal-pdf://0203845361/d41586-020-02706-6.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Mallapaty, Smriti; Ledford, Heidi; eng; News; England; Nature. 2020 Oct;586(7827):16-17. doi: 10.1038/d41586-020-02706-6. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Outlines researcher concerns that vaccines could stumble in safety trials but still be fast-tracked. SN - 1476-4687 (Electronic); 0028-0836 (Linking) SP - 16-17 ST - COVID-vaccine results are on the way - and scientists' concerns are growing T2 - Nature TI - COVID-vaccine results are on the way - and scientists' concerns are growing UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32978611 VL - 586 ID - 999 ER - TY - JOUR AD - From the National Institute on Aging, Baltimore. AN - 32726526 AU - Evans, M. K. C1 - 2020-08-11 C2 - COVID-19 Related Health Disparities CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/081120_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 30 DO - 10.1056/NEJMp2019445 ET - 2020/07/30 IS - 5 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Clinical Trials as Topic | *Continental Population Groups | Coronavirus Infections/*ethnology | *Health Status Disparities | Healthcare Disparities/*ethnology | Humans | Pandemics/prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*ethnology | SARS-CoV-2 | *Social Justice | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://4243160761/Evans-2020-Covid's Color Line - Infectious Dis.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Evans, Michele K; eng; N Engl J Med. 2020 Jul 30;383(5):408-410. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2019445. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Perspective on adverse outcomes for racial/ethnic minorities during pandemics past and present with recommendations for today. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 408-410 ST - Covid's Color Line - Infectious Disease, Inequity, and Racial Justice T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Covid's Color Line - Infectious Disease, Inequity, and Racial Justice UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32726526 VL - 383 ID - 685 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Patients on dialysis vaccinated with the attenuated adenovirus SARS-CoV-2 vaccine might mount an impaired response to vaccination.Methods We evaluated the humoral vaccination response among 2,099 fully vaccinated patients receiving dialysis. We used commercially available assays (Siemens) to assess prevalence of no response or diminished response to COVID-19 vaccination by vaccine type. We defined “no seroconversion�?as lack of change from negative to positive in total RBD Ig antibody, no detectable response on semiquantitative RBD IgG antibody (index value <1) as “no RBD IgG response�? and a semiquantitative RBD IgG index value <10 as “diminished RBD IgG response”Results Of the 2,099 fully vaccinated patients on dialysis, the proportion receiving the mRNA1273, BNT162b2, and Ad26.COV2.S were 62% (n=1316), 20% (n=416) and 18% (n=367), respectively. A third (33.3%) of patients receiving the attenuated adenovirus Ad26.COV2.S vaccine failed to seroconvert and an additional 36% had no detectable or diminished IgG response even 28-60 days post vaccination.Conclusion One in three fully vaccinated patients receiving dialysis had evidence of an impaired immune response to the attenuated adenovirus Ad26.COV2.S vaccine.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementDr. Garcia was funded by the American Kidney Fund Clinical Scientist in Nephrology Award and the Stanford University School of Medicine Leeds Compassionate Scholar Award. Dr. Anand was supported by R01DK127138. Dr Chertow was supported by K24DK085446.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The Institutional Review Board at Stanford University reviewed and approved the study.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesRequests for data will be reviewed by the authors, and data made available on a case-by-case basis. AN - 34373862 AU - Garcia, Pablo | Anand, Shuchi | Han, Jialin | Montez-Rath, Maria | Sun, Sumi | Shang, Tiffany | Parsonnet, Julie | Chertow, Glenn M. | Schiller, Brigitte | Abra, Graham C1 - 2021-08-13 C2 - Vaccines CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08132021_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 4 DO - 10.1101/2021.08.02.21261516 ET - 2021/08/11 L1 - internal-pdf://1584900375/Garcia-2021-COVID19 vaccine type and humoral i.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Garcia, Pablo | Anand, Shuchi | Han, Jialin | Montez-Rath, Maria | Sun, Sumi | Shang, Tiffany | Parsonnet, Julie | Chertow, Glenn M | Schiller, Brigitte | Abra, Graham | eng | K24 DK085446/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ | R01 DK127138/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ | Preprint | medRxiv. 2021 Aug 4. doi: 10.1101/2021.08.02.21261516. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Of 2,099 fully vaccinated patients receiving dialysis, 62% received mRNA-1273 (Moderna), 20% BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech), and 18% Ad26.COV2.S (Johnson & Johnson/Janssen) COVID-19 vaccines. At 28�?0 days post-vaccination, 7% of patients had not seroconverted, including 33% who received Ad26.COV2.S vaccine. SP - 2021.08.02.21261516 ST - COVID19 vaccine type and humoral immune response in patients receiving dialysis T2 - medRxiv TI - COVID19 vaccine type and humoral immune response in patients receiving dialysis UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/08/04/2021.08.02.21261516.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/08/04/2021.08.02.21261516.full.pdf ID - 2213 ER - TY - JOUR AD - From the Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School - both in Boston (D.B.K.); the Greenwall Foundation, New York (B.L.); the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (B.L.); and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (N.W.D.). AN - 32374958 AU - Kramer, D. B. | Lo, B. | Dickert, N. W. C1 - 2020-05-15 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051520_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 9 DO - 10.1056/NEJMp2010758 ET - 2020/05/07 IS - 2 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation/*ethics/*standards | Coronavirus Infections | Health Personnel | Health Resources/supply & distribution | Humans | Occupational Exposure | Pandemics/*ethics | Pneumonia, Viral | Resuscitation Orders | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://1192298740/Kramer-2020-CPR in the Covid-19 Era - An Ethic.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Kramer, Daniel B; Lo, Bernard; Dickert, Neal W; eng; N Engl J Med. 2020 Jul 9;383(2):e6. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2010758. Epub 2020 May 6. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Proposes an ethical framework and recommendations for inpatient CPR under crisis situations, like the COVID-19 pandemic. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - e6 ST - CPR in the Covid-19 Era - An Ethical Framework T2 - N Engl J Med TI - CPR in the Covid-19 Era - An Ethical Framework UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32374958 VL - 383 ID - 188 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The viral infection by SARS-CoV-2 has irrevocably altered the life of the majority of human beings, challenging national health systems worldwide, and pushing researchers to rapidly find adequate preventive and treatment strategies. No therapies have been shown effective with the exception of dexamethasone, a glucocorticoid that was recently proved to be the first life-saving drug in this disease. Remarkably, around 20 % of infected people develop a severe form of COVID-19, giving rise to respiratory and multi-organ failures requiring subintensive and intensive care interventions. This phenomenon is due to an excessive immune response that damages pulmonary alveoli, leading to a cytokine and chemokine storm with systemic effects. Indeed glucocorticoids' role in regulating this immune response is controversial, and they have been used in clinical practice in a variety of countries, even without a previous clear consensus on their evidence-based benefit. AD - Azienda Tutela Salute Sardegna, Hospital Antonio Segni, via Cappuccini, 7, Ozieri (SS), Italy. Electronic address: czsolinas@gmail.com. | Azienda Tutela Salute Sardegna, via Enrico Costa n. 57, Sassari, Italy. Electronic address: lauraperra7@gmail.com. | Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele, Via Santa Sofia, 78, Catania, Italy. Electronic address: marcomaria.aiello@gmail.com. | Columbia University Medical Center, Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, 650 West 168th St., New York, NY 10032, United States. Electronic address: em3364@cumc.columbia.edu. | National Institute for Infectious Diseases 'L. Spallanzani', IRCCS, Via Portuense, 292, Rome, Italy. Electronic address: nicola.petrosillo@inmi.it. AN - 32616381 AU - Solinas, C. | Perra, L. | Aiello, M. | Migliori, E. | Petrosillo, N. C1 - 2020-07-07 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/070720_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.06.012 ET - 2020/07/04 KW - Anti-Inflammatory Agents/*therapeutic use | Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use | Betacoronavirus/drug effects | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*drug therapy/pathology | Cytokine Release Syndrome/*drug therapy | Dexamethasone/*therapeutic use | Glucocorticoids/*therapeutic use | Humans | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*drug therapy/pathology | Pulmonary Alveoli/pathology | SARS-CoV-2 | *ards | *covid-19 | *Glucocorticoids | *Immune response | *SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://2199695983/Solinas-2020-A critical evaluation of glucocor.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Solinas, Cinzia; Perra, Laura; Aiello, Marco; Migliori, Edoardo; Petrosillo, Nicola; eng; Review; England; Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2020 Aug;54:8-23. doi: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.06.012. Epub 2020 Jun 24. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In-depth review of the role of glucocorticoids and dexamethasone in COVID-19 management and lists ongoing clinical trials. SN - 1879-0305 (Electronic); 1359-6101 (Linking) SP - 8-23 ST - A critical evaluation of glucocorticoids in the management of severe COVID-19 T2 - Cytokine Growth Factor Rev TI - A critical evaluation of glucocorticoids in the management of severe COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32616381 VL - 54 ID - 480 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Immunity is a multifaceted phenomenon. For T cell-mediated memory responses to SARS-CoV-2, it is relevant to consider their impact both on COVID-19 disease severity and on viral spread in a population. Here, we reflect on the immunological and epidemiological aspects and implications of pre-existing cross-reactive immune memory to SARS-CoV-2, which largely originates from previous exposure to circulating common cold coronaviruses. We propose four immunological scenarios for the impact of cross-reactive CD4(+) memory T cells on COVID-19 severity and viral transmission. For each scenario, we discuss its implications for the dynamics of herd immunity and on projections of the global impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the human population, and assess its plausibility. In sum, we argue that key potential impacts of cross-reactive T cell memory are already incorporated into epidemiological models based on data of transmission dynamics, particularly with regard to their implications for herd immunity. The implications of immunological processes on other aspects of SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology are worthy of future study. AD - Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. mlipsitc@hsph.harvard.edu. | Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. ygrad@hsph.harvard.edu. | Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA. alex@lji.org. | Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA. alex@lji.org. | Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA. shane@lji.org. | Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA. shane@lji.org. AN - 33024281 AU - Lipsitch, M. | Grad, Y. H. | Sette, A. | Crotty, S. C1 - 2020-10-16 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/101620_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1038/s41577-020-00460-4 ET - 2020/10/08 IS - 11 KW - Adaptive Immunity/drug effects | Antibodies, Viral/*biosynthesis | Betacoronavirus/drug effects/*immunology/pathogenicity | CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects/immunology/virology | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | Coronaviridae/drug effects/immunology | Coronaviridae Infections/epidemiology/immunology/*prevention & control/virology | Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/immunology/*prevention & control/virology | Cross Reactions | Humans | Immunity, Herd/drug effects | Immunologic Memory | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/immunology/*prevention & control/virology | Rhinovirus/drug effects/immunology | SARS-CoV-2 | Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage/biosynthesis/*immunology L1 - internal-pdf://0425043226/Lipsitch-2020-Cross-reactive memory T cells an.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Lipsitch, Marc; Grad, Yonatan H; Sette, Alessandro; Crotty, Shane; eng; U19 AI142742/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; 75N9301900065/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; U19 AI42742 /AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review; England; Nat Rev Immunol. 2020 Nov;20(11):709-713. doi: 10.1038/s41577-020-00460-4. Epub 2020 Oct 6. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Reviews current knowledge of T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 and describes scenarios in which pre-existing CD4+ T-cell immunity may provide cross-protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. SN - 1474-1741 (Electronic); 1474-1733 (Linking) SP - 709-713 ST - Cross-reactive memory T cells and herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2 T2 - Nat Rev Immunol TI - Cross-reactive memory T cells and herd immunity to SARS-CoV-2 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33024281 VL - 20 ID - 1058 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The Asymptomatic novel CORonavirus iNfection (ACORN) study was designed to investigate the prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the asymptomatic adult population of the Indianapolis metropolitan area, to follow individuals testing positive for the development of symptoms, and to understand duration of positive test results. ACORN is a cross-sectional community-based observational study of adult residents presenting asymptomatic for COVID-like illness, defined as the self-reported absence of the following three symptoms in the last 7 days: fever (>/=100 degrees F), new-onset or worsening cough, and new-onset or worsening shortness of breath. SARS-CoV-2 infection was determined by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in nasopharyngeal swab samples. SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence was expressed as a point estimate with 95% confidence interval (CI). Test results are reported for 2953 participants who enrolled and underwent nasopharyngeal swab testing between 7 April 2020 and 16 May 2020. Among tested participants, 91 (3.1%; 95% CI: 2.5%-3.7%) were positive for SARS-CoV-2. Overall, baseline characteristics, medical history, and infection risk factors were comparable between SARS-CoV-2 positive and negative participants. Within the ongoing 14-day follow-up period for positive participants, 58 (71.6%) of 81 assessed participants remained asymptomatic while others (n = 23, 28.4%) reported one or more symptoms. Indiana had "Stay-at-Home" orders in place during nearly the entire test period reported here, yet 3.1% of asymptomatic participants tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. These results indicate screening questions had limited predictive utility for testing in an asymptomatic population and suggest broader testing strategies are needed. Importantly, these findings underscore that more research is needed to understand the viral transmission and the role asymptomatic and presymptomatic individuals play in this global pandemic. AD - Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana. | Lilly UK, Windlesham, Surrey, UK. AN - 32543722 AU - Meyers, K. J. | Jones, M. E. | Goetz, I. A. | Botros, F. T. | Knorr, J. | Manner, D. H. | Woodward, B. C1 - 2020-06-26 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/062620_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1002/jmv.26182 ET - 2020/06/17 IS - 11 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Asymptomatic Infections/*epidemiology | COVID-19/*epidemiology | COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing/statistics & numerical data | Cities/epidemiology | Cough/epidemiology | Cross-Sectional Studies | Female | Fever/epidemiology | Humans | Indiana/epidemiology | Male | Middle Aged | Nasopharynx/*virology | Prevalence | Public Health/*statistics & numerical data | Young Adult | *coronavirus | *epidemiology | *pandemic L1 - internal-pdf://0754727045/Meyers-2020-A cross-sectional community-based.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Meyers, Kristin J; Jones, Meghan E; Goetz, Iris A; Botros, Fady T; Knorr, Jack; Manner, David H; Woodward, Brad; eng; Eli Lilly and Company/International; Observational Study; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; J Med Virol. 2020 Nov;92(11):2874-2879. doi: 10.1002/jmv.26182. Epub 2020 Jul 2. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 3% (91/2,953) of adults who reported no new or worsening fever, cough, and shortness of breath in the last 7 days tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (Figure). | 25% (23/81) of those with complete follow-up developed symptoms within 14 days of testing positive. | The most frequently reported symptoms were headaches, fatigue and/or muscle aches, and shortness of breath. | Methods: Cross-sectional community testing in the Indianapolis metro area, between April 7 and May 16, 2020 of adults �?8 years with no previous positive test for SARS-CoV-2 and who reported no fever and no new onset or worsening cough or shortness of breath in the past 7 days. SARS-CoV-2 infection was diagnosed by RT-PCR using NP swabs. Participants were re-interviewed and re-tested at 14 days. Limitations: Reporting of mild and moderate symptoms at baseline may be subject to recall bias; participants who tested positive at baseline may be more likely to report symptoms at follow-up; results may lack generalizability due to convenience sampling. | Implications: Broader population screening and testing beyond symptomatic individuals will help identify individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2. SN - 1096-9071 (Electronic); 0146-6615 (Linking) SP - 2874-2879 ST - A cross-sectional community-based observational study of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 prevalence in the greater Indianapolis area T2 - J Med Virol TI - A cross-sectional community-based observational study of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 prevalence in the greater Indianapolis area UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32543722 VL - 92 ID - 433 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Public Health 3.0 approaches are critical for monitoring disparities in economic, social, and overall health impacts following the COVID-19 pandemic and its associated policy changes to slow community spread. Timely, cross-sector data as identified using this approach help decisionmakers identify changes, track racial disparities, and address unintended consequences during a pandemic. We applied a monitoring and evaluation framework that combined policy changes with timely, relevant cross-sector data and community review. Indicators covered unemployment, basic needs, family violence, education, childcare, access to health care, and mental, physical, and behavioral health. In response to increasing COVID-19 cases, nonpharmaceutical intervention strategies were implemented in March 2020 in King County, Washington. By December 2020, 554�?00 unemployment claims were filed. Social service calls increased 100%, behavioral health crisis calls increased 25%, and domestic violence calls increased 25%, with disproportionate impact on communities of color. This framework can be replicated by local jurisdictions to inform and address racial inequities in ongoing COVID-19 mitigation and recovery. Cross-sector collaboration between public health and sectors addressing the social determinants of health are an essential first step to have an impact on long-standing racial inequities. (Am J Public Health. 2021;111(S3):S215–S223. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306422) AD - All authors are with Public HealthSeattle and King County, Seattle, WA. Eva Y. Wong is also with the Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle. Hannah N. Collins is an applied epidemiology fellow, Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists, Atlanta, GA. AN - 34709876 AU - V. Colombara | Kristen Johnson | Amy A. Laurent, Eva Y. Wong | Abigail Schachter | Hannah N. Collins | Lin Song | Myduc L. Ta | Shuva Dawadi | Scott Neal | Fel F. Pajimula | Danny C1 - 2021-11-19 C2 - PMC8561070 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/11192021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - Oct DO - 10.2105/ajph.2021.306422 ET - 2021/10/29 IS - S3 KW - *COVID-19/economics/prevention & control | *Health Policy | *Health Services Accessibility | *Health Status Disparities | Humans | Mental Health | Population Surveillance | *Public Health | Unemployment/statistics & numerical data | Washington L1 - internal-pdf://2111756558/ajph.2021.306422.pdf LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Wong, Eva Y | Schachter, Abigail | Collins, Hannah N | Song, Lin | Ta, Myduc L | Dawadi, Shuva | Neal, Scott | Pajimula, Fel F | Colombara, Danny V | Johnson, Kristen | Laurent, Amy A | eng | Evaluation Study | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | Am J Public Health. 2021 Oct;111(S3):S215-S223. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2021.306422. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: To guide public health decision-making during the COVID-19 pandemic, Public Health‒Seattle and King County (PHSKC) used a cross-sector framework to monitor changes in selected measures of economic, social, and overall health and well-being. During March–December 2020, almost 554,000 unemployment claims were filed; social service calls more than doubled in mid-March 2020 compared with February 2020; behavioral health crisis calls increased and were 24% higher in November 2020 compared with November 2019; and domestic violence calls increased 25% from January to December 2020. Disproportionate impacts on communities of color were observed. SN - 1541-0048 (Electronic) | 0090-0036 (Linking) SP - S215-S223 ST - Cross-Sector Monitoring and Evaluation Framework: Social, Economic, and Health Conditions Impacted During the COVID-19 Pandemic T2 - Am J Public Health TI - Cross-Sector Monitoring and Evaluation Framework: Social, Economic, and Health Conditions Impacted During the COVID-19 Pandemic UR - https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306422 VL - 111 ID - 2646 ER - TY - JOUR AB - With no vaccine or medication to cope with the novel coronavirus, people around the world have sought—or been ordered to seek—protection by changing the way they act in ways large and small, from their washing hands more frequently to avoiding almost all physical contact. Now, government and industry leaders are turning to behavioral scientists for advice on how to persuade their citizens and workers to abide by such dramatic changes. | To beat the pandemic, we need “a more rapid change of behavior than I can think of in recent human history,�?says Robb Willer, a sociologist at Stanford University. He recently helped recruit more than 40 top behavioral scientists to summarize their field’s research on how to steer people into certain actions and how it might aid the response to the pandemic. | Related; a health worker interviews a resident outside of her home. | South Africa flattens its coronavirus curve—and considers how to ease restrictions; Roman-Catholic priest Johannes Laichner attaches a new photograph of members of his congregation to a bench at his church. | Ending coronavirus lockdowns will be a dangerous process of trial and error; Two people walk down a dark and empty street showing temporarily closed restaurants and bars. | ‘Suppress and lift�? Hong Kong and Singapore say they have a coronavirus strategy that works; See all of our coverage of the coronavirus outbreak; Politicians and executives are on the hunt for such advice. Facebook and Twitter have consulted Willer about ways to improve communicating coronavirus-related information and avoid pitfalls. Jay Van Bavel, a psychologist at New York University who led the review with Willer, shared insights from the work with approximately 700 people at an early April teleconference about pandemic misinformation hosted by the World Health Organization. Governments ranging from the United Kingdom to Sierra Leone have reached out to other behavioral researchers. | Their advice is already proving consequential, though not always successful. The government of the United Kingdom initially avoided closing schools and businesses, citing concerns that restricting movement too soon risked behavioral “fatigue.�?But the government reversed course in late March after novel coronavirus infections surged. | In their search for practical guidance, behavioral scientists are plumbing previous research into disease outbreaks such as the flu and Ebola, as well as seemingly unrelated subjects including cigarette warning labels and political campaigns. Meanwhile, they are rushing ahead with new studies aimed at improving measures during the current crisis. | Many of their recommendations might seem like common sense and can be distilled to this: Have a unified set of fact-based messages, tailor them to different audiences, and choose your messengers wisely. A common message can help give people confidence to take action, particularly at a moment when fear motivates people, says Shana Gadarian, a political scientist at Syracuse University who has studied how anxieties influence political action in the United States. | Political divides; Even robust messages can lose power, however, when leaders send contradictory signals, or when public health advice gets refracted through a political lens. In the United States, President Donald Trump has repeatedly contradicted recommendations from public health officials, notably saying he probably wouldn’t wear a face mask on the day that both the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and first lady Melania Trump urged people to do just that. Early in the pandemic, figures in conservative news outlets had derided calls for an aggressive response to the virus as a “hoax�?or an attack on the Trump administration. “When you hear [health] experts saying one thing and the head of your [political] party saying another, that’s a troubling kind of thing to decide,�?Gadarian says. In the United States, “What we’re seeing evidence of is that Republicans are basically going with what the president says.�? | In a survey of 3000 people in the United States in mid-March, Gadarian found that political leanings were the strongest predictor of whether someone was likely to follow public health recommendations. Democrats were more inclined than Republicans to wash hands, buy hand sanitizer, and distance themselves from others. As COVID-19 has spread to more parts of the country, that partisan divide has shrunk but not vanished, according to a poll in late March by the Kaiser Family Foundation. More than 90% of people across the political spectrum reported engaging in some kind of social distancing. But Democrats were more likely to have stayed home, canceled plans for a group gathering, or fully sheltered in place. A survey in early April by Stanford researchers still found a partisan gap. | That ideological split is stronger in the United States than in the United Kingdom, says Gordon Pennycook, a cognitive psychologist at the University of Regina in Canada. He and collaborators surveyed approximately 650 people in each country to see what influenced misperceptions about the pandemic, such as the coronavirus being no worse than the flu. The study, published as a preprint this week, found that in the United States, misperceptions were correlated with whether someone got their information from conservative news outlets such as Fox News. Although the United Kingdom has conservative newspapers, there’s no comparable TV broadcast station, Pennycook says. “Also, [Prime Minister] Boris Johnson is not treating [the pandemic] the same way that Trump is.�? | Whether people respond to public health messages depends partly on who delivers it. That was underscored in Liberia during the deadly Ebola outbreak of 2014 and 2015, which killed nearly 5000 people in the West African nation. There, efforts by government workers to get people to follow precautions such as social distancing were stymied by suspicions that the disease was a government ploy to win more aid money. But neighborhood volunteers recruited and trained by government officials experienced much more success, says Lily Tsai, a political behavioral scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who studied the Ebola response there. She concluded that residents found neighbors more credible partly because their connections to the community made them more accountable. | The identity of a trusted messenger depends on the situation. It could be local religious leaders, politicians, sports figures, or celebrities, Gadarian says. Governors leading their states�?pandemic responses have enjoyed a surge in popularity. In a late March Instagram chat, basketball star Stephen Curry of California’s Golden State Warriors discussed the disease and how to avoid it with Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. The video has had nearly half a million views on YouTube. | Small pushes, big results?; Messages can come in more subtle ways as well. Proponents of “nudges�?emphasize the ways that small visual cues, brief reminders, or tiny changes in people’s surroundings can change their actions. In the case of the coronavirus, it can be as simple as painting lines on a walking path to show what a 2-meter separation looks like, says Susan Michie, a health psychologist at University College London and director of its Centre for Behaviour Change. | She is contemplating how to break people of the habit of touching their faces, because the virus infects people through the mucus membranes that line the nose and airways. She wonders whether software on a person’s camera-enabled computer or smartphone could alert them of a face touch. “It’s about breaking the habits of a lifetime and setting up slightly different habits,�?she says. | It will take more than just messages to change behaviors on such a mammoth scale, says Ann Bostrom, who studies risk perception and communication at the University of Washington, Seattle. Often, compliance hinges on giving people the tools they need to easily follow new rules. “The physical context in which you make these decisions is often more important than grand ideological views,�?Bostrom says. “If there’s a mask available from the dispenser at the front of the building, you’re probably more likely to put it on.�?Ditto for easy availability of things like hand sanitizer, others say. | How to prevent backsliding?; Making behavioral changes easy to maintain could become particularly important as lockdowns stretch on and strains build, Michie says. Past research has found compliance during an epidemic can decline over time. The U.K. government, she adds, might need to take measures to avoid backsliding and make a lockdown tolerable, including opening golf courses and private sports fields so that people can get outside without being crammed together. The government could even provide people with tablet computers and videos to help them pass the time at home. | Tsai, whose behavioral research focuses on people in the developing world, says that in poorer nations, persuading people to obey a lockdown could come down to something as simple as ensuring access to drinking water. She’s launching an ambitious project in the West African country of Sierra Leone that uses detailed behavioral data to figure out what tools can best promote social distancing and limited movement there. She’s working with a science directorate within the office of the nation’s president, for example, to combine cellphone movement data with surveys of almost 3000 people across this country of 6.6 million. The goal is to gauge what messages are most effective, and what incentives would encourage residents to stay home—whether it’s information, money, water, food, or a combination. | Eventually, Tsai plans to create a dynamic map, down to the neighborhood level, showing potential hot spots where cooperation could be difficult, and what kinds of actions are likely to help ease acceptance of physical distancing and other measures. She is also hoping to expand the project to some of the continent’s largest cities, Lagos, Nigeria, and Nairobi, Kenya, to help prepare them for when the virus gains a foothold there. When the disease arrives in these sprawling cities, she fears, “it’s going to be awful.�? | *Clarification, 17 April, 4:30 p.m.: A sentence referring to advice from the U.K. government’s “nudge�?unit has been removed, because Science could not confirm other media reports characterizing its role in shaping the government’s initial response to the coronavirus pandemic. AU - Cornwall, Warren C1 - 2020-04-28 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/042820_covidupdate.html LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Vaccines | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Notes how government and industry leaders are turning to behavioral scientists for advice on how to persuade people to abide by public health interventions. ST - Crushing coronavirus means ‘breaking the habits of a lifetime.�?Behavior scientists have some tips T2 - Science Magazine TI - Crushing coronavirus means ‘breaking the habits of a lifetime.�?Behavior scientists have some tips UR - https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/04/crushing-coronavirus-means-breaking-habits-lifetime-behavior-scientists-have-some-tips ID - 93 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is affecting our health care community in unprecedented ways. As a pediatric oncologist who studies resilience in the context of illness, I started thinking about what this pandemic means for our professional resilience a few weeks ago, when the first US patient with fatal COVID-19 died in my home city of Seattle, Washington.Promoting resilience among health care workers and organizations starts with understanding what resilience is (and what it is not). Historical psychology and social science suggested resilience was either a trait (eg, hardiness), a process (eg, adaptation), or an outcome (eg, the absence of posttraumatic stress or the presence of posttraumatic growth after a particular adversity). The first and last conceptualizations are questionable. The potential for resilience is not a unique trait that one has or does not have; the capacity for resilience is inherent in all people. Resilience is not a single dichotomous outcome measured at a point; we can simultaneously experience posttraumatic stress and growth, and these (and other) outcomes dynamically evolve throughout our lives. Finally, both trait and outcome conceptualizations suggest resilience is something that happens to the fortunate and something we can hope for but not necessarily achieve. This is incorrect. Resilience is neither lucky nor passive. It takes deliberate effort. Indeed, while resilience researchers have quibbled over nuanced definitions and requirements for resilience, they agree that it can be strengthened with practice. AD - Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle. | Palliative Care and Resilience Lab, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington. AN - 32286616 AU - Rosenberg, A. R. C1 - 2020-05-01 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050120_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 1 DO - 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1436 ET - 2020/04/15 IS - 9 KW - *Attitude of Health Personnel | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus Infections | Humans | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral | *Resilience, Psychological L1 - internal-pdf://4285213474/Rosenberg-2020-Cultivating Deliberate Resilien.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | N1 - Rosenberg, Abby R; eng; JAMA Pediatr. 2020 Sep 1;174(9):817-818. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1436. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: On the importance of cultivating “deliberate resilience�?during the pandemic. SN - 2168-6211 (Electronic); 2168-6203 (Linking) SP - 817-818 ST - Cultivating Deliberate Resilience During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic T2 - JAMA Pediatr TI - Cultivating Deliberate Resilience During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32286616 VL - 174 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 113 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Children do not seem to drive transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We isolated culture-competent virus in vitro from 12 (52%) of 23 SARS-CoV-2-infected children; the youngest was 7 days old. Our findings show that symptomatic neonates, children, and teenagers shed infectious SARS-CoV-2, suggesting that transmission from them is plausible. AN - 32603290 AU - L'Huillier, A. G. | Torriani, G. | Pigny, F. | Kaiser, L. | Eckerle, I. C1 - 2020-07-10 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071020_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.3201/eid2610.202403 ET - 2020/07/01 IS - 10 KW - Adolescent | Betacoronavirus/isolation & purification/*physiology | Covid-19 | Cell Line | Child | Child, Preschool | Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/*transmission | Female | Humans | Infant | Infant, Newborn | Male | Nasopharynx/*virology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis/*transmission | RNA, Viral/*analysis | SARS-CoV-2 | Viral Load | Virus Cultivation | Virus Replication | *2019 novel coronavirus disease | *covid-19 | *SARS-CoV-2 | *Switzerland | *adolescents | *children | *coronavirus disease | *neonates | *respiratory diseases | *severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 | *viral shedding | *viruses | *zoonoses L1 - internal-pdf://0843436323/L'Huillier-2020-Culture-Competent SARS-CoV-2 i.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - L'Huillier, Arnaud G; Torriani, Giulia; Pigny, Fiona; Kaiser, Laurent; Eckerle, Isabella; eng; Letter; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Emerg Infect Dis. 2020 Oct;26(10):2494-2497. doi: 10.3201/eid2610.202403. Epub 2020 Jun 30. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Culture-competent virus isolated in vitro from 12 of 23 SARS-CoV-2–infected children, suggesting transmission from children is possible. SN - 1080-6059 (Electronic); 1080-6040 (Linking) SP - 2494-2497 ST - Culture-Competent SARS-CoV-2 in Nasopharynx of Symptomatic Neonates, Children, and Adolescents T2 - Emerg Infect Dis TI - Culture-Competent SARS-CoV-2 in Nasopharynx of Symptomatic Neonates, Children, and Adolescents UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32603290 VL - 26 ID - 502 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance New York State (NYS) is an epicenter of the United States�?COVID-19 epidemic. Reliable estimates of cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the population are critical to tracking the extent of transmission and informing policies, but US data are lacking, in part because societal closure complicates study conduct.Objective To estimate the cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and percent of infections diagnosed in New York State, overall and by region, age, sex, and race and ethnicity.Design Statewide cross-sectional seroprevalence study, conducted April 19-28, 2020.Setting Grocery stores (n=99) located in 26 counties throughout NYS, which were essential businesses that remained open during a period of societal closure and attract a heterogenous clientele.Participants Convenience sample of patrons �?8 years and residing in New York State, recruited consecutively upon entering stores and via an in-store flyer.Exposures Region (New York City, Westchester/Rockland, Long Island, Rest of New York State), age, sex, race and ethnicity.Main Outcomes Primary outcome: cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection, based on dry-blood spot (DBS) SARS-CoV-2 antibody reactivity; secondary outcome: percent of infections diagnosed.Results Among 15,101 adults with suitable DBS specimens, 1,887 (12.5%) were reactive using a validated SARS-CoV-2 IgG microsphere immunoassay (sensitivity 87.9%, specificity 99.75%). Following post-stratification weighting on region, sex, age, and race and ethnicity and adjustment for assay characteristics, estimated cumulative incidence through March 29 was 14.0% (95% CI: 13.3-14.7%), corresponding to 2,139,300 (95% CI: 2,035,800-2,242,800) infection-experienced adults. Cumulative incidence was higher among Hispanic/Latino (29.2%, 95% CI: 27.2-31.2%), non-Hispanic black/African American (20.2% 95% CI, 18.1-22.3%), and non-Hispanic Asian (12.4%, 95% CI: 9.4-15.4%) adults than non-Hispanic white adults (8.1%, 95% CI: 7.4-8.7%, p<.0001). Cumulative incidence was highest in New York City (NYC) 22.7% (95% CI: 21.5%-24.0). Dividing diagnoses reported to NYS by estimated infection-experienced adults, an estimated 8.9% (95% CI: 8.4-9.3%) of infections were diagnosed, with those �?5 years most likely to be diagnosed (11.3%, 95% CI: 10.4-12.2%).Conclusions and Relevance Over 2 million adults were infected through late March 2020, with substantial variations by subpopulations. As this remains below herd immunity thresholds, monitoring, testing, and contact tracing remain essential public health strategies.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementNo fundingAuthor DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:New York State Department of Health IRB approved this studyAll necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData are not publicly available AD - University at Albany School of Public Health, State University of New York, Rensselaer. Electronic address: erosenberg2@albany.edu. | New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY. | University at Albany School of Public Health, State University of New York, Rensselaer. | Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY. AN - 32648546 AU - Rosenberg, Eli S. | Tesoriero, James M. | Rosenthal, Elizabeth M. | Chung, Rakkoo | Barranco, Meredith A. | Styer, Linda M. | Parker, Monica M. | Leung, Shu-Yin John | Morne, Johanne E. | Greene, Danielle | Holtgrave, David R. | Hoefer, Dina | Kumar, Jessica | Udo, Tomoko | Hutton, Brad | Zucker, Howard A. C1 - 2020-06-09 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060920_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.1101/2020.05.25.20113050 ET - 2020/07/11 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Clinical Laboratory Techniques | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis/*epidemiology | Female | Humans | Incidence | Male | Middle Aged | New York/epidemiology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis/*epidemiology | Seroepidemiologic Studies | Young Adult | *Coronavirus | *Epidemics | *Epidemiology | *Infectious diseases | *Seroepidemiologic studies | *Seroprevalence | *Surveillance L1 - internal-pdf://2931783084/Rosenberg-2020-Cumulative incidence and diagno.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Rosenberg, Eli S | Tesoriero, James M | Rosenthal, Elizabeth M | Chung, Rakkoo | Barranco, Meredith A | Styer, Linda M | Parker, Monica M | John Leung, Shu-Yin | Morne, Johanne E | Greene, Danielle | Holtgrave, David R | Hoefer, Dina | Kumar, Jessica | Udo, Tomoko | Hutton, Brad | Zucker, Howard A | eng | Ann Epidemiol. 2020 Aug;48:23-29.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.06.004. Epub 2020 Jun 17. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; After statistical weighting, SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies were detected in 14% of adult New York State residents as of March 29th, corresponding to 2.1 million New Yorkers. | Antibody prevalence was slightly higher in men than women, and highest among those of Hispanic/Latino ethnicity and those who live in New York City (Figure). | Racial/ethnic disparities were noted in New York City, Westchester & Rockland Counties, and Long Island but not in the rest of New York State. | Only 9% (estimated) of SARS-CoV-2 infections had actually been diagnosed. | Methods: Cross-sectional seroprevalence study of >15,000 adults recruited at grocery stores across New York State (April 19�?8, 2020). Seroprevalence weighted to underlying New York demographics and geographic distribution and adjusted for antibody test performance. Estimated number of SARS-CoV-2 infections (based on seroprevalence) was compared to number of diagnosed COVID-19 cases. Limitations: Likely under-sampling of vulnerable groups less likely to grocery shop, including those in long-term care facilities and hospitals or persons with disabilities. | Implications: >85% of the New York population may still be susceptible to COVID-19. Monitoring, testing, and contact tracing remain critical to limit spread of SARS-CoV-2 and address racial/ethnic disparities. Case counts based on current PCR-based testing approaches may substantially underestimate the number of SARS-CoV-2 infections. | SN - 1873-2585 (Electronic) | 1047-2797 (Linking) SP - 2020.05.25.20113050 ST - Cumulative incidence and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in New York T2 - medRxiv TI - Cumulative incidence and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in New York TT - Published article: Cumulative incidence and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in New York UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2020/05/29/2020.05.25.20113050.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/05/29/2020.05.25.20113050.full.pdf VL - 48 ID - 2008 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We describe a case of croup in a 14-month-old boy caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019. The patient presented with classic signs and symptoms consistent with croup. Workup was remarkable for a positive point-of-care test for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. This case represents recognition of a new clinical entity caused by coronavirus disease 2019. AD - Department of Pediatrics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois claire_e_pitstick@rush.edu. | Department of Pediatrics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois. AN - 32913132 AU - Pitstick, C. E. | Rodriguez, K. M. | Smith, A. C. | Herman, H. K. | Hays, J. F. | Nash, C. B. C1 - 2020-09-22 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/092220_covidupdate.html DA - Jan DO - 10.1542/peds.2020-012179 ET - 2020/09/12 IS - 1 KW - COVID-19/complications/*diagnosis/therapy | Croup/*diagnosis/etiology/therapy | Humans | Infant | Laryngitis/*diagnosis/etiology/therapy | Male | Tracheitis/*diagnosis/etiology/therapy | conflicts of interest to disclose. L1 - internal-pdf://1473762630/Pitstick-2021-A Curious Case of Croup_ Laryngo.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Pitstick, Claire E; Rodriguez, Katherine M; Smith, Ashley C; Herman, Haley K; Hays, James F; Nash, Colleen B; eng; Case Reports; Pediatrics. 2021 Jan;147(1). pii: peds.2020-012179. doi: 10.1542/peds.2020-012179. Epub 2020 Sep 10. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: First documented case of COVID-19-associated croup in a 14-month-old male. Recommends that infants and children presenting with symptoms for croup should be tested for SARS-CoV-2 and appropriate isolation precautions should be taken to limit disease transmission. SN - 1098-4275 (Electronic); 0031-4005 (Linking) SP - e2020012179 ST - A Curious Case of Croup: Laryngotracheitis Caused by COVID-19 T2 - Pediatrics TI - A Curious Case of Croup: Laryngotracheitis Caused by COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32913132 VL - 147 ID - 929 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Mass vaccination is a crucial public health intervention during outbreaks or pandemics for which vaccines are available. The US government has sponsored the development of medical countermeasures, including vaccines, for public health emergencies; however, federally supported programs, including the Public Health and Emergency Preparedness program and Cities Readiness Initiative, have historically emphasized antibiotic pill dispensing over mass vaccination. While mass vaccination and pill dispensing programs share similarities, they also have fundamental differences that require dedicated preparedness efforts to address. To date, only a limited number of public assessments of local mass vaccination operational capabilities have been conducted. To fill this gap, we interviewed 37 public health and preparedness officials representing 33 jurisdictions across the United States. We aimed to characterize their existing mass vaccination operational capacities and identify challenges and lessons learned in order to support the efforts of other jurisdictions to improve mass vaccination preparedness. We found that most jurisdictions were not capable of or had not planned for rapidly vaccinating their populations within a short period of time (eg, 1 to 2 weeks). Many also noted that their focus on pill dispensing was driven largely by federal funding requirements and that preparedness efforts for mass vaccination were often self-motivated. Barriers to implementing rapid mass vaccination operations included insufficient personnel qualified to administer vaccinations, increased patient load compared to pill-dispensing modalities, logistical challenges to maintaining cold chain, and operational challenges addressing high-risk populations, including children, pregnant women, and non-English-speaking populations. Considering the expected availability of a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccine for distribution and dispensing to the public, our findings highlight critical considerations for planning possible future mass vaccination events, including during the novel coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. AD - Divya Hosangadi, MSPH, and Matthew P. Shearer, MPH, are Senior Analysts; Kelsey Lane Warmbrod, MS, MPH, is an Analyst; and Jennifer Nuzzo, DrPH, SM, is a Senior Scholar; all at the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, Baltimore, MD. Divya Hosangadi, Matthew P. Shearer, and Kelsey Lane Warmbrod are also Research Associates, and Jennifer Nuzzo is also an Associate Professor; all in the Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. Lilly Kan, MPH, is Senior Director, Infectious Disease and Informatics; and Michelle Cantu, MPH, is Director, Infectious Disease and Immunization; both at the National Association of County and City Health Officials, Washington, DC. AN - 33017195 AU - Hosangadi, D. | Shearer, M. P. | Warmbrod, K. L. | Kan, L. | Cantu, M. | Nuzzo, J. B. C1 - 2020-10-16 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/101620_covidupdate.html DA - Dec DO - 10.1089/hs.2019.0146 ET - 2020/10/06 IS - 6 KW - *covid-19 | Civil Defense/*trends | Disaster Planning/trends | Humans | Mass Vaccination/organization & administration/*trends | *Medical Countermeasures | *Public Health | Vaccination | Vulnerable Populations/*ethnology | Covid-19 | Epidemic management/response | Phep | Pandemic influenza | Public health preparedness/response | Vaccines L1 - internal-pdf://3475675146/Hosangadi-2020-Current State of Mass Vaccinati.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Hosangadi, Divya; Shearer, Matthew P; Warmbrod, Kelsey Lane; Kan, Lilly; Cantu, Michelle; Nuzzo, Jennifer B; eng; Health Secur. 2020 Dec;18(6):473-482. doi: 10.1089/hs.2019.0146. Epub 2020 Oct 2. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Summary of 37 interviews through March 2019 highlighting the unique operational needs of mass vaccination campaigns and the significant level of advanced planning that will be required for rollout of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. SN - 2326-5108 (Electronic); 2326-5094 (Linking) SP - 473-482 ST - Current State of Mass Vaccination Preparedness and Operational Challenges in the United States, 2018-2019 T2 - Health Secur TI - Current State of Mass Vaccination Preparedness and Operational Challenges in the United States, 2018-2019 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33017195 VL - 18 ID - 1057 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BackgroundSchool-based COVID-19 contacts in England have been asked to self-isolate at home, missing key educational opportunities. We trialled daily testing of contacts as an alternative to assess whether this resulted in similar control of transmission, while allowing more school attendance. AD - Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. Electronic address: bernadette.young@ndm.ox.ac.uk. | National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Department of Health and Social Care, London, UK. | Microbiology Department, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK. | Office for National Statistics, Newport, UK. | Deloitte MCS, London, UK. | Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Health and Social Care, London, UK; Public Health England, London, UK. | William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK. | Public Health England, London, UK. | Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. | Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. AN - 34534517 AU - Young, Bernadette C. | Eyre, David W. | Kendrick, Saroj | White, Chris | Smith, Sylvester | Beveridge, George | Nonnenmacher, Toby | Ichofu, Fegor | Hillier, Joseph | Oakley, Sarah | Diamond, Ian | Rourke, Emma | Dawe, Fiona | Day, Ieuan | Davies, Lisa | Staite, Paul | Lacey, Andrea | McCrae, James | Jones, Ffion | Kelly, Joseph | Bankiewicz, Urszula | Tunkel, Sarah | Ovens, Richard | Chapman, David | Bhalla, Vineta | Marks, Peter | Hicks, Nick | Fowler, Tom | Hopkins, Susan | Yardley, Lucy | Peto, Tim E. A. C1 - 2021-09-24 C2 - PMC8439620 submitted work. VB, RO, and DC are consultants employed by Department of Health and Social Care as part of Deloitte's broader project work supporting the delivery of NHS Test and Trace. TF reports honoraria from Qatar National Research Fund outside the submitted work. All other authors declare no competing interests. CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09242021_covidupdate.html#anchor_Testing DA - Sep 14 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01908-5 ET - 2021/09/18 L1 - internal-pdf://0582538221/PIIS0140673621019085.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Young, Bernadette C | Eyre, David W | Kendrick, Saroj | White, Chris | Smith, Sylvester | Beveridge, George | Nonnenmacher, Toby | Ichofu, Fegor | Hillier, Joseph | Oakley, Sarah | Diamond, Ian | Rourke, Emma | Dawe, Fiona | Day, Ieuan | Davies, Lisa | Staite, Paul | Lacey, Andrea | McCrae, James | Jones, Ffion | Kelly, Joseph | Bankiewicz, Urszula | Tunkel, Sarah | Ovens, Richard | Chapman, David | Bhalla, Vineta | Marks, Peter | Hicks, Nick | Fowler, Tom | Hopkins, Susan | Yardley, Lucy | Peto, Tim E A | eng | England | Lancet. 2021 Sep 14. pii: S0140-6736(21)01908-5. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01908-5. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; COVID-19 rates among students or staff were equivalent in schools in which school-based contacts continued school attendance with daily testing (intervention group) and those with self-isolation of school-based contacts (control group) (Figure). | Rates of symptomatic PCR-confirmed infections were similar across groups (adjusted Relative Risk [aRR] 0.96 [95% CI 0.75-1.22]; p = 0.72). | COVID-19-related absences were 20% lower in the intervention group than the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant. | Methods: Cluster-randomized controlled trial in secondary and post-secondary schools in England (April 19–June 27, 2021); schools 1:1 assigned to intervention (n = 102; voluntary daily lateral flow device (LFD) testing for 7 days; LFD-negative contacts remaining at school) or control (n = 99; self-isolation of school-based COVID-19 contacts for 10 days) groups. Randomization was stratified by school type and size and by socio-economic markers. Limitations: Participation varied leading to possible missing data for PCR-positive cases and contacts; study conducted during period of low incidence; LFD testing may not be as reliable in the face of new variants. | Implications for Young et al. and Wachinger et al.: School-based and home-based rapid testing methods were broadly accepted in 2 countries. Daily contact testing reduced isolation time without substantially increasing transmission of COVID-19. At-home self-testing appears to be accepted even by primary school aged students. SN - 0140-6736 ST - Daily testing for contacts of individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection and attendance and SARS-CoV-2 transmission in English secondary schools and colleges: an open-label, cluster-randomised trial T2 - Lancet TI - Daily testing for contacts of individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection and attendance and SARS-CoV-2 transmission in English secondary schools and colleges: an open-label, cluster-randomised trial UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01908-5 Y2 - 2021/09/27 ID - 2362 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In the Viewpoint titled “Case-Fatality Rate and Characteristics of Patients Dying in Relation to COVID-19 in Italy�?published online March 23, 2020, in JAMA, a data error appeared in the eighth paragraph. The number of women included in the chart review of 355 patients should have been reported as 106 (not 601). This article has been corrected online. AN - 32275296 C1 - 2020-04-01 C2 - PMC7149350 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/040120_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 28 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.6122 ET - 2020/04/11 IS - 16 L1 - internal-pdf://3884039424/jama_2020_cx_200027.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - eng | Published Erratum | JAMA. 2020 Apr 28;323(16):1619. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.6122. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Correction to Case-fatality rate and characteristics of patients dying in relation to COVID-19 in Italyexternal icon. Onder et al. JAMA (March 23, 2020) SN - 0098-7484 SP - 1619-1619 ST - Data Error in Viewpoint on COVID-19 in Italy T2 - JAMA TI - Data Error in Viewpoint on COVID-19 in Italy UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6122 VL - 323 Y2 - 7/19/2021 ID - 1984 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 32703855 AU - Piller, C. C1 - 2020-08-18 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/081820_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 24 DO - 10.1126/science.369.6502.356 ET - 2020/07/25 IS - 6502 KW - Covid-19 | California/epidemiology | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/prevention & control | Disclosure | Humans | *Information Dissemination | Pandemics/prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/prevention & control L1 - internal-pdf://2716967987/Piller-2020-Data secrecy may cripple U.S. atte.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Piller, Charles; eng; News; Science. 2020 Jul 24;369(6502):356-358. doi: 10.1126/science.369.6502.356. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Researchers face ongoing challenges to accessing data on COVID-19 that could be useful to support response efforts. SN - 1095-9203 (Electronic); 0036-8075 (Linking) SP - 356-358 ST - Data secrecy may cripple U.S. attempts to slow pandemic T2 - Science TI - Data secrecy may cripple U.S. attempts to slow pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32703855 VL - 369 ID - 722 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Using COVID-19 Case Surveillance Public Use Data by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, we estimate monthly age-adjusted case fatality rates (CFR) for four major groups: non-Hispanic (NH) whites, NH Blacks, NH Asians, and Hispanics. Available data show that CFRs across race/ethnic groups have become more equal over time. Nevertheless, racial and ethnic disparities persist. NH whites consistently experience lower CFRs; NH Blacks generally experience higher case fatality among younger patients; and NH Asians generally experience higher case fatality among older patients. Age-adjusted CFRs reveal dramatically different racial and ethnic disparities that are hidden by crude CFRs. Such adjustment is imperative for understanding COVID-19’s toll.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis paper was supported in part by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation through its Systems for Action Research Program (grant 78116).Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:N/A Secondary data analysis with de-identified case surveillance dataset.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData are available online via CDC’s “COVID-19 Case Surveillance Public Use Data.�?The study is reproducible; data management and analysis code in R Studio is available to the public. https://data.cdc.gov/Case-Surveillance/COVID-19-Case-Surveillance-Public-Use-Data/vbim-akqf AU - Fabic, Madeleine Short | Choi, Yoonjoung | Bishai, David C1 - 2020-12-08 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/120820_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.11.15.20232066 L1 - internal-pdf://1083091419/Fabic-2020-Deaths among COVID Cases in the Uni.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Crude and age-adjusted case fatality rates (CFRs) declined for all racial/ethnic groups from March to August, 2020 (Figure). | Non-Hispanic (NH) White patients had the lowest age-adjusted CFR (2.1%) and the NH Black patients had the highest (2.6%) age-adjusted CFRs (Figure). | For age-specific CFRs, NH Black patients had higher CFRs among patients 30-79 years of age and NH Asian patients had higher CRFs among patients 80 years and older. | Methods: Retrospective analysis using the CDC COVID-9 case surveillance public use data estimating monthly age-adjusted CFR by race/ethnicity between March 1 and August 31, 2020. A direct standardized age-adjusted CFR was used to compare by race/ethnicity. Limitations: Large proportion (41%) of race/ethnicity information was missing; no information on geographic variables. | Implications for three studies (Rodriguez et al., Zelner et al. & Short Fabic et al.): Previous studies have shown racial/ethnic inequalities in health risk and outcome for various diseases in the US and this has been further exposed during the COVID-19 pandemic. These three studies show that although COVID-19 mortality has decreased overall, there is persistence in these disparities. SP - 2020.11.15.20232066 ST - Deaths among COVID Cases in the United States: Racial and Ethnic Disparities Persist T2 - medRxiv TI - Deaths among COVID Cases in the United States: Racial and Ethnic Disparities Persist UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/11/17/2020.11.15.20232066.full.pdf ID - 1305 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The COVID-19 pandemic has unleashed devastating health and economic crises worldwide, causing more than 3.9 million deaths and 183 million reported infections globally.1 While the United States has accounted for more than 600,000 deaths, it also has supported the development of highly efficacious vaccines, granting emergency authorizations and delivering the products at an unprecedented pace. As of July 2, the U.S. had administered more than 328 million vaccine doses, with 67 percent of adults having received at least one dose.2,3 The number of cases has fallen from more than 300,000 per day at the apex of the pandemic in January 2021 to less than 20,000 per day in mid-June. | The precipitous decline in U.S. cases is especially impressive as more transmissible variants have emerged in recent months, including the B.1.1.7 (Alpha), P.1 (Gamma), and B.1.617.2 (Delta) variants. The Alpha variant, first identified in the United Kingdom, is 50 percent more contagious than the original COVID-19 variant,4 with higher mortality risk.5 The Gamma variant, initially detected in Brazil and imported to the U.S. in January 2021, became one of the dominant variants by mid-May.6 Ominously, the Delta variant, linked to a resurgence of COVID-19 infections in India, Nepal, and other southeast Asian countries, is threatening to shift the course of the pandemic in the U.S. With an even higher transmissibility than the Alpha variant,7 the Delta variant currently accounts for more than 40 percent of positive tests and is already establishing dominance in some U.S. states.2,6; | The efficacy and safety of authorized vaccines against the original viral variant are well established based on randomized controlled trials showing that they prevent symptomatic and severe disease.8�?0 However, the effectiveness of the U.S. vaccination campaign in reducing COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths in the face of emerging highly transmissible variants has not yet been fully evaluated. | To assess the impact of the U.S. vaccination program, we expanded our age-stratified, agent-based model of COVID-19 to include transmission dynamics of the Alpha, Gamma, and Delta variants in addition to the original Wuhan-1 variant.11 (For details, see How We Conducted This Study). Briefly, the model compared the observed epidemiologic trajectory (cases, hospitalizations, and deaths) to two counterfactual scenarios, one in which no vaccination program occurred and another under which daily vaccinations were administered at only half the actual daily pace. | Highlights; Without a vaccination program, by the end of June 2021 there would have been approximately 279,000 additional deaths and up to 1.25 million additional hospitalizations. | If the U.S. had achieved only half the actual pace of vaccination, there would have been nearly 121,000 additional deaths and more than 450,000 additional hospitalizations. | If there had been no vaccination program, daily deaths from COVID-19 potentially would have jumped to nearly 4,500 deaths per day during a second �?021 spring surge�?�?eclipsing the observed daily peak of 4,000 during the first 2021 winter surge. AU - Galvani, Alison | Moghadas, Seyed M. | Schneider, Eric C. C1 - 2021-07-16 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07162021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.26099/wm2j-mz32 L1 - internal-pdf://1325073388/Deaths & Hospitalizations Averted by Rapid US.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A model, accounting for Alpha, Gamma, and Delta variants, compared the observed epidemiologic trajectory in the U.S. to 2 counterfactual scenarios. At a daily vaccination rate 50% of actual, by June 2021 there would have been 121,000 additional deaths and >450,000 hospitalizations. Had there not been a vaccine program, an additional 279,000 deaths and 1.25 million hospitalizations were predicted. ST - Deaths and Hospitalizations Averted by Rapid U.S. Vaccination Rollout T2 - Issue Briefs: Improving Health Care Quality TI - Deaths and Hospitalizations Averted by Rapid U.S. Vaccination Rollout UR - https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2021/jul/deaths-and-hospitalizations-averted-rapid-us-vaccination-rollout ID - 1980 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Surgery P. Valdoni, Policlinico Umberto I, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy. | Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. AN - 32408922 AU - Lapolla, P. | Mingoli, A. | Lee, R. C1 - 2020-05-26 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052620_covidupdate.html DA - Mar DB - Cambridge Core DO - 10.1017/ice.2020.241 DP - Cambridge University Press ET - 2020/05/16 IS - 3 KW - Adult | Aged | COVID-19/*mortality | Female | Health Personnel/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Italy/epidemiology | Male | Medicine/classification | Middle Aged L1 - internal-pdf://1780168191/Lapolla-2021-Deaths from COVID-19 in healthcar.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Testing | N1 - Lapolla, Pierfrancesco; Mingoli, Andrea; Lee, Regent; eng; Letter; Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2021 Mar;42(3):364-365. doi: 10.1017/ice.2020.241. Epub 2020 May 15. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Examines COVID-19 health care worker deaths by category and medical specialty in Italy. SN - 1559-6834 (Electronic); 0899-823X (Linking) SP - 364-365 ST - Deaths from COVID-19 in healthcare workers in Italy-What can we learn? T2 - Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol TI - Deaths from COVID-19 in healthcare workers in Italy-What can we learn? UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32408922 VL - 42 ID - 254 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In the absence of effective vaccines and with limited therapeutic options, convalescent plasma is being collected across the globe for potential transfusion to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. The therapy has been deemed safe, and several clinical trials assessing its efficacy are ongoing. While it remains to be formally proven, the presence of neutralizing antibodies is thought to play a positive role in the efficacy of this treatment. Indeed, neutralizing titers of >/=1:160 have been recommended in some convalescent plasma trials for inclusion. Here, we performed repeated analyses at 1-month intervals on 31 convalescent individuals to evaluate how the humoral responses against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Spike glycoprotein, including neutralization, evolve over time. We observed that the levels of receptor-binding-domain (RBD)-specific IgG and IgA slightly decreased between 6 and 10 weeks after the onset of symptoms but that RBD-specific IgM levels decreased much more abruptly. Similarly, we observed a significant decrease in the capacity of convalescent plasma to neutralize pseudoparticles bearing wild-type SARS-CoV-2 S or its D614G variant. If neutralization activity proves to be an important factor in the clinical efficacy of convalescent plasma transfer, our results suggest that plasma from convalescent donors should be recovered rapidly after resolution of symptoms.IMPORTANCE While waiting for an efficient vaccine to protect against SARS-CoV-2 infection, alternative approaches to treat or prevent acute COVID-19 are urgently needed. Transfusion of convalescent plasma to treat COVID-19 patients is currently being explored; neutralizing activity in convalescent plasma is thought to play a central role in the efficacy of this treatment. Here, we observed that plasma neutralization activity decreased a few weeks after the onset of the symptoms. If neutralizing activity is required for the efficacy of convalescent plasma transfer, our results suggest that convalescent plasma should be recovered rapidly after the donor recovers from active infection. AD - Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Quebec, Canada. | Departement de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. | Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. | Affaires Medicales et Innovation, Hema-Quebec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. | CHU Ste-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. | Departement de Medecine, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. | Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Quebec, Canada andres.finzi@umontreal.ca. AN - 33067385 AU - Beaudoin-Bussieres, G. | Laumaea, A. | Anand, S. P. | Prevost, J. | Gasser, R. | Goyette, G. | Medjahed, H. | Perreault, J. | Tremblay, T. | Lewin, A. | Gokool, L. | Morrisseau, C. | Begin, P. | Tremblay, C. | Martel-Laferriere, V. | Kaufmann, D. E. | Richard, J. | Bazin, R. | Finzi, A. C1 - 2020-10-30 C2 - Antibody Response CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/103020_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 16 DO - 10.1128/mBio.02590-20 ET - 2020/10/18 IS - 5 KW - Adult | Aged | Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood | Antibodies, Viral/blood | Betacoronavirus/*immunology | Covid-19 | *Convalescence | Coronavirus Infections/blood/*immunology | Cross Reactions | Female | Humans | *Immunity, Humoral | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/blood/*immunology | SARS-CoV-2 | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry/*immunology | Young Adult | *covid-19 | *elisa | *IgA | *IgG | *IgM | *rbd | *SARS-CoV-2 | *Spike glycoproteins | *convalescent plasma | *coronavirus | *cross-reactivity | *neutralization L1 - internal-pdf://2909588069/Beaudoin-Bussie-2020-Decline of Humoral Respon.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Beaudoin-Bussieres, Guillaume; Laumaea, Annemarie; Anand, Sai Priya; Prevost, Jeremie; Gasser, Romain; Goyette, Guillaume; Medjahed, Halima; Perreault, Josee; Tremblay, Tony; Lewin, Antoine; Gokool, Laurie; Morrisseau, Chantal; Begin, Philippe; Tremblay, Cecile; Martel-Laferriere, Valerie; Kaufmann, Daniel E; Richard, Jonathan; Bazin, Renee; Finzi, Andres; eng; 352417/CIHR/Canada; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; mBio. 2020 Oct 16;11(5). pii: mBio.02590-20. doi: 10.1128/mBio.02590-20. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Levels of spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD)-specific IgG, IgA, and IgM antibodies in convalescent plasma (CP) significantly decreased from baseline (median 6 weeks after onset of symptoms) to 1-month follow-up (p <0.0001) (Figure). | The proportion of individuals with detectable anti-RBD IgM and IgA decreased from baseline to 1 month by 13% and 25%, respectively. | 8% of CP had antibody that bound to both SARS-CoV-2 RBD forms at baseline and 1 month. | The levels of antibodies binding to both forms decreased from baseline to 1 month. | Neutralizing activity against both SARS-CoV-2 forms was detected in 71% of CP at baseline; the proportion decreased at 1 month to 41.9% (VSV-G) and 51.6% (D614G). | Level of neutralizing activity also decreased from baseline to 1 month (p <0.0001 for both forms). | Methods: Plasma was collected from 31 convalescent COVID-19 donors at a median of 6 weeks after symptom onset and again 1 month later, and tested for RBD-specific antibodies (IgG, IgM, and IgA), binding to full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, and ability to neutralize wildtype (WT) SARS-CoV-2 S and a variant (with the D614G mutation). Limitations: Large range in days from symptom onset to collection of first sample; lack of clinical and demographic characteristics on donors. | Implications: These data support previous work indicating a consistent decline in humoral responses following a post-symptom peak in antibody levels. If neutralizing activity is important for the beneficial effects of CP transfusion, then these data highlight the need for rapid collection of plasma following donor recovery. SN - 2150-7511 (Electronic) SP - e02590-20 ST - Decline of Humoral Responses against SARS-CoV-2 Spike in Convalescent Individuals T2 - mBio TI - Decline of Humoral Responses against SARS-CoV-2 Spike in Convalescent Individuals UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33067385 VL - 11 ID - 1161 ER - TY - JOUR AB - This analysis shows that the fatality rate from COVID-19 has declined in all age groups, and the older age groups drive the overall reduction. | We have previously documented that the UK case-fatality rate (CFR) has fallen substantially from its peak in April. One explanation is that, unlike in March and April, new cases are predominantly in younger people who have a better outcome. | ; We, therefore, sought to examine trends in CFR over time to see if the fatality rate was declining across all age groups. | ; Due to the absence of age-stratified case data in the UK (although we’re working on this) we have used German data which reports lab-confirmed cases and deaths by broad age categories. | ; To illustrate changing CFR, we provide both simple descriptive statistics and a more sophisticated approach that we have used before, to account for the lag between cases and deaths. | ; Germany has experienced a lower CFR than other similar European countries, something which has been attributed to higher rates of testing and more confirmed cases. | ; The figure below shows the trend (log scale) in cases and deaths since week 10 (week commencing 3rd March) till week 35 (week ending 31st August). In the early phase of the pandemic, deaths in Germany mirrored cases, but the recent trend is for cases to increase whilst deaths continue to decline. | ; | ; Crude estimates of the CFR over time show that for people aged 80 and over the average CFR was 29% up to week 18, fell to 17% in weeks 19 to 27, and for mid-July onwards the CFR was 11% �?a decrease of 61%. | ; A larger decrease is seen in the ages 60-79 with average CFR ~ 9% in March/April falling to 2% in July August. | ; | More granular estimates of CFR trends that take account of the lag between cases and deaths provide similar patterns with a steep decline from early April and levelling off in the summer months. | ; This analysis shows that the fatality rate from COVID-19 has declined in all age groups, and the older age groups drive the overall reduction. | ; | Given German CFRs were low to start within the older age groups, it is likely in countries with higher CFRs at the outset, the effect could be more extensive. | Future work will focus on whether this pattern continues as we go into the Autumn and Winter and seek to address these issues in other countries, and further understand the reasons for these patterns. | Daniel Howdon is a Senior Research Fellow in Health Economics, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences. Bio here | ; Carl Heneghan is Professor of Evidence-Based Medicine, Director of the Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine and Director of Studies for the Evidence-Based Health Care Programme. (Full bio and disclosure statement here); | Jason Oke is a Senior Statistician at the Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences and Module Coordinator for Statistical Computing with R and Stata (EBHC Med Stats), and Introduction to Statistics for Health Care Research (EBHC), as part of the Evidence-Based Health Care Programme. | Disclaimer: the article has not been peer-reviewed; it should not replace individual clinical judgement, and the sources cited should be checked. The views expressed in this commentary represent the views of the authors and not necessarily those of the host institution, the NHS, the NIHR, or the Department of Health and Social Care. AU - Oke, Jason | Howdon, Daniel | Heneghan, Carl C1 - 2020-11-24 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/112420_covidupdate.html LA - en LB - Testing | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Improved survival of patients with COVID-19 over time in Germany ST - Declining COVID-19 Case Fatality Rates across all ages: analysis of German data T2 - Evidence Service to support the COVID-19 response TI - Declining COVID-19 Case Fatality Rates across all ages: analysis of German data UR - https://www.cebm.net/covid-19/declining-covid-19-case-fatality-rates-across-all-ages-analysis-of-german-data/ ID - 1256 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background BNT162b2 was shown to be 92% effective in preventing COVID-19. Prioritizing vaccine rollout, and achievement of herd immunity depend on SARS-CoV-2 transmission reduction. The vaccine's effect on infectivity is thus a critical priority. Methods Among all 9650 HCW of a large tertiary medical center in Israel, we calculated the prevalence of positive SARS-CoV-2 qRT-PCR cases with asymptomatic presentation, tested following known or presumed exposure and the infectious subset (N-gene-Ct-value<30) of these. Additionally, infection incidence rates were calculated for symptomatic cases and infectious (Ct<30) cases. Vaccine effectiveness within three months of vaccine rollout was measured as one minus the relative risk or rate ratio, respectively. To further assess infectiousness, we compared the mean Ct-value and the proportion of infections with a positive SARS-CoV-2 antigen test of vaccinated vs. unvaccinated. The correlation between IgG levels within the week before detection and Ct level was assessed. Findings Reduced prevalence among fully vaccinated HCW was observed for (i) infections detected due to exposure, with asymptomatic presentation (VE(i)=65.1%, 95%CI 45-79%), (ii) the presumed infectious (Ct<30) subset of these (VE(ii)=69.6%, 95%CI 43-84%) (iii) never-symptomatic infections (VE(iii)=72.3%, 95%CI 48-86%), and (iv) the presumed infectious (Ct<30) subset (VE(iv)=83.0%, 95%CI 51-94%). Incidence of (v) symptomatic and (vi) symptomatic-infectious cases was significantly lower among fully vaccinated vs. unvaccinated individuals (VE(v)= 89.7%, 95%CI 84-94%, VE(vi)=88.1%, 95%CI 80-95%). The mean Ct-value was significantly higher in vaccinated vs. unvaccinated (27.3�u1.2 vs. 22.2�u1.0, p<0.001) and the proportion of positive SARS-CoV-2 antigen tests was also significantly lower among vaccinated vs. unvaccinated PCR-positive HCW (80% vs. 31%, p<0.001). Lower infectivity was correlated with higher IgG concentrations (R=0.36, p=0.01). Interpretation These results suggest that BNT162b2 is moderately to highly effective in reducing infectivity, via preventing infection and through reducing viral shedding. Funding Sheba Medical Center, Israel AD - Infection Prevention & Control Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel. | Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. | Clinical Microbiology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel. | Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. USA. | Infecious Disease Unit, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel. | Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health and Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel. | Central laboratory, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel. | Gertner Institute for Epidemiology & Health Policy, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel. | General Management, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel. AN - 34250518 AU - Regev-Yochay, Gili | Amit, Sharon | Bergwerk, Moriah | Lipsitch, Marc | Leshem, Eyal | Kahn, Rebecca | Lustig, Yaniv | Cohen, Carmit | Doolman, Ram | Ziv, Arnona | Novikov, Ilya | Rubin, Carmit | Gimpelevich, Irena | Huppert, Amit | Rahav, Galia | Afek, Arnon | Kreiss, Yitshak C1 - 2021-07-23 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07232021_covidupdate.html DA - 2021/08/01/ DO - 10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100150 ET - 2021/07/13 L1 - internal-pdf://1355538778/Regev-Yochay-2021-Decreased infectivity follow.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Regev-Yochay, Gili | Amit, Sharon | Bergwerk, Moriah | Lipsitch, Marc | Leshem, Eyal | Kahn, Rebecca | Lustig, Yaniv | Cohen, Carmit | Doolman, Ram | Ziv, Arnona | Novikov, Ilya | Rubin, Carmit | Gimpelevich, Irena | Huppert, Amit | Rahav, Galia | Afek, Arnon | Kreiss, Yitshak | eng | U01 CA261277/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ | England | Lancet Reg Health Eur. 2021 Aug;7:100150. doi: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100150. Epub 2021 Jul 7. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 3,578 health care workers that reported exposure to someone with COVID-19 between December 19, 2020 and March 14, 2021, 295 (8.2%) had a positive RT-PCR test. Compared to unvaccinated cases, fully vaccinated cases had a higher mean Ct value (27.3�u1.2 vs. 22.2�u1.0, p<0.001). Vaccine effectiveness to prevent infectious cases (presumptive based on Ct value <30) was 70% (95% CI 43-84%). SN - 2666-7762 SP - 100150 ST - Decreased infectivity following BNT162b2 vaccination: A prospective cohort study in Israel T2 - Lancet Reg Health Eur TI - Decreased infectivity following BNT162b2 vaccination: A prospective cohort study in Israel UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666776221001277 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8261633/pdf/main.pdf VL - 7 ID - 2138 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Beyond their substantial protection of individual vaccinees, it is hoped that the COVID-19 vaccines would reduce viral load in breakthrough infections thereby further suppress onward transmission. Here, analyzing positive SARS-CoV-2 test results following inoculation with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine, we find that the viral load is reduced 4-fold for infections occurring 12-28 days after the first dose of vaccine. These reduced viral loads hint to lower infectiousness, further contributing to vaccine impact on virus spread.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis work was supported by the ISRAEL SCIENCE FOUNDATION (grant No. 3633/19) within the KillCorona-Curbing Coronavirus Research Program. Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel-Aviv, Israel. IRB number: 0066-20-MHS.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesTo protect patient privacy, data is only available through a remote server, pending MTA. AU - Levine-Tiefenbrun, Matan | Yelin, Idan | Katz, Rachel | Herzel, Esma | Golan, Ziv | Schreiber, Licita | Wolf, Tamar | Nadler, Varda | Ben-Tov, Amir | Kuint, Jacob | Gazit, Sivan | Patalon, Tal | Chodick, Gabriel | Kishony, Roy C1 - 2021-02-19 C2 - Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02192021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.02.06.21251283 L1 - internal-pdf://0970833400/Levine-Tiefenbr-2021-Decreased SARS-CoV-2 vira.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: By examining Ct values over time after the first dose of the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) mRNA vaccine among 2,897 persons with post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infection, the authors found a 4-fold reduction in mean viral load on days 12�?8 post vaccination; these data suggest that the vaccine reduces infectiousness and thus limits further SARS-CoV-2 transmission. SP - 2021.02.06.21251283 ST - Decreased SARS-CoV-2 viral load following vaccination T2 - medRxiv TI - Decreased SARS-CoV-2 viral load following vaccination TT - Published article: Initial report of decreased SARS-CoV-2 viral load after inoculation with the BNT162b2 vaccine UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/02/08/2021.02.06.21251283.full.pdf ID - 1505 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Institute for Maternal and Child Health Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy. Electronic address: marzia.lazzerini@burlo.trieste.it. | Institute for Maternal and Child Health Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Burlo Garofolo, Trieste, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Science, Department of Pediatrics, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy. | Azienda Ospedaliera di Rilievo Nazionale Santobono Pausillipon, Napoli, Italy. | Department of Pediatrics, Santa Maria delle Croci Hospital, Azienda Unita Sanitaria Locale della Romagna, Ravenna, Italy. | Department of Pediatrics, Emergency Unit Regional Hospital "Giovanni XXIII", Bari, Italy. | Azienda Ospedaliera per l'Emergenza Cannizzaro, Catania, Italy. AN - 32278365 AU - Lazzerini, M. | Barbi, E. | Apicella, A. | Marchetti, F. | Cardinale, F. | Trobia, G. C1 - 2020-05-19 C2 - Collateral Effects of COVID-19 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051920_covidupdate.html DA - May DO - 10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30108-5 DP - NLM ET - 2020/04/13 IS - 5 KW - Ambulatory Care/statistics & numerical data | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/*psychology | Delayed Diagnosis/psychology/*statistics & numerical data | *Fear | Health Services/*statistics & numerical data | Health Services Accessibility/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Italy/epidemiology | Office Visits/*statistics & numerical data | Pandemics | *Patient Acceptance of Health Care/psychology/statistics & numerical data | Pediatrics | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/*psychology | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://1835747828/Lazzerini-2020-Delayed access or provision of.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Lazzerini, Marzia; Barbi, Egidio; Apicella, Andrea; Marchetti, Federico; Cardinale, Fabio; Trobia, Gianluca; eng; Letter; England; Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020 May;4(5):e10-e11. doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30108-5. Epub 2020 Apr 9. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Visits to 5 pediatric emergency departments decreased 77% during March 2020 compared with the same period in 2018 and 2019 (Figure). | 12 children with delayed care had serious conditions at the time of hospitalization, including diabetic ketoacidosis, acute leukemia, prolonged seizures, sepsis, hypovolemic shock, hypoglycemia, abdominal tumor, and complications of cerebral palsy. | 6 were admitted to ICUs and 4 died. | Among those with serious conditions, parents reported delays in seeking care because of fear of COVID-19. In 5 (42%) cases, a health provider was contacted, but unavailable or hospital access was discouraged. | Methods: Retrospective analysis of hospital data on visits to 5 pediatric emergency departments in Italy between March 1 and 27, 2020 compared with visits during the same period in 2018 and 2019. Cases of delayed care were reviewed. Limitations: Delayed care not assessed systematically; school and sports cancellation may have contributed to fewer infections and injuries requiring care. | Implications of 3 studies (Lazzerini et al., Kansagra et al., & Loupy et al.): The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely impacted the timely receipt of urgently needed, non-COVID-19-related medical care, including stroke management, organ transplantation, and pediatric emergency care. SN - 2352-4650 (Electronic); 2352-4642 (Linking) SP - e10-e11 ST - Delayed access or provision of care in Italy resulting from fear of COVID-19 T2 - Lancet Child Adolesc Health TI - Delayed access or provision of care in Italy resulting from fear of COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32278365 VL - 4 ID - 219 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. | Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. | Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA kblumenthal@mgh.harvard.edu. AN - 34126004 AU - Samarakoon, Upeka | Alvarez-Arango, Santiago | Blumenthal, Kimberly G. C1 - 2021-06-25 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06252021_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 12 DO - 10.1056/NEJMc2108620 ET - 2021/06/15 IS - 7 KW - African Americans | *covid-19 | *COVID-19 Vaccines | Humans | RNA, Messenger | SARS-CoV-2 | Skin Pigmentation L1 - internal-pdf://2441219914/Samarakoon-2021-Delayed Large Local Reactions.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Vaccines | N1 - Samarakoon, Upeka | Alvarez-Arango, Santiago | Blumenthal, Kimberly G | eng | K01AI125631/Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases | Letter | Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | Comment | N Engl J Med. 2021 Aug 12;385(7):662-664. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2108620. Epub 2021 Jun 9. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 510 delayed large local reactions after mRNA vaccination reported to a COVID-19 vaccine allergy case registry between February 10 and April 23, 2021, 55 (11%) were in Black, Indigenous, or People of Color (BIPOC). Among BIPOC persons, mean time from vaccination until reaction was 8 days (range 4 to 14), and the majority of reactions occurred after 1st vaccine dose (53 [96%]) and after the mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccine (47 [85%]). SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic) | 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 662-664 ST - Delayed Large Local Reactions to mRNA Covid-19 Vaccines in Blacks, Indigenous Persons, and People of Color T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Delayed Large Local Reactions to mRNA Covid-19 Vaccines in Blacks, Indigenous Persons, and People of Color UR - https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2108620 | https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMc2108620?articleTools=true VL - 385 ID - 1871 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Despite the availability of safe and efficacious COVID-19 vaccines, a significant proportion of the American public remains unvaccinated and does not appear immediately interested in receiving the vaccine.In this study, we analyzed data from the U.S. Census Bureau’s Household Pulse Survey, a biweekly cross-sectional survey of U.S. households. We estimated the prevalence of vaccine hesitancy across states and nationally and assessed the predictors of vaccine hesitancy and vaccine rejection. Additionally, we examined the underlying reasons for vaccine hesitancy, grouped into thematic categories.A total of 459,235 participants were surveyed from January 6 to March 29, 2021. While vaccine uptake increased from 7.7 to 47 percent, vaccine hesitancy rates remained relatively fixed: overall, 10.2 percent reported that they would probably not get a vaccine, and 8.2 percent would definitely not get a vaccine. Income, education, and state political leaning strongly predicted vaccine hesitancy. However, while both female sex and Black race were factors predicting hesitancy, among those who were hesitant, these same characteristics predicted vaccine reluctance rather than rejection. Those who expressed reluctance invoked mostly “deliberative�?reasons while those who rejected the vaccine were also likely to invoke reasons of “dissent�?and “distrust�?Vaccine hesitancy comprises a sizable proportion of the population and is large enough to threaten achieving herd immunity. Distinct subgroups of hesitancy have distinctive socio-demographic associations as well as cognitive and affective predilections. Segmented public health solutions are needed to target interventions and optimize vaccine uptake. AD - Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America. AN - 34272559 AU - Tram, Khai Hoan | Saeed, Sahar | Bradley, Cory | Fox, Branson | Eshun-Wilson, Ingrid | Mody, Aaloke | Geng, Elvin C1 - 2021-07-30 C2 - Social, Behavioral, and Communication Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07302021_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 16 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciab633 ET - 2021/07/18 KW - Covid-19 | COVID-19 vaccine | vaccine hesitancy L1 - internal-pdf://3859158187/Tram-2021-Deliberation, Dissent, and Distrust_.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Tram, Khai Hoan | Saeed, Sahar | Bradley, Cory | Fox, Branson | Eshun-Wilson, Ingrid | Mody, Aaloke | Geng, Elvin | eng | Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Jul 16. pii: 6323151. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab633. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Based on data from the US Census Bureau Pulse Survey (n = 459,235), vaccine uptake increased from 7.7 to 47% between January 6 and March 29, 2021. Vaccine hesitancy remained relatively steady at 10.2% (probably) and 8.2% (definitely) wouldn’t get vaccinated. Among those who were hesitant, reasons for vaccine rejection (definitely wouldn’t) were related to dissent and distrust while those reluctant (probably wouldn’t) reported reasons deliberative in nature. SN - 1058-4838 ST - Deliberation, Dissent, and Distrust: Understanding distinct drivers of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the United States T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Deliberation, Dissent, and Distrust: Understanding distinct drivers of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the United States UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab633 Y2 - 8/2/2021 ID - 2188 ER - TY - JOUR AB - INTRODUCTION: Neuropsychiatric manifestations of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been described, including anosmia, ageusia, headache, paresthesia, encephalitis and encephalopathy. Little is known about the mechanisms by which the virus causes central nervous system (CNS) symptoms, and therefore little guidance is available regarding potential workup or management options. CASES: We present a series of four consecutive cases, seen by our psychiatry consultation service over a one-week period, each of which manifested delirium as a result of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). DISCUSSION: The four cases highlighted here all occurred in older patients with premorbid evidence of cognitive decline. Unique features seen in multiple cases included rigidity, alogia, abulia, and elevated inflammatory markers. In all four cases, a change in mental status was the presenting symptom, and three of the four cases lacked significant respiratory symptoms. In addition to discussing unique features of the cases, we discuss possible pathophysiologic explanations for COVID-19 delirium. CONCLUSIONS: Delirium should be recognized as a potential feature of infection with SARS-CoV-2 and may be the only presenting symptom. Based on the high rates of delirium demonstrated in prior studies, hospitals should consider adding mental status changes to the list of testing criteria. Further research is needed to determine if delirium in COVID-19 represents a primary encephalopathy heralding invasion of the CNS by the virus, or a secondary encephalopathy related to systemic inflammatory response or other factors. AD - Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America. Electronic address: sbeach1@partners.org. | Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America. AN - 32470824 AU - Beach, S. R. | Praschan, N. C. | Hogan, C. | Dotson, S. | Merideth, F. | Kontos, N. | Fricchione, G. L. | Smith, F. A. C1 - 2020-06-05 C2 - Clinical Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060520_covidupdate.html DA - Jul - Aug DO - 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.05.008 ET - 2020/05/30 KW - Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Brain Diseases/*etiology/virology | Covid-19 | Cognitive Dysfunction/complications | Coronavirus Infections/*complications/pathology | Delirium/*etiology/virology | Female | Humans | Male | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral | *Akinetic mutism | *covid-19 | *Delirium | *Encephalopathy | *SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://0303069074/Beach-2020-Delirium in COVID-19_ A case series.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Testing | N1 - Beach, Scott R; Praschan, Nathan C; Hogan, Charlotte; Dotson, Samuel; Merideth, Flannery; Kontos, Nicholas; Fricchione, Gregory L; Smith, Felicia A; eng; Case Reports; Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2020 Jul - Aug;65:47-53. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.05.008. Epub 2020 May 22. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A case series of 4 COVID-19 patients �?0 years in which delirium/altered mental status was the only presenting symptom. SN - 1873-7714 (Electronic); 0163-8343 (Linking) SP - 47-53 ST - Delirium in COVID-19: A case series and exploration of potential mechanisms for central nervous system involvement T2 - Gen Hosp Psychiatry TI - Delirium in COVID-19: A case series and exploration of potential mechanisms for central nervous system involvement UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32470824 VL - 65 ID - 319 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Delirium is common among older emergency department (ED) patients, is associated with high morbidity and mortality, and frequently goes unrecognized. Anecdotal evidence has described atypical presentations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in older adults; however, the frequency of and outcomes associated with delirium in older ED patients with COVID-19 infection have not been well described. Objective: To determine how frequently older adults with COVID-19 present to the ED with delirium and their associated hospital outcomes. Design, Setting, and Participants: This multicenter cohort study was conducted at 7 sites in the US. Participants included consecutive older adults with COVID-19 presenting to the ED on or after March 13, 2020. Exposure: COVID-19 was diagnosed by positive nasal swab for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (99% of cases) or classic radiological findings (1% of cases). Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was delirium as identified from the medical record according to a validated record review approach. Results: A total of 817 older patients with COVID-19 were included, of whom 386 (47%) were male, 493 (62%) were White, 215 (27%) were Black, and 54 (7%) were Hispanic or Latinx. The mean (SD) age of patients was 77.7 (8.2) years. Of included patients, 226 (28%) had delirium at presentation, and delirium was the sixth most common of all presenting symptoms and signs. Among the patients with delirium, 37 (16%) had delirium as a primary symptom and 84 (37%) had no typical COVID-19 symptoms or signs, such as fever or shortness of breath. Factors associated with delirium were age older than 75 years (adjusted relative risk [aRR], 1.51; 95% CI, 1.17-1.95), living in a nursing home or assisted living (aRR, 1.23; 95% CI, 0.98-1.55), prior use of psychoactive medication (aRR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.11-1.81), vision impairment (aRR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.54-2.54), hearing impairment (aRR, 1.10; 95% CI 0.78-1.55), stroke (aRR, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.15-1.88), and Parkinson disease (aRR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.30-2.58). Delirium was associated with intensive care unit stay (aRR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.30-2.15) and death (aRR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.00-1.55). Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study of 817 older adults with COVID-19 presenting to US emergency departments, delirium was common and often was seen without other typical symptoms or signs. In addition, delirium was associated with poor hospital outcomes and death. These findings suggest the clinical importance of including delirium on checklists of presenting signs and symptoms of COVID-19 that guide screening, testing, and evaluation. AD - Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. | Department of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. | Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester. | Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior and Neurology, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island. | Department of Neurology, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island. | Aging Brain Center, Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. | Emergency Medicine, St Mary Mercy Livonia Hospital, Livonia, Michigan. | Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. | Department of Emergency Medicine, Maine Medical Center, Portland. | Department of Clinical Nursing Resources, Maine Medical Center, Portland. | Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. | Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut. | Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill. | Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. AN - 33211114 AU - Kennedy, M. | Helfand, B. K. I. | Gou, R. Y. | Gartaganis, S. L. | Webb, M. | Moccia, J. M. | Bruursema, S. N. | Dokic, B. | McCulloch, B. | Ring, H. | Margolin, J. D. | Zhang, E. | Anderson, R. | Babine, R. L. | Hshieh, T. | Wong, A. H. | Taylor, R. A. | Davenport, K. | Teresi, B. | Fong, T. G. | Inouye, S. K. C1 - 2020-12-08 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/120820_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 2 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.29540 ET - 2020/11/20 IS - 11 KW - Aged | Aged, 80 and over | COVID-19/*diagnosis/physiopathology | Cohort Studies | Delirium/*diagnosis/physiopathology | Emergency Service, Hospital | Female | *Geriatric Assessment | Humans | Intensive Care Units | Male | Middle Aged | Patient Admission/statistics & numerical data | Psychomotor Agitation/*diagnosis/physiopathology | Risk Factors | *SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://2028524662/Kennedy-2020-Delirium in Older Patients With C.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Kennedy, Maura; Helfand, Benjamin K I; Gou, Ray Yun; Gartaganis, Sarah L; Webb, Margaret; Moccia, J Michelle; Bruursema, Stacey N; Dokic, Belinda; McCulloch, Brigid; Ring, Hope; Margolin, Justin D; Zhang, Ellen; Anderson, Robert; Babine, Rhonda L; Hshieh, Tammy; Wong, Ambrose H; Taylor, R Andrew; Davenport, Kathleen; Teresi, Brittni; Fong, Tamara G; Inouye, Sharon K; eng; R24 AG054259/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; T32 GM107000/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Nov 2;3(11):e2029540. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.29540. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A high proportion (28%) of older patients with COVID-19 presented at emergency department with delirium, and in many cases (37%), exhibited no other typical COVID-19 symptoms. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e2029540 ST - Delirium in Older Patients With COVID-19 Presenting to the Emergency Department T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Delirium in Older Patients With COVID-19 Presenting to the Emergency Department UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33211114 VL - 3 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1316 ER - TY - JOUR AB - To test whether acute infection with B.1.1.7 is associated with higher or more sustained nasopharyngeal viral concentrations, we assessed longitudinal PCR tests performed in a cohort of 65 individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 undergoing daily surveillance testing, including seven infected with B.1.1.7. For individuals infected with B.1.1.7, the mean duration of the proliferation phase was 5.3 days (90% credible interval [2.7, 7.8]), the mean duration of the clearance phase was 8.0 days [6.1, 9.9], and the mean overall duration of infection (proliferation plus clearance) was 13.3 days [10.1, 16.5]. These compare to a mean proliferation phase of 2.0 days [0.7, 3.3], a mean clearance phase of 6.2 days [5.1, 7.1], and a mean duration of infection of 8.2 days [6.5, 9.7] for non-B.1.1.7 virus. The peak viral concentration for B.1.1.7 was 19.0 Ct [15.8, 22.0] compared to 20.2 Ct [19.0, 21.4] for non-B.1.1.7. This converts to 8.5 log10 RNA copies/ml [7.6, 9.4] for B.1.1.7 and 8.2 log10 RNA copies/ml [7.8, 8.5] for non-B.1.1.7. These data offer evidence that SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 may cause longer infections with similar peak viral concentration compared to non-B.1.1.7 SARS-CoV-2. This extended duration may contribute to B.1.1.7 SARS-CoV-2’s increased transmissibility.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementHuffman Family Donor Advised Fund (NDG); Fast Grant funding from the Emergent Ventures at 85 the Mercatus Center; George Mason University (NDG); the Morris-Singer Fund for the Center for 86 Communicable Disease Dynamics at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (YHG).Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Residual de-identified viral transport media from anterior nares and oropharyngeal swabs collected from players, staff, vendors, and associated household members from a professional sports league were obtained from BioReference Laboratories. In accordance with the guidelines of the Yale Human Investigations Committee, this work with de-identified samples was approved for research not involving human subjects by the Yale Internal Review Board (HIC protocol # 2000028599). This project was designated exempt by the Harvard IRB (IRB20-1407).All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData and code are available online at https://github.com/skissler/CtTrajectories_B117https://github.com/skissler/CtTrajectories_B117 AU - Kissler, Stephen M. | Fauver, Joseph R. | Mack, Christina | Tai, Caroline G. | Breban, Mallery I. | Watkins, Anne E. | Samant, Radhika M. | Anderson, Deverick J. | Ho, David D. | Grubaugh, Nathan D. | Grad, Yonatan H. C1 - 2021-03-05 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03052021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.02.16.21251535 L1 - internal-pdf://0416147939/Kissler-2021-Densely sampled viral trajectorie.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A longitudinal assessment of SARS-CoV-2 viral loads found that SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 may cause longer acute phase infections with similar peak viral concentrations as non-B.1.1.7 SARS-CoV-2. The extended duration may contribute to increased transmissibility. SP - 2021.02.16.21251535 ST - Densely sampled viral trajectories suggest longer duration of acute infection with B.1.1.7 variant relative to non-B.1.1.7 SARS-CoV-2 T2 - medRxiv TI - Densely sampled viral trajectories suggest longer duration of acute infection with B.1.1.7 variant relative to non-B.1.1.7 SARS-CoV-2 UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/02/19/2021.02.16.21251535.full.pdf ID - 1551 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background While the vaccines against COVID-19 are considered to be highly effective, COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough is likely and a small number of people will still fall ill, be hospitalised, or die from COVID-19, despite being fully vaccinated. With the continued increase in numbers of positive SARS-CoV-2 tests, describing the characters of individuals who have experienced a COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough could be hugely important in helping to determine who may be at greatest risk.Method With the approval of NHS England we conducted a retrospective cohort study using routine clinical data from the OpenSAFELY TPP database of fully vaccinated individuals, linked to secondary care and death registry data, and described the characteristics of those experiencing a COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough.Results As of 30th June 2021, a total of 10,782,870 individuals were identified as being fully vaccinated against COVID-19, with a median follow-up time of 43 days (IQR: 23-64). From within this population, a total of 16,815 (0.1%) individuals reported a positive SARS-CoV-2 test. For every 1000 years of patient follow-up time, the corresponding incidence rate was 12.33 (95% CI 12.14-12.51). There were 955 COVID-19 hospital admissions and 145 COVID-19-related deaths; corresponding incidence rates of 0.70 (95% CI 0.65-0.74) and 0.12 (95% CI 0.1-0.14), respectively. When broken down by the initial priority group, higher rates of hospitalisation and death were seen in those in care homes. Comorbidities with the highest rates of breakthrough COVID-19 included renal replacement therapy, organ transplant, haematological malignancy, and immunocompromised.Conclusion The majority of COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough cases in England were mild with relatively few fully vaccinated individuals being hospitalised or dying as a result. However, some concerning differences in rates of breakthrough cases were identified in several clinical and demographic groups. The continued increase in numbers of positive SARS-CoV-2 tests are concerning and, as numbers of fully vaccinated individuals increases and follow-up time lengthens, so too will the number of COVID-19 breakthrough cases. Additional analyses, aimed at identifying individuals at higher risk, are therefore required.Competing Interest StatementAll authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form and declare the following: BG has received research funding from Health Data Research UK (HDRUK), the Laura and John Arnold Foundation, the Wellcome Trust, the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, the NHS National Institute for Health Research School of Primary Care Research, the Mohn-Westlake Foundation, the Good Thinking Foundation, the Health Foundation, and the World Health Organisation; he also receives personal income from speaking and writing for lay audiences on the misuse of science. IJD holds shares in GlaxoSmithKline (GSK).Funding StatementThis work was supported by the Medical Research Council MR/V015737/1 and the Longitudinal Health and wellbeing strand of the National Core Studies programme. The OpenSAFELY platform is funded by the Wellcome Trust. TPP provided technical expertise and infrastructure within their data centre pro bono in the context of a national emergency.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:This study was approved by the Health Research Authority (REC reference 20/LO/0651) and by the LSHTM Ethics Board (reference 21863).I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAccess to the underlying identifiable and potentially re-identifiable pseudonymised electronic health record data is tightly governed by various legislative and regulatory frameworks, and restricted by best practice. The data in OpenSAFELY is drawn from General Practice data across England where TPP is the Data Processor. TPP developers (CB, RC, JP, FH, and SH) initiate an automated process to create pseudonymised records in the core OpenSAFELY database, which are copies of key structured data tables in the identifiable records. These are linked onto key external data resources that have also been pseudonymised via SHA-512 one-way hashing of NHS numbers using a shared salt. DataLab developers and PIs (BG, LS, CEM, SB, AJW, WH, DE, PI, and CTR) holding contracts with NHS England have access to the OpenSAFELY pseudonymised data tables as needed to develop the OpenSAFELY tools. These tools in turn enable researchers with OpenSAFELY Data Access Agreements to write and execute code for data management and data analysis without direct access to the underlying raw pseudonymised patient data, and to review the outputs of this code. All code for the full data management pipeline from raw data to completed results for this analysis and for the OpenSAFELY platform as a whole is available for review at github.com/OpenSAFELY. https://github.com/opensafely/covid-19-vaccine-breakthrough (BMI)Body Mass index(JCVI)Joint Committee Vaccination and Immunisation(IMD)Index of Multiple Deprivation(UK)United Kingdom AU - The Open, Safely Collaborative | Green, Amelia | Curtis, Helen | Hulme, William | Williamson, Elizabeth | McDonald, Helen | Bhaskaran, Krishnan | Rentsch, Christopher | Schultze, Anna | MacKenna, Brian | Mahalingasivam, Viyaasan | Tomlinson, Laurie | Walker, Alex | Fisher, Louis | Massey, Jon | Andrews, Colm | Hopcroft, Lisa | Morton, Caroline | Croker, Richard | Morley, Jessica | Mehrkar, Amir | Bacon, Seb | Evans, David | Inglesby, Peter | Hickman, George | Ward, Tom | Davy, Simon | Mathur, Rohini | Tazare, John | Eggo, Rosalind M. | Wing, Kevin | Wong, Angel | Forbes, Harriet | Bates, Chris | Cockburn, Jonathan | Parry, John | Hester, Frank | Harper, Sam | Douglas, Ian | Evans, Stephen | Smeeth, Liam | Goldacre, Ben C1 - 2021-11-19 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/11192021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1101/2021.11.08.21265380 L1 - internal-pdf://0356899086/The Open-2021-Describing the population experi.pdf LB - Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among ~10.8 million fully vaccinated individuals in England as of June 30, 2021, incidence of breakthrough infections was 12.33 per 1,000 person-years of follow-up. Breakthrough infections were mostly mild; incidence rates for hospital admissions and deaths were 0.70 (95% CI 0.65-0.74) and 0.12 (95% CI 0.1-0.14) per 1,000 person-years, respectively. Comorbidities associated with the highest rates of breakthrough COVID-19 hospitalization included renal replacement therapy, organ transplant, and hematological malignancy. SP - 2021.11.08.21265380 ST - Describing the population experiencing COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough following second vaccination in England: A cohort study from OpenSAFELY T2 - medRxiv TI - Describing the population experiencing COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough following second vaccination in England: A cohort study from OpenSAFELY UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/11/08/2021.11.08.21265380.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/11/08/2021.11.08.21265380.full.pdf ID - 2644 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Information about incidence, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of HIV-infected individuals with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is scarce. We characterised individuals with COVID-19 among a cohort of HIV-infected adults in Madrid. METHODS: In this observational prospective study, we included all consecutive HIV-infected individuals (aged >/=18 years) who had suspected or confirmed COVID-19 as of April 30, 2020, at the Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal (Madrid, Spain). We compared the characteristics of HIV-infected individuals with COVID-19 with a sample of HIV-infected individuals assessed before the COVID-19 pandemic, and described the outcomes of individuals with COVID-19. FINDINGS: 51 HIV-infected individuals were diagnosed with COVID-19 (incidence 1.8%, 95% CI 1.3-2.3). Mean age of patients was 53.3 years (SD 9.5); eight (16%) were women, and 43 (84%) men. 35 (69%) cases of co-infection had laboratory confirmed COVID-19, and 28 (55%) required hospital admission. Age and CD4 cell counts in 51 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 were similar to those in 1288 HIV-infected individuals without; however, 32 (63%) with COVID-19 had at least one comorbidity (mostly hypertension and diabetes) compared with 495 (38%) without COVID-19 (p=0.00059). 37 (73%) patients had received tenofovir before COVID-19 diagnosis compared with 487 (38%) of those without COVID-19 (p=0.0036); 11 (22%) in the COVID-19 group had previous protease inhibitor use (mostly darunavir) compared with 175 (14%; p=0.578). Clinical, analytical, and radiological presentation of COVID-19 in HIV-infected individuals was similar to that described in the general population. Six (12%) individuals were critically ill, two of whom had CD4 counts of less than 200 cells per muL, and two (4%) died. SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR remained positive after a median of 40 days from symptoms onset in six (32%) individuals, four of whom had severe disease or low nadir CD4 cell counts. INTERPRETATION: HIV-infected individuals should not be considered to be protected from SARS-CoV-2 infection or to have lower risk of severe disease. Generally, they should receive the same treatment approach applied to the general population. FUNDING: None. AD - Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: pilar1vizcarra@gmail.com. | Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain. AN - 32473657 AU - Vizcarra, P. | Perez-Elias, M. J. | Quereda, C. | Moreno, A. | Vivancos, M. J. | Dronda, F. | Casado, J. L. | Covid-Id Team C1 - 2020-06-05 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060520_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.1016/S2352-3018(20)30164-8 ET - 2020/06/01 IS - 8 KW - Adult | Age Distribution | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use | Body Mass Index | CD4 Lymphocyte Count | Covid-19 | Comorbidity | Coronavirus Infections/*complications/drug therapy/*epidemiology | Female | HIV Infections/*complications/drug therapy | Humans | Incidence | Logistic Models | Male | Middle Aged | Multivariate Analysis | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications/drug therapy/*epidemiology | Prospective Studies | Spain/epidemiology | Tenofovir/therapeutic use | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://4216194489/Vizcarra-2020-Description of COVID-19 in HIV-i.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Vizcarra, Pilar; Perez-Elias, Maria J; Quereda, Carmen; Moreno, Ana; Vivancos, Maria J; Dronda, Fernando; Casado, Jose L; eng; Observational Study; Netherlands; Lancet HIV. 2020 Aug;7(8):e554-e564. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(20)30164-8. Epub 2020 May 28. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among 51 persons with HIV (PWH) diagnosed with COVID-19, median CD4 count near the time of COVID-19 diagnosis was 565 cells/μL (IQR: 296-782); 6 had CD4 counts <200 cells/μL. | Compared with PWH without COVID-19, PWH with COVID-19 were more likely to: | Have higher BMI (OR 1.1, 95% CI 1.0�?.2). | Have been prescribed tenofovir (OR 3.7, 95% CI 1.6�?.7). | Have comorbidities (OR 6.2, 95% CI 2.6�?4.5). | The laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infection rate was 1.2% in PWH and 0.96% for the general public. | COVID-19 illness in terms of clinical, laboratory, and radiological features was similar comparing PWH with the general population. | Methods: A single-center prospective cohort study of 2,873 PWH in Spain to assess clinical, laboratory, and radiological presentation of COVID-19 compared with the general population in the same region. To identify characteristics associated with COVID-19 in PWH, multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted. Limitations: Small sample size of COVID-19-infected PWH limits generalizability; large proportion of COVID-19 cases among PWH were based on clinical or radiological findings and not laboratory confirmed. | Implications: Compared with the general population, PWH with mostly robust CD4 cell counts had a similar risk of SARS-CoV-2 and clinical course of COVID-19 illness. SN - 2352-3018 (Electronic); 2352-3018 (Linking) SP - e554-e564 ST - Description of COVID-19 in HIV-infected individuals: a single-centre, prospective cohort T2 - Lancet HIV TI - Description of COVID-19 in HIV-infected individuals: a single-centre, prospective cohort UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32473657 VL - 7 Y2 - 2021/05/12 ID - 330 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Introduction: COVID-19 requires methods for screening patients that adhere to physical distancing and other Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines. There is little data on the use of on-demand telehealth to meet this need.Methods: The functional performance of on-demand telehealth as a COVID-19 remote patient screening approach was conducted by analysing 9270 patient requests.Results: Most on-demand telehealth requests (5712 of 9270 total requests; 61.6%) had a visit reason that was likely COVID-19 related. Of these, 79.1% (4518 of 5712) resulted in a completed encounter and 20.9% (1194 of 5712) resulted in left without being seen. Of the 4518 completed encounters, 19.1% were referred to an urgent care centre, emergency department or COVID-19 testing centre. The average completed encounter wait time was 26.5 min and the mean visit length was 8.8 min. For patients that completed an encounter 42.8% (1935 of 4518) stated they would have sought in-person care and 9.1% stated they would have done nothing if on-demand telehealth was unavailable.Discussion: On-demand telehealth can serve as a low-barrier approach to screen patients for COVID-19. This approach can prevent patients from visiting healthcare facilities, which reduces physical contact and reduces healthcare worker use of personal protective equipment. AD - MedStar Health National Center for Human Factors in Healthcare, Washington, D.C., USA. | Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, D.C., USA. | MedStar Telehealth Innovation Center, Washington, D.C., USA. | MedStar Institute for Innovation, Washington, D.C., USA. AN - 32698650 AU - Ratwani, R. M. | Brennan, D. | Sheahan, W. | Fong, A. | Adams, K. | Gordon, A. | Calabrese, M. | Hwang, E. | Smith, M. | Booker, E. C1 - 2020-08-04 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/080420_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 23 DO - 10.1177/1357633X20943339 ET - 2020/07/24 IS - 0 KW - Telehealth L1 - internal-pdf://0543596291/Ratwani-2020-A descriptive analysis of an on-d.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Ratwani, Raj M; Brennan, David; Sheahan, William; Fong, Allan; Adams, Katharine; Gordon, Allyson; Calabrese, Mary; Hwang, Elizabeth; Smith, Mark; Booker, Ethan; eng; England; J Telemed Telecare. 2020 Jul 23:1357633X20943339. doi: 10.1177/1357633X20943339. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 5,712 (61.6%) of 9,270 on-demand telehealth requests were likely related to COVID-19 (Figure). | Among the 4,518 completed on-demand telehealth encounters, 863 (19.1%) were referred for in-person services. | The average completed encounter wait time was 26.5 minutes and the mean visit length was 8.8 minutes. | Without on-demand telehealth, 42.8% of surveyed COVID-19 patients would have sought in-person care. | Methods: Descriptive analysis of 9,270 on-demand telehealth requests by 7,112 unique patients, between March 13 and April 3, 2020. A subset of patients with completed telehealth experience were surveyed on alternative options for healthcare. Limitations: Race and insurance information not available; referred patients were not followed up. | Implications: Telehealth services can provide care to patients with possible SARS-CoV-2 infection, limiting exposure to health care personnel and reducing the burden on the healthcare system. SN - 1758-1109 (Electronic); 1357-633X (Linking) SP - 1357633X20943339 ST - A descriptive analysis of an on-demand telehealth approach for remote COVID-19 patient screening T2 - J Telemed Telecare TI - A descriptive analysis of an on-demand telehealth approach for remote COVID-19 patient screening UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32698650 VL - 0 ID - 638 ER - TY - JOUR AB - To quickly detect hotspots, the New York City Health Department launched a SARS-CoV-2 percent positivity cluster detection system using census tract resolution and the SaTScan prospective Poisson-based space-time scan statistic. Soon after implementation, this system prompted an investigation identifying a gathering with inadequate social distancing where viral transmission likely occurred.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementS.K.G. and E.R.P were supported by the Public Health Emergency Preparedness Cooperative Agreement (grant NU90TP922035-01), funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The contents of this article are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or the Department of Health and Human Services.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:This work was deemed public health surveillance that is nonresearch by the Institutional Review Board of the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData at high spatiotemporal resolution are not publicly available in accordance with patient confidentiality and privacy laws. Publicly available data are linked below. https://www1.nyc.gov/site/doh/covid/covid-19-data.page AU - Greene, Sharon K. | Peterson, Eric R. | Balan, Dominique | Jones, Lucretia | Culp, Gretchen M. | Fine, Annie D. | Kulldorff, Martin C1 - 2020-07-31 C2 - SARS-CoV-2 Detection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/073120_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.07.18.20156901 L1 - internal-pdf://2405157859/Greene-2020-Detecting Emerging COVID-19 Commun.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Spatiotemporal analysis of COVID-19 data facilitated swift cluster detection and community mitigation activities. SP - 2020.07.18.20156901 ST - Detecting Emerging COVID-19 Community Outbreaks at High Spatiotemporal Resolution �?New York City, June 2020 T2 - medRxiv TI - Detecting Emerging COVID-19 Community Outbreaks at High Spatiotemporal Resolution �?New York City, June 2020 TT - Published article: Detecting COVID-19 Clusters at High Spatiotemporal Resolution, New York City, New York, USA, June-July 2020 UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/07/21/2020.07.18.20156901.full.pdf | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/08/07/2020.07.18.20156901.full.pdf ID - 614 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVES: Environmental surfaces have been suggested as likely contributors in the transmission of COVID-19. This study assessed the infectivity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) contaminating surfaces and objects in two hospital isolation units and a quarantine hotel. METHODS: SARS-CoV-2 virus stability and infectivity on non-porous surfaces was tested under controlled laboratory conditions. Surface and air sampling were conducted at two COVID-19 isolation units and in a quarantine hotel. Viral RNA was detected by RT-PCR and infectivity was assessed by VERO E6 CPE test. RESULTS: In laboratory-controlled conditions, SARS-CoV-2 gradually lost its infectivity completely by day 4 at ambient temperature, and the decay rate of viral viability on surfaces directly correlated with increase in temperature. Viral RNA was detected in 29/55 surface samples (52.7%) and 16/42 surface samples (38%) from the surroundings of symptomatic COVID-19 patients in isolation units of two hospitals and in a quarantine hotel for asymptomatic and very mild COVID-19 patients. None of the surface and air samples from the three sites (0/97) were found to contain infectious titres of SARS-Cov-2 on tissue culture assay. CONCLUSIONS: Despite prolonged viability of SARS-CoV-2 under laboratory-controlled conditions, uncultivable viral contamination of inanimate surfaces might suggest low feasibility for indirect fomite transmission. AD - Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel. | Infectious Diseases Unit, Assuta Ashdod University Hospital, Ashdod, Israel; Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University in the Negev, Beer-Sheba, Israel. | Infectious Diseases Unit, Laniado Hospital, Netanya, Israel. | Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel. | Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel. Electronic address: shayw@iibr.gov.il. AN - 32919072 AU - Ben-Shmuel, A. | Brosh-Nissimov, T. | Glinert, I. | Bar-David, E. | Sittner, A. | Poni, R. | Cohen, R. | Achdout, H. | Tamir, H. | Yahalom-Ronen, Y. | Politi, B. | Melamed, S. | Vitner, E. | Cherry, L. | Israeli, O. | Beth-Din, A. | Paran, N. | Israely, T. | Yitzhaki, S. | Levy, H. | Weiss, S. C1 - 2020-09-25 C2 - Laboratory Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/092520_covidupdate.html DA - Dec DO - 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.004 ET - 2020/09/13 IS - 12 KW - COVID-19/*transmission/virology | Fomites/*virology | Hospitals, Isolation/*statistics & numerical data | Housing/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | *Microbial Viability | RNA, Viral/isolation & purification | SARS-CoV-2/*isolation & purification | Surface Properties | Temperature | Covid-19 | Contamination | Coronavirus | SARS-CoV-2 | Surface | Viability L1 - internal-pdf://0418769633/Ben-Shmuel-2020-Detection and infectivity pote.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Ben-Shmuel, Amir; Brosh-Nissimov, Tal; Glinert, Itai; Bar-David, Elad; Sittner, Assa; Poni, Reut; Cohen, Regev; Achdout, Hagit; Tamir, Hadas; Yahalom-Ronen, Yfat; Politi, Boaz; Melamed, Sharon; Vitner, Einat; Cherry, Lilach; Israeli, Ofir; Beth-Din, Adi; Paran, Nir; Israely, Tomer; Yitzhaki, Shmuel; Levy, Haim; Weiss, Shay; eng; England; Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020 Dec;26(12):1658-1662. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.004. Epub 2020 Sep 10. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; At room temperature, SARS-CoV-2 lost infectivity on inoculated non-porous surfaces by day 4, and the rate of viral decay increased at higher temperatures (Figure). | Viral RNA was detected in 46% (45/97) of environmental surface and air samples from three facilities housing COVID-19 patients; none of the samples contained infectious SARS-CoV-2. | Methods: Plastic and metal surfaces were inoculated with virus and infectivity was assessed at varying times and temperatures. Air and surface samples were collected from two hospital COVID-19 isolation wards and one hotel quarantine facility in Israel. RT-PCR identified viral RNA, and Vero E6 cytopathic assay assessed infectivity. Limitations: When rooms were being sampled, some patients may not have been shedding viable virus; very low levels of viable virus may not have been detected; remnants of surface cleaning materials and disinfectants may have inactivated virus; small sample size. | Implications: The lack of infectious SARS-CoV-2 detected from environmental samples in healthcare facilities suggests environmental contamination plays a minor role in the spread of infection in this setting. Staff should prioritize strengthening prevention measures interrupting direct person-to-person and droplet transmission. SN - 1469-0691 (Electronic); 1198-743X (Linking) SP - 1658-1662 ST - Detection and infectivity potential of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) environmental contamination in isolation units and quarantine facilities T2 - Clin Microbiol Infect TI - Detection and infectivity potential of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) environmental contamination in isolation units and quarantine facilities UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32919072 VL - 26 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 939 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In January 2020, the coronavirus disease was declared, by the World Health Organization as a global public health emergency. Recommendations from the WHO COVID Emergency Committee continue to support strengthening COVID surveillance systems, including timely access to effective diagnostics. Questions were raised about the validity of considering the RT-PCR as the gold standard in COVID-19 diagnosis. It has been suggested that a variety of methods should be used to evaluate advocated tests. Dogs had been successfully trained and employed to detect diseases in humans. Here we show that upon training explosives detection dogs on sniffing COVID-19 odor in patients�?sweat, those dogs were able to successfully screen out 3249 individuals who tested negative for the SARS-CoV-2, from a cohort of 3290 individuals. Additionally, using Bayesian analysis, the sensitivity of the K9 test was found to be superior to the RT-PCR test performed on nasal swabs from a cohort of 3134 persons. Given its high sensitivity, short turn-around-time, low cost, less invasiveness, and ease of application, the detection dogs test lends itself as a better alternative to the RT-PCR in screening for SARS-CoV-2 in asymptomatic individuals. AU - Hag-Ali, Mohammed | AlShamsi, Abdul Salam | Boeijen, Linda | Mahmmod, Yasser | Manzoor, Rashid | Rutten, Harry | Mweu, Marshal M. | El-Tholoth, Mohamed | AlShamsi, Abdullatif Alteraifi C1 - 2021-06-11 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06112021_covidupdate.html DA - 2021/06/03 DO - 10.1038/s42003-021-02232-9 IS - 1 L1 - internal-pdf://0399615832/Hag-Ali-2021-The detection dogs test is more s.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Dogs trained to identify SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals using olfactory signals correctly identified 3,246 of 3,272 PCR-negative persons (specificity = 99.2%) and 15 of 18 PCR-positive persons (sensitivity = 83.3%) among a group of 3,290 randomly selected adult males in Abu Dhabi. SN - 2399-3642 SP - 686 ST - The detection dogs test is more sensitive than real-time PCR in screening for SARS-CoV-2 T2 - Communications Biology TI - The detection dogs test is more sensitive than real-time PCR in screening for SARS-CoV-2 UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-021-02232-9 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8175360/pdf/42003_2021_Article_2232.pdf VL - 4 ID - 1830 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The use of SARS-CoV-2 metagenomics in wastewater can allow the detection of variants circulating at community level. After comparing with clinical databases, we identified three novel variants in the spike gene, and six new variants in the spike detected for the first time in Spain. We finally support the hypothesis that this approach allows the identification of unknown SARS-CoV-2 variants or detected at only low frequencies in clinical genomes.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis study was supported by projects VIRIDIANA (AGL2017-82909/ AEI/FEDER, UE) funded by Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities; CSIC (202070E101), and Generalitat Valenciana (Covid_19-SCI). EC-F is recipient of a predoctoral contract from the MICINN, Call 2018.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Not applicable, no human samples have been used in this study.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData availability under demand AU - Pérez-Cataluña, Alba | Chiner-Oms, Álvaro | Cuevas-Ferrando, Enric | D�Taz-Reolid, Azahara | Falc�Q, Irene | Randazzo, Walter | Gir�Qn-Guzm֙n, Inés | Allende, Ana | Bracho, Mar�Ta A. | Comas, Iñaki | S֙nchez, Gloria C1 - 2021-02-19 | 2021-03-19 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02192021_covidupdate.html | http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03192021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.02.08.21251355 L1 - internal-pdf://0535159447/Pérez-Cataluña-2021-Detection Of Genomic Varia.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; A total of 238 nucleotide substitutions and 6 deletions were found in SARS-CoV-2 isolates. | 3 novel variants with spike gene mutations (G648V, A893T, and L1152S) were identified. | 6 variants with known spike gene mutations were detected for the first time in Spain. | Methods: 40 samples were collected from April to October 2020 at 14 wastewater treatment plants located in 3 geographical regions within the Spanish peninsula for a genomic sequencing study. Variant analysis was conducted to detect genetic differences between circulating strains and the reference genome, SARS-CoV-2 isolate Wuhan-Hu-I. Limitations: Detection of variants in wastewater depends on population prevalence of isolate; small sample size. | Implications: Wastewater sequencing facilitates real-time detection of emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2 that might be missed by sequencing of samples from individuals seen in clinical settings. These findings are relevant for surveillance and monitoring efforts. SP - 2021.02.08.21251355 ST - Detection Of Genomic Variants Of SARS-CoV-2 Circulating In Wastewater By High-Throughput Sequencing T2 - medRxiv TI - Detection Of Genomic Variants Of SARS-CoV-2 Circulating In Wastewater By High-Throughput Sequencing UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/02/10/2021.02.08.21251355.full.pdf ID - 1516 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm 89081, Germany. | Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm 89081, Germany. | Administrative District Heidenheim, Public Health Office, Heidenheim, Germany. | Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm 89081, Germany. Electronic address: jan.muench@uni-ulm.de. AN - 32446324 AU - Gross, R. | Conzelmann, C. | Muller, J. A. | Stenger, S. | Steinhart, K. | Kirchhoff, F. | Munch, J. C1 - 2020-05-29 C2 - Transmission: Mother to Child CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052920_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 6 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31181-8 ET - 2020/05/25 IS - 10239 KW - Betacoronavirus/*isolation & purification | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections | Female | Humans | Infant, Newborn | Milk, Human/*virology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral | RNA, Viral/isolation & purification | SARS-CoV-2 | Viral Load | Virus Shedding L1 - internal-pdf://2640795672/Gross-2020-Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in human br.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Gross, Rudiger; Conzelmann, Carina; Muller, Janis A; Stenger, Steffen; Steinhart, Karin; Kirchhoff, Frank; Munch, Jan; eng; Letter; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Lancet. 2020 Jun 6;395(10239):1757-1758. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31181-8. Epub 2020 May 21. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Mother 1 tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA shortly after delivery (day 4). Following isolation of Mother 1 from her newborn, Newborn 1 tested positive (day 8). | Breastmilk samples from Mother 1 were negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA (Figure). | Mother 2 and Newborn 2 stayed in the same room as Mother 1 and Newborn 1 until Mother 1 tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Mother 2 tested positive on day 8; Newborn 2 tested positive on day 11. | Breastmilk samples from Mother 2 were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA on days 10�?3 (Figure). | Methods: A case series of two postpartum women who developed mild COVID-19 after delivery. SARS-CoV-2 RNA testing was performed on breast milk samples and using oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal swabs. Limitations: Small sample size; single hospital. | Implications of both studies (Wu et al. & Groß et al.): There was no evidence of SARS-CoV-2 transmission from mother to newborn during pregnancy or delivery. However, transmission via breastfeeding, either through breast milk or close physical contact, is uncertain. Further studies are needed to assess the potential for vertical transmission from mother to newborn, including via breastfeeding. SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 1757-1758 ST - Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in human breastmilk T2 - Lancet TI - Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in human breastmilk UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32446324 VL - 395 Y2 - 2021/05/12 ID - 267 ER - TY - JOUR AB - As of 10 April 2020, New York State had 180,458 cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and 9,385 reported deaths. Patients with cancer comprised 8.4% of deceased individuals(1). Population-based studies from China and Italy suggested a higher coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) death rate in patients with cancer(2,3), although there is a knowledge gap as to which aspects of cancer and its treatment confer risk of severe COVID-19(4). This information is critical to balance the competing safety considerations of reducing SARS-CoV-2 exposure and cancer treatment continuation. From 10 March to 7 April 2020, 423 cases of symptomatic COVID-19 were diagnosed at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (from a total of 2,035 patients with cancer tested). Of these, 40% were hospitalized for COVID-19, 20% developed severe respiratory illness (including 9% who required mechanical ventilation) and 12% died within 30 d. Age older than 65 years and treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) were predictors for hospitalization and severe disease, whereas receipt of chemotherapy and major surgery were not. Overall, COVID-19 in patients with cancer is marked by substantial rates of hospitalization and severe outcomes. The association observed between ICI and COVID-19 outcomes in our study will need further interrogation in tumor-specific cohorts. AD - Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. | Infection Control, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Medicine, Joan and Sanford Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA. | Clinical Microbiology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. | Employee Health and Wellness Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. | Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Medicine, Ludwig Center and Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. | Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. kambojm@mskcc.org. | Infection Control, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA. kambojm@mskcc.org. | Department of Medicine, Joan and Sanford Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA. kambojm@mskcc.org. AN - 32581323 AU - Robilotti, E. V. | Babady, N. E. | Mead, P. A. | Rolling, T. | Perez-Johnston, R. | Bernardes, M. | Bogler, Y. | Caldararo, M. | Figueroa, C. J. | Glickman, M. S. | Joanow, A. | Kaltsas, A. | Lee, Y. J. | Lucca, A. | Mariano, A. | Morjaria, S. | Nawar, T. | Papanicolaou, G. A. | Predmore, J. | Redelman-Sidi, G. | Schmidt, E. | Seo, S. K. | Sepkowitz, K. | Shah, M. K. | Wolchok, J. D. | Hohl, T. M. | Taur, Y. | Kamboj, M. C1 - 2020-06-30 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/063020_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.1038/s41591-020-0979-0 ET - 2020/06/26 IS - 8 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity | Covid-19 | China/epidemiology | Coronavirus Infections/complications/*mortality/pathology/virology | Female | Hospitalization | Humans | Italy/epidemiology | Male | Middle Aged | Neoplasms/complications/*mortality/pathology/virology | *Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/complications/*mortality/pathology/virology | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | Severity of Illness Index | United States/epidemiology | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://0773804568/Robilotti-2020-Determinants of COVID-19 diseas.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Robilotti, Elizabeth V; Babady, N Esther; Mead, Peter A; Rolling, Thierry; Perez-Johnston, Rocio; Bernardes, Marilia; Bogler, Yael; Caldararo, Mario; Figueroa, Cesar J; Glickman, Michael S; Joanow, Alexa; Kaltsas, Anna; Lee, Yeon Joo; Lucca, Anabella; Mariano, Amanda; Morjaria, Sejal; Nawar, Tamara; Papanicolaou, Genovefa A; Predmore, Jacqueline; Redelman-Sidi, Gil; Schmidt, Elizabeth; Seo, Susan K; Sepkowitz, Kent; Shah, Monika K; Wolchok, Jedd D; Hohl, Tobias M; Taur, Ying; Kamboj, Mini; eng; P30 CA008748/CA/NCI NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Nat Med. 2020 Aug;26(8):1218-1223. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-0979-0. Epub 2020 Jun 24. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among 423 patients undergoing cancer treatment and with SARS-CoV-2 infection, 168 (40%) were hospitalized; 87 developed severe respiratory illness, 51 died within 30 days. | After multivariable adjustment, cancer treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) was independently associated with hospitalization (aOR 2.84, 95% CI 1.24�?.72) and severe respiratory illness (aOR 2.74, 95% CI 1.37�?.46). | Methods: Retrospective analysis of 423 patients with cancer and SARS-CoV-2 infection, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NYC, March 10–May 7, 2020. Severe respiratory illness classified if required high-flow oxygen or mechanical ventilation. Limitations: Small study; single center. | Implications of 3 studies (De Luca et al., Guaraldi et al., & Robilotti et al.): Monoclonal antibodies directed at alteration of the immune response may affect the course of COVID-19. Tocilizumab treatment may reduce the risk of mechanical ventilation or death in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. Mavrilimumab may improve outcomes in patients with severe COVID-19 and hyperinflammation. RCTs are needed to confirm these findings. Persons receiving ICIs for cancer treatment might be at elevated risk for severe COVID-19. SN - 1546-170X (Electronic); 1078-8956 (Linking) SP - 1218-1223 ST - Determinants of COVID-19 disease severity in patients with cancer T2 - Nat Med TI - Determinants of COVID-19 disease severity in patients with cancer UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32581323 VL - 26 ID - 468 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: The COVID-19 pandemic continues to adversely affect the U.S., which leads globally in total cases and deaths. As COVID-19 vaccines are under development, public health officials and policymakers need to create strategic vaccine-acceptance messaging to effectively control the pandemic and prevent thousands of additional deaths. Methods: Using an online platform, we surveyed the U.S. adult population in May 2020 to understand risk perceptions about the COVID-19 pandemic, acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine, and trust in sources of information. These factors were compared across basic demographics. Findings: Of the 672 participants surveyed, 450 (67%) said they would accept a COVID-19 vaccine if it is recommended for them. Males (72%) compared to females, older adults (>/=55 years; 78%) compared to younger adults, Asians (81%) compared to other racial and ethnic groups, and college and/or graduate degree holders (75%) compared to people with less than a college degree were more likely to accept the vaccine. When comparing reported influenza vaccine uptake to reported acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine: 1) participants who did not complete high school had a very low influenza vaccine uptake (10%), while 60% of the same group said they would accept the COVID-19 vaccine; 2) unemployed participants reported lower influenza uptake and lower COVID-19 vaccine acceptance when compared to those employed or retired; and, 3) Black Americans reported lower influenza vaccine uptake and lower COVID-19 vaccine acceptance than all other racial groups reported in our study. Lastly, we identified geographic differences with Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) regions 2 (New York) and 5 (Chicago) reporting less than 50 percent COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. Interpretation: Although our study found a 67% acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine, there were noticeable demographic and geographical disparities in vaccine acceptance. Before a COVID-19 vaccine is introduced to the U.S., public health officials and policymakers must prioritize effective COVID-19 vaccine-acceptance messaging for all Americans, especially those who are most vulnerable. AD - Yale Institute for Global Health, New Haven, CT, United States of America. | Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Disease, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America. | Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America. | Yale School of Nursing, Orange, Connecticut, United States of America. AN - 32838242 AU - Malik, A. A. | McFadden, S. M. | Elharake, J. | Omer, S. B. C1 - 2020-08-25 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082520_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100495 ET - 2020/08/25 KW - Covid-19 | Evidence-based messaging | Health disparities | Vaccine acceptance L1 - internal-pdf://3989095267/Malik-2020-Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine ac.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Malik, Amyn A; McFadden, SarahAnn M; Elharake, Jad; Omer, Saad B; eng; England; EClinicalMedicine. 2020 Sep;26:100495. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100495. Epub 2020 Aug 12. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Most (67%) participants reported they would get a SARS CoV-2 vaccination once available, which was higher than self-reported uptake of influenza vaccine in all groups except for Black respondents. | Intentions to accept SARS CoV-2 vaccine were lowest among Black respondents (40%). | Vaccination acceptance by report was higher among men (72%), those aged �?5 (78%), Asian respondents (81%), and persons with a graduate/professional degree (79%) compared with others (Figure). | Methods: 672 adults completed online surveys and were weighted to the US population. Limitations: Sample included only those with pre-existing online survey accounts who were English-literate. Intent to receive vaccination was self-reported. Data comparing past intent versus actual vaccination rates for influenza was not available. | Implications: Evidence-based community messaging is needed to improve acceptance and uptake of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. SN - 2589-5370 (Electronic); 2589-5370 (Linking) SP - 100495 ST - Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in the US T2 - EClinicalMedicine TI - Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in the US UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32838242 VL - 26 ID - 776 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: As lockdown measures to slow the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection begin to ease in the UK, it is important to assess the impact of any changes in policy, including school reopening and broader relaxation of physical distancing measures. We aimed to use an individual-based model to predict the impact of two possible strategies for reopening schools to all students in the UK from September, 2020, in combination with different assumptions about relaxation of physical distancing measures and the scale-up of testing. METHODS: In this modelling study, we used Covasim, a stochastic individual-based model for transmission of SARS-CoV-2, calibrated to the UK epidemic. The model describes individuals' contact networks stratified into household, school, workplace, and community layers, and uses demographic and epidemiological data from the UK. We simulated six different scenarios, representing the combination of two school reopening strategies (full time and a part-time rota system with 50% of students attending school on alternate weeks) and three testing scenarios (68% contact tracing with no scale-up in testing, 68% contact tracing with sufficient testing to avoid a second COVID-19 wave, and 40% contact tracing with sufficient testing to avoid a second COVID-19 wave). We estimated the number of new infections, cases, and deaths, as well as the effective reproduction number (R) under different strategies. In a sensitivity analysis to account for uncertainties within the stochastic simulation, we also simulated infectiousness of children and young adults aged younger than 20 years at 50% relative to older ages (20 years and older). FINDINGS: With increased levels of testing (between 59% and 87% of symptomatic people tested at some point during an active SARS-CoV-2 infection, depending on the scenario), and effective contact tracing and isolation, an epidemic rebound might be prevented. Assuming 68% of contacts could be traced, we estimate that 75% of individuals with symptomatic infection would need to be tested and positive cases isolated if schools return full-time in September, or 65% if a part-time rota system were used. If only 40% of contacts could be traced, these figures would increase to 87% and 75%, respectively. However, without these levels of testing and contact tracing, reopening of schools together with gradual relaxing of the lockdown measures are likely to induce a second wave that would peak in December, 2020, if schools open full-time in September, and in February, 2021, if a part-time rota system were adopted. In either case, the second wave would result in R rising above 1 and a resulting second wave of infections 2.0-2.3 times the size of the original COVID-19 wave. When infectiousness of children and young adults was varied from 100% to 50% of that of older ages, we still found that a comprehensive and effective test-trace-isolate strategy would be required to avoid a second COVID-19 wave. INTERPRETATION: To prevent a second COVID-19 wave, relaxation of physical distancing, including reopening of schools, in the UK must be accompanied by large-scale, population-wide testing of symptomatic individuals and effective tracing of their contacts, followed by isolation of diagnosed individuals. FUNDING: None. AD - Department of Applied Health Research and Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK; The Queen's College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. Electronic address: j.panovska-griffiths@ucl.ac.uk. | Institute for Disease Modeling, Bellevue, WA, USA; Complex Systems Group, School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. | Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. | Institute for Disease Modeling, Bellevue, WA, USA. | UCL Great Ormond St Institute of Child Health, London, UK. | Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. AN - 32758453 AU - Panovska-Griffiths, J. | Kerr, C. C. | Stuart, R. M. | Mistry, D. | Klein, D. J. | Viner, R. M. | Bonell, C. C1 - 2020-08-11 C2 - Decision Tools for Policy Makers CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/081120_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30250-9 ET - 2020/08/08 IS - 11 KW - Adolescent | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Child | *Civil Defense/methods/organization & administration | *Clinical Laboratory Techniques/methods/standards | *Communicable Disease Control/methods/organization & administration | Contact Tracing/*methods | *Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/epidemiology/prevention & control/transmission | Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control | Disease Transmission, Infectious/*prevention & control | Humans | Models, Theoretical | *Pandemics/prevention & control | *Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/prevention & control/transmission | SARS-CoV-2 | School Health Services/*organization & administration | Schools/organization & administration L1 - internal-pdf://3595110007/Panovska-Griffi-2020-Determining the optimal s.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Panovska-Griffiths, Jasmina; Kerr, Cliff C; Stuart, Robyn M; Mistry, Dina; Klein, Daniel J; Viner, Russell M; Bonell, Chris; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020 Nov;4(11):817-827. doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30250-9. Epub 2020 Aug 3. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Modeling suggests that reopening schools and society full-time or in alternating schedules should be accompanied by large-scale testing and contact tracing to prevent a second COVID-19 wave in the UK. SN - 2352-4650 (Electronic); 2352-4642 (Linking) SP - 817-827 ST - Determining the optimal strategy for reopening schools, the impact of test and trace interventions, and the risk of occurrence of a second COVID-19 epidemic wave in the UK: a modelling study T2 - Lancet Child Adolesc Health TI - Determining the optimal strategy for reopening schools, the impact of test and trace interventions, and the risk of occurrence of a second COVID-19 epidemic wave in the UK: a modelling study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32758453 VL - 4 ID - 674 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has unleashed major and substantial changes in the provision of health care, including public health policy and the practice of medicine, and in the ways most individuals live their lives. Significant changes also have occurred in vaccine development, with shortening the usual 15- to 20-year timeline to one that might be as short as 1 to 1.5 years. COVID-19, the acute illness due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first reported in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, in December 2019, and rapidly progressed to a global pandemic. By June 27, 2020, a total of 9.76 million people had been infected with this virus and 492�?00 had died. Although widespread quarantine, isolation, and social distancing measures have, to some extent, countered the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and “flattened the curve,�?countries now face a multitude of challenges to the “re-opening�?of society. Yet, it is clear the only way to provide effective herd immunity is with a safe and effective vaccine. AD - Division of Infectious Diseases, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. | Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. AN - 32628244 AU - O'Callaghan, K. P. | Blatz, A. M. | Offit, P. A. C1 - 2020-07-17 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071720_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 4 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.12190 ET - 2020/07/07 IS - 5 KW - *Adenoviridae | *Betacoronavirus/genetics | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | Coronavirus Infections/*prevention & control | Drug Development | *Genetic Vectors | Humans | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*prevention & control | RNA, Viral | SARS-CoV-2 | Time Factors | *Viral Vaccines L1 - internal-pdf://2160389399/O'Callaghan-2020-Developing a SARS-CoV-2 Vacci.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - O'Callaghan, Kevin P; Blatz, Allison M; Offit, Paul A; eng; JAMA. 2020 Aug 4;324(5):437-438. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.12190. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Discusses the proposed high-priority vaccine candidates designed to induce antibodies directed against the receptor-binding domain mechanisms and current status of five of the surface spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 437-438 ST - Developing a SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine at Warp Speed T2 - JAMA TI - Developing a SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine at Warp Speed UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32628244 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 544 ER - TY - JOUR AD - From the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Oslo. AN - 32227757 AU - Lurie, N. | Saville, M. | Hatchett, R. | Halton, J. C1 - 2020-04-01 | 2020-06-09 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/040120_covidupdate.html | http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060920_covidupdate.html DA - May 21 DO - 10.1056/NEJMp2005630 ET - 2020/04/01 IS - 21 KW - Betacoronavirus/genetics/*immunology | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | Clinical Trials as Topic/standards | Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/immunology/*prevention & control | Drug Development/*methods | Humans | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/immunology/*prevention & control | SARS-CoV-2 | Time Factors | Vaccines, Synthetic | *Viral Vaccines L1 - internal-pdf://2153466497/Lurie-2020-Developing Covid-19 Vaccines at Pan.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Lurie, Nicole; Saville, Melanie; Hatchett, Richard; Halton, Jane; eng; N Engl J Med. 2020 May 21;382(21):1969-1973. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2005630. Epub 2020 Mar 30. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Overview of accelerated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development and the status of specific vaccine candidates. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 1969-1973 ST - Developing Covid-19 Vaccines at Pandemic Speed T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Developing Covid-19 Vaccines at Pandemic Speed UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32227757 VL - 382 ID - 11 ER - TY - JOUR AD - From Operation Warp Speed, Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC. AN - 32846056 AU - Slaoui, M. | Hepburn, M. C1 - 2020-09-04 C2 - New Tools for Policy and Practice CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090420_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 29 DO - 10.1056/NEJMp2027405 ET - 2020/08/28 IS - 18 KW - Advisory Committees | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. | Clinical Trials as Topic | Coronavirus Infections/immunology/*prevention & control | Drug Approval | *Drug Development/methods/organization & administration | Drug Industry | Humans | Immunization/legislation & jurisprudence | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/immunology/*prevention & control | RNA, Viral | SARS-CoV-2 | Time Factors | United States | United States Food and Drug Administration | *Viral Vaccines/immunology L1 - internal-pdf://1588844549/Slaoui-2020-Developing Safe and Effective Covi.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Slaoui, Moncef; Hepburn, Matthew; eng; N Engl J Med. 2020 Oct 29;383(18):1701-1703. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2027405. Epub 2020 Aug 26. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Operation Warp Speed’s process to safely and effectively demonstrate strategies for delivering 300 million safe and effective vaccine doses by mid-2021. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 1701-1703 ST - Developing Safe and Effective Covid Vaccines - Operation Warp Speed's Strategy and Approach T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Developing Safe and Effective Covid Vaccines - Operation Warp Speed's Strategy and Approach UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32846056 VL - 383 ID - 830 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Early identification of patients with novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) who may develop critical illness is of great importance and may aid in delivering proper treatment and optimizing use of resources. Objective: To develop and validate a clinical score at hospital admission for predicting which patients with COVID-19 will develop critical illness based on a nationwide cohort in China. Design, Setting, and Participants: Collaborating with the National Health Commission of China, we established a retrospective cohort of patients with COVID-19 from 575 hospitals in 31 provincial administrative regions as of January 31, 2020. Epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and imaging variables ascertained at hospital admission were screened using Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) and logistic regression to construct a predictive risk score (COVID-GRAM). The score provides an estimate of the risk that a hospitalized patient with COVID-19 will develop critical illness. Accuracy of the score was measured by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Data from 4 additional cohorts in China hospitalized with COVID-19 were used to validate the score. Data were analyzed between February 20, 2020 and March 17, 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures: Among patients with COVID-19 admitted to the hospital, critical illness was defined as the composite measure of admission to the intensive care unit, invasive ventilation, or death. Results: The development cohort included 1590 patients. the mean (SD) age of patients in the cohort was 48.9 (15.7) years; 904 (57.3%) were men. The validation cohort included 710 patients with a mean (SD) age of 48.2 (15.2) years, and 382 (53.8%) were men and 172 (24.2%). From 72 potential predictors, 10 variables were independent predictive factors and were included in the risk score: chest radiographic abnormality (OR, 3.39; 95% CI, 2.14-5.38), age (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-1.05), hemoptysis (OR, 4.53; 95% CI, 1.36-15.15), dyspnea (OR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.18-3.01), unconsciousness (OR, 4.71; 95% CI, 1.39-15.98), number of comorbidities (OR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.27-2.00), cancer history (OR, 4.07; 95% CI, 1.23-13.43), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.02-1.10), lactate dehydrogenase (OR, 1.002; 95% CI, 1.001-1.004) and direct bilirubin (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.06-1.24). The mean AUC in the development cohort was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.85-0.91) and the AUC in the validation cohort was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.84-0.93). The score has been translated into an online risk calculator that is freely available to the public (http://118.126.104.170/). Conclusions and Relevance: In this study, a risk score based on characteristics of COVID-19 patients at the time of admission to the hospital was developed that may help predict a patient's risk of developing critical illness. AD - National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. | Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. | Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. | Hankou Hospital, Wuhan, China. | Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. | Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, China. | Tongji Medical College, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. | The First People Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China. | Nanhai Hospital, Foshan, China. | Daye Hospital, Hubei, China. | The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China. AN - 32396163 AU - Liang, W. | Liang, H. | Ou, L. | Chen, B. | Chen, A. | Li, C. | Li, Y. | Guan, W. | Sang, L. | Lu, J. | Xu, Y. | Chen, G. | Guo, H. | Guo, J. | Chen, Z. | Zhao, Y. | Li, S. | Zhang, N. | Zhong, N. | He, J. | China Medical Treatment Expert Group for, Covid C1 - 2020-05-22 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052220_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 1 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.2033 ET - 2020/05/13 IS - 8 KW - Adult | Aged | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | China | Clinical Laboratory Techniques/*standards | Cohort Studies | Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/epidemiology/*physiopathology | Critical Care/*organization & administration | Critical Illness/*therapy | Female | Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/*physiopathology | Risk Assessment/standards | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://1897296835/Liang-2020-Development and Validation of a Cli.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Liang, Wenhua; Liang, Hengrui; Ou, Limin; Chen, Binfeng; Chen, Ailan; Li, Caichen; Li, Yimin; Guan, Weijie; Sang, Ling; Lu, Jiatao; Xu, Yuanda; Chen, Guoqiang; Guo, Haiyan; Guo, Jun; Chen, Zisheng; Zhao, Yi; Li, Shiyue; Zhang, Nuofu; Zhong, Nanshan; He, Jianxing; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Validation Study; JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Aug 1;180(8):1081-1089. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.2033. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 10 of 72 variables independently predicted critical COVID-19 illness and were chosen to construct a risk score (Table). | The mean area under the curve (AUC) was 0.88. | Methods: Medical record data of 1,590 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 from 575 hospitals in China were used to develop a COVID risk score (COVID-GRAM) to predict development of critical illness (composite measure of admission to the intensive care unit, invasive ventilation, or death). 72 epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and imaging variables ascertained at hospital admission were assessed using a logistic regression model. Accuracy of the score was measured by mean area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, or AUC. COVID-GRAM was validated in an additional 710 COVID-19 patients. Limitations: Potentially limited generalizability. | Implications: Use of a risk prediction score may help to identify patients who are likely to develop critical COVID-19 illness and to optimize use of resources. SN - 2168-6114 (Electronic); 2168-6106 (Linking) SP - 1081-1089 ST - Development and Validation of a Clinical Risk Score to Predict the Occurrence of Critical Illness in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - Development and Validation of a Clinical Risk Score to Predict the Occurrence of Critical Illness in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32396163 VL - 180 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 242 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Coronavirus Disease 2019 is a pandemic that is straining healthcare resources, mainly hospital beds. Multiple risk factors of disease progression requiring hospitalization have been identified, but medical decision-making remains complex. OBJECTIVE: To characterize a large cohort of patients hospitalized with COVID-19, their outcomes, develop and validate a statistical model that allows individualized prediction of future hospitalization risk for a patient newly diagnosed with COVID-19. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study of patients with COVID-19 applying a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) logistic regression algorithm to retain the most predictive features for hospitalization risk, followed by validation in a temporally distinct patient cohort. The final model was displayed as a nomogram and programmed into an online risk calculator. SETTING: One healthcare system in Ohio and Florida. PARTICIPANTS: All patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 between March 8, 2020 and June 5, 2020. Those tested before May 1 were included in the development cohort, while those tested May 1 and later comprised the validation cohort. MEASUREMENTS: Demographic, clinical, social influencers of health, exposure risk, medical co-morbidities, vaccination history, presenting symptoms, medications, and laboratory values were collected on all patients, and considered in our model development. RESULTS: 4,536 patients tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 during the study period. Of those, 958 (21.1%) required hospitalization. By day 3 of hospitalization, 24% of patients were transferred to the intensive care unit, and around half of the remaining patients were discharged home. Ten patients died. Hospitalization risk was increased with older age, black race, male sex, former smoking history, diabetes, hypertension, chronic lung disease, poor socioeconomic status, shortness of breath, diarrhea, and certain medications (NSAIDs, immunosuppressive treatment). Hospitalization risk was reduced with prior flu vaccination. Model discrimination was excellent with an area under the curve of 0.900 (95% confidence interval of 0.886-0.914) in the development cohort, and 0.813 (0.786, 0.839) in the validation cohort. The scaled Brier score was 42.6% (95% CI 37.8%, 47.4%) in the development cohort and 25.6% (19.9%, 31.3%) in the validation cohort. Calibration was very good. The online risk calculator is freely available and found at https://riskcalc.org/COVID19Hospitalization/. LIMITATION: Retrospective cohort design. CONCLUSION: Our study crystallizes published risk factors of COVID-19 progression, but also provides new data on the role of social influencers of health, race, and influenza vaccination. In a context of a pandemic and limited healthcare resources, individualized outcome prediction through this nomogram or online risk calculator can facilitate complex medical decision-making. AD - Neurological Institute, Chief Research Information Officer, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America. | Quantitative Health Science Department, Lerner Research Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America. | Respiratory Institute, Chair of the Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America. | Obstetrics and gynecology, Chief Medical Information Ofc., Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America. | Infectious Disease Department, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America. | Cardiology, Chief Academic Officer, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America. AN - 32780765 AU - Jehi, L. | Ji, X. | Milinovich, A. | Erzurum, S. | Merlino, A. | Gordon, S. | Young, J. B. | Kattan, M. W. C1 - 2020-08-21 C2 - Prediction and Clinical Support Tools CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082120_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0237419 ET - 2020/08/12 IS - 8 KW - Adult | Aged | Betacoronavirus/*genetics | Covid-19 | Clinical Decision-Making | Coronavirus Infections/*physiopathology/virology | Disease Progression | Female | Forecasting/*methods | Hospitalization/*trends | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | *Models, Statistical | Nomograms | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*physiopathology/virology | Prognosis | Retrospective Studies | Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://2494557053/Jehi-2020-Development and validation of a mode.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Jehi, Lara; Ji, Xinge; Milinovich, Alex; Erzurum, Serpil; Merlino, Amy; Gordon, Steve; Young, James B; Kattan, Michael W; eng; UL1 TR002548/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Validation Study; PLoS One. 2020 Aug 11;15(8):e0237419. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237419. eCollection 2020. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Presents an online risk calculator for predicting hospitalization associated with COVID-19. SN - 1932-6203 (Electronic); 1932-6203 (Linking) SP - e0237419 ST - Development and validation of a model for individualized prediction of hospitalization risk in 4,536 patients with COVID-19 T2 - PLoS One TI - Development and validation of a model for individualized prediction of hospitalization risk in 4,536 patients with COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32780765 VL - 15 ID - 754 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in an unprecedented public health crisis. Because of the novelty of the virus, there are currently no SARS-CoV-2-specific treatments or vaccines available. Therefore, rapid development of effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 are urgently needed. Here, we developed a pilot-scale production of PiCoVacc, a purified inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus vaccine candidate, which induced SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibodies in mice, rats, and nonhuman primates. These antibodies neutralized 10 representative SARS-CoV-2 strains, suggesting a possible broader neutralizing ability against other strains. Three immunizations using two different doses, 3 or 6 micrograms per dose, provided partial or complete protection in macaques against SARS-CoV-2 challenge, respectively, without observable antibody-dependent enhancement of infection. These data support the clinical development and testing of PiCoVacc for use in humans. AD - Sinovac Biotech Ltd., Beijing, China. | Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. | Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China. | Division of Respiratory Virus Vaccines, National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China. | CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. | National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China. | Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China. | National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China. qinchuan@pumc.edu.cn yjzhang@cdc.zj.cn yinwd@sinovac.com xiangxi@ibp.ac.cn changguili@aliyun.com lujinxing@icdc.cn. | Division of Respiratory Virus Vaccines, National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China. qinchuan@pumc.edu.cn yjzhang@cdc.zj.cn yinwd@sinovac.com xiangxi@ibp.ac.cn changguili@aliyun.com lujinxing@icdc.cn. | CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. qinchuan@pumc.edu.cn yjzhang@cdc.zj.cn yinwd@sinovac.com xiangxi@ibp.ac.cn changguili@aliyun.com lujinxing@icdc.cn. | Sinovac Biotech Ltd., Beijing, China. qinchuan@pumc.edu.cn yjzhang@cdc.zj.cn yinwd@sinovac.com xiangxi@ibp.ac.cn changguili@aliyun.com lujinxing@icdc.cn. | Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China. qinchuan@pumc.edu.cn yjzhang@cdc.zj.cn yinwd@sinovac.com xiangxi@ibp.ac.cn changguili@aliyun.com lujinxing@icdc.cn. | Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Chinese Ministry of Health, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. qinchuan@pumc.edu.cn yjzhang@cdc.zj.cn yinwd@sinovac.com xiangxi@ibp.ac.cn changguili@aliyun.com lujinxing@icdc.cn. AN - 32376603 AU - Gao, Q. | Bao, L. | Mao, H. | Wang, L. | Xu, K. | Yang, M. | Li, Y. | Zhu, L. | Wang, N. | Lv, Z. | Gao, H. | Ge, X. | Kan, B. | Hu, Y. | Liu, J. | Cai, F. | Jiang, D. | Yin, Y. | Qin, C. | Li, J. | Gong, X. | Lou, X. | Shi, W. | Wu, D. | Zhang, H. | Zhu, L. | Deng, W. | Li, Y. | Lu, J. | Li, C. | Wang, X. | Yin, W. | Zhang, Y. | Qin, C. C1 - 2020-05-29 C2 - Vaccine Studies in Rhesus Macaques CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052920_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 3 DO - 10.1126/science.abc1932 ET - 2020/05/08 IS - 6499 KW - Animals | Antibodies, Neutralizing/biosynthesis/*blood/immunology | Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis/*blood/immunology | Betacoronavirus/*immunology/isolation & purification | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | Chlorocebus aethiops | Coronavirus Infections/immunology/*prevention & control/virology | Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic | Female | Immunogenicity, Vaccine | Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis/blood/immunology | Macaca mulatta | Male | Mice | Mice, Inbred BALB C | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pilot Projects | Pneumonia, Viral/*prevention & control/virology | Rats | Rats, Wistar | SARS-CoV-2 | Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage/adverse effects/immunology | Vero Cells | Viral Load | *Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage/adverse effects/immunology L1 - internal-pdf://1840480889/Gao-2020-Development of an inactivated vaccine.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Gao, Qiang; Bao, Linlin; Mao, Haiyan; Wang, Lin; Xu, Kangwei; Yang, Minnan; Li, Yajing; Zhu, Ling; Wang, Nan; Lv, Zhe; Gao, Hong; Ge, Xiaoqin; Kan, Biao; Hu, Yaling; Liu, Jiangning; Cai, Fang; Jiang, Deyu; Yin, Yanhui; Qin, Chengfeng; Li, Jing; Gong, Xuejie; Lou, Xiuyu; Shi, Wen; Wu, Dongdong; Zhang, Hengming; Zhu, Lang; Deng, Wei; Li, Yurong; Lu, Jinxing; Li, Changgui; Wang, Xiangxi; Yin, Weidong; Zhang, Yanjun; Qin, Chuan; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Science. 2020 Jul 3;369(6499):77-81. doi: 10.1126/science.abc1932. Epub 2020 May 6. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 8 rhesus macaques immunized with an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine produced antibodies able to neutralize virus (neutralizing antibodies) at levels that correlated with the vaccine dose (Figure). | When inoculated with SARS-CoV-2, the 8 vaccinated animals exhibited lower viral burdens (95�?00% reduction) compared with unvaccinated controls. | Methods: 16 rhesus macaques were inoculated with 3 doses of either purified, inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (medium or high dose), placebo, or a sham dose that only contained components of the vaccine that enhance the immune response (adjuvant) (n = 4 in each group). 21 days after completing the series of injections, animals were inoculated with SARS-CoV-2. Neutralizing antibody levels and viral burden were quantified. Limitations: Animal study; post-vaccination assessments at later time points are necessary to determine if detrimental immune responses develop after antibodies wane. SN - 1095-9203 (Electronic); 0036-8075 (Linking) SP - 77-81 ST - Development of an inactivated vaccine candidate for SARS-CoV-2 T2 - Science TI - Development of an inactivated vaccine candidate for SARS-CoV-2 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32376603 VL - 369 ID - 265 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A safe and effective vaccine against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the best way to control and ultimately end the pandemic. Vaccine development is moving at unprecedented speed, with more than 200 candidates, billions of dollars committed, and manufacturing often proceeding before even knowing whether a given vaccine candidate will succeed. To date, the US federal government has rapidly advanced 5 vaccine candidates through Operation Warp Speed. At the same time, a growing movement of skeptics has raised doubt about future COVID-19 vaccines. A poll of 1056 individuals in the US found that only 49% reported that they currently are planning to receive a COVID-19 vaccine; 31% are uncertain, and 20% are not, with safety a major concern. AU - Lurie, Nicole | Sharfstein, Joshua M. | Goodman, Jesse L. C1 - 2020-08-14 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08142020_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.12461 IS - 5 L1 - internal-pdf://0791072367/Lurie-2020-The Development of COVID-19 Vaccine.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Describes four needed safeguards in COVID-19 vaccine development: 1) strong evidence of effectiveness; 2) strong evidence of safety; 3) clear informed consent prior to approval; and 4) comprehensive adverse event monitoring systems. SE - 439 SN - 0098-7484 SP - 439-440 ST - The Development of COVID-19 Vaccines T2 - JAMA TI - The Development of COVID-19 Vaccines UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.12461 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/2768156/jama_lurie_2020_vp_200145.pdf VL - 324 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 711 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Division of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. | Molecular Virology Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. | Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden. Electronic address: qiang.pan-hammarstrom@ki.se. AN - 32413374 AU - Hammarstrom, L. | Abolhassani, H. | Baldanti, F. | Marcotte, H. | Pan-Hammarstrom, Q. C1 - 2020-06-30 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/063020_covidupdate.html DA - Jul DO - 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.04.043 ET - 2020/05/16 IS - 1 KW - Adult | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy | Humans | Lopinavir | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral | Ritonavir | *SARS Virus | SARS-CoV-2 | *covid-19 | *ivig | *immunodeficiency | *mAb | *passive immunity | *plasma therapy L1 - internal-pdf://3323176692/1-s2.0-S009167492030645X-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Hammarstrom, Lennart; Abolhassani, Hassan; Baldanti, Fausto; Marcotte, Harold; Pan-Hammarstrom, Qiang; eng; Editorial; Comment; J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020 Jul;146(1):58-60. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.04.043. Epub 2020 May 12. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Describes passive immunotherapy as a potential preventative measure for immunocompromised persons during the COVID-19 pandemic. SE - 58 SN - 1097-6825 (Electronic); 0091-6749 (Linking) SP - 58-60 ST - Development of passive immunity against SARS-CoV-2 for management of immunodeficient patients-a perspective T2 - J Allergy Clin Immunol TI - Development of passive immunity against SARS-CoV-2 for management of immunodeficient patients-a perspective UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32413374 VL - 146 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 456 ER - TY - JOUR AD - From the National Institute on Aging, Baltimore (M.K.E.); and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (L.R.). AN - 32521155 AU - Evans, M. K. | Rosenbaum, L. | Malina, D. | Morrissey, S. | Rubin, E. J. C1 - 2020-06-23 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/062320_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 16 DO - 10.1056/NEJMe2021693 ET - 2020/06/11 IS - 3 KW - *African Americans/psychology | Healthcare Disparities/*ethnology | Humans | *Physician's Role | Physician-Patient Relations | Racism/*prevention & control | United States L1 - internal-pdf://0562983366/Evans-2020-Diagnosing and Treating Systemic Ra.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | N1 - Evans, Michele K; Rosenbaum, Lisa; Malina, Debra; Morrissey, Stephen; Rubin, Eric J; eng; Editorial; N Engl J Med. 2020 Jul 16;383(3):274-276. doi: 10.1056/NEJMe2021693. Epub 2020 Jun 10. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Explores the need to address systemic racism through changes in the healthcare system. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 274-276 ST - Diagnosing and Treating Systemic Racism T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Diagnosing and Treating Systemic Racism UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32521155 VL - 383 ID - 420 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic tests (Ag-RDT) for SARS-CoV-2 offer new opportunities for the quick and laboratory-independent identification of infected individuals for control of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Despite the potential benefits, nasopharyngeal sample collection is frequently perceived as uncomfortable by patients and requires trained healthcare personnel with protective equipment. Therefore, anterior nasal self-sampling is increasingly recognized as a valuable alternative.Methods We performed a prospective, single-center, point of care validation of an Ag-RDT using a polypropylene absorbent collector for standardized self-collected anterior nasal swabs. Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) from combined oropharyngeal/nasopharyngeal swabs served as a comparator. Primary endpoint was sensitivity of the standardized Ag-RDT in symptomatic patients with medium or high viral concentration (�?1 million RNA copies on RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2).Results Between February 12 and March 22, 2021, 388 participants were enrolled. After exclusion of 9 patients for which no PCR result could be obtained, the novel Ag-RDT was evaluated based on 379 participants, of which 273 were symptomatic and 106 asymptomatic. In 61 samples from symptomatic patients with medium or high viral load (�?1 million RNA copies), the sensitivity of the standardized Ag-RDT was 96.7% (59/61; 95%CI: 88.7-99.6%) for the primary endpoint. In total, 62 positive Ag-RDT results were detected out of 70 RT-PCR positive individuals, yielding an overall sensitivity of 88.6% (95%CI: 78.7-94.9%). Specificity was 99.7% (95%CI: 98.2-100%) in 309 RT-PCR negative individuals.Conclusion Here, we present a validation of a novel Ag-RDT with a standardized sampling process for anterior nasal self-collection, which meets WHO criteria of �?0% sensitivity and �?7% specificity. Although less sensitive than RT-PCR, this assay could be beneficial due to its rapid results, ease of use, and suitability for standardized self-testing.(Funded by Drägerwerk AG & Co. KGaA, Lübeck, Germany; ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT04698993)Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Clinical TrialNCT04698993Funding StatementThis study was funded by Drägerwerk AG & Co. KGaA, Lübeck, Germany.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The study protocol was approved by the ethical review committee of the federal state of Berlin. All experiments on human subjects were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, implying that all participants provided informed consent.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAvailable data: (1) De-identified data that underlie the results in this paper. (2) Analysis code. Until 5 years after publication. Available to: researchers who provide a sound proposal and all study sites and the Sponsor agree to sharing the data. Proposals should be directed towards the corresponding author. AD - Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charite-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany. | Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany. | Institute of Virology, Charite-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany. | Labor Berlin-Charite Vivantes GmbH, 13353 Berlin, Germany. | Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charite-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany. | Medical Directorate, Charite-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany. AN - 34068236 AU - Osmanodja, Bilgin | Budde, Klemens | Zickler, Daniel | Naik, Marcel G. | Hofmann, Jörg | Gertler, Maximilian | Hülso, Claudia | Rössig, Heike | Horn, Philipp | Seybold, Joachim | Lunow, Stephanie | Bothmann, Melanie | Barrera-Pesek, Astrid | Mayrdorfer, Manuel C1 - 2021-05-07 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05072021_covidupdate.html DA - May 13 DO - 10.1101/2021.04.20.21255797 ET - 2021/06/03 IS - 10 KW - Covid-19 | COVID-19 diagnostic testing | SARS-COV-2 antigen testing | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://3640935570/Osmanodja-2021-Diagnostic accuracy of a novel.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Osmanodja, Bilgin | Budde, Klemens | Zickler, Daniel | Naik, Marcel G | Hofmann, Jorg | Gertler, Maximilian | Hulso, Claudia | Rossig, Heike | Horn, Philipp | Seybold, Joachim | Lunow, Stephanie | Bothmann, Melanie | Barrera-Pesek, Astrid | Mayrdorfer, Manuel | eng | na/Dragerwerk AG & Co. KGaA, Lubeck, Germany. | Switzerland | J Clin Med. 2021 May 13;10(10). pii: jcm10102099. doi: 10.3390/jcm10102099. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: The sensitivity of an antigen rapid diagnostic test using self-collected NP swabs was 88.6% (95% CI 78.7-94.9%) and specificity was 99.7% (95% CI 98.2-100%) in specimens from 379 participants. SN - 2077-0383 (Print) | 2077-0383 (Linking) SP - 2021.04.20.21255797 ST - Diagnostic accuracy of a novel SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic test from standardized self-collected anterior nasal swabs T2 - medRxiv TI - Diagnostic accuracy of a novel SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic test from standardized self-collected anterior nasal swabs TT - Published article: Accuracy of a Novel SARS-CoV-2 Antigen-Detecting Rapid Diagnostic Test from Standardized Self-Collected Anterior Nasal Swabs UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/04/23/2021.04.20.21255797.full.pdf VL - 10 ID - 1729 ER - TY - JOUR AB - INTRODUCTION: Management of the COVID-19 pandemic is hampered by long delays associated with centralised laboratory PCR testing. In hospitals this leads to poor patient flow and nosocomial transmission and so rapid, accurate diagnostic tests are urgently required. The FebriDx is a point-of-care test that detects an antiviral host response protein in finger prick blood within 10 min, but its accuracy for the identification of COVID-19 is unknown. METHODS: We performed a real-world diagnostic accuracy study of FebriDx in hospitalised patients during the first wave of the pandemic. Measures of diagnostic accuracy were calculated based on FebriDx results compared to the reference standard of SARS-CoV-2 PCR on combined nose and throat swabs. A multivariable predictive model including FebriDx, age, sex, and clinical characteristics was developed and underwent internal validation. RESULTS: FebriDx was performed on 251 patients and gave a valid result in 248. 118 of 248 (48%) were PCR positive for COVID-19. FebriDx results were available after 10 min compared with 1.7 (1.6 to 2.1) hours with point-of-care PCR testing and 23.4 (17.2 to 31.1) hours with laboratory PCR testing. Sensitivity of FebriDx for the identification of COVID-19 was 93% (110/118; 95% CI 87 to 97%) and specificity was 86% (112/130; 95%CI 79 to 92%). Positive and negative likelihood ratios were 6.73 (95%CI 4.37 to 10.37) and 0.08 (95%CI 0.04 to 0.15) respectively. In the multivariate model age, sex and other clinical features did not contribute significantly to the effect of the FebriDx result in distinguishing patients with and without COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: During the first wave of the pandemic, FebriDx had high accuracy for the identification of COVID-19 in hospitalised adults and could be deployed as a front door triage tool. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN14966673. AD - School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Department of Infection, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK; NIHR Post Doctoral Fellowship Programme, UK. Electronic address: T.W.Clark@soton.ac.uk. | School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Department of Infection, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK. | School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Department of Infection, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK. | Department of Infection, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK. | NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK. | Southampton Clinical Trials Unit, University of Southampton, UK. AN - 32579983 AU - Clark, T. W. | Brendish, N. J. | Poole, S. | Naidu, V. V. | Mansbridge, C. | Norton, N. | Wheeler, H. | Presland, L. | Ewings, S. C1 - 2021-07-02 C2 - Laboratory Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/070220_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.051 DP - NLM ET - 2020/06/25 IS - 4 KW - Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Clinical Laboratory Techniques/instrumentation/*methods | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis | *Point-of-Care Testing | *Reagent Kits, Diagnostic | SARS-CoV-2 | Sensitivity and Specificity | Triage/methods | *Accuracy | *covid-19 | *Host response | *MxA | *Point of care testing | *SARS-CoV-2 | travel reimbursement, and equipment and consumables free of charge for the | purposes of research outside of this submitted study, from BioFire diagnostics | LLC and BioMerieux. TWC has received consultancy fees from Synairgen research | Ltd, Randox laboratories Ltd and Cidara therapeutics. He a member of an advisory | board for Roche and a member of two independent data monitoring committees for | trials sponsored by Roche. He has acted as the UK chief investigator for an IMP | study sponsored by Janssen. All other authors have completed the Unified | Competing Interest form (available on request from the corresponding author) and | declare: no support from any organisation for the submitted work no financial | relationships with any organisations that might have an interest in the submitted | work in the previous three years, no other relationships or activities that could | appear to have influenced the submitted work. L1 - internal-pdf://1271999508/Clark-2020-Diagnostic accuracy of the FebriDx.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Clark, Tristan W; Brendish, Nathan J; Poole, Stephen; Naidu, Vasanth V; Mansbridge, Christopher; Norton, Nicholas; Wheeler, Helen; Presland, Laura; Ewings, Sean; eng; PDF-2016-09-061/DH_/Department of Health/United Kingdom; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; J Infect. 2020 Oct;81(4):607-613. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.051. Epub 2020 Jun 21. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; FebriDx is a point-of-care test that detects host antiviral proteins (Myxovirus resistance protein A [MxA] and C-reactive protein [CRP]) in finger prick blood within 10 minutes. | The sensitivity and specificity of FebriDx were high (93% and 86%, respectively) (Figure). | Methods: 251 hospitalized COVID-19 patients diagnosed by RT-PCR were tested with FebriDx. The RT-PCR result was used as the reference standard for sensitivity and specificity. Limitations: MxA and CRP are markers of antiviral host response and not specific for SARS-CoV-2; study performed in a high prevalence COVID-19 setting; study participants were almost exclusively immunocompetent adults. | Implications: FebriDx could be used to rapidly detect probable COVID-19 cases. However, detection of MxA and elevated CRP as markers of potential antiviral host response and is not specific for SARS-CoV-2; the high specificity of FebriDx MxA for COVID-19 may change with the seasonal circulation of other respiratory viruses such as influenza. SN - 1532-2742 (Electronic); 0163-4453 (Linking) SP - 607-613 ST - Diagnostic accuracy of the FebriDx host response point-of-care test in patients hospitalised with suspected COVID-19 T2 - J Infect TI - Diagnostic accuracy of the FebriDx host response point-of-care test in patients hospitalised with suspected COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32579983 VL - 81 ID - 488 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Testing on demand for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is hypothesized to increase spread of the virus as some persons who test negative falsely assume that they can engage in activities that increase spread. METHODS: Daily new COVID-19 hospitalization counts through 2020 from 25 countries that reported testing and hospitalizations were studied by regression of logarithms of new hospitalizations 14 days out against log(new hospitalizations on a given day), log(negative tests), log(positivity rate) and days since the first hospitalizations were reported. The regression coefficients were examined separately for periods in countries that were following three different testing policies. RESULTS: Corrected for the other factors, negative test numbers when tested on demand and tested if symptomatic only are associated with an increase in hospitalizations 14 days after the tests. When only the symptomatic and more vulnerable are tested, negative tests are associated with fewer hospitalizations 2 weeks out. CONCLUSIONS: A policy of testing only vulnerable populations, whether symptomatic or not, appears to avoid spreading the virus as a result of testing policy. False confidence of reduced risk among those who test negative may have contributed to the spread in countries that allowed testing on demand or testing only those who claimed to have symptoms. AD - Department of Environmental Health, Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA. AN - 33558889 AU - Robertson, L. S. C1 - 2021-02-19 C2 - Social, Behavioral, and Communication Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02192021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 8 DO - 10.1093/pubmed/fdab010 ET - 2021/02/10 IS - 2 KW - corona virus | infectious disease testing | public policy | social behavior L1 - internal-pdf://0333440670/Robertson-2021-Did people's behavior after rec.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Robertson, Leon S; eng; England; J Public Health (Oxf). 2021 Feb 8. pii: 6130854. doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdab010. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Analysis of COVID-19 hospitalization and testing data from 25 countries throughout 2020 suggests that persons who tested falsely negative assumed they were at reduced risk and engaged in activities that increased the spread of SARS-CoV-2. SN - 1741-3850 (Electronic); 1741-3842 (Linking) SP - 270-273 ST - Did people's behavior after receiving negative COVID-19 tests contribute to the spread? T2 - J Public Health (Oxf) TI - Did people's behavior after receiving negative COVID-19 tests contribute to the spread? UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33558889 VL - 43 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1509 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Protection offered by COVID-19 vaccines wanes over time, requiring an evaluation of different boosting strategies to revert such a trend and enhance the quantity and quality of Spike-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. These immunological parameters in homologous or heterologous vaccination boosts have thus far been studied for mRNA and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccines, but knowledge on individuals who received a single dose of Ad26.COV2.S is lacking.We studied Spike-specific humoral and cellular immunity in Ad26.COV2.S vaccinated individuals (n=55) who were either primed with Ad26.COV2.S only (n=13), or boosted with a homologous (Ad26.COV2.S, n=28) or heterologous (BNT162b2, n=14) second dose. We compared our findings with the results found in individuals vaccinated with a single (n=16) or double (n=44) dose of BNT162b2. We observed that a strategy of heterologous vaccination enhanced the quantity and breadth of both, Spike-specific humoral and cellular immunity in Ad26.COV2.S vaccinated. In contrast, the impact of homologous boost was quantitatively minimal in Ad26.COV2.S vaccinated and Spike-specific antibodies and T cells were narrowly focused to the S1 region. Although a direct association between quantity and quality of immunological parameters and in vivo protection has not been demonstrated, the immunological features of Spike-specific humoral and cellular immune responses support the utilization of a heterologous strategy of vaccine boost in individuals who received Ad26.COV2.S vaccination.Competing Interest StatementN. Le Bert and A. Bertoletti reported a patent for a method to monitor SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in biological samples pending. The other authors have declared that no conflict of interest exists.Funding StatementThis study is partially supported by the Singapore Ministry of Health National Medical Research Council under its COVID-19 Research Fund (COVID19RF3-0060, COVID19RF-001 and COVID19RF-008).Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the NUS Institutional Review Board (NUS-IRB-2021-292), the SingHealth Centralised Institutional Review Board (CIRB ref.: 2018/2387; 2018/3045; 2021/2014) and the Queen Mary University of London Review Board (REC Ref: 20/EE/0154).I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll data produced in the present study are available upon reasonable request to the authors. AU - Kim Huat, Nicholas Khoo | Er Lim, Joey Ming | Gill, Upkar S. | de Alwis, Ruklanthi | Tan, Nicole | Nan Toh, Justin Zhen | Abbott, Jane E. | Usai, Carla | Ooi, Eng Eong | Hong Low, Jenny Guek | Le Bert, Nina | Kennedy, Patrick T. F. | Bertoletti, Antonio C1 - 2021-10-22 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10222021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1101/2021.10.14.21264981 L1 - internal-pdf://0346969047/Kim Huat-2021-Differential immunogenicity of h.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 115 recipients of different vaccination regimens in Singapore, heterologous boosting with BNT162b2 after Ad26.COV2.S led to better immunogenicity based on virus-specific antibody, B cell, and T cell qualitative and quantitative measurements, compared to a homologous booster. SP - 2021.10.14.21264981 ST - Differential immunogenicity of homologous versus heterologous boost in Ad26.COV2.S vaccine recipients T2 - medRxiv TI - Differential immunogenicity of homologous versus heterologous boost in Ad26.COV2.S vaccine recipients UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/10/14/2021.10.14.21264981.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/10/14/2021.10.14.21264981.full.pdf ID - 2526 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BackgroundMany countries/regions implemented strict border measures (e.g., 14-day quarantines) as a blanket policy to prevent COVID-19 importations, while proposed ?travel bubbles? as an alternative to reduce the impact of border controls. We aim to examine the differential importation risks with departure origins and post-arrival controls. AD - WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. | Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. | WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, and Doherty Department, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia. AN - 34179860 AU - Yang, Bingyi | Tsang, Tim K. | Wong, Jessica Y. | He, Yinan | Gao, Huizhi | Ho, Faith | Lau, Eric H. Y. | Wu, Peng | Sullivan, Sheena G. | Cowling, Benjamin J. C1 - 2021-07-02 C2 - Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07022021_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100184 ET - 2021/06/29 L1 - internal-pdf://4262892644/1-s2.0-S2666606521000936-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Yang, Bingyi | Tsang, Tim K | Wong, Jessica Y | He, Yinan | Gao, Huizhi | Ho, Faith | Lau, Eric H Y | Wu, Peng | Sullivan, Sheena G | Cowling, Benjamin J | eng | England | Lancet Reg Health West Pac. 2021 Aug;13:100184. doi: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100184. Epub 2021 Jun 21. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Based on data from passengers arriving in Hong Kong from 8 locations between April 1 and July 31, 2020, the Philippines, with strict quarantine and testing controls, was predicted to have the greatest importation risk (95.8% of �? infectious traveler, 95% CrI 94.8-96.6%), higher than from low prevalence locations and fewer controls (e.g. Taiwan, 23.4%, 95% CrI 21.6-25.3%). SN - 2666-6065 SP - 100184 ST - The differential importation risks of COVID-19 from inbound travellers and the feasibility of targeted travel controls: A case study in Hong Kong T2 - Lancet Reg Health West Pac TI - The differential importation risks of COVID-19 from inbound travellers and the feasibility of targeted travel controls: A case study in Hong Kong UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100184 VL - 13 Y2 - 2021/07/16 ID - 1931 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Emergency Departments (EDs) can serve as surveillance sites for infectious diseases. Our purpose was to determine the burden of SARS-CoV-2 infection and prevalence of vaccination against COVID-19 among patients attending an urban ED in Baltimore City.Methods Using 1914 samples of known exposure status, we developed an algorithm to differentiate previously infected, vaccinated, and unexposed individuals using a combination of antibody assays. We applied this testing algorithm to 4360 samples ED patients obtained in the springs of 2020 and 2021. Using multinomial logistic regression, we determined factors associated with infection and vaccination.Results For the algorithm, sensitivity and specificity for identifying vaccinated individuals was 100% and 99%, respectively, and 84% and 100% for naturally infected individuals. Among the ED subjects, seroprevalence to SARS-CoV-2 increased from 2% to 24% between April 2020 and March 2021. Vaccination prevalence rose to 11% by mid-March 2021. Marked differences in burden of disease and vaccination coverage were seen by sex, race, and ethnicity. Hispanic patients, though 7% of the study population, had the highest relative burden of disease (17% of total infections) but similar vaccination rates. Women and White individuals were more likely to be vaccinated than men or Black individuals (adjusted odds ratios [aOR] 1.35 [95% CI: 1.02, 1.80] and aOR 2.26 [95% CI: 1.67, 3.07], respectively).Conclusions Individuals previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 can be differentiated from vaccinated individuals using a serologic testing algorithm. SARS-CoV-2 exposure and vaccination uptake frequencies reflect gender, race and ethnic health disparities in this urban context.Summary Using an antibody testing algorithm, we distinguished between immune responses from SARS-CoV-2-infected and vaccinated individuals. When applied to blood samples from an emergency department in Baltimore, disparities in disease burden and vaccine uptake by sex, race, and ethnicity were identified.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis work was supported by the Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH). Other support was provided by extramural support from NIAID [R01AI120938, R01AI120938S1, and R01AI128779, K01AI100681, UM1‐AI068613]; the NIH Center of Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance [HHSN272201400007C]; and the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute [K23HL151826].Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Institutional Review Board of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine gave ethical approval for this workI confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll data produced in the present study are availabl upon reasonable request to the authors AN - 34671778 AU - Beck, Evan J. | Hsieh, Yu-Hsiang | Fernandez, Reinaldo E. | Dashler, Gaby | Egbert, Emily R. | Truelove, Shawn A. | Garliss, Caroline | Wang, Richard | Bloch, Evan M. | Shrestha, Ruchee | Blankson, Joel | Cox, Andrea L. | Manabe, Yukari C. | Kickler, Thomas | Rothman, Richard E. | Redd, Andrew D. | Tobian, Aaron A. R. | Milstone, Aaron M. | Quinn, Thomas C. | Laeyendecker, Oliver C1 - 2021-10-22 C2 - PMC8528087 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10222021_covidupdate.html#anchor_Vaccines DA - Oct 14 DO - 10.1101/2021.10.13.21264968 ET - 2021/10/22 L1 - internal-pdf://2916832199/Beck-2021-Differentiation of SARS-CoV-2 natura.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Natural History | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Beck, Evan J | Hsieh, Yu-Hsiang | Fernandez, Reinaldo E | Dashler, Gaby | Egbert, Emily R | Truelove, Shawn A | Garliss, Caroline | Wang, Richard | Bloch, Evan M | Shrestha, Ruchee | Blankson, Joel | Cox, Andrea L | Manabe, Yukari C | Kickler, Thomas | Rothman, Richard E | Redd, Andrew D | Tobian, Aaron Ar | Milstone, Aaron M | Quinn, Thomas C | Laeyendecker, Oliver | eng | Preprint | medRxiv. 2021 Oct 14. doi: 10.1101/2021.10.13.21264968. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The sensitivity and specificity of a testing algorithm for identifying vaccinated persons were 100% (95% CI 99.1%-100.0%) and 98.9% (95 Cl 98.2%-99.3%), respectively. | The sensitivity and specificity for identifying previously infected persons were 84.4% (95% CI 80.9%-87.5%) and 100% (95% CI 99.7%-100.0%). | Among patients in a Baltimore ED, overall seroprevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 increased from 1.6% (95% CI 1.1%-2.5%) in early 2020 to 23.8% (95% CI 22.2%-25.4%) in early 2021 (Figure). | In spring 2020, a similar proportion of Hispanic patients and non-Hispanic patients had been infected. | By spring 2021, a higher proportion of Hispanic patients than non-Hispanic patients had been infected (aOR = 3.31 [95% CI 2.16, 5.07]). | Methods: Using 1,914 samples with known exposure status, a testing algorithm was developed to differentiate previous infection from vaccination by detecting antibodies to spike, spike glycoprotein receptor binding domain, and nucleocapsid targets with commercially available serologic assays. Algorithm was used on 4,360 samples (March–April 2020 and January–March 2021). Limitations: Antibody reactivity may differ over time and by age and illness severity; persons with known breakthrough infections were not tested. | | Implications: Seroprevalence and vaccine coverage estimates may be refined with the use of algorithm based on serologic results, particularly when vaccination and infection history data are unavailable. SP - 2021.10.13.21264968 ST - Differentiation of SARS-CoV-2 naturally infected and vaccinated individuals in an inner-city emergency department T2 - medRxiv TI - Differentiation of SARS-CoV-2 naturally infected and vaccinated individuals in an inner-city emergency department UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/10/14/2021.10.13.21264968.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/10/14/2021.10.13.21264968.full.pdf ID - 2525 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Stanford University School of Medicine (Kleinman), Stanford, Calif. | software engineer (Merkel), Toronto, Ont. rkleinman@stanford.edu. | Stanford University School of Medicine (Kleinman), Stanford, Calif. | software engineer (Merkel), Toronto, Ont. AN - 32461324 AU - Kleinman, R. A. | Merkel, C. C1 - 2020-06-05 C2 - Contact Tracing CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060520_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 15 DO - 10.1503/cmaj.200922 ET - 2020/05/29 IS - 24 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Contact Tracing/*methods | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Geographic Information Systems | Humans | *Mobile Applications | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | Privacy | SARS-CoV-2 | *Smartphone | Wireless Technology L1 - internal-pdf://2360840657/Kleinman-2020-Digital contact tracing for COVI.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Kleinman, Robert A; Merkel, Colin; eng; Canada; CMAJ. 2020 Jun 15;192(24):E653-E656. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.200922. Epub 2020 May 27. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Strengths and limitations of digital contact tracing; suggests an integrated approach of digital and traditional contact tracing to identify contacts of SARS-CoV-2-infected persons. SN - 1488-2329 (Electronic); 0820-3946 (Linking) SP - E653-E656 ST - Digital contact tracing for COVID-19 T2 - CMAJ TI - Digital contact tracing for COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32461324 VL - 192 ID - 326 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background The registration trials of messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 did not address patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases (IRD).Objective To assess the humoral response after two doses of mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, in patients with IRD treated with immunomodulating drugs and the impact on IRD activity.Methods Consecutive patients treated at the rheumatology institute, who received their first SARS-CoV-2 (Pfizer) vaccine, were recruited to the study, at their routine visit. They were reassessed 4�? weeks after receiving the second dose of vaccine, and blood samples were obtained for serology. IRD activity assessment and the vaccine side effects were documented during both visits. IgG antibodies (Abs) against SARS-CoV-2 were detected using the SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant (Abbott) assay.Results Two hundred and sixty-four patients with stable disease, (mean(SD) age 57.6 (13.18) years, disease duration 11.06 (7.42) years), were recruited. The immunomodulatory therapy was not modified before or after the vaccination. After the second vaccination, 227 patients (86%) mounted IgG Ab against SARS-CoV-2 (mean (SD) 5830.8 (8937) AU/mL) and 37 patients (14%) did not, 22/37 were treated with B cell-depleting agents. The reported side effects of the vaccine were minor. The rheumatic disease remained stable in all patients.Conclusions The vast majority of patients with IRD developed a significant humoral response following the administration of the second dose of the Pfizer mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 virus. Only minor side effects were reported and no apparent impact on IRD activity was noted.All data relevant to the study are included in the article or uploaded as supplementary information. All data relevant to the study are included in the article. Data are under embargo by local authorities if not included into the manuscript. AD - B. Shine Department of Rheumatology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel y_braun@rambam.health.gov.il. | The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. | Biochemistry Laboratory, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel. | Bioinformatics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel. | B. Shine Department of Rheumatology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel. AN - 34144967 AU - Braun-Moscovici, Yolanda | Kaplan, Marielle | Braun, Maya | Markovits, Doron | Giryes, Samy | Toledano, Kohava | Tavor, Yonit | Dolnikov, Katya | Balbir-Gurman, Alexandra C1 - 2021-07-02 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07022021_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-220503 ET - 2021/06/20 IS - 10 KW - *covid-19 | *antirheumatic agents | *autoimmune diseases | *biological therapy | *vaccination L1 - internal-pdf://3810550449/Braun-Moscovici-2021-Disease activity and humo.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Braun-Moscovici, Yolanda | Kaplan, Marielle | Braun, Maya | Markovits, Doron | Giryes, Samy | Toledano, Kohava | Tavor, Yonit | Dolnikov, Katya | Balbir-Gurman, Alexandra | eng | England | Ann Rheum Dis. 2021 Oct;80(10):1317-1321. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-220503. Epub 2021 Jun 18. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: After 2 doses of BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech), 86% of 264 patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases mounted significant humoral response of neutralizing IgG antibodies (median 3,058 AU/mL, range 58�?0,000). Only minor side effects were reported. The type of immunomodulatory treatment influenced the humoral response. SN - 1468-2060 (Electronic) | 0003-4967 (Linking) SP - annrheumdis-2021-220503 ST - Disease activity and humoral response in patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases after two doses of the Pfizer mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 T2 - Ann Rheum Dis TI - Disease activity and humoral response in patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases after two doses of the Pfizer mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 UR - http://ard.bmj.com/content/early/2021/06/17/annrheumdis-2021-220503.abstract | https://ard.bmj.com/content/annrheumdis/early/2021/06/17/annrheumdis-2021-220503.full.pdf VL - 80 ID - 1934 ER - TY - JOUR AD - From the Stanford University Schools of Law and Medicine, Stanford, CA (D.M.S.); and the Wake Forest Schools of Law and Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (M.A.H.). AN - 32272003 AU - Studdert, D. M. | Hall, M. A. C1 - 2020-04-17 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/041720_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 9 DO - 10.1056/NEJMp2007637 ET - 2020/04/10 IS - 2 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Civil Rights/ethics/*legislation & jurisprudence | Communicable Disease Control/*legislation & jurisprudence | Coronavirus Infections | Humans | Mass Screening/ethics/*legislation & jurisprudence | Pandemics/ethics/*legislation & jurisprudence | Pneumonia, Viral | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://0153575984/Studdert-2020-Disease Control, Civil Liberties.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Studdert, David M; Hall, Mark A; eng; N Engl J Med. 2020 Jul 9;383(2):102-104. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2007637. Epub 2020 Apr 9. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: On the intersection of disease control, civil liberties, and mass testing in the United States, focused on asking: “When & how will restrictions be unwound?�? SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 102-104 ST - Disease Control, Civil Liberties, and Mass Testing - Calibrating Restrictions during the Covid-19 Pandemic T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Disease Control, Civil Liberties, and Mass Testing - Calibrating Restrictions during the Covid-19 Pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32272003 VL - 383 ID - 52 ER - TY - JOUR AB - COVID-19 patients exhibit differential disease severity after SARS-CoV-2 infection. It is currently unknown as to the correlation between the magnitude of neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses and the disease severity in COVID-19 patients. In a cohort of 59 recovered patients with disease severity including severe, moderate, mild, and asymptomatic, we observed the positive correlation between serum neutralizing capacity and disease severity, in particular, the highest NAb capacity in sera from the patients with severe disease, while a lack of ability of asymptomatic patients to mount competent NAbs. Furthermore, the compositions of NAb subtypes were also different between recovered patients with severe symptoms and with mild-to-moderate symptoms. These results reveal the tremendous heterogeneity of SARS-CoV-2-specific NAb responses and their correlations to disease severity, highlighting the needs of future vaccination in COVID-19 patients recovered from asymptomatic or mild illness. AD - Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, 400038, Chongqing, China. | Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, China. | Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, 510080, Guangzhou, China. | State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 150001, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China. | College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 150030, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China. | Cancer Center, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, 610083, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. | Biomedical Analysis Center, Third Military Medical University, 400038, Chongqing, China. | Comparative Immunology Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China. | Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, China. zhanggz@cau.edu.cn. | Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, 400038, Chongqing, China. yaokaichen@hotmail.com. | Institute of Human Virology, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, China. dengkai6@mail.sysu.edu.cn. | Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, 510050, Guangzhou, China. dengkai6@mail.sysu.edu.cn. | Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, 400038, Chongqing, China. yelilinlcmv@tmmu.edu.cn. AN - 32879307 AU - Chen, X. | Pan, Z. | Yue, S. | Yu, F. | Zhang, J. | Yang, Y. | Li, R. | Liu, B. | Yang, X. | Gao, L. | Li, Z. | Lin, Y. | Huang, Q. | Xu, L. | Tang, J. | Hu, L. | Zhao, J. | Liu, P. | Zhang, G. | Chen, Y. | Deng, K. | Ye, L. C1 - 2020-09-15 C2 - Neutralizing Antibodies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091520_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 2 DO - 10.1038/s41392-020-00301-9 ET - 2020/09/04 IS - 1 KW - Adult | Antibodies, Neutralizing/*biosynthesis | Antibodies, Viral/*biosynthesis | Betacoronavirus/*immunology/pathogenicity | Covid-19 | Case-Control Studies | Convalescence | Coronavirus Infections/blood/*immunology/*pathology/virology | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Neutralization Tests | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/blood/*immunology/*pathology/virology | SARS-CoV-2 | Severity of Illness Index L1 - internal-pdf://2257521013/Chen-2020-Disease severity dictates SARS-CoV-2.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Chen, Xiangyu; Pan, Zhiwei; Yue, Shuai; Yu, Fei; Zhang, Junsong; Yang, Yang; Li, Ren; Liu, Bingfeng; Yang, Xiaofan; Gao, Leiqiong; Li, Zhirong; Lin, Yao; Huang, Qizhao; Xu, Lifan; Tang, Jianfang; Hu, Li; Zhao, Jing; Liu, Pinghuang; Zhang, Guozhong; Chen, Yaokai; Deng, Kai; Ye, Lilin; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020 Sep 2;5(1):180. doi: 10.1038/s41392-020-00301-9. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Neutralizing antibody (NAb) levels were higher among persons who experienced severe or moderate COVID-19 illness compared with persons whose illness was asymptomatic or mild (Figure). | Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of 59 adults recovered from COVID-19 between January and April 2020. Asymptomatic (n = 11) patients were identified from screening close contacts of COVID-19 patients. Data from these persons were compared with persons who experienced mild (n = 4), moderate (n = 34) and severe (n = 10) COVID-19. NAbs were examined for binding and receptor blocking of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein and were assessed functionally using neutralization assays against both pseudovirus and SARS-CoV-2. Limitations: Low numbers of asymptomatic, mild and severe patients. | Implications: This small study suggests increasing severity of COVID-19 illness correlated positively with subsequent development of greater concentrations of NAbs. SN - 2059-3635 (Electronic); 2059-3635 (Linking) SP - 180 ST - Disease severity dictates SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibody responses in COVID-19 T2 - Signal Transduct Target Ther TI - Disease severity dictates SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibody responses in COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32879307 VL - 5 ID - 886 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The stark racial disparities related to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in the United States, wherein minority populations are disproportionately getting infected and succumbing to the disease, is of grave concern. It is critical to understand and address the underlying causes of these disparities that are complex and driven by interacting environmental, social and biological factors. In this article we focus on the African American community and examine how social and environmental determinants of health intersect with biological factors (comorbidities, underlying genetics, host immunity, vitamin D levels, epigenetics) to exacerbate risk for morbidity and mortality. AD - Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. | Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. AN - 33732752 AU - Saini, Geetanjali | Swahn, Monica H | Aneja, Ritu C1 - 2021-02-26 C2 - Social, Behavioral, and Communication Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02262021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar DO - 10.1093/ofid/ofab064 ET - 2021/03/19 IS - 3 KW - African Americans | Covid-19 | comorbidities | epigenetics | health disparities L1 - internal-pdf://0687498687/Saini-2021-Disentangling the Coronavirus Disea.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Saini, Geetanjali | Swahn, Monica H | Aneja, Ritu | eng | Review | Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021 Feb 4;8(3):ofab064. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofab064. eCollection 2021 Mar. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: reports that a mix of environmental, social, and biological factors may be at fault for racial differences in COVID-19 outcomes. SN - 2328-8957 SP - ofab064 ST - Disentangling the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Health Disparities in African Americans: Biological, Environmental, and Social Factors T2 - Open Forum Infect Dis TI - Disentangling the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Health Disparities in African Americans: Biological, Environmental, and Social Factors UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab064 VL - 8 Y2 - 7/8/2021 ID - 1902 ER - TY - JOUR AB - COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus, has disproportionately affected Black and Hispanic communities in the US, which can be attributed to social factors including inconsistent public health messaging and suboptimal adoption of prevention efforts.To identify behaviors and evaluate trends in COVID-19–mitigating practices in a predominantly Black and Hispanic population, to identify differences in practices by self-reported ethnicity, and to evaluate whether federal emergency financial assistance was associated with SARS-CoV-2 acquisition.This survey study was conducted by telephone from July 1 through August 30, 2020, on a random sample of adults who underwent SARS-CoV-2 testing at a safety-net health care system in Chicago during the surge in COVID-19 cases in the spring of 2020. Behaviors and receipt of a stimulus check were compared between participants testing positive and negative for SARS-CoV-2. Differences in behaviors and temporal trends were assessed by race and ethnicity.SARS-CoV-2 infection was assessed using nasopharyngeal quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction testing. Mitigating behaviors and federal emergency financial assistance were assessed by survey. Race and ethnicity data were collected from electronic health records.Of 750 randomly sampled individuals, 314 (41.9%) consented to participate (169 [53.8%] women). Of those, 159 (51%) self-reported as Hispanic and 155 (49%) as non-Hispanic (120 [38.2%] Black), of whom 133 (84%) and 76 (49%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, respectively. For all participants, consistent mask use (public transport: adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.00; 95% CI, 0.00-0.34; social gatherings: aOR, 0.10; 95% CI, 0.00-0.50; running errands: aOR, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.07-0.42; at work: aOR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.07-0.79) and hand sanitizer use (aOR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.13-0.52) were associated with lower odds of infection. During 3 sampled weeks, mitigation practices were less frequent among Hispanic compared with non-Hispanic participants (eg, mask use while running errands: aOR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.15-0.46). Hispanic participants were at high risk of infection (aOR, 5.52; 95% CI, 4.30-7.08) and more likely to work outside the home (aOR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.27-3.30) compared with non-Hispanic participants, possibly because of limited receipt of stimulus checks (aOR, 0.03; 95% CI, 0.02-0.07) or unemployment benefits (aOR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.16-0.74).In this survey study of adults in a large US city, public health messaging improved preventive behaviors over time but lagged among Hispanic participants; messaging tailored to Hispanic communities, especially for mask use, should be prioritized. Hispanic individuals were at higher risk for infection, more often worked outside the home, and were less likely to have received a stimulus check; this suggests larger studies are needed to evaluate the provision of economic support on SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics in low-income populations. AD - Department of Medicine, Cook County Health, Chicago, Illinois. | Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois. | Center for Health Equity and Innovation, Cook County Health, Chicago, Illinois. AN - 34581798 AU - Badri, Sheila | Sard֙, Vanessa | Moncada, Jorge Soria | Merçon, Monica | Rezai, Katayoun | Weinstein, Robert A. | Trick, William E. C1 - 2021-10-15 C2 - PMC8479580 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10152021_covidupdate.html#anchor_NaturalHistory DA - Sep 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.25187 ET - 2021/09/29 IS - 9 KW - Adult | *African Americans | COVID-19/economics/ethnology/*prevention & control | Chicago/epidemiology | Cross-Sectional Studies | Employment | *Ethnic Groups | Female | Gift Giving | Hand Sanitizers | Health Behavior/*ethnology | Health Surveys | *Hispanic Americans | Humans | Male | Masks | Middle Aged | Odds Ratio | *Pandemics | Physical Distancing | Prevalence | SARS-CoV-2 | *Urban Population L1 - internal-pdf://2347500151/Badri-2021-Disparities and Temporal Trends in.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Badri, Sheila | Sarda, Vanessa | Moncada, Jorge Soria | Mercon, Monica | Rezai, Katayoun | Weinstein, Robert A | Trick, William E | eng | Comparative Study | JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Sep 1;4(9):e2125187. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.25187. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Self-reported adherence to limiting social gatherings and compliance with a statewide mask mandate was consistently lower among Hispanic/Latino participants vs. non-Hispanic/Latino participants (Figure). | Mask wearing increased after the start of a statewide mask mandate. | Hispanic/Latino participants were less likely to have received a stimulus check from the CARES Act (adjusted OR [aOR] 0.03, 95% CI 0.02-0.07) or unemployment benefits (aOR 0.36, 95% CI 0.16-0.74) compared with non-Hispanic/Latino participants. | Methods: Telephone survey on COVID-19 exposure risks, modifiable behaviors, and economic support among 750 randomly selected persons who had SARS-CoV-2 testing within a safety-net healthcare system in Chicago, July─August 2020. Limitations: May not be generalizable to other cities; survey conducted relatively early in pandemic; potential recall bias (survey conducted 8 weeks after testing). | | Implications: Early in the pandemic, Hispanic/Latino persons in this sample were less likely to wear masks or physically distance, suggesting public health communication tailored to Hispanic/Latino populations might improve adoption of prevention approaches. However, disparities in economic assistance might undermine the impact on SARS-CoV-2 prevention and advancement of health equity. SN - 2574-3805 SP - e2125187-e2125187 ST - Disparities and Temporal Trends in COVID-19 Exposures and Mitigating Behaviors Among Black and Hispanic Adults in an Urban Setting T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Disparities and Temporal Trends in COVID-19 Exposures and Mitigating Behaviors Among Black and Hispanic Adults in an Urban Setting UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.25187 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/articlepdf/2784547/badri_2021_oi_210742_1632234812.78175.pdf VL - 4 Y2 - 10/18/2021 ID - 2487 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes the disease coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), has ravaged the United States since the first case was documented in Washington State in January 2020. By early March, the first case of COVID-19 was confirmed in New York. From the very first case to present day, it has become increasingly clear that densely populated cities bear the brunt of this disease. In New York City as of July 7, 2020, approximately 214�?00 cases and 18�?00 deaths have been documented. While COVID-19 has had a worldwide impact, suspicions about its disproportionate effects on minority populations have now been confirmed with the release of data stratified by race and ethnicity. Within New York, we are witnessing 2 distinct trajectories and risk groups defined along the lines of race and socioeconomic status. As of July 7, 2020, the age-adjusted death rate for Hispanic and Black patients is twice that of White patients. Additionally, the Bronx, Queens, and Brooklyn each have twice the number of cases per 100�?00 individuals as Manhattan and 3 to 4 times the number of cases as Staten Island. The reasons for these disparities have been discussed at length and include rates of preexisting comorbidities, a majority of the population employed in essential blue-collar jobs, living conditions, health literacy, and access to health care. AD - Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York. | New York Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, New York. | Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York. | Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York. AN - 32789508 AU - Balogun, O. D. | Bea, V. J. | Phillips, E. C1 - 2020-08-14 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08142020_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 1 DO - 10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.3327 ET - 2020/08/14 IS - 10 KW - Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/complications/*epidemiology/virology | Healthcare Disparities/standards | Humans | Neoplasms/complications/*epidemiology/virology | *Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/complications/*epidemiology/virology | SARS-CoV-2 | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://1966272747/Balogun-2020-Disparities in Cancer Outcomes Du.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Balogun, Onyinye D; Bea, Vivian J; Phillips, Erica; eng; JAMA Oncol. 2020 Oct 1;6(10):1531-1532. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.3327. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Discusses the potential impact of COVID-19 on well-established racial and ethnic disparities in cancer-related outcomes. SN - 2374-2445 (Electronic); 2374-2437 (Linking) SP - 1531-1532 ST - Disparities in Cancer Outcomes Due to COVID-19-A Tale of 2 Cities T2 - JAMA Oncol TI - Disparities in Cancer Outcomes Due to COVID-19-A Tale of 2 Cities UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32789508 VL - 6 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 694 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Data from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in the US show large differences in hospitalizations and mortality across race and geography. However, there are limited data on health information, beliefs, and behaviors that might indicate different exposure to risk. Objective: To determine the association of sociodemographic characteristics with reported incidence, knowledge, and behavior regarding COVID-19 among US adults. Design, Setting, and Participants: A US national survey study was conducted from March 29 to April 13, 2020, to measure differences in knowledge, beliefs, and behavior about COVID-19. The survey oversampled COVID-19 hotspot areas. The survey was conducted electronically. The criteria for inclusion were age 18 years or older and residence in the US. Data analysis was performed in April 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures: The main outcomes were incidence, knowledge, and behaviors related to COVID-19 as measured by survey response. Results: The survey included 5198 individuals (mean [SD] age, 48 [18] years; 2336 men [45%]; 3759 white [72%], 830 [16%] African American, and 609 [12%] Hispanic). The largest differences in COVID-19-related knowledge and behaviors were associated with race/ethnicity, sex, and age, with African American participants, men, and people younger than 55 years showing less knowledge than other groups. African American respondents were 3.5 percentage points (95% CI, 1.5 to 5.5 percentage points; P = .001) more likely than white respondents to report being infected with COVID-19, as were men compared with women (3.2 percentage points; 95% CI, 2.0 to 4.4 percentage points; P < .001). Knowing someone who tested positive for COVID-19 was more common among African American respondents (7.2 percentage points; 95% CI, 3.4 to 10.9 percentage points; P < .001), people younger than 30 years (11.6 percentage points; 95% CI, 7.5 to 15.7 percentage points; P < .001), and people with higher incomes (coefficient on earning >/=$100000, 12.3 percentage points; 95% CI, 8.7 to 15.8 percentage points; P < .001). Knowledge of potential fomite spread was lower among African American respondents (-9.4 percentage points; 95% CI, -13.1 to -5.7 percentage points; P < .001), Hispanic respondents (-4.8 percentage points; 95% CI, -8.9 to -0.77 percentage points; P = .02), and people younger than 30 years (-10.3 percentage points; 95% CI, -14.1 to -6.5 percentage points; P < .001). Similar gaps were found with respect to knowledge of COVID-19 symptoms and preventive behaviors. Conclusions and Relevance: In this survey study of US adults, there were gaps in reported incidence of COVID-19 and knowledge regarding its spread and symptoms and social distancing behavior. More effort is needed to increase accurate information and encourage appropriate behaviors among minority communities, men, and younger people. AD - Harvard Kennedy School, Cambridge, Massachusetts. | The Bureau for Research and Economic Analysis of Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts. | The National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts. | Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. AN - 32556260 AU - Alsan, M. | Stantcheva, S. | Yang, D. | Cutler, D. C1 - 2021-07-02 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/070220_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.12403 ET - 2020/06/20 IS - 6 KW - Adult | African Americans/psychology/statistics & numerical data | Aged | Betacoronavirus/*isolation & purification | Covid-19 | Case-Control Studies | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/mortality/prevention & control/*psychology | Culture | European Continental Ancestry Group/psychology/statistics & numerical data | Female | Health Risk Behaviors/*physiology | Hispanic Americans/psychology/statistics & numerical data | Hospitalization/trends | Humans | Incidence | Income/trends | Knowledge | Male | Middle Aged | Mortality/trends | Pandemics/prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/mortality/prevention & control/*psychology | Prevalence | SARS-CoV-2 | Surveys and Questionnaires | United States/epidemiology/ethnology L1 - internal-pdf://1864635540/Alsan-2020-Disparities in Coronavirus 2019 Rep.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Alsan, Marcella; Stantcheva, Stefanie; Yang, David; Cutler, David; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Jun 1;3(6):e2012403. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.12403. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; African American persons (compared with White persons) and those aged 18-29 and 30-54 (compared with persons age 55-64) years were more likely to self-report having or having had COVID-19 or know someone who has or has had COVID-19. | African American persons (compared with White persons), men (compared with women) and persons 18-29 and 30-54 years (compared with adults age 55-64 years) were less likely to know about COVID-19 symptoms and SARS-CoV-2 transmission through fomites (Figure 1). | Men (compared with women) and persons 18-29 years (compared with adults age 55-64 years) were less likely to wash their hands frequently (Figure 2). | African American persons (compared with White persons) and men (compared with women) were more likely to leave their house frequently, but no difference by age was observed (Figure 2). | Methods: Internet survey between March 29 and April 13, 2020 of 5,198 US residents �?8 years that examined self-reported COVID-19 diagnosis, COVID-19-related knowledge and behaviors to reduce spread of infection. Point estimates were adjusted for demographics, income, political orientation, comorbidities, health insurance and state of residence. Limitations: Cross-sectional survey; response-bias; limited to persons with internet access; did not adjust for type of employment and ability to telecommute. | Implications: Racial, sex and age-based disparities in COVID-19-related knowledge and behaviors exist. Public health messages on COVID-19 and interventions to reduce transmission need to more effectively reach African Americans, men and younger persons. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e2012403 ST - Disparities in Coronavirus 2019 Reported Incidence, Knowledge, and Behavior Among US Adults T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Disparities in Coronavirus 2019 Reported Incidence, Knowledge, and Behavior Among US Adults UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32556260 VL - 3 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 487 ER - TY - JOUR AB - COVID-19 has disproportionately affected racial and ethnic minority groups, and race and ethnicity have been associated with disease severity. However, the association of socioeconomic determinants with racial disparities in COVID-19 outcomes remains unclear.To evaluate the association of race and ethnicity with COVID-19 outcomes and to examine the association between race, ethnicity, COVID-19 outcomes, and socioeconomic determinants.A systematic search of PubMed, medRxiv, bioRxiv, Embase, and the World Health Organization COVID-19 databases was performed for studies published from January 1, 2020, to January 6, 2021.Studies that reported data on associations between race and ethnicity and COVID-19 positivity, disease severity, and socioeconomic status were included and screened by 2 independent reviewers. Studies that did not have a satisfactory quality score were excluded. Overall, less than 1% (0.47%) of initially identified studies met selection criteria.Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Associations were assessed using adjusted and unadjusted risk ratios (RRs) and odds ratios (ORs), combined prevalence, and metaregression. Data were pooled using a random-effects model.The main measures were RRs, ORs, and combined prevalence values.A total of 4�?18�?29 patients from 68 studies were included in this meta-analysis. Overall, 370�?33 patients (8.6%) were African American, 9082 (0.2%) were American Indian or Alaska Native, 101�?93 (2.4%) were Asian American, 851�?92 identified as Hispanic/Latino (19.7%), 7417 (0.2%) were Pacific Islander, 1�?37�?96 (24.0%) were White, and 269�?40 (6.2%) identified as multiracial and another race or ethnicity. In age- and sex-adjusted analyses, African American individuals (RR, 3.54; 95% CI, 1.38-9.07; P�?�?008) and Hispanic individuals (RR, 4.68; 95% CI, 1.28-17.20; P�?�?02) were the most likely to test positive for COVID-19. Asian American individuals had the highest risk of intensive care unit admission (RR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.60-2.34, P�?lt;�?001). The area deprivation index was positively correlated with mortality rates in Asian American and Hispanic individuals (P�?lt;�?001). Decreased access to clinical care was positively correlated with COVID-19 positivity in Hispanic individuals (P�?lt;�?001) and African American individuals (P�?lt;�?001).In this study, members of racial and ethnic minority groups had higher risks of COVID-19 positivity and disease severity. Furthermore, socioeconomic determinants were strongly associated with COVID-19 outcomes in racial and ethnic minority populations. AD - Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego. | Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California. | The University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento. | Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego. | Radiology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California. AN - 34762110 AU - Magesh, Shruti | John, Daniel | Li, Wei Tse | Li, Yuxiang | Mattingly-app, Aidan | Jain, Sharad | Chang, Eric Y. | Ongkeko, Weg M. C1 - 2021-11-19 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/11192021_covidupdate.html#anchor_HealthEquity DA - Nov 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.34147 ET - 2021/11/12 IS - 11 L1 - internal-pdf://2554845422/Magesh-2021-Disparities in COVID-19 Outcomes b.pdf LB - Health Equity | Testing | N1 - Magesh, Shruti | John, Daniel | Li, Wei Tse | Li, Yuxiang | Mattingly-App, Aidan | Jain, Sharad | Chang, Eric Y | Ongkeko, Weg M | eng | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Nov 1;4(11):e2134147. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.34147. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In a meta-analysis of 68 studies (>4 million persons), Black or African American individuals and Hispanic or Latino individuals were more likely than White individuals to test positive for COVID-19 (Figure). | Asian American individuals had the highest risk of ICU admission (Figure). | Among Black or African American individuals, lower county median income was associated with increased rates of test positivity and mortality. | Among Hispanic/Latino individuals, the linear association between median income and morbidity or mortality was inconsistent and differed by study type (cross-sectional vs. cohort). | Methods: Systematic review and meta-analysis of 68 U.S. based-studies (>4 million individuals) that were published January 1, 2020–January 6, 2021. Data were pooled using a random-effects model. Metaregression conducted to evaluate adjusted associations. Limitations: Race/ethnicity data missing for large proportion (~40%) of individuals; incomplete data for several racial and ethnic groups prevented inclusion of these groups in some analyses; many studies lacked variables of interest; susceptible to biases of included studies. | | Implications: Even after correction for demographic and socioeconomic factors, COVID-19 positivity and ICU admission varied by race/ethnicity. Socioeconomic and racial inequities should be factored into efforts to reduce COVID-19 incidence and mortality. SN - 2574-3805 SP - e2134147-e2134147 ST - Disparities in COVID-19 Outcomes by Race, Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Status: A Systematic-Review and Meta-analysis T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Disparities in COVID-19 Outcomes by Race, Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Status: A Systematic-Review and Meta-analysis UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.34147 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/articlepdf/2785980/magesh_2021_oi_210960_1635866630.76055.pdf VL - 4 Y2 - 11/22/2021 ID - 2639 ER - TY - JOUR AB - INTRODUCTION: Existing socioeconomic and racial disparities in healthcare access in New York City have likely impacted the public health response to COVID-19. An ecological study was performed to determine the spatial distribution of COVID-19 testing by ZIP code Tabulation Area and investigate if testing was associated with race or SES. METHODS: Data were obtained from the New York City coronavirus data repository and 2018 American Community Survey 5-year estimates. A combined index of SES was created using principal component analysis and incorporated household income, gross rent, poverty, education, working class status, unemployment, and occupants per room. Multivariable Poisson regressions were performed to predict the number of total tests and the ratio of positive tests to total tests performed, using the SES index, racial composition, and Hispanic composition as predictors. RESULTS: The number of total tests significantly increased with the increasing proportion of white residents (beta=0.004, SE=0.001, p=0.0032) but not with increasing Hispanic composition or SES index score. The ratio of positive tests to total tests significantly decreased with the increasing proportion of white residents in the ZIP code Tabulation Area (beta= -0.003, SE=0.000 6, p<0.001) and with increasing SES index score (beta= -0.001 6, SE=0.0007, p=0.0159). CONCLUSIONS: In New York City, COVID-19 testing has not been proportional to need; existing socioeconomic and racial disparities in healthcare access have likely impacted public health response. There is urgent need for widespread testing and public health outreach for the most vulnerable communities in New York City. AD - Institute for Translational Epidemiology and Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Center for Disaster Health, Trauma, and Resilience, New York, New York. | Institute for Translational Epidemiology and Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York. | Department of Thoracic Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York. | Institute for Translational Epidemiology and Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Center for Disaster Health, Trauma, and Resilience, New York, New York; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York. Electronic address: emanuela.taioli@mountsinai.org. AN - 32703702 AU - Lieberman-Cribbin, W. | Tuminello, S. | Flores, R. M. | Taioli, E. C1 - 2020-07-07 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/070720_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.06.005 DP - NLM ET - 2020/07/25 IS - 3 KW - Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | *Clinical Laboratory Techniques | Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/*epidemiology/ethnology | Ethnic Groups/statistics & numerical data | European Continental Ancestry Group/statistics & numerical data | *Health Services Accessibility | *Healthcare Disparities | Hispanic Americans/statistics & numerical data | Humans | New York City/epidemiology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis/*epidemiology/ethnology | Poverty | Socioeconomic Factors L1 - internal-pdf://2392148148/Lieberman-Cribb-2020-Disparities in COVID-19 T.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Lieberman-Cribbin, Wil; Tuminello, Stephanie; Flores, Raja M; Taioli, Emanuela; eng; Netherlands; Am J Prev Med. 2020 Sep;59(3):326-332. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2020.06.005. Epub 2020 Jun 25. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In areas of New York City with higher proportions of non-white residents (1A) and with lower socioeconomic status (SES) (1B); Rates of testing were lower (Figure 1C), but; Test positivity was higher (Figure 1D). | Methods: Ecological spatial analysis of testing volume and 2018 sociodemographic data, NYC, March 2–April 6, 2020. Associations adjusted for zip code, racial/ethnic composition, and SES. Limitations: Non-citizens likely under-represented in census data; individual-level factors not examined. | Implications: SARS-CoV-2 testing access has not been evenly distributed in NYC. Limited testing access in some communities may compound racial/ethnic disparities. SN - 1873-2607 (Electronic); 0749-3797 (Linking) SP - 326-332 ST - Disparities in COVID-19 Testing and Positivity in New York City T2 - Am J Prev Med TI - Disparities in COVID-19 Testing and Positivity in New York City UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32703702 VL - 59 ID - 476 ER - TY - JOUR AB - As the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic spreads throughout the United States, evidence is mounting that racial and ethnic minorities and socioeconomically disadvantaged groups are bearing a disproportionate burden of illness and death. We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of COVID-19 patients at Sutter Health, a large integrated health system in northern California, to measure potential disparities. We used Sutter's integrated electronic health record to identify adults with suspected and confirmed COVID-19, and we used multivariable logistic regression to assess risk of hospitalization, adjusting for known risk factors, such as race/ethnicity, sex, age, health, and socioeconomic variables. We analyzed 1,052 confirmed cases of COVID-19 from the period January 1-April 8, 2020. Among our findings, we observed that compared with non-Hispanic white patients, non-Hispanic African American patients had 2.7 times the odds of hospitalization, after adjustment for age, sex, comorbidities, and income. We explore possible explanations for this, including societal factors that either result in barriers to timely access to care or create circumstances in which patients view delaying care as the most sensible option. Our study provides real-world evidence of racial and ethnic disparities in the presentation of COVID-19. AD - Kristen M. J. Azar (azark@sutterhealth.org) is a research scientist at the Sutter Health Center for Health Systems Research, in Walnut Creek, California, and a doctoral student in the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics at the University of California San Francisco (UCSF), in San Francisco, California. | Zijun Shen is a statistical analyst at the Sutter Health Center for Health Systems Research. | Robert J. Romanelli is a research scientist and director of Data and Analytics at the Sutter Health Center for Health Systems Research and an associate adjunct professor in the Department of Clinical Pharmacy at UCSF. | Stephen H. Lockhart is chief medical officer at Sutter Health in Sacramento, California. | Kelly Smits is a communication specialist at Sutter Health in Sacramento. | Sarah Robinson is a statistical analyst at the Sutter Health Center for Health Systems Research. | Stephanie Brown is an emergency physician at Alta Bates Summit Medical Centers in Oakland and Berkeley, California, and the Physician Champion for Health Equity, Sutter Health. | Alice R. Pressman is a senior scientist and codirector of the Sutter Health Center for Health Systems Research and an associate adjunct professor in the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics at UCSF. AN - 32437224 AU - Azar, K. M. J. | Shen, Z. | Romanelli, R. J. | Lockhart, S. H. | Smits, K. | Robinson, S. | Brown, S. | Pressman, A. R. C1 - 2020-06-02 C2 - Racial Disparities CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060220_covidupdate.html DA - Jul DO - 10.1377/hlthaff.2020.00598 ET - 2020/05/22 IS - 7 KW - Adult | Age Factors | Aged | Covid-19 | California/epidemiology | Cohort Studies | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/prevention & control | Databases, Factual | Ethnic Groups/statistics & numerical data | Female | Healthcare Disparities/*economics/*ethnology | Humans | Insurance Coverage/*statistics & numerical data | Male | Middle Aged | Minority Groups/statistics & numerical data | Pandemics/prevention & control/*statistics & numerical data | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/prevention & control | Poverty/*statistics & numerical data | Prevalence | Retrospective Studies | Risk Assessment | Sex Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Survival Analysis | Coronavirus | Ethnic disparities | Health policy | Pandemics | Racial disparities | Socioeconomic status | Systems of care | health disparities L1 - internal-pdf://0984610443/hlthaff.2020.00598.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Azar, Kristen M J; Shen, Zijun; Romanelli, Robert J; Lockhart, Stephen H; Smits, Kelly; Robinson, Sarah; Brown, Stephanie; Pressman, Alice R; eng; Health Aff (Millwood). 2020 Jul;39(7):1253-1262. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2020.00598. Epub 2020 May 21. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; African American patients with COVID-19 were over 2.5 times more likely to be hospitalized than non-Hispanic white patients after adjusting for age, sex, and select clinical comorbidities. | In models that included sociodemographic factors (insurance type, income), the increased odds were slightly attenuated; Methods: 1,052 adults with confirmed COVID-19 disease who had at least one encounter at a San Francisco Sutter Healthcare clinic or hospital during first three months of 2020. Patient-level data were extracted from electronic health records. Limitations: One geographical area; income was assigned at ZIP-code level; the race category for African American appears to have included Hispanic blacks; data in appendices not available for review. | Implications for 2 studies (Azar et al. and Price-Haywood et al.): Non-Hispanic Black patients are more vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection and compromise a disproportionate fraction of deaths from COVID-19 than non-Hispanic White patients. COVID-19 illness may be more severe for non-Hispanic Black persons than non-Hispanic white persons; analyses must carefully control for other factors related to disease severity. Analyses are also needed that examine infection risk and illness severity among Hispanic, Asian, American Indian/Alaska Native and other racial or ethnic minority persons. SN - 1544-5208 (Electronic); 0278-2715 (Linking) SP - 1253-1262 ST - Disparities In Outcomes Among COVID-19 Patients In A Large Health Care System In California T2 - Health Aff (Millwood) TI - Disparities In Outcomes Among COVID-19 Patients In A Large Health Care System In California UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32437224 VL - 39 ID - 296 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Dryden-Peterson, Scott | Vel֙squez, Gustavo E. | Stopka, Thomas J. | Davey, Sonya | Gandhi, Rajesh T. | Lockman, Shahin | Ojikutu, Bisola O. C1 - 2021-09-24 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09242021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1001/jamahealthforum.2021.2666 IS - 9 L1 - internal-pdf://2240861149/Dryden-Peterson-2021-Disparities in SARS-CoV-2.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: State health department data for 6.8 million Massachusetts residents showed lower vaccine coverage to infection risk ratios (indicating less equitable vaccination relative to infection risk), in areas of high socioeconomic vulnerability and with larger proportions of Black and Latinx individuals (Gini coefficient 0.47 by race and ethnicity). To achieve equity, ~810,000 full vaccination courses would need to be administered in under-vaccinated communities. SE - e212666 SN - 2689-0186 SP - e212666-e212666 ST - Disparities in SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination-to-Infection Risk During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Massachusetts T2 - JAMA Health Forum TI - Disparities in SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination-to-Infection Risk During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Massachusetts UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamahealthforum.2021.2666 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama-health-forum/articlepdf/2784387/drydenpeterson_2021_ld_210018_1631804860.18017.pdf VL - 2 Y2 - 9/27/2021 ID - 2359 ER - TY - JOUR AB - During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, outpatient clinics were shut down to stem virus spread. Before COVID-19, Henry Ford Health System (Detroit, Michigan) used telemedicine within limited subsets of patients. After Henry Ford Health System clinics closed on March 17, 2020, the need to continue care necessitated a rapid adaptation of telemedicine. This presented an opportunity for widespread telemedicine use within the multidisciplinary head and neck oncology team. The purpose of this article is to describe the associations between patient demographic characteristics and socioeconomic disparities and the engagement in telemedicine during the pandemic. AD - Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Henry Ford Health System and Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan. | Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Henry Ford Health System and Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan. | Department of Radiation Oncology, Henry Ford Health System and Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan. AN - 33151289 AU - Tam, S. | Wu, V. F. | Williams, A. M. | Girgis, M. | Sheqwara, J. Z. | Siddiqui, F. | Chang, S. S. C1 - 2020-12-01 C2 - Telemedicine CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/120120_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 1 DO - 10.1001/jamaoto.2020.3052 ET - 2020/11/06 IS - 2 KW - COVID-19/*epidemiology | Facilities and Services Utilization | Head and Neck Neoplasms/*therapy | Humans | Michigan | Pandemics | *Patient Acceptance of Health Care | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 | *Social Class | Telemedicine/*economics/*statistics & numerical data L1 - internal-pdf://4113951233/Tam-2021-Disparities in the Uptake of Telemedi.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | N1 - Tam, Samantha; Wu, Vivian F; Williams, Amy M; Girgis, Marian; Sheqwara, Jawad Z; Siddiqui, Farzan; Chang, Steven S; eng; JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2021 Feb 1;147(2):209-211. doi: 10.1001/jamaoto.2020.3052. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Of 401 visits from March 17 to April 24, 2020, 87 (25.1%) were in-person, 170 (49.1%) were telemedicine, and 89 (23.6%) were by telephone. | There were no telemedicine visits for this health system in 2019. | Patients with Medicaid/none/other public insurance were less likely to complete telemedicine visits compared with patients with private insurance (OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.10-0.66). | Patients in the lowest two median household income quartiles had lower completion of telemedicine visits compared with highest income quartile (OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.14-0.82 for the second income quartile; OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.07-0.74 for lowest income quartile). | Female patients (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.09-0.79) and patients with Medicaid/none/other public insurance (OR 0.09, 95% CI 0.01-0.51) were less likely to complete any type of visit during COVID-19 pandemic than males or patients with private insurance. | Methods: Data on 364 encounters from Henry Ford Health System were collected from 234 patients between March 17 and April 24, 2020. Data were compared with patients being treated in same clinic during the identical timeframe in 2019. Analysis included 4 types of clinic visits, telemedicine (live audio and video), telephone, in-person and no-show. Limitations: Use of census data for socioeconomic status rather than individual data. | Implications for three articles (Tam et al., Whaley et al., & Patel et al.): Telemedicine in the US during the early COVID-19 pandemic did not offset the drop in in-person visits and was not equally adopted across racial and socioeconomic lines. When scaling up telemedicine during and after COVID-19 pandemic it will be important to consider the special needs of socio-economically disenfranchised populations. SN - 2168-619X (Electronic); 2168-6181 (Linking) SP - 209-211 ST - Disparities in the Uptake of Telemedicine During the COVID-19 Surge in a Multidisciplinary Head and Neck Cancer Population by Patient Demographic Characteristics and Socioeconomic Status T2 - JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg TI - Disparities in the Uptake of Telemedicine During the COVID-19 Surge in a Multidisciplinary Head and Neck Cancer Population by Patient Demographic Characteristics and Socioeconomic Status UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33151289 VL - 147 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1277 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Shelter-in-place mandates and closure of non-essential businesses have been central to COVID-19 response strategies including in Toronto, Canada. Approximately half of the working population in Canada are employed in occupations that do not allow for remote work suggesting potentially limited impact of some of the strategies proposed to mitigate COVID-19 acquisition and onward transmission risks and associated morbidity and mortality. We compared per-capita rates of COVID-19 cases and deaths from January 23, 2020 to January 24, 2021, across neighborhoods in Toronto by proportion of the population working in essential services. We used person-level data on laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 community cases (N=74,477) and deaths (N=2319), and census data for neighborhood-level attributes. Cumulative per-capita rates of COVID-19 cases and deaths were 3-fold and 2.5-fold higher, respectively, in neighborhoods with the highest versus lowest concentration of essential workers. Findings suggest that the population who continued to serve the essential needs of society throughout COVID-19 shouldered a disproportionate burden of transmission and deaths. Taken together, results signal the need for active intervention strategies to complement restrictive measures to optimize both the equity and effectiveness of COVID-19 responses.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis work was funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (grant no. VR5-172683).Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The University of Toronto Health Sciences Research Ethics Board (protocol no. 39253) approved the study.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData used in this study can be made available upon request.CCM+Case and Contact Management SolutionsDAdissemination areasIQRinterquartile range AU - Rao, Amrita | Ma, Huiting | Moloney, Gary | Kwong, Jeffrey C. | Jüni, Peter | Sander, Beate | Kustra, Rafal | Baral, Stefan D. | Mishra, Sharmistha C1 - 2021-04-30 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04302021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.02.15.21251572 L1 - internal-pdf://3279352237/Rao-2021-A disproportionate epidemic_ COVID-19.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key finding: | Cumulative per capita cases and deaths were 3.3-fold and 2.5-fold higher, respectively, in neighborhoods with the highest proportion of essential workers compared with neighborhoods with the lowest concentration of essential workers (Figure). | Methods: COVID-19 cases (n = 74,477) and deaths (n = 2,319) between January 23, 2020 and January 24, 2021, in different Toronto neighborhoods compared by proportion of population (in tertiles) that were essential workers (including those in health, food, agriculture, transportation and manufacturing) based on census data. Limitations: Lack of generalizability of results. | Implications: Vaccination is needed to reduce COVID-19 case and death burden among essential workers; community-based interventions targeting neighborhoods with high proportions of essential workers may help reach this population. SP - 2021.02.15.21251572 ST - A disproportionate epidemic: COVID-19 cases and deaths among essential workers in Toronto, Canada T2 - medRxiv TI - A disproportionate epidemic: COVID-19 cases and deaths among essential workers in Toronto, Canada TT - Published article: A disproportionate epidemic: COVID-19 cases and deaths among essential workers in Toronto, Canada UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/03/11/2021.02.15.21251572.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/03/11/2021.02.15.21251572.full.pdf ID - 1702 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVES: This brief report aims to highlight stark mortality disparities among older Latinos that result from the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. METHODS: We use recent data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to compute age-specific death rates (ASDRs) for 3 causes of death: deaths from COVID-19, residual deaths, and total deaths for 4 age groups (55-64, 65-74, 75-84, and 85 and older) to assess the impact of COVID-19 on older Latino mortality relative to non-Latino Whites and non-Latino Blacks and also in comparison to residual deaths. Additionally, we obtain ASDRs for all causes of deaths from 1999 to 2018 to provide a pre-pandemic context and assess the extent to which the consistently observed mortality advantage among Latinos persists during the pandemic. RESULTS: Consistent with previous research, our findings show that Latinos have lower ASDRs for non-COVID-19 causes of death across all age groups compared to non-Latino Whites. However, our findings indicate that Latinos have significantly higher ASDRs for COVID-19 deaths than non-Latino Whites. Furthermore, although the Latino advantage for total deaths persists during the pandemic, it has diminished significantly compared to the 1999-2018 period. DISCUSSION: Our findings indicate that as a result of the pandemic, the time-tested Latino paradox has rapidly diminished due to higher COVID-19 mortality among older Latino adults compared to non-Latino Whites. Future research should continue to monitor the impact of COVID-19 to assess the disparate impact of the pandemic on older non-Latino Black, Latino, and non-Latino White adults as additional data become available. AD - Department of Demography, University of Texas at San Antonio. | Department of Sociology & Institute of Ethnic Studies, University of Nebraska, Lincoln. AN - 32898235 AU - Saenz, R. | Garcia, M. A. C1 - 2020-09-18 C2 - Racial Disparities in COVID-19 Morbidity and Mortality CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091820_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 17 DO - 10.1093/geronb/gbaa158 ET - 2020/09/09 IS - 3 KW - Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Aging/*ethnology | COVID-19/*ethnology/*mortality | Cause of Death | European Continental Ancestry Group/ethnology | Female | Hispanic Americans/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | United States/ethnology | *covid-19 | *Mortality L1 - internal-pdf://4104923270/Saenz-2021-The Disproportionate Impact of COVI.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Saenz, Rogelio; Garcia, Marc A; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2021 Feb 17;76(3):e81-e87. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa158. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Historically, age-specific death rates (ASDR) for Hispanic persons have been lower than for Whites. However, in 2020 the death rates for Hispanics increased in all age groups (Figure). | Older Hispanic persons experienced a higher COVID-19 age-adjusted mortality than White persons across all age groups; however, Hispanic persons had lower non-COVID-19 age-adjusted mortality than White and Black persons. | The difference in COVID-19 age-adjusted mortality decreased in older age groups (i.e., 6.1 times higher in Hispanic persons compared with White persons in the 55-64 years age group vs 1.6 times higher than Whites persons in the �?5 years age group). | Methods: Investigators estimated age-adjusted mortality rates from February to August, 2020 and the age-adjusted mortality ratio of Hispanic persons to White persons across four age groups (55-64 yrs., 65-74 yrs., 75-84 yrs., and 85+). Mortality rates from 1999 to 2018 were used for historical comparisons. Limitations: Mortality data were provisional and subject to revision. | Implications of both studies (Cheng et al. & Saenz et al.): Communities of color bear a disproportionate share of the mortality risk of COVID-19 and this extends to rural areas of the US, highlighting the need to address structural inequities that contribute these mortality differences. Greater COVID-19 age-adjusted mortality in Hispanic persons relative to White persons has diminished the “Latino paradox�?in which Latino persons have historically had greater longevity than non-Hispanic persons. SN - 1758-5368 (Electronic); 1079-5014 (Linking) SP - e81-e87 ST - The Disproportionate Impact of COVID-19 on Older Latino Mortality: The Rapidly Diminishing Latino Paradox T2 - J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci TI - The Disproportionate Impact of COVID-19 on Older Latino Mortality: The Rapidly Diminishing Latino Paradox UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32898235 VL - 76 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 920 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 32332908 AU - Subbaraman, N. C1 - 2020-05-29 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052920_covidupdate.html DA - May DO - 10.1038/d41586-020-01219-6 ET - 2020/04/26 IS - 7806 KW - Age Factors | Aged | Bangladesh/epidemiology | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Clinical Laboratory Techniques | *Communicable Disease Control | Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/mortality/*prevention & control/*transmission | *Disaster Planning | Disease Outbreaks/*prevention & control | Female | Greece/epidemiology | Hand Disinfection | *Health Education | Humans | Myanmar | Organizations/organization & administration | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Personal Protective Equipment/supply & distribution | Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis/mortality/*prevention & control/*transmission | Refugee Camps/*statistics & numerical data | Refugees/education/statistics & numerical data | Risk Assessment | Sanitation | Somalia/epidemiology | Water Supply | *Public health | *SARS-CoV-2 | *Society L1 - internal-pdf://4161819348/d41586-020-01219-6.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Subbaraman, Nidhi; eng; News; England; Nature. 2020 May;581(7806):18. doi: 10.1038/d41586-020-01219-6. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Researchers and aid workers are taking steps to protect refugees during the pandemic. SN - 1476-4687 (Electronic); 0028-0836 (Linking) SP - 18 ST - 'Distancing is impossible': refugee camps race to avert coronavirus catastrophe T2 - Nature TI - 'Distancing is impossible': refugee camps race to avert coronavirus catastrophe UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32332908 VL - 581 ID - 279 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Clinical manifestations of COVID-19 caused by the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 are associated with age(1,2). Adults develop respiratory symptoms, which can progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in the most severe form, while children are largely spared from respiratory illness but can develop a life-threatening multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C)(3-5). Here, we show distinct antibody responses in children and adults after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Adult COVID-19 cohorts had anti-spike (S) IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies, as well as anti-nucleocapsid (N) IgG antibody, while children with and without MIS-C had reduced breadth of anti-SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, predominantly generating IgG antibodies specific for the S protein but not the N protein. Moreover, children with and without MIS-C had reduced neutralizing activity as compared to both adult COVID-19 cohorts, indicating a reduced protective serological response. These results suggest a distinct infection course and immune response in children independent of whether they develop MIS-C, with implications for developing age-targeted strategies for testing and protecting the population. AD - Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. | Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. | Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Study of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy. | Medical Scientist Training Program, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. | CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, U1111, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon, Lyon, France. | School of Nursing, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Physiology & Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. mp3509@cumc.columbia.edu. | Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. mp3509@cumc.columbia.edu. | Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Study of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy. mp3509@cumc.columbia.edu. | Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. df2396@cumc.columbia.edu. | Department of Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. df2396@cumc.columbia.edu. | Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. df2396@cumc.columbia.edu. AN - 33154590 AU - Weisberg, S. P. | Connors, T. J. | Zhu, Y. | Baldwin, M. R. | Lin, W. H. | Wontakal, S. | Szabo, P. A. | Wells, S. B. | Dogra, P. | Gray, J. | Idzikowski, E. | Stelitano, D. | Bovier, F. T. | Davis-Porada, J. | Matsumoto, R. | Poon, M. M. L. | Chait, M. | Mathieu, C. | Horvat, B. | Decimo, D. | Hudson, K. E. | Zotti, F. D. | Bitan, Z. C. | La Carpia, F. | Ferrara, S. A. | Mace, E. | Milner, J. | Moscona, A. | Hod, E. | Porotto, M. | Farber, D. L. C1 - 2020-11-24 C2 - Immunology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/112420_covidupdate.html DA - Jan DO - 10.1038/s41590-020-00826-9 ET - 2020/11/07 IS - 1 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Antibodies, Viral/*immunology | Antibody Formation/*immunology | COVID-19/*immunology/virology | Child | Child, Preschool | Female | Humans | Immunoglobulin A/immunology | Immunoglobulin G/immunology | Immunoglobulin M/immunology | Male | Middle Aged | Nucleocapsid Proteins/*immunology | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology/physiology | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/*immunology | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://0939022200/Weisberg-2021-Distinct antibody responses to S.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Weisberg, Stuart P; Connors, Thomas J; Zhu, Yun; Baldwin, Matthew R; Lin, Wen-Hsuan; Wontakal, Sandeep; Szabo, Peter A; Wells, Steven B; Dogra, Pranay; Gray, Joshua; Idzikowski, Emma; Stelitano, Debora; Bovier, Francesca T; Davis-Porada, Julia; Matsumoto, Rei; Poon, Maya Meimei Li; Chait, Michael; Mathieu, Cyrille; Horvat, Branka; Decimo, Didier; Hudson, Krystalyn E; Zotti, Flavia Dei; Bitan, Zachary C; La Carpia, Francesca; Ferrara, Stephen A; Mace, Emily; Milner, Joshua; Moscona, Anne; Hod, Eldad; Porotto, Matteo; Farber, Donna L; eng; fellowship/Cancer Research Institute (CRI)/International; NS105699/U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)/International; K08DK122130/U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases)/International; K08 DK122130/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/; AI121349/U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)/International; AI128949/U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)/International; NS091263/U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)/International; AI141686/U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)/International; K23 AI141686/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; AI146980/U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH)/International; AI114736/U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)/International; AI100119/U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)/International; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Nat Immunol. 2021 Jan;22(1):25-31. doi: 10.1038/s41590-020-00826-9. Epub 2020 Nov 5. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Adults with severe COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) had higher levels of IgG, IgA, and IgM antibodies against spike (S) protein compared with adult convalescent plasma donors (CPD) or children with or without multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) (p <0.001, Figure 1). | There was no difference in any antibody measured in children with MISC-C compared with those without MIS-C (Figure 1). | Plasma from adults had significantly higher levels of neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 compared with plasma from children (Figure 2). | Methods: Antibodies against S and N protein (IgA and IgM from secretions and IgG from plasma) and virus neutralization was measured in 19 adult CPD who recovered from mild COVID-19, 13 persons with COVID-19 ARDS, 16 children hospitalized with MIS-C, and 31 children with SARS-CoV-2 infection based on PCR or antibody (pediatric) and negative control pre-pandemic serum (n = 10). Limitations: Small sample size. | Implications: Children with SARS-CoV-2 infection have distinct antibody profiles compared with adults; these differences should be considered in vaccine development. Similar antibody profiles in children with or without MIS-C suggests that antibody responses are likely not involved in development of MIS-C. SN - 1529-2916 (Electronic); 1529-2908 (Linking) SP - 25-31 ST - Distinct antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in children and adults across the COVID-19 clinical spectrum T2 - Nat Immunol TI - Distinct antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in children and adults across the COVID-19 clinical spectrum UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33154590 VL - 22 ID - 1252 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Following the worldwide emergence of the p.Asp614Gly shift in the Spike (S) gene of SARS-CoV-2, there have been few recurring pathogenic shifts occurring during 2020, as assessed by genomic sequencing. This situation has evolved in the last several months with the emergence of several distinct variants (first identified in the United Kingdom and South Africa, respectively) that illustrate multiple changes in the S gene, particularly p.Asn501Tyr (N501Y), that likely have clinical impact. We report here the emergence in Columbus, Ohio in December 2020 of two novel SARS-CoV-2 clade 20C/G variants. One isolate, that has become the predominant virus found in nasopharyngeal swabs in the December 2020-January 2021 period, harbors S p.Gln677His, membrane glycoprotein (M) p.Ala85Ser (Q677H) and nucleocapsid (N) p.Asp377Tyr (D377Y) mutations. The other isolate contains S N501Y and ORF8 Arg52Ile (R52I), which are two markers of the UK-B.1.1.7 (clade 20I/501Y.V1) strain, but lacks all other mutations from that virus. It is also from a different clade and shares multiple mutations with the clade 20C/G viruses circulating in Ohio prior to December 2020. These two SARS-CoV-2 viruses emerging now in the United States add to the diversity of S gene shifts occurring worldwide and support multiple independent acquisition of S N501Y (in likely contrast to the unitary S D614G shift) occurring first during this period of the pandemic.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest. AU - Tu, Huolin | Avenarius, Matthew R. | Kubatko, Laura | Hunt, Matthew | Pan, Xiaokang | Ru, Peng | Garee, Jason | Thomas, Keelie | Mohler, Peter | Pancholi, Preeti | Jones, Dan C1 - 2021-01-22 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01222021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.01.12.426407 L1 - internal-pdf://0428194629/Tu-2021-Distinct Patterns of Emergence of SARS.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Three SARS-CoV-2 clade 20C/G variants emerged in Ohio in December 2020; one has the N105Y mutation, similar to the B.1.1 lineage, and is likely highly transmissible. SP - 2021.01.12.426407 ST - Distinct Patterns of Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Variants including N501Y in Clinical Samples in Columbus Ohio T2 - bioRxiv TI - Distinct Patterns of Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Variants including N501Y in Clinical Samples in Columbus Ohio UR - https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2021/01/15/2021.01.12.426407.full.pdf | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2021/01/26/2021.01.12.426407.full.pdf ID - 1418 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We analyzed data from two ongoing COVID-19 longitudinal serological surveys in Orange County, CA., between April 2020 and March 2021. A total of 8476 finger stick blood specimens were collected before and after a vaccination campaign. IgG levels were determined using a multiplex antigen microarray containing antigens from SARS-CoV-2, SARS, MERS, Common CoV, and Influenza. Twenty-six percent of specimens from unvaccinated Orange County residents in December 2020 were SARS-CoV-2 seropositive; out of 852 seropositive individuals 77 had symptoms and 9 sought medical care. The antibody response was predominantly against nucleocapsid (NP), full length, and S2 domain of spike. Anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) reactivity was low and not cross-reactive against SARS S1 or SARS RBD. A vaccination campaign at the University of California Irvine Medical Center (UCIMC) started on December, 2020 and 6724 healthcare workers were vaccinated within 3 weeks. Seroprevalence increased from 13% pre-vaccination to 79% post-vaccination in January, 93% in February, and 99% in March. mRNA vaccination induced higher antibody levels than natural exposure, especially against the RBD domain and cross-reactivity against SARS RBD and S1 was observed. Nucleocapsid protein antibodies can be used to distinguish vaccinees to classify pre-exposure to SARS-CoV-2 Previously infected individuals developed higher antibody titers to the vaccine than non pre-exposed individuals. Hospitalized patients in intensive care with severe disease reach significantly higher antibody levels than mild cases, but lower antibody levels compared to the vaccine. These results indicate that mRNA vaccination rapidly induces a much stronger and broader antibody response than SARS-CoV-2 infection. AD - School of Medicine and the Vaccine R&D Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA. | Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. | Institute for Clinical & Translational Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA. | Department of Population Health & Disease Prevention, Program in Public Health, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA. | Department of Statistics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA. | School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA. | Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA. | School of Medicine and the Vaccine R&D Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA. pfegner@hs.uci.edu. AN - 34737318 AU - Assis, Rafael | Jain, Aarti | Nakajima, Rie | Jasinskas, Algis | Khan, Saahir | Palma, Anton | Parker, Daniel M. | Chau, Anthony | Hosseinian, Sina | Vasudev, Milind | Au, Connie | Powers, Kathleen | Birring, Paramveer S. | Chin, Brandon | Andary, Rana | Obiero, Joshua M. | Tifrea, Delia | Leung, Amanda | Grabar, Christina | Muqolli, Fjolla | Khalil, Ghali | Escobar, Jessica Colin | Ventura, Jenny | Davies, D. Huw | Albala, Bruce | Boden-Albala, Bernadette | Schubl, Sebastian | Felgner, Philip L. | Specimen Collection, Group C1 - 2021-11-19 C2 - PMC8568980 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/11192021_covidupdate.html#anchor_Vaccines DA - 2021/11/04 DO - 10.1038/s41541-021-00396-3 ET - 2021/11/06 IS - 1 L1 - internal-pdf://0559929551/Assis-2021-Distinct SARS-CoV-2 antibody reacti.pdf LB - Natural History | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Assis, Rafael | Jain, Aarti | Nakajima, Rie | Jasinskas, Algis | Khan, Saahir | Palma, Anton | Parker, Daniel M | Chau, Anthony | Obiero, Joshua M | Tifrea, Delia | Leung, Amanda | Grabar, Christina | Muqolli, Fjolla | Khalil, Ghali | Escobar, Jessica Colin | Ventura, Jenny | Davies, D Huw | Albala, Bruce | Boden-Albala, Bernadette | Schubl, Sebastian | Felgner, Philip L | eng | UL1 TR001414/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ | D43 TW001505/TW/FIC NIH HHS/ | KL2 TR001416/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ | U19 AI089672/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | P30 CA062203/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ | England | NPJ Vaccines. 2021 Nov 4;6(1):132. doi: 10.1038/s41541-021-00396-3. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Specimens from mRNA-vaccinated healthcare workers demonstrated higher antibody levels to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 and receptor binding domains (RBD) than specimens from a community sample of unvaccinated seropositive persons (Figure). | When exposed to RBD domains from the Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Delta (B.1.617.2), and wild-type lineages, higher anti-RBD antibody titers were observed in plasma from vaccinated persons than in plasma from people who recovered from confirmed COVID-19 (Figure). | Specimens from mRNA-vaccinated healthcare workers had greater anti-RBD reactivity than specimens from unvaccinated hospitalized COVID-19 patients who required ICU care. | Methods: Samples were obtained from 2 ongoing COVID-19 longitudinal serological surveys of Orange County, CA residents (July and December 2020) and healthcare workers (May and December 2020–March 2021) and a hospital biorepository of samples from 93 hospitalized patients. IgG levels were determined using a multiplex antigen microarray containing antigens from SARS-CoV-2. Limitations: Unclear severity and timing of participants�?infections and timing of vaccination; SARS-CoV-2 exposure may have differed between groups; specimens collected during pre-Delta period. | | Implications: mRNA vaccination appears to induce a broader antibody response than SARS-CoV-2 infection. SN - 2059-0105 SP - 132 ST - Distinct SARS-CoV-2 antibody reactivity patterns elicited by natural infection and mRNA vaccination T2 - NPJ Vaccines TI - Distinct SARS-CoV-2 antibody reactivity patterns elicited by natural infection and mRNA vaccination UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-021-00396-3 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8568980/pdf/41541_2021_Article_396.pdf VL - 6 ID - 2633 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has made the development of a vaccine a top biomedical priority. In this study, we developed a series of DNA vaccine candidates expressing different forms of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein and evaluated them in 35 rhesus macaques. Vaccinated animals developed humoral and cellular immune responses, including neutralizing antibody titers at levels comparable to those found in convalescent humans and macaques infected with SARS-CoV-2. After vaccination, all animals were challenged with SARS-CoV-2, and the vaccine encoding the full-length S protein resulted in >3.1 and >3.7 log10 reductions in median viral loads in bronchoalveolar lavage and nasal mucosa, respectively, as compared with viral loads in sham controls. Vaccine-elicited neutralizing antibody titers correlated with protective efficacy, suggesting an immune correlate of protection. These data demonstrate vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 in nonhuman primates. AD - Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. | Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. | Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. | Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. | Bioqual, Rockville, MD 20852, USA. | Janssen Vaccines & Prevention BV, Leiden, Netherlands. | Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. | Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02215, USA. | Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. dbarouch@bidmc.harvard.edu. AN - 32434945 AU - Yu, J. | Tostanoski, L. H. | Peter, L. | Mercado, N. B. | McMahan, K. | Mahrokhian, S. H. | Nkolola, J. P. | Liu, J. | Li, Z. | Chandrashekar, A. | Martinez, D. R. | Loos, C. | Atyeo, C. | Fischinger, S. | Burke, J. S. | Slein, M. D. | Chen, Y. | Zuiani, A. | Lelis, F. J. N. | Travers, M. | Habibi, S. | Pessaint, L. | Van Ry, A. | Blade, K. | Brown, R. | Cook, A. | Finneyfrock, B. | Dodson, A. | Teow, E. | Velasco, J. | Zahn, R. | Wegmann, F. | Bondzie, E. A. | Dagotto, G. | Gebre, M. S. | He, X. | Jacob-Dolan, C. | Kirilova, M. | Kordana, N. | Lin, Z. | Maxfield, L. F. | Nampanya, F. | Nityanandam, R. | Ventura, J. D. | Wan, H. | Cai, Y. | Chen, B. | Schmidt, A. G. | Wesemann, D. R. | Baric, R. S. | Alter, G. | Andersen, H. | Lewis, M. G. | Barouch, D. H. C1 - 2020-05-29 C2 - Vaccine Studies in Rhesus Macaques CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052920_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 14 DO - 10.1126/science.abc6284 ET - 2020/05/22 IS - 6505 KW - Adjuvants, Immunologic | Animals | Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood/immunology | Antibodies, Viral/blood/immunology | Betacoronavirus/*immunology/physiology | Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/virology | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | Coronavirus Infections/immunology/*prevention & control/virology | Disease Models, Animal | Female | Humans | Immunity, Cellular | Immunity, Humoral | Immunization, Secondary | Immunogenicity, Vaccine | Immunologic Memory | Macaca mulatta | Male | Mutant Proteins/chemistry/immunology | Nasal Mucosa/virology | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/immunology/*prevention & control/virology | Protein Domains | SARS-CoV-2 | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry/genetics/*immunology | Vaccination | Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage/*immunology | Viral Load | Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage/*immunology L1 - internal-pdf://3587415380/Yu-2020-DNA vaccine protection against SARS-Co.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Yu, Jingyou; Tostanoski, Lisa H; Peter, Lauren; Mercado, Noe B; McMahan, Katherine; Mahrokhian, Shant H; Nkolola, Joseph P; Liu, Jinyan; Li, Zhenfeng; Chandrashekar, Abishek; Martinez, David R; Loos, Carolin; Atyeo, Caroline; Fischinger, Stephanie; Burke, John S; Slein, Matthew D; Chen, Yuezhou; Zuiani, Adam; Lelis, Felipe J N; Travers, Meghan; Habibi, Shaghayegh; Pessaint, Laurent; Van Ry, Alex; Blade, Kelvin; Brown, Renita; Cook, Anthony; Finneyfrock, Brad; Dodson, Alan; Teow, Elyse; Velasco, Jason; Zahn, Roland; Wegmann, Frank; Bondzie, Esther A; Dagotto, Gabriel; Gebre, Makda S; He, Xuan; Jacob-Dolan, Catherine; Kirilova, Marinela; Kordana, Nicole; Lin, Zijin; Maxfield, Lori F; Nampanya, Felix; Nityanandam, Ramya; Ventura, John D; Wan, Huahua; Cai, Yongfei; Chen, Bing; Schmidt, Aaron G; Wesemann, Duane R; Baric, Ralph S; Alter, Galit; Andersen, Hanne; Lewis, Mark G; Barouch, Dan H; eng; T32 AI007387/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 AI110700/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; T32 AI007151/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 AI139538/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 AI108197/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; UM1 AI126603/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 AI146779/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 AI121394/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; U01 AI149644/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 OD024917/OD/NIH HHS/; UM1 AI124377/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; U19 AI100625/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 AI129797/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 AI132178/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; U19 AI128751/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Science. 2020 Aug 14;369(6505):806-811. doi: 10.1126/science.abc6284. Epub 2020 May 20. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Five weeks after experimental vaccinations, neutralizing antibody titers in vaccinated macaques were comparable to titers described in macaques and humans that recovered from natural SARS-CoV-2 infection. | Among vaccinated animals challenged with SARS-CoV-2, peak viral loads were lower than in macaques that received the sham dose (Figure). | 8/25 vaccinated macaques had no detectable viral RNA after SARS-CoV-2 challenge. | Methods: Thirty-five rhesus macaques were immunized with a vaccine candidate (without adjuvant) containing one of six variants of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (n = 25) or with a sham dose (control, n = 10) at week 0 and week 3. At week 5, neutralizing antibody levels were assessed. At week 6, all macaques were inoculated with SARS-CoV-2. Viral RNA was assessed through bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and nasal swabs for 14 days following exposure to the virus. Limitations: Small sample size; results should be corroborated in human clinical trials. SN - 1095-9203 (Electronic); 0036-8075 (Linking) SP - 806-811 ST - DNA vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques T2 - Science TI - DNA vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32434945 VL - 369 ID - 266 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: Public health interventions have been implemented to contain the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in New York City. However, the assessment of those interventions-for example, social distancing and cloth face coverings-based on real-world data from published studies is lacking. Methods: The Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Removed (SEIR) compartmental model was used to evaluate the effect of social distancing and cloth face coverings on the daily culminative laboratory confirmed cases in New York City (NYC) and COVID-19 transmissibility. The latter was measured by Rt reproduction numbers in 3 phases that were based on 2 interventions implemented during this timeline. Results: Transmissibility decreased from phase 1 to phase 3. The initial R0 was 4.60 in phase 1 without any intervention. After social distancing, the Rt value was reduced by 68%, while after the mask recommendation, it was further reduced by ~60%. Conclusions: Interventions resulted in significant reduction of confirmed case numbers relative to predicted values based on the SEIR model without intervention. Our findings highlight the effectiveness of social distancing and cloth face coverings in slowing down the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in NYC. AD - School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. | Nanjing Tongren Hospital, College of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China. | Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. | Division of Public Health, School of Health Professions, Shenandoah University, Winchester, Virginia, USA. | Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA. AN - 33553466 AU - Li, J. | Wang, Y. | Wu, J. | Ai, J. W. | Zhang, H. C. | Gamber, M. | Li, W. | Zhang, W. H. | Sun, W. J. C1 - 2021-03-12 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03122021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb DO - 10.1093/ofid/ofaa442 ET - 2021/02/09 IS - 2 KW - Covid-19 | New York City | cloth face coverings | pandemic | social distancing L1 - internal-pdf://1421443737/Li-2021-Do Stay at Home Orders and Cloth Face.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Li, Jian; Wang, Yuming; Wu, Jing; Ai, Jing-Wen; Zhang, Hao-Cheng; Gamber, Michelle; Li, Wei; Zhang, Wen-Hong; Sun, Wen-Jie; eng; Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020 Sep 24;8(2):ofaa442. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa442. eCollection 2021 Feb. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Public health interventions resulted in significant reductions in SARS-CoV-2 cases relative to predicted values derived from a Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Removed (SEIR) model: Initial R0 = 4.60 without intervention; after social distancing, Rt decreased by 68%; after mask recommendation, Rt decreased by ~60%. SN - 2328-8957 (Print); 2328-8957 (Linking) SP - ofaa442 ST - Do Stay at Home Orders and Cloth Face Coverings Control COVID-19 in New York City? Results From a SIER Model Based on Real-world Data T2 - Open Forum Infect Dis TI - Do Stay at Home Orders and Cloth Face Coverings Control COVID-19 in New York City? Results From a SIER Model Based on Real-world Data UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33553466 VL - 8 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1572 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Quick answer �?it’s complicated. | Let’s start with a clinical anecdote �?rightfully considered the weakest form of evidence, yet paradoxically holding great power over us because we’re imperfect humans. It’s the way we’re wired. | In April, a patient of mine with stable HIV came into the hospital with COVID-19 pneumonia. (Certain details changed for privacy.); | She works cutting hair, in a community hard-hit from the pandemic and where mask-wearing was inconsistent. She knew as soon as she developed fever, chills, and back pain that this is what she had. | She must have had symptoms for no more than 36 hours when she arrived at the hospital, and because she has HIV (who knew whether this worsened outcomes?) and is quite overweight, she was admitted. | She enrolled in the SIMPLE study �?which compared remdesivir for 5 or 10 days to standard of care, all open-label �?and was randomized to the 5-day course. She received her first dose of the drug the night of admission. | Again, she had been symptomatic for no more than 2 days. | The next day, she looked like a new person. Her fever was down, she was breathing more easily, and she told me her back pain went away as soon as the first dose had completed its infusion. She left the hospital on day 3, and made a complete recovery. | Of course, she could have recovered just as quickly without remdesivir �?that’s the problem with an anecdote. | But based on this and other cases I saw �?and the extensive experience of my indefatigable colleagues Dr. Francisco Marty and his team, who enrolled dozens of patients into this study �?I was not surprised when in May, a different and more rigorous remdesivir clinical trial reported significantly faster recovery in the treatment arm than in the controls. | And because this study �?called ACTT-1, now with final results �?included a placebo arm and was blinded, this provided much stronger evidence that remdesivir actually works. (That’s in the title of this post.) It worked particularly well in people with shorter duration of symptoms and in those requiring oxygen. It didn’t help people so sick that they needed mechanical ventilation or ECMO. | When the data from ACTT-1 became available, we created a construct about these critically ill patients who didn’t benefit from remdesivir. In this view, they were in the immune phase of the illness, where the body’s immunologic response to the infection drove more disease than viral replication. | We can’t expect an antiviral to control these processes. Just like oseltamivir or baloxavir for influenza, you have to act early with remdesivir when treating SARS-CoV-2. Let dexamethasone or some other immunomodulator do the late work. | See, it all fits together perfectly. | But there were always holes in this neat little package. | First, the original remdesivir study from China showed no benefit of treatment. Yes, it was underpowered due to dropping case numbers, but the drug didn’t lower viral loads in recipients either. Concerning. | Second, the open-label study my patient enrolled in had a funny result in the 10-day arm �?no apparent benefit compared with standard of care. (The 5-day arm did show benefit.) How do we explain that?; | Now we have the interim results of the SOLIDARITY study, at least in preprint form, and that neat little package has even more holes. | In SOLIDARITY, over 11,000 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 (from 405 hospitals and 30 countries) were randomized between whichever study drugs were locally available and open control. This included up to five options �?four active treatments versus local standard-of-care. The drugs were lopinavir/ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine (remember those?), interferon beta-1a, or remdesivir. | (Based on the limited availability of some of the drugs across countries, the study arms differed in size.); | The results for all the interventions failed to show a survival benefit. And the survival curves for the remdesivir arm versus standard of care look depressingly the same: | You could barely draw curves that overlap so precisely. This figure has been emblazoned on the retinas of ID clinicians since the preprint was released last week. | So how do we explain these discordant results? We can’t do so completely given the different study designs and populations. But just as how ACTT-1’s benefits can’t overrule the SOLIDARITY results, nor can SOLIDARITY negate ACTT-1 or the 5-day results from SIMPLE. | So let’s put all the studies together, as shown here in this colorful meta-analysis, and exclude patients who are on mechanical ventilation since no study demonstrated benefit in this population: | Remdesivir Meta-Analysis (Sensitivity Analyses #1 / Version #6); | *This one excludes mechanically ventilated patients (There is one from the Lancet, 2020 paper that I couldn't remove). | ; Random effects used. pic.twitter.com/GQZHibkcdn; | �?mike johansen (@mikejohansenmd) October 16, 2020; | First, we’ll note that SOLIDARITY’s much larger sample size trumps (ouch) the other studies. Second, the point estimate just crosses 1 (no benefit), but falls to the left of the line, suggesting (if you squint) some benefit. | If I had to postulate where we’d see the greatest benefit for remdesivir, it would be in patients with shorter duration of symptoms. Even in the negative underpowered study from China, those with fewer days of illness did better than controls. Could it be that the favorable results in ACTT-1 were from the fact that 25% of patients were enrolled with symptoms for 6 days or fewer?; | Related, SOLIDARITY began enrollment in March, and for much of the enrollment period, patients with COVID-19 did everything they could to avoid hospitalization. For many, I suspect the short window of time for this antiviral to benefit had closed by the time they were admitted. Duration of symptoms is not reported in the preprint, a critical piece of information. | So for now, the answer to the question, “Does remdesivir actually work?�?is a cautious maybe. Sometimes. For some people. | Which, given the absence of anything else right now and its low toxicity, means I’d still recommend it for most hospitalized people with COVID-19 �?with the hope of giving it sooner rather than later, especially for those on oxygen at high risk for disease progression. | But if we can learn anything from the mental gyrations required to square these conflicting study results, it’s that we definitely need more effective options. | FACEBOOKTWITTERLINKEDINREDDITCITEULIKEEMAILSHARE AU - Sax, Paul E C1 - 2020-10-20 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102020_covidupdate.html LA - en PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Implications: Although the Adaptive COVID-19 Treatment Trial external icon indicates that remdesivir reduces time to recovery, in this larger trial there were no differences in time to hospital discharge or in mortality. An editorialexternal icon discusses these disparate results. Findings from this trial are consistent with results from the larger RECOVERY trial for hydoxycholoroquineexternal icon, and lopinavir plus ritonavirexternal icon. Taken together, the benefit of remdesivir is unclear. However, it appears none of the other potential drugs studied here for COVID-19 treatment have significant effect on mortality. ST - Does Remdesivir Actually Work? T2 - HIV and ID Observations TI - Does Remdesivir Actually Work? UR - https://blogs.jwatch.org/hiv-id-observations/index.php/does-remdesivir-actually-work/2020/10/18/ ID - 1096 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: COVID 19-related quarantine led to a sudden and radical lifestyle changes, in particular in eating habits. Objectives of the study were to investigate the effect of quarantine on sleep quality (SQ) and body mass index (BMI), and if change in SQ was related to working modalities. MATERIALS: We enrolled 121 adults (age 44.9 +/- 13.3 years and 35.5% males). Anthropometric parameters, working modalities and physical activity were studied. Sleep quality was evaluated by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire. At baseline, the enrolled subjects were assessed in outpatient clinic and after 40 days of quarantine/lockdown by phone interview. RESULTS: Overall, 49.6% of the subjects were good sleepers (PSQI < 5) at the baseline and significantly decreased after quarantine (p < 0.001). In detail, sleep onset latency (p < 0.001), sleep efficiency (p = 0.03), sleep disturbances (p < 0.001), and daytime dysfunction (p < 0.001) significantly worsened. There was also a significant increase in BMI values in normal weight (p = 0.023), in subjects grade I (p = 0.027) and II obesity (p = 0.020). In all cohort, physical activity was significantly decreased (p = 0.004). However, analyzing the data according gender difference, males significantly decreased physical activity as well as females in which there was only a trend without reaching statistical significance (53.5% vs 25.6%; p = 0.015 and 50.0% vs 35.9%, p = 0.106; in males and females, respectively). In addition, smart working activity resulted in a significant worsening of SQ, particularly in males (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Quarantine was associated to a worsening of SQ, particularly in males doing smart working, and to an increase in BMI values. AD - Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy. luigi.barrea@unina.it. | Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del Paziente con Obesita (C.I.B.O), Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy. luigi.barrea@unina.it. | Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy. | Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del Paziente con Obesita (C.I.B.O), Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy. | Cattedra Unesco "Educazione alla salute e allo sviluppo sostenibile", University Federico II, Naples, Italy. AN - 32811530 AU - Barrea, L. | Pugliese, G. | Framondi, L. | Di Matteo, R. | Laudisio, D. | Savastano, S. | Colao, A. | Muscogiuri, G. C1 - 2020-08-28 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082820_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 18 DO - 10.1186/s12967-020-02465-y ET - 2020/08/20 IS - 1 KW - Adult | Betacoronavirus/*physiology | Body Mass Index | Covid-19 | Cohort Studies | Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/*psychology | Exercise/physiology | Feeding Behavior/physiology | Female | Humans | Life Style | Male | Middle Aged | Obesity/epidemiology/etiology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/*psychology | Quarantine/*psychology | SARS-CoV-2 | Sleep/*physiology | Sleep Wake Disorders/*epidemiology/*etiology | Surveys and Questionnaires | *CoVID-19 | *Nutritionist | *Obesity | *Quarantine | *Sars-Cov-2 | *Sleep disturbance | *Sleep quality | *Smart-working L1 - internal-pdf://0975797862/Barrea-2020-Does Sars-Cov-2 threaten our dream.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Barrea, Luigi; Pugliese, Gabriella; Framondi, Lydia; Di Matteo, Rossana; Laudisio, Daniela; Savastano, Silvia; Colao, Annamaria; Muscogiuri, Giovanna; eng; England; J Transl Med. 2020 Aug 18;18(1):318. doi: 10.1186/s12967-020-02465-y. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Relative to pre-quarantine, post-40-day post-quarantine, body mass index (BMI) was significantly increased for normal weight persons (BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m2, p = 0.023) and those in Grade I (30.0-34.9 kg/m2, p = 0.027) and II (35.0-39.9 kg/m2, p = 0.02) obese groups and both genders (p <0.001) (Figure). | Daily physical activity decreased during quarantine (51.2% vs 32.2%, p = 0.004); Percentage of poor sleepers increased during quarantine (relative to pre-quarantine) in normal weight (72.7% vs 36.4%), overweight (80.6% vs 29%), and grade I obesity (85.4% vs 57.3%) groups (p <0.001). No differences were found in grade II and grade III obesity. | Methods: Retrospective study January to April 30, 2020 in 121 adults, Naples, Italy, measuring height and weight, sleep quality, and physical activity. Initial assessment was at an outpatient clinic; follow-up conducted by phone interview after 40 days of quarantine. Limitations: Small sample size; self-reported weight; dietary intake, which is related to weight gain and sleep disturbance, was not evaluated. | Implications: Quarantine was associated with decreased sleep and physical activity and increased BMI. Lifestyle strategies to counteract these effects should be considered. SN - 1479-5876 (Electronic); 1479-5876 (Linking) SP - 318 ST - Does Sars-Cov-2 threaten our dreams? Effect of quarantine on sleep quality and body mass index T2 - J Transl Med TI - Does Sars-Cov-2 threaten our dreams? Effect of quarantine on sleep quality and body mass index UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32811530 VL - 18 ID - 791 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy. | Department of Human Sciences, LUMSA University, Rome, Italy. AN - 32656176 AU - Palombi, L. | Liotta, G. | Orlando, S. | Emberti Gialloreti, L. | Marazzi, M. C. C1 - 2020-07-24 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072420_covidupdate.html DO - 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00311 DP - NLM ET - 2020/07/14 KW - Aged | Aged, 80 and over | *covid-19 | Humans | Pandemics/prevention & control | SARS-CoV-2 | *Italy | *coronavirus disease 2019 | *frailty | *novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 | *older people | *public health system L1 - internal-pdf://1064790285/Palombi-2020-Does the Coronavirus (COVID-19) P.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | N1 - Palombi, Leonardo; Liotta, Giuseppe; Orlando, Stefano; Emberti Gialloreti, Leonardo; Marazzi, Maria Cristina; eng; Switzerland; Front Public Health. 2020 Jun 18;8:311. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00311. eCollection 2020. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among older people (>80y) participating in a community-based monitoring program in Rome and Genova that counteracts loneliness and social isolation, the mortality rate was lower than mortality rate among the general population in the 2 cities. SN - 2296-2565 (Print); 2296-2565 (Linking) SP - 311 ST - Does the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Call for a New Model of Older People Care? T2 - Front Public Health TI - Does the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Call for a New Model of Older People Care? UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32656176 VL - 8 ID - 584 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In the present study we analyze the epidemiological data of COVID-19 of Tibet and high-altitude regions of Bolivia and Ecuador, and compare to lowland data, to test the hypothesis that high-altitude inhabitants (+2,500 m above sea-level) are less susceptible to develop severe adverse effects in acute SARS-CoV-2 virus infection. Analysis of available epidemiological data suggest that physiological acclimatization/adaptation that counterbalance the hypoxic environment in high-altitude may protect from severe impact of acute SARS-CoV-2 virus infection. Potential underlying mechanisms such as: (i) a compromised half-live of the virus caused by the high-altitude environment, and (ii) a hypoxia mediated down regulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is the main binding target of SARS-CoV-2 virus in the pulmonary epithelium are discussed. AD - Institute Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (IUCPQ), Faculty of Medicine, Universite Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada. | High Altitude Pulmonary and Pathology Institute IPPA. La Paz, Bolivia. | Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Gate 11 Royal Parade, 3052, University of Melbourne Victoria, Australia. | Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse-Faculty University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Switzerland. | High Altitude Pulmonary and Pathology Institute IPPA. La Paz, Bolivia. Electronic address: gzubietajr@gmail.com. | Institute Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Quebec (IUCPQ), Faculty of Medicine, Universite Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada; High Altitude Pulmonary and Pathology Institute IPPA. La Paz, Bolivia. Electronic address: jorge.soliz@crchuq.ulaval.ca. AN - 32333993 AU - Arias-Reyes, C. | Zubieta-DeUrioste, N. | Poma-Machicao, L. | Aliaga-Raduan, F. | Carvajal-Rodriguez, F. | Dutschmann, M. | Schneider-Gasser, E. M. | Zubieta-Calleja, G. | Soliz, J. C1 - 2020-06-05 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060520_covidupdate.html DA - Jun DO - 10.1016/j.resp.2020.103443 DP - NLM ET - 2020/04/26 KW - Altitude | Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity/*physiology | Bolivia/epidemiology | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/*virology | Disease Susceptibility | Ecuador/epidemiology | Humans | Oxygen | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/*virology | SARS-CoV-2 | Tibet/epidemiology | Virulence | *covid-19 | *Hypoxia | *Lung remodeling | *uv L1 - internal-pdf://2903813448/Arias-Reyes-2020-Does the pathogenesis of SARS.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Arias-Reyes, Christian; Zubieta-DeUrioste, Natalia; Poma-Machicao, Liliana; Aliaga-Raduan, Fernanda; Carvajal-Rodriguez, Favio; Dutschmann, Mathias; Schneider-Gasser, Edith M; Zubieta-Calleja, Gustavo; Soliz, Jorge; eng; Netherlands; Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2020 Jun;277:103443. doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2020.103443. Epub 2020 Apr 22. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; High-altitude residents were less likely to be infected with SARS-CoV-2 (Figure 1). | Bolivia’s high-altitude region had nearly three times fewer COVID-19 cases than in the lowlands. | COVID-19 infection rates in Ecuador’s highlands were almost four-fold less than in the coastal areas (10 vs 35 cases per 100,000 persons). | Globally, fewer COVID-19 cases occurred at altitudes >3000 meters (Figure 2). | Methods: Epidemiologic analysis that compared infection rates (number of COVID-19 cases divided by population size) in highland and lowland areas of Bolivia and Ecuador. Authors combined geographic COVID-19 data with a previously published elevation model to characterize the global distribution of COVID-19 cases based on altitude. Limitations: Infection rate calculations did not adjust for confounding, including the well-recognized correlation between elevation and population density. | Implications: SARS-CoV-2 acquisition appears to be reduced among high-altitude inhabitants. The intriguing possible contribution of environmental factors (e.g., levels of ultraviolet light, lower air density) and physiological factors, such as reduced concentrations of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptors in persons chronically exposed to low-oxygen conditions, to these findings remains to be elucidated. SN - 1878-1519 (Electronic); 1569-9048 (Linking) SP - 103443 ST - Does the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 virus decrease at high-altitude? T2 - Respir Physiol Neurobiol TI - Does the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 virus decrease at high-altitude? UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32333993 VL - 277 ID - 333 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Several research and development teams around the world are working towards COVID-19 vaccines. As vaccines are expected to be developed and produced, preparedness and planning for mass vaccination and immunization will become an important aspect of the pandemic management. Mass vaccination has been used by public health agencies in the past and is being proposed as a viable option for COVID-19 immunization. To be able to rapidly and safely immunize a large number of people against SARS-CoV-2, different mass vaccination options are available. Drive-through facilities have been successfully used in the past for immunization against other diseases and for testing during COVID-19. In this paper we introduce a drive-through vaccination simulation tool that can be used to enhance the planning, design, operation, and feasibility and effectiveness assessment of such facilities. The simulation tool is a hybrid model that integrates discrete event and agent-based modeling techniques. The simulation outputs visually and numerically show the average processing and waiting times and the number of cars and people that can be served (throughput values) under different numbers of staff, service lanes, screening, registration, immunization, and recovery times. AD - Disaster & Emergency Management, School of Administrative Studies and Advanced Disaster, Emergency and Rapid Response Simulation (ADERSIM), York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada. | Advanced Disaster, Emergency and Rapid Response Simulation (ADERSIM), York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada. | Duty Officer, Departmental Emergency Operations Centre, Community and Health Services, The Regional Municipality of York, Newmarket, ON L3Y 4W5, Canada. | Department of Mathematics and Statistics and Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada. AN - 33182336 AU - Asgary, A. | Najafabadi, M. M. | Karsseboom, R. | Wu, J. C1 - 2020-11-24 C2 - Vaccines CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/112420_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 9 DO - 10.3390/healthcare8040469 ET - 2020/11/14 IS - 4 KW - Covid-19 | agent-based simulation | discrete event simulation | drive-through | mass immunization | mass vaccination | point of dispensing L1 - internal-pdf://2854428429/Asgary-2020-A Drive-through Simulation Tool fo.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Asgary, Ali; Najafabadi, Mahdi M; Karsseboom, Richard; Wu, Jianhong; eng; Switzerland; Healthcare (Basel). 2020 Nov 9;8(4). pii: healthcare8040469. doi: 10.3390/healthcare8040469. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Introduces a drive-through vaccination simulation tool that estimates average processing and waiting times and the number of cars and people that can be served under different numbers of staff, service lanes, screening, registration, immunization, and recovery times. SN - 2227-9032 (Print); 2227-9032 (Linking) SP - 469 ST - A Drive-through Simulation Tool for Mass Vaccination during COVID-19 Pandemic T2 - Healthcare (Basel) TI - A Drive-through Simulation Tool for Mass Vaccination during COVID-19 Pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33182336 VL - 8 ID - 1273 ER - TY - JOUR AD - From the Program On Regulation, Therapeutics, And Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston. AN - 32289216 AU - Rome, B. N. | Avorn, J. C1 - 2020-04-21 C2 - Treatments for COVID-19 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/042120_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 11 DO - 10.1056/NEJMp2009457 ET - 2020/04/15 IS - 24 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Chloroquine/supply & distribution/therapeutic use | Clinical Trials as Topic | Coronavirus Infections/*drug therapy | *Drug Approval | Drug Evaluation/*standards | Drugs, Investigational/therapeutic use | Humans | Hydroxychloroquine/supply & distribution/therapeutic use | Off-Label Use | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*drug therapy | SARS-CoV-2 | United States | United States Food and Drug Administration L1 - internal-pdf://4276845054/Rome-2020-Drug Evaluation during the Covid-19.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Rome, Benjamin N; Avorn, Jerry; eng; N Engl J Med. 2020 Jun 11;382(24):2282-2284. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2009457. Epub 2020 Apr 14. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Discusses the need to act as efficiently and as quickly as possible while maintaining the highest scientific standards to issue guidelines and to find effective treatments, with discussion focused on FDA’s EUA for hydroxychloroquine. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 2282-2284 ST - Drug Evaluation during the Covid-19 Pandemic T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Drug Evaluation during the Covid-19 Pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32289216 VL - 382 ID - 62 ER - TY - JOUR AB - COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy generates functional anti-Spike IgG antibodies that are known to cross the placenta. However, the durability of vaccine-induced maternal anti-S IgG in infant circulation, and how it compares to durability of antibody from maternal natural infection, is unknown. We quantified anti-S IgG in 92 2-month and 6-month-old infants whose mothers were vaccinated in pregnancy, and in 12 6-month-old infants after maternal natural infection with SARS-CoV-2. In the vaccinated group, 94% (58/62) of infants had detectable anti-S IgG at 2 months, and 60% (18/30) had detectable antibody at 6 months. In contrast, 8% (1/12) of infants born to women infected with SARS-CoV-2 in pregnancy had detectable anti-S IgG at the 6-month timepoint. Vaccination resulted in significantly higher maternal and cord titers at delivery and significantly greater antibody persistence in infants at 6 months, compared to natural infection.Competing Interest StatementK.J.G. has consulted for Illumina, BillionToOne, and Aetion outside the scope of the submitted work. G.A. is the founder of Seromyx Inc. A.F. reported serving as a cofounder of and owning stock in Alba Therapeutics and serving on scientific advisory boards for NextCure and Viome outside the submitted work. All other authors report no competing interests.Funding StatementThis study was funded by: NICHD: 1R01HD100022-01 and 3R01HD100022-02S2 to A.G.E.; 1K12HD103096 to L.L.S.; March of Dimes Grant 6-FY20-223 to A.G.E.; NIH/NHLBI: K08HL1469630-03 and 3K08HL146963-02S1 to K.J.G. and 5K08HL143183 to L.M.Y; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard and the MGH ECOR Scholars award to G.A.; Nancy Zimmerman, Samana Kay MGH Research Scholars award to G.A.; NIAID: 3R37AI080289-11S1, R01AI146785, U19AI42790-01, U19AI135995-02, 1U01CA260476-01, and CIVIC5N93019C00052 to G.A.; the Gates Foundation Global Health Vaccine Accelerator Platform funding: OPP1146996 and INV-001650 to G.A.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The IRB of MassGeneral Brigham gave ethical approval for this work.I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll data produced in the present study are available upon reasonable request to the authors. AU - Shook, Lydia L. | Atyeo, Caroline G. | Yonker, Lael M. | Fasano, Alessio | Gray, Kathryn J. | Alter, Galit | Edlow, Andrea G. C1 - 2021-12-03 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/12032021_covidupdate.html#anchor_Vaccines DO - 10.1101/2021.11.17.21266415 L1 - internal-pdf://0500340364/Shook-2021-Durability of anti-Spike antibodies.pdf LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among infants born to participants who received COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy, 94% (58/62) had detectable antibodies (anti-spike IgG) at age 2 months and 60% (18/30) at age 6 months. | In contrast, among infants born to participants who were infected with SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy, only 8% (1/12) had antibodies at age 6 months. | Among infants born to participants who were vaccinated during pregnancy, infant titers at age 2 months were correlated with titers from maternal and cord blood at delivery. | Methods: Cross-sectional study in Massachusetts that included 90 pregnant participants who received COVID-19 vaccination and 12 pregnant participants who were infected with SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy. Matched maternal and umbilical cord sera were collected during the delivery hospitalization, and liveborn infants of enrolled pregnant participants were enrolled after birth. Specimen collection was in summer and early fall 2021. Limitations: Small sample size; race/ethnicity data unavailable; breastfeeding not assessed. | | Implications: COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy resulted in a higher proportion of infants with detectable antibodies for at least 6 months. Findings support COVID-19 vaccination recommendations for people who are pregnant and suggest that protection might extend to their unvaccinated infants. SP - 2021.11.17.21266415 ST - Durability of anti-Spike antibodies in the infant after maternal COVID-19 vaccination T2 - medRxiv TI - Durability of anti-Spike antibodies in the infant after maternal COVID-19 vaccination UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/11/20/2021.11.17.21266415.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/11/20/2021.11.17.21266415.full.pdf ID - 2671 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Two-dose messenger RNA vaccines against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are highly effective in preventing symptomatic COVID-19 infection. However, the durability of protection is not known, nor is the effectiveness against emerging viral variants. Additionally, vaccine responses may differ based on prior SARS-CoV-2 exposure history. To investigate protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants we measured binding and neutralizing antibody responses following both vaccine doses. We document significant declines in antibody levels three months post-vaccination, and reduced neutralization of emerging variants, highlighting the need to identify correlates of clinical protection to inform the timing of and indications for booster vaccination. AD - Northwestern University, 1810 Hinman Avenue, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA. t-mcdade@northwestern.edu. | Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA. | Northwestern University, 1810 Hinman Avenue, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA. AN - 34462501 AU - McDade, Thomas W. | Demonbreun, Alexis R. | Sancilio, Amelia | Mustanski, Brian | D’Aquila, Richard T. | McNally, Elizabeth M. C1 - 2021-09-10 C2 - PMC8405730 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09102021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - 2021/08/30 DO - 10.1038/s41598-021-96879-3 ET - 2021/09/01 IS - 1 KW - Adult | Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/*metabolism | Antibodies, Neutralizing/*analysis/metabolism | Antibodies, Viral/analysis/metabolism | COVID-19/immunology/metabolism/*prevention & control | COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing | COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage/immunology | Female | Humans | Immunoglobulin G/analysis/metabolism | Male | Middle Aged | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism | Time Factors | Vaccination | Vaccines, Synthetic/*administration & dosage/immunology | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://0544343975/McDade-2021-Durability of antibody response to.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - McDade, Thomas W | Demonbreun, Alexis R | Sancilio, Amelia | Mustanski, Brian | D'Aquila, Richard T | McNally, Elizabeth M | eng | 2035114/National Science Foundation | 3UL1TR001422-06S4/NH/NIH HHS/ | 3UL1 TR001422-06S4/NH/NIH HHS/ | Comparative Study | Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. | England | Sci Rep. 2021 Aug 30;11(1):17325. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-96879-3. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Scientific Reports (August 30, 2021). In a serology study of 27 participants who received 2 COVID-19 vaccine doses (59.3% Comirnaty, Pfizer/BioNTech; 40.7% Moderna), spike-ACE2 binding inhibition for ancestral type SARS-CoV-2 virus was 97.7%, higher than for certain variants of concern: Alpha (B.1.1.7) 92.0%, Gamma (P.1) 70.0%, or Beta (B.1.351) 66.7%. Three months after 1st vaccine dose, median anti-RBD IgG antibody was higher for persons who had been symptomatic with a PCR-confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 (27.2 µg/mL) compared to persons who were seronegative (8.7 µg/mL) and persons who had been asymptomatic yet seropositive (8.2 µg/mL). SN - 2045-2322 SP - 17325 ST - Durability of antibody response to vaccination and surrogate neutralization of emerging variants based on SARS-CoV-2 exposure history T2 - Sci Rep TI - Durability of antibody response to vaccination and surrogate neutralization of emerging variants based on SARS-CoV-2 exposure history UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-96879-3 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8405730/pdf/41598_2021_Article_96879.pdf VL - 11 ID - 2288 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background We evaluated the durability of SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels elicited by the single dose Janssen COVID-19 vaccine, Ad26.COV2.S, and the impact on antibody responses of boosting with Ad26.COV2.S after 6 months in clinical trial participants.Methods Spike-binding antibody and SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody levels elicited by a single-dose Ad26.COV2.S (5×1010 viral particles [vp]) primary regimen and booster doses (5×1010 vp and 1.25×1010 vp) were assessed by ELISA and wild-type VNA in sera from participants in a Phase 1/2a clinical trial (Cohort 1a, 18�?5 years old, N=25; Cohort 2a, 18�?5 years old boosted at 6 months, N=17; Cohort 3, �?5 years old, N=22) and a Phase 2 clinical trial (18�?5 and �?5-year old participants boosted at 6 months, total N=73). Neutralizing antibody levels were determined approximately 8 months after the primary vaccination in participants aged 18�?5 years and approximately 9 months in participants aged �?5 years. Binding antibody levels were evaluated 6 months after primary vaccination and 7- and 28-days after booster doses in both age groups.Results A single dose of Ad26.COV2.S elicited neutralizing antibodies that remained largely stable for approximately 8�? months and binding antibodies that remained stable for at least 6 months irrespective of age group. A 5×1010 vp booster dose at 6 months post prime vaccination in 18�?5-year-old adults elicited a steep and robust 9-fold increase at Day 7 post boost compared to Day 29 levels following the initial immunization. A lower booster dose of 1.25×1010 vp at 6 months in adults 18�?5 and �?5 years of age also elicited a rapid and high increase of 6�?.7 fold at Day 28 post boost compared to Day 29 levels following the initial immunization, with similar magnitude of post-boost responses in both age groups.Conclusions A single dose of Ad26.COV2.S, which demonstrated protection in a Phase 3 efficacy trial, elicited durable neutralizing and binding antibodies for at least 8 and 6 months, respectively, in adults >18 years of age at levels similar to Day 29 responses. A 5×1010 vp or 1.25×1010 vp booster dose at 6 months elicited rapid and robust increases in spike binding antibody levels. The anamnestic responses after booster immunization imply robust immune memory elicited by single-dose Ad26.COV2.S.Competing Interest StatementAll authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form at www.icmje.org/coi_disclosure.pdf and declare: all authors are employees of Janssen Pharmaceuticals, a Johnson & Johnson company.Clinical TrialNCT04436276; NCT04535453Clinical Protocols https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04436276 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04535453 Funding StatementSupported by Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V. in collaboration with the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, the National Institutes of Health, the Department of Defense, and the COVID-19 Prevention Network. This project has been funded in whole or in part with Federal funds from the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, under Contract No. HHSO100201700018C.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:All relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, all necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained, all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms archived. The COV1001 study was reviewed and approved by local ethics committees (Comite d'Ethique Hospitalo-Facultaire Sain-Luc, Universite Catholique de Louvain on July 16, 2020) and institutional review boards (IRB) (approval by Advarra IRB on June 29 and July 10, 2020, for New Orleans Center for Clinical Research and Optimal Research sites, respectively). The COV2001 study was reviewed and approved by local ethics committees (Ethik-Kommission der Arztekammer Hamburg on August 19, 2020; Landesamt fur Gesundheit und Soziales Berlin Geschaftsstelle der Ethik-Kommission des Landes Berlin on August 26, 2020; Ethikkommission an der Medizinischen Fakultat der Universitat Rostock on September 01, 2020; and Raad van Bestuur UMC Utrecht on August 27, 2020) and regional ethics committees (Ethikkommission an der Medizinischen Fakultat der Universitat Rostock on September 01, 2020 and September 03, 2020; Comite Etico de Investigacion Clinica-Regional de la Comunidad de Madrid on August 28, 2020; and Central Committee on Research Involving Human Subjects (CCMO) on August 26, 2020. All participants provided written informed consent before enrollment. The trials adhere to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and to the Good Clinical Practice guidelines of the International Council for Harmonisation.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThe data sharing policy of Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson is available at https://www.janssen.com/clinical-trials/transparency. As noted on this site, requests for access to the study data can be submitted through Yale Open Data Access (YODA) Project site at http://yoda.yale.edu. https://www.janssen.com/clinical-trials/transparency http://yoda.yale.edu AU - Sadoff, Jerald | Le Gars, Mathieu | Cardenas, Vicky | Shukarev, Georgi | Vaissiere, Nathalie | Heerwegh, Dirk | Truyers, Carla | de Groot, Anne Marit | Scheper, Gert | Hendriks, Jenny | Ruiz-Guiñazú, Javier | Struyf, Frank | Van Hoof, Johan | Douoguih, Macaya | Schuitemaker, Hanneke C1 - 2021-09-10 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09102021_covidupdate.html#anchor_Vaccines DO - 10.1101/2021.08.25.21262569 L1 - internal-pdf://3984066424/Sadoff-2021-Durability of antibody responses e.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 6�? months after a single dose of Ad26.COV2.S vaccine (Johnson & Johnson/Janssen), neutralizing and binding antibody levels remained at or above post-vaccination levels in most recipients (Figure). | Among persons aged 18�?5 years, antibody levels were similar at 1 month and 6 months. | Among persons aged �?5 years, antibody levels were lower but also stable in this time frame. | A booster dose given 6 months after primary vaccination increased binding antibody levels by 9-fold. | Methods: Neutralizing and binding antibodies were assessed in Phase 1/2a clinical trial participants (Cohort 1a, aged 18�?5 years, N = 25; Cohort 2a, aged 18�?5 years boosted at 6 months, N = 17; Cohort 3, aged �?5 years, N = 22) and Phase 2 (aged 18�?5 years and aged �?5 years boosted at 6 months, N = 73). Limitations: Small manufacturer’s study not designed to assess vaccine effectiveness or adverse events. | Implications: Antibody levels following a single dose of Ad26.COV2.S vaccine appeared durable for at least 6 months, and a booster dose of Ad26.COV2.S vaccine given at 6 months might enhance immune memory. | Note: Adapted from Sadoff et al. Antibody levels in phase 2 clinical trial participants aged 18�?5 years and aged �?5 years who received primary vaccination with Ad26.COV2.S at day 1, and a booster dose at day 169 (6 months). | Geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) shown above each time point. Licensed under CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0. SP - 2021.08.25.21262569 ST - Durability of antibody responses elicited by a single dose of Ad26.COV2.S and substantial increase following late boosting T2 - medRxiv TI - Durability of antibody responses elicited by a single dose of Ad26.COV2.S and substantial increase following late boosting UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/08/26/2021.08.25.21262569.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/08/26/2021.08.25.21262569.full.pdf ID - 2279 ER - TY - JOUR AB - SARS-CoV-2 mutations may diminish vaccine-induced protective immune responses, particularly as antibody titers wane over time. Here, we assess the impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (Gamma), B.1.429 (Epsilon), B.1.526 (Iota), and B.1.617.2 (Delta) on binding, neutralizing, and ACE2-competing antibodies elicited by the vaccine mRNA-1273 over seven months. Cross-reactive neutralizing responses were rare after a single dose. At the peak of response to the second vaccine dose, all individuals had responses to all variants. Binding and functional antibodies against variants persisted in most subjects, albeit at low levels, for 6-months after the primary series of the mRNA-1273 vaccine. Across all assays, B.1.351 had the lowest antibody recognition. These data complement ongoing studies to inform the potential need for additional boost vaccinations. AD - Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. | Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. | Emmes Company, Rockville, MD 20850, USA. | Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. | Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA. | Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. | Hope Clinic, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Decatur, GA 30030, USA. AN - 34385356 AU - Pegu, Amarendra | O’Connell, Sarah | Schmidt, Stephen D. | O’Dell, Sijy | Talana, Chloe A. | Lai, Lilin | Albert, Jim | Anderson, Evan | Bennett, Hamilton | Corbett, Kizzmekia S. | Flach, Britta | Jackson, Lisa | Leav, Brett | Ledgerwood, Julie E. | Luke, Catherine J. | Makowski, Mat | Nason, Martha C. | Roberts, Paul C. | Roederer, Mario | Rebolledo, Paulina A. | Rostad, Christina A. | Rouphael, Nadine G. | Shi, Wei | Wang, Lingshu | Widge, Alicia T. | Yang, Eun Sung | The mRNA- Study Group | Beigel, John H. | Graham, Barney S. | Mascola, John R. | Suthar, Mehul S. | McDermott, Adrian B. | Doria-Rose, Nicole A. C1 - 2021-08-20 C2 - Vaccines CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08202021_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 17 DO - 10.1126/science.abj4176 ET - 2021/08/14 IS - 6561 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Antibodies, Neutralizing/*blood/immunology | Antibodies, Viral/*blood/immunology | COVID-19/prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage/*immunology | Cross Reactions | Humans | Immune Evasion | Immunization, Secondary | Immunogenicity, Vaccine | Middle Aged | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology | Time Factors | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://3095520687/Pegu-2021-Durability of mRNA-1273 vaccine–indu.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Pegu, Amarendra | O'Connell, Sarah E | Schmidt, Stephen D | O'Dell, Sijy | Talana, Chloe A | Lai, Lilin | Albert, Jim | Anderson, Evan | Bennett, Hamilton | Corbett, Kizzmekia S | Flach, Britta | Jackson, Lisa | Leav, Brett | Ledgerwood, Julie E | Luke, Catherine J | Makowski, Mat | Nason, Martha C | Roberts, Paul C | Roederer, Mario | Rebolledo, Paulina A | Rostad, Christina A | Rouphael, Nadine G | Shi, Wei | Wang, Lingshu | Widge, Alicia T | Yang, Eun Sung | Beigel, John H | Graham, Barney S | Mascola, John R | Suthar, Mehul S | McDermott, Adrian B | Doria-Rose, Nicole A | Arega, Jae | Buchanan, Wendy | Elsafy, Mohammed | Hoang, Binh | Lampley, Rebecca | Kolhekar, Aparna | Koo, Hyung | Luke, Catherine | Makhene, Mamodikoe | Nayak, Seema | Pikaart-Tautges, Rhonda | Russell, Janie | Sindall, Elisa | Kunwar, Pratap | Anderson, Evan J | Bechnak, Amer | Bower, Mary | Camacho-Gonzalez, Andres F | Collins, Matthew | Drobeniuc, Ana | Edara, Venkata Viswanadh | Edupuganti, Srilatha | Floyd, Katharine | Gibson, Theda | Ackerley, Cassie M Grimsley | Johnson, Brandi | Kamidani, Satoshi | Kao, Carol | Kelley, Colleen | Macenczak, Hollie | McCullough, Michele Paine | Peters, Etza | Phadke, Varun K | Rouphael, Nadine | Scherer, Erin | Sherman, Amy | Stephens, Kathy | Teherani, Mehgan | Traenkner, Jessica | Winston, Juton | Yildirim, Inci | Barr, Lee | Benoit, Joyce | Carste, Barbara | Choe, Joe | Dunstan, Maya | Erolin, Roxanne | Ffitch, Jana | Fields, Colin | Jackson, Lisa A | Kiniry, Erika | Lasicka, Susan | Lee, Stella | Nguyen, Matthew | Pimienta, Stephanie | Suyehira, Janice | Witte, Michael | Altaras, Nedim Emil | Carfi, Andrea | Hurley, Marjorie | Pajon, Rolando | Sun, Wellington | Zaks, Tal | Coler, Rhea N | Larsen, Sasha E | Neuzil, Kathleen M | Lindesmith, Lisa C | Martinez, David R | Munt, Jennifer | Mallory, Michael | Edwards, Caitlin | Baric, Ralph S | Berkowitz, Nina M | Boritz, Eli A | Carlton, Kevin | Costner, Pamela | Creanga, Adrian | Douek, Daniel C | Gaudinski, Martin | Gordon, Ingelise | Holman, LaSonji | Leung, Kwanyee | Lin, Bob C | Louder, Mark K | Morabito, Kaitlyn M | Novik, Laura | O'Connell, Sarah | Padilla, Marcelino | Swanson, Phillip A 2nd | Zhang, Yi | Chappell, James D | Denison, Mark R | Hughes, Tia | Lu, Xiaotao | Pruijssers, Andrea J | Stevens, Laura J | Posavad, Christine M | Gale, Michael Jr | Menachery, Vineet | Shi, Pei-Yong | eng | UM1 AI148373/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | UM1 AI148576/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | UM1 AI148684/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | P51 OD011132/OD/NIH HHS/ | Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural | Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | Science. 2021 Sep 17;373(6561):1372-1377. doi: 10.1126/science.abj4176. Epub 2021 Aug 13. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Vaccine-induced antibody responses to 6 SARS-CoV-2 variants Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), Delta (B.1.617.2), Epsilon (B.1.429), and Iota (B.1.526) were assessed in 24 subjects who received 2 doses of mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccine. Neutralizing antibody titers decreased over time yet persisted at low levels in �?5% of persons at 6 months post-vaccination against Delta and other variants (except Beta). High levels of binding antibodies against each variant, including Delta, were maintained in all subjects over the 7-month study period. SN - 1095-9203 (Electronic) | 0036-8075 (Linking) SP - eabj4176 ST - Durability of mRNA-1273 vaccine–induced antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants T2 - Science TI - Durability of mRNA-1273 vaccine–induced antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants UR - https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/early/2021/08/11/science.abj4176.full.pdf VL - 373 ID - 2241 ER - TY - JOUR AB - SARS-CoV-2 mutations may diminish vaccine-induced protective immune responses, and the durability of such responses has not been previously reported. Here, we present a comprehensive assessment of the impact of variants B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, B.1.429, and B.1.526 on binding, neutralizing, and ACE2-blocking antibodies elicited by the vaccine mRNA-1273 over seven months. Cross-reactive neutralizing responses were rare after a single dose of mRNA-1273. At the peak of response to the second dose, all subjects had robust responses to all variants. Binding and functional antibodies against variants persisted in most subjects, albeit at low levels, for 6 months after the primary series of mRNA-1273. Across all assays, B.1.351 had the greatest impact on antibody recognition, and B.1.1.7 the least. These data complement ongoing studies of clinical protection to inform the potential need for additional boost vaccinations.One-Sentence Summary Most mRNA-1273 vaccinated individuals maintained binding and functional antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants for 6 months.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest. AD - Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health; Bethesda MD, USA. | Department of Medicine, Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (CCIV) of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory Vaccine Center, and Emory University Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine; Atlanta, GA, USA. | Emmes Company; Rockville, MD, USA. | Moderna, Inc.; Cambridge, MA, USA. | Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute; Seattle, WA, USA. | Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD, USA. | Hope Clinic, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine; Decatur, GA, USA. AN - 34031659 AU - Pegu, Amarendra | O’Connell, Sarah | Schmidt, Stephen D. | O’Dell, Sijy | Talana, Chloe A. | Lai, Lilin | Albert, Jim | Anderson, Evan | Bennett, Hamilton | Corbett, Kizzmekia S. | Flach, Britta | Jackson, Lisa | Leav, Brett | Ledgerwood, Julie E. | Luke, Catherine J. | Makowski, Mat | Roberts, Paul C. | Roederer, Mario | Rebolledo, Paulina A. | Rostad, Christina A. | Rouphael, Nadine G. | Shi, Wei | Wang, Lingshu | Widge, Alicia T. | Yang, Eun Sung | Beigel, John H. | Graham, Barney S. | Mascola, John R. | Suthar, Mehul S. | McDermott, Adrian | Doria-Rose, Nicole A. C1 - 2021-05-28 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05282021_covidupdate.html DA - May 16 DO - 10.1101/2021.05.13.444010 ET - 2021/05/26 L1 - internal-pdf://1065060135/Pegu-2021-Durability of mRNA-1273-induced anti.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Pegu, Amarendra | O'Connell, Sarah | Schmidt, Stephen D | O'Dell, Sijy | Talana, Chloe A | Lai, Lilin | Albert, Jim | Anderson, Evan | Bennett, Hamilton | Corbett, Kizzmekia S | Flach, Britta | Jackson, Lisa | Leav, Brett | Ledgerwood, Julie E | Luke, Catherine J | Makowski, Mat | Roberts, Paul C | Roederer, Mario | Rebolledo, Paulina A | Rostad, Christina A | Rouphael, Nadine G | Shi, Wei | Wang, Lingshu | Widge, Alicia T | Yang, Eun Sung | Beigel, John H | Graham, Barney S | Mascola, John R | Suthar, Mehul S | McDermott, Adrian | Doria-Rose, Nicole A | eng | UM1 AI148373/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | UM1 AI148684/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | HHSN272201500002C/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | P51 OD011132/OD/NIH HHS/ | UM1 AI148576/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | Preprint | bioRxiv. 2021 May 16. doi: 10.1101/2021.05.13.444010. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Most people fully vaccinated with Moderna mRNA-1273 maintained neutralizing (Figure) and binding antibodies against 5 SARS-CoV-2 variants for at least 6 months. | By 6 months post-vaccination, �?5% of persons still had neutralizing antibodies against all variants except for B.1.351, for which only 54% of persons still had neutralizing antibodies. | Methods: Vaccine-induced antibody responses to 5 SARS-CoV-2 variants (B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, B.1.429, and B.1.526) were assessed over 7 months in 24 subjects who received 2 vaccine doses. Limitations: Small sample size; correlates of vaccine-induced protection are unknown. | Implications: The Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine induces relatively long-lived functional antibodies, able to neutralize 5 circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants; however, it induces a less robust, shorter-lived response to B.1.351. SP - 2021.05.13.444010 ST - Durability of mRNA-1273-induced antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants T2 - bioRxiv TI - Durability of mRNA-1273-induced antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants UR - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2021/05/16/2021.05.13.444010.abstract | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2021/05/16/2021.05.13.444010.full.pdf ID - 1789 ER - TY - JOUR AD - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Bethesda, MD alicia.widge@nih.gov. | Emory University School of Medicine, Decatur, GA. | Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, WA. | NIAID, Bethesda, MD. | Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN. | University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. | Moderna, Cambridge, MA. | Emmes Company, Rockville, MD. AN - 33270381 AU - Widge, A. T. | Rouphael, N. G. | Jackson, L. A. | Anderson, E. J. | Roberts, P. C. | Makhene, M. | Chappell, J. D. | Denison, M. R. | Stevens, L. J. | Pruijssers, A. J. | McDermott, A. B. | Flach, B. | Lin, B. C. | Doria-Rose, N. A. | O'Dell, S. | Schmidt, S. D. | Neuzil, K. M. | Bennett, H. | Leav, B. | Makowski, M. | Albert, J. | Cross, K. | Edara, V. V. | Floyd, K. | Suthar, M. S. | Buchanan, W. | Luke, C. J. | Ledgerwood, J. E. | Mascola, J. R. | Graham, B. S. | Beigel, J. H. | m, R. N. A. Study Group C1 - 2020-12-15 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/121520_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 7 DO - 10.1056/NEJMc2032195 ET - 2020/12/04 IS - 1 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Antibodies, Neutralizing/*blood | Antibodies, Viral/*blood | COVID-19/*immunology/prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage/*immunology | Humans | Immunization, Secondary | Middle Aged | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology | Th1 Cells/physiology | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://0819975770/Widge-2021-Durability of Responses after SARS-.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Widge, Alicia T; Rouphael, Nadine G; Jackson, Lisa A; Anderson, Evan J; Roberts, Paul C; Makhene, Mamodikoe; Chappell, James D; Denison, Mark R; Stevens, Laura J; Pruijssers, Andrea J; McDermott, Adrian B; Flach, Britta; Lin, Bob C; Doria-Rose, Nicole A; O'Dell, Sijy; Schmidt, Stephen D; Neuzil, Kathleen M; Bennett, Hamilton; Leav, Brett; Makowski, Mat; Albert, Jim; Cross, Kaitlyn; Edara, Venkata-Viswanadh; Floyd, Katharine; Suthar, Mehul S; Buchanan, Wendy; Luke, Catherine J; Ledgerwood, Julie E; Mascola, John R; Graham, Barney S; Beigel, John H; eng; HHSN272201500002C/US/ /; UM1Al148684-01S1/US/ /; UM1AI148684/US/ /; UM1 AI148373/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; HHSN272201500002C/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; UL1 TR002243/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; NIH P51 OD011132/US/ /; UM1AI148576/US/ /; UM1 AI148576/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; UM1AI148373/US/ /; P51 OD011132/OD/NIH HHS/; U01 AI149644/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; UM1 AI148684/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; NIH AID AI149644/US/ /; Letter; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; N Engl J Med. 2021 Jan 7;384(1):80-82. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2032195. Epub 2020 Dec 3. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: The Moderna vaccine candidate mRNA-1273 induced neutralizing antibody that lasted 3 months in all age groups tested (18-55, 56-70, and >71 years) with minimal waning of antibody titers over time; follow-up to 13 months is planned. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 80-82 ST - Durability of Responses after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 Vaccination T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Durability of Responses after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 Vaccination UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33270381 VL - 384 ID - 1348 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Characterizing the longevity and quality of cellular immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 enhances understanding of COVID-19 immunity that influences clinical outcomes. Prior studies suggest SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells are present in peripheral blood 10 months after infection. Further analysis of the function, durability, and diversity of the cellular response long after natural infection, over a wider range of ages and disease phenotypes, is needed to further identify preventative and therapeutic interventions.We identified participants in our multi-site longitudinal, prospective cohort study 12-months post SARS-CoV-2 infection representing a range of disease severity. We investigated the function, phenotypes, and frequency of T cells specific for SARS-CoV-2 using intracellular cytokine staining and spectral flow cytometry. In parallel, the magnitude of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies was compared.SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies and T cells were detected at 12-months post-infection. Severity of acute illness was associated with higher frequencies of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 T cells and antibodies at 12-months. In contrast, polyfunctional and cytotoxic T cells responsive to SARS-CoV-2 were identified in participants over a wide spectrum of disease severity.Our data show that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces polyfunctional memory T cells detectable at 12-months post-infection, with higher frequency noted in those who originally experienced severe disease. AD - Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA. | Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, USA. | Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA. | Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA. | Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA. | Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA. | Brooke Army Medical Center, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA. | Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA. | Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, WA, USA. | Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA. | Austere Environments Consortium for Enhanced Sepsis Outcomes, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, USA. AN - 34673956 AU - Lu, Zhongyan | Laing, Eric D | Pena DaMata, Jarina | Pohida, Katherine | Tso, Marana S | Samuels, Emily C | Epsi, Nusrat J | Dorjbal, Batsukh | Lake, Camille | Richard, Stephanie A | Maves, Ryan C | Lindholm, David A | Rozman, Julia | English, Caroline | Huprikar, Nikhil | Mende, Katrin | Colombo, Rhonda E | Colombo, Christopher J | Broder, Christopher C | Ganesan, Anuradha | Lanteri, Charlotte A | Agan, Brian K | Tribble, David | Simons, Mark P | Dalgard, Clifton L | Blair, Paul W | Chenoweth, Josh | Pollett, Simon D | Snow, Andrew L | Burgess, Timothy H | Malloy, Allison M W | EPICC COVID-19 Cohort Study Group C1 - 2021-11-15 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/11152021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - Oct 21 DO - 10.1093/infdis/jiab543 ET - 2021/10/22 KW - 12-months | Covid-19 | SARS-CoV-2 | T cell | antibody | cytotoxicity | durability | memory | polyfunctionality L1 - internal-pdf://2829100676/Lu-2021-Durability of SARS-CoV-2-specific T ce.pdf LB - Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Lu, Zhongyan | Laing, Eric D | Pena DaMata, Jarina | Pohida, Katherine | Tso, Marana S | Samuels, Emily C | Epsi, Nusrat J | Dorjbal, Batsukh | Lake, Camille | Richard, Stephanie A | Maves, Ryan C | Lindholm, David A | Rozman, Julia | English, Caroline | Huprikar, Nikhil | Mende, Katrin | Colombo, Rhonda E | Colombo, Christopher J | Broder, Christopher C | Ganesan, Anuradha | Lanteri, Charlotte A | Agan, Brian K | Tribble, David | Simons, Mark P | Dalgard, Clifton L | Blair, Paul W | Chenoweth, Josh | Pollett, Simon D | Snow, Andrew L | Burgess, Timothy H | Malloy, Allison M W | eng | J Infect Dis. 2021 Oct 21. pii: 6407565. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiab543. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 29 individuals who had COVID-19 and were tested for SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells 1 year after symptom onset, 22 showed at least some, typically low magnitude, T cell response (usually CD4 T cells). Patients who had been hospitalized were more likely to be positive (using a 2-fold increase over unstimulated control wells as a threshold for positivity) and had modestly higher levels of T cell responses compared to outpatients. SN - 0022-1899 ST - Durability of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses at 12-months post-infection T2 - J Infect Dis TI - Durability of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses at 12-months post-infection UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiab543 | https://watermark.silverchair.com/jiab543.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAvgwggL0BgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggLlMIIC4QIBADCCAtoGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMGWn92otzefk_R3XwAgEQgIICqwEjZ90iRWgTkU7fUmRhdbIT31jO2HzDsbliCVM46B3-ajEWGdeo5FUROHCeAQDbxSlgY-6S7BG4hK7ZrhzgoSYOqHbFMnwlZtFufIUxIYffvrz_bTzAKedwdEjJBIob-sfd4gb0qFTVM_mxCK1iQp6gd-GE3D-yZbs5tGHkr5Ws-mQ0Y7D3t5-hDBBjQRQDqpmgE6DKL4j3w_tN5py6o_UKWU8iZDbNFcv-0lKv4KO9xjbeQm6E1PTAhRknzjQsyW3IHbSxI7S6Pv3FIrTHdzHZqgWVYekXEhG5zEYFVm7Oa8fccJwtJWgEC_3eTxnNPaYth_Usuw3a_EMSH-nUB-jw81DVRFOf7jKXxnBNvrXW2uXrmUzlzmekXPgPKe1wwKwzHp_rTyz09UE2t3soWPmJMc0RjHIZ7H1j1IYJW7szO2zJDcyGe36bLnf-l8nZiQHDqi7_8khIx58xCaPSd5X8NsDQLwqjiwHIStI2EcJtQe2F2mXiKKDJl1KBVLJue8YJ5s9VjoIF3BKdPz7NhD28smcM_rbgLriaal8soeI4bc6uWvf4R98tmABNeuhQ22nQwQiJraEEtlcRKTinCHN9YIICEXo5BnMQ3XJDtTMt4MM2otNHIbs8mxzSpqlHWqEn3HkwKQ9x8_HtufXKcaaJZlW_bkKRIyASZ35k8VwNbOelYRN84dSX3RYarHH-smSAidVx8h8mX2lf6CQ5c2k5tj1dYETN3pg38Q69poX1U-i-Zlvo9FuVdtNimUr56MFKjJ02pByNKCg_OQVFDPSVmAbF_F5cS6kNX8kwpsbC8hLsV3Z_TdelLKlo8vZH3zZD50uVMMY09J0Tp_H-ew4yk_UHWGQqt8zP9wJWbxx7olcITSw_cX95dfGYvN1s1KCXSgk4Si_Ean4R Y2 - 11/22/2021 ID - 2624 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA dbarouch@bidmc.harvard.edu. | Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands. | Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA. | Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium. AN - 34260834 AU - Barouch, Dan H. | Stephenson, Kathryn E. | Sadoff, Jerald | Yu, Jingyou | Chang, Aiquan | Gebre, Makda | McMahan, Katherine | Liu, Jinyan | Chandrashekar, Abishek | Patel, Shivani | Le Gars, Mathieu | de Groot, Anne M. | Heerwegh, Dirk | Struyf, Frank | Douoguih, Macaya | van Hoof, Johan | Schuitemaker, Hanneke C1 - 2021-07-23 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07232021_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 2 DO - 10.1056/NEJMc2108829 ET - 2021/07/15 IS - 10 KW - Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood | Antibodies, Viral/blood | COVID-19 Vaccines/*immunology | Follow-Up Studies | Humans | *Immunity, Cellular | *Immunity, Humoral | *Immunogenicity, Vaccine | SARS-CoV-2 | T-Lymphocytes/physiology | Vaccination L1 - internal-pdf://1751543561/Barouch-2021-Durable Humoral and Cellular Immu.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Barouch, Dan H | Stephenson, Kathryn E | Sadoff, Jerald | Yu, Jingyou | Chang, Aiquan | Gebre, Makda | McMahan, Katherine | Liu, Jinyan | Chandrashekar, Abishek | Patel, Shivani | Le Gars, Mathieu | de Groot, Anne M | Heerwegh, Dirk | Struyf, Frank | Douoguih, Macaya | van Hoof, Johan | Schuitemaker, Hanneke | eng | U01 CA260476/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ | HHSO100201700018C/Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority | CA260476/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ | Letter | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | N Engl J Med. 2021 Sep 2;385(10):951-953. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2108829. Epub 2021 Jul 14. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Vaccination with a single dose of Ad26.COV2.S continued to produce humoral and cellular immunity for at least 239 days. | Median CD8+ T-cell responses was 0.0545%, 0.0554%, and 0.0734% on days 57, 85, and 239, respectively. | Increased neutralization over time of SARS-CoV-2 variants, including B.1.617.2 (Delta), B.1.351 (Beta) and P.1 (Gamma) suggests maturation of B-cell responses (Figure). | Methods: Durability of humoral and cellular immune responses in experimental group receiving Ad26.COV2.S (Johnson & Johnson/Janssen) vaccination (n = 20) and placebo (n = 5) studied over 8 months. Median neutralizing antibody titers were evaluated by ELISA for the WA1/2020, D614G, B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.617.1 (Kappa), B.1.617.2 (Delta), P.1, B.1.429 (Epsilon), and B.1.351 (Beta) variants. Interferon-�� CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses were measured on days 29, 57, 71 or 85, and 239. Limitations: Small sample size. | Implications: The Ad26.COV2.S vaccine induces prolonged immune response against WA1/2020. Neutralization effects expanded against other variants over time, likely through maturation of B-cell responses. SN - 0028-4793 SP - 951-953 ST - Durable Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses 8 Months after Ad26.COV2.S Vaccination T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Durable Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses 8 Months after Ad26.COV2.S Vaccination UR - https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2108829 | https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMc2108829?articleTools=true VL - 385 Y2 - 2021/07/26 ID - 2119 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Multiple studies have shown loss of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies over time after infection, raising concern that humoral immunity against the virus is not durable. If immunity wanes quickly, millions of people may be at risk for reinfection after recovery from COVID-19. However, memory B cells (MBC) could provide durable humoral immunity even if serum neutralizing antibody titers decline. We performed multi-dimensional flow cytometric analysis of S protein receptor binding domain (S-RBD)-specific MBC in cohorts of ambulatory COVID-19 patients with mild disease, and hospitalized patients with moderate to severe disease, at a median of 54 (39-104) days after onset of symptoms. We detected S-RBD-specific class-switched MBC in 13 out of 14 participants, including 4 of the 5 participants with lowest plasma levels of anti-S-RBD IgG and neutralizing antibodies. Resting MBC (rMBC) made up the largest proportion of S-RBD-specific class-switched MBC in both cohorts. FCRL5, a marker of functional memory when expressed on rMBC, was dramatically upregulated on S-RBD-specific rMBC. These data indicate that most SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals develop S-RBD-specific, class-switched MBC that phenotypically resemble germinal center-derived B cells induced by effective vaccination against other pathogens, providing evidence for durable B cell-mediated immunity against SARS-CoV-2 after recovery from mild or severe COVID-19 disease. AD - Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. | W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. | Advanced Mammalian Biomanufacturing Innovation Center, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. AN - 33140070 AU - Ogega, C. O. | Skinner, N. E. | Blair, P. W. | Park, H. S. | Littlefield, K. | Ganesan, A. | Ladiwala, P. | Antar, A. A. | Ray, S. C. | Betenbaugh, M. J. | Pekosz, A. | Klein, S. L. | Manabe, Y. C. | Cox, A. L. | Bailey, J. R. C1 - 2020-11-17 C2 - Immunity CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/111720_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 30 DO - 10.1101/2020.10.28.20220996 ET - 2020/11/04 L1 - internal-pdf://0125787897/Ogega-2020-Durable SARS-CoV-2 B cell immunity.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Ogega, Clinton O; Skinner, Nicole E; Blair, Paul W; Park, Han-Sol; Littlefield, Kirsten; Ganesan, Abhinaya; Ladiwala, Pranay; Antar, Annukka Ar; Ray, Stuart C; Betenbaugh, Michael J; Pekosz, Andrew; Klein, Sabra L; Manabe, Yukari C; Cox, Andrea L; Bailey, Justin R; eng; U54 CA260492/CA/NCI NIH HHS/; R01 AI127469/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R21 AI151353/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 NR005228/NR/NINR NIH HHS/; HHSN272201400007C/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Preprint; medRxiv. 2020 Oct 30. doi: 10.1101/2020.10.28.20220996. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; B cells recognizing SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain (S-RBD) were detected in 13 of 14 participants with COVID-19 (Figure, A). | Four (57%) of seven patients with mild COVID-19 had S-RBD-specific immature B cells and antibody-secreting cells (ASC) and six (86%) had detectable memory B cells (MBC). | 100% of moderate-to-severe COVID-19 patients had S-RBD-specific B cells of all types (immature, ASC, and MBC). | The frequency of S-RBD specific MBC was significantly higher in patients with moderate-to-severe COVID-19 compared with mild COVID-19 (mean S-RBD+ frequency 0.85% vs. 0.20%, p = 0.004) (Figure, B). | The single individual with SARS-CoV-2 infection but without detectable S-RBD-specific MBC was asymptomatic. | Methods: S-RBD-specific B cells from seven ambulatory patients with mild COVID-19 and seven hospitalized patients with moderate-to-severe COVID-19, and cryopreserved cells from healthy blood donors collected prior to the COVID-19 pandemic were evaluated. Limitations: Maximum time from symptom onset to B cell sampling was 104 days (median 54 days); small sample size. | Implications for 2 studies (Ogega et al. & Zuo et al.): Memory B and T cells could provide durable immunity to SARS-CoV-2 even after serum antibodies decline, particularly in symptomatic individuals. A commentary from Wise, J.external icon highlights that durable T cell responses against a range of SARS-CoV-2 proteins might point to potential new vaccine targets. SP - 2020.10.28.20220996 ST - Durable SARS-CoV-2 B cell immunity after mild or severe disease T2 - medRxiv TI - Durable SARS-CoV-2 B cell immunity after mild or severe disease TT - Published article: Durable SARS-CoV-2 B cell immunity after mild or severe disease UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33140070 ID - 1238 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea. | Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. | College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea. | Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea ms0392@korea.ac.kr. | Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea drjwchung@cau.ac.kr. AN - 33503337 AU - Kim, M. C. | Cui, C. | Shin, K. R. | Bae, J. Y. | Kweon, O. J. | Lee, M. K. | Choi, S. H. | Jung, S. Y. | Park, M. S. | Chung, J. W. C1 - 2021-02-05 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02052021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 18 DO - 10.1056/NEJMc2027040 ET - 2021/01/28 IS - 7 KW - COVID-19/transmission/*virology | COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing | Hospitalization | Humans | *Microbial Viability | Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction | SARS-CoV-2/*isolation & purification/pathogenicity | Viral Load L1 - internal-pdf://4065651959/Kim-2021-Duration of Culturable SARS-CoV-2 in.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Kim, Min-Chul; Cui, Chunguang; Shin, Kyeong-Ryeol; Bae, Joon-Yong; Kweon, Oh-Joo; Lee, Mi-Kyung; Choi, Seong-Ho; Jung, Sun-Young; Park, Man-Seong; Chung, Jin-Won; eng; Grant No. NRF-2018M3A9H4056537, granter: Man-Seong/National Research Foundation of Korea; granter: Min-Chul Kim/US/ /; Letter; N Engl J Med. 2021 Feb 18;384(7):671-673. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2027040. Epub 2021 Jan 27. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Based on all 2-day RT-PCRs and viral cultures among 21 hospitalized patients with COVID-19, the median duration of shedding of viable virus was approximately 7 days (95% CI 5-10). SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 671-673 ST - Duration of Culturable SARS-CoV-2 in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19 T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Duration of Culturable SARS-CoV-2 in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33503337 VL - 384 ID - 1465 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 viral load in the upper respiratory tract peaks around symptom onset and infectious virus persists for 10 days in mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease (n=324 samples analysed). RT-PCR cycle threshold (Ct) values correlate strongly with cultivable virus. Probability of culturing virus declines to 8% in samples with Ct > 35 and to 6% 10 days after onset; it is similar in asymptomatic and symptomatic persons. Asymptomatic persons represent a source of transmissible virus. AD - These authors contributed equally. | Virus Reference Department, Public Health England, Colindale, United Kingdom. | Data and Analytical Services, Public Health England, Colindale, United Kingdom. | Immunisation and Countermeasures, Public Health England, Colindale, United Kingdom. AN - 32794447 AU - Singanayagam, A. | Patel, M. | Charlett, A. | Lopez Bernal, J. | Saliba, V. | Ellis, J. | Ladhani, S. | Zambon, M. | Gopal, R. C1 - 2020-09-04 C2 - Laboratory Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090420_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.32.2001483 ET - 2020/08/15 IS - 32 KW - Antibodies, Viral/*blood | Asymptomatic Infections | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Clinical Laboratory Techniques | Coronavirus/*genetics/isolation & purification/*pathogenicity | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis/epidemiology/virology | England/epidemiology | Humans | *Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis/epidemiology/virology | RNA, Viral/*genetics | Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction | SARS-CoV-2 | Serologic Tests | Viral Load | Virus Shedding/genetics/*physiology | *covid-19 | *SARS-CoV-2 | *coronavirus | *infectiousness | *public health policy | *respiratory virus L1 - internal-pdf://2072592468/Singanayagam-2020-Duration of infectiousness a.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Singanayagam, Anika; Patel, Monika; Charlett, Andre; Lopez Bernal, Jamie; Saliba, Vanessa; Ellis, Joanna; Ladhani, Shamez; Zambon, Maria; Gopal, Robin; eng; Sweden; Euro Surveill. 2020 Aug;25(32). doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.32.2001483. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Median duration of virus shedding by culture after symptom onset was 4 days. | The culture-positivity rate peaked at symptom onset and was significantly higher during week 1 than week 2 (74% vs 20%, p = 0.002). | Ten days after symptom onset, the probability of culturing virus declined to 6.0% (95% CI 0.9%-31.2%). | Samples taken during the presymptomatic phase were as likely to be culture-positive as those taken during the symptomatic phase. | The ability to recover infectious virus was strongly related to Ct value, as the estimated OR of finding infectious virus decreased by 0.67 for every unit increase in Ct value (Figure). | There was no difference in Ct values in those with asymptomatic, mild-to-moderate, or severe illness (p = 0.79). | Methods: Analysis of upper respiratory tract specimens collected between January and April 2020 from 425 symptomatic and 62 asymptomatic persons. RT-PCR Ct values were related to viral culture. Limitations: Recall bias on date of symptom onset might have influenced the relation of virus detection to symptom onset; virus culture is dependent on technical factors that might limit comparability to data from other labs; nonsystematic sampling; only 8% had severe disease. | Implications: All persons with COVID-19 regardless of symptoms may transmit infection. Based on the data presented here on the presence of culturable virus, transmission is most likely during the period from symptom onset through 10 days after symptom onset. Further studies are needed on the dynamics of transmission, especially for persons with asymptomatic infection. SN - 1560-7917 (Electronic); 1025-496X (Linking) SP - 2001483 ST - Duration of infectiousness and correlation with RT-PCR cycle threshold values in cases of COVID-19, England, January to May 2020 T2 - Euro Surveill TI - Duration of infectiousness and correlation with RT-PCR cycle threshold values in cases of COVID-19, England, January to May 2020 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32794447 VL - 25 ID - 820 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Real world effectiveness data has consistently shown high levels of protection of COVID-19 vaccines | against clinical disease, above all against severe disease outcomes such as hospitalisation and | mortality.(1-7) Protection against severe disease appears to be maintained with variants of concern, | including the Delta variant currently in circulation in the UK.(8) | COVID-19 vaccines have been in use for approximately 9 months in the UK. Initially a 3-week interval | between doses of the Pfizer vaccine was used, however, this was changed to a recommendation for | an extended (12 week) interval for all vaccines early on in the programme. Therefore, some of the | earliest vaccinated groups will have now received their full course of vaccination up to 6 months ago. | Immunogenicity data suggests that antibody titres wane relatively rapidly following two doses of | vaccine.(9) Emerging data also suggests that protection against infection is beginning to wane, though | this may also be related to the emergence of the Delta variant.(7) This has been seen most notably in | Israel where a 3 week schedule was used and where the longest follow-up data is available.(10, 11) | Here we present the latest PHE data on vaccine effectiveness (VE) against clinical disease by period | after a two-dose course of vaccine AU - Public Health England, | Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies C1 - 2021-09-24 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09242021_covidupdate.html#anchor_Vaccines DA - 2021-09-14 L1 - internal-pdf://1917572108/S1362_PHE_duration_of_protection_of_COVID-19_v.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Vaccine effectiveness (VE) against symptomatic disease at �?0 weeks after 2nd dose was higher for BNT162b2 (Comirnaty, Pfizer/BioNTech) (~70%) compared with AZD1222 (Vaxzevria, AstraZeneca) (~50%). | VE against hospitalization remained high after 20 weeks, although VE was lower for Vaxzevria (~60%, persons �?5 years; ~70%, persons ages 40�?4 years) compared with Comirnaty (~90% for persons �?5 years and 40�?4 years) (Figure). | Among persons �?0 years, Comirnaty effectiveness against hospitalization might have declined, but results may be confounded by different spacing of doses for sub-groups. | VE against death remained high after 20 weeks for Vaxzevria and Comirnaty. | Methods: Vaccine effectiveness (VE) of AZD1222 (Vaxzevria, AstraZeneca), BNT162b2 (Comirnaty, Pfizer/BioNTech), and mRNA-1273 (Moderna, Spikevax) was measured by comparing the vaccination status of symptomatic persons in the UK who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 with those who tested negative during December 8, 2020–August 20, 2021. VE against symptomatic disease, hospitalization, and death for Alpha (B.1.1.7) and Delta (B.1.617.2) variants were analyzed by number of days since 2nd dose. Limitations: Data from persons 16�?9 years of age were excluded due to limited follow-up period; Moderna VE was limited to symptomatic disease for 10-week follow-up only; unclear timing of vaccination; intervals between doses varied over time. | | Implications: Vaccine effectiveness of 2 doses of Vaxzevria and Comirnaty against hospitalization and death due to the Delta variant remained high 20 weeks after vaccination. ST - Duration of protection of COVID-19 vaccines against clinical disease T2 - Working Paper: Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies TI - Duration of protection of COVID-19 vaccines against clinical disease UR - https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/phe-duration-of-protection-of-covid-19-vaccines-against-clinical-disease-9-september-2021 ID - 2367 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVE: To determine the duration of SARS-CoV-2 persistence in quarantine hotel environments. METHODS: 39 Patients confirmed by RT-PCR were included. We collected clinical features, laboratory test results, smear sample information, and quarantine room information. Genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were conducted. We analyzed the factors associated with environmental contamination. RESULT: Among 39 COVID-19 cases, 10 were asymptomatic and 37 were imported from aboard. We collected 271 swab samples from environmental surfaces related to observational patients. Eighteen swab samples from seven patients were positive. The highest contamination rates occurred on cups (100%), followed by hand sink (12.82%), toilet seat and flush (7.89%), telephone (5.56%), bedside table (5.56%), and floor drain (5.41%). The results showed that environmental surface contamination was associated with the clinical cycle threshold values for patients (P = 0.01) and the sampling interval time after the cases left their rooms (P = 0.03). The duration of environmental surface contamination was associated with the wet status of the sampling site (P = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Our findings showed that environmental contamination might be attributed to the viral load in the respiratory tracts of patients and the sampling interval time after the cases left their rooms. Moist surfaces were more vulnerable to remaining SARS-CoV-2 RNA-positive. Our study highlights the importance of implementing strict chemical disinfection strategies in quarantine rooms. AD - Department of Disinfection, Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Baiyun District Qi De Road in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510440, China. | Department of Virology and Immunology, Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Baiyun District Qi De Road in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510440, China. | Director Office, Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Baiyun District Qi De Road in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510440, China. | Department of School Health, Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Baiyun District Qi De Road in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510440, China. | Department of Public Health Emergency Response, Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Baiyun District Qi De Road in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510440, China. Electronic address: 103073279@qq.com. AN - 33578005 AU - Liu, J. | Liu, J. | He, Z. | Yang, Z. | Yuan, J. | Wu, H. | Zhu, P. | Fu, X. | Lin, Y. | Zhang, Y. | Zhao, Z. | He, S. | Ma, X. C1 - 2021-03-19 C2 - Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03192021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr DO - 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.02.025 ET - 2021/02/13 KW - COVID-19/*prevention & control | Disinfection/methods | *Environmental Microbiology | Female | Humans | Male | *Quarantine | SARS-CoV-2/*isolation & purification | Time Factors | Viral Load | Contamination | Quarantine | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://3826526839/Liu-2021-Duration of SARS-CoV-2 positive in qu.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Liu, Jie; Liu, Jingwen; He, Zheng; Yang, Zhicong; Yuan, Jun; Wu, Haoying; Zhu, Pingting; Fu, Xuesong; Lin, Yunwan; Zhang, Ying; Zhao, Zhengyang; He, Shiyu; Ma, Xiaowei; eng; Canada; Int J Infect Dis. 2021 Apr;105:68-74. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.02.025. Epub 2021 Feb 10. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Surface smear samples from quarantine rooms of 39 COVID-19 cases, tested using nucleic acid detection and genomic sequencing, found that the highest contamination was on moist surfaces (e.g., cups, sink, toilet seat), and that surface contamination might be associated with patient respiratory tract viral load. SN - 1878-3511 (Electronic); 1201-9712 (Linking) SP - 68-74 ST - Duration of SARS-CoV-2 positive in quarantine room environments: A perspective analysis T2 - Int J Infect Dis TI - Duration of SARS-CoV-2 positive in quarantine room environments: A perspective analysis UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33578005 VL - 105 ID - 1588 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Defining the duration of infectivity of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has major implications for public health and infection control practice in healthcare facilities. Early in the pandemic, most hospitals required 2 negative RT-PCR tests before discontinuing isolation in patients with Covid-19. Many patients, however, have persistently positive RT-PCR tests for weeks to months following clinical recovery, and multiple studies now indicate that these generally do not reflect replication-competent virus. SARS-CoV-2 appears to be most contagious around the time of symptom onset, and infectivity rapidly decreases thereafter to near-zero after about 10 days in mild-moderately ill patients and 15 days in severely-critically ill and immunocompromised patients. The longest interval associated with replication-competent virus thus far is 20 days from symptom onset. This review summarizes evidence-to-date on the duration of infectivity of SARS-CoV-2, and how this has informed evolving public health recommendations on when it is safe to discontinue isolation precautions. AD - Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School/Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. | Infection Control Department, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. AN - 33029620 AU - Rhee, C. | Kanjilal, S. | Baker, M. | Klompas, M. C1 - 2020-09-04 C2 - New Tools for Policy and Practice CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090420_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 26 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa1249 ET - 2020/10/09 IS - 8 KW - *covid-19 | Humans | Pandemics | Public Health | *SARS-CoV-2 | *isolation | *transmission-based precautions L1 - internal-pdf://0628980038/Rhee-2021-Duration of Severe Acute Respiratory.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Rhee, Chanu; Kanjilal, Sanjat; Baker, Meghan; Klompas, Michael; eng; K08 HS025008/HS/AHRQ HHS/; U54 CK000484/CK/NCEZID CDC HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. | Review; Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Apr 26;72(8):1467-1474. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1249. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Evidence that most infected persons are most contagious right before and after symptom onset; for mild to moderate infection, duration of infectiousness is about 10 days after symptom onset. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - 1467-1474 ST - Duration of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infectivity: When Is It Safe to Discontinue Isolation? T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Duration of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infectivity: When Is It Safe to Discontinue Isolation? UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33029620 VL - 72 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 827 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Deciphering the dynamic changes in antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 is essential for understanding the immune response in COVID-19 patients. Here we analyze the laboratory findings of 1,850 patients to describe the dynamic changes of the total antibody, spike protein (S)-, receptor-binding domain (RBD)-, and nucleoprotein (N)-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) and G (IgG) levels during SARS-CoV-2 infection and recovery. The generation of S-, RBD-, and N-specific IgG occurs one week later in patients with severe/critical COVID-19 compared to patients with mild/moderate disease, while S- and RBD-specific IgG levels are 1.5-fold higher in severe/critical patients during hospitalization. The RBD-specific IgG levels are 4-fold higher in older patients than in younger patients during hospitalization. In addition, the S- and RBD-specific IgG levels are 2-fold higher in the recovered patients who are SARS-CoV-2 RNA negative than those who are RNA positive. Lower S-, RBD-, and N-specific IgG levels are associated with a lower lymphocyte percentage, higher neutrophil percentage, and a longer duration of viral shedding. Patients with low antibody levels on discharge might thereby have a high chance of being tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA after recovery. Our study provides important information for COVID-19 diagnosis, treatment, and vaccine development. AD - The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, China. | Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. | Department of Bioinformatics, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. | Medical Technical Support Division, the 904th Hospital, 213003, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China. | Department of Laboratory Medicine & Blood Transfusion, Wuhan Huoshenshan Hospital, 430100, Wuhan, Hubei, China. | Department of Laboratory Medicine & Blood Transfusion, the 907th Hospital, 350702, Nanping, Fujian, China. | Department of Medical Administration, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, 210002, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. | Joint Expert Group for COVID-19, Wuhan Huoshenshan Hospital, 430100, Wuhan, Hubei, China. | Medical and Technical Support Department, Pingdingshan Medical District, the 989th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, 467000, Pingdingshan, Henan, China. | COVID-19 Research Center, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, 210002, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. | The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, China. wangqh@njmu.edu.cn. | Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. wangqh@njmu.edu.cn. | Department of Bioinformatics, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. wangqh@njmu.edu.cn. | Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, China. wangqh@njmu.edu.cn. | Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 210006, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. sk_wang@njmu.edu.cn. | Department of Laboratory Medicine & Blood Transfusion, Wuhan Huoshenshan Hospital, 430100, Wuhan, Hubei, China. xiaxynju@163.com. | Joint Expert Group for COVID-19, Wuhan Huoshenshan Hospital, 430100, Wuhan, Hubei, China. xiaxynju@163.com. | COVID-19 Research Center, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, 210002, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. xiaxynju@163.com. AN - 33247152 AU - Li, K. | Huang, B. | Wu, M. | Zhong, A. | Li, L. | Cai, Y. | Wang, Z. | Wu, L. | Zhu, M. | Li, J. | Wang, Z. | Wu, W. | Li, W. | Bosco, B. | Gan, Z. | Qiao, Q. | Wu, J. | Wang, Q. | Wang, S. | Xia, X. C1 - 2020-12-15 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/121520_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 27 DO - 10.1038/s41467-020-19943-y ET - 2020/11/29 IS - 1 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Age Factors | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Antibodies, Viral/*blood/immunology | COVID-19/blood/diagnosis/*immunology/mortality | COVID-19 Testing/methods/statistics & numerical data | Child | Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins/immunology | Female | Humans | Immunoglobulin G/blood/immunology | Immunoglobulin M/blood/immunology | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Protein Domains/immunology | RNA, Viral/isolation & purification | SARS-CoV-2/genetics/*immunology/isolation & purification | Severity of Illness Index | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology | Survivors/statistics & numerical data | Virus Shedding/immunology | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://2879347592/Li-2020-Dynamic changes in anti-SARS-CoV-2 ant.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Li, Kening; Huang, Bin; Wu, Min; Zhong, Aifang; Li, Lu; Cai, Yun; Wang, Zhihua; Wu, Lingxiang; Zhu, Mengyan; Li, Jie; Wang, Ziyu; Wu, Wei; Li, Wanlin; Bosco, Bakwatanisa; Gan, Zhenhua; Qiao, Qinghua; Wu, Jian; Wang, Qianghu; Wang, Shukui; Xia, Xinyi; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Nat Commun. 2020 Nov 27;11(1):6044. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19943-y. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Patients with severe COVID-19 had a one-week delay in generating antibody responses but developed a stronger response during the middle and late stages of illness compared with patients with mild/moderate COVID-19 (p = 0.002). | Antibody levels among COVID-19 patients who went on to die were lower than those who survived (p�?�?.01). | COVID-19 patients with the lowest 33% of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels (weak response) had a longer duration of viral shedding than those with the highest 33% IgG levels (strong response) (Figure). | Four patients had a newly positive NP RT-PCR test after discharge, despite testing RT-PCR negative twice prior to discharge. | One of these had a weak antibody response to spike (S) and receptor binding domain (RBD) at the time of first discharge. | The other three did not have antibody tests prior to the first discharge but had a weak antibody response to S and RBD at the time of the second discharge. | Methods: Temporal analysis of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody levels among 795 mild/moderate and 1,055 severe/critical hospitalized COVID-19 patients between February 4 and March 30, 2020. Changes in total antibody, S protein, RBD, and nucleoprotein (N)-specific IgG levels were measured for 12 weeks from admission, during hospitalization, and discharge. A subset was evaluated for relationships between antibody response, clinical outcomes, and viral shedding. Limitations: Longitudinal testing data was available on select patients; potential inclusion of false-negative viral RNA tests. | Implications: Patients who produced antibodies earlier developed less severe disease, suggesting that antibodies against the S and RBD proteins decrease viral shedding. The authors speculate there is a higher chance of reinfection among these patients with low anti-S or anti-RBD antibody levels, and these patients may need close monitoring after discharge. SN - 2041-1723 (Electronic); 2041-1723 (Linking) SP - 6044 ST - Dynamic changes in anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies during SARS-CoV-2 infection and recovery from COVID-19 T2 - Nat Commun TI - Dynamic changes in anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies during SARS-CoV-2 infection and recovery from COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33247152 VL - 11 ID - 1326 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BackgroundSARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines have proven high efficacy, however, limited data exists on the duration of immune responses and their relation to age and side effects. AD - SYNLAB Estonia, Tallinn, Estonia. | Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. | Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. | Icosagen Cell Factory, Ossu, Kambja, Estonia. | Department of Oncology, North-Estonian Medical Centre, Tallinn, Estonia. AN - 34514454 AU - Naaber, Paul | Tserel, Liina | Kangro, Kadri | Sepp, Epp | Jürjenson, Virge | Adamson, Ainika | Haljasmägi, Liis | Rumm, Anna Pauliina | Maruste, Regina | Kärner, Jaanika | Gerhold, Joachim M. | Planken, Anu | Ustav, Mart | Kisand, Kai | Peterson, Pärt C1 - 2021-09-17 C2 - PMC8418937 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09172021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - Sep 6 DO - 10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100208 ET - 2021/09/14 KW - SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine | adverse effects | age | dynamics of the immune response L1 - internal-pdf://1336511670/PIIS266677622100185X.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Natural History | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Naaber, Paul | Tserel, Liina | Kangro, Kadri | Sepp, Epp | Jurjenson, Virge | Adamson, Ainika | Haljasmagi, Liis | Rumm, Anna Pauliina | Maruste, Regina | Karner, Jaanika | Gerhold, Joachim M | Planken, Anu | Ustav, Mart | Kisand, Kai | Peterson, Part | eng | England | Lancet Reg Health Eur. 2021 Sep 6:100208. doi: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100208. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Six months after 2 doses of BNT162b2 (Comirnaty, Pfizer/BioNTech) vaccine, spike IgG antibody levels in 122 SYNLAB Estonia employee volunteers (100% white, 83% female, median age 34 years) were similar to levels in persons vaccinated with 1 dose or in COVID-19 convalescent individuals. SN - 2666-7762 SP - 100208 ST - Dynamics of antibody response to BNT162b2 vaccine after six months: a longitudinal prospective study T2 - Lancet Reg Health Eur TI - Dynamics of antibody response to BNT162b2 vaccine after six months: a longitudinal prospective study UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100208 Y2 - 2021/09/20 ID - 2332 ER - TY - JOUR AD - State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China. | Center for Infection and Immunity, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China. | Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China. | Infectious Disease Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China. | Huoshenshan Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, 430000, China. | The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong, 511500, China. | Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, China. | Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Fuzhou General Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350025, China. | State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China. | State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China. weil9@mail.sysu.edu.cn. | Center for Infection and Immunity, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China. huangxi6@mail.sysu.edu.cn. | State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China. zhouph@sysucc.org.cn. AN - 32759967 AU - Yu, K. | He, J. | Wu, Y. | Xie, B. | Liu, X. | Wei, B. | Zhou, H. | Lin, B. | Zuo, Z. | Wen, W. | Xu, W. | Zou, B. | Wei, L. | Huang, X. | Zhou, P. C1 - 2020-08-18 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/081820_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1038/s41422-020-0391-9 ET - 2020/08/08 IS - 9 KW - *Adaptive Immunity | Betacoronavirus/*immunology | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*immunology/pathology/therapy | Humans | Immunoglobulins, Intravenous/immunology/therapeutic use | Lymphocyte Activation | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*immunology/pathology/therapy | Protein Precursors/immunology | SARS-CoV-2 | T-Lymphocytes/immunology | Thymalfasin/immunology/therapeutic use | Thymosin/analogs & derivatives/immunology L1 - internal-pdf://0445580758/Yu-2020-Dysregulated adaptive immune response.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Yu, Kuai; He, Jingjing; Wu, Yongjian; Xie, Baosong; Liu, Xuefei; Wei, Bo; Zhou, Haibo; Lin, Bingliang; Zuo, Zhixiang; Wen, Wen; Xu, Wenxiong; Zou, Bin; Wei, Lai; Huang, Xi; Zhou, Penghui; eng; Letter; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Cell Res. 2020 Sep;30(9):814-816. doi: 10.1038/s41422-020-0391-9. Epub 2020 Aug 5. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Impaired cellular and enhanced humoral immune responses co-occur in COVID-19, suggesting that dysregulated adaptive immune responses may advance severe disease. SN - 1748-7838 (Electronic); 1001-0602 (Linking) SP - 814-816 ST - Dysregulated adaptive immune response contributes to severe COVID-19 T2 - Cell Res TI - Dysregulated adaptive immune response contributes to severe COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32759967 VL - 30 ID - 725 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Recent identification of the highly transmissible novel SARS-CoV-2 variant in the United Kingdom (B.1.1.7) has raised concerns for renewed pandemic surges worldwide 1,2. B.1.1.7 was first identified in the US on December 29, 2020 and may become dominant by March 2021 3. However, the regional prevalence of B.1.1.7 is largely unknown because of limited molecular surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 4. Quantitative PCR data from a surveillance testing program on a large university campus with roughly 30,000 students provides local situational awareness at a pivotal moment in the COVID-19 pandemic.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis research was supported by NIH Grant R01 AI151176 and CDC Grant U01 IP00136.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The Institutional Review Board at the University of Texas at Austin approved the use of quantitative PCR data from the proactive community testing program on 1/15/2021. IRB ID: STUDY00000009-MOD01.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesTest positivity data used in this manuscript is available publicly at the UT Austin COVID-19 Dashboard. Use of deidentified quantitative PCR data was approved by the IRB at UT Austin. https://coronavirus.utexas.edu/ut-austin-covid-19-dashboard AU - Johnson, Kaitlyn E. | Woody, Spencer | Lachmann, Michael | Fox, Spencer J. | Klima, Jessica | Hines, Terrance S. | Meyers, Lauren Ancel C1 - 2021-03-19 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03192021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.03.05.21252541 L1 - internal-pdf://3686735144/Johnson-2021-Early estimates of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Relative frequency of B.1.1.7 to wild-type SARS-CoV-2 at the university grew logistically at a daily rate of 0.077 (95% CI 0.017-0.140), corresponding to a doubling every 9 days. | Estimated proportion of SARS-CoV-2 infections caused by B.1.1.7 increased from 2.7% (95% CI 0.7%-7.6%) to 17.9% (95% CI 9.6-29.4) over ~ 1; The emergence of B.1.1.7, with an assumed transmissibility of 1.56 times that of wildtype SARS-CoV-2, is projected to result in 77% (95% CI 39%-140%) more cumulative infections during the spring semester than in the absence of the variant (Figure). | Methods: Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 variant was estimated using positive PCR tests and number of S gene target failures from 17,003 tests from University of Texas (UT) students (January 16, 2021–February 12, 2021). Bayesian modeling was used to estimate growth rate of B.1.1.7 prevalence among SARS-CoV-2 infections at UT and a SEIR model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission was used to project the future impact of B.1.1.7 on COVID-19 burden. Model assumes that B.1.1.7 is 1.56 times more transmissible than wild type. Limitations: Assumes tests are from representative sample of the University of Texas community. | Implications: Modeling suggests that B.1.1.7 is rapidly becoming the dominant variant at the University of Texas and has the potential to drive a major surge of infection in spring 2021 in a community that will likely not be widely vaccinated before summer 2021. SP - 2021.03.05.21252541 ST - Early estimates of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 variant emergence in a university setting T2 - medRxiv TI - Early estimates of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 variant emergence in a university setting UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/03/09/2021.03.05.21252541.full.pdf ID - 1601 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance Evidence is needed to determine COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness under real-world conditions of use.Objective To determine the effectiveness of authorized vaccines against COVID-19 in the context of substantial circulation of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, and identify vaccine uptake barriers.Design We recruited cases (testing positive) and controls (testing negative) based on SARS-CoV-2 molecular diagnostic test results from 24 February-7 April 2021. Controls were individually matched to cases by age, sex, and geographic region. We identified cases and controls via random sampling within predetermined demographic strata. We conducted enrollment and administered study questionnaires via telephone-based facilitated interviews.Setting Population-based surveillance of all SARS-CoV-2 molecular diagnostic testing reported to the California Department of Public Health. During the study period, 69% of sequenced SARS-CoV-2 isolates in California belonged to variants of concern B.1.1.7, B.1.427, or B.1.429.Participants We enrolled 645 adults aged �?8y, including 325 cases and 320 controlsExposures We assessed participants�?self-reported history of COVID-19 vaccine receipt (BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273). Individuals were considered fully vaccinated two weeks after second dose receipt.Main Outcomes and Measures The primary endpoint was a positive SARS-CoV-2 molecular test result. For unvaccinated participants, we assessed willingness to receive vaccination, when eligible. We measured vaccine effectiveness via the matched odds ratio of prior vaccination, comparing cases with controls.Results Among 325 cases, 23 (7%) and 13 (4%) received BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273, respectively; 8 (2%) were fully vaccinated with either product. Among 260 controls, 49 (19%) and 49 (19%) received BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273, respectively; 42 (16%) were fully vaccinated with either product. Among fully vaccinated individuals, vaccine effectiveness was 86% (95% confidence interval: 67-94%). Vaccine effectiveness was 66% (�?9-93%) and 78% (23-94%) one week following a first and second dose, respectively. Among unvaccinated participants, 39% of those residing in rural regions and 23% of those residing in urban regions reported hesitancy to receive COVID-19 vaccines, when eligible. In contrast, vaccine hesitancy did not significantly differ by age, sex, household income, or race/ethnicity.Conclusions and Relevance Ongoing vaccination efforts are preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection in the general population in California. Vaccine hesitancy presents a barrier to reaching coverage levels needed for herd immunity.Question How effective are mRNA-based vaccines in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection in the context of general population use?Findings In this test-negative design case-control study, fully immunized individuals experienced 86% protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Partial protection was evident following receipt of a first dose, and in the first two weeks after receipt of a second dose. Concerns over vaccine safety or side effects are the most common reason for hesitancy among individuals who have not yet been vaccinated.Meaning The ongoing rollout of mRNA-based vaccines is preventing COVID-19 in the general population, despite widespread circulation of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.Competing Interest StatementJAL discloses receipt of grants and honoraria from Pfizer, Inc. unrelated to this work.Funding StatementThe study was supported by the California Department of Public Health. JAL and NPJ received support from NIH/NIAID grant R01-AI14812701. JAL discloses receipt of grants and honoraria from Pfizer, Inc. unrelated to this study.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The study protocol was granted a non-research determination by the State of California Health and Human Services Agency Committee for the Protection f Human Subjects (project number: 2021-034).All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesRequests for data should be communicated to the California Department of Public Health. AU - Andrejko, Kristin | Pry, Jake | Myers, Jennifer F. | Jewell, Nicholas P. | Openshaw, John | Watt, James | Jain, Seema | Lewnard, Joseph A. C1 - 2021-04-23 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04232021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.04.08.21255135 L1 - internal-pdf://2663841968/Andrejko-2021-Early evidence of COVID-19 vacci.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A study (N = 645) in a population where 69% of SARS-CoV-2 isolates sequenced were variants of concern found that vaccine effectiveness was 86% among fully vaccinated persons; however, vaccine hesitancy was high (133/415; 32%) among unvaccinated persons. SP - 2021.04.08.21255135 ST - Early evidence of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness within the general population of California T2 - medRxiv TI - Early evidence of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness within the general population of California TT - Published article: Prevention of COVID-19 by mRNA-based vaccines within the general population of California UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/04/10/2021.04.08.21255135.full.pdf ID - 1682 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Pathology, Municipal Hospitals of Munich, Muenchen Klinik, Krankenhaus Neuperlach, 81737 Munich, Germany. | Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, Municipal Hospitals of Munich, Muenchen Klinik, Krankenhaus Neuperlach, 81737 Munich, Germany. | Department of Pathology, Municipal Hospitals of Munich, Muenchen Klinik, Krankenhaus Neuperlach, 81737 Munich, Germany; Institute of Pathology, Technical University, Munich, Germany. Electronic address: marcus.kremer@tum.de. AN - 32505222 AU - von Weyhern, C. H. | Kaufmann, I. | Neff, F. | Kremer, M. C1 - 2020-06-19 C2 - Central Nervous System and COVID-19 Outcomes CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061920_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 20 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31282-4 ET - 2020/06/09 IS - 10241 KW - Anticoagulants | *Betacoronavirus | Brain | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections | Humans | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://3487628850/von Weyhern-2020-Early evidence of pronounced.pdf LA - en N1 - von Weyhern, Claus Hann; Kaufmann, Ines; Neff, Frauke; Kremer, Marcus; eng; Letter; Comment; England; Lancet. 2020 Jun 20;395(10241):e109. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31282-4. Epub 2020 Jun 4. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among 6 patients who died from COVID-19, brain and spinal cord membrane swelling (meningitis and panencephalitis) and brainstem cell damage were observed at autopsy. | The cause of death for the 3 patients ≥�?5 years old was cardiorespiratory failure. | The cause of death for the 3 patients <�?5 years old was intracranial hemorrhage or pulmonary embolism. | Methods: Autopsies of 6 patients who died from COVID-19 in April. Limitations: Unclear how patients were chosen for autopsy. | Implications of 3 studies (Benameur et al., Hann von Weyhern et al. & Solomon et al.): 3 case-series (from Atlanta, Boston, Munich) show a spectrum of central nervous system involvement related to COVID-19: from severe symptoms affecting cortical and brainstem functions (Benameur et al.) and pronounced CNS involvement with pan-encephalitis, meningitis and brainstem neuronal cell damage (Hann von Weyhern et al.) to not showing encephalitis or other specific brain changes attributable to the virus (Solomon et al.). Observational and randomized studies can guide treatment and prevention of COVID-19-related neurological complications. SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - e109 ST - Early evidence of pronounced brain involvement in fatal COVID-19 outcomes T2 - Lancet TI - Early evidence of pronounced brain involvement in fatal COVID-19 outcomes UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32505222 VL - 395 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 408 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Therapies to interrupt the progression of early coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) remain elusive. Among them, convalescent plasma administered to hospitalized patients has been unsuccessful, perhaps because antibodies should be administered earlier in the course of illness. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of convalescent plasma with high IgG titers against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in older adult patients within 72 hours after the onset of mild Covid-19 symptoms. The primary end point was severe respiratory disease, defined as a respiratory rate of 30 breaths per minute or more, an oxygen saturation of less than 93% while the patient was breathing ambient air, or both. The trial was stopped early at 76% of its projected sample size because cases of Covid-19 in the trial region decreased considerably and steady enrollment of trial patients became virtually impossible. RESULTS: A total of 160 patients underwent randomization. In the intention-to-treat population, severe respiratory disease developed in 13 of 80 patients (16%) who received convalescent plasma and 25 of 80 patients (31%) who received placebo (relative risk, 0.52; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.29 to 0.94; P = 0.03), with a relative risk reduction of 48%. A modified intention-to-treat analysis that excluded 6 patients who had a primary end-point event before infusion of convalescent plasma or placebo showed a larger effect size (relative risk, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.20 to 0.81). No solicited adverse events were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Early administration of high-titer convalescent plasma against SARS-CoV-2 to mildly ill infected older adults reduced the progression of Covid-19. (Funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Fundacion INFANT Pandemic Fund; Direccion de Sangre y Medicina Transfusional del Ministerio de Salud number, PAEPCC19, Plataforma de Registro Informatizado de Investigaciones en Salud number, 1421, and ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04479163.). AD - From Fundacion INFANT (R. Libster, S.C., A.B., I.E., M.T.C., C.W., D.A.P., S.E., A.F., G.O., S.S.A., C.S.Y., J.D.L., S.J.B., S.L., F.N., F.P.P.), iTrials (R. Libster, G.P.M., D.W., S.C., A.B., V.B., S.S.A., F.P.P.), Swiss Medical Group (D.W., J.L., F.E., J.M.), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (M.T.C., D.A.P., S.E.), Hospital Dr. Carlos Bocalandro (A.R., G. Lescano), Centro Gallego (P.C.), Instituto de Efectividad Clinica y Sanitaria (M.B., A.C., R.R., L.G., E.B.), Hospital Simplemente Evita (V.F.V.), CEMIC (R.V.), Fundacion Hematologica Sarmiento (F. Alvez), Hospital Municipal San Isidro, (R. Larrea), Sanatorio Anchorena Recoleta (M.S.), Sanatorio Sagrado Corazon, Obra Social de los Empleados de Comercio y Actividades Civiles (G. Leberzstein), Ministerio de Salud de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (A.D., N.K.), Sanatorio Finochietto (M.G.), Programa de Atencion Medica Integral (E.P.), Hospital Militar Central (G.P.M., V.B., C.W., N.I., A.H., M.L.O., C.E., A.N., I.N., J.A., R.L.C., G.C., S.R., F.D., D.A., S.P.A.), and Hospital San Juan de Dios (Y.R.) - all in Buenos Aires; the University of Oklahoma, Norman (G.O.); and the United Nations Development Program-United Nations Population Fund-United Nations Children's Fund-World Health Organization-World Bank Special Program of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction, Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva (F. Althabe). AN - 33406353 AU - Libster, R. | Perez Marc, G. | Wappner, D. | Coviello, S. | Bianchi, A. | Braem, V. | Esteban, I. | Caballero, M. T. | Wood, C. | Berrueta, M. | Rondan, A. | Lescano, G. | Cruz, P. | Ritou, Y. | Fernandez Vina, V. | Alvarez Paggi, D. | Esperante, S. | Ferreti, A. | Ofman, G. | Ciganda, A. | Rodriguez, R. | Lantos, J. | Valentini, R. | Itcovici, N. | Hintze, A. | Oyarvide, M. L. | Etchegaray, C. | Neira, A. | Name, I. | Alfonso, J. | Lopez Castelo, R. | Caruso, G. | Rapelius, S. | Alvez, F. | Etchenique, F. | Dimase, F. | Alvarez, D. | Aranda, S. S. | Sanchez Yanotti, C. | De Luca, J. | Jares Baglivo, S. | Laudanno, S. | Nowogrodzki, F. | Larrea, R. | Silveyra, M. | Leberzstein, G. | Debonis, A. | Molinos, J. | Gonzalez, M. | Perez, E. | Kreplak, N. | Pastor Arguello, S. | Gibbons, L. | Althabe, F. | Bergel, E. | Polack, F. P. | Fundacion, Infant-Covid-Group C1 - 2021-01-15 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01152021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 18 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2033700 ET - 2021/01/07 IS - 7 KW - Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Blood Component Transfusion | COVID-19/complications/*therapy | Disease Progression | Double-Blind Method | Female | Humans | Immunization, Passive | Immunoglobulin G/*blood | Intention to Treat Analysis | Kaplan-Meier Estimate | Male | Respiratory Insufficiency/etiology/*prevention & control | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology | Severity of Illness Index L1 - internal-pdf://1616160201/Libster-2021-Early High-Titer Plasma Therapy t.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Libster, Romina; Perez Marc, Gonzalo; Wappner, Diego; Coviello, Silvina; Bianchi, Alejandra; Braem, Virginia; Esteban, Ignacio; Caballero, Mauricio T; Wood, Cristian; Berrueta, Mabel; Rondan, Anibal; Lescano, Gabriela; Cruz, Pablo; Ritou, Yvonne; Fernandez Vina, Valeria; Alvarez Paggi, Damian; Esperante, Sebastian; Ferreti, Adrian; Ofman, Gaston; Ciganda, Alvaro; Rodriguez, Rocio; Lantos, Jorge; Valentini, Ricardo; Itcovici, Nicolas; Hintze, Alejandra; Oyarvide, M Laura; Etchegaray, Candela; Neira, Alejandra; Name, Ivonne; Alfonso, Julieta; Lopez Castelo, Rocio; Caruso, Gisela; Rapelius, Sofia; Alvez, Fernando; Etchenique, Federico; Dimase, Federico; Alvarez, Dario; Aranda, Sofia S; Sanchez Yanotti, Clara; De Luca, Julian; Jares Baglivo, Sofia; Laudanno, Sofia; Nowogrodzki, Florencia; Larrea, Ramiro; Silveyra, Maria; Leberzstein, Gabriel; Debonis, Alejandra; Molinos, Juan; Gonzalez, Miguel; Perez, Eduardo; Kreplak, Nicolas; Pastor Arguello, Susana; Gibbons, Luz; Althabe, Fernando; Bergel, Eduardo; Polack, Fernando P; eng; 001/WHO_/World Health Organization/International; Comparative Study; Multicenter Study; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; N Engl J Med. 2021 Feb 18;384(7):610-618. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2033700. Epub 2021 Jan 6. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The risk of developing severe respiratory disease was lower among patients who received convalescent plasma within 72 hours of mild symptom onset compared with patients who received placebo [16% vs 31%, RR = 0.52 (95% CI 0.29-0.94)]. | Methods: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of convalescent plasma with high anti-spike protein IgG titers (>1:1,000) against SARS-CoV-2 given within 72 hours onset of mild COVID-19 symptoms, conducted between June 4 and October 25, 2020 among 160 adults aged �?5 years (80 participants in each group). The primary end point examined in an intent-to-treat analysis was severe respiratory disease. Limitations: Small sample size and lack of statistical power to discern long-term outcomes. | Implications: Early administration of high-titer convalescent plasma against SARS-CoV-2 to mildly ill older adults may reduce progression to severe respiratory disease. Another study showed reduced mortality (Joyner et al.)external icon. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 610-618 ST - Early High-Titer Plasma Therapy to Prevent Severe Covid-19 in Older Adults T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Early High-Titer Plasma Therapy to Prevent Severe Covid-19 in Older Adults UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33406353 VL - 384 ID - 1416 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Keratoplasty is one of the irreplaceable treatment options for corneal diseases. Currently, there is no evidence to substantiate that harvested corneal grafts from COVID-19 patients can contain SARS-CoV-2 virus and lead to a systemic infection. Although the risk of transmission through corneal stromal tissue is low, it potentially exists. Lack of clinical data, unclear potential of donor-derived infection and non-established recommendations for transplantation during the COVID-19 pandemic have resulted in a dramatic reduction in the number of keratoplasty and cornea donors at ophthalmology departments and eye banks. To eliminate the risk of infection of recipients and medical personnel, we suggest that the blood samples of all donors should be screened with RT-PCR tests and nasopharyngeal swabs should be taken. In addition, a chest CT scan should be performed if the circulation is maintained. Moreover, the donors' clinical and epidemiological medical history must be screened for typical symptoms and potential contact with SARS-CoV-2 carriers to reduce the risk of transmission. The Guidelines of the Eye Bank Association of America (EBAA), Global Alliance of Eye Bank Associations (GAEBA) and European Association of Tissue Banks provide useful recommendations to eliminate the risk of transmission according to previous experiences based on similar viruses. AD - Department of General Ophthalmology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland. | Faculty of Medical Sciences, Collegium Medicum Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University, Warsaw, Poland. | Department of Surgical, Medical, and Molecular Pathology, and of the Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy. AN - 33061273 AU - Toro, M. | Choragiewicz, T. | Posarelli, C. | Figus, M. | Rejdak, R. | European, Covid-Cataract Group C1 - 2020-10-30 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/103020_covidupdate.html DO - 10.2147/OPTH.S260960 DP - NLM ET - 2020/10/17 KW - COVID-19 pandemic | RT-PCR blood test | chest CT scan | keratoplasty | ophthalmology | transplant L1 - internal-pdf://1437840773/Toro-2020-Early Impact of COVID-19 Outbreak on.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Toro, Mario; Choragiewicz, Tomasz; Posarelli, Chiara; Figus, Michele; Rejdak, Robert; (#EUROCOVCAT); eng; New Zealand; Clin Ophthalmol. 2020 Sep 25;14:2879-2882. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S260960. eCollection 2020. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: While harvested corneal grafts are low risk based on current evidence, there is potential for SARS-CoV-2 transmission through corneal stromal tissue. Post-mortem testing of deceased donors is recommended as is the need for harmonized guidelines and approaches among transplant centers. SN - 1177-5467 (Print); 1177-5467 (Linking) SP - 2879-2882 ST - Early Impact of COVID-19 Outbreak on the Availability of Cornea Donors: Warnings and Recommendations T2 - Clin Ophthalmol TI - Early Impact of COVID-19 Outbreak on the Availability of Cornea Donors: Warnings and Recommendations UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33061273 VL - 14 ID - 1144 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUNDConvalescent plasma is the only antibody-based therapy currently available for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It has robust historical precedence and sound biological plausibility. Although promising, convalescent plasma has not yet been shown to be safe as a treatment for COVID-19.METHODSThus, we analyzed key safety metrics after transfusion of ABO-compatible human COVID-19 convalescent plasma in 5000 hospitalized adults with severe or life-threatening COVID-19, with 66% in the intensive care unit, as part of the US FDA expanded access program for COVID-19 convalescent plasma.RESULTSThe incidence of all serious adverse events (SAEs), including mortality rate (0.3%), in the first 4 hours after transfusion was <1%. Of the 36 reported SAEs, there were 25 reported incidences of related SAEs, including mortality (n = 4), transfusion-associated circulatory overload (n = 7), transfusion-related acute lung injury (n = 11), and severe allergic transfusion reactions (n = 3). However, only 2 of 36 SAEs were judged as definitely related to the convalescent plasma transfusion by the treating physician. The 7-day mortality rate was 14.9%.CONCLUSIONGiven the deadly nature of COVID-19 and the large population of critically ill patients included in these analyses, the mortality rate does not appear excessive. These early indicators suggest that transfusion of convalescent plasma is safe in hospitalized patients with COVID-19.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov NCT04338360.FUNDINGMayo Clinic, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (75A50120C00096), National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (UL1TR002377), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (5R35HL139854 and R01 HL059842), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (5T32DK07352), Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (PDF-532926-2019), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (R21 AI145356, R21 AI152318, and AI152078), Schwab Charitable Fund, United Health Group, National Basketball Association, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, and Octapharma USA Inc. AD - Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine. | Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, and. | Human Research Protection Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA. | Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and. | Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA. | Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA. | Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA. | Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, USA. | Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA. | Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and. | Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA. | Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US FDA, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA. | Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. AN - 32525844 AU - Joyner, M. J. | Wright, R. S. | Fairweather, D. | Senefeld, J. W. | Bruno, K. A. | Klassen, S. A. | Carter, R. E. | Klompas, A. M. | Wiggins, C. C. | Shepherd, J. R. | Rea, R. F. | Whelan, E. R. | Clayburn, A. J. | Spiegel, M. R. | Johnson, P. W. | Lesser, E. R. | Baker, S. E. | Larson, K. F. | Ripoll, J. G. | Andersen, K. J. | Hodge, D. O. | Kunze, K. L. | Buras, M. R. | Vogt, M. N. | Herasevich, V. | Dennis, J. J. | Regimbal, R. J. | Bauer, P. R. | Blair, J. E. | Van Buskirk, C. M. | Winters, J. L. | Stubbs, J. R. | Paneth, N. S. | Verdun, N. C. | Marks, P. | Casadevall, A. C1 - 2020-07-10 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071020_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 1 DO - 10.1172/JCI140200 DP - NLM ET - 2020/06/12 IS - 9 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Compassionate Use Trials | Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/mortality/*therapy | Female | Humans | Immunization, Passive/adverse effects/mortality | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/*therapy | SARS-CoV-2 | Safety | Transfusion Reaction/epidemiology/etiology | Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury/epidemiology/etiology | United States/epidemiology | United States Food and Drug Administration | Young Adult | *covid-19 | *Drug therapy | *Immunoglobulins L1 - internal-pdf://2945761443/Joyner-2020-Early safety indicators of COVID-1.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Joyner, Michael J; Wright, R Scott; Fairweather, DeLisa; Senefeld, Jonathon W; Bruno, Katelyn A; Klassen, Stephen A; Carter, Rickey E; Klompas, Allan M; Wiggins, Chad C; Shepherd, John Ra; Rea, Robert F; Whelan, Emily R; Clayburn, Andrew J; Spiegel, Matthew R; Johnson, Patrick W; Lesser, Elizabeth R; Baker, Sarah E; Larson, Kathryn F; Ripoll, Juan G; Andersen, Kylie J; Hodge, David O; Kunze, Katie L; Buras, Matthew R; Vogt, Matthew Np; Herasevich, Vitaly; Dennis, Joshua J; Regimbal, Riley J; Bauer, Philippe R; Blair, Janis E; Van Buskirk, Camille M; Winters, Jeffrey L; Stubbs, James R; Paneth, Nigel S; Verdun, Nicole C; Marks, Peter; Casadevall, Arturo; eng; R01 AI152078/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 HL059842/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; R35 HL139854/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; T32 DK007352/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/; R21 AI145356/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R21 AI152318/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; UL1 TR002377/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; R21 AI154927/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Multicenter Study; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; J Clin Invest. 2020 Sep 1;130(9):4791-4797. doi: 10.1172/JCI140200. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Less than 1% of COVID-19 patients receiving convalescent plasma had a serious adverse event (SAE) in the first four hours after transfusion. | Of 36 SAEs reported, 4 deaths and 21 non-death SAEs were related to the transfusion of COVID-19 convalescent plasma. (Figure). | Methods: Multicenter, open-label cohort of 5,000 hospitalized adults with COVID-19 with (n=4051) or at high risk of (n=949) severe or life-threatening disease. Patients received ABO-compatible COVID-19 convalescent plasma intravenously and were assessed for serious adverse events. Limitations: Broad inclusion criteria may result in heterogenous patient population; lack of detailed training on study protocol for study personnel and monitoring of sites owing to fast study start-up; varied research experience among participating sites. | Implications: Convalescent plasma for treatment in severely ill COVID-19 patients appears to be safe. Ongoing trials will be useful for understanding efficacy. SN - 1558-8238 (Electronic); 0021-9738 (Linking) SP - 4791-4797 ST - Early safety indicators of COVID-19 convalescent plasma in 5000 patients T2 - J Clin Invest TI - Early safety indicators of COVID-19 convalescent plasma in 5000 patients UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32525844 VL - 130 ID - 511 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: There is no proven antiviral or immunomodulatory therapy for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The disease progression associated with the proinflammatory host response prompted us to examine the role of early corticosteroid therapy in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19. METHODS: We conducted a single pretest, single posttest quasi-experiment in a multicenter health system in Michigan from 12 March to 27 March 2020. Adult patients with confirmed moderate to severe COVID were included. A protocol was implemented on 20 March 2020 using early, short-course, methylprednisolone 0.5 to 1 mg/kg/day divided in 2 intravenous doses for 3 days. Outcomes of standard of care (SOC) and early corticosteroid groups were evaluated, with a primary composite endpoint of escalation of care from ward to intensive care unit (ICU), new requirement for mechanical ventilation, and mortality. All patients had at least 14 days of follow-up. RESULTS: We analyzed 213 eligible subjects, 81 (38%) and 132 (62%) in SOC and early corticosteroid groups, respectively. The composite endpoint occurred at a significantly lower rate in the early corticosteroid group (34.9% vs 54.3%, P = .005). This treatment effect was observed within each individual component of the composite endpoint. Significant reduction in median hospital length of stay was also observed in the early corticosteroid group (5 vs 8 days, P < .001). Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated an independent reduction in the composite endpoint at 14-days controlling for other factors (adjusted odds ratio: 0.41; 95% confidence interval, .22 - .77). CONCLUSIONS: An early short course of methylprednisolone in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 reduced escalation of care and improved clinical outcomes. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT04374071. AD - Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA. | Pharmacy, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA. | Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA. | Emergency Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA. AN - 32427279 AU - Fadel, R. | Morrison, A. R. | Vahia, A. | Smith, Z. R. | Chaudhry, Z. | Bhargava, P. | Miller, J. | Kenney, R. M. | Alangaden, G. | Ramesh, M. S. | Henry Ford, Covid-Management Task Force C1 - 2020-05-29 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052920_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 19 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa601 ET - 2020/05/20 IS - 16 KW - Adrenal Cortex Hormones/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use | COVID-19/*drug therapy | Female | Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data | Humans | Male | Methylprednisolone/administration & dosage/therapeutic use | Middle Aged | Multicenter Studies as Topic | *covid-19 | *Corticosteroids | *sars-cov-2 | *coronavirus | *outcomes L1 - internal-pdf://3633215695/Fadel-2020-Early Short-Course Corticosteroids.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Fadel, Raef; Morrison, Austin R; Vahia, Amit; Smith, Zachary R; Chaudhry, Zohra; Bhargava, Pallavi; Miller, Joseph; Kenney, Rachel M; Alangaden, George; Ramesh, Mayur S; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Nov 19;71(16):2114-2120. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa601. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Compared with those in the standard of care group, COVID-19 patients treated with a short course of corticosteroids <48 hours after presentation: | Were less likely to progress to poor outcomes (defined as ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, and death) after adjusting for sex, age, and disease severity: 34.9% vs 54.3%, OR 0.45 (95% CI 0.26�?.79). | Had lower median length of hospital stay (5 vs 8 days). | Methods: On March 20, 2020, clinical guidelines in a Michigan hospital system were changed such that patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 needing supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation were recommended to be prescribed a short course of corticosteroids <48 hours after presentation. | Among hospitalized adults with moderate to severe COVID-19, authors compared clinical outcomes of 81 patients who were admitted prior to the change in treatment guidelines (SOC group), with 132 patients who were admitted afterward (early corticosteroid group). Limitations: Patients in both groups may have received other medications; some baseline characteristics, including race/ethnicity, varied by treatment group; some providers may not have followed hospital guidelines; differences in other treatments may have affected outcomes by group; patients only followed for 14 days. | Implications: Early, short course corticosteroid treatment may improve clinical outcomes among patients with moderate to severe COVID-19. Clinical trials with larger samples are warranted to further explore this issue. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - 2114-2120 ST - Early Short-Course Corticosteroids in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Early Short-Course Corticosteroids in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32427279 VL - 71 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 288 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Two new SARS-CoV-2 lineages with the N501Y mutation in the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein spread rapidly in the United Kingdom. We estimated that the earlier 501Y lineage without amino acid deletion Delta69/Delta70, circulating mainly between early September and mid-November, was 10% (6-13%) more transmissible than the 501N lineage, and the 501Y lineage with amino acid deletion Delta69/Delta70, circulating since late September, was 75% (70-80%) more transmissible than the 501N lineage. AD - Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China. | WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. | Joint Institute of Virology (Shantou University and The University of Hong Kong), Guangdong-Hongkong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Shantou University, Shantou, China. | State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. AN - 33413740 AU - Leung, K. | Shum, M. H. | Leung, G. M. | Lam, T. T. | Wu, J. T. C1 - 2021-01-22 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01222021_covidupdate.html DA - Jan DO - 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.26.1.2002106 ET - 2021/01/09 IS - 1 KW - COVID-19/diagnosis/epidemiology/*transmission/*virology | Genetic Markers | Genetic Variation | Genome, Viral | Humans | *Mutation | Phylogeny | SARS-CoV-2/*genetics/pathogenicity | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/*genetics | United Kingdom/epidemiology | *20b/501y.V1 | *covid-19 | *n501y | *SARS-CoV-2 | *United Kingdom | *voc-202012/01 | *fitness | *lineage B.1.1.7 | *spike protein | *transmissibility L1 - internal-pdf://0254153841/Leung-2021-Early transmissibility assessment o.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Leung, Kathy; Shum, Marcus Hh; Leung, Gabriel M; Lam, Tommy Ty; Wu, Joseph T; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Sweden; Euro Surveill. 2021 Jan;26(1). doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.26.1.2002106. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; SARS-CoV-2 variant 1 and variant 2 (B.1.1.7), both with the N501Y mutation, are 10% and 75% more transmissible than wild-type 501N, respectively. | The proportion of total sequences accounted by 501Y lineages differed between October and late November 2020: | Variant 1, with few mutations, had low circulation (2%) (Figure 1). | Variant 2 (B.1.1.7), with at least 24 mutations, grew from 0.1% to 49.7% (Figure 2). | Methods: Sequences of wild-type 501N and 501Y mutations published in GISAIDexternal icon in the UK by December 19, 2020 were assessed. Transmissibility was compared between 501N and two 501Y lineages using a competition transmission model with a fitness interference framework. Limitations: Model does not account for age-related susceptibility, importation, or geographic separation; small sample. | Implications: The B.1.1.7 variant has a transmission advantage and is now the dominant lineage in the UK. Other studies suggest that although the B.1.1.7 variant has increased binding with ACE2 compared to wild-type (Ahmed et al.external icon), it should not escape natural immunity (Haynes et al.external icon). Widespread infection prevention efforts, including vaccination, are needed to curtail the spread of this new variant. SN - 1560-7917 (Electronic); 1025-496X (Linking) SP - 2002106 ST - Early transmissibility assessment of the N501Y mutant strains of SARS-CoV-2 in the United Kingdom, October to November 2020 T2 - Euro Surveill TI - Early transmissibility assessment of the N501Y mutant strains of SARS-CoV-2 in the United Kingdom, October to November 2020 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33413740 VL - 26 ID - 1397 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: There are few reports of COVID-19 in neonates and most are suspected to be due to postnatal transmission. Vertical transmission has been proven in only a couple of cases so far. METHODS: We describe early-onset, severe COVID-19 disease in a neonate with very strong evidence of vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS: A COVID-19 suspected mother, who tested negative by RT-PCR for COVID, but tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by serology, delivered a term baby. The neonate was kept in strict isolation. Molecular tests for SARS-CoV-2 on umbilical stump, placenta, and nasopharyngeal aspirate of the neonate, collected at birth were positive. On day 2, the neonate developed clinical features of COVID in the form of fever, poor feeding, and hyperbilirubenemia along with elevated inflammatory markers. Antibiotics were started empirically pending cultures. Blood, CSF, and urine cultures were sterile. Baby tested RT-PCR positive for SARS-CoV-2 on two more occasions before testing positive for antibodies and was discharged on day 21 of life. CONCLUSION: This report highlights a very strong possibility of vertical transmission of COVID-19 from a mildly symptomatic, RT-PCR negative but antibody-positive mother with significant symptomatic, early-onset neonatal infection. AD - Department of Pediatrics, B.J. Government Medical College, J. P. Narayan Road, Pune, India. | Department of Microbiology, B.J. Government Medical College, J. P. Narayan Road, Pune, India. | Department of Biochemistry, B.J. Government Medical College, J. P. Narayan Road, Pune, India. | Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, B.J. Government Medical College, J. P. Narayan Road, Pune, India. | Department of Pediatrics, B.J. Government Medical College, J. P. Narayan Road, Pune, India. aarti.kinikar63@gmail.com. AN - 32743723 AU - Kulkarni, R. | Rajput, U. | Dawre, R. | Valvi, C. | Nagpal, R. | Magdum, N. | Vankar, H. | Sonkawade, N. | Das, A. | Vartak, S. | Joshi, S. | Varma, S. | Karyakarte, R. | Bhosale, R. | Kinikar, A. C1 - 2020-08-14 C2 - Vertical Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08142020_covidupdate.html DA - Apr DO - 10.1007/s15010-020-01493-6 DP - NLM ET - 2020/08/04 IS - 2 KW - COVID-19/diagnosis/therapy/*transmission | Female | Humans | Infant, Newborn | *Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical | Pregnancy | Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/diagnosis/*virology | SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification | Treatment Outcome | Young Adult | Covid-19 | Neonate | Vertical transmission L1 - internal-pdf://2749899902/Kulkarni-2021-Early-onset symptomatic neonatal.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Kulkarni, Rajesh; Rajput, Uday; Dawre, Rahul; Valvi, Chhaya; Nagpal, Rema; Magdum, Nikita; Vankar, Harshali; Sonkawade, Naresh; Das, Aiswarya; Vartak, Sagar; Joshi, Suvarna; Varma, Santosh; Karyakarte, Rajesh; Bhosale, Ramesh; Kinikar, Aarti; eng; Case Reports; Germany; Infection. 2021 Apr;49(2):339-343. doi: 10.1007/s15010-020-01493-6. Epub 2020 Aug 2. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Although viral cultures were negative, SARS-CoV-2 infection in the neonate suggested by: | Positive RT-PCR from umbilical stump, placenta, NP at birth and days 3 and 10 and positive serology at day 21. | Clinical and lab features of COVID-19 on day 2, (fever, poor feeding, hyperbilirubinemia, elevated inflammatory markers) (Figure); Methods: Case study of a 24-year-old pregnant woman (38 weeks) with COVID-19-compatible symptoms, negative RT-PCR and positive serology who delivered at term using procedures to isolate neonate from infection. Limitations: Single case; no placental histological examination was performed. | Implications: Transplacental infection is rare and most births to infected mothers do not lead to neonate infection. Vertical transmission may need to be considered in clinical procedures and practice guidelines during COVID-19 pandemic. SN - 1439-0973 (Electronic); 0300-8126 (Linking) SP - 339-343 ST - Early-onset symptomatic neonatal COVID-19 infection with high probability of vertical transmission T2 - Infection TI - Early-onset symptomatic neonatal COVID-19 infection with high probability of vertical transmission UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32743723 VL - 49 ID - 704 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Centers from Europe and United States have reported an exceedingly high number of children with a severe inflammatory syndrome in the setting of coronavirus disease 2019, which has been termed multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to analyze echocardiographic manifestations in MIS-C. METHODS: A total of 28 MIS-C, 20 healthy control subjects and 20 classic Kawasaki disease (KD) patients were retrospectively reviewed. The study reviewed echocardiographic parameters in the acute phase of the MIS-C and KD groups, and during the subacute period in the MIS-C group (interval 5.2 +/- 3 days). RESULTS: Only 1 case in the MIS-C group (4%) manifested coronary artery dilatation (z score = 3.15) in the acute phase, showing resolution during early follow-up. Left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function measured by deformation parameters were worse in patients with MIS-C compared with KD. Moreover, MIS-C patients with myocardial injury were more affected than those without myocardial injury with respect to all functional parameters. The strongest parameters to predict myocardial injury in MIS-C were global longitudinal strain, global circumferential strain, peak left atrial strain, and peak longitudinal strain of right ventricular free wall (odds ratios: 1.45 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08 to 1.95], 1.39 [95% CI: 1.04 to 1.88], 0.84 [95% CI: 0.73 to 0.96], and 1.59 [95% CI: 1.09 to 2.34], respectively). The preserved LV ejection fraction (EF) group in MIS-C showed diastolic dysfunction. During the subacute period, LVEF returned to normal (median from 54% to 64%; p < 0.001) but diastolic dysfunction persisted. CONCLUSIONS: Unlike classic KD, coronary arteries may be spared in early MIS-C; however, myocardial injury is common. Even preserved EF patients showed subtle changes in myocardial deformation, suggesting subclinical myocardial injury. During an abbreviated follow-up, there was good recovery of systolic function but persistence of diastolic dysfunction and no coronary aneurysms. AD - Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. | Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Electronic address: banerjeea@email.chop.edu. AN - 32890666 AU - Matsubara, D. | Kauffman, H. L. | Wang, Y. | Calderon-Anyosa, R. | Nadaraj, S. | Elias, M. D. | White, T. J. | Torowicz, D. L. | Yubbu, P. | Giglia, T. M. | Hogarty, A. N. | Rossano, J. W. | Quartermain, M. D. | Banerjee, A. C1 - 2020-09-18 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091820_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 27 DO - 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.056 ET - 2020/09/06 IS - 17 KW - Adolescent | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Child | Coronavirus Infections/*complications/diagnostic imaging/physiopathology | *Echocardiography | Female | Heart/*physiopathology | Humans | Male | Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome/diagnostic imaging/physiopathology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications/diagnostic imaging/physiopathology | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 | Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/*diagnostic imaging/physiopathology | *covid-19 | *coronary artery abnormality | *deformation | *multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) | *myocarditis L1 - internal-pdf://4098817105/Matsubara-2020-Echocardiographic Findings in P.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Matsubara, Daisuke; Kauffman, Hunter L; Wang, Yan; Calderon-Anyosa, Renzo; Nadaraj, Sumekala; Elias, Matthew D; White, Travus J; Torowicz, Deborah L; Yubbu, Putri; Giglia, Therese M; Hogarty, Alexa N; Rossano, Joseph W; Quartermain, Michael D; Banerjee, Anirban; eng; J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020 Oct 27;76(17):1947-1961. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.056. Epub 2020 Sep 2. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; One (4%) of 28 patients with pediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome associated with COVID-19 (MIS-C) had coronary artery abnormalities that resolved on follow up; in the Kawasaki disease (KD) group, 4 (20%) of 20 patients had coronary artery abnormalities. | Compared with healthy children and children with KD, 61% of children with MIS-C had weaker heart function (left ventricular systolic and diastolic function) (Figure 1). | This impaired function was associated with myocardial injury (myocarditis). | During the early follow-up period (the period after the acute period), there was good recovery of systolic (pumping) function but diastolic (relaxation) dysfunction persisted compared with the acute phase (Figure 2). | Methods: Retrospective single-center study at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, of 28 pediatric patients with MIS-C caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, compared with 20 KD patients, and 20 age-matched healthy controls. Echocardiographic imaging and laboratory data were reviewed in acute phase of MIS-C and KD groups, and during early follow-up period in MIS-C group (interval: 5.2 �u 3 days). Limitations: Small sample of MIS-C; short follow up period; MIS-C patients were significantly older and had larger statures than the KD group; no endomyocardial biopsy or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging performed. | Implications: The study found MIS-C caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection was accompanied by changes in myocardial function that differs from what is seen in KD. Early recognition and diagnosis of MIS-C to more accurately assess cardiac function will aid prompt treatment and better outcomes. Long term effects of MIS-C are currently unknown. SN - 1558-3597 (Electronic); 0735-1097 (Linking) SP - 1947-1961 ST - Echocardiographic Findings in Pediatric Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Associated With COVID-19 in the United States T2 - J Am Coll Cardiol TI - Echocardiographic Findings in Pediatric Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Associated With COVID-19 in the United States UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32890666 VL - 76 ID - 915 ER - TY - JOUR AB - There is an urgent need to measure the impacts of COVID-19 among gay men and other men who have sex with men (MSM). We conducted a cross-sectional survey with a global sample of gay men and other MSM (n = 2732) from April 16, 2020 to May 4, 2020, through a social networking app. We characterized the economic, mental health, HIV prevention and HIV treatment impacts of COVID-19 and the COVID-19 response, and examined whether sub-groups of our study population are disproportionately impacted by COVID-19. Many gay men and other MSM not only reported economic and mental health consequences, but also interruptions to HIV prevention and testing, and HIV care and treatment services. These consequences were significantly greater among people living with HIV, racial/ethnic minorities, immigrants, sex workers, and socio-economically disadvantaged groups. These findings highlight the urgent need to mitigate the negative impacts of COVID-19 among gay men and other MSM. AD - Community Health Systems Department, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Glenn-Milo.Santos@ucsf.edu. | Center of Public Health Research, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, USA. Glenn-Milo.Santos@ucsf.edu. | Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. | Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. | MPact Global Action for Gay Men's Health and Rights, Oakland, CA, USA. | Joint United Nations Programme On HIV and AIDS, Geneva, Switzerland. | Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, EHESS, Centrale Marseille, AMSE, Chemin du Chateau Lafarge, 13290, Les Milles, France. | , Hornet, Los Angeles, CA, USA. | Luskin School of Public Affairs, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. | Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA. | Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. | Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. | Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, and Statistics, Gustavus Adolphus College, Saint Peter, MN, USA. | Department of Public Health, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan. | Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. | Department of Communication, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA. | University Hospital of Caen, Caen, France. | OutRight Action International, New York, NY, USA. | European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Solna, Sweden. | WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark. | LGBT Foundation, San Francisco, CA, USA. | Tech4HIV, San Francisco, CA, USA. AN - 32654021 AU - Santos, G. M. | Ackerman, B. | Rao, A. | Wallach, S. | Ayala, G. | Lamontage, E. | Garner, A. | Holloway, I. W. | Arreola, S. | Silenzio, V. | Stromdahl, S. | Yu, L. | Strong, C. | Adamson, T. | Yakusik, A. | Doan, T. T. | Huang, P. | Cerasuolo, D. | Bishop, A. | Noori, T. | Pharris, A. | Aung, M. | Dara, M. | Chung, S. Y. | Hanley, M. | Baral, S. | Beyrer, C. | Howell, S. C1 - 2020-07-21 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072120_covidupdate.html DA - Feb DO - 10.1007/s10461-020-02969-0 ET - 2020/07/13 IS - 2 KW - COVID-19/*psychology | Cross-Sectional Studies | Ethnic Groups | HIV Infections/drug therapy/epidemiology/prevention & control | Health Services Accessibility/*statistics & numerical data | Homosexuality, Male/*psychology | Humans | Male | Mental Health/*statistics & numerical data | SARS-CoV-2 | Aids | Covid-19 | Economic impact | Gay | Hiv | Men who have sex with men | Mental health L1 - internal-pdf://0906649292/Santos-2021-Economic, Mental Health, HIV Preve.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Santos, Glenn-Milo; Ackerman, Benjamin; Rao, Amrita; Wallach, Sara; Ayala, George; Lamontage, Erik; Garner, Alex; Holloway, Ian W; Arreola, Sonya; Silenzio, Vince; Stromdahl, Susanne; Yu, Louis; Strong, Carol; Adamson, Tyler; Yakusik, Anna; Doan, Tran Thu; Huang, Poyao; Cerasuolo, Damiano; Bishop, Amie; Noori, Teymur; Pharris, Anastasia; Aung, Max; Dara, Masoud; Chung, Ssu Yu; Hanley, Marguerite; Baral, Stefan; Beyrer, Chris; Howell, Sean; eng; 001/WHO_/World Health Organization/International; R25 HD045810/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/; AIDS Behav. 2021 Feb;25(2):311-321. doi: 10.1007/s10461-020-02969-0. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A cross-sectional survey of gay men and other MSM highlighting COVID-19′s negative impact on access to HIV treatment and prevention services, economic consequences, and impact on mental health status. SN - 1573-3254 (Electronic); 1090-7165 (Linking) SP - 311-321 ST - Economic, Mental Health, HIV Prevention and HIV Treatment Impacts of COVID-19 and the COVID-19 Response on a Global Sample of Cisgender Gay Men and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men T2 - AIDS Behav TI - Economic, Mental Health, HIV Prevention and HIV Treatment Impacts of COVID-19 and the COVID-19 Response on a Global Sample of Cisgender Gay Men and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32654021 VL - 25 ID - 554 ER - TY - JOUR AB - There are ongoing controversies about the evaluation and dissemination of medical and scientific research. Preprint servers offer researchers the opportunity to post manuscripts before publication in peer-reviewed journals and regardless of whether they have been submitted to journals for review. The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has focused attention on the timely reporting and dissemination of research findings, and the respective roles of preprint servers and traditional peer-reviewed journals. We compared the effect and reach of studies about therapies for COVID-19 posted on the medRxiv preprint server, subsequent publications in medical journals of some of these studies, and journal articles that were not posted on either medRxiv or another preprint server. AD - Medical School for International Health, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheva, Israel. | Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York. | New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York. AN - 33165545 AU - Jung, Y. E. G. | Sun, Y. | Schluger, N. W. C1 - 2020-11-24 C2 - About COVID-19 Publications CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/112420_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 1 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.6629 ET - 2020/11/10 IS - 3 KW - *Biomedical Research | *covid-19 | Humans | *Information Dissemination | Pandemics | *Publishing L1 - internal-pdf://3233245748/Jung-2021-Effect and Reach of Medical Articles.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Jung, Ye Eun Grace; Sun, Yifei; Schluger, Neil W; eng; JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Mar 1;181(3):395-397. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.6629. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; There were significantly more citations of COVID-19 published articles (median 22, interquartile range [IQR] 4.3-52.5) compared with COVID-19 preprints (5.5, IQR 1.3-20.3). | There were no significant differences for other attention and online engagement metrics. | The journals in which COVID-19 articles were published had similar impact factors whether the article was posted as preprints prior to publication (12.3, 95% CI 6.2-18.4) or not posted as preprints (13.8, 95% CI 7.6-20.0; p = 0.20). | Articles posted as preprints that were not subsequently published received less attention and online engagement metrics at the time of posting than those that were later published. | Methods: Study comparing the effect and reach of preprints and peer-reviewed publications of studies that presented clinical outcomes of proposed COVID-19 treatments posted at medrxiv.org or published between February 1 and May 10, 2020, as well as the subsequent peer-reviewed publications from these articles between February 1 and July 10, 2020. Data on attention and online engagement for each article was collected. Limitations: Small number of reports and short duration of analysis; attention and online engagement metrics are inexact. | Implications for both studies (Zdravkovic et al. & Jung et al.): COVID-19 studies published early in the pandemic, including those from highly ranked scientific journals, were of lower quality than non-COVID-19 studies, likely due to the demand for information and limited availability of findings from rigorous scientific studies. Researchers publishing critical evidence related to COVID-19 as preprints should subsequently publish their findings in a peer-reviewed journal to ensure widespread reach and impact. SN - 2168-6114 (Electronic); 2168-6106 (Linking) SP - 395-397 ST - Effect and Reach of Medical Articles Posted on Preprint Servers During the COVID-19 Pandemic T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - Effect and Reach of Medical Articles Posted on Preprint Servers During the COVID-19 Pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33165545 VL - 181 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1266 ER - TY - JOUR AB - High efficiency air filtration has been suggested to reduce airborne transmission of 'infectious' aerosols. In this study the 'air cleaning' effect as well as the effect on sound and air velocity (draught risk) of a mobile High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filter system was tested for different settings and positions in the Experience room of the SenseLab. From both the noise assessments by a panel of subjects and sound monitoring it was concluded that the mobile HEPA filter system causes an unacceptable background sound level in the tested classroom setting (Experience room). With respect to the air velocity measurements and draught rating calculations, it was concluded that both depend on the position and the setting of the HEPA filter system as well as on the position and height of the measurements. For the removal of aerosols simulated by air-filled soap bubbles in front of the subject, the mobile HEPA filter system performed better as compared to the 'No ventilation' regime, for all settings and both positions, and for some settings, even better than all the tested mixing ventilation regimes. The use of a mobile HEPA filter system seems a good additional measure when only natural ventilation options are available. Future research should focus on rooms of different sizes or shapes, as this may also play a role in the filter's performance, noise and draught effects. AD - Chair Indoor Environment, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 134, 2628 BL, Delft, the Netherlands. AN - 33293755 AU - Bluyssen, P. M. | Ortiz, M. | Zhang, D. C1 - 2020-12-22 C2 - Protection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/122220_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 15 DO - 10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107475 ET - 2020/12/10 KW - Aerosols | Airborne transmission | HEPA filters | SARS-CoV-2 | Ventilation | personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in | this paper. L1 - internal-pdf://3978432301/Bluyssen-2021-The effect of a mobile HEPA filt.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Bluyssen, Philomena M; Ortiz, Marco; Zhang, Dadi; eng; England; Build Environ. 2021 Jan 15;188:107475. doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107475. Epub 2020 Dec 3. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A mobile HEPA filter system substantially decreased the number of particles when placed in front of a subject and may be a useful option if no ventilation is available, but the noisiness of the machine may be unacceptable to users. SN - 0360-1323 (Print); 0360-1323 (Linking) SP - 107475 ST - The effect of a mobile HEPA filter system on 'infectious' aerosols, sound and air velocity in the SenseLab T2 - Build Environ TI - The effect of a mobile HEPA filter system on 'infectious' aerosols, sound and air velocity in the SenseLab UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33293755 VL - 188 ID - 1362 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China. | Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China. | Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio. | Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. | Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio. | Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Molecular Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. Electronic address: nagyL3@ccf.org. AN - 32980342 AU - Fan, X. | Liu, Z. | Miyata, T. | Dasarathy, S. | Rotroff, D. M. | Wu, X. | Poulsen, K. L. | Nagy, L. E. C1 - 2020-10-09 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100920_covidupdate.html DA - Jan DO - 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.09.028 ET - 2020/09/28 IS - 1 KW - Adult | Aged | COVID-19/diagnosis/*epidemiology/mortality | Female | Histamine H2 Antagonists/adverse effects/*therapeutic use | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Prevalence | Prognosis | Propensity Score | Proton Pump Inhibitors/adverse effects/*therapeutic use | Risk Assessment | Risk Factors | Time Factors | United Kingdom/epidemiology | *Acid Suppressants | *covid-19 | *Omeprazole | *Susceptibility L1 - internal-pdf://3076465928/Fan-2021-Effect of Acid Suppressants on the Ri.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Fan, Xiude; Liu, Zhengwen; Miyata, Tatsunori; Dasarathy, Srinivasan; Rotroff, Daniel M; Wu, Xiaoqin; Poulsen, Kyle L; Nagy, Laura E; eng; U01 AA026938/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/; U01 DK061732/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/; MC_QA137853/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; U01 AA021890/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/; R01 AA027456/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/; R01 DK113196/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/; P50 AA024333/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/; MC_PC_17228/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; Meta-Analysis; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Gastroenterology. 2021 Jan;160(1):455-458.e5. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.09.028. Epub 2020 Sep 24. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: No association of SARS-CoV-2 infection and mortality was seen in 1,516 users of acid suppressants compared to matched controls, and only patients with upper gastrointestinal diseases taking omeprazole were more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. SN - 1528-0012 (Electronic); 0016-5085 (Linking) SP - 455-458 e5 ST - Effect of Acid Suppressants on the Risk of COVID-19: A Propensity Score-Matched Study Using UK Biobank T2 - Gastroenterology TI - Effect of Acid Suppressants on the Risk of COVID-19: A Propensity Score-Matched Study Using UK Biobank UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32980342 VL - 160 ID - 1011 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: A vaccine against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is urgently needed. Objective: To evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of an investigational inactivated whole-virus COVID-19 vaccine in China. Interventions: In the phase 1 trial, 96 participants were assigned to 1 of the 3 dose groups (2.5, 5, and 10 mug/dose) and an aluminum hydroxide (alum) adjuvant-only group (n = 24 in each group), and received 3 intramuscular injections at days 0, 28, and 56. In the phase 2 trial, 224 adults were randomized to 5 mug/dose in 2 schedule groups (injections on days 0 and 14 [n = 84] vs alum only [n = 28], and days 0 and 21 [n = 84] vs alum only [n = 28]). Design, Setting, and Participants: Interim analysis of ongoing randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 and 2 clinical trials to assess an inactivated COVID-19 vaccine. The trials were conducted in Henan Province, China, among 96 (phase 1) and 224 (phase 2) healthy adults aged between 18 and 59 years. Study enrollment began on April 12, 2020. The interim analysis was conducted on June 16, 2020, and updated on July 27, 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary safety outcome was the combined adverse reactions 7 days after each injection, and the primary immunogenicity outcome was neutralizing antibody response 14 days after the whole-course vaccination, which was measured by a 50% plaque reduction neutralization test against live severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Results: Among 320 patients who were randomized (mean age, 42.8 years; 200 women [62.5%]), all completed the trial up to 28 days after the whole-course vaccination. The 7-day adverse reactions occurred in 3 (12.5%), 5 (20.8%), 4 (16.7%), and 6 (25.0%) patients in the alum only, low-dose, medium-dose, and high-dose groups, respectively, in the phase 1 trial; and in 5 (6.0%) and 4 (14.3%) patients who received injections on days 0 and 14 for vaccine and alum only, and 16 (19.0%) and 5 (17.9%) patients who received injections on days 0 and 21 for vaccine and alum only, respectively, in the phase 2 trial. The most common adverse reaction was injection site pain, followed by fever, which were mild and self-limiting; no serious adverse reactions were noted. The geometric mean titers of neutralizing antibodies in the low-, medium-, and high-dose groups at day 14 after 3 injections were 316 (95% CI, 218-457), 206 (95% CI, 123-343), and 297 (95% CI, 208-424), respectively, in the phase 1 trial, and were 121 (95% CI, 95-154) and 247 (95% CI, 176-345) at day 14 after 2 injections in participants receiving vaccine on days 0 and 14 and on days 0 and 21, respectively, in the phase 2 trial. There were no detectable antibody responses in all alum-only groups. Conclusions and Relevance: In this interim report of the phase 1 and phase 2 trials of an inactivated COVID-19 vaccine, patients had a low rate of adverse reactions and demonstrated immunogenicity; the study is ongoing. Efficacy and longer-term adverse event assessment will require phase 3 trials. Trial Registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry Identifier: ChiCTR2000031809. AD - Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, Henan, China. | National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co Ltd, Wuhan, Hubei, China. | China National Biotec Group Company Limited, Beijing, China. | Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China. | Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. | Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China. | National Medical Center for Major Public Health Events, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. AN - 32789505 AU - Xia, S. | Duan, K. | Zhang, Y. | Zhao, D. | Zhang, H. | Xie, Z. | Li, X. | Peng, C. | Zhang, Y. | Zhang, W. | Yang, Y. | Chen, W. | Gao, X. | You, W. | Wang, X. | Wang, Z. | Shi, Z. | Wang, Y. | Yang, X. | Zhang, L. | Huang, L. | Wang, Q. | Lu, J. | Yang, Y. | Guo, J. | Zhou, W. | Wan, X. | Wu, C. | Wang, W. | Huang, S. | Du, J. | Meng, Z. | Pan, A. | Yuan, Z. | Shen, S. | Guo, W. | Yang, X. C1 - 2020-08-25 C2 - Laboratory Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082520_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 8 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.15543 ET - 2020/08/14 IS - 10 KW - Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage/adverse effects | Adolescent | Adult | Aluminum Hydroxide/administration & dosage/adverse effects | Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood | Antibodies, Viral/blood | Betacoronavirus/genetics/*immunology | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | Coronavirus Infections/immunology/*prevention & control | Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic | Double-Blind Method | Female | Humans | *Immunogenicity, Vaccine | Injections, Intramuscular | Male | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/immunology/*prevention & control | Propiolactone | SARS-CoV-2 | Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology | Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*immunology | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://0715289746/Xia-2020-Effect of an Inactivated Vaccine Agai.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Xia, Shengli; Duan, Kai; Zhang, Yuntao; Zhao, Dongyang; Zhang, Huajun; Xie, Zhiqiang; Li, Xinguo; Peng, Cheng; Zhang, Yanbo; Zhang, Wei; Yang, Yunkai; Chen, Wei; Gao, Xiaoxiao; You, Wangyang; Wang, Xuewei; Wang, Zejun; Shi, Zhengli; Wang, Yanxia; Yang, Xuqin; Zhang, Lianghao; Huang, Lili; Wang, Qian; Lu, Jia; Yang, Yongli; Guo, Jing; Zhou, Wei; Wan, Xin; Wu, Cong; Wang, Wenhui; Huang, Shihe; Du, Jianhui; Meng, Ziyan; Pan, An; Yuan, Zhiming; Shen, Shuo; Guo, Wanshen; Yang, Xiaoming; eng; Clinical Trial, Phase I; Clinical Trial, Phase II; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA. 2020 Sep 8;324(10):951-960. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.15543. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In the Phase 1 trial, geometric mean titers (GMTs) of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) to SARS-CoV-2 were 316 (95% CI 218-457), 206 (95% CI 123-343), and 297 (95% CI 208-424) in low-, medium-, and high-dose groups, respectively (Figure). | In the Phase 2 trial, GMTs were 121 (95% CI 95-154) after 2 medium-dose injections 14 days apart and 247 (95% CI 176-345) after 2 injections 21 days apart. | Adverse reactions were mild, self-limited, and infrequent (15%), usually injection site pain or fever. | Methods: Interim analysis of ongoing double-blind, placebo-controlled, Phase 1 and 2 inactivated virus vaccine trials in adults aged 18-59 years. Phase 1 assigned 96 participants to receive 2.5, 5, or 10 μg of vaccine with alum adjuvant or alum only at 0, 28, and 56 days. Phase 2 randomized 224 participants to 5 μg vaccine or alum only at 0 and 14 or 0 and 21 days. NAbs measured at 14 days after the final vaccination in both trials. Limitations: Antibody responses tested, but not level of protection from SARs CoV-2 infection. | Implications: Patients had at most mild adverse reactions to inactivated virus vaccine. Immunogenicity to SARS-CoV-2 was demonstrated. Larger Phase 3 trials will be needed to determine efficacy and longer-term risk of any adverse events. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 951-960 ST - Effect of an Inactivated Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2 on Safety and Immunogenicity Outcomes: Interim Analysis of 2 Randomized Clinical Trials T2 - JAMA TI - Effect of an Inactivated Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2 on Safety and Immunogenicity Outcomes: Interim Analysis of 2 Randomized Clinical Trials UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32789505 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 761 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to spread rapidly worldwide. Neutralizing antibodies are a potential treatment for COVID-19. Objective: To determine the effect of bamlanivimab monotherapy and combination therapy with bamlanivimab and etesevimab on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral load in mild to moderate COVID-19. Design, Setting, and Participants: The BLAZE-1 study is a randomized phase 2/3 trial at 49 US centers including ambulatory patients (N = 613) who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection and had 1 or more mild to moderate symptoms. Patients who received bamlanivimab monotherapy or placebo were enrolled first (June 17-August 21, 2020) followed by patients who received bamlanivimab and etesevimab or placebo (August 22-September 3). These are the final analyses and represent findings through October 6, 2020. Interventions: Patients were randomized to receive a single infusion of bamlanivimab (700 mg [n = 101], 2800 mg [n = 107], or 7000 mg [n = 101]), the combination treatment (2800 mg of bamlanivimab and 2800 mg of etesevimab [n = 112]), or placebo (n = 156). Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary end point was change in SARS-CoV-2 log viral load at day 11 (+/-4 days). Nine prespecified secondary outcome measures were evaluated with comparisons between each treatment group and placebo, and included 3 other measures of viral load, 5 on symptoms, and 1 measure of clinical outcome (the proportion of patients with a COVID-19-related hospitalization, an emergency department [ED] visit, or death at day 29). Results: Among the 577 patients who were randomized and received an infusion (mean age, 44.7 [SD, 15.7] years; 315 [54.6%] women), 533 (92.4%) completed the efficacy evaluation period (day 29). The change in log viral load from baseline at day 11 was -3.72 for 700 mg, -4.08 for 2800 mg, -3.49 for 7000 mg, -4.37 for combination treatment, and -3.80 for placebo. Compared with placebo, the differences in the change in log viral load at day 11 were 0.09 (95% CI, -0.35 to 0.52; P = .69) for 700 mg, -0.27 (95% CI, -0.71 to 0.16; P = .21) for 2800 mg, 0.31 (95% CI, -0.13 to 0.76; P = .16) for 7000 mg, and -0.57 (95% CI, -1.00 to -0.14; P = .01) for combination treatment. Among the secondary outcome measures, differences between each treatment group vs the placebo group were statistically significant for 10 of 84 end points. The proportion of patients with COVID-19-related hospitalizations or ED visits was 5.8% (9 events) for placebo, 1.0% (1 event) for 700 mg, 1.9% (2 events) for 2800 mg, 2.0% (2 events) for 7000 mg, and 0.9% (1 event) for combination treatment. Immediate hypersensitivity reactions were reported in 9 patients (6 bamlanivimab, 2 combination treatment, and 1 placebo). No deaths occurred during the study treatment. Conclusions and Relevance: Among nonhospitalized patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 illness, treatment with bamlanivimab and etesevimab, compared with placebo, was associated with a statistically significant reduction in SARS-CoV-2 viral load at day 11; no significant difference in viral load reduction was observed for bamlanivimab monotherapy. Further ongoing clinical trials will focus on assessing the clinical benefit of antispike neutralizing antibodies in patients with COVID-19 as a primary end point. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04427501. AD - Baylor University Medical Center and Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas. | Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana. | Department of Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California. | Vitalink Research, Union, South Carolina. | Long Beach Clinical Trials, Long Beach, California. | Imperial Health, Lake Charles, Louisiana. | Cook County Health, Chicago, Illinois. | Indago Research, Hialeah, Florida. | Las Vegas Medical Research Center, Las Vegas, Nevada. | Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois. | Franciscan Health, Greenwood, Indiana. | Georgetown University, Washington, DC. AN - 33475701 AU - Gottlieb, R. L. | Nirula, A. | Chen, P. | Boscia, J. | Heller, B. | Morris, J. | Huhn, G. | Cardona, J. | Mocherla, B. | Stosor, V. | Shawa, I. | Kumar, P. | Adams, A. C. | Van Naarden, J. | Custer, K. L. | Durante, M. | Oakley, G. | Schade, A. E. | Holzer, T. R. | Ebert, P. J. | Higgs, R. E. | Kallewaard, N. L. | Sabo, J. | Patel, D. R. | Klekotka, P. | Shen, L. | Skovronsky, D. M. C1 - 2021-01-29 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01292021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 16 DO - 10.1001/jama.2021.0202 ET - 2021/01/22 IS - 7 KW - Adult | Aged | Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/*administration & dosage/adverse effects | Antibodies, Neutralizing/*administration & dosage/adverse effects | Antiviral Agents/*administration & dosage/adverse effects | COVID-19/*drug therapy/mortality/virology | Dose-Response Relationship, Drug | Double-Blind Method | Drug Therapy, Combination | Female | Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data | Humans | Infusions, Intravenous | Male | Middle Aged | SARS-CoV-2/drug effects/*isolation & purification | Severity of Illness Index | Viral Load/*drug effects L1 - internal-pdf://0836950645/Gottlieb-2021-Effect of Bamlanivimab as Monoth.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Testing | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Gottlieb, Robert L; Nirula, Ajay; Chen, Peter; Boscia, Joseph; Heller, Barry; Morris, Jason; Huhn, Gregory; Cardona, Jose; Mocherla, Bharat; Stosor, Valentina; Shawa, Imad; Kumar, Princy; Adams, Andrew C; Van Naarden, Jacob; Custer, Kenneth L; Durante, Michael; Oakley, Gerard; Schade, Andrew E; Holzer, Timothy R; Ebert, Philip J; Higgs, Richard E; Kallewaard, Nicole L; Sabo, Janelle; Patel, Dipak R; Klekotka, Paul; Shen, Lei; Skovronsky, Daniel M; eng; UL1 TR001422/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; Clinical Trial, Phase II; Clinical Trial, Phase III; Comparative Study; Multicenter Study; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA. 2021 Feb 16;325(7):632-644. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.0202. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In this randomized phase 2/3 trial at 49 centers across the US, combination therapy with bamlanivimab and etesevimab, but not bamlanivimab alone, resulted in a significant reduction in SARS-CoV-2 viral load at day 11 among non-hospitalized patients with mild to moderate COVID illness. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 632-644 ST - Effect of Bamlanivimab as Monotherapy or in Combination With Etesevimab on Viral Load in Patients With Mild to Moderate COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial T2 - JAMA TI - Effect of Bamlanivimab as Monotherapy or in Combination With Etesevimab on Viral Load in Patients With Mild to Moderate COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33475701 VL - 325 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1450 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: During the COVID-19 pandemic, wearing masks has become necessary, especially within health care. However, to our knowledge, the consequences of mask wearing on communication between surgeons and patients have not been studied. Objective: To evaluate the effects of clear vs standard covered masks on communication during surgical clinic encounters. Design: This randomized clinical trial examined communication between surgeons and their patients when surgeons wore clear vs covered masks in surgical outpatient clinics at a single academic medical center. New patients were recruited from participating surgeons' clinic schedules. Interventions: Surgeons wore either clear masks or covered masks for each clinic visit with a new patient, based on a per-visit randomization plan. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome measures included patient perceptions of (1) surgeon communication and (2) trust in surgeons, as well as (3) quantitative assessments and (4) qualitative assessments regarding patient impressions of the surgeon's mask. After the clinic encounter, patients completed a verbal survey including validated Clinician and Group Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems questions. Additional questions involved surgeon empathy, trust, and the patient's impression of the surgeon's mask. Data were analyzed by comparing patient data in the clear vs covered groups using Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel tests, and comments were analyzed for themes. Results: Two hundred patients were enrolled from 15 surgeons' clinics spanning 7 subspecialties. When surgeons wore a clear mask, patients rated their surgeons higher for providing understandable explanations (clear, 95 of 100 [95%] vs covered, 78 of 100 [78%]; P < .001), demonstrating empathy (clear, 99 [99%] vs covered, 85 [85%]; P < .001), and building trust (clear, 94 [94%] vs covered, 72 [72%]; P < .001). Patients preferred clear masks (clear, 100 [100%] vs covered, 72 [72%]; P < .001), citing improved surgeon communication and appreciation for visualization of the face. Conversely, 8 of 15 surgeons (53%) were unlikely to choose the clear mask over their standard covered mask. Conclusions and Relevance: This randomized clinical trial demonstrates that patients prefer to see their surgeon's face. Surgeons who wore clear masks were perceived by patients to be better communicators, have more empathy, and elicit greater trust. Because masks will remain part of the health care landscape for some time, deliberate attention to preserving communication within the surgeon-patient relationship is warranted. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04595695. AD - Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. | Department of Family Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City. AN - 33704389 AU - Kratzke, I. M. | Rosenbaum, M. E. | Cox, C. | Ollila, D. W. | Kapadia, M. R. C1 - 2021-03-26 C2 - Protection in Healthcare and Non-Healthcare Work Settings CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03262021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 1 DO - 10.1001/jamasurg.2021.0836 ET - 2021/03/12 IS - 4 KW - Adult | COVID-19/epidemiology/*prevention & control | Female | Humans | Infection Control/*standards | Male | Masks/*standards | Pandemics | *Physician-Patient Relations | SARS-CoV-2 | *Surgeons L1 - internal-pdf://0598031168/Kratzke-2021-Effect of Clear vs Standard Cover.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Kratzke, Ian M; Rosenbaum, Marcy E; Cox, Chase; Ollila, David W; Kapadia, Muneera R; eng; Randomized Controlled Trial; Video-Audio Media; JAMA Surg. 2021 Apr 1;156(4):372-378. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2021.0836. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In a randomized clinical trial of 200 patients, surgeons wearing clear masks, rather than standard covered masks, were rated significantly higher in empathy, trust, and in providing understandable explanations (Figure). SN - 2168-6262 (Electronic); 2168-6254 (Linking) SP - 372-378 ST - Effect of Clear vs Standard Covered Masks on Communication With Patients During Surgical Clinic Encounters: A Randomized Clinical Trial T2 - JAMA Surg TI - Effect of Clear vs Standard Covered Masks on Communication With Patients During Surgical Clinic Encounters: A Randomized Clinical Trial UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33704389 VL - 156 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1611 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection has evolved into a global pandemic. Low-dose colchicine combines anti-inflammatory action with a favorable safety profile. Objective: To evaluate the effect of treatment with colchicine on cardiac and inflammatory biomarkers and clinical outcomes in patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Design, Setting, and Participants: In this prospective, open-label, randomized clinical trial (the Greek Study in the Effects of Colchicine in COVID-19 Complications Prevention), 105 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 were randomized in a 1:1 allocation from April 3 to April 27, 2020, to either standard medical treatment or colchicine with standard medical treatment. The study took place in 16 tertiary hospitals in Greece. Intervention: Colchicine administration (1.5-mg loading dose followed by 0.5 mg after 60 min and maintenance doses of 0.5 mg twice daily) with standard medical treatment for as long as 3 weeks. Main Outcomes and Measures: Primary end points were (1) maximum high-sensitivity cardiac troponin level; (2) time for C-reactive protein to reach more than 3 times the upper reference limit; and (3) time to deterioration by 2 points on a 7-grade clinical status scale, ranging from able to resume normal activities to death. Secondary end points were (1) the percentage of participants requiring mechanical ventilation, (2) all-cause mortality, and (3) number, type, severity, and seriousness of adverse events. The primary efficacy analysis was performed on an intention-to-treat basis. Results: A total of 105 patients were evaluated (61 [58.1%] men; median [interquartile range] age, 64 [54-76] years) with 50 (47.6%) randomized to the control group and 55 (52.4%) to the colchicine group. Median (interquartile range) peak high-sensitivity cardiac troponin values were 0.0112 (0.0043-0.0093) ng/mL in the control group and 0.008 (0.004-0.0135) ng/mL in the colchicine group (P = .34). Median (interquartile range) maximum C-reactive protein levels were 4.5 (1.4-8.9) mg/dL vs 3.1 (0.8-9.8) mg/dL (P = .73), respectively. The clinical primary end point rate was 14.0% in the control group (7 of 50 patients) and 1.8% in the colchicine group (1 of 55 patients) (odds ratio, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.01-0.96; P = .02). Mean (SD) event-free survival time was 18.6 (0.83) days the in the control group vs 20.7 (0.31) in the colchicine group (log rank P = .03). Adverse events were similar in the 2 groups, except for diarrhea, which was more frequent with colchicine group than the control group (25 patients [45.5%] vs 9 patients [18.0%]; P = .003). Conclusions and Relevance: In this randomized clinical trial, participants who received colchicine had statistically significantly improved time to clinical deterioration. There were no significant differences in high-sensitivity cardiac troponin or C-reactive protein levels. These findings should be interpreted with caution. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04326790. AD - Second Department of Cardiology, Attikon Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece. | Department of Cardiology, G. Gennimatas General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece. | Cardio Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital IRCCS, Rozzano-Milan, Italy. | First Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece. | Athens Medical Center, Athens, Greece. | First Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece. | First Department of Cardiology, AHEPA Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece. | Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital of Kastoria, Kastoria, Greece. | Second Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital of Alexandroupoli, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupoli, Greece. | Department of Internal Medicine, Mpodosakio General Hospital of Ptolemaida, Ptolemaida, Greece. | Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital of Kozani, Kozani, Greece. | Third Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital Sotiria, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece. | First Intensive Care Unit, General Hospital Evangelismos, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece. | First Department of Pneumonology, General Hospital Sotiria, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece. | First Department of Internal Medicine, Ioannina University Hospital, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece. | Infectious Diseases Unit, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece. | Internal Medicine Department, University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece. | Fourth Department of Pneumonology, General Hospital Sotiria, Athens, Greece. | Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Elefsina Thriasio, Elefsina, Greece. | Therapeutics Department, Alexandra Hospital, Athens, Greece. | Second Medical Department, NIMTS Hospital, Athens, Greece. | Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital of West Attica Agia Varvara, Athens, Greece. | Department of Cardiology, University of Patras Medical School, Patras, Greece. | Second Department of Cardiology, AHEPA Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece. | Third Department of Cardiology, Hygeia Hospital, Athens, Greece. | Department of Cardiology, Ioannina University Hospital, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece. | Department of Cardiology, University General Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Greece. | Third Department of Cardiology, General Hospital Sotiria, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece. | Hospital Universitario y Politecnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain. | Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut. | Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece. | Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York. AN - 32579195 AU - Deftereos, S. G. | Giannopoulos, G. | Vrachatis, D. A. | Siasos, G. D. | Giotaki, S. G. | Gargalianos, P. | Metallidis, S. | Sianos, G. | Baltagiannis, S. | Panagopoulos, P. | Dolianitis, K. | Randou, E. | Syrigos, K. | Kotanidou, A. | Koulouris, N. G. | Milionis, H. | Sipsas, N. | Gogos, C. | Tsoukalas, G. | Olympios, C. D. | Tsagalou, E. | Migdalis, I. | Gerakari, S. | Angelidis, C. | Alexopoulos, D. | Davlouros, P. | Hahalis, G. | Kanonidis, I. | Katritsis, D. | Kolettis, T. | Manolis, A. S. | Michalis, L. | Naka, K. K. | Pyrgakis, V. N. | Toutouzas, K. P. | Triposkiadis, F. | Tsioufis, K. | Vavouranakis, E. | Martinez-Dolz, L. | Reimers, B. | Stefanini, G. G. | Cleman, M. | Goudevenos, J. | Tsiodras, S. | Tousoulis, D. | Iliodromitis, E. | Mehran, R. | Dangas, G. | Stefanadis, C. | Grecco- investigators C1 - 2021-07-02 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/070220_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.13136 ET - 2020/06/25 IS - 6 KW - Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Betacoronavirus | C-Reactive Protein/*metabolism | Covid-19 | Cause of Death | Colchicine/*therapeutic use | Coronavirus Infections/*drug therapy/metabolism | Diarrhea/chemically induced | Disease Progression | Female | Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products/*metabolism | Greece | Hospitalization | Humans | Inflammation/metabolism | Kaplan-Meier Estimate | Male | Middle Aged | Mortality | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*drug therapy/metabolism | Respiration, Artificial/statistics & numerical data | SARS-CoV-2 | Time Factors | Treatment Outcome | Troponin/*metabolism | Tubulin Modulators/*therapeutic use L1 - internal-pdf://0564432503/Deftereos-2020-Effect of Colchicine vs Standar.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Deftereos, Spyridon G; Giannopoulos, Georgios; Vrachatis, Dimitrios A; Siasos, Gerasimos D; Giotaki, Sotiria G; Gargalianos, Panagiotis; Metallidis, Simeon; Sianos, George; Baltagiannis, Stefanos; Panagopoulos, Periklis; Dolianitis, Konstantinos; Randou, Efthalia; Syrigos, Konstantinos; Kotanidou, Anastasia; Koulouris, Nikolaos G; Milionis, Haralampos; Sipsas, Nikolaos; Gogos, Charalampos; Tsoukalas, George; Olympios, Christoforos D; Tsagalou, Eleftheria; Migdalis, Ilias; Gerakari, Styliani; Angelidis, Christos; Alexopoulos, Dimitrios; Davlouros, Pericles; Hahalis, George; Kanonidis, Ioannis; Katritsis, Demosthenes; Kolettis, Theofilos; Manolis, Antonios S; Michalis, Lampros; Naka, Katerina K; Pyrgakis, Vlasios N; Toutouzas, Konstantinos P; Triposkiadis, Filippos; Tsioufis, Konstantinos; Vavouranakis, Emmanouil; Martinez-Dolz, Luis; Reimers, Bernhard; Stefanini, Giulio G; Cleman, Michael; Goudevenos, John; Tsiodras, Sotirios; Tousoulis, Dimitrios; Iliodromitis, Efstathios; Mehran, Roxana; Dangas, George; Stefanadis, Christodoulos; eng; Randomized Controlled Trial; JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Jun 1;3(6):e2013136. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.13136. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The probability of survival was higher for patients treated with colchicine than standard therapy alone (97% vs 83% respectively; p = 0.03) (Figure). | COVID-19 patients treated with colchicine had no significant changes in cardiovascular injury and inflammation markers (cardiac troponin and C-reactive protein). | Adverse events were reported with similar frequency except for more frequent diarrhea in patients treated with colchicine (45%) compared with standard therapy alone (18%). | Methods: Prospective, open-label Phase 2 randomized clinical trial of 105 hospitalized symptomatic COVID-19 patients �?8 years that compared colchicine and standard therapy to standard therapy alone, 16 Greek hospitals, April 3 -27, 2020. Limitations: Small sample size; not blinded. | Implications: Colchicine may be an effective treatment for hospitalized symptomatic COVID-19 patients. Larger randomized clinical trials in different populations are warranted. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e2013136 ST - Effect of Colchicine vs Standard Care on Cardiac and Inflammatory Biomarkers and Clinical Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized With Coronavirus Disease 2019: The GRECCO-19 Randomized Clinical Trial T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Effect of Colchicine vs Standard Care on Cardiac and Inflammatory Biomarkers and Clinical Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized With Coronavirus Disease 2019: The GRECCO-19 Randomized Clinical Trial UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32579195 VL - 3 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 484 ER - TY - JOUR AB - IMPORTANCE: Passive antibody transfer is a longstanding treatment strategy for infectious diseases that involve the respiratory system. In this context, human convalescent plasma has been used to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but the efficacy remains uncertain. OBJECTIVE: To explore potential signals of efficacy of COVID-19 convalescent plasma. DESIGN: Open-label, Expanded Access Program (EAP) for the treatment of COVID-19 patients with human convalescent plasma. SETTING: Multicenter, including 2,807 acute care facilities in the US and territories. PARTICIPANTS: Adult participants enrolled and transfused under the purview of the US Convalescent Plasma EAP program between April 4 and July 4, 2020 who were hospitalized with (or at risk of) severe or life threatening acute COVID-19 respiratory syndrome. INTERVENTION: Transfusion of at least one unit of human COVID-19 convalescent plasma using standard transfusion guidelines at any time during hospitalization. Convalescent plasma was donated by recently-recovered COVID-19 survivors, and the antibody levels in the units collected were unknown at the time of transfusion. Main Outcomes and Measures: Seven and thirty-day mortality. RESULTS: The 35,322 transfused patients had heterogeneous demographic and clinical characteristics. This cohort included a high proportion of critically-ill patients, with 52.3% in the intensive care unit (ICU) and 27.5% receiving mechanical ventilation at the time of plasma transfusion. The seven-day mortality rate was 8.7% [95% CI 8.3%-9.2%] in patients transfused within 3 days of COVID-19 diagnosis but 11.9% [11.4%-12.2%] in patients transfused 4 or more days after diagnosis (p<0.001). Similar findings were observed in 30-day mortality (21.6% vs. 26.7%, p<0.0001). Importantly, a gradient of mortality was seen in relation to IgG antibody levels in the transfused plasma. For patients who received high IgG plasma (>18.45 S/Co), seven-day mortality was 8.9% (6.8%, 11.7%); for recipients of medium IgG plasma (4.62 to 18.45 S/Co) mortality was 11.6% (10.3%, 13.1%); and for recipients of low IgG plasma (<4.62 S/Co) mortality was 13.7% (11.1%, 16.8%) (p=0.048). This unadjusted dose-response relationship with IgG was also observed in thirty-day mortality (p=0.021). The pooled relative risk of mortality among patients transfused with high antibody level plasma units was 0.65 [0.47-0.92] for 7 days and 0.77 [0.63-0.94] for 30 days compared to low antibody level plasma units. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The relationships between reduced mortality and both earlier time to transfusion and higher antibody levels provide signatures of efficacy for convalescent plasma in the treatment of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. This information may be informative for the treatment of COVID-19 and design of randomized clinical trials involving convalescent plasma. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04338360. AN - 32817978 AU - Joyner, M. J. | Senefeld, J. W. | Klassen, S. A. | Mills, J. R. | Johnson, P. W. | Theel, E. S. | Wiggins, C. C. | Bruno, K. A. | Klompas, A. M. | Lesser, E. R. | Kunze, K. L. | Sexton, M. A. | Diaz Soto, J. C. | Baker, S. E. | Shepherd, J. R. A. | van Helmond, N. | van Buskirk, C. M. | Winters, J. L. | Stubbs, J. R. | Rea, R. F. | Hodge, D. O. | Herasevich, V. | Whelan, E. R. | Clayburn, A. J. | Larson, K. F. | Ripoll, J. G. | Andersen, K. J. | Buras, M. R. | Vogt, M. N. P. | Dennis, J. J. | Regimbal, R. J. | Bauer, P. R. | Blair, J. E. | Paneth, N. S. | Fairweather, D. | Wright, R. S. | Carter, R. E. | Casadevall, A. C1 - 2020-08-21 C2 - Neutralizing Antibody Titers CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082120_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 12 DO - 10.1101/2020.08.12.20169359 ET - 2020/08/21 L1 - internal-pdf://0976774965/Joyner-2020-Effect of Convalescent Plasma on M.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Joyner, Michael J; Senefeld, Jonathon W; Klassen, Stephen A; Mills, John R; Johnson, Patrick W; Theel, Elitza S; Wiggins, Chad C; Bruno, Katelyn A; Klompas, Allan M; Lesser, Elizabeth R; Kunze, Katie L; Sexton, Matthew A; Diaz Soto, Juan C; Baker, Sarah E; Shepherd, John R A; van Helmond, Noud; van Buskirk, Camille M; Winters, Jeffrey L; Stubbs, James R; Rea, Robert F; Hodge, David O; Herasevich, Vitaly; Whelan, Emily R; Clayburn, Andrew J; Larson, Kathryn F; Ripoll, Juan G; Andersen, Kylie J; Buras, Matthew R; Vogt, Matthew N P; Dennis, Joshua J; Regimbal, Riley J; Bauer, Philippe R; Blair, Janis E; Paneth, Nigel S; Fairweather, DeLisa; Wright, R Scott; Carter, Rickey E; Casadevall, Arturo; eng; R21 AI145356/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R21 AI154927/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Preprint; medRxiv. 2020 Aug 12. doi: 10.1101/2020.08.12.20169359. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 7-day mortality was lower in patients transfused �? days of COVID-19 diagnosis, compared with patients transfused four or more days after diagnosis, p <0.001 (Figure 1). | 7-day mortality was lower in patients who received high-IgG plasma compared with medium- and low-IgG plasma, p = 0.048 (Figure 1). | Similar findings were observed for 30-day mortality for transfusion timing, p <0.0001, and IgG titer level, p = 0.021 (Figure 2). | Methods: Cohort of 35,322 U.S. adults who were hospitalized with, or at risk of, severe or life-threatening acute COVID-19 respiratory syndrome with transfusion of �? unit of CP, between April 4 and July 4, 2020. Seven- and 30-day mortality were measured. CP IgG titers were measured and defined as high: >18.45 signal to cutoff ratio [S/Co]), medium: 4.62 to 18.45 S/Co and low: <4.62 S/Co). Limitations: Not randomized; antibody levels in the CP units collected from donors were unknown at the time of transfusion; conclusions apply to patients with severe illness. | Implications for 3 studies (Bradfute et al., Salazar et al., & Joyner et al.): Early initiation of transfusion of CP with sufficient levels of NAbs may promote better clinical outcomes of critically ill COVID-19 patients. CP therapy merits as a treatment for hospitalized COVID-19 patients; however, randomized controlled trials may still be needed. SP - 2020.08.12.20169359 ST - Effect of Convalescent Plasma on Mortality among Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: Initial Three-Month Experience T2 - medRxiv TI - Effect of Convalescent Plasma on Mortality among Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: Initial Three-Month Experience TT - Published article: Convalescent Plasma Antibody Levels and the Risk of Death from Covid-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32817978 ID - 744 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Convalescent plasma is a potential therapeutic option for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but further data from randomized clinical trials are needed. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and adverse effects of convalescent plasma therapy for patients with COVID-19. Design, Setting, and Participants: Open-label, multicenter, randomized clinical trial performed in 7 medical centers in Wuhan, China, from February 14, 2020, to April 1, 2020, with final follow-up April 28, 2020. The trial included 103 participants with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 that was severe (respiratory distress and/or hypoxemia) or life-threatening (shock, organ failure, or requiring mechanical ventilation). The trial was terminated early after 103 of a planned 200 patients were enrolled. Intervention: Convalescent plasma in addition to standard treatment (n = 52) vs standard treatment alone (control) (n = 51), stratified by disease severity. Main Outcomes and Measures: Primary outcome was time to clinical improvement within 28 days, defined as patient discharged alive or reduction of 2 points on a 6-point disease severity scale (ranging from 1 [discharge] to 6 [death]). Secondary outcomes included 28-day mortality, time to discharge, and the rate of viral polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results turned from positive at baseline to negative at up to 72 hours. Results: Of 103 patients who were randomized (median age, 70 years; 60 [58.3%] male), 101 (98.1%) completed the trial. Clinical improvement occurred within 28 days in 51.9% (27/52) of the convalescent plasma group vs 43.1% (22/51) in the control group (difference, 8.8% [95% CI, -10.4% to 28.0%]; hazard ratio [HR], 1.40 [95% CI, 0.79-2.49]; P = .26). Among those with severe disease, the primary outcome occurred in 91.3% (21/23) of the convalescent plasma group vs 68.2% (15/22) of the control group (HR, 2.15 [95% CI, 1.07-4.32]; P = .03); among those with life-threatening disease the primary outcome occurred in 20.7% (6/29) of the convalescent plasma group vs 24.1% (7/29) of the control group (HR, 0.88 [95% CI, 0.30-2.63]; P = .83) (P for interaction = .17). There was no significant difference in 28-day mortality (15.7% vs 24.0%; OR, 0.59 [95% CI, 0.22-1.59]; P = .30) or time from randomization to discharge (51.0% vs 36.0% discharged by day 28; HR, 1.61 [95% CI, 0.88-2.95]; P = .12). Convalescent plasma treatment was associated with a negative conversion rate of viral PCR at 72 hours in 87.2% of the convalescent plasma group vs 37.5% of the control group (OR, 11.39 [95% CI, 3.91-33.18]; P < .001). Two patients in the convalescent plasma group experienced adverse events within hours after transfusion that improved with supportive care. Conclusion and Relevance: Among patients with severe or life-threatening COVID-19, convalescent plasma therapy added to standard treatment, compared with standard treatment alone, did not result in a statistically significant improvement in time to clinical improvement within 28 days. Interpretation is limited by early termination of the trial, which may have been underpowered to detect a clinically important difference. Trial Registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR2000029757. AD - Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Chengdu, China. | Key Laboratory of Transfusion Adverse Reactions, CAMS, Chengdu, China. | Guanggu District Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China. | Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China. | Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. | Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Hospital, National Respiratory quality control center, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China. | Department of Transfusion, General Hospital of Central Theater Command of PLA, Wuhan, China. | State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union, Beijing, China. | NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Merieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. | Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. | Department of Blood Transfusion, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. | Wuhan Red Cross Hospital, Wuhan, China. | Department of Blood Transfusion, Wuhan Asia Heart Hospital, Wuhan, China. | Department of Blood Transfusion, Wuhan Asia General Hospital, Wuhan, China. | Wuhan Blood Center, Wuhan, China. | Peking University Clinical Research Institute, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China. | Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. | Department of Emergency, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. | Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, China. | Department of Organ Transplantation, First Affiliated Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China. | Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. | Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, China. | Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuhan Asia General Hospital, Wuhan, China. | Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. | Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida. AN - 32492084 AU - Li, L. | Zhang, W. | Hu, Y. | Tong, X. | Zheng, S. | Yang, J. | Kong, Y. | Ren, L. | Wei, Q. | Mei, H. | Hu, C. | Tao, C. | Yang, R. | Wang, J. | Yu, Y. | Guo, Y. | Wu, X. | Xu, Z. | Zeng, L. | Xiong, N. | Chen, L. | Wang, J. | Man, N. | Liu, Y. | Xu, H. | Deng, E. | Zhang, X. | Li, C. | Wang, C. | Su, S. | Zhang, L. | Wang, J. | Wu, Y. | Liu, Z. C1 - 2020-06-12 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061220_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 4 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.10044 ET - 2020/06/04 IS - 5 KW - Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Betacoronavirus/*immunology | Blood Component Transfusion | Covid-19 | China | Combined Modality Therapy | Coronavirus Infections/mortality/*therapy | Female | Humans | Immunization, Passive/adverse effects | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Patient Acuity | Pneumonia, Viral/mortality/*therapy | SARS-CoV-2 | Treatment Outcome L1 - internal-pdf://2976703964/Li-2020-Effect of Convalescent Plasma Therapy.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Li, Ling; Zhang, Wei; Hu, Yu; Tong, Xunliang; Zheng, Shangen; Yang, Juntao; Kong, Yujie; Ren, Lili; Wei, Qing; Mei, Heng; Hu, Caiying; Tao, Cuihua; Yang, Ru; Wang, Jue; Yu, Yongpei; Guo, Yong; Wu, Xiaoxiong; Xu, Zhihua; Zeng, Li; Xiong, Nian; Chen, Lifeng; Wang, Juan; Man, Ning; Liu, Yu; Xu, Haixia; Deng, E; Zhang, Xuejun; Li, Chenyue; Wang, Conghui; Su, Shisheng; Zhang, Linqi; Wang, Jianwei; Wu, Yanyun; Liu, Zhong; eng; Comparative Study; Multicenter Study; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA. 2020 Aug 4;324(5):460-470. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.10044. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Overall, no difference was observed in clinical improvement with administration of convalescent plasma: treatment group 51.9% (27/52) vs control group 43.1% (22/51), hazard ratio (HR), 1.40 (95% CI, 0.79-2.49). | In patients with severe disease, convalescent plasma treatment was associated with improved outcome (HR 2.15, p=0.03) but not in patients with advanced life-threatening disease (HR 0.88, p=0.30). | Overall, convalescent plasma treatment was associated with higher rates of negative NP RT-PCR at 24, 48, and 72 hours. | Methods: Open-label, randomized trial of convalescent plasma versus standard treatment in 103 participants with severe or life-threatening laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 in 7 medical centers in Wuhan, China. The trial was terminated early after 103 of 200 planned enrollments due to the containment of COVID-19 in Wuhan. Limitations: Small sample that did not reach predetermined enrollment; open label; median time between symptom onset and randomization was 30 days; standard therapy in both groups was not uniform. | Implications: Convalescent plasma did not result in clinical improvement within 28 days of administration; higher rates of conversion to negative RT-PCR may indicate antiviral activity of convalescent plasma. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 460-470 ST - Effect of Convalescent Plasma Therapy on Time to Clinical Improvement in Patients With Severe and Life-threatening COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial T2 - JAMA TI - Effect of Convalescent Plasma Therapy on Time to Clinical Improvement in Patients With Severe and Life-threatening COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32492084 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 370 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kim, Jin Un | Majid, Amir | Judge, Rebekah | Crook, Peter | Nathwani, Rooshi | Selvapatt, Nowlan | Lovendoski, James | Manousou, Pinelopi | Thursz, Mark | Dhar, Ameet | Lewis, Heather | Vergis, Nikhil | Lemoine, Maud C1 - 2020-08-14 C2 - Collateral Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08142020_covidupdate.html DA - 2020/10/01/ DO - 10.1016/s2468-1253(20)30251-x IS - 10 L1 - internal-pdf://4031479240/32763197.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 43 of 182 participants (24%) increased alcohol consumption during lockdown, to an average of 82.5 units of alcohol per week (1 unit = 1 shot of spirits at 40% alcohol). | 12 of 69 abstinent participants (17%) relapsed, consuming an average of 48.8 units per week. | 14 of 113 participants (12%) who drank before lockdown became abstinent. | Methods: Telephone survey to assess alcohol use in 182 persons (73% male, 78% White, median age 57 years) with pre-existing alcohol disorders and registered in an alcohol clinic, London, UK, between May 21 and June 10, 2020. Limitations: Small sample size. | Implications for 4 studies (Jeffery et al., Kim et al., Kaufman et al., & Yin et al.): Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic include disruptions to health service provision and potential indirect effects on population health. Delays in preventive care could lead to excess morbidity and mortality across numerous health conditions, as well as exacerbate racial and ethnic disparities (see Balogun et al. Disparities in cancer outcomes due to COVID-19 �?A tale of two citiesexternal icon). Even with the stress COVID-19 places on global public health and health care, proactive outreach and prioritization of essential health services remains vital. SE - 886 SN - 24681253 SP - 886-887 ST - Effect of COVID-19 lockdown on alcohol consumption in patients with pre-existing alcohol use disorder T2 - Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol TI - Effect of COVID-19 lockdown on alcohol consumption in patients with pre-existing alcohol use disorder UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S246812532030251X | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S246812532030251X?via%3Dihub VL - 5 ID - 706 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Emergence of a new spike protein variant (D614G) with increased infectivity has prompted many to analyze its role in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. There is concern regarding whether an individual exposed to one variant of a virus will have cross-reactive memory to the second variant. Accordingly, we analyzed the serologic reactivity of both variants, and we found that antibodies from 88 donors from a high-incidence population reacted toward both the original spike and the D614 spike variant. These data suggest that patients who are exposed to either variant have cross-responsive humoral immunity. This represents an important finding both for SARS-CoV-2 disease biology and for therapeutics. AD - National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA. | Section on Immuno-Engineering, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. | Trans-NIH Shared Resource on Biomedical Engineering and Physical Science, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. | Protein Expression Laboratory, NCI RAS Initiative, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA. | LID Clinical Studies Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. AN - 33257936 AU - Klumpp-Thomas, C. | Kalish, H. | Hicks, J. | Mehalko, J. | Drew, M. | Memoli, M. J. | Hall, M. D. | Esposito, D. | Sadtler, K. C1 - 2020-12-15 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/121520_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 3 DO - 10.1093/infdis/jiaa743 ET - 2020/12/02 IS - 5 KW - Antibodies, Viral/blood | COVID-19/*diagnosis/immunology/virology | Cross Reactions | Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods | Humans | Immunoglobulin A/*blood | Immunoglobulin G/*blood | Immunoglobulin M/*blood | Mutation | SARS-CoV-2/classification/*immunology/pathogenicity | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics/*immunology | *covid-19 | *d614g | *SARS-CoV-2 | *coronavirus | *pandemic | *spike protein L1 - internal-pdf://0948269087/Klumpp-Thomas-2021-Effect of D614G Spike Varia.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Variants | N1 - Klumpp-Thomas, Carleen; Kalish, Heather; Hicks, Jennifer; Mehalko, Jennifer; Drew, Matthew; Memoli, Matthew J; Hall, Matthew D; Esposito, Dominic; Sadtler, Kaitlyn; eng; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; J Infect Dis. 2021 Mar 3;223(5):802-804. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa743. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Sera from convalescent COVID-19 patients react to both the 614D and 614G variants of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. SN - 1537-6613 (Electronic); 0022-1899 (Linking) SP - 802-804 ST - Effect of D614G Spike Variant on Immunoglobulin G, M, or A Spike Seroassay Performance T2 - J Infect Dis TI - Effect of D614G Spike Variant on Immunoglobulin G, M, or A Spike Seroassay Performance UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33257936 VL - 223 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1339 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The effectiveness of the BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 vaccines against new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections requires continuous re-evaluation, given the increasingly dominant B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of these vaccines in a large, community-based survey of randomly selected households across the United Kingdom. We found that the effectiveness of BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 against infections (new polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive cases) with symptoms or high viral burden is reduced with the B.1.617.2 variant (absolute difference of 10�?3% for BNT162b2 and 16% for ChAdOx1) compared to the B.1.1.7 (Alpha) variant. The effectiveness of two doses remains at least as great as protection afforded by prior natural infection. The dynamics of immunity after second doses differed significantly between BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1, with greater initial effectiveness against new PCR-positive cases but faster declines in protection against high viral burden and symptomatic infection with BNT162b2. There was no evidence that effectiveness varied by dosing interval, but protection was higher in vaccinated individuals after a prior infection and in younger adults. With B.1.617.2, infections occurring after two vaccinations had similar peak viral burden as those in unvaccinated individuals. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination still reduces new infections, but effectiveness and attenuation of peak viral burden are reduced with B.1.617.2. AD - National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. koen.pouwels@ndph.ox.ac.uk. | Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. koen.pouwels@ndph.ox.ac.uk. | National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK. | National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Big Data Institute, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Department of Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Department of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. | IBM Research, Hartree Centre, Sci-Tech Daresbury, UK. | Glasgow Lighthouse Laboratory, Glasgow, UK. | University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. | Office of the Regius Professor of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Health Improvement Directorate, Public Health England, London, UK. | Wellcome Trust, London, UK. | Office for National Statistics, Newport, UK. | MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL, University College London, London, UK. AN - 34650248 AU - Pouwels, Koen B. | Pritchard, Emma | Matthews, Philippa C. | Stoesser, Nicole | Eyre, David W. | Vihta, Karina-Doris | House, Thomas | Hay, Jodie | Bell, John I. | Newton, John N. | Farrar, Jeremy | Crook, Derrick | Cook, Duncan | Rourke, Emma | Studley, Ruth | Peto, Tim E. A. | Diamond, Ian | Walker, A. Sarah C1 - 2021-10-22 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10222021_covidupdate.html#anchor_Vaccines DA - 2021/10/14 DO - 10.1038/s41591-021-01548-7 ET - 2021/10/16 L1 - internal-pdf://0847467417/Pouwels-2021-Effect of Delta variant on viral.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Pouwels, Koen B | Pritchard, Emma | Matthews, Philippa C | Stoesser, Nicole | Eyre, David W | Vihta, Karina-Doris | House, Thomas | Hay, Jodie | Bell, John I | Newton, John N | Farrar, Jeremy | Crook, Derrick | Cook, Duncan | Rourke, Emma | Studley, Ruth | Peto, Tim E A | Diamond, Ian | Walker, A Sarah | eng | NIHR200915/DH | National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) | 110110/Z/15/Z/Wellcome Trust (Wellcome) | MC_UU_12023/22/RCUK | Medical Research Council (MRC) | Nat Med. 2021 Oct 14. pii: 10.1038/s41591-021-01548-7. doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01548-7. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Vaccine effectiveness (VE) against new SARS-CoV-2 infections �?4 days after the 2nd dose of either BNT162b2 (Comirnaty, Pfizer/BioNTech) or ChAdOx1 (Oxford-AstraZeneca) during the Delta (B.1.617.2) period was similar to the VE during the Alpha (B.1.1.7) period (Figure). | VE against SARS-CoV-2 infections with high viral burden and symptomatic infections was reduced 10�?3% (BNT162b2) and 16% (ChAdOx1) from the Delta to the Alpha period. | During the Delta period, SARS-CoV-2 infections after 2 doses of either BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 had similar Ct values as infections in unvaccinated adults. | Methods: Large longitudinal community-based study of randomly selected households to examine COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness among adults �?8 years (n = 384,543), United Kingdom, December 1, 2020–August 1, 2021. Outcomes included new PCR-positive cases, Ct values (<30 or �?0), and symptoms. Limitations: Observational; sample size of available comparators (unvaccinated and no prior infections) declined over time; no information on severe outcomes. | | Implications: Vaccine effectiveness of BNT162b2 was robust during the Delta period yet modest declines were observed for some infections. Vaccination remains a centerpiece of protection against SARS-CoV-2 and the Delta viral variant. SN - 1546-170X ST - Effect of Delta variant on viral burden and vaccine effectiveness against new SARS-CoV-2 infections in the UK T2 - Nat Med TI - Effect of Delta variant on viral burden and vaccine effectiveness against new SARS-CoV-2 infections in the UK UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01548-7 | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-021-01548-7.pdf ID - 2519 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with diffuse lung damage. Corticosteroids may modulate immune-mediated lung injury and reducing progression to respiratory failure and death.Methods The Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 therapy (RECOVERY) trial is a randomized, controlled, open-label, adaptive, platform trial comparing a range of possible treatments with usual care in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. We report the preliminary results for the comparison of dexamethasone 6 mg given once daily for up to ten days vs. usual care alone. The primary outcome was 28-day mortality.Results 2104 patients randomly allocated to receive dexamethasone were compared with 4321 patients concurrently allocated to usual care. Overall, 454 (21.6%) patients allocated dexamethasone and 1065 (24.6%) patients allocated usual care died within 28 days (age-adjusted rate ratio [RR] 0.83; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.74 to 0.92; P<0.001). The proportional and absolute mortality rate reductions varied significantly depending on level of respiratory support at randomization (test for trend p<0.001): Dexamethasone reduced deaths by one-third in patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation (29.0% vs. 40.7%, RR 0.65 [95% CI 0.51 to 0.82]; p<0.001), by one-fifth in patients receiving oxygen without invasive mechanical ventilation (21.5% vs. 25.0%, RR 0.80 [95% CI 0.70 to 0.92]; p=0.002), but did not reduce mortality in patients not receiving respiratory support at randomization (17.0% vs. 13.2%, RR 1.22 [95% CI 0.93 to 1.61]; p=0.14).Conclusions In patients hospitalized with COVID-19, dexamethasone reduced 28-day mortality among those receiving invasive mechanical ventilation or oxygen at randomization, but not among patients not receiving respiratory support.Trial registrations The RECOVERY trial is registered with ISRCTN (50189673) and clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04381936).Funding Medical Research Council and National Institute for Health Research (Grant ref: MC_PC_19056).Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Clinical TrialThe RECOVERY trial is registered with ISRCTN (50189673) and clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04381936).Clinical Protocols https://www.recoverytrial.net Funding StatementThe RECOVERY trial is supported by a grant to the University of Oxford from UK Research and Innovation and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) (Grant reference MC PC 19056) and by core funding provided by NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Department for International Development, Health Data Research UK, the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, the NIHR Health Protection Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, and NIHR Clinical Trials Unit Support Funding. WSL is supported by core funding provided by NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre. TJ received funding from UK Medical Research Council (MC UU 0002-14). This report is independent research arising in part from Prof Jaki Senior Research Fellowship (NIHR-SRF-2015-08-001) supported by the National Institute for Health Research. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the National Institute for Health Research or the Department of Health and Social Care (DHCS).Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The trial was conducted in accordance with the principles of the International Conference on Harmonization Good Clinical Practice guidelines and approved by the UK Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) and the Cambridge East Research Ethics Committee (ref 20 EE 0101). Details of regulatory and independent ethics committee submissions are available on the study website: www.recoverytrial.net All necessary patient/participant consent has been ob ained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThe protocol, consent form, statistical analysis plan, definition & derivation of clinical characteristics & outcomes, training materials, regulatory documents, and other relevant study materials are available online at www.recoverytrial.net This is a preliminary report and follow-up is ongoing. Data will be made available to bona fide researchers registered with an appropriate institution within 3 months of the final participant completing 28-day follow-up. As described in the protocol, the trial Steering Committee will facilitate the use of the study data and approval will not be unreasonably withheld. However, the Steering Committee will need to be satisfied that any proposed publication is of high quality, honours the commitments made to the study participants in the consent documentation and ethical approvals, and is compliant with relevant legal and regulatory requirements (e.g. relating to data protection and privacy). The Steering Committee will have the right to review and comment on any draft manuscripts prior to publication. https://www.recoverytrial.net AU - Horby, Peter | Lim, Wei Shen | Emberson, Jonathan | Mafham, Marion | Bell, Jennifer | Linsell, Louise | Staplin, Natalie | Brightling, Christopher | Ustianowski, Andrew | Elmahi, Einas | Prudon, Benjamin | Green, Christopher | Felton, Timothy | Chadwick, David | Rege, Kanchan | Fegan, Christopher | Chappell, Lucy C. | Faust, Saul N. | Jaki, Thomas | Jeffery, Katie | Montgomery, Alan | Rowan, Kathryn | Juszczak, Edmund | Baillie, J. Kenneth | Haynes, Richard | Landray, Martin J. C1 - 2020-06-30 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/063020_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.06.22.20137273 L1 - internal-pdf://2941896036/Horby-2020-Effect of Dexamethasone in Hospital.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 21.6% of COVID-19 patients allocated to dexamethasone died within 28 days vs. 24.6% of control patients (risk ratio [RR] 0.83 [95% CI 0.74�?.92]) (Figure 1A). | Deaths were reduced 35% among intubated patients (RR 0.65 [95% CI 0.51�?.82]) (Figure 1B). | No benefit was observed for patients not requiring supplemental oxygen (Figure 1C). | Patients treated with dexamethasone were slightly more likely to be discharged by 28 days (64.6%) than control patients (61.1%, p=0.002). | Methods: Randomized open-label trial (RECOVERY) that compared dexamethasone plus standard care (2,104) vs. standard care (4,321) in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, 176 hospitals, UK, between March 9 and June 8, 2020. Limitations: No safety data; non-blinded. | Implications: Dexamethasone reduced mortality among hospitalized COVID-19 patients who required supplemental respiratory support and oxygen. SP - 2020.06.22.20137273 ST - Effect of Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 �?Preliminary Report T2 - medRxiv TI - Effect of Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 �?Preliminary Report TT - Published article: Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19 UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/06/22/2020.06.22.20137273.full.pdf ID - 469 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with substantial mortality and use of health care resources. Dexamethasone use might attenuate lung injury in these patients. Objective: To determine whether intravenous dexamethasone increases the number of ventilator-free days among patients with COVID-19-associated ARDS. Design, Setting, and Participants: Multicenter, randomized, open-label, clinical trial conducted in 41 intensive care units (ICUs) in Brazil. Patients with COVID-19 and moderate to severe ARDS, according to the Berlin definition, were enrolled from April 17 to June 23, 2020. Final follow-up was completed on July 21, 2020. The trial was stopped early following publication of a related study before reaching the planned sample size of 350 patients. Interventions: Twenty mg of dexamethasone intravenously daily for 5 days, 10 mg of dexamethasone daily for 5 days or until ICU discharge, plus standard care (n =151) or standard care alone (n = 148). Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was ventilator-free days during the first 28 days, defined as being alive and free from mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcomes were all-cause mortality at 28 days, clinical status of patients at day 15 using a 6-point ordinal scale (ranging from 1, not hospitalized to 6, death), ICU-free days during the first 28 days, mechanical ventilation duration at 28 days, and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores (range, 0-24, with higher scores indicating greater organ dysfunction) at 48 hours, 72 hours, and 7 days. Results: A total of 299 patients (mean [SD] age, 61 [14] years; 37% women) were enrolled and all completed follow-up. Patients randomized to the dexamethasone group had a mean 6.6 ventilator-free days (95% CI, 5.0-8.2) during the first 28 days vs 4.0 ventilator-free days (95% CI, 2.9-5.4) in the standard care group (difference, 2.26; 95% CI, 0.2-4.38; P = .04). At 7 days, patients in the dexamethasone group had a mean SOFA score of 6.1 (95% CI, 5.5-6.7) vs 7.5 (95% CI, 6.9-8.1) in the standard care group (difference, -1.16; 95% CI, -1.94 to -0.38; P = .004). There was no significant difference in the prespecified secondary outcomes of all-cause mortality at 28 days, ICU-free days during the first 28 days, mechanical ventilation duration at 28 days, or the 6-point ordinal scale at 15 days. Thirty-three patients (21.9%) in the dexamethasone group vs 43 (29.1%) in the standard care group experienced secondary infections, 47 (31.1%) vs 42 (28.3%) needed insulin for glucose control, and 5 (3.3%) vs 9 (6.1%) experienced other serious adverse events. Conclusions and Relevance: Among patients with COVID-19 and moderate or severe ARDS, use of intravenous dexamethasone plus standard care compared with standard care alone resulted in a statistically significant increase in the number of ventilator-free days (days alive and free of mechanical ventilation) over 28 days. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04327401. AD - Hospital Sirio-Libanes, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Departamento de Cirurgia, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | HCor Research Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network (BRICNet), Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil. | BP-A Beneficencia Portuguesa de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | International Research Center, Hospital Alemao Oswaldo Cruz, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Brazilian Clinical Research Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Duke University Medical Center, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina. | UTI Respiratoria, Instituto do Coracao (Incor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Departamento de Cardiopneumologia, Instituto do Coracao (Incor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. | Hospital Vila Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Instituto Estadual do Cerebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. | Laboratorio de Medicina Intensiva, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia, Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. | Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Brazil. | Intensive Care Unit, AC Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | UTI 09DN, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Anesthesiology, Pain, and Intensive Care Department, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Hospital Mario Covas, FMABC, Santo Andre, Brazil. | Hospital Samaritano Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Hospital Evangelico de Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Brazil. | Ache Laboratorios Farmaceuticos, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Disciplina de Emergencias Clinicas, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. AN - 32876695 AU - Tomazini, B. M. | Maia, I. S. | Cavalcanti, A. B. | Berwanger, O. | Rosa, R. G. | Veiga, V. C. | Avezum, A. | Lopes, R. D. | Bueno, F. R. | Silva, Mvao | Baldassare, F. P. | Costa, E. L. V. | Moura, R. A. B. | Honorato, M. O. | Costa, A. N. | Damiani, L. P. | Lisboa, T. | Kawano-Dourado, L. | Zampieri, F. G. | Olivato, G. B. | Righy, C. | Amendola, C. P. | Roepke, R. M. L. | Freitas, D. H. M. | Forte, D. N. | Freitas, F. G. R. | Fernandes, C. C. F. | Melro, L. M. G. | Junior, G. F. S. | Morais, D. C. | Zung, S. | Machado, F. R. | Azevedo, L. C. P. | Coalition Covid- Brazil III Investigators C1 - 2020-09-11 C2 - Corticosteroid Randomized Clinical Trials CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091120_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 6 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.17021 ET - 2020/09/03 IS - 13 KW - Administration, Intravenous | Aged | Anti-Inflammatory Agents/adverse effects/*therapeutic use | Betacoronavirus | Brazil | Covid-19 | Catheter-Related Infections/epidemiology | Coronavirus Infections/complications/*drug therapy/mortality/therapy | Dexamethasone/adverse effects/*therapeutic use | Early Termination of Clinical Trials | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/complications/*drug therapy/mortality/therapy | Respiration, Artificial/*statistics & numerical data | Respiratory Distress Syndrome/*drug therapy/etiology | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://1738722611/Tomazini-2020-Effect of Dexamethasone on Days.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Tomazini, Bruno M; Maia, Israel S; Cavalcanti, Alexandre B; Berwanger, Otavio; Rosa, Regis G; Veiga, Viviane C; Avezum, Alvaro; Lopes, Renato D; Bueno, Flavia R; Silva, Maria Vitoria A O; Baldassare, Franca P; Costa, Eduardo L V; Moura, Ricardo A B; Honorato, Michele O; Costa, Andre N; Damiani, Lucas P; Lisboa, Thiago; Kawano-Dourado, Leticia; Zampieri, Fernando G; Olivato, Guilherme B; Righy, Cassia; Amendola, Cristina P; Roepke, Roberta M L; Freitas, Daniela H M; Forte, Daniel N; Freitas, Flavio G R; Fernandes, Caio C F; Melro, Livia M G; Junior, Gedealvares F S; Morais, Douglas Costa; Zung, Stevin; Machado, Flavia R; Azevedo, Luciano C P; eng; Multicenter Study; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA. 2020 Oct 6;324(13):1307-1316. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.17021. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Patients in the dexamethasone group plus standard care had significantly more ventilator-free days in the first 28 days, 6.6 days (95% CI 5.0-8.2) than the standard care alone group, 4.0 days (95% CI 2.9-5.4), (p = 0.04). | Mean Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score was significantly lower in the dexamethasone group at 7 days (6.1; 95% CI 5.5-6.7) vs standard care (7.5; 95% CI 6.9-8.1; p = 0.004), indicating lower organ dysfunction in the dexamethasone group. | There was no significant difference in all-cause mortality at 28 days for the dexamethasone group (56.3%) vs the standard care group (61.5%), hazard ratio 0.97 (95% CI 0.72-1.31). | Dexamethasone was not associated with increased risk of adverse events. | Methods: Randomized, open-label, multi-center clinical trial of COVID-19 patients with moderate-to-severe ARDS receiving mechanical ventilation in 41 intensive care units in Brazil between April and July 2020, to evaluate the efficacy of intravenous (IV) dexamethasone plus standard care (n = 151) vs standard care only (n = 148). Primary endpoint was ventilator-free days during the first 28 days; secondary endpoints included all-cause mortality at 28 days and SOFA score. Limitations: Small sample size and underpowered for secondary outcomes; study halted early after results of the RECOVERY trialexternal icon were released. | Implications for 4 studies (Tomazini et al., Dequin et al., REACT Working Group & Writing Committee for the REMAP-CAP Investigators): The results of individual studies and the meta-analysis have shifted usual care of persons with COVID-19 to include corticosteroids. An accompanying editorialexternal icon (Prescott, JAMA, 2020) notes actions and collaborations among researchers undertaken to overcome challenges that have been encountered in the context of the pandemic. It describes the importance of analysis of pooled data, especially when ongoing randomized controlled trials were halted early as in the three studies reported here. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1307-1316 ST - Effect of Dexamethasone on Days Alive and Ventilator-Free in Patients With Moderate or Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and COVID-19: The CoDEX Randomized Clinical Trial T2 - JAMA TI - Effect of Dexamethasone on Days Alive and Ventilator-Free in Patients With Moderate or Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and COVID-19: The CoDEX Randomized Clinical Trial UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32876695 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 876 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We found that environmental conditions affect the stability of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in nasal mucus and sputum. The virus is more stable at low-temperature and low-humidity conditions, whereas warmer temperature and higher humidity shortened half-life. Although infectious virus was undetectable after 48 hours, viral RNA remained detectable for 7 days. AN - 32511089 AU - Matson, M. J. | Yinda, C. K. | Seifert, S. N. | Bushmaker, T. | Fischer, R. J. | van Doremalen, N. | Lloyd-Smith, J. O. | Munster, V. J. C1 - 2020-07-07 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/070720_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.3201/eid2609.202267 ET - 2020/06/09 IS - 9 KW - Betacoronavirus/*genetics | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*virology | Hot Temperature | Humans | Humidity | Mucus/*virology | Nasal Cavity/virology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*virology | RNA Stability | RNA, Viral/*analysis | SARS-CoV-2 | Sputum/*virology | *covid-19 | *SARS-CoV-2 | *coronavirus disease | *respiratory infections | *severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 | *viruses | *zoonoses L1 - internal-pdf://2616042468/Matson-2020-Effect of Environmental Conditions.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Matson, M Jeremiah; Yinda, Claude Kwe; Seifert, Stephanie N; Bushmaker, Trenton; Fischer, Robert J; van Doremalen, Neeltje; Lloyd-Smith, James O; Munster, Vincent J; eng; Letter; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Emerg Infect Dis. 2020 Sep;26(9). doi: 10.3201/eid2609.202267. Epub 2020 Jun 8. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Half-life (t1/2) of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in upper respiratory secretions varied with temperature and humidity (Figure): | In nasal mucus on a surface, t1/2 was 3.3 hours at 4��C/40% relative humidity (RH) vs. 1.5 hours at 27��C/85% RH. | In sputum on a surface, t1/2 was 5.8 hours at 4��C/40% RH vs. 1.5 hours at 27��C/85% RH. | Methods: t1/2 of SARS-CoV-2 RNA human nasal mucus and sputum was measured in liquid and after application on surface under three environmental conditions: 4��C/40% RH; 21��C/40% RH; and 27��C/85% RH. Limitations: Conducted under artificial laboratory conditions; detection of presence of SAR-CoV-2 RNA does not imply infectivity. | Implications: SARS-CoV-2 RNA decays faster on surfaces at warm temperatures with higher relative humidity. Culture studies might help discern the presence of infectious virus. SN - 1080-6059 (Electronic); 1080-6040 (Linking) SP - 2276 ST - Effect of Environmental Conditions on SARS-CoV-2 Stability in Human Nasal Mucus and Sputum T2 - Emerg Infect Dis TI - Effect of Environmental Conditions on SARS-CoV-2 Stability in Human Nasal Mucus and Sputum UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32511089 VL - 26 ID - 473 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Massive unemployment during the COVID-19 pandemic could result in an eviction crisis in US cities. Here we model the effect of evictions on SARS-CoV-2 epidemics, simulating viral transmission within and among households in a theoretical metropolitan area. We recreate a range of urban epidemic trajectories and project the course of the epidemic under two counterfactual scenarios, one in which a strict moratorium on evictions is in place and enforced, and another in which evictions are allowed to resume at baseline or increased rates. We find, across scenarios, that evictions lead to significant increases in infections. Applying our model to Philadelphia using locally-specific parameters shows that the increase is especially profound in models that consider realistically heterogenous cities in which both evictions and contacts occur more frequently in poorer neighborhoods. Our results provide a basis to assess eviction moratoria and show that policies to stem evictions are a warranted and important component of COVID-19 control. AD - Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. | Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. | Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA. | Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA. | Laboratory for the Modeling of Biological and Socio-technical Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, USA. | Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. mzlevy@upenn.edu. | Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. alhill@jhmi.edu. | Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. alhill@jhmi.edu. AN - 33859196 AU - Nande, A. | Sheen, J. | Walters, E. L. | Klein, B. | Chinazzi, M. | Gheorghe, A. H. | Adlam, B. | Shinnick, J. | Tejeda, M. F. | Scarpino, S. V. | Vespignani, A. | Greenlee, A. J. | Schneider, D. | Levy, M. Z. | Hill, A. L. C1 - 2021-04-23 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04232021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 15 DO - 10.1038/s41467-021-22521-5 ET - 2021/04/17 IS - 1 KW - COVID-19/economics/epidemiology/*transmission/virology | Cities/legislation & jurisprudence/statistics & numerical data | Communicable Disease Control/legislation & jurisprudence/*methods | Computer Simulation | Housing/economics/*legislation & jurisprudence | Humans | Models, Statistical | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Philadelphia/epidemiology | *Policy | SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity | Unemployment/statistics & numerical data | Urban Population/statistics & numerical data L1 - internal-pdf://1412564964/Nande-2021-The effect of eviction moratoria on.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Nande, Anjalika; Sheen, Justin; Walters, Emma L; Klein, Brennan; Chinazzi, Matteo; Gheorghe, Andrei H; Adlam, Ben; Shinnick, Julianna; Tejeda, Maria Florencia; Scarpino, Samuel V; Vespignani, Alessandro; Greenlee, Andrew J; Schneider, Daniel; Levy, Michael Z; Hill, Alison L; eng; U01 IP001137/IP/NCIRD CDC HHS/; R01 AI146129/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; DP5 OD019851/OD/NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. | England; Nat Commun. 2021 Apr 15;12(1):2274. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-22521-5. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Across a range of modeled scenarios, increased evictions led to significant increases in SARS-CoV-2 infections. | Increased infections occurred not only among households of evicted persons but also among other city residents, including those living in neighborhoods with relatively few evictions. | Based on this model, the September 4, 2020 CDC order prohibiting evictions due to inability to pay rent may have prevented thousands of infections for every million metropolitan residents. | Methods: Simulations of hypothetical American cities with population of 1 million using COVID-19 case and death data from approximately 50 US cities to evaluate impact of evictions on infection counts; eviction rates varied between none and 0.1%-2.0%. Model assumes evictions begin September 1, 2020, evictees will join an existing household or become homeless, and household transmission rate is 30%. Limitations: Model depends on accuracy of assumptions about transmission probability and background trajectory of the epidemic in cities. | Implications: Policies to stem evictions might reduce SARS CoV-2 infections. SN - 2041-1723 (Electronic); 2041-1723 (Linking) SP - 2274 ST - The effect of eviction moratoria on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 T2 - Nat Commun TI - The effect of eviction moratoria on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33859196 VL - 12 ID - 1698 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Jackson Memorial Hospital Miami, Florida. | University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, Florida and. | Miami Veterans Administration Medical Center Miami, Florida. AN - 33003954 AU - Samannan, R. | Holt, G. | Calderon-Candelario, R. | Mirsaeidi, M. | Campos, M. C1 - 2021-04-02 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04022021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar DO - 10.1513/AnnalsATS.202007-812RL DP - NLM ET - 2020/10/03 IS - 3 KW - Humans | *Lung Diseases, Obstructive | Masks | *Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/therapy | Pulmonary Gas Exchange L1 - internal-pdf://1857496415/Samannan-2021-Effect of Face Masks on Gas Exch.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Samannan, Rajesh; Holt, Gregory; Calderon-Candelario, Rafael; Mirsaeidi, Mehdi; Campos, Michael; eng; Letter; Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2021 Mar;18(3):541-544. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.202007-812RL. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Gas exchange (CO2 retention) after the 6-minute walk test was not significantly affected by wearing a surgical mask in veterans with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (n = 15, median age 72 years, 100% male) or in house staff physicians without lung conditions (n = 15, median age 31 years, 60% male). SN - 2325-6621 (Electronic); 2325-6621 (Linking) SP - 541-544 ST - Effect of Face Masks on Gas Exchange in Healthy Persons and Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease T2 - Ann Am Thorac Soc TI - Effect of Face Masks on Gas Exchange in Healthy Persons and Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33003954 VL - 18 ID - 1630 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with severe lung damage. Corticosteroids are a possible therapeutic option. Objective: To determine the effect of hydrocortisone on treatment failure on day 21 in critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and acute respiratory failure. Design, Setting, and Participants: Multicenter randomized double-blind sequential trial conducted in France, with interim analyses planned every 50 patients. Patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) for COVID-19-related acute respiratory failure were enrolled from March 7 to June 1, 2020, with last follow-up on June 29, 2020. The study intended to enroll 290 patients but was stopped early following the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring board. Interventions: Patients were randomized to receive low-dose hydrocortisone (n = 76) or placebo (n = 73). Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome, treatment failure on day 21, was defined as death or persistent dependency on mechanical ventilation or high-flow oxygen therapy. Prespecified secondary outcomes included the need for tracheal intubation (among patients not intubated at baseline); cumulative incidences (until day 21) of prone position sessions, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and inhaled nitric oxide; Pao2:Fio2 ratio measured daily from day 1 to day 7, then on days 14 and 21; and the proportion of patients with secondary infections during their ICU stay. Results: The study was stopped after 149 patients (mean age, 62.2 years; 30.2% women; 81.2% mechanically ventilated) were enrolled. One hundred forty-eight patients (99.3%) completed the study, and there were 69 treatment failure events, including 11 deaths in the hydrocortisone group and 20 deaths in the placebo group. The primary outcome, treatment failure on day 21, occurred in 32 of 76 patients (42.1%) in the hydrocortisone group compared with 37 of 73 (50.7%) in the placebo group (difference of proportions, -8.6% [95.48% CI, -24.9% to 7.7%]; P = .29). Of the 4 prespecified secondary outcomes, none showed a significant difference. No serious adverse events were related to the study treatment. Conclusions and Relevance: In this study of critically ill patients with COVID-19 and acute respiratory failure, low-dose hydrocortisone, compared with placebo, did not significantly reduce treatment failure (defined as death or persistent respiratory support) at day 21. However, the study was stopped early and likely was underpowered to find a statistically and clinically important difference in the primary outcome. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02517489. AD - Medecine Intensive-Reanimation, CHU de Tours, Tours, France. | INSERM U1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires, Universite de Tours, Tours, France. | INSERM CIC1415, CHU de Tours, Tours, France. | Medecine Intensive Reanimation, Hopital Raymond Poincare (GHU APHP Universite Paris Saclay), Garches, France, and RHU RECORDS and FHU SEPSIS. | INSERM U1173, Universite de Versailles SQY-Universite Paris Saclay, Garches, France. | Medecine Intensive Reanimation, Nouvel Hopital Civil, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France. | INSERM UMR 1260, Universite de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France. | Reanimation polyvalente, CH Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil, France. | Medecine Intensive Reanimation, Hopital Tenon (Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris), Paris, France. | Sorbonne Universite, Paris, France. | Reanimation Polyvalente, Hopital Nord Franche-Comte, Trevenans, France. | Reanimation Polyvalente, CHU de Limoges, Limoges, France. | INSERM UMR 1092, Universite de Limoges, Limoges, France. | INSERM CIC 1435, CHU de Limoges, Limoges, France. | Medecine Intensive Reanimation, CHRU de Brest, Brest, France. | Universite de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, France. | Universite de Paris, IAME U1137, Medecine Intensive Reanimation, DMU ESPRIT, Hopital Louis Mourier, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Colombe, France. | Delegation a la Recherche Clinique et a l'Innovation, CHU de Tours, Tours, France. | Pharmacie a Usage Interne, CHU de Tours, Tours, France. | Centre regional de pharmacovigilance et d'information sur le medicament, service de pharmacosurveillance, CHU de Tours, Tours, France. | INSERM, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universite, Universite de Paris, Paris, France. | Universite de Tours, Universite de Nantes, INSERM, SPHERE U1246, Tours, France. AN - 32876689 AU - Dequin, P. F. | Heming, N. | Meziani, F. | Plantefeve, G. | Voiriot, G. | Badie, J. | Francois, B. | Aubron, C. | Ricard, J. D. | Ehrmann, S. | Jouan, Y. | Guillon, A. | Leclerc, M. | Coffre, C. | Bourgoin, H. | Lengelle, C. | Caille-Fenerol, C. | Tavernier, E. | Zohar, S. | Giraudeau, B. | Annane, D. | Le Gouge, A. | Cape Covid Trial Group | the, Crics-TriGGERSep Network C1 - 2020-09-11 C2 - Corticosteroid Randomized Clinical Trials CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091120_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 6 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.16761 DP - NLM ET - 2020/09/03 IS - 13 KW - Aged | Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*drug therapy/mortality/therapy | Critical Illness | Double-Blind Method | Early Termination of Clinical Trials | Female | Humans | Hydrocortisone/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use | Male | Middle Aged | Oxygen Inhalation Therapy | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*drug therapy/mortality/therapy | *Respiration, Artificial/statistics & numerical data | Respiratory Insufficiency/drug therapy/etiology/*therapy | SARS-CoV-2 | Treatment Failure L1 - internal-pdf://3381028896/Dequin-2020-Effect of Hydrocortisone on 21-Day.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Dequin, Pierre-Francois; Heming, Nicholas; Meziani, Ferhat; Plantefeve, Gaetan; Voiriot, Guillaume; Badie, Julio; Francois, Bruno; Aubron, Cecile; Ricard, Jean-Damien; Ehrmann, Stephan; Jouan, Youenn; Guillon, Antoine; Leclerc, Marie; Coffre, Carine; Bourgoin, Helene; Lengelle, Celine; Caille-Fenerol, Caroline; Tavernier, Elsa; Zohar, Sarah; Giraudeau, Bruno; Annane, Djillali; Le Gouge, Amelie; eng; Multicenter Study; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA. 2020 Oct 6;324(13):1298-1306. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.16761. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; There was no difference in treatment failure at day 21 in patients who received hydrocortisone vs placebo (Figure). | There were 11 deaths in the hydrocortisone group and 20 deaths in the placebo group (p = 0.057). | There was no significant difference in the groups for any secondary outcome and no adverse events were reported. | Methods: The Community-Acquired Pneumonia: Evaluation of Corticosteroids in Coronavirus Disease (CAPE COVID) trial was a multicenter randomized, placebo-controlled trial of low-dose hydrocortisone vs placebo of 149 adult patients admitted to the intensive care unit for COVID-19–related acute respiratory failure in France between March and June 2020. Primary endpoint was treatment failure on day 21, defined as death or continued dependence on mechanical ventilation or high-flow oxygen therapy. Limitations: Study halted early after results of the RECOVERY trialexternal icon were released; sample size was small and underpowered for primary outcomes. | Implications for 4 studies (Tomazini et al., Dequin et al., REACT Working Group & Writing Committee for the REMAP-CAP Investigators): The results of individual studies and the meta-analysis have shifted usual care of persons with COVID-19 to include corticosteroids. An accompanying editorialexternal icon (Prescott, JAMA, 2020) notes actions and collaborations among researchers undertaken to overcome challenges that have been encountered in the context of the pandemic. It describes the importance of analysis of pooled data, especially when ongoing randomized controlled trials were halted early as in the three studies reported here. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1298-1306 ST - Effect of Hydrocortisone on 21-Day Mortality or Respiratory Support Among Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial T2 - JAMA TI - Effect of Hydrocortisone on 21-Day Mortality or Respiratory Support Among Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32876689 VL - 324 ID - 877 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Evidence regarding corticosteroid use for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is limited. Objective: To determine whether hydrocortisone improves outcome for patients with severe COVID-19. Design, Setting, and Participants: An ongoing adaptive platform trial testing multiple interventions within multiple therapeutic domains, for example, antiviral agents, corticosteroids, or immunoglobulin. Between March 9 and June 17, 2020, 614 adult patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 were enrolled and randomized within at least 1 domain following admission to an intensive care unit (ICU) for respiratory or cardiovascular organ support at 121 sites in 8 countries. Of these, 403 were randomized to open-label interventions within the corticosteroid domain. The domain was halted after results from another trial were released. Follow-up ended August 12, 2020. Interventions: The corticosteroid domain randomized participants to a fixed 7-day course of intravenous hydrocortisone (50 mg or 100 mg every 6 hours) (n = 143), a shock-dependent course (50 mg every 6 hours when shock was clinically evident) (n = 152), or no hydrocortisone (n = 108). Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary end point was organ support-free days (days alive and free of ICU-based respiratory or cardiovascular support) within 21 days, where patients who died were assigned -1 day. The primary analysis was a bayesian cumulative logistic model that included all patients enrolled with severe COVID-19, adjusting for age, sex, site, region, time, assignment to interventions within other domains, and domain and intervention eligibility. Superiority was defined as the posterior probability of an odds ratio greater than 1 (threshold for trial conclusion of superiority >99%). Results: After excluding 19 participants who withdrew consent, there were 384 patients (mean age, 60 years; 29% female) randomized to the fixed-dose (n = 137), shock-dependent (n = 146), and no (n = 101) hydrocortisone groups; 379 (99%) completed the study and were included in the analysis. The mean age for the 3 groups ranged between 59.5 and 60.4 years; most patients were male (range, 70.6%-71.5%); mean body mass index ranged between 29.7 and 30.9; and patients receiving mechanical ventilation ranged between 50.0% and 63.5%. For the fixed-dose, shock-dependent, and no hydrocortisone groups, respectively, the median organ support-free days were 0 (IQR, -1 to 15), 0 (IQR, -1 to 13), and 0 (-1 to 11) days (composed of 30%, 26%, and 33% mortality rates and 11.5, 9.5, and 6 median organ support-free days among survivors). The median adjusted odds ratio and bayesian probability of superiority were 1.43 (95% credible interval, 0.91-2.27) and 93% for fixed-dose hydrocortisone, respectively, and were 1.22 (95% credible interval, 0.76-1.94) and 80% for shock-dependent hydrocortisone compared with no hydrocortisone. Serious adverse events were reported in 4 (3%), 5 (3%), and 1 (1%) patients in the fixed-dose, shock-dependent, and no hydrocortisone groups, respectively. Conclusions and Relevance: Among patients with severe COVID-19, treatment with a 7-day fixed-dose course of hydrocortisone or shock-dependent dosing of hydrocortisone, compared with no hydrocortisone, resulted in 93% and 80% probabilities of superiority with regard to the odds of improvement in organ support-free days within 21 days. However, the trial was stopped early and no treatment strategy met prespecified criteria for statistical superiority, precluding definitive conclusions. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02735707. AD - The Clinical Research Investigation and Systems Modeling of Acute Illness (CRISMA) Center, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. | The UPMC Health System Office of Healthcare Innovation, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. | Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands. | Intensive Care Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands. | Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. | Intensive Care Unit, Raymond Poincare Hospital (AP-HP), Paris, France. | Simone Veil School of Medicine, University of Versailles, Versailles, France. | University Paris Saclay, Garches, France. | Intensive Care Department, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. | Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. | Berry Consultants LLC, Austin, Texas. | Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. | Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands. | Bristol Royal Informatory, Bristol, United Kingdom. | University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom. | Center for Clinical Studies and Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany. | Global Coalition for Adaptive Research, San Francisco, California. | Helix, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. | Infection Prevention and Healthcare Epidemiology Unit, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. | Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. | Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. | NHS Blood and Transplant, Bristol, United Kingdom. | Transfusion Medicine, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. | Department of Microbiology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium. | Network for Improving Critical Care Systems and Training, Colombo, Sri Lanka. | Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand. | Intensive Care Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. | Universite de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada. | Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. | School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia. | Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. | Centre for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom. | Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand. | The Health Research Council of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand. | Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand. | Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. | Clinical Trials Unit, Intensive Care National Audit & Research Centre (ICNARC), London, United Kingdom. | University of British Columbia School of Medicine, Vancouver, Canada. | Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. | School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. | Department of Intensive Care, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. | School of Nursing, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. | Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. | Southside Clinical Unit, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. | The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, Australia. | Department of Medicine, Critical Care and Hematology/Medical Oncology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. | Department of Emergency Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California. | Department of Emergency Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles. | Department of Critical Care Medicine, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand. | St John of God Hospital, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia. AN - 32876697 AU - Angus, D. C. | Derde, L. | Al-Beidh, F. | Annane, D. | Arabi, Y. | Beane, A. | van Bentum-Puijk, W. | Berry, L. | Bhimani, Z. | Bonten, M. | Bradbury, C. | Brunkhorst, F. | Buxton, M. | Buzgau, A. | Cheng, A. C. | de Jong, M. | Detry, M. | Estcourt, L. | Fitzgerald, M. | Goossens, H. | Green, C. | Haniffa, R. | Higgins, A. M. | Horvat, C. | Hullegie, S. J. | Kruger, P. | Lamontagne, F. | Lawler, P. R. | Linstrum, K. | Litton, E. | Lorenzi, E. | Marshall, J. | McAuley, D. | McGlothin, A. | McGuinness, S. | McVerry, B. | Montgomery, S. | Mouncey, P. | Murthy, S. | Nichol, A. | Parke, R. | Parker, J. | Rowan, K. | Sanil, A. | Santos, M. | Saunders, C. | Seymour, C. | Turner, A. | van de Veerdonk, F. | Venkatesh, B. | Zarychanski, R. | Berry, S. | Lewis, R. J. | McArthur, C. | Webb, S. A. | Gordon, A. C. | Writing Committee for the, Remap- C. A. P. Investigators | Al-Beidh, F. | Angus, D. | Annane, D. | Arabi, Y. | van Bentum-Puijk, W. | Berry, S. | Beane, A. | Bhimani, Z. | Bonten, M. | Bradbury, C. | Brunkhorst, F. | Buxton, M. | Cheng, A. | De Jong, M. | Derde, L. | Estcourt, L. | Goossens, H. | Gordon, A. | Green, C. | Haniffa, R. | Lamontagne, F. | Lawler, P. | Litton, E. | Marshall, J. | McArthur, C. | McAuley, D. | McGuinness, S. | McVerry, B. | Montgomery, S. | Mouncey, P. | Murthy, S. | Nichol, A. | Parke, R. | Rowan, K. | Seymour, C. | Turner, A. | van de Veerdonk, F. | Webb, S. | Zarychanski, R. | Campbell, L. | Forbes, A. | Gattas, D. | Heritier, S. | Higgins, L. | Kruger, P. | Peake, S. | Presneill, J. | Seppelt, I. | Trapani, T. | Young, P. | Bagshaw, S. | Daneman, N. | Ferguson, N. | Misak, C. | Santos, M. | Hullegie, S. | Pletz, M. | Rohde, G. | Rowan, K. | Alexander, B. | Basile, K. | Girard, T. | Horvat, C. | Huang, D. | Linstrum, K. | Vates, J. | Beasley, R. | Fowler, R. | McGloughlin, S. | Morpeth, S. | Paterson, D. | Venkatesh, B. | Uyeki, T. | Baillie, K. | Duffy, E. | Fowler, R. | Hills, T. | Orr, K. | Patanwala, A. | Tong, S. | Netea, M. | Bihari, S. | Carrier, M. | Fergusson, D. | Goligher, E. | Haidar, G. | Hunt, B. | Kumar, A. | Laffan, M. | Lawless, P. | Lother, S. | McCallum, P. | Middeldopr, S. | McQuilten, Z. | Neal, M. | Pasi, J. | Schutgens, R. | Stanworth, S. | Turgeon, A. | Weissman, A. | Adhikari, N. | Anstey, M. | Brant, E. | de Man, A. | Lamonagne, F. | Masse, M. H. | Udy, A. | Arnold, D. | Begin, P. | Charlewood, R. | Chasse, M. | Coyne, M. | Cooper, J. | Daly, J. | Gosbell, I. | Harvala-Simmonds, H. | Hills, T. | MacLennan, S. | Menon, D. | McDyer, J. | Pridee, N. | Roberts, D. | Shankar-Hari, M. | Thomas, H. | Tinmouth, A. | Triulzi, D. | Walsh, T. | Wood, E. | Calfee, C. | O'Kane, C. | Shyamsundar, M. | Sinha, P. | Thompson, T. | Young, I. | Bihari, S. | Hodgson, C. | Laffey, J. | McAuley, D. | Orford, N. | Neto, A. | Detry, M. | Fitzgerald, M. | Lewis, R. | McGlothlin, A. | Sanil, A. | Saunders, C. | Berry, L. | Lorenzi, E. | Miller, E. | Singh, V. | Zammit, C. | van Bentum Puijk, W. | Bouwman, W. | Mangindaan, Y. | Parker, L. | Peters, S. | Rietveld, I. | Raymakers, K. | Ganpat, R. | Brillinger, N. | Markgraf, R. | Ainscough, K. | Brickell, K. | Anjum, A. | Lane, J. B. | Richards-Belle, A. | Saull, M. | Wiley, D. | Bion, J. | Connor, J. | Gates, S. | Manax, V. | van der Poll, T. | Reynolds, J. | van Beurden, M. | Effelaar, E. | Schotsman, J. | Boyd, C. | Harland, C. | Shearer, A. | Wren, J. | Clermont, G. | Garrard, W. | Kalchthaler, K. | King, A. | Ricketts, D. | Malakoutis, S. | Marroquin, O. | Music, E. | Quinn, K. | Cate, H. | Pearson, K. | Collins, J. | Hanson, J. | Williams, P. | Jackson, S. | Asghar, A. | Dyas, S. | Sutu, M. | Murphy, S. | Williamson, D. | Mguni, N. | Potter, A. | Porter, D. | Goodwin, J. | Rook, C. | Harrison, S. | Williams, H. | Campbell, H. | Lomme, K. | Williamson, J. | Sheffield, J. | van't Hoff, W. | McCracken, P. | Young, M. | Board, J. | Mart, E. | Knott, C. | Smith, J. | Boschert, C. | Affleck, J. | Ramanan, M. | D'Souza, R. | Pateman, K. | Shakih, A. | Cheung, W. | Kol, M. | Wong, H. | Shah, A. | Wagh, A. | Simpson, J. | Duke, G. | Chan, P. | Cartner, B. | Hunter, S. | Laver, R. | Shrestha, T. | Regli, A. | Pellicano, A. | McCullough, J. | Tallott, M. | Kumar, N. | Panwar, R. | Brinkerhoff, G. | Koppen, C. | Cazzola, F. | Brain, M. | Mineall, S. | Fischer, R. | Biradar, V. | Soar, N. | White, H. | Estensen, K. | Morrison, L. | Smith, J. | Cooper, M. | Health, M. | Shehabi, Y. | Al-Bassam, W. | Hulley, A. | Whitehead, C. | Lowrey, J. | Gresha, R. | Walsham, J. | Meyer, J. | Harward, M. | Venz, E. | Williams, P. | Kurenda, C. | Smith, K. | Smith, M. | Garcia, R. | Barge, D. | Byrne, D. | Byrne, K. | Driscoll, A. | Fortune, L. | Janin, P. | Yarad, E. | Hammond, N. | Bass, F. | Ashelford, A. | Waterson, S. | Wedd, S. | McNamara, R. | Buhr, H. | Coles, J. | Schweikert, S. | Wibrow, B. | Rauniyar, R. | Myers, E. | Fysh, E. | Dawda, A. | Mevavala, B. | Litton, E. | Ferrier, J. | Nair, P. | Buscher, H. | Reynolds, C. | Santamaria, J. | Barbazza, L. | Homes, J. | Smith, R. | Murray, L. | Brailsford, J. | Forbes, L. | Maguire, T. | Mariappa, V. | Smith, J. | Simpson, S. | Maiden, M. | Bone, A. | Horton, M. | Salerno, T. | Sterba, M. | Geng, W. | Depuydt, P. | De Waele, J. | De Bus, L. | Fierens, J. | Bracke, S. | Reeve, B. | Dechert, W. | Chasse, M. | Carrier, F. M. | Boumahni, D. | Benettaib, F. | Ghamraoui, A. | Bellemare, D. | Cloutier, E. | Francoeur, C. | Lamontagne, F. | D'Aragon, F. | Carbonneau, E. | Leblond, J. | Vazquez-Grande, G. | Marten, N. | Wilson, M. | Albert, M. | Serri, K. | Cavayas, A. | Duplaix, M. | Williams, V. | Rochwerg, B. | Karachi, T. | Oczkowski, S. | Centofanti, J. | Millen, T. | Duan, E. | Tsang, J. | Patterson, L. | English, S. | Watpool, I. | Porteous, R. | Miezitis, S. | McIntyre, L. | Brochard, L. | Burns, K. | Sandhu, G. | Khalid, I. | Binnie, A. | Powell, E. | McMillan, A. | Luk, T. | Aref, N. | Andric, Z. | Cviljevic, S. | Dimoti, R. | Zapalac, M. | Mirkovic, G. | Barsic, B. | Kutlesa, M. | Kotarski, V. | Vujaklija Brajkovic, A. | Babel, J. | Sever, H. | Dragija, L. | Kusan, I. | Vaara, S. | Pettila, L. | Heinonen, J. | Kuitunen, A. | Karlsson, S. | Vahtera, A. | Kiiski, H. | Ristimaki, S. | Azaiz, A. | Charron, C. | Godement, M. | Geri, G. | Vieillard-Baron, A. | Pourcine, F. | Monchi, M. | Luis, D. | Mercier, R. | Sagnier, A. | Verrier, N. | Caplin, C. | Siami, S. | Aparicio, C. | Vautier, S. | Jeblaoui, A. | Fartoukh, M. | Courtin, L. | Labbe, V. | Leparco, C. | Muller, G. | Nay, M. A. | Kamel, T. | Benzekri, D. | Jacquier, S. | Mercier, E. | Chartier, D. | Salmon, C. | Dequin, P. | Schneider, F. | Morel, G. | L'Hotellier, S. | Badie, J. | Berdaguer, F. D. | Malfroy, S. | Mezher, C. | Bourgoin, C. | Megarbane, B. | Voicu, S. | Deye, N. | Malissin, I. | Sutterlin, L. | Guitton, C. | Darreau, C. | Landais, M. | Chudeau, N. | Robert, A. | Moine, P. | Heming, N. | Maxime, V. | Bossard, I. | Nicholier, T. B. | Colin, G. | Zinzoni, V. | Maquigneau, N. | Finn, A. | Kress, G. | Hoff, U. | Friedrich Hinrichs, C. | Nee, J. | Pletz, M. | Hagel, S. | Ankert, J. | Kolanos, S. | Bloos, F. | Petros, S. | Pasieka, B. | Kunz, K. | Appelt, P. | Schutze, B. | Kluge, S. | Nierhaus, A. | Jarczak, D. | Roedl, K. | Weismann, D. | Frey, A. | Klinikum Neukolln, V. | Reill, L. | Distler, M. | Maselli, A. | Belteczki, J. | Magyar, I. | Fazekas, A. | Kovacs, S. | Szoke, V. | Szigligeti, G. | Leszkoven, J. | Collins, D. | Breen, P. | Frohlich, S. | Whelan, R. | McNicholas, B. | Scully, M. | Casey, S. | Kernan, M. | Doran, P. | O'Dywer, M. | Smyth, M. | Hayes, L. | Hoiting, O. | Peters, M. | Rengers, E. | Evers, M. | Prinssen, A. | Bosch Ziekenhuis, J. | Simons, K. | Rozendaal, W. | Polderman, F. | de Jager, P. | Moviat, M. | Paling, A. | Salet, A. | Rademaker, E. | Peters, A. L. | de Jonge, E. | Wigbers, J. | Guilder, E. | Butler, M. | Cowdrey, K. A. | Newby, L. | Chen, Y. | Simmonds, C. | McConnochie, R. | Ritzema Carter, J. | Henderson, S. | Van Der Heyden, K. | Mehrtens, J. | Williams, T. | Kazemi, A. | Song, R. | Lai, V. | Girijadevi, D. | Everitt, R. | Russell, R. | Hacking, D. | Buehner, U. | Williams, E. | Browne, T. | Grimwade, K. | Goodson, J. | Keet, O. | Callender, O. | Martynoga, R. | Trask, K. | Butler, A. | Schischka, L. | Young, C. | Lesona, E. | Olatunji, S. | Robertson, Y. | Jose, N. | Amaro dos Santos Catorze, T. | de Lima Pereira, T. N. A. | Neves Pessoa, L. M. | Castro Ferreira, R. M. | Pereira Sousa Bastos, J. M. | Aysel Florescu, S. | Stanciu, D. | Zaharia, M. F. | Kosa, A. G. | Codreanu, D. | Marabi, Y. | Al Qasim, E. | Moneer Hagazy, M. | Al Swaidan, L. | Arishi, H. | Munoz-Bermudez, R. | Marin-Corral, J. | Salazar Degracia, A. | Parrilla Gomez, F. | Mateo Lopez, M. I. | Rodriguez Fernandez, J. | Carcel Fernandez, S. | Carmona Flores, R. | Leon Lopez, R. | de la Fuente Martos, C. | Allan, A. | Polgarova, P. | Farahi, N. | McWilliam, S. | Hawcutt, D. | Rad, L. | O'Malley, L. | Whitbread, J. | Kelsall, O. | Wild, L. | Thrush, J. | Wood, H. | Austin, K. | Donnelly, A. | Kelly, M. | O'Kane, S. | McClintock, D. | Warnock, M. | Johnston, P. | Gallagher, L. J. | Mc Goldrick, C. | Mc Master, M. | Strzelecka, A. | Jha, R. | Kalogirou, M. | Ellis, C. | Krishnamurthy, V. | Deelchand, V. | Silversides, J. | McGuigan, P. | Ward, K. | O'Neill, A. | Finn, S. | Phillips, B. | Mullan, D. | Oritz-Ruiz de Gordoa, L. | Thomas, M. | Sweet, K. | Grimmer, L. | Johnson, R. | Pinnell, J. | Robinson, M. | Gledhill, L. | Wood, T. | Morgan, M. | Cole, J. | Hill, H. | Davies, M. | Antcliffe, D. | Templeton, M. | Rojo, R. | Coghlan, P. | Smee, J. | Mackay, E. | Cort, J. | Whileman, A. | Spencer, T. | Spittle, N. | Kasipandian, V. | Patel, A. | Allibone, S. | Genetu, R. M. | Ramali, M. | Ghosh, A. | Bamford, P. | London, E. | Cawley, K. | Faulkner, M. | Jeffrey, H. | Smith, T. | Brewer, C. | Gregory, J. | Limb, J. | Cowton, A. | O'Brien, J. | Nikitas, N. | Wells, C. | Lankester, L. | Pulletz, M. | Williams, P. | Birch, J. | Wiseman, S. | Horton, S. | Alegria, A. | Turki, S. | Elsefi, T. | Crisp, N. | Allen, L. | McCullagh, I. | Robinson, P. | Hays, C. | Babio-Galan, M. | Stevenson, H. | Khare, D. | Pinder, M. | Selvamoni, S. | Gopinath, A. | Pugh, R. | Menzies, D. | Mackay, C. | Allan, E. | Davies, G. | Puxty, K. | McCue, C. | Cathcart, S. | Hickey, N. | Ireland, J. | Yusuff, H. | Isgro, G. | Brightling, C. | Bourne, M. | Craner, M. | Watters, M. | Prout, R. | Davies, L. | Pegler, S. | Kyeremeh, L. | Arbane, G. | Wilson, K. | Gomm, L. | Francia, F. | Brett, S. | Sousa Arias, S. | Elin Hall, R. | Budd, J. | Small, C. | Birch, J. | Collins, E. | Henning, J. | Bonner, S. | Hugill, K. | Cirstea, E. | Wilkinson, D. | Karlikowski, M. | Sutherland, H. | Wilhelmsen, E. | Woods, J. | North, J. | Sundaran, D. | Hollos, L. | Coburn, S. | Walsh, J. | Turns, M. | Hopkins, P. | Smith, J. | Noble, H. | Depante, M. T. | Clarey, E. | Laha, S. | Verlander, M. | Williams, A. | Huckle, A. | Hall, A. | Cooke, J. | Gardiner-Hill, C. | Maloney, C. | Qureshi, H. | Flint, N. | Nicholson, S. | Southin, S. | Nicholson, A. | Borgatta, B. | Turner-Bone, I. | Reddy, A. | Wilding, L. | Chamara Warnapura, L. | Agno Sathianathan, R. | Golden, D. | Hart, C. | Jones, J. | Bannard-Smith, J. | Henry, J. | Birchall, K. | Pomeroy, F. | Quayle, R. | Makowski, A. | Misztal, B. | Ahmed, I. | KyereDiabour, T. | Naiker, K. | Stewart, R. | Mwaura, E. | Mew, L. | Wren, L. | Willams, F. | Innes, R. | Doble, P. | Hutter, J. | Shovelton, C. | Plumb, B. | Szakmany, T. | Hamlyn, V. | Hawkins, N. | Lewis, S. | Dell, A. | Gopal, S. | Ganguly, S. | Smallwood, A. | Harris, N. | Metherell, S. | Lazaro, J. M. | Newman, T. | Fletcher, S. | Nortje, J. | Fottrell-Gould, D. | Randell, G. | Zaman, M. | Elmahi, E. | Jones, A. | Hall, K. | Mills, G. | Ryalls, K. | Bowler, H. | Sall, J. | Bourne, R. | Borrill, Z. | Duncan, T. | Lamb, T. | Shaw, J. | Fox, C. | Moreno Cuesta, J. | Xavier, K. | Purohit, D. | Elhassan, M. | Bakthavatsalam, D. | Rowland, M. | Hutton, P. | Bashyal, A. | Davidson, N. | Hird, C. | Chhablani, M. | Phalod, G. | Kirkby, A. | Archer, S. | Netherton, K. | Reschreiter, H. | Camsooksai, J. | Patch, S. | Jenkins, S. | Pogson, D. | Rose, S. | Daly, Z. | Brimfield, L. | Claridge, H. | Parekh, D. | Bergin, C. | Bates, M. | Dasgin, J. | McGhee, C. | Sim, M. | Hay, S. K. | Henderson, S. | Phull, M. K. | Zaidi, A. | Pogreban, T. | Rosaroso, L. P. | Harvey, D. | Lowe, B. | Meredith, M. | Ryan, L. | Hormis, A. | Walker, R. | Collier, D. | Kimpton, S. | Oakley, S. | Rooney, K. | Rodden, N. | Hughes, E. | Thomson, N. | McGlynn, D. | Walden, A. | Jacques, N. | Coles, H. | Tilney, E. | Vowell, E. | Schuster-Bruce, M. | Pitts, S. | Miln, R. | Purandare, L. | Vamplew, L. | Spivey, M. | Bean, S. | Burt, K. | Moore, L. | Day, C. | Gibson, C. | Gordon, E. | Zitter, L. | Keenan, S. | Baker, E. | Cherian, S. | Cutler, S. | Roynon-Reed, A. | Harrington, K. | Raithatha, A. | Bauchmuller, K. | Ahmad, N. | Grecu, I. | Trodd, D. | Martin, J. | Wrey Brown, C. | Arias, A. M. | Craven, T. | Hope, D. | Singleton, J. | Clark, S. | Rae, N. | Welters, I. | Hamilton, D. O. | Williams, K. | Waugh, V. | Shaw, D. | Puthucheary, Z. | Martin, T. | Santos, F. | Uddin, R. | Somerville, A. | Tatham, K. C. | Jhanji, S. | Black, E. | Dela Rosa, A. | Howle, R. | Tully, R. | Drummond, A. | Dearden, J. | Philbin, J. | Munt, S. | Vuylsteke, A. | Chan, C. | Victor, S. | Matsa, R. | Gellamucho, M. | Creagh-Brown, B. | Tooley, J. | Montague, L. | De Beaux, F. | Bullman, L. | Kersiake, I. | Demetriou, C. | Mitchard, S. | Ramos, L. | White, K. | Donnison, P. | Johns, M. | Casey, R. | Mattocks, L. | Salisbury, S. | Dark, P. | Claxton, A. | McLachlan, D. | Slevin, K. | Lee, S. | Hulme, J. | Joseph, S. | Kinney, F. | Senya, H. J. | Oborska, A. | Kayani, A. | Hadebe, B. | Orath Prabakaran, R. | Nichols, L. | Thomas, M. | Worner, R. | Faulkner, B. | Gendall, E. | Hayes, K. | Hamilton-Davies, C. | Chan, C. | Mfuko, C. | Abbass, H. | Mandadapu, V. | Leaver, S. | Forton, D. | Patel, K. | Paramasivam, E. | Powell, M. | Gould, R. | Wilby, E. | Howcroft, C. | Banach, D. | Fernandez de Pinedo Artaraz, Z. | Cabreros, L. | White, I. | Croft, M. | Holland, N. | Pereira, R. | Zaki, A. | Johnson, D. | Jackson, M. | Garrard, H. | Juhaz, V. | Roy, A. | Rostron, A. | Woods, L. | Cornell, S. | Pillai, S. | Harford, R. | Rees, T. | Ivatt, H. | Sundara Raman, A. | Davey, M. | Lee, K. | Barber, R. | Chablani, M. | Brohi, F. | Jagannathan, V. | Clark, M. | Purvis, S. | Wetherill, B. | Dushianthan, A. | Cusack, R. | de Courcy-Golder, K. | Smith, S. | Jackson, S. | Attwood, B. | Parsons, P. | Page, V. | Zhao, X. B. | Oza, D. | Rhodes, J. | Anderson, T. | Morris, S. | Xia Le Tai, C. | Thomas, A. | Keen, A. | Digby, S. | Cowley, N. | Wild, L. | Southern, D. | Reddy, H. | Campbell, A. | Watkins, C. | Smuts, S. | Touma, O. | Barnes, N. | Alexander, P. | Felton, T. | Ferguson, S. | Sellers, K. | Bradley-Potts, J. | Yates, D. | Birkinshaw, I. | Kell, K. | Marshall, N. | Carr-Knott, L. | Summers, C. C1 - 2020-09-11 C2 - Corticosteroid Randomized Clinical Trials CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091120_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 6 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.17022 ET - 2020/09/03 IS - 13 KW - Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use | Adult | Anti-Inflammatory Agents/*administration & dosage/adverse effects | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*drug therapy/mortality/therapy | Early Termination of Clinical Trials | Female | Humans | Hydrocortisone/*administration & dosage/adverse effects | Intensive Care Units | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*drug therapy/mortality/therapy | Respiration, Artificial/*statistics & numerical data | SARS-CoV-2 | Shock/drug therapy/etiology | Treatment Outcome L1 - internal-pdf://0114946076/Angus-2020-Effect of Hydrocortisone on Mortali.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Angus, Derek C; Derde, Lennie; Al-Beidh, Farah; Annane, Djillali; Arabi, Yaseen; Beane, Abigail; van Bentum-Puijk, Wilma; Berry, Lindsay; Bhimani, Zahra; Bonten, Marc; Bradbury, Charlotte; Brunkhorst, Frank; Buxton, Meredith; Buzgau, Adrian; Cheng, Allen C; de Jong, Menno; Detry, Michelle; Estcourt, Lise; Fitzgerald, Mark; Goossens, Herman; Green, Cameron; Haniffa, Rashan; Higgins, Alisa M; Horvat, Christopher; Hullegie, Sebastiaan J; Kruger, Peter; Lamontagne, Francois; Lawler, Patrick R; Linstrum, Kelsey; Litton, Edward; Lorenzi, Elizabeth; Marshall, John; McAuley, Daniel; McGlothin, Anna; McGuinness, Shay; McVerry, Bryan; Montgomery, Stephanie; Mouncey, Paul; Murthy, Srinivas; Nichol, Alistair; Parke, Rachael; Parker, Jane; Rowan, Kathryn; Sanil, Ashish; Santos, Marlene; Saunders, Christina; Seymour, Christopher; Turner, Anne; van de Veerdonk, Frank; Venkatesh, Balasubramanian; Zarychanski, Ryan; Berry, Scott; Lewis, Roger J; McArthur, Colin; Webb, Steven A; Gordon, Anthony C; Angus, Derek; Cheng, Allen; Gordon, Anthony; Lawler, Patrick; Webb, Steve; Campbell, Lewis; Forbes, Andrew; Gattas, David; Heritier, Stephane; Higgins, Lisa; Peake, Sandra; Presneill, Jeffrey; Seppelt, Ian; Trapani, Tony; Young, Paul; Bagshaw, Sean; Daneman, Nick; Ferguson, Niall; Misak, Cheryl; Hullegie, Sebastiaan; Pletz, Mathias; Rohde, Gernot; Rowan, Kathy; Alexander, Brian; Basile, Kim; Girard, Timothy; Huang, David; Vates, Jennifer; Beasley, Richard; Fowler, Robert; McGloughlin, Steve; Morpeth, Susan; Paterson, David; Venkatesh, Bala; Uyeki, Tim; Baillie, Kenneth; Duffy, Eamon; Fowler, Rob; Hills, Thomas; Orr, Katrina; Patanwala, Asad; Tong, Steve; Netea, Mihai; Bihari, Shilesh; Carrier, Marc; Fergusson, Dean; Goligher, Ewan; Haidar, Ghady; Hunt, Beverley; Kumar, Anand; Laffan, Mike; Lawless, Patrick; Lother, Sylvain; McCallum, Peter; Middeldopr, Saskia; McQuilten, Zoe; Neal, Matthew; Pasi, John; Schutgens, Roger; Stanworth, Simon; Turgeon, Alexis; Weissman, Alexandra; Adhikari, Neill; Anstey, Matthew; Brant, Emily; de Man, Angelique; Lamonagne, Francois; Masse, Marie-Helene; Udy, Andrew; Arnold, Donald; Begin, Phillipe; Charlewood, Richard; Chasse, Michael; Coyne, Mark; Cooper, Jamie; Daly, James; Gosbell, Iain; Harvala-Simmonds, Heli; Hills, Tom; MacLennan, Sheila; Menon, David; McDyer, John; Pridee, Nicole; Roberts, David; Shankar-Hari, Manu; Thomas, Helen; Tinmouth, Alan; Triulzi, Darrell; Walsh, Tim; Wood, Erica; Calfee, Carolyn; O'Kane, Cecilia; Shyamsundar, Murali; Sinha, Pratik; Thompson, Taylor; Young, Ian; Bihari, Shailesh; Hodgson, Carol; Laffey, John; McAuley, Danny; Orford, Neil; Neto, Ary; Lewis, Roger; McGlothlin, Anna; Miller, Eliza; Singh, Vanessa; Zammit, Claire; van Bentum Puijk, Wilma; Bouwman, Wietske; Mangindaan, Yara; Parker, Lorraine; Peters, Svenja; Rietveld, Ilse; Raymakers, Kik; Ganpat, Radhika; Brillinger, Nicole; Markgraf, Rene; Ainscough, Kate; Brickell, Kathy; Anjum, Aisha; Lane, Janis-Best; Richards-Belle, Alvin; Saull, Michelle; Wiley, Daisy; Bion, Julian; Connor, Jason; Gates, Simon; Manax, Victoria; van der Poll, Tom; Reynolds, John; van Beurden, Marloes; 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JAMA. 2020 Oct 6;324(13):1317-1329. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.17022. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Compared to no hydrocortisone, the fixed-dose regimen, OR = 1.43 (95% CI 0.91-2.27), and the shock-dependent regimen, OR = 1.22 (95% CI 0.76-1.94), resulted in fewer days on organ support. | For a fixed-dose steroid regimen, there was a 93% probability of an OR >1 for organ-free support days; for the shock-dependent regimen, the probability of an OR >1 was 80%. | Serious adverse events were reported in 4 (3%), 5 (3%), and 1 (1%) of the patients in the fixed-dose, shock-dependent, and no hydrocortisone groups, respectively. | Methods: A randomized open label trial of multiple interventions at 21 sites in 8 countries. Patients with severe COVID-19 were randomized to fixed-dose (7-days of IV hydrocortisone 50 mg every 6 hours, n = 143), shock-dependent dose (50 mg hydrocortisone every 6 hours while in shock for up to 28 days, n = 152), or no hydrocortisone (n = 108). The primary end point was organ support–free days (i.e., days alive and free of intensive care unit-based respiratory or cardiovascular support) within 21 days. Limitations: Study halted early after results of the RECOVERY trialexternal icon and another trial were released; 15% of the no-hydrocortisone group received systemic corticosteroids. | Implications for 4 studies (Tomazini et al., Dequin et al., REACT Working Group & Writing Committee for the REMAP-CAP Investigators): The results of individual studies and the meta-analysis have shifted usual care of persons with COVID-19 to include corticosteroids. An accompanying editorialexternal icon (Prescott, JAMA, 2020) notes actions and collaborations among researchers undertaken to overcome challenges that have been encountered in the context of the pandemic. It describes the importance of analysis of pooled data, especially when ongoing randomized controlled trials were halted early as in the three studies reported here. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1317-1329 ST - Effect of Hydrocortisone on Mortality and Organ Support in Patients With Severe COVID-19: The REMAP-CAP COVID-19 Corticosteroid Domain Randomized Clinical Trial T2 - JAMA TI - Effect of Hydrocortisone on Mortality and Organ Support in Patients With Severe COVID-19: The REMAP-CAP COVID-19 Corticosteroid Domain Randomized Clinical Trial UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32876697 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 878 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine have been proposed as treatments for coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) on the basis of in vitro activity and data from uncontrolled studies and small, randomized trials. METHODS: In this randomized, controlled, open-label platform trial comparing a range of possible treatments with usual care in patients hospitalized with Covid-19, we randomly assigned 1561 patients to receive hydroxychloroquine and 3155 to receive usual care. The primary outcome was 28-day mortality. RESULTS: The enrollment of patients in the hydroxychloroquine group was closed on June 5, 2020, after an interim analysis determined that there was a lack of efficacy. Death within 28 days occurred in 421 patients (27.0%) in the hydroxychloroquine group and in 790 (25.0%) in the usual-care group (rate ratio, 1.09; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.97 to 1.23; P = 0.15). Consistent results were seen in all prespecified subgroups of patients. The results suggest that patients in the hydroxychloroquine group were less likely to be discharged from the hospital alive within 28 days than those in the usual-care group (59.6% vs. 62.9%; rate ratio, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.83 to 0.98). Among the patients who were not undergoing mechanical ventilation at baseline, those in the hydroxychloroquine group had a higher frequency of invasive mechanical ventilation or death (30.7% vs. 26.9%; risk ratio, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.27). There was a small numerical excess of cardiac deaths (0.4 percentage points) but no difference in the incidence of new major cardiac arrhythmia among the patients who received hydroxychloroquine. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients hospitalized with Covid-19, those who received hydroxychloroquine did not have a lower incidence of death at 28 days than those who received usual care. (Funded by UK Research and Innovation and National Institute for Health Research and others; RECOVERY ISRCTN number, ISRCTN50189673; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04381936.). AD - The affiliations of the members of the writing committee are as follows: the Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine (P.H., J.T., J.A.W., N.J.W.), Nuffield Department of Population Health (M.M., L.L., J.L.B., N.S., J.R.E., E.J., R.H., M.J.L.), the Medical Research Council (MRC) Population Health Research Unit (N.S., J.R.E., R.H., M.J.L.), University of Oxford, the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (K.J., M.J.L.), and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (M.J.L.), Oxford, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, Leicester (M.W.), the Regional Infectious Diseases Unit, North Manchester General Hospital (A.U.), University of Manchester (A.U., T.F.), and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (T.F.), Manchester, the Research and Development Department, Northampton General Hospital, Northampton (E.E.), the Department of Respiratory Medicine, North Tees and Hartlepool NHS Foundation Trust, Stockton-on-Tees (B.P.), University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (T.W.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (J.W.), North West Anglia NHS Foundation Trust, Peterborough (J.F.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, and the Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff (J.U.), Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (J.K.B.), the School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London (L.C.C.), and the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (K.R.), London, the NIHR Southampton Clinical Research Facility and Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton (S.N.F.), the Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Lancaster University, Lancaster (T.J.), the MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (T.J.), and the Respiratory Medicine Department, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (W.S.L.), and the School of Medicine, University of Nottingham (A.M., E.J.), Nottingham - all in the United Kingdom; and the Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (J.T., J.A.W., N.J.W.). AN - 33031652 AU - Recovery Collaborative Group | Horby, P. | Mafham, M. | Linsell, L. | Bell, J. L. | Staplin, N. | Emberson, J. R. | Wiselka, M. | Ustianowski, A. | Elmahi, E. | Prudon, B. | Whitehouse, T. | Felton, T. | Williams, J. | Faccenda, J. | Underwood, J. | Baillie, J. K. | Chappell, L. C. | Faust, S. N. | Jaki, T. | Jeffery, K. | Lim, W. S. | Montgomery, A. | Rowan, K. | Tarning, J. | Watson, J. A. | White, N. J. | Juszczak, E. | Haynes, R. | Landray, M. J. C1 - 2020-10-09 | 2020-10-20 C2 - Hydroxychloroquine CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100920_covidupdate.html | http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102020_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 19 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2022926 ET - 2020/10/09 IS - 21 KW - Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Antiviral Agents/adverse effects/*therapeutic use | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*drug therapy/mortality | Female | Hospitalization | Humans | Hydroxychloroquine/adverse effects/*therapeutic use | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*drug therapy/mortality | Respiration, Artificial | SARS-CoV-2 | Treatment Failure L1 - internal-pdf://1346617161/Group-2020-Effect of Hydroxychloroquine in Hos.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Horby, Peter; Mafham, Marion; Linsell, Louise; Bell, Jennifer L; Staplin, Natalie; Emberson, Jonathan R; Wiselka, Martin; Ustianowski, Andrew; Elmahi, Einas; Prudon, Benjamin; Whitehouse, Tony; Felton, Timothy; Williams, John; Faccenda, Jakki; Underwood, Jonathan; Baillie, J Kenneth; Chappell, Lucy C; Faust, Saul N; Jaki, Thomas; Jeffery, Katie; Lim, Wei Shen; Montgomery, Alan; Rowan, Kathryn; Tarning, Joel; Watson, James A; White, Nicholas J; Juszczak, Edmund; Haynes, Richard; Landray, Martin J; eng; MC_UU_00002/14/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; RP-2014-05-019/DH_/Department of Health/United Kingdom; MC_U137686861/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; MC_PC_18033/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; MC_PC_19056/National Institute for Health Research; MC_UU_00017/3/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; MC_U137686860/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; MC_UU_12026/4/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; RP-2016-07-012/DH_/Department of Health/United Kingdom; MC_PC_19056/UK Research and Innovation; SRF-2015-08-001/DH_/Department of Health/United Kingdom; MC_PC_19056/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; Comparative Study; Multicenter Study; Randomized Controlled Trial; N Engl J Med. 2020 Nov 19;383(21):2030-2040. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2022926. Epub 2020 Oct 8. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Death within 28 days occurred in 421 patients (27.0%) in the hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) group and in 790 patients (25.0%) in the usual-care group, rate ratio 1.09, p = 0.15 (95% CI 0.97-1.23) (Figure). | Among patients not undergoing mechanical ventilation at enrollment, those in the HCQ group had a higher frequency of invasive mechanical ventilation or death (30.7% vs 26.9%); risk ratio 1.14 (95% CI 1.03-1.27). | An interim analysis determined lack of efficacy of HCQ, and enrollment closed early. | Methods: The RECOVERY trial is a randomized, controlled, open-label platform trial comparing a range of possible treatments with usual care in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 at 176 hospitals in the UK. In this phase of the study, 1,561 COVID-19 patients were randomly assigned to receive HCQ and 3,155 received usual care. The primary outcome was 28-day mortality. | Implications for 4 studies (RECOVERY Collaborative Group, Huybrechts et al., Gentry et al., & Abella et al.): HCQ is not effective for treatment of COVID-19 or prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The potential for congenital malformation may not be an acceptable level of risk for healthy women of childbearing age, especially as data to support HCQ use for treatment or prevention of COVID-19 are lacking. These additional data support previous data suggesting no role for HQC in the management of COVID-19 or prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 2030-2040 ST - Effect of Hydroxychloroquine in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19 T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Effect of Hydroxychloroquine in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33031652 VL - 383 ID - 1019 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background To determine the county-level effect of in-person primary and secondary school reopening on daily cases of SARS-CoV-2 in Indiana.Methods This is a county-level population-based study using a panel data regression analysis of the proportion of in-person learning to evaluate an association with community-wide daily new SARS-CoV-2 cases. The study period was July 12-October 6, 2020. We included 73 out of 92 (79.3%) Indiana counties in the analysis, accounting for 85.7% of school corporations and 90.6% of student enrollement statewide. The primary exposure was the proportion of students returning to in-person instruction. The primary outcome was the daily new SARS-CoV-2 cases per 100,000 residents at the county level.Results There is a statistically significant relationship between the proportion of students attending K-12 schools in-person and the county level daily cases of SARS-CoV-2 28 days later. For all ages, the coefficient of interest (β) is estimated at 3.36 (95% CI: 1.91�?.81; p < 0.001). This coefficient represents the effect of a change the proportion of students attending in-person on new daily cases 28 days later. For example, a 10 percentage point increase in K-12 students attending school in-person is associated with a daily increase in SARS-CoV-2 cases in the county equal to 0.336 cases/100,000 residents of all ages.Conclusion In-person primary and secondary school is associated with a statistically significant but proportionally small increase in the spread of SARS-CoV-2 cases.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementNo external funding for this work was received.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Per the Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Institutional Review Board, this study was not subject to human subjects research oversight due to the lack of individual-level data collection.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThe data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, GB, upon reasonable request. AD - Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States. | School of Business and Economics, Indiana University Northwest, Gary, IN, United States. | Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States. | Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States. | School of Education, Indiana University Northwest, Gary, IN, United States. | Regenstrief Institute, Indianapolis, IN, United States. AN - 33846706 AU - Bosslet, Gabriel T. | Pollak, Micah | Jang, Jeong Hoon | Roll, Rebekah | Sperling, Mark | Khan, Babar C1 - 2021-04-02 | 2021-04-09 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04022021_covidupdate.html | http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04092021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 13 DO - 10.1101/2021.03.17.21250449 ET - 2021/04/14 KW - Public health | education | schools L1 - internal-pdf://1345638263/Bosslet-2021-The effect of in-person primary a.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Bosslet, Gabriel T | Pollak, Micah | Jang, Jeong Hoon | Roll, Rebekah | Sperling, Mark | Khan, Babar | eng | Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Apr 13. pii: 6224418. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab306. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 70,021 SARS-CoV-2 cases were reported from 73 Indiana counties between July 12 and October 6, 2020, averaging 805 cases per day (Figure). | In-person primary and secondary school instruction was associated with a small but significant daily increase in SARS-CoV-2 cases/100,000 residents in the county 28 days later. | A 10-percentage point increase in in-person instruction was predicted to increase daily new cases by 0.80%. | Methods: Evaluated association of proportion of students returning to in-person learning with community-wide daily SARS-CoV-2 cases per 100,000 residents at the county level in Indiana between July 12 and October 6, 2020 using a panel regression analysis, accounting for differences in masking and distancing enforcement. Included 73 of 92 Indiana counties, accounting for 85.7% of school corporations and 90.6% of student enrollment statewide. Limitations: Incomplete data on proportion of in-person instruction in each county; assumed proportion of students attending school in-person was constant over the analytic period; insufficient data to examine effects by grade or age. | Implications: Findings suggest in-person schooling might increase community transmission, but to a lesser extent than other indoor gatherings. Data from this and another recent study in Canada (Bignami-van Assche et alexternal icon.) support implementing precautions, including physical distancing and face coverings, when opening schools. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic) | 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - 2021.03.17.21250449 ST - The effect of in-person primary and secondary school instruction on county-level SARS-CoV-2 spread in Indiana T2 - medRxiv TI - The effect of in-person primary and secondary school instruction on county-level SARS-CoV-2 spread in Indiana TT - Published article: The effect of in-person primary and secondary school instruction on county-level SARS-CoV-2 spread in Indiana UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/03/20/2021.03.17.21250449.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/03/20/2021.03.17.21250449.full.pdf ID - 2098 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Summary Background Little is known about the effect of changes in mobility at the subcity level on subsequent COVID-19 incidence, which is particularly relevant in Latin America, where substantial barriers prevent COVID-19 vaccine access and non-pharmaceutical interventions are essential to mitigation efforts. We aimed to examine the longitudinal associations between population mobility and COVID-19 incidence at the subcity level across a large number of Latin American cities. Methods In this longitudinal ecological study, we compiled aggregated mobile phone location data, daily confirmed COVID-19 cases, and features of urban and social environments to analyse population mobility and COVID-19 incidence at the subcity level among cities with more than 100�?00 inhabitants in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala, and Mexico, from March 2 to Aug 29, 2020. Spatially aggregated mobile phone data were provided by the UN Development Programme in Latin America and the Caribbean and Grandata; confirmed COVID-19 cases were from national government reports and population and socioeconomic factors were from the latest national census in each country. We used mixed-effects negative binomial regression for a time-series analysis, to examine longitudinal associations between weekly mobility changes from baseline (prepandemic week of March 2�?, 2020) and subsequent COVID-19 incidence (lagged by 1�? weeks) at the subcity level, adjusting for urban environmental and socioeconomic factors (time-invariant educational attainment, residential overcrowding, population density [all at the subcity level], and country). Findings We included 1031 subcity areas, representing 314 Latin American cities, in Argentina (107 subcity areas), Brazil (416), Colombia (82), Guatemala (20), and Mexico (406). In the main adjusted model, we observed an incidence rate ratio (IRR) of 2·35 (95% CI 2·12�?·60) for COVID-19 incidence per log unit increase in the mobility ratio (vs baseline) during the previous week. Thus, 10% lower weekly mobility was associated with 8·6% (95% CI 7·6�?·6) lower incidence of COVID-19 in the following week. This association gradually weakened as the lag between mobility and COVID-19 incidence increased and was not different from null at a 6-week lag. Interpretation Reduced population movement within a subcity area is associated with a subsequent decrease in COVID-19 incidence among residents of that subcity area. Policies that reduce population mobility at the subcity level might be an effective COVID-19 mitigation strategy, although they should be combined with strategies that mitigate any adverse social and economic consequences of reduced mobility for the most vulnerable groups. Funding Wellcome Trust. Translation For the Spanish translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section. AD - Urban Health Collaborative, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Electronic address: jlk465@drexel.edu. | Institute of Urban and Regional Development, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA. | Department of City and Regional Planning, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Institute for Transportation Studies, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA. | School of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, Colombia. | Center for Population Health Research, National Institute of Public Health of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico. | INCAP Research Center for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases, Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, Guatemala City, Guatemala. | Urban Health Collaborative, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA. | Urban Health Collaborative, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA. AN - 34456179 AU - Kephart, Josiah L. | Delclòs-Ali�Q, Xavier | Rodr�Tguez, Daniel A. | Sarmiento, Olga L. | Barrientos-Gutiérrez, Tonatiuh | Ramirez-Zea, Manuel | Quistberg, D. Alex | Bilal, Usama | Diez Roux, Ana V. C1 - 2021-09-10 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09102021_covidupdate.html#anchor_TransmissionRisks DA - 2021/08/26/ DO - 10.1016/S2589-7500(21)00174-6 ET - 2021/08/31 L1 - internal-pdf://1740572614/1-s2.0-S2589750021001746-main.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Kephart, Josiah L | Delclos-Alio, Xavier | Rodriguez, Daniel A | Sarmiento, Olga L | Barrientos-Gutierrez, Tonatiuh | Ramirez-Zea, Manuel | Quistberg, D Alex | Bilal, Usama | Diez Roux, Ana V | eng | 205177/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom | England | Lancet Digit Health. 2021 Aug 26. pii: S2589-7500(21)00174-6. doi: 10.1016/S2589-7500(21)00174-6. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Lower urban population mobility by 10% weekly was associated with 8.6% (95% CI 7.6%-9.6%) lower COVID-19 incidence locally in the following week. | Overall COVID-19 incidence rate ratio (IRR) was 2.4 (95% CI 2.1-2.6) for each log unit increase in mobility during the previous week, compared to baseline (Figure). | Methods: Large ecological study using spatially aggregated mobile phone location data and daily confirmed COVID-19 case counts in 1,031 areas representing 314 cities with >100,000 inhabitants, in Argentina, Brazil, Columbia, Guatemala, and Mexico, at baseline (March 2�?, 2020) and during the study period (March 10–August 29, 2020). Longitudinal associations between weekly mobility and subsequent COVID-19 incidence were evaluated using binomial regression. Limitations: Confirmed cases likely under-reported; aggregate data did not include individual characteristics such as employment; study time period did not allow evaluation of seasonality. | Implications: Policies that reduce population mobility might be effective in reducing COVID-19 incidence, but should be combined with strategies and policies that seek to protect groups at higher risk of adverse social and economic costs. SN - 2589-7500 ST - The effect of population mobility on COVID-19 incidence in 314 Latin American cities: a longitudinal ecological study with mobile phone location data T2 - Lancet Digit Health TI - The effect of population mobility on COVID-19 incidence in 314 Latin American cities: a longitudinal ecological study with mobile phone location data UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589750021001746 ID - 2297 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK. Electronic address: m.prendecki@imperial.ac.uk. | Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK. | Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK. | Department of Infection and Immunity North West London Pathology NHS Trust, London, UK. | Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK. | Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; Department of HIV and Genitourinary Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK. | Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; Department of Infection and Immunity North West London Pathology NHS Trust, London, UK; Department of HIV and Genitourinary Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK. AN - 33640037 AU - Prendecki, M. | Clarke, C. | Brown, J. | Cox, A. | Gleeson, S. | Guckian, M. | Randell, P. | Pria, A. D. | Lightstone, L. | Xu, X. N. | Barclay, W. | McAdoo, S. P. | Kelleher, P. | Willicombe, M. C1 - 2021-03-12 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03122021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 27 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00502-X ET - 2021/03/01 IS - 10280 KW - Adult | Aged | COVID-19/*immunology | COVID-19 Vaccines/*administration & dosage | Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assay | Humans | Immunity, Humoral/*drug effects | Middle Aged | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/*immunology | T-Lymphocytes/*drug effects L1 - internal-pdf://0601769954/Prendecki-2021-Effect of previous SARS-CoV-2 i.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Prendecki, Maria; Clarke, Candice; Brown, Jonathan; Cox, Alison; Gleeson, Sarah; Guckian, Mary; Randell, Paul; Pria, Alessia Dalla; Lightstone, Liz; Xu, Xiao-Ning; Barclay, Wendy; McAdoo, Stephen P; Kelleher, Peter; Willicombe, Michelle; eng; WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; Letter; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Lancet. 2021 Mar 27;397(10280):1178-1181. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00502-X. Epub 2021 Feb 25. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; After one dose of vaccine, antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein were significantly higher in individuals with previous natural infection than in infection-naive individuals (16353 arbitrary units [AU] per mL vs 615·1 AU/mL, p <0.0001); There was a significant correlation between anti-spike Ab levels after the first dose of vaccination and age among infection-naïve individuals but not among those previously infected Figure 1). | Infection-naïve persons generated weaker T cell responses and had lower neutralizing antibodies titers than persons with natural SARS-COV-2infection (Figure 2). | Methods: A cohort study of 72 healthcare workers in the UK vaccinated with BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) between December 23 and 31, 2020 were included. Twenty-one persons were classified as having previous exposure and 51 were defined as infection-naïve based on the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Post vaccination antibody and T-cell responses were assessed at days 21 �?25. Limitations: Small sample size with some samples not paired for direct comparison; non-representative sample. | Implications: Data suggest that it could be useful to delay administration of the second dose of SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 vaccine to previously infected and recovered persons especially in times of low vaccine supply. The age specific immune response also buttresses recommendations for prioritization of older individuals and use of facemasks post-vaccination. SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 1178-1181 ST - Effect of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection on humoral and T-cell responses to single-dose BNT162b2 vaccine T2 - Lancet TI - Effect of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection on humoral and T-cell responses to single-dose BNT162b2 vaccine UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33640037 VL - 397 Y2 - 2021/05/17 ID - 1580 ER - TY - JOUR AB - There have been arguments on whether angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) treatment alters the risk of COVID-19 susceptibility and disease severity. We identified a total of 102 eligible studies for systematic review, in which 49 studies adjusting for confounders were included in the meta-analysis. We found no association between prior ACEI/ARB use and risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in general population (adjusted OR [aOR] 1.00, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.94-1.05). The risk of mortality (aOR 0.87, 95%CI 0.66-1.04) and severe outcomes (aOR 0.95, 95%CI 0.73-1.24) are also unchanged among COVID-19 patients taking ACEI/ARB. These findings remain consistent in subgroup analyses stratified by populations, drug exposures and in other secondary outcomes. This systematic review provides evidence-based support to current medical guidelines and position statements that ACEI/ARB should not be discontinued. Additionally, there has been no evidence for initiating ACEI/ARB regimen as prevention or treatment of COVID-19. AD - Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China. | Department of Cardiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China. | Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China. | Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China. | Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China. | Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. | Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China. AN - 33079200 AU - Xu, J. | Teng, Y. | Shang, L. | Gu, X. | Fan, G. | Chen, Y. | Tian, R. | Zhang, S. | Cao, B. C1 - 2020-11-06 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/110620_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 20 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa1592 ET - 2020/10/21 IS - 11 KW - Covid-19 | angiotensin receptor blocker | angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor | cardiovascular disease | meta-analysis L1 - internal-pdf://1787524776/Xu-2020-The Effect of Prior ACEI_ARB Treatment.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Xu, Jiuyang; Teng, Yaqun; Shang, Lianhan; Gu, Xiaoying; Fan, Guohui; Chen, Yijun; Tian, Ran; Zhang, Shuyang; Cao, Bin; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Oct 20. pii: 5932274. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1592. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A review of 49 published studies showed no effect of prior use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blocker on the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - e901-e913 ST - The Effect of Prior ACEI/ARB Treatment on COVID-19 Susceptibility and Outcome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - The Effect of Prior ACEI/ARB Treatment on COVID-19 Susceptibility and Outcome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33079200 VL - 72 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1184 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Lymphopenia is common and correlates with poor clinical outcomes in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Objective: To determine whether a therapy that increases peripheral blood leukocyte and lymphocyte cell counts leads to clinical improvement in patients with COVID-19. Design, Setting and Participants: Between February 18 and April 10, 2020, we conducted an open-label, multicenter, randomized clinical trial at 3 participating centers in China. The main eligibility criteria were pneumonia, a blood lymphocyte cell count of 800 per muL (to convert to x109/L, multiply by 0.001) or lower, and no comorbidities. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection was confirmed with reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction testing. Exposures: Usual care alone, or usual care plus 3 doses of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF, 5 mug/kg, subcutaneously at days 0-2). Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary end point was the time from randomization to improvement of at least 1 point on a 7-category disease severity score. Results: Of 200 participants, 112 (56%) were men and the median (interquartile range [IQR]) age was 45 (40-55) years. There was random assignment of 100 patients (50%) to the rhG-CSF group and 100 (50%) to the usual care group. Time to clinical improvement was similar between groups (rhG-CSF group median of 12 days (IQR, 10-16 days) vs usual care group median of 13 days (IQR, 11-17 days); hazard ratio, 1.28; 95% CI, 0.95-1.71; P = .06). For secondary end points, the proportion of patients progressing to acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, or septic shock was lower in the rhG-CSF group (rhG-CSF group, 2% vs usual care group, 15%; difference, -13%; 95%CI, -21.4% to -5.4%). At 21 days, 2 patients (2%) had died in the rhG-CSF group compared with 10 patients (10%) in the usual care group (hazard ratio, 0.19; 95%CI, 0.04-0.88). At day 5, the lymphocyte cell count was higher in the rhG-CSF group (rhG-CSF group median of 1050/muL vs usual care group median of 620/muL; Hodges-Lehmann estimate of the difference in medians, 440; 95% CI, 380-490). Serious adverse events, such as sepsis or septic shock, respiratory failure, and acute respiratory distress syndrome, occurred in 29 patients (14.5%) in the rhG-CSF group and 42 patients (21%) in the usual care group. Conclusion and Relevance: In preliminary findings from a randomized clinical trial, rhG-CSF treatment for patients with COVID-19 with lymphopenia but no comorbidities did not accelerate clinical improvement, but the number of patients developing critical illness or dying may have been reduced. Larger studies that include a broader range of patients with COVID-19 should be conducted. Trial Registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR2000030007. AD - State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. | Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. | State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China. | Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. | Medical Department, Hankou Hospital of Wuhan City, Wuhan, China. | Department of Haematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China. AN - 32910179 AU - Cheng, L. L. | Guan, W. J. | Duan, C. Y. | Zhang, N. F. | Lei, C. L. | Hu, Y. | Chen, A. L. | Li, S. Y. | Zhuo, C. | Deng, X. L. | Cheng, F. J. | Gao, Y. | Zhang, J. H. | Xie, J. X. | Peng, H. | Li, Y. X. | Wu, X. X. | Liu, W. | Peng, H. | Wang, J. | Xiao, G. M. | Chen, P. Y. | Wang, C. Y. | Yang, Z. F. | Zhao, J. C. | Zhong, N. S. C1 - 2020-09-22 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/092220_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 1 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.5503 ET - 2020/09/11 IS - 1 KW - Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use | Adult | Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use | Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use | B-Lymphocytes | CD4 Lymphocyte Count | COVID-19/blood/complications/*drug therapy/physiopathology | China | Disease Progression | Female | Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/*therapeutic use | Hematologic Agents/*therapeutic use | *Hospital Mortality | Humans | Killer Cells, Natural | Leukocyte Count | Lymphocyte Count | Lymphopenia/blood/complications/*drug therapy | Male | Middle Aged | Mortality | Noninvasive Ventilation | Oxygen Inhalation Therapy | Recombinant Proteins | Respiratory Distress Syndrome/physiopathology | Respiratory Insufficiency/physiopathology | SARS-CoV-2 | Sepsis/physiopathology | Shock, Septic/physiopathology | Time Factors L1 - internal-pdf://2907869554/Cheng-2021-Effect of Recombinant Human Granulo.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Cheng, Lin-Ling; Guan, Wei-Jie; Duan, Chong-Yang; Zhang, Nuo-Fu; Lei, Chun-Liang; Hu, Yu; Chen, Ai-Lan; Li, Shi-Yue; Zhuo, Chao; Deng, Xi-Long; Cheng, Fan-Jun; Gao, Yong; Zhang, Jian-Heng; Xie, Jia-Xing; Peng, Hong; Li, Ying-Xian; Wu, Xiao-Xiong; Liu, Wen; Peng, Hui; Wang, Jian; Xiao, Guang-Ming; Chen, Ping-Yan; Wang, Chun-Yan; Yang, Zi-Feng; Zhao, Jin-Cun; Zhong, Nan-Shan; eng; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Jan 1;181(1):71-78. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.5503. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Treatment of COVID-19 patients experiencing lymphopenia (lower than normal white blood cell levels) with recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) to promote production of lymphocytes did not affect time to clinical improvement (12 with lymphopenia vs 13 days without, p = 0.06). | Among patients with peripheral blood lymphocytes �?00 per µL, rhG-CSF treatment reduced time to clinical improvement) compared with the usual care group (12 vs 14 days respectively, p = 0.003) (Figure). | The rhG-CSF treatment group were less likely to progress to critical illness (2% vs 15%, difference -13%) and had lower mortality rates (2% vs 10%, hazard ratio 0.19) at Day 21. | Methods: An open-label, randomized clinical trial at three sites in China between February 18 and April 10, 2020 testing the effects of treatment of PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients with rhG-CSF (N = 100) on days 0, 1, and 2 vs usual care (N = 100). Eligibility requirements were pneumonia, a blood lymphocyte cell count of 800 per μL or lower, and no comorbidities. Time to clinical improvement, progression to critical conditions and mortality was measured. Limitations: Small size and short observational time frame; exclusion of patients with co-morbidities. | Implications: rhG-CSF appears to prevent progression to severe disease and death in COVID-19 patients with lymphocytopenia �?00 lymphocytes/μL; larger studies with broader patient inclusion are needed. SN - 2168-6114 (Electronic); 2168-6106 (Linking) SP - 71-78 ST - Effect of Recombinant Human Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor for Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Lymphopenia: A Randomized Clinical Trial T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - Effect of Recombinant Human Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor for Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Lymphopenia: A Randomized Clinical Trial UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32910179 VL - 181 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 937 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Remdesivir demonstrated clinical benefit in a placebo-controlled trial in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but its effect in patients with moderate disease is unknown. Objective: To determine the efficacy of 5 or 10 days of remdesivir treatment compared with standard care on clinical status on day 11 after initiation of treatment. Design, Setting, and Participants: Randomized, open-label trial of hospitalized patients with confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and moderate COVID-19 pneumonia (pulmonary infiltrates and room-air oxygen saturation >94%) enrolled from March 15 through April 18, 2020, at 105 hospitals in the United States, Europe, and Asia. The date of final follow-up was May 20, 2020. Interventions: Patients were randomized in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive a 10-day course of remdesivir (n = 197), a 5-day course of remdesivir (n = 199), or standard care (n = 200). Remdesivir was dosed intravenously at 200 mg on day 1 followed by 100 mg/d. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary end point was clinical status on day 11 on a 7-point ordinal scale ranging from death (category 1) to discharged (category 7). Differences between remdesivir treatment groups and standard care were calculated using proportional odds models and expressed as odds ratios. An odds ratio greater than 1 indicates difference in clinical status distribution toward category 7 for the remdesivir group vs the standard care group. Results: Among 596 patients who were randomized, 584 began the study and received remdesivir or continued standard care (median age, 57 [interquartile range, 46-66] years; 227 [39%] women; 56% had cardiovascular disease, 42% hypertension, and 40% diabetes), and 533 (91%) completed the trial. Median length of treatment was 5 days for patients in the 5-day remdesivir group and 6 days for patients in the 10-day remdesivir group. On day 11, patients in the 5-day remdesivir group had statistically significantly higher odds of a better clinical status distribution than those receiving standard care (odds ratio, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.09-2.48; P = .02). The clinical status distribution on day 11 between the 10-day remdesivir and standard care groups was not significantly different (P = .18 by Wilcoxon rank sum test). By day 28, 9 patients had died: 2 (1%) in the 5-day remdesivir group, 3 (2%) in the 10-day remdesivir group, and 4 (2%) in the standard care group. Nausea (10% vs 3%), hypokalemia (6% vs 2%), and headache (5% vs 3%) were more frequent among remdesivir-treated patients compared with standard care. Conclusions and Relevance: Among patients with moderate COVID-19, those randomized to a 10-day course of remdesivir did not have a statistically significant difference in clinical status compared with standard care at 11 days after initiation of treatment. Patients randomized to a 5-day course of remdesivir had a statistically significant difference in clinical status compared with standard care, but the difference was of uncertain clinical importance. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04292730. AD - Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany. | Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. | Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. | Instituto de Investigacion Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain. | Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova, Padova, Italy. | Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain. | Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut. | North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, New York. | University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. | IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy. | National University Health System, Singapore. | Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. | Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong, China. | Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland. | University of Nantes, Nantes, France. | National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. | Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California. | King's College, London, England. | Royal Free Hospital, London, England. | Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea. | Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond. | Cook County Health, Chicago, Illinois. | Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. AN - 32821939 AU - Spinner, C. D. | Gottlieb, R. L. | Criner, G. J. | Arribas Lopez, J. R. | Cattelan, A. M. | Soriano Viladomiu, A. | Ogbuagu, O. | Malhotra, P. | Mullane, K. M. | Castagna, A. | Chai, L. Y. A. | Roestenberg, M. | Tsang, O. T. Y. | Bernasconi, E. | Le Turnier, P. | Chang, S. C. | SenGupta, D. | Hyland, R. H. | Osinusi, A. O. | Cao, H. | Blair, C. | Wang, H. | Gaggar, A. | Brainard, D. M. | McPhail, M. J. | Bhagani, S. | Ahn, M. Y. | Sanyal, A. J. | Huhn, G. | Marty, F. M. | Gs-Us- Investigators C1 - 2020-09-01 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090120_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 15 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.16349 ET - 2020/08/22 IS - 11 KW - Adenosine Monophosphate/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*analogs & | derivatives/therapeutic use | Administration, Intravenous | Aged | Alanine/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*analogs & | derivatives/therapeutic use | Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*therapeutic use | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*drug therapy/mortality | Drug Administration Schedule | Female | Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Odds Ratio | Pandemics | Patient Acuity | Pneumonia, Viral/*drug therapy/mortality | SARS-CoV-2 | Treatment Outcome L1 - internal-pdf://3805000342/Spinner-2020-Effect of Remdesivir vs Standard.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Spinner, Christoph D; Gottlieb, Robert L; Criner, Gerard J; Arribas Lopez, Jose Ramon; Cattelan, Anna Maria; Soriano Viladomiu, Alex; Ogbuagu, Onyema; Malhotra, Prashant; Mullane, Kathleen M; Castagna, Antonella; Chai, Louis Yi Ann; Roestenberg, Meta; Tsang, Owen Tak Yin; Bernasconi, Enos; Le Turnier, Paul; Chang, Shan-Chwen; SenGupta, Devi; Hyland, Robert H; Osinusi, Anu O; Cao, Huyen; Blair, Christiana; Wang, Hongyuan; Gaggar, Anuj; Brainard, Diana M; McPhail, Mark J; Bhagani, Sanjay; Ahn, Mi Young; Sanyal, Arun J; Huhn, Gregory; Marty, Francisco M; eng; Clinical Trial, Phase III; Comparative Study; Multicenter Study; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA. 2020 Sep 15;324(11):1048-1057. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.16349. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Patients in treatment group receiving 5-day course of remdesivir were more likely to improve than those receiving standard care (OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.09-2.48). | No difference in clinical status between 10-day remdesivir and standard care groups. | Methods: Randomized, open-label, multi-center trial of hospitalized patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and moderate COVID-19 pneumonia assigned to three arms: 10-day course of remdesivir (n = 193), 5-day course of remdesivir (n = 191), standard care (n = 200). Primary end point was clinical status on Day 11. Relative odds of better clinical status among treatment groups were estimated. Limitations: Potential biases in patient care and reporting of data; 76% of the 5-day remdesivir group and 38% of the 10-day remdesivir group finished treatment; median length of treatment in the 10-day group was 6 days; no virologic outcome assessed; discharge decisions may be driven by factors other than clinical improvement; outcome scale not fully validated. | Implications: Compared with standard care, hospitalized COVID-19 patients with moderate disease experienced better clinical status after a 5-day course of remdesivir, whereas those receiving a 10-day course did not experience any difference in clinical status. Clinical importance of this finding is uncertain. McCreary and Angusexternal icon point out that lack of clinical improvement for 10-day course of remdesivir could be due to study design or that remdesivir is less efficacious than hoped. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1048-1057 ST - Effect of Remdesivir vs Standard Care on Clinical Status at 11 Days in Patients With Moderate COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial T2 - JAMA TI - Effect of Remdesivir vs Standard Care on Clinical Status at 11 Days in Patients With Moderate COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32821939 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 816 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Respirable aerosols (< 5 microm in diameter) present a high risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Guidelines recommend using aerosol precautions during aerosol-generating procedures, and droplet (> 5 microm) precautions at other times. However, emerging evidence indicates respiratory activities may be a more important source of aerosols than clinical procedures such as tracheal intubation. We aimed to measure the size, total number and volume of all human aerosols exhaled during respiratory activities and therapies. We used a novel chamber with an optical particle counter sampling at 100 l.min(-1) to count and size-fractionate close to all exhaled particles (0.5-25 microm). We compared emissions from ten healthy subjects during six respiratory activities (quiet breathing; talking; shouting; forced expiratory manoeuvres; exercise; and coughing) with three respiratory therapies (high-flow nasal oxygen and single or dual circuit non-invasive positive pressure ventilation). Activities were repeated while wearing facemasks. When compared with quiet breathing, exertional respiratory activities increased particle counts 34.6-fold during talking and 370.8-fold during coughing (p < 0.001). High-flow nasal oxygen 60 at l.min(-1) increased particle counts 2.3-fold (p = 0.031) during quiet breathing. Single and dual circuit non-invasive respiratory therapy at 25/10 cm.H2 O with quiet breathing increased counts by 2.6-fold and 7.8-fold, respectively (both p < 0.001). During exertional activities, respiratory therapies and facemasks reduced emissions compared with activities alone. Respiratory activities (including exertional breathing and coughing) which mimic respiratory patterns during illness generate substantially more aerosols than non-invasive respiratory therapies, which conversely can reduce total emissions. We argue the risk of aerosol exposure is underappreciated and warrants widespread, targeted interventions. AD - Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia. | Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. | Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. | Department of Intensive Care, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia. | University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. | Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Royal United Hospitals NHS Trust, Bath, UK. | Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK. | Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Australia. AN - 33784793 AU - Wilson, N. M. | Marks, G. B. | Eckhardt, A. | Clarke, A. M. | Young, F. P. | Garden, F. L. | Stewart, W. | Cook, T. M. | Tovey, E. R. C1 - 2021-04-09 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04092021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 30 DO - 10.1111/anae.15475 ET - 2021/03/31 IS - n/a KW - aerosol-generating procedure | airborne | nosocomial | particles L1 - internal-pdf://3119988763/Wilson-2021-The effect of respiratory activity.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Wilson, N M; Marks, G B; Eckhardt, A; Clarke, A M; Young, F P; Garden, F L; Stewart, W; Cook, T M; Tovey, E R; eng; 2020/NR7/Prince of Wales Foundation; England; Anaesthesia. 2021 Mar 30. doi: 10.1111/anae.15475. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Some common respiratory activities generated substantially more aerosols than non‐invasive respiratory therapies (Figure). | Surgical face masks reduced aerosols during talking, shouting, forced expiratory volume (FEV) maneuvers and coughing. | Methods: Aerosols were measured in 10 healthy individuals during respiratory activities (quiet breathing; talking; exercise; shouting; FEV maneuvers; and coughing) with and without surgical face masks and three respiratory therapies (high‐flow nasal oxygen via cannula [HFNCT] and non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation via dual or single circuits [NIPPV-D, -S, respectively]). Limitations: Study was limited to a single experimental protocol and findings may not be generalizable. | Implications: This study highlights the importance of community masking to prevent transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Although aerosol exposure risk might be substantial when people have common physiologic responses to respiratory infection (e.g., coughing, labored breathing) or are engaged in everyday respiratory activities (e.g., shouting, exercising, or talking), use of a surgical face mask reduced aerosols. SN - 1365-2044 (Electronic); 0003-2409 (Linking) ST - The effect of respiratory activity, non-invasive respiratory support and facemasks on aerosol generation and its relevance to COVID-19 T2 - Anaesthesia TI - The effect of respiratory activity, non-invasive respiratory support and facemasks on aerosol generation and its relevance to COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33784793 VL - n/a ID - 1657 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: In patients with Multiple Sclerosis (pwMS) disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) are known to affect immune response to antigens and possibly to SARS-CoV2 vaccine. Therefore, post-vaccination serological assessments are needed to evaluate the effect of the vaccine on SARS-CoV-2 antibody response. | Methods: We designed a prospective multicenter cohort study enrolling pwMS who were scheduled for SARS-Cov-2 vaccination with mRNA vaccines (BNT162b2, Pfizer/BioNTech, Inc or mRNA-1273, Moderna Tx, Inc). A blood collection for the measure of SARS-CoV-2 antibody before the first vaccine dose and 4 weeks after the second dose was planned, with a centralized serological assessment (electrochemiluminescence immunoassay, ECLIA, Roche Diagnostics). | Findings: 780 pwMS (76% BNT162b2 and 24% mRNA-1273) had pre- and 4-week post-vaccination blood assessments. 87 (11·2%) were untreated, 154 (19·7%) on ocrelizumab, 25 (3·2%) on rituximab, 85 (10·9%) on fingolimod, 25 (3·2%) on cladribine and 404 (51·7%) on other DMTs. 677 patients (86·8%) had detectable post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. At multivariate analysis, the antibody levels of patients on ocrelizumab (178-fold decrease, p<0·001), fingolimod (26-fold decrease, p<0·001) and rituximab (17-fold decrease, p<0·001) were significantly reduced as compared to untreated patients. mRNA-1273 vaccine resulted in a systematically 3·5-fold higher antibody level than the BNT162b2 vaccine (p<0·001). | Interpretation: In pwMS, therapy with anti-CD20 and fingolimod led to a reduced humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. As mRNA-1273 elicits 3·5-higher antibody titers than BNT162b2, this vaccine may be preferentially considered for patients under anti-CD20 or fingolimod. Since it is still unknown the role of T-cells vaccine response, further information is required about the role of cellular immunity triggered by vaccination to better define the most appropriate strategy to vaccinate pwMS under specific DMTs. | Funding Information: FISM [2021/Special-Multi/001]; the Italian Ministry of Health grant ‘Progetto Z844A 5x1000�? | Declaration of Interests: MPS reports grants from Roche, during the conduct of the study; personal fees from Biogen, Merck, Roche, Sanofi, personal fees from Novartis, Medday, Geneuro, Celgene, Mylan, outside the submitted work; MI reports consulting fees from Roche, Merck-Serono, Novartis, Sanofi-Genzyme, Biogen; AL has received personal compensation from Novartis, Sanofi Genzyme, Biogen, Merck, and Roche for public speaking and advisory boards. AL received funding for research by Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla, the Italian Ministry of Health, and the Italian Ministry of University; CC reports personal fees from Novartis, personal fees from Biogen Idec, personal fees from Almirall, personal fees from Merck Serono, outside the submitted work; DL reports consulting fees Roche, Biogen, Teva, Mylan, Sanofi-Genzyme, fess for advisory boards from Bristol-Celgene, Merck, Novartis, JF reports consulting fees fromSanofi, Biogen, Admirall; ADS reports personal consulting fees from Biogen, Novartis, Genzyme; MS reports research support and personal consulting fees from Merk, Sanofi, Novartis, Biogen, Roche; AU has received personal compensation from Novartis, Biogen, Merck, Roche and Sanofi Genzyme for public speaking and advisory boards. AU received funding for research by Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla, the Italian Ministry of Health and the European Community. IS, LC, CL, GDR, CS, IG, TT, GP, PG, GPB, AM, MLS, MC, ES, MTF, LP, MU, FM, GC, RI, GL, AMR, FC, SC, MAB, DF, have nothing to dislcose. | Ethics Approval Statement: The study is done in compliance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The protocol is approved by the regional (CER Liguria: 5/2021 - DB id 11169- 21/01/2021) and the centralized national ethical committee AIFA/Spallanzani (Parere n 351, 2020/21). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before starting any study procedures. AD - Department of Health Sciences, Section of Biostatistics, University of Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy. Electronic address: mariapia.sormani@unige.it. | IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI) and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy. | Department of Health Sciences, Section of Biostatistics, University of Genova, Italy. | Laboratory Medicine, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy. | Department of Neurology, Imperia Hospital, Imperia, Italy. | Neurology Unit, Galliera Hospital. | S.C. Neurologia - Ospedale Santa Corona Pietra Ligure (Sv). | SC Neurologia ASL 4 Chiavarese. | AISM Rehabilitation Center, Genoa, Italy. | Centro Sclerosi Multipla S.C. Neurologia Asl 3 Genovese. | Department of Neurology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, La Spezia, Italy. | Clinica Neurologica e Malattie Neurometaboliche, Universita degli Studi di Siena. | Centro Sclerosi Multipla ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia. | Multiple Sclerosis Clinical and Research Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University and Hospital, Rome, Italy. | Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, Universita di Torino Universita di Torino. | Centro Sclerosi Multipla, II Clinica Neurologica, Universita della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli. | Centro Sclerosi Multipla Ospedale Binaghi Cagliari - ATS Sardegna, Universita di Cagliari. | Neuroimmunology, Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Cerobrovascular Department, Neurological Unit, ASST Crema. | Department of Neurology, Regina Montis Regalis Hospital, Mondovi, Italy. | Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurology Unit, University of Pisa, Italy. | Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena. | Multiple Sclerosis Center, Fabrizio Spaziani Hospital, via Armando Fabi, Frosinone, Italy. | UOC Neurologia e Centro SM Fondazione Istituto G. Giglio, Cefalu. | Clinica Neurologica, DSNRO Universita Federico II di Napoli. | Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy. | MS Center, Department of Neurology, F. Tappeiner Hospital Meran (BZ), Italy. | Department of Neurology 2, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy. | Department of Neurology, Ospedale Regionale, Aosta, Italy. | Research Department, Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation, Genoa, Italy; Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Italy. | Centre for Experimental Neurological Therapies (CENTERS), Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy. | Autoimmunology Laboratory, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy. AN - 34563483 AU - Sormani, Maria Pia | Inglese, Matilde | Schiavetti, Irene | Carmisciano, Luca | Laroni, Alice | Lapucci, Caterina | Da Rin, Giorgio | Serrati, Carlo | Gandoglia, Ilaria | Tassinari, Tiziana | Perego, Germana | Brichetto, Giampaolo | Gazzola, Paola | Mannironi, Antonio | Stromillo, Maria Laura | Cordioli, Cinzia | Landi, Doriana | Clerico, Marinella | Signoriello, Elisabetta | Frau, Jessica | Ferrò, Maria Teresa | Di Sapio, Alessia | Pasquali, Livia | Ulivelli, Monica | Marinelli, Fabiana | Callari, Graziella | Iodice, Rosa | Liberatore, Giuseppe | Caleri, Francesca | Repice, Anna Maria | Cordera, Susanna | Battaglia, Mario Alberto | Salvetti, Marco | Franciotta, Diego | Uccelli, Antonio | Group, CovaXiMS Study C1 - 2021-07-30 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07302021_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 19 DO - 10.2139/ssrn.3886420 ET - 2021/09/27 KW - multiple Sclerosis, Coronavirus, Immunomodulatory therapies L1 - internal-pdf://0017358202/SSRN-id3886420.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Sormani, Maria Pia | Inglese, Matilde | Schiavetti, Irene | Carmisciano, Luca | Laroni, Alice | Lapucci, Caterina | Da Rin, Giorgio | Serrati, Carlo | Gandoglia, Ilaria | Tassinari, Tiziana | Perego, Germana | Brichetto, Giampaolo | Gazzola, Paola | Mannironi, Antonio | Stromillo, Maria Laura | Cordioli, Cinzia | Landi, Doriana | Clerico, Marinella | Signoriello, Elisabetta | Frau, Jessica | Ferro, Maria Teresa | Sapio, Alessia Di | Pasquali, Livia | Ulivelli, Monica | Marinelli, Fabiana | Callari, Graziella | Iodice, Rosa | Liberatore, Giuseppe | Caleri, Francesca | Repice, Anna Maria | Cordera, Susanna | Battaglia, Mario Alberto | Salvetti, Marco | Franciotta, Diego | Uccelli, Antonio | eng | Netherlands | EBioMedicine. 2021 Sep 19:103581. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103581. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among fully vaccinated multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses were significantly reduced in patients treated with fingolimod (26-fold less, p <0.001) or with the anti-CD20 agents: rituximab (17-fold less, p <0.001) or ocrelizumab (178-fold less, p <0.001), compared to untreated patients. | Vaccination with mRNA-1273 induced 3.5-fold higher antibody levels than BNT162b2. | Methods: MS patients in prospective multicenter cohort study in Italy were vaccinated with mRNA-1273 (Moderna, n = 186) or BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech, n = 594). Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD were measured before 1st vaccine dose and 4 weeks after the 2nd vaccine dose. Limitations: Sample size small in some treatment groups. | Implications: MS patients treated with fingolimod, rituximab, or ocrelizumab had reduced immune response after mRNA vaccination. SN - 2352-3964 (Electronic) | 2352-3964 (Linking) SP - 103581 ST - Effect of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination in MS Patients Treated With Disease Modifying Therapies T2 - SSRN TI - Effect of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination in MS Patients Treated With Disease Modifying Therapies UR - https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3886420 ID - 2186 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The new SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 was identified in December 2020 in the South-East of England, and rapidly increased in frequency and geographic spread. While there is some evidence for increased transmissibility of this variant, it is not known if the new variant presents with variation in symptoms or disease course, or if previously infected individuals may become reinfected with the new variant. Using longitudinal symptom and test reports of 36,920 users of the Covid Symptom Study app testing positive for COVID-19 between 28 September and 27 December 2020, we examined the association between the regional proportion of B.1.1.7 and reported symptoms, disease course, rates of reinfection, and transmissibility. We found no evidence for changes in reported symptoms, disease severity and disease duration associated with B.1.1.7. We found a likely reinfection rate of around 0.7% (95% CI 0.6-0.8), but no evidence that this was higher compared to older strains. We found an increase in R(t) by a factor of 1.35 (95% CI 1.02-1.69). Despite this, we found that regional and national lockdowns have reduced R(t) below 1 in regions with very high proportions of B.1.1.7.Competing Interest StatementAM, LP, SS, JCP, CH, JW are employees of Zoe Global Ltd. TDS is a consultant to Zoe Global Ltd. DAD and ATC previously served as investigators on a clinical trial of diet and lifestyle using a separate smartphone application that was supported by Zoe Global.Funding StatementZOE Global provided in kind support for all aspects of building, running and supporting the app and service to all users worldwide. COG-UK is supported by funding from the Medical Research Council (MRC) part of UK Research & Innovation (UKRI), the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) and Genome Research Limited, operating as the Wellcome Sanger Institute. Support for this study was provided by the NIHR-funded Biomedical Research Centre based at GSTT NHS Foundation Trust. Investigators also received support from the Wellcome Trust, the MRC/BHF, Alzheimer's Society, EU, NIHR, CDRF, and the NIHR-funded BioResource, Clinical Research Facility and BRC based at GSTT NHS Foundation Trust in partnership with KCL, the UK Research and Innovation London Medical Imaging & Artificial Intelligence Centre for Value Based Healthcare, the Wellcome Flagship Programme (WT213038/Z/18/Z), the Chronic Disease Research Foundation, and DHSC. ATC was supported in this work through a Stuart and Suzanne Steele MGH Research Scholar Award. The Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness (MassCPR) and Mark and Lisa Schwartz supported MGH investigators (DAD, LHN, ATC).Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Ethics has been approved by KCL Ethics Committee REMAS ID 18210, review reference LRS-19/20-18210 and all participants provided consent.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData collected in the COVID Symptom Study smartphone application are being shared with other health researchers through the UK National Health Service-funded Health Data Research UK (HDRUK) and Secure Anonymised Information Linkage consort um, housed in the UK Secure Research Platform (Swansea, UK). Anonymised data are available to be shared with researchers according to their protocols in the public interest (https://web.www.healthdatagateway.org/dataset/fddcb382-3051-4394-8436-b92295f14259). US investigators are encouraged to coordinate data requests through the Coronavirus Pandemic Epidemiology Consortium (https://www.monganinstitute.org/cope-consortium). https://web.www.healthdatagateway.org/dataset/fddcb382-3051-4394-8436-b92295f14259 AU - Graham, Mark S. | Sudre, Carole H. | May, Anna | Antonelli, Michela | Murray, Benjamin | Varsavsky, Thomas | Kläser, Kerstin | Canas, Liane S. | Molteni, Erika | Modat, Marc | Drew, David A. | Nguyen, Long H. | Polidori, Lorenzo | Selvachandran, Somesh | Hu, Christina | Capdevila, Joan | Hammers, Alexander | Chan, Andrew T. | Wolf, Jonathan | Spector, Tim D. | Steves, Claire J. | Ourselin, Sebastien C1 - 2021-02-12 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02122021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.01.28.21250680 L1 - internal-pdf://3729263750/Graham-2021-The effect of SARS-CoV-2 variant B.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 is more transmissible than other co-circulating SARS-CoV-2 viruses but not associated with increased symptoms or disease severity. | Despite a rise in B.1.1.7 infections, reinfection rates remain low (0.7%, 95% CI 0.6-0.8). | Methods: Symptom, genomic, and test result data prospectively collected from September to December 2020 in the UK were aggregated and compared by region. Self-reported symptoms and tests were collected via a mobile application. Probable B.1.1.7 infections were inferred from spike gene target failures and correlated to genomic sequencing. Transmissibility was estimated with the time-varying reproductive number (Rt). Limitations: Ecological comparisons between data sources that relies on self-reported data. | Implications: SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 is highly transmissible but does not have a clear association with severe outcomes. In contrast, although this study did not examine mortality, Davies et alexternal icon. found a 30% increase in 28-day mortality with B.1.1.7 SP - 2021.01.28.21250680 ST - The effect of SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 on symptomatology, re-infection and transmissibility T2 - medRxiv TI - The effect of SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 on symptomatology, re-infection and transmissibility TT - Published article: Changes in symptomatology, reinfection, and transmissibility associated with the SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7: an ecological study UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/01/29/2021.01.28.21250680.full.pdf | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/03/21/2021.01.28.21250680.full.pdf ID - 1497 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Various comorbidities represent risk factors for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The impact of smoking on COVID-19 severity has been previously reported in several meta-analyses limited by small sample sizes and poor methodology. We aimed to rigorously and definitively quantify the effects of smoking on COVID-19 severity. MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, and Web of Science were searched between 1 December 2019 and 2 June 2020. Studies reporting smoking status of hospitalized patients with different severities of disease and/or at least one clinical endpoint of interest (disease progression, intensive care unit admission, need for mechanical ventilation, and mortality) were included. Data were pooled using a random-effects model. This study was registered on PROSPERO: CRD42020180920. We analyzed 47 eligible studies reporting on 32 849 hospitalized COVID-19 patients, with 8417 (25.6%) reporting a smoking history, comprising 1501 current smokers, 5676 former smokers, and 1240 unspecified smokers. Current smokers had an increased risk of severe COVID-19 (risk ratios [RR]: 1.80; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.14-2.85; P = .012), and severe or critical COVID-19 (RR: 1.98; CI: 1.16-3.38; P = .012). Patients with a smoking history had a significantly increased risk of severe COVID-19 (RR: 1.31; CI: 1.12-1.54; P = .001), severe or critical COVID-19 (RR: 1.35; CI: 1.19-1.53; P < .0001), in-hospital mortality (RR: 1.26; CI: 1.20-1.32; P < .0001), disease progression (RR: 2.18; CI: 1.06-4.49; P = .035), and need for mechanical ventilation (RR: 1.20; CI: 1.01-1.42; P = .043). Patients with any smoking history are vulnerable to severe COVID-19 and worse in-hospital outcomes. In the absence of current targeted therapies, preventative, and supportive strategies to reduce morbidity and mortality in current and former smokers are crucial. AD - Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK. | Department of Women and Children's Health, King's College London, London, UK. | Kellogg College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. AN - 32749705 AU - Reddy, R. K. | Charles, W. N. | Sklavounos, A. | Dutt, A. | Seed, P. T. | Khajuria, A. C1 - 2020-08-14 C2 - Risk Factors and Vulnerabilities CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08142020_covidupdate.html DA - Feb DO - 10.1002/jmv.26389 ET - 2020/08/05 IS - 2 KW - COVID-19/mortality/*physiopathology | Hospital Mortality | Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data | Humans | Intensive Care Units/statistics & numerical data | Respiration, Artificial/statistics & numerical data | Risk Factors | Smoking/*adverse effects | *coronavirus | *epidemiology | *pandemics | *pathogenesis | *respiratory tract | *virus classification | *zoonoses L1 - internal-pdf://2935921227/Reddy-2021-The effect of smoking on COVID-19 s.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Reddy, Rohin K; Charles, Walton N; Sklavounos, Alexandros; Dutt, Atul; Seed, Paul T; Khajuria, Ankur; eng; Meta-Analysis; Systematic Review; J Med Virol. 2021 Feb;93(2):1045-1056. doi: 10.1002/jmv.26389. Epub 2020 Aug 13. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Largest metanalysis of peer reviewed literature finds that past and current smokers are at significantly increased risk of severe COPVID-19 outcomes, including mortality. SN - 1096-9071 (Electronic); 0146-6615 (Linking) SP - 1045-1056 ST - The effect of smoking on COVID-19 severity: A systematic review and meta-analysis T2 - J Med Virol TI - The effect of smoking on COVID-19 severity: A systematic review and meta-analysis UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32749705 VL - 93 ID - 701 ER - TY - JOUR AB - State-level stay-at-home orders were monitored to determine their effect on the rate of confirmed COVID-19 diagnoses. Confirmed cases were tracked before and after state-level stay-at-home orders were put in place. Linear regression techniques were used to determine slopes for log case count data, and meta analyses were conducted to combine data across states. The results were remarkably consistent across states and support the usefulness of stay-at-home orders in reducing COVID-19 infection rates. AD - Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21231. Electronic address: rcastil1@jhu.edu. | Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21231. AN - 32461066 AU - Castillo, R. C. | Staguhn, E. D. | Weston-Farber, E. C1 - 2020-06-05 C2 - Stay-at-Home Orders CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060520_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.05.017 ET - 2020/05/29 IS - 8 KW - Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*prevention & control/*transmission/virology | Humans | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*prevention & control/*transmission/virology | SARS-CoV-2 | *Coronavirus | *Epidemiology | *Nonpharmaceutical intervention L1 - internal-pdf://3124423468/Castillo-2020-The effect of state-level stay-a.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Castillo, Renan C; Staguhn, Elena D; Weston-Farber, Elias; eng; Meta-Analysis; Am J Infect Control. 2020 Aug;48(8):958-960. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.05.017. Epub 2020 May 24. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; COVID-19 infection rates decreased across all 42 states following issued orders. | On average, the doubling rate (time it takes for COVID-19 case counts to double) increased from 5�? days to 14 days following stay-at-home orders. | Methods: For 42 states that implemented stay-at-home orders during March 19–April 7, 2020, COVID-19 infection rates were calculated before and after the issued orders, and data was combined across states to estimate overall rates of change after orders were issued. Limitations: Availability of testing, particularly in the beginning of the outbreak, may have affected case counts. | Implications for 2 studies (Sen et al. & Castillo et al.): Rates of COVID-19 infection and hospitalization decreased following issued stay-at-home orders and/or other public health interventions implemented around the same time to curb COVID-19, such as school closures, social distancing, and use of masks. Findings demonstrate the utility of these interventions in decreasing disease burden and limiting strain on the healthcare system. SN - 1527-3296 (Electronic); 0196-6553 (Linking) SP - 958-960 ST - The effect of state-level stay-at-home orders on COVID-19 infection rates T2 - Am J Infect Control TI - The effect of state-level stay-at-home orders on COVID-19 infection rates UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32461066 VL - 48 Y2 - 2021/05/12 ID - 315 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The rate at which COVID-19 has spread throughout the globe has been alarming. While the role of fomite transmission is not yet fully understood, precise data on the environmental stability of SARS-CoV-2 is required to determine the risks of fomite transmission from contaminated surfaces. METHODS: This study measured the survival rates of infectious SARS-CoV-2, suspended in a standard ASTM E2197 matrix, on several common surface types. All experiments were carried out in the dark, to negate any effects of UV light. Inoculated surfaces were incubated at 20 degrees C, 30 degrees C and 40 degrees C and sampled at various time points. RESULTS: Survival rates of SARS-CoV-2 were determined at different temperatures and D-values, Z-values and half-life were calculated. We obtained half lives of between 1.7 and 2.7 days at 20 degrees C, reducing to a few hours when temperature was elevated to 40 degrees C. With initial viral loads broadly equivalent to the highest titres excreted by infectious patients, viable virus was isolated for up to 28 days at 20 degrees C from common surfaces such as glass, stainless steel and both paper and polymer banknotes. Conversely, infectious virus survived less than 24 h at 40 degrees C on some surfaces. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate SARS-CoV-2 can remain infectious for significantly longer time periods than generally considered possible. These results could be used to inform improved risk mitigation procedures to prevent the fomite spread of COVID-19. AD - Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia. Shane.Riddell@csiro.au. | Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, VIC, Australia. AN - 33028356 AU - Riddell, S. | Goldie, S. | Hill, A. | Eagles, D. | Drew, T. W. C1 - 2020-10-13 C2 - Laboratory Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/101320_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 7 DO - 10.1186/s12985-020-01418-7 ET - 2020/10/09 IS - 1 KW - Betacoronavirus/*physiology | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*virology | Humans | Microbial Viability | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*virology | SARS-CoV-2 | Temperature | Ultraviolet Rays | Viral Load | *covid-19 | *Environmental stability | *SARS-CoV-2 | *Survivability L1 - internal-pdf://2370102514/Riddell-2020-The effect of temperature on pers.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Riddell, Shane; Goldie, Sarah; Hill, Andrew; Eagles, Debbie; Drew, Trevor W; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Virol J. 2020 Oct 7;17(1):145. doi: 10.1186/s12985-020-01418-7. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The half-life of SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces was between 1.7 and 2.7 days at 20��C and decreased to �? hours at 40��C. | Infectious SARS-CoV-2 was isolated from all surfaces, except cotton, for up to 28 days at 20��C and up to 2 days at 40��C (Figure). | Infectious virus was isolated on cotton for up to 14 days at 20��C and up to 1 day at 40��C. | Methods: Survival time of SARS-CoV-2 was tested on various surfaces at 20��C, 30��C, and 40��C with 50% relative humidity. Inoculated samples were kept in the dark for the duration of the experiment. Limitations: Unclear if the study virus titer was that which would reasonably be deposited on surfaces; study was conducted in the dark to remove the effect of UV light, which can inactivate the virus. | Implications for 2 studies (Hirose et al. & Riddell et al.): SARS-CoV-2 may have a higher risk of transmission than influenza virus due to longer stability on human skin and ethanol-based disinfectants may be an important intervention to mitigating the risk of transmission. Viable SARS-CoV-2 appears to last for extended periods on various surfaces highlighting the importance of disinfection of surfaces. SN - 1743-422X (Electronic); 1743-422X (Linking) SP - 145 ST - The effect of temperature on persistence of SARS-CoV-2 on common surfaces T2 - Virol J TI - The effect of temperature on persistence of SARS-CoV-2 on common surfaces UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33028356 VL - 17 ID - 1048 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Our objective was to quantify trends in emergency medical services (EMS) incidents as the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic spread across the United States and to determine if there was an increase in EMS-attended deaths. METHODS: We conducted a 3-year comparative retrospective cohort analysis of data from the National EMS Information System. Data were included if care was provided between the 40th and 21st weeks of the next year and compared over 3 years. We included incidents identified through 9-1-1 where patient contact was made. The total number of EMS incidents per week was used as the denominator to calculate the rate of patient deaths and possible injury. We assessed for temporal and seasonal trends. RESULTS: Starting in the 10th week of 2020 there was a decrease in the number of EMS activations in the United States compared to the prior weeks and the same time period in previous years. The number of activations between week 10 and week 16 decreased by 140,292 or 26.1%. The portion of EMS activations reporting a patient disposition of death nearly doubled between the 11th and 15th weeks of 2020 (1.49%-2.77% of all activations). The number of EMS activations documenting a possible injury decreased from 18.43% to 15.27% between weeks 10 and 13. CONCLUSION: We found that early in the COVID-19 outbreak there was a significant decrease in the number of EMS responses across the United States. Simultaneously the rate of EMS-attended death doubled, while the rate of injuries decreased. AD - From the, Department of Emergency Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA. | the, Department of Emergency Medicine, Center for Policy and Research in Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA. | and the, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. AN - 32557999 AU - Lerner, E. B. | Newgard, C. D. | Mann, N. C. C1 - 2020-06-30 C2 - Emergency Medical Service Care During COVID-19 Pandemic CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/063020_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.1111/acem.14051 DP - NLM ET - 2020/06/20 IS - 8 KW - COVID-19/diagnosis/*epidemiology | Cohort Studies | Emergencies/*epidemiology | Emergency Medical Services/*statistics & numerical data | Female | Health Information Systems/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Male | Outcome Assessment, Health Care/statistics & numerical data | Pandemics/*statistics & numerical data | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 | United States L1 - internal-pdf://1419915331/Lerner-2020-Effect of the Coronavirus Disease.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Lerner, E Brooke; Newgard, Craig D; Mann, N Clay; eng; Acad Emerg Med. 2020 Aug;27(8):693-699. doi: 10.1111/acem.14051. Epub 2020 Jul 7. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Emergency medical services (EMS) responses decreased 25% during March–May 2020 compared with the same period in previous years (Figure 1A). | During the same period, EMS-attended deaths in the field doubled (Figures 1B). | Methods: Analysis of National EMS Information System (NEMSIS) data for EMS care, October–May, 2018�?0. Limitations: States in NEMSIS increased 33% during study period; unknown causes of death. | Implications of Lerner et al. and Lai et al.: These data strongly suggest that persons with life-threatening emergencies delayed seeking timely care, perhaps as a result of stay-at-home orders or fear of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in the healthcare system, resulting in increased out-of-hospital and EMS-attended deaths. SN - 1553-2712 (Electronic); 1069-6563 (Linking) SP - 693-699 ST - Effect of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic on the U.S. Emergency Medical Services System: A Preliminary Report T2 - Acad Emerg Med TI - Effect of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic on the U.S. Emergency Medical Services System: A Preliminary Report UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32557999 VL - 27 ID - 463 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 9RS, UK. | Department of Infection Science and Virology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 9RS, UK. | Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 9RS, UK. Electronic address: atul.gupta@kcl.ac.uk. AN - 33581054 AU - Brookman, S. | Cook, J. | Zucherman, M. | Broughton, S. | Harman, K. | Gupta, A. C1 - 2021-02-19 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02192021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr DO - 10.1016/S2352-4642(21)00030-4 ET - 2021/02/14 IS - 4 KW - Adolescent | COVID-19/epidemiology | Child | Child, Preschool | Female | Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data | Humans | Infant | London/epidemiology | Male | *Minors | Patient Admission/statistics & numerical data | Prevalence | *SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://2448164318/Brookman-2021-Effect of the new SARS-CoV-2 var.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Brookman, Sarah; Cook, James; Zucherman, Mark; Broughton, Simon; Harman, Katharine; Gupta, Atul; eng; Letter; England; Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2021 Apr;5(4):e9-e10. doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(21)00030-4. Epub 2021 Feb 10. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Data from the first (March 1–May 31, 2020) and second (November 1, 2020–January 19, 2021) waves of the pandemic at one hospital in south London suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection with the B.1.1.7 variant does not result in a more severe disease course than the wild-type SARS-CoV-2 strain and that severe COVID-19 remains uncommon in children and young people. SN - 2352-4650 (Electronic); 2352-4642 (Linking) SP - e9-e10 ST - Effect of the new SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 on children and young people T2 - Lancet Child Adolesc Health TI - Effect of the new SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 on children and young people UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33581054 VL - 5 Y2 - 2021/05/14 ID - 1508 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVE: To determine whether tocilizumab improves clinical outcomes for patients with severe or critical coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19). DESIGN: Randomised, open label trial. SETTING: Nine hospitals in Brazil, 8 May to 17 July 2020. PARTICIPANTS: Adults with confirmed covid-19 who were receiving supplemental oxygen or mechanical ventilation and had abnormal levels of at least two serum biomarkers (C reactive protein, D dimer, lactate dehydrogenase, or ferritin). The data monitoring committee recommended stopping the trial early, after 129 patients had been enrolled, because of an increased number of deaths at 15 days in the tocilizumab group. INTERVENTIONS: Tocilizumab (single intravenous infusion of 8 mg/kg) plus standard care (n=65) versus standard care alone (n=64). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The primary outcome, clinical status measured at 15 days using a seven level ordinal scale, was analysed as a composite of death or mechanical ventilation because the assumption of odds proportionality was not met. RESULTS: A total of 129 patients were enrolled (mean age 57 (SD 14) years; 68% men) and all completed follow-up. All patients in the tocilizumab group and two in the standard care group received tocilizumab. 18 of 65 (28%) patients in the tocilizumab group and 13 of 64 (20%) in the standard care group were receiving mechanical ventilation or died at day 15 (odds ratio 1.54, 95% confidence interval 0.66 to 3.66; P=0.32). Death at 15 days occurred in 11 (17%) patients in the tocilizumab group compared with 2 (3%) in the standard care group (odds ratio 6.42, 95% confidence interval 1.59 to 43.2). Adverse events were reported in 29 of 67 (43%) patients who received tocilizumab and 21 of 62 (34%) who did not receive tocilizumab. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with severe or critical covid-19, tocilizumab plus standard care was not superior to standard care alone in improving clinical outcomes at 15 days, and it might increase mortality. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04403685. AD - BP-A Beneficencia Portuguesa de Sao Paulo, Rua Maestro Cardim, 769-Bela Vista, Sao Paulo-SP, 01323-001, Brazil viviane.veiga@bp.org.br. | Brazilian Research in Intensive Care Network-BRICNet, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | BP-A Beneficencia Portuguesa de Sao Paulo, Rua Maestro Cardim, 769-Bela Vista, Sao Paulo-SP, 01323-001, Brazil. | Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil. | HCor Research Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Anesthesiology, Pain and Intensive Care Department, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA. | Brazilian Clinical Research Institute, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Academic Research Organization, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Hospital Sirio-Libanes, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | International Research Center-Hospital Alemao Oswaldo Cruz, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Fleury Medicine and Health Laboratories, Grupo Fleury, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Santa Casa de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil. | Hospital Santa Paula, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Hospital SEPACO, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Hospital Alemao Oswaldo Cruz, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Estatikos Consultoria Estatistica, Sao Paulo, Brazil. AN - 33472855 AU - Veiga, V. C. | Prats, Jagg | Farias, D. L. C. | Rosa, R. G. | Dourado, L. K. | Zampieri, F. G. | Machado, F. R. | Lopes, R. D. | Berwanger, O. | Azevedo, L. C. P. | Avezum, A. | Lisboa, T. C. | Rojas, S. S. O. | Coelho, J. C. | Leite, R. T. | Carvalho, J. C. | Andrade, L. E. C. | Sandes, A. F. | Pintao, M. C. T. | Castro, C. G., Jr. | Santos, S. V. | de Almeida, T. M. L. | Costa, A. N. | Gebara, O. C. E. | de Freitas, F. G. R. | Pacheco, E. S. | Machado, D. J. B. | Martin, J. | Conceicao, F. G. | Siqueira, S. R. R. | Damiani, L. P. | Ishihara, L. M. | Schneider, D. | de Souza, D. | Cavalcanti, A. B. | Scheinberg, P. | Coalition covid-19 Brazil, V. I. Investigators C1 - 2021-01-29 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01292021_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 20 DO - 10.1136/bmj.n84 ET - 2021/01/22 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Anti-Inflammatory Agents/*therapeutic use | Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/*therapeutic use | COVID-19/diagnosis/*drug therapy/mortality/therapy | Critical Illness | Female | Follow-Up Studies | Hospitalization | Humans | Infusions, Intravenous | Male | Middle Aged | Respiration, Artificial | Severity of Illness Index | Treatment Outcome | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://2024209633/Veiga-2021-Effect of tocilizumab on clinical o.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Veiga, Viviane C; Prats, Joao A G G; Farias, Danielle L C; Rosa, Regis G; Dourado, Leticia K; Zampieri, Fernando G; Machado, Flavia R; Lopes, Renato D; Berwanger, Otavio; Azevedo, Luciano C P; Avezum, Alvaro; Lisboa, Thiago C; Rojas, Salomon S O; Coelho, Juliana C; Leite, Rodrigo T; Carvalho, Julio C; Andrade, Luis E C; Sandes, Alex F; Pintao, Maria C T; Castro, Claudio G Jr; Santos, Sueli V; de Almeida, Thiago M L; Costa, Andre N; Gebara, Otavio C E; de Freitas, Flavio G Rezende; Pacheco, Eduardo S; Machado, David J B; Martin, Josiane; Conceicao, Fabio G; Siqueira, Suellen R R; Damiani, Lucas P; Ishihara, Luciana M; Schneider, Daniel; de Souza, Denise; Cavalcanti, Alexandre B; Scheinberg, Phillip; eng; Multicenter Study; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; BMJ. 2021 Jan 20;372:n84. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n84. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In a randomized clinical trial of 129 patients with severe COVID-19 enrolled in Brazil between May and July 2020, tocilizumab, an anti–interleukin-6 receptor monoclonal antibody, was not superior to standard care and might increase mortality; the trial was stopped early due to an increased number of deaths at 15 days in the tocilizumab group. SN - 1756-1833 (Electronic); 0959-8138 (Linking) SP - n84 ST - Effect of tocilizumab on clinical outcomes at 15 days in patients with severe or critical coronavirus disease 2019: randomised controlled trial T2 - BMJ TI - Effect of tocilizumab on clinical outcomes at 15 days in patients with severe or critical coronavirus disease 2019: randomised controlled trial UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33472855 VL - 372 ID - 1441 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is threatening billions of people worldwide. Tocilizumab has shown promising results in retrospective studies in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia with a good safety profile. Objective: To evaluate the effect of early tocilizumab administration vs standard therapy in preventing clinical worsening in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia. Design, Setting, and Participants: Prospective, open-label, randomized clinical trial that randomized patients hospitalized between March 31 and June 11, 2020, with COVID-19 pneumonia to receive tocilizumab or standard of care in 24 hospitals in Italy. Cases of COVID-19 were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction method with nasopharyngeal swab. Eligibility criteria included COVID-19 pneumonia documented by radiologic imaging, partial pressure of arterial oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen (Pao2/Fio2) ratio between 200 and 300 mm Hg, and an inflammatory phenotype defined by fever and elevated C-reactive protein. Interventions: Patients in the experimental arm received intravenous tocilizumab within 8 hours from randomization (8 mg/kg up to a maximum of 800 mg), followed by a second dose after 12 hours. Patients in the control arm received supportive care following the protocols of each clinical center until clinical worsening and then could receive tocilizumab as a rescue therapy. Main Outcome and Measures: The primary composite outcome was defined as entry into the intensive care unit with invasive mechanical ventilation, death from all causes, or clinical aggravation documented by the finding of a Pao2/Fio2 ratio less than 150 mm Hg, whichever came first. Results: A total of 126 patients were randomized (60 to the tocilizumab group; 66 to the control group). The median (interquartile range) age was 60.0 (53.0-72.0) years, and the majority of patients were male (77 of 126, 61.1%). Three patients withdrew from the study, leaving 123 patients available for the intention-to-treat analyses. Seventeen patients of 60 (28.3%) in the tocilizumab arm and 17 of 63 (27.0%) in the standard care group showed clinical worsening within 14 days since randomization (rate ratio, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.59-1.86). Two patients in the experimental group and 1 in the control group died before 30 days from randomization, and 6 and 5 patients were intubated in the 2 groups, respectively. The trial was prematurely interrupted after an interim analysis for futility. Conclusions and Relevance: In this randomized clinical trial of hospitalized adult patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and Pao2/Fio2 ratio between 200 and 300 mm Hg who received tocilizumab, no benefit on disease progression was observed compared with standard care. Further blinded, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials are needed to confirm the results and to evaluate possible applications of tocilizumab in different stages of the disease. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04346355; EudraCT Identifier: 2020-001386-37. AD - SOC Reumatologia, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy. | Unita di Reumatologia, Universita degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy. | Unita di Malattie Infettive, Universita degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy. | SOC Malattie Infettive, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy. | SC Infrastruttura Ricerca e Statistica, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy. | SC Epidemiologia Clinica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy. | SOC Internistica Multidisciplinare, Ospedale Civile Guastalla, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy. | SOC Farmacia, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy. | UOC Medicina Generale Ospedale di Vittorio Veneto, Treviso, Italy. | Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Universita degli Studi di Firenze, SOD Malattie infettive e tropicali, AOU Careggi, Firenze, Italy. | Medicina Interna 1, Dipartimento Emergenza ed Accettazione, AOU Careggi, Firenze, Italy. | UO di Malattie Infettive, Ospedale Regionale Ca' Foncello di Treviso, Treviso, Italy. | SSD Centro DH Allergologia e Immunologia Clinica, ASST-Mantova, Mantva, Italy. | UOC Malattie Infettive e Tropicali, AOUI di Verona, Verona, Italy. | SS Reumatologia, SC Medicina Interna, DIMET, Universita del Piemonte Orientale e AOU Maggiore della Carita di Novara. | Reumatologia, Medicina Interna, Ospedale S. Andrea, La Spezia, Italy. | UOC Malattie Infettive, AUSL di Piacenza, Piacenza, Italy. | Unita di malattie Infettive, ASST di Cremona, Cremona, Italy. | UOC Medicina Generale, ULSS6 Euganea Ospedali Riuniti Padova Sud, Padova, Italy. | SC Medicina Interna, AO Ordine Mauriziano, Torino, Italy. | SC Malattie dell'Apparato Respiratorio, AO SS. Antonio e Biagio e C. Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy. | Unita di Malattie Infettive, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Universita di Pisa, Pisa, Italy. | SC Malattie Infettive, ASL1 Imperia, Impersia, Italy. | UO Malattie Infettive ed Epatologia, AOU Parma, Parma, Italy. | Malattie Infettive e Tropicali, AO S. Croce e Carle, Cuneo, Italy. | UO Medicina, Ospedale di Treviglio, ASST Bergamo Ovest, Bergamo, Italy. | Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Tropicali e Microbiologia, IRCCS Ospedale Sacro Cuore-Don Calabria, Negrar di Valpolicella, Verona, Italy. | Medicina Interna Universitaria, AOU Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy. | Medicina Interna, Ospedale Evangelico, Genoa, Italy. | UO Malattie Infettive, Dipartimento di scienze mediche e chirurgiche, Universita di Bologna, Bologna, Italy. | UOC Medicina Interna, AUSSS3 Serenissima, Dolo, Venezia, Italy. | SOC Pneumologia, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy. | Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy. AN - 33080005 AU - Salvarani, C. | Dolci, G. | Massari, M. | Merlo, D. F. | Cavuto, S. | Savoldi, L. | Bruzzi, P. | Boni, F. | Braglia, L. | Turra, C. | Ballerini, P. F. | Sciascia, R. | Zammarchi, L. | Para, O. | Scotton, P. G. | Inojosa, W. O. | Ravagnani, V. | Salerno, N. D. | Sainaghi, P. P. | Brignone, A. | Codeluppi, M. | Teopompi, E. | Milesi, M. | Bertomoro, P. | Claudio, N. | Salio, M. | Falcone, M. | Cenderello, G. | Donghi, L. | Del Bono, V. | Colombelli, P. L. | Angheben, A. | Passaro, A. | Secondo, G. | Pascale, R. | Piazza, I. | Facciolongo, N. | Costantini, M. | Rct-Tcz-Covid- Study Group C1 - 2020-10-30 C2 - IL-6 and Tocilizumab CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/103020_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 1 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.6615 ET - 2020/10/21 IS - 1 KW - Aged | Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/*therapeutic use | Blood Gas Analysis | C-Reactive Protein/metabolism | COVID-19/*drug therapy/metabolism/physiopathology | Disease Progression | Early Termination of Clinical Trials | Female | Fever | *Hospital Mortality | Hospitalization | Humans | Intensive Care Units/*statistics & numerical data | Italy | Male | Medical Futility | Middle Aged | Receptors, Interleukin-6/antagonists & inhibitors | Respiration, Artificial/*statistics & numerical data | Respiratory Insufficiency/physiopathology/*therapy | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://3846823873/Salvarani-2021-Effect of Tocilizumab vs Standa.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Salvarani, Carlo; Dolci, Giovanni; Massari, Marco; Merlo, Domenico Franco; Cavuto, Silvio; Savoldi, Luisa; Bruzzi, Paolo; Boni, Fabrizio; Braglia, Luca; Turra, Caterina; Ballerini, Pier Ferruccio; Sciascia, Roberto; Zammarchi, Lorenzo; Para, Ombretta; Scotton, Pier Giorgio; Inojosa, Walter Omar; Ravagnani, Viviana; Salerno, Nicola Duccio; Sainaghi, Pier Paolo; Brignone, Alessandro; Codeluppi, Mauro; Teopompi, Elisabetta; Milesi, Maurizio; Bertomoro, Perla; Claudio, Norbiato; Salio, Mario; Falcone, Marco; Cenderello, Giovanni; Donghi, Lorenzo; Del Bono, Valerio; Colombelli, Paolo Luigi; Angheben, Andrea; Passaro, Angelina; Secondo, Giovanni; Pascale, Renato; Piazza, Ilaria; Facciolongo, Nicola; Costantini, Massimo; eng; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Jan 1;181(1):24-31. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.6615. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; There was no difference in rates of clinical worsening (admission to ICU with mechanical ventilation, respiratory distress, or death) in patients who received tocilizumab, n = 17, 28.3%, compared with those who received standard care, n = 17; 27.0% (rate ratio = 1.05, 95% CI 0.59-1.86, p = 0.87) (Figure 1). | Groups did not differ in time to clinical worsening. | Patients who received tocilizumab did not differ from control patients in ICU admission rate (10.0% vs 7.9%) or in rate of hospital discharge at 14 (56.7% vs 57.1%) or 30 days (90.0% vs 92.1%). | Methods: 24-center, open-label, randomized clinical trial (RCT) conducted from March 31 to June 11, 2020 in Italy comparing tocilizumab treatment to standard care in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Patients were randomized to receive either tocilizumab (n = 60) or standard care (n = 63). Primary outcome was clinical worsening. Patients were clinically assessed for 14 days and followed for �?0 days to determine ICU admission and mortality. Limitations: Open-label trial; patients not matched on baseline characteristics; no data for patients with more severe disease. | Implications from Guirao et al., Hermine et al., Gupta et al., Stone et al., & Salvarini et al.: High serum concentrations of IL-6 are strongly associated with severe COVID-19 and serve as the biologic basis for early off-label use of tocilizumab for COVID-19. While the two cohort studies (Gupta & Hermine) did see a benefit of tocilizumab, the RCTs presented did not show that tocilizumab shortened the COVID-19 clinical course or decreased mortality (Stone & Salvarini). A commentary on these studies by Parr elaborates on the confounders associated with observational studies and why high-quality RCTs should guide decisions about tocilizumab use in COVID-19 patients. The studies presented here support current National Institutes of Health and Infectious Disease Society of America guidelines that do not recommend routine tocilizumab use for treatment of COVID-19. SN - 2168-6114 (Electronic); 2168-6106 (Linking) SP - 24-31 ST - Effect of Tocilizumab vs Standard Care on Clinical Worsening in Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Randomized Clinical Trial T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - Effect of Tocilizumab vs Standard Care on Clinical Worsening in Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 Pneumonia: A Randomized Clinical Trial UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33080005 VL - 181 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1147 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Severe pneumonia with hyperinflammation and elevated interleukin-6 is a common presentation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Objective: To determine whether tocilizumab (TCZ) improves outcomes of patients hospitalized with moderate-to-severe COVID-19 pneumonia. Design, Setting, and Particpants: This cohort-embedded, investigator-initiated, multicenter, open-label, bayesian randomized clinical trial investigating patients with COVID-19 and moderate or severe pneumonia requiring at least 3 L/min of oxygen but without ventilation or admission to the intensive care unit was conducted between March 31, 2020, to April 18, 2020, with follow-up through 28 days. Patients were recruited from 9 university hospitals in France. Analyses were performed on an intention-to-treat basis with no correction for multiplicity for secondary outcomes. Interventions: Patients were randomly assigned to receive TCZ, 8 mg/kg, intravenously plus usual care on day 1 and on day 3 if clinically indicated (TCZ group) or to receive usual care alone (UC group). Usual care included antibiotic agents, antiviral agents, corticosteroids, vasopressor support, and anticoagulants. Main Outcomes and Measures: Primary outcomes were scores higher than 5 on the World Health Organization 10-point Clinical Progression Scale (WHO-CPS) on day 4 and survival without need of ventilation (including noninvasive ventilation) at day 14. Secondary outcomes were clinical status assessed with the WHO-CPS scores at day 7 and day 14, overall survival, time to discharge, time to oxygen supply independency, biological factors such as C-reactive protein level, and adverse events. Results: Of 131 patients, 64 patients were randomly assigned to the TCZ group and 67 to UC group; 1 patient in the TCZ group withdrew consent and was not included in the analysis. Of the 130 patients, 42 were women (32%), and median (interquartile range) age was 64 (57.1-74.3) years. In the TCZ group, 12 patients had a WHO-CPS score greater than 5 at day 4 vs 19 in the UC group (median posterior absolute risk difference [ARD] -9.0%; 90% credible interval [CrI], -21.0 to 3.1), with a posterior probability of negative ARD of 89.0% not achieving the 95% predefined efficacy threshold. At day 14, 12% (95% CI -28% to 4%) fewer patients needed noninvasive ventilation (NIV) or mechanical ventilation (MV) or died in the TCZ group than in the UC group (24% vs 36%, median posterior hazard ratio [HR] 0.58; 90% CrI, 0.33-1.00), with a posterior probability of HR less than 1 of 95.0%, achieving the predefined efficacy threshold. The HR for MV or death was 0.58 (90% CrI, 0.30 to 1.09). At day 28, 7 patients had died in the TCZ group and 8 in the UC group (adjusted HR, 0.92; 95% CI 0.33-2.53). Serious adverse events occurred in 20 (32%) patients in the TCZ group and 29 (43%) in the UC group (P = .21). Conclusions and Relevance: In this randomized clinical trial of patients with COVID-19 and pneumonia requiring oxygen support but not admitted to the intensive care unit, TCZ did not reduce WHO-CPS scores lower than 5 at day 4 but might have reduced the risk of NIV, MV, or death by day 14. No difference on day 28 mortality was found. Further studies are necessary for confirming these preliminary results. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04331808. AD - Department of Hematology, Hopital Necker, Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris, France. | Institut Imagine, Universite de Paris, INSERM UMR1183, Paris France. | Department of Rheumatology, Hopital Bicetre, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, France. | Universite Paris-Saclay, INSERM UMR1184, Le Kremlin Bicetre, France. | Paris Cardiovascular Center-PARCC, Universite de Paris, INSERM, F-75015 Paris, France. | Universite de Paris, ECSTRRA Team-CRESS-UMR 1153, INSERM, 75010, Paris, France. | URC Saint-Louis, AP-HP, Hopital Saint-Louis, 75010, France. | Universite de Paris, Centre of Research Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), INSERM U1153, Paris, France. | Centre d'Epidemiologie Clinique, AP-HP (Assistance Publique des Hopitaux de Paris), Hopital Hotel Dieu, Paris, France. AN - 33080017 AU - Hermine, O. | Mariette, X. | Tharaux, P. L. | Resche-Rigon, M. | Porcher, R. | Ravaud, P. | Corimuno- Collaborative Group C1 - 2020-10-30 C2 - IL-6 and Tocilizumab CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/103020_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 1 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.6820 ET - 2020/10/21 IS - 1 KW - Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use | Aged | Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use | Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/*therapeutic use | Anticoagulants/therapeutic use | Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use | COVID-19/*drug therapy/physiopathology | Disease Progression | Female | *Hospital Mortality | Hospitalization | Humans | Intubation, Intratracheal/*statistics & numerical data | Male | Middle Aged | Mortality | Noninvasive Ventilation/*statistics & numerical data | Oxygen Inhalation Therapy | Receptors, Interleukin-6/antagonists & inhibitors | Respiration, Artificial/statistics & numerical data | Respiratory Insufficiency/physiopathology/*therapy | SARS-CoV-2 | Severity of Illness Index | Vasoconstrictor Agents/therapeutic use L1 - internal-pdf://3638952228/Hermine-2021-Effect of Tocilizumab vs Usual Ca.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Hermine, Olivier; Mariette, Xavier; Tharaux, Pierre-Louis; Resche-Rigon, Matthieu; Porcher, Raphael; Ravaud, Philippe; eng; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Jan 1;181(1):32-40. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.6820. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Patients receiving tocilizumab had similar scores to the usual care [UC] group on the World Health Organization 10-point Clinical Progression Scale (WHO-CPS) on day 4 (Figure). | 12 of 63 (19%) patients randomized to receive tocilizumab had a WHO-CPS score higher than 5 vs 19 of 667 (28%) in the UC group (absolute difference -9%, 90% credible interval -21.0-3.1). | On day 14, the proportion of patients with noninvasive ventilation (NIV), high flow oxygen, mechanical ventilation (MV) or death was lower in the tocilizumab group: 24% (95% CI 13%-35%) compared with 36% (95% CI 33%-58%) in the UC group. | No difference in mortality over 28 days was found between the two groups. | Methods: A randomized clinical trial of UC (n = 67) vs UC plus tocilizumab (n = 64) in patients with COVID-19 and moderate or severe pneumonia conducted from March 31 to April 18, 2020 in 9 hospitals in France. Primary outcomes were scores >5 (death or needing NIV or MV) on the WHO-CPS on day 4, and survival without need of ventilation at day 14, with follow up through 28 days. Limitations: Trial was not blinded; UC could have differed among centers over time; may not be generalizable to COVID-19 patients without pneumonia. | Implications from Guirao et al., Hermine et al., Gupta et al., Stone et al., & Salvarini et al.: High serum concentrations of IL-6 are strongly associated with severe COVID-19 and serve as the biologic basis for early off-label use of tocilizumab for COVID-19. While the two cohort studies (Gupta & Hermine) did see a benefit of tocilizumab, the RCTs presented did not show that tocilizumab shortened the COVID-19 clinical course or decreased mortality (Stone & Salvarini). A commentary on these studies by Parr elaborates on the confounders associated with observational studies and why high-quality RCTs should guide decisions about tocilizumab use in COVID-19 patients. The studies presented here support current National Institutes of Health and Infectious Disease Society of America guidelines that do not recommend routine tocilizumab use for treatment of COVID-19. SN - 2168-6114 (Electronic); 2168-6106 (Linking) SP - 32-40 ST - Effect of Tocilizumab vs Usual Care in Adults Hospitalized With COVID-19 and Moderate or Severe Pneumonia: A Randomized Clinical Trial T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - Effect of Tocilizumab vs Usual Care in Adults Hospitalized With COVID-19 and Moderate or Severe Pneumonia: A Randomized Clinical Trial UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33080017 VL - 181 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1154 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background The effect of vaccination for COVID-19 on onward transmission is unknown.Methods A national record linkage study determined documented COVID-19 cases and hospitalisations in unvaccinated household members of vaccinated and unvaccinated healthcare workers from 8th December 2020 to 3rd March 2021. The primary endpoint was COVID-19 14 days following the first dose.Results The cohort comprised of 194,362 household members (mean age 31·1 �u 20·9 years) and 144,525 healthcare workers (mean age 44·4 �u 11·4 years). 113,253 (78·3%) of healthcare workers received at least one dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA or ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine and 36,227 (25·1%) received a second dose. There were 3,123 and 4,343 documented COVID-19 cases and 175 and 177 COVID-19 hospitalisations in household members of healthcare workers and healthcare workers respectively. Household members of vaccinated healthcare workers had a lower risk of COVID-19 case compared to household members of unvaccinated healthcare worker (rate per 100 person-years 9·40 versus 5·93; HR 0·70, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0·63 to 0·78). The effect size for COVID-19 hospitalisation was similar, with the confidence interval crossing the null (HR 0·77 [95% CI 0·53 to 1·10]). The rate per 100 person years was lower in vaccinated compared to unvaccinated healthcare workers for documented (20·13 versus 8·51; HR 0·45 [95% CI 0·42 to 0·49]) and hospitalized COVID-19 (0·97 versus 0·14; HR 0·16 [95% CI 0·09 to 0·27]). Compared to the period before the first dose, the risk of documented COVID-19 case was lower at �?14 days after the second dose for household members (HR 0·46 [95% CI 0·30to 0·70]) and healthcare workers (HR 0·08 [95% CI 0·04 to 0·17]).Interpretation Vaccination of health care workers was associated with a substantial reduction in COVID-19 cases in household contacts consistent with an effect of vaccination on transmission.Competing Interest StatementPM and HC have received research grants from AstraZeneca. There are no other competing interests.Clinical Protocols http://www.encepp.eu/encepp/viewResource.htm?id=39737 https://github.com/dmcalli2/hcw_vax Funding StatementASVS is funded via the British Heart Foundation through an intermediate clinical research fellowship (FS/19/17/34172), and DAM is funded via a Wellcome Trust intermediate clinical fellowship and Beit fellowship (201492/Z/16/Z). The funders had no role in the study design; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the article for publication.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:This project was approved by the NHS Public Benefit and Privacy Panel (2021-0013) for use of the data and linkage.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAnalysis code will be made available here in an online repository on publication following peer review. Since our analysis involved data on unconsented participants, we are unable to share individual level data. AU - V Shah, Anoop S. | Gribben, Ciara | Bishop, Jennifer | Hanlon, Peter | Caldwell, David | Wood, Rachael | Reid, Martin | McMenamin, Jim | Goldberg, David | Stockton, Diane | Hutchinson, Sharon | Robertson, Chris | McKeigue, Paul M. | Colhoun, Helen M. | McAllister, David A. C1 - 2021-04-02 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04022021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.03.11.21253275 L1 - internal-pdf://1792227590/V Shah-2021-Effect of vaccination on transmiss.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among different health care roles, the strongest association between vaccination and documented COVID-19 cases was seen in healthcare workers (HCWs) with patient-facing roles (hazard ratio [HR] 0.42, 95% CI 0.38-0.47) (Figure). | Vaccinating HCWs was associated with a reduction in documented COVID-19 cases among household members (HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.63-0.78). | ; Methods: Cohort study of 144,525 HCWs and 194,362 household members in Scotland between December 8, 2020 and March 3, 2021. COVID-19 cases and hospitalizations were documented in vaccinated and unvaccinated HCWs and household members. Limitations: Household members could be infected via other routes, and thus the 30% relative risk reduction could be an underestimate. | Implications for both studies (Keehner et al. and Shah et al.): Data from large studies of HCWs in the US (Keehner et alexternal icon. and Daniel et al.external icon), Scotlandexternal icon, and Israelexternal icon show that vaccination is effective at reducing SARS-CoV-2 incidence in a real world setting. Shah et al. found that SARS-CoV-2 vaccination also reduced documented cases and hospitalization in household members. SP - 2021.03.11.21253275 ST - Effect of vaccination on transmission of COVID-19: an observational study in healthcare workers and their households T2 - medRxiv TI - Effect of vaccination on transmission of COVID-19: an observational study in healthcare workers and their households UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/03/21/2021.03.11.21253275.full.pdf ID - 1637 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Patients with cardiovascular comorbidities are at high risk of poor outcome from COVID-19. However, how the burden (number) of vascular risk factors influences the risk of severe COVID-19 disease remains unresolved. Our aim was to investigate the association of severe COVID-19 illness with vascular risk factor burden. METHODS: We included 164 (61.8 +/- 13.6 years) patients with COVID-19 in this retrospective study. We compared the difference in clinical characteristics, laboratory findings and chest computed tomography (CT) findings between patients with severe and non-severe COVID-19 illness. We evaluated the association between the number of vascular risk factors and the development of severe COVID-19 disease, using a Cox regression model. RESULTS: Sixteen (9.8%) patients had no vascular risk factors; 38 (23.2%) had 1; 58 (35.4%) had 2; 34 (20.7%) had 3; and 18 (10.9%) had >/=4 risk factors. Twenty-nine patients (17.7%) experienced severe COVID-19 disease with a median (14 [7-27] days) duration between onset to developing severe COVID-19 disease, an event rate of 4.47 per 1000-patient days (95%CI 3.10-6.43). Kaplan-Meier curves showed a gradual increase in the risk of severe COVID-19 illness (log-rank P < 0.001) stratified by the number of vascular risk factors. After adjustment for age, sex, and comorbidities as potential confounders, vascular risk factor burden remained associated with an increasing risk of severe COVID-19 illness. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with increasing vascular risk factor burden have an increasing risk of severe COVID-19 disease, and this population might benefit from specific COVID-19 prevention (e.g., self-isolation) and early hospital treatment measures. AD - Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Gulou District, Fuzhou, 350001, China. duhouwei@outlook.com. | Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China. duhouwei@outlook.com. | Department of Critical Care Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital South Branch, Fuzhou, China. | Stroke Research Center, Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Gulou District, Fuzhou, 350001, China. | Department of Rehabilitation, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China. | Department of Critical Care Medicine, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China. | Department of Infectious Disease, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China. | UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK. | Statistical Science, University College London, London, UK. | Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China. | Institute of Clinical Neurology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China. | Department of Neurology, Fuzhou Second Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Fuzhou, China. | Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China. | Department of Emergency Medicine, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China. | Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China. | Department of Cardiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China. | Department of Otolaryngology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China. | Department of Radiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China. | Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China. | Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China. AN - 32957997 AU - Du, H. | Pan, X. | Liu, N. | Chen, J. | Chen, X. | Werring, D. J. | Ambler, G. | Li, X. | Chen, R. | Zhang, Y. | Huang, H. | Lin, F. | Xia, P. | Chen, C. | Zheng, Z. | Wu, S. | Lei, H. | Gao, L. | Huang, M. | Lin, K. | Xu, X. | Luo, Y. | Zhao, Z. | Li, C. | Lin, H. | Lin, Y. | Huang, Z. | Cao, R. | Chen, L. | Fujian Medical Team Support Wuhan for, Covid C1 - 2020-10-02 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100220_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 21 DO - 10.1186/s12931-020-01510-0 ET - 2020/09/23 IS - 1 KW - Aged | Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity | Covid-19 | China/epidemiology | Comorbidity | Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/*epidemiology/virology | Female | Host-Pathogen Interactions | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis/*epidemiology/virology | Prognosis | Retrospective Studies | Risk Assessment | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | Severity of Illness Index | Time Factors | Vascular Diseases/diagnosis/*epidemiology | Coronavirus disease 2019 | Vascular risk factor L1 - internal-pdf://1559037556/Du-2020-The effect of vascular risk factor bur.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Du, Houwei; Pan, Xiaobin; Liu, Nan; Chen, Junnian; Chen, Xiaoling; Werring, David J; Ambler, Gareth; Li, Xiaoqing; Chen, Ronghua; Zhang, Yixian; Huang, Huayao; Lin, Feifei; Xia, Pincang; Chen, Chao; Zheng, Zhenyang; Wu, Sangru; Lei, Hanhan; Gao, Lei; Huang, Mingxu; Lin, Kexu; Xu, Xiaoping; Luo, Yukun; Zhao, Ziwen; Li, Chen; Lin, Hailong; Lin, Yu; Huang, Zhenghui; Cao, Rongxiang; Chen, Limin; eng; 2016B014/Fujian Provincial Special Foundation for Natural Science Innovation Project; 2019Y9099/the Joint Funds for the Innovation of Science and Technology, Fujian Province; Comparative Study; Observational Study; England; Respir Res. 2020 Sep 21;21(1):241. doi: 10.1186/s12931-020-01510-0. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 90.2% (n = 148) of COVID-19 patients had at least one vascular risk factor. | There was an increased association between vascular risk factors and severe COVID-19 (adjusted hazard ratio 1.55, 95% CI 1.09 �?1, p <0.01). | Increasing burden of vascular risk factors was associated with increased risk of severe COVID-19 illness (log rank p <0.001) (Figure). | Methods: Retrospective cohort of patients with COVID-19 (n = 164) between February 14 and March 14, 2020, admitted to a single center in Wuhan, China. Study evaluated progression to severe COVID-19 illness among those with increasing burden of cardiovascular risk factors, including: hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, atrial fibrillation, current smoking, regular alcohol drinker, physical inactivity, and overweight status. Limitations: Single-center study with small sample size; some risk factors were self-reported; vascular risk factors not evaluated may confound results. | Implications: Vascular risk factor burden is associated with progression to severe COVID-19 illness. Self-isolation or increased personal precautions and interventions to modify vascular risk factors such as exercise, smoking cessation, medication adherence, weight loss, and reducing alcohol intake may benefit this population. SN - 1465-993X (Electronic); 1465-9921 (Linking) SP - 241 ST - The effect of vascular risk factor burden on the severity of COVID-19 illness, a retrospective cohort study T2 - Respir Res TI - The effect of vascular risk factor burden on the severity of COVID-19 illness, a retrospective cohort study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32957997 VL - 21 ID - 976 ER - TY - JOUR AB - After analyzing the immune characteristics of patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), we have identified that pathogenic T cells and inflammatory monocytes with large amount of interleukin 6 secreting may incite the inflammatory storm, which may potentially be curbed through monoclonal antibody that targets the IL-6 pathways. Here, we aimed to assess the efficacy of tocilizumab in severe patients with COVID-19 and seek a therapeutic strategy. The patients diagnosed as severe or critical COVID-19 in The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (Anhui Provincial Hospital) and Anhui Fuyang Second People's Hospital were given tocilizumab in addition to routine therapy between 5 and 14 February 2020. The changes of clinical manifestations, computerized tomography (CT) scan image, and laboratory examinations were retrospectively analyzed. Fever returned to normal on the first day, and other symptoms improved remarkably within a few days. Within 5 d after tocilizumab, 15 of the 20 patients (75.0%) had lowered their oxygen intake, and 1 patient needed no oxygen therapy. CT scans manifested that the lung lesion opacity absorbed in 19 patients (90.5%). The percentage of lymphocytes in peripheral blood, which decreased in 85.0% of patients (17/20) before treatment (mean, 15.52 +/- 8.89%), returned to normal in 52.6% of patients (10/19) on the fifth day after treatment. Abnormally elevated C-reactive protein decreased significantly in 84.2% of patients (16/19). No obvious adverse reactions were observed. All patients have been discharged on average 15.1 d after giving tocilizumab. Preliminary data show that tocilizumab, which improved the clinical outcome immediately in severe and critical COVID-19 patients, is an effective treatment to reduce mortality. AD - Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (Anhui Provincial Hospital), Hefei, Anhui 230000, People's Republic of China; xxlahh08@163.com ustcwhm@ustc.edu.cn. | Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Anhui Fuyang Second People's Hospital, Fuyang, Anhui 230000, People's Republic of China. | Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (Anhui Provincial Hospital), Hefei, Anhui 230000, People's Republic of China. | Institute of Immunology and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Science and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230000, People's Republic of China. | Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230000, People's Republic of China. | Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (Anhui Provincial Hospital), Hefei, Anhui 230000, People's Republic of China. | Hemodialysis Center, Anhui Fuyang Second People's Hospital, Fuyang, Anhui 236000, People's Republic of China. | Institute of Immunology and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Science and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230000, People's Republic of China; xxlahh08@163.com ustcwhm@ustc.edu.cn. AN - 32350134 AU - Xu, X. | Han, M. | Li, T. | Sun, W. | Wang, D. | Fu, B. | Zhou, Y. | Zheng, X. | Yang, Y. | Li, X. | Zhang, X. | Pan, A. | Wei, H. C1 - 2020-05-12 C2 - Tocilizumab CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051220_covidupdate.html DA - May 19 DO - 10.1073/pnas.2005615117 ET - 2020/05/01 IS - 20 KW - Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/*administration & dosage | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | China | Coronavirus Infections/blood/*drug therapy/physiopathology | Disease Progression | Female | Humans | Interleukin-6/antagonists & inhibitors/blood | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/blood/*drug therapy/physiopathology | SARS-CoV-2 | Treatment Outcome | *covid-19 | *SARS-CoV-2 | *cytokine storm | *interleukin-6 | *tocilizumab L1 - internal-pdf://2524644787/Xu-2020-Effective treatment of severe COVID-19.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Xu, Xiaoling; Han, Mingfeng; Li, Tiantian; Sun, Wei; Wang, Dongsheng; Fu, Binqing; Zhou, Yonggang; Zheng, Xiaohu; Yang, Yun; Li, Xiuyong; Zhang, Xiaohua; Pan, Aijun; Wei, Haiming; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020 May 19;117(20):10970-10975. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2005615117. Epub 2020 Apr 29. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Within 1 day of tocilizumab (TCZ) administration, fever in all patients (n = 21) resolved. | Within 5 days of TCZ administration, the respiratory condition of 16 (76%) patients improved. | All patients were alive and discharged by 3 weeks after TCZ treatment (Figure). | No serious adverse events were reported. | Methods: Patients diagnosed with severe or critical COVID-19 in two hospitals in China between February 5 and 14, 2020 were given intravenous TCZ (4�? mg/kg). A second dose was given to 3 patients who still had fever after 12 hours. All had received standard therapy and deteriorated clinically before TCZ. Outcomes were assessed daily for 5 days after receiving TCZ. Limitations: No control group. | Implications of 3 studies (Toniati et al., Sciascia et al., & Xu et al.): Preliminary data suggest improved survival among patients with severe or critical COVID-19 treated with TCZ. Larger randomized clinical trials are needed, and underway, to assess the potential utility and efficacy of TCZ for treatment of patients with severe or critical COVID-19. SN - 1091-6490 (Electronic); 0027-8424 (Linking) SP - 10970-10975 ST - Effective treatment of severe COVID-19 patients with tocilizumab T2 - Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A TI - Effective treatment of severe COVID-19 patients with tocilizumab UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32350134 VL - 117 ID - 166 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Understanding the duration and effectiveness of infection and vaccine-acquired SARS-CoV-2 immunity is essential to inform pandemic policy interventions, including the timing of vaccine-boosters. We investigated this in our large prospective cohort of UK healthcare workers undergoing routine asymptomatic PCR testing.Methods We assessed vaccine effectiveness (VE) (up to 10-months after first dose) and infection-acquired immunity by comparing time to PCR-confirmed infection in vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals using a Cox regression-model, adjusted by prior SARS-CoV-2 infection status, vaccine-manufacturer/dosing-interval, demographics and workplace exposures.Results Of 35,768 participants, 27% (n=9,488) had a prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Vaccine coverage was high: 97% had two-doses (79% BNT162b2 long-interval, 8% BNT162b2 short-interval, 8% ChAdOx1). There were 2,747 primary infections and 210 reinfections between 07/12/2020 and 21/09/2021. Adjusted VE (aVE) decreased from 81% (95% CI 68%-89%) 14-73 days after dose-2 to 46% (95% CI 22%-63%) >6-months; with no significant difference for short-interval BNT162b2 but significantly lower aVE (50% (95% CI 18%-70%) 14-73 days after dose-2 from ChAdOx1. Protection from infection-acquired immunity showed evidence of waning in unvaccinated follow-up but remained consistently over 90% in those who received two doses of vaccine, even in those infected over 15-months ago.Conclusion Two doses of BNT162b2 vaccination induce high short-term protection to SARS-CoV-2 infection, which wanes significantly after six months. Infection-acquired immunity boosted with vaccination remains high over a year after infection. Boosters will be essential to maintain protection in vaccinees who have not had primary infection to reduce infection and transmission in this population.Trial registration number ISRCTN11041050Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Clinical Protocols https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.15.20247981v1 Funding StatementThe study is funded by the Department for Health and Social Care and UKHSA (formerly PHE) with contributions from the governments of Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Funding was also provided by The National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) as an Urgent Public Health Priority Study and through the Health Protection Research Units. The study was also awarded grant funding from the Medical Research Council (Grant title: Investigation of proven vaccine breakthrough by SARS-CoV-2 variants in established UK healthcare worker cohorts: SIREN consortium & PITCH Plus Pathway).Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:This study was registered, number ISRCTN11041050, and received approval from the Berkshire Research Ethics Committee on 22 May 2020.I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAnnotate code for this analysis is available at: (https://github.com/SIREN-study/SARS-CoV-2-Immunity). The metadata for this analysis will be available to researchers through the Health Data Research UK CO-CONNECT platform and available for secondary analysis. https://github.com/SIREN-study/SARS-CoV-2-Immunity AU - Hall, Victoria | Foulkes, Sarah | Insalata, Ferdinando | Saei, Ayoub | Kirwan, Peter | Atti, Ana | Wellington, Edgar | Khawam, Jameel | Munro, Katie | Cole, Michelle | Tranquillini, Caio | Taylor-Kerr, Andrew | Hettiarachchi, Nipunadi | Calbraith, Davina | Sajedi, Noshin | Milligan, Iain | Themistocleous, Yrene | Corrigan, Diane | Cromey, Lisa | Price, Lesley | Stewart, Sally | de Lacy, Elen | Norman, Chris | Linley, Ezra | Otter, Ashley David | Semper, Amanda | Hewson, Jacqueline | D’Arcangelo, Silvia | the, Siren Study Group | Chand, Meera | Brown, Colin S. | Brooks, Tim | Islam, Jasmin | Charlett, Andre | Hopkins, Susan C1 - 2021-12-10 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/12102021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1101/2021.11.29.21267006 L1 - internal-pdf://1655039325/Hall-2021-Effectiveness and durability of prot.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 35,768 UK healthcare workers (December 2020–September 2021), adjusted vaccine effectiveness (aVE) among those who received 2 doses of BNT162b2 up to 6 weeks apart decreased from 85% (95% CI 71%-92%) 14�?3 days following dose 2 to 58% (95% CI 40%-71%) >193 days after dose 2. Among those with prior infection, infection alone was associated with waning immunity over time. Prior infection plus 2 doses of BNT162b2 was associated with >90% protection from re-infection for at least 15 months after infection. SP - 2021.11.29.21267006 ST - Effectiveness and durability of protection against future SARS-CoV-2 infection conferred by COVID-19 vaccination and previous infection; findings from the UK SIREN prospective cohort study of healthcare workers March 2020 to September 2021 T2 - medRxiv TI - Effectiveness and durability of protection against future SARS-CoV-2 infection conferred by COVID-19 vaccination and previous infection; findings from the UK SIREN prospective cohort study of healthcare workers March 2020 to September 2021 UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/12/01/2021.11.29.21267006.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/12/01/2021.11.29.21267006.full.pdf ID - 2694 ER - TY - JOUR AB - National and international guidelines differ about the optimal physical distancing between students for prevention of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission; studies directly comparing the impact of �? versus �? ft of physical distancing policies in school settings are lacking. Thus, our objective was to compare incident cases of SARS-CoV-2 in students and staff in Massachusetts public schools among districts with different physical distancing requirements. State guidance mandates masking for all school staff and for students in grades 2 and higher; the majority of districts required universal masking.Community incidence rates of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-2 cases among students in grades K-12 and staff participating in-person learning, and district infection control plans were linked. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for students and staff members in traditional public school districts with �? versus �? ft of physical distancing were estimated using log-binomial regression; models adjusted for community incidence are also reported.Among 251 eligible school districts, 537 336 students and 99 390 staff attended in-person instruction during the 16-week study period, representing 6 400 175 student learning weeks and 1 342 574 staff learning weeks. Student case rates were similar in the 242 districts with �? versus �? ft of physical distancing between students (IRR, 0.891; 95% confidence interval, .594�?.335); results were similar after adjustment for community incidence (adjusted IRR, 0.904; .616�?.325). Cases among school staff in districts with �? versus �? ft of physical distancing were also similar (IRR, 1.015, 95% confidence interval, .754�?.365).Lower physical distancing requirements can be adopted in school settings with masking mandates without negatively affecting student or staff safety. AD - Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston, MA, United States. | Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States. | COVID-19 School Response Dashboard. | VA Boston Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research (CHOIR), Boston, MA, United States. | IDEAS Center, Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. | Division of Epidemiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. | Brown University Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs, Providence, RI, United States. | VA Boston Healthcare System, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases. | Harvard Medical School, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States. AN - 33704422 AU - van den Berg, Polly | Schechter-Perkins, Elissa M. | Jack, Rebecca S. | Epshtein, Isabella | Nelson, Richard | Oster, Emily | Branch-Elliman, Westyn C1 - 2021-03-19 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03192021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 10 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciab230 ET - 2021/03/12 KW - Covid-19 | adaptation | infection control | physical distancing | schools L1 - internal-pdf://0649105774/van den Berg-2021-Effectiveness of 3 Versus 6.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - van den Berg, Polly | Schechter-Perkins, Elissa M | Jack, Rebecca S | Epshtein, Isabella | Nelson, Richard | Oster, Emily | Branch-Elliman, Westyn | eng | Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Mar 10. pii: 6167856. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab230. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; There were no significant differences between SARS-CoV-2 case rates in public school districts that reported �? ft. vs. �? ft. physical distancing policies for K-12 students (incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 0.891, 95% CI 0.594-1.335) and staff (IRR = 1.015, 95% CI 0.754-1.365) (Figure). | Methods: Retrospective cohort study of 537,336 students and 99,390 staff attending in-person instruction from September 24, 2020–January 27, 2021 in 251 eligible school districts in Massachusetts. SARS-CoV-2 case counts reported to the Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education, community incidence rates, and district infection control plans were linked. Limitations: Physical distancing classification (3 ft. vs. 6 ft. rule) was based on district-level public data on infection control plans and fidelity does not appear to have been ascertained, misclassification bias toward the null cannot be ruled out; asymptomatic cases not identified and detailed contact tracing data unavailable, resulting in potential underestimates of in-school transmission and incidence. | Implications: Provided other mitigation measures (e.g., universal masking) are implemented and adhered to, lowering physical distancing policies in school settings might not negatively impact student or staff safety. SN - 1058-4838; 1537-6591 ST - Effectiveness of 3 Versus 6 ft of Physical Distancing for Controlling Spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Among Primary and Secondary Students and Staff: A Retrospective, Statewide Cohort Study T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Effectiveness of 3 Versus 6 ft of Physical Distancing for Controlling Spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Among Primary and Secondary Students and Staff: A Retrospective, Statewide Cohort Study UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab230 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1599 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A retrospective cohort study was carried out in a large Israeli health maintenance organization to determine vaccine effectiveness (VE) of a third dose of BNT162b2 vaccine against covid-19 infection. Of nearly one million members receiving two doses of BNT162b2 in Jan-Feb 2021, infection rates (based on PCR results) were compared between those who received a third dose with those who did not during August-October 2021 (max: 70 days). Crude VE was 92.9% (95% CI:92.6-93.2%) and adjusted VE was 89.1% (95% CI:87.5-90.5%). We conclude that the third dose provides added protection against COVID-19 infection for those vaccinated six months ago. AD - Division of Data & Digital Health, Maccabi HealthCare Services, Rehov HaMered 27, Tel Aviv-Jaffa, 6812509, Israel. AN - 34726239 AU - Saciuk, Yaki | Kertes, Jennifer | Shamir Stein, Naama | Ekka Zohar, Anat C1 - 2021-11-15 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/11152021_covidupdate.html#anchor_Effectiveness%20 DA - Nov 2 DO - 10.1093/infdis/jiab556 ET - 2021/11/03 KW - Covid-19 | Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine | mRNA BNT162b2 | vaccine effectiveness L1 - internal-pdf://3667109524/Saciuk-2021-Effectiveness of a third dose of B.pdf LB - Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Saciuk, Yaki | Kertes, Jennifer | Shamir Stein, Naama | Ekka Zohar, Anat | eng | J Infect Dis. 2021 Nov 2. pii: 6415586. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiab556. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Adjusted vaccine effectiveness (VE) of a 3rd dose of BNT162b2, compared to 2 doses, was 89.1% (95% CI 87.5%-90.5%) against PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. | VE was 92.6% (95% CI 92.2%-93.0%) among persons aged <60 years and 90.7% (95% CI 89.9%-91.4%) among persons 60 years and older. | Methods: Retrospective cohort study of members of a health management organization who had no evidence of infection prior to the study period (July–October 2021), Israel (n = 947,131). VE rates were adjusted using a GLM model for age group, gender, socioeconomic status, population group, and religiosity and 10-day calendar period. Limitations: Persons >60 years were overrepresented among persons receiving the 3rd dose; asymptomatic infections may have been undetected; VE of younger age groups not reported; relatively short follow-up period (maximum of 70 days). | | Implications for Barda et al. and Saciuk et al.: A 3rd dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine appears to provide added protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe COVID-19-related outcomes compared to 2 doses. SN - 0022-1899 ST - Effectiveness of a third dose of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine T2 - J Infect Dis TI - Effectiveness of a third dose of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiab556 | https://watermark.silverchair.com/jiab556.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAvgwggL0BgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggLlMIIC4QIBADCCAtoGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMxyLEPMo6uO6uDFc9AgEQgIICqw-DVwuIfOgO45knC--t5bd47d80164RpkgSbt8v29aPavwx-2DVZAOy3hziij9l8V4li1-nzCtE_RtAFe1QUCIVynVWYHn0rQzRh0nREZoi9M9dFTm-rCRxbNYhS17E8KwsjXeXpQVj-s4ptd6CJ2SdkclGfVXFAZ2HRj32eaNfNbn0IAxh9azzZnJjKqEgpUukG0d0mm1S4RI98oW9ifUj4QloGXS0N7p_rlZpFz6AqK_Pbe9fHC-gcS-MTnkyT_Gnog6UK1ymHeh6FkhBAbma1t2iEDO6P5twWpm4HONXsUvov05cZPy_RX-2jkbDR1KGPgdFuNsmFWCjsF_RaDKk40qWEQYKwwdcD4O6cicdzqZwaaY4Gc6rU363H07DmC4NqYMquSqFpzCNLaadk5WocknTSIjuBmFgv_2fUek5qghLf62ZqvruSRLRAyzazf60lUXJIbDmNwOQzy3ohPuWw-KIURcQ-2rIp3pkQ07fXAygwau1GGCVK1mCFURWTGYCmyeJccIbLd0TTB0szqtG5Djgql7xMdP_xH6P6i0PMZFjwoAU4rOnGTSM_lxDyzZzLPMGisOxXj8Fs8IQ6Uoyx4UefSEkqAIdJZJv7eZUT7LPS5tzG8ETUnBUA_EyDzaxk8LyuK6HyDPjRM2alh7D5k0VQRUQT015jHNOWcbHZCr1-43AlGL0_mZEzUeJEoPcZk-L6VLil1kBlSd1WETj4tNRiJTi_tJw0ejViDYCRxjdMyr759cIc2ugUhoUYiLEDJSUV3qkugzFc1bulnwsCT5i__gHme9eU81jvYNPcmjN_gb5Bq9JCIXHdoKnaLHK8CixkujQ8xFHY0MbG-qKgUE8wZD9uEOKmwZ_Oj-CRyuvUKzSr5eanzRP03aibsAIoz-kBGpOHUN3 Y2 - 11/22/2021 ID - 2628 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BackgroundMany countries are experiencing a resurgence of COVID-19, driven predominantly by the delta (B.1.617.2) variant of SARS-CoV-2. In response, these countries are considering the administration of a third dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine as a booster dose to address potential waning immunity over time and reduced effectiveness against the delta variant. We aimed to use the data repositories of Israel's largest health-care organisation to evaluate the effectiveness of a third dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine for preventing severe COVID-19 outcomes. AD - Clalit Research Institute, Innovation Division, Clalit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel; Software and Information Systems Engineering, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; The Ivan and Francesca Berkowitz Family Living Laboratory Collaboration at Harvard Medical School and Clalit Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA. | The Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel. | Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; CAUSALab, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. | Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. | Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; The Ivan and Francesca Berkowitz Family Living Laboratory Collaboration at Harvard Medical School and Clalit Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. | The Ivan and Francesca Berkowitz Family Living Laboratory Collaboration at Harvard Medical School and Clalit Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Predictive Medicine Group, Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. | Clalit Research Institute, Innovation Division, Clalit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel; School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel; The Ivan and Francesca Berkowitz Family Living Laboratory Collaboration at Harvard Medical School and Clalit Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: rbalicer@clalit.org.il. AN - 34756184 AU - Barda, Noam | Dagan, Noa | Cohen, Cyrille | Hern֙n, Miguel A. | Lipsitch, Marc | Kohane, Isaac S. | Reis, Ben Y. | Balicer, Ran D. C1 - 2021-11-15 C2 - PMC8555967 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/11152021_covidupdate.html#anchor_Effectiveness%20 DA - Oct 29 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02249-2 ET - 2021/11/11 L1 - internal-pdf://3488654949/PIIS0140673621022492.pdf LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Barda, Noam | Dagan, Noa | Cohen, Cyrille | Hernan, Miguel A | Lipsitch, Marc | Kohane, Isaac S | Reis, Ben Y | Balicer, Ran D | eng | England | Lancet. 2021 Oct 29. pii: S0140-6736(21)02249-2. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02249-2. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among 728,321 healthy adults who received BNT162b2, 3rd dose vaccine effectiveness (VE), compared to 2 doses, was 93% (95% CI 88%-97%) for hospital admission, 92% (95% CI 82%-97%) for severe disease, and 81% (95% CI 59%-97%) for COVID-19 related death. | VE against hospital admission and severe disease was 93% (95% CI 87%-97%) among persons aged �?0 years and 92% (95% 83%-97%) among those 40�?9 years; few events among those aged 16�?9 years limited ability to estimate VE in this group. | 3rd dose VE against documented SARS-CoV-2 infection was 88% (95% CI 87%-90%) and against symptomatic infection was 91% (95% CI 89%-92%). | Methods: Retrospective cohort study of persons who were eligible to receive 3rd vaccine dose during July–September 2021, Israel. Cohort assembled using data from a large healthcare organization. Persons who received a 3rd dose were matched �?on age, sex, place of residence, comorbidities, 2nd dose timing, and number of prior SARS-CoV-2 PCR tests �?to persons who received 2 doses. Limitations: Excluded high-risk population groups (immunocompromised persons who received a 3rd dose prior to July 30, 2021 recommendation for the general public [aged >60 years] to receive a 3rd dose, healthcare workers, and those in long-term care facilities or medically confined to their homes); small number of events in some age groups limits ability to calculate age-based estimates; relatively short follow-up period (maximum of 55 days). SN - 0140-6736 ST - Effectiveness of a third dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine for preventing severe outcomes in Israel: an observational study T2 - Lancet TI - Effectiveness of a third dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine for preventing severe outcomes in Israel: an observational study UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02249-2 Y2 - 2021/11/22 ID - 2621 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Observational evidence suggests that mask wearing mitigates transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It is uncertain if this observed association arises through protection of uninfected wearers (protective effect), via reduced transmission from infected mask wearers (source control), or both. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether recommending surgical mask use outside the home reduces wearers' risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection in a setting where masks were uncommon and not among recommended public health measures. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial (DANMASK-19 [Danish Study to Assess Face Masks for the Protection Against COVID-19 Infection]). (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04337541). SETTING: Denmark, April and May 2020. PARTICIPANTS: Adults spending more than 3 hours per day outside the home without occupational mask use. INTERVENTION: Encouragement to follow social distancing measures for coronavirus disease 2019, plus either no mask recommendation or a recommendation to wear a mask when outside the home among other persons together with a supply of 50 surgical masks and instructions for proper use. MEASUREMENTS: The primary outcome was SARS-CoV-2 infection in the mask wearer at 1 month by antibody testing, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or hospital diagnosis. The secondary outcome was PCR positivity for other respiratory viruses. RESULTS: A total of 3030 participants were randomly assigned to the recommendation to wear masks, and 2994 were assigned to control; 4862 completed the study. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 occurred in 42 participants recommended masks (1.8%) and 53 control participants (2.1%). The between-group difference was -0.3 percentage point (95% CI, -1.2 to 0.4 percentage point; P = 0.38) (odds ratio, 0.82 [CI, 0.54 to 1.23]; P = 0.33). Multiple imputation accounting for loss to follow-up yielded similar results. Although the difference observed was not statistically significant, the 95% CIs are compatible with a 46% reduction to a 23% increase in infection. LIMITATION: Inconclusive results, missing data, variable adherence, patient-reported findings on home tests, no blinding, and no assessment of whether masks could decrease disease transmission from mask wearers to others. CONCLUSION: The recommendation to wear surgical masks to supplement other public health measures did not reduce the SARS-CoV-2 infection rate among wearers by more than 50% in a community with modest infection rates, some degree of social distancing, and uncommon general mask use. The data were compatible with lesser degrees of self-protection. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: The Salling Foundations. AD - The Heart Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (H.B., J.S.B., D.E.T., M.M.P., C.R.V., U.C.W., A.R.). | Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (C.V., T.T., H.U.). | Herlev & Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark (J.B.N., P.B.N., K.F., R.H., J.H.K., K.I.). | Nordsjaellands Hospital, Hillerod, and Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark (M.P.A., C.T.). | Centre for Diagnostics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark (N.B.G.). | National Influenza Center, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark (R.T.). | Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark (K.S.). | Center of Research & Disruption of Infectious Diseases, Amager and Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark (T.B.). AN - 33205991 AU - Bundgaard, H. | Bundgaard, J. S. | Raaschou-Pedersen, D. E. T. | von Buchwald, C. | Todsen, T. | Norsk, J. B. | Pries-Heje, M. M. | Vissing, C. R. | Nielsen, P. B. | Winslow, U. C. | Fogh, K. | Hasselbalch, R. | Kristensen, J. H. | Ringgaard, A. | Porsborg Andersen, M. | Goecke, N. B. | Trebbien, R. | Skovgaard, K. | Benfield, T. | Ullum, H. | Torp-Pedersen, C. | Iversen, K. C1 - 2020-12-01 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/120120_covidupdate.html DA - Mar DO - 10.7326/M20-6817 ET - 2020/11/19 IS - 3 KW - Adult | COVID-19/diagnosis/*prevention & control/transmission | COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing | COVID-19 Serological Testing | Denmark/epidemiology | Disease Transmission, Infectious/prevention & control | Humans | *Masks | Middle Aged | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Physical Distancing | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://3619112444/Bundgaard-2021-Effectiveness of Adding a Mask.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Bundgaard, Henning; Bundgaard, Johan Skov; Raaschou-Pedersen, Daniel Emil Tadeusz; von Buchwald, Christian; Todsen, Tobias; Norsk, Jakob Boesgaard; Pries-Heje, Mia M; Vissing, Christoffer Rasmus; Nielsen, Pernille B; Winslow, Ulrik C; Fogh, Kamille; Hasselbalch, Rasmus; Kristensen, Jonas H; Ringgaard, Anna; Porsborg Andersen, Mikkel; Goecke, Nicole Bakkegard; Trebbien, Ramona; Skovgaard, Kerstin; Benfield, Thomas; Ullum, Henrik; Torp-Pedersen, Christian; Iversen, Kasper; eng; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Ann Intern Med. 2021 Mar;174(3):335-343. doi: 10.7326/M20-6817. Epub 2020 Nov 18. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 42 (1.8%) participants in the “mask recommendation�?group were diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 compared to 53 (2.1%) participants in the control group (OR = 0.82, 95% CI 0.54-1.23, p = 0.33). | Methods: Randomized controlled trial of 4,862 adults from April to June 2020 in Denmark to assess if surgical mask use reduced the wearers�?risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Participants in the mask group were instructed to wear a mask when outside the home during the next month. Primary outcome was SARS-CoV-2 infection diagnosed through self-collected specimens for serology and PCR or by a healthcare provider. During the study, mask use was uncommon in the community, there was no official recommendation for mask wearing, other public health prevention interventions were recommended, and community prevalence was 2%. Limitations: Self-reported primary outcome data; 46% self-reported mask use; did not assess the role of masks in source control; unblinded study could not control for disinhibition or increased risk taking from wearing a mask; study designed to detect 50% decrease in acquisition of infection and not powered to detect smaller differences in transmission between arms. | Implications: While this trial of mask-wearing suggests that masks do not protect the wearer from SARS-CoV-2 infection, Laine et alexternal icon. emphasize that it neither addresses mask-wearing as source control nor definitively shows that masks do not protect the wearer due to 46% adherence to mask-wearing. Frieden et al. external icon point out the limitations of using antibody tests with specificity of 97.5% as the primary measure of “infection�?in this study. SN - 1539-3704 (Electronic); 0003-4819 (Linking) SP - 335-343 ST - Effectiveness of Adding a Mask Recommendation to Other Public Health Measures to Prevent SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Danish Mask Wearers : A Randomized Controlled Trial T2 - Ann Intern Med TI - Effectiveness of Adding a Mask Recommendation to Other Public Health Measures to Prevent SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Danish Mask Wearers : A Randomized Controlled Trial UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33205991 VL - 174 ID - 1293 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Mass vaccination campaigns to prevent coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) are occurring in many countries; estimates of vaccine effectiveness are urgently needed to support decision making. A countrywide mass vaccination campaign with the use of an inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine (CoronaVac) was conducted in Chile starting on February 2, 2021. METHODS: We used a prospective national cohort, including participants 16 years of age or older who were affiliated with the public national health care system, to assess the effectiveness of the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine with regard to preventing Covid-19 and related hospitalization, admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), and death. We estimated hazard ratios using the extension of the Cox proportional-hazards model, accounting for time-varying vaccination status. We estimated the change in the hazard ratio associated with partial immunization (>/=14 days after receipt of the first dose and before receipt of the second dose) and full immunization (>/=14 days after receipt of the second dose). Vaccine effectiveness was estimated with adjustment for individual demographic and clinical characteristics. RESULTS: The study was conducted from February 2 through May 1, 2021, and the cohort included approximately 10.2 million persons. Among persons who were fully immunized, the adjusted vaccine effectiveness was 65.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 65.2 to 66.6) for the prevention of Covid-19 and 87.5% (95% CI, 86.7 to 88.2) for the prevention of hospitalization, 90.3% (95% CI, 89.1 to 91.4) for the prevention of ICU admission, and 86.3% (95% CI, 84.5 to 87.9) for the prevention of Covid-19-related death. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine effectively prevented Covid-19, including severe disease and death, a finding that is consistent with results of phase 2 trials of the vaccine. (Funded by Agencia Nacional de Investigacion y Desarrollo and others.). AD - From the Ministry of Health (A.J., C.G., F.P., T.F., G.J., A.P., J.A., K.L., F.L., C.S., P.L., P.S., H.G.-E., R.A.), Facultad de Matematicas (A.J.) and Escuela de Gobierno (E.A.U.), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Millennium Nucleus Center for the Discovery of Structures in Complex Data (A.J.), Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research in Bacterial Resistance (E.A.U., R.A.), the Research Center for Integrated Disaster Risk Management (E.A.U.), Instituto de Ciencias e Innovacion en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Clinica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo (R.A.), and the Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (R.A.) - all in Santiago, Chile; and the CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars Program, CIFAR, Toronto (E.A.U.). AN - 34233097 AU - Jara, Alejandro | Undurraga, Eduardo A. | Gonz֙lez, Cecilia | Paredes, Fabio | Fontecilla, Tom֙s | Jara, Gonzalo | Pizarro, Alejandra | Acevedo, Johanna | Leo, Katherinne | Leon, Francisco | Sans, Carlos | Leighton, Paulina | Su֙rez, Pamela | Garc�Ta-Escorza, Heriberto | Araos, Rafael C1 - 2021-07-16 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07162021_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 2 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2107715 ET - 2021/07/08 IS - 10 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | COVID-19/epidemiology/mortality/*prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/*immunology | Chile/epidemiology | Female | Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data | Humans | *Immunogenicity, Vaccine | Incidence | Intensive Care Units | Male | *Mass Vaccination | Middle Aged | Patient Acuity | Prospective Studies | Treatment Outcome | Vaccines, Inactivated | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://1912052954/Jara-2021-Effectiveness of an Inactivated SARS.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Jara, Alejandro | Undurraga, Eduardo A | Gonzalez, Cecilia | Paredes, Fabio | Fontecilla, Tomas | Jara, Gonzalo | Pizarro, Alejandra | Acevedo, Johanna | Leo, Katherinne | Leon, Francisco | Sans, Carlos | Leighton, Paulina | Suarez, Pamela | Garcia-Escorza, Heriberto | Araos, Rafael | eng | Observational Study | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | N Engl J Med. 2021 Sep 2;385(10):875-884. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2107715. Epub 2021 Jul 7. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 4.2 million Chilean adults receiving 2 doses of CoronaVac, the sex and age adjusted vaccine effectiveness was 61.2% (95% CI 60.3-62.0) against infection, 86.0% (95% CI 85.1-86.8) against hospitalization, and 84.4% (95% CI 82.4-86.2) against COVID-related deaths. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic) | 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 875-884 ST - Effectiveness of an Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Chile T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Effectiveness of an Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Chile UR - https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2107715 | https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa2107715?articleTools=true VL - 385 ID - 1977 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Effective control of an epidemic relies on the rapid discovery and isolation of infected individuals. Because many infectious diseases spread through interaction, contact tracing is widely used to facilitate case discovery and control. However, what determines the efficacy of contact tracing has not been fully understood. Here we reveal that, compared with ‘forward�?tracing (tracing to whom disease spreads), ‘backward�?tracing (tracing from whom disease spreads) is profoundly more effective. The effectiveness of backward tracing is due to simple but overlooked biases arising from the heterogeneity in contacts. We argue that, even if the directionality of infection is unknown, it is possible to perform backward-aiming contact tracing. Using simulations on both synthetic and high-resolution empirical contact datasets, we show that strategically executed contact tracing can prevent a substantial fraction of transmissions with a higher efficiency—in terms of prevented cases per isolation—than case isolation alone. Our results call for a revision of current contact-tracing strategies so that they leverage all forms of bias. It is particularly crucial that we incorporate backward and deep tracing in a digital context while adhering to the privacy-preserving requirements of these new platforms. AD - Center for Complex Networks and Systems Research, Luddy School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA. | Vermont Complex Systems Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA. | Department of Computer Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA. | DTU Compute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark. | Center for Social Data Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. | Indiana University Network Science Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA. | Connection Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. AN - 34367312 AU - Kojaku, Sadamori | Hébert-Dufresne, Laurent | Mones, Enys | Lehmann, Sune | Ahn, Yong-Yeol C1 - 2021-03-05 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03052021_covidupdate.html DA - 2021/05/01 DO - 10.1038/s41567-021-01187-2 ET - 2021/08/10 IS - 5 L1 - internal-pdf://2082961746/Kojaku-2021-The effectiveness of backward cont.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Kojaku, Sadamori | Hebert-Dufresne, Laurent | Mones, Enys | Lehmann, Sune | Ahn, Yong-Yeol | eng | P20 GM125498/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ | England | Nat Phys. 2021 May;17:652-658. doi: 10.1038/s41567-021-01187-2. Epub 2021 Feb 25. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: ‘Backward�?contact tracing is more effective than ‘forward�?tracing because it leverages social network bias; it is exceptionally effective for identifying super-spreader individuals and events. SE - 652 SN - 1745-2473; 1745-2481 SP - 652-658 ST - The effectiveness of backward contact tracing in networks T2 - Nat Phys TI - The effectiveness of backward contact tracing in networks UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-021-01187-2 | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41567-021-01187-2.pdf VL - 17 ID - 1550 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background The ability of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines to protect against infection and onward transmission determines whether immunisation can control global circulation. We estimated effectiveness of BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 vaccines against acquisition and transmission of the Alpha and Delta variants in a prospective household study in England.Methods Adult index cases in the community and their household contacts took oral-nasal swabs on days 1, 3 and 7 after enrolment. Swabs were tested by RT-qPCR with genomic sequencing conducted on a subset. We used Bayesian logistic regression to infer vaccine effectiveness against acquisition and transmission, adjusted for age, vaccination history and variant.Findings Between 2 February 2021 and 10 September 2021 213 index cases and 312 contacts were followed up. After excluding households lacking genomic proximity (N=2) or with unlikely serial intervals (N=16), 195 households with 278 contacts remained of whom 113 (41%) became PCR positive. Delta lineages had 1.64 times the risk (95% Credible Interval: 1.15 �?2.44) of transmission than Alpha; contacts older than 18 years were 1.19 times (1.04 - 1.52) more likely to acquire infection than children. Effectiveness of two doses of BNT162b2 against transmission of Delta was 31% (�?%, 61%) and 42% (14%, 69%) for ChAdOx1, similar to their effectiveness for Alpha. Protection against infection with Alpha was higher than for Delta, 71% (12%,95%) vs 24% (�?%, 64%) respectively for BNT162b2 and 26% (�?9%, 73%) vs 14% (�?%, 46%) respectively for ChAdOx1.Interpretation BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 reduce transmission of the Delta variant from breakthrough infections in the household setting though their protection against infection is low.Funding This study was funded by the UK Health Security Agency (formerly Public Health England) as part of the COVID-19 response.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis study was funded by the UK Health Security Agency (formerly Public Health England) (an executive agency of the Department of Health) as part of the COVID-19 response. Samuel Clifford is funded by the UK Medical Research Council (MC_PC_19065 - Covid 19: Understanding the dynamics and drivers of the COVID-19 epidemic using real-time outbreak analytics). Samuel Clifford and Stefan Flasche are funded by a Sir Henry Dale Fellowship funded by the Wellcome Trust and the Royal Society (208812/Z/17/Z). Jada Hackman is funded by the Nagasaki University-London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Doctoral Programme under the WISE scheme. EM receives support from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Immunisation at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in partnership with the UKHSA (Grant Reference NIHR200929).Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:UKHSA Research Ethics and Governance Group gave approval for this work as part of the portfolio of the UKHSA's enhanced surveillance activities in response to the COVID-19 pandemicI confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not regi tered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThe data necessary to replicate results is available from the authors on request, subject to a data sharing agreement. https://github.com/cmmid/hhSAR AU - Clifford, Samuel | Waight, Pauline | Hackman, Jada | Hué, Stephane | Gower, Charlotte M. | Kirsebom, Freja C. M. | Skarnes, Catriona | Letley, Louise | Bernal, Jamie Lopez | Andrews, Nick | Flasche, Stefan | Miller, Elizabeth C1 - 2021-12-03 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/12032021_covidupdate.html#anchor_Transmission DO - 10.1101/2021.11.24.21266401 L1 - internal-pdf://0683447885/Clifford-2021-Effectiveness of BNT162b2 and Ch.pdf LB - Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among household contacts of adult (age �?8 years) index cases with SARS-CoV-2 infection in the United Kingdom, estimated vaccine effectiveness (VE) of 2 doses of BNT162b2 (Comirnaty, Pfizer/BioNTech) was 71% (95% credible interval [CrI] 12%-95%) against Alpha (B.1.1.7) and 24% (95% CrI �?%-64%) against Delta (B.1.617.2) infection. | Among adult index cases, estimated VE against onward transmission was 57% for Alpha and 31% for Delta infection. | Methods: During February–September 2021, adult index cases with SARS-CoV-2 infection and their household contacts were identified from community testing data; participants used self-testing kits to take oral-nasal swabs on days 1, 3, and 7 after enrollment that were tested by RT-qPCR; Bayesian logistic regression models were adjusted for age, vaccination history, and variant. Limitations: Limited power to detect differences in VE; did not assess or adjust for possible waning vaccine immunity relative to the circulation of the two variants; unable to assess VE among younger age groups (persons aged <18 years were not eligible for vaccination at the time). | | Implications: COVID-19 vaccination was effective in reducing household transmission of SARS-CoV-2, although protection might be lower against Delta than Alpha variants. SP - 2021.11.24.21266401 ST - Effectiveness of BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 against SARS-CoV-2 household transmission: a prospective cohort study in England T2 - medRxiv TI - Effectiveness of BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 against SARS-CoV-2 household transmission: a prospective cohort study in England UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/11/25/2021.11.24.21266401.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/11/25/2021.11.24.21266401.full.pdf ID - 2663 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: We assessed vaccine effectiveness (VE) of BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 acquisition among health care workers (HCWs) of long-term care facilities (LTCFs). | Methods: This prospective study, in the framework of "Senior Shield" program in Israel, included routine, weekly nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR testing from all LTCF HCWs since July 2020. All residents and 75% of HCWs were immunized between December 2020 and January 2021. The analysis was limited to HCWs adhering to routine testing. Fully vaccinated (14+ days after second dose; n=6960) and unvaccinated HCWs (n=2202) were simultaneously followed until SARS-CoV-2 acquisition, or end of follow-up, April 11, 2021. Hazard ratios (HR) for vaccination vs. no vaccination were calculated (Cox proportional hazards regression models, adjusting for socio-demographics and residential-area COVID-19 incidence). VE was calculated as [(1�?HR)×100]. RT-PCR cycle threshold values (Cts) were compared between vaccinated and unvaccinated HCWs. | Findings: At >14 days post second dose, 40 vaccinated HCWs acquired SARS-CoV-2 (median follow-up, 66 days; cumulative incidence 0·6%) vs. 84 unvaccinated HCWs (median follow-up 43 days; cumulative incidence, 5·1%); HR=0·11 (95% CI 0·07, 0.17), unadjusted VE=89% (95% CI 83%, 93%). Adjusted VE beyond seven days and >14 days post second dose were similar. The median PCR Cts targeting ORF1ab gene among 20 vaccinated and 40 unvaccinated HCWs was 32·0 vs. 26·7, respectively, p=0·008. | Interpretation: VE following two doses of BNT162b2 against SARS-CoV-2 acquisition in LTCF HCWs was high. The lower viral loads among SARS-CoV-2 positive HCWs suggests further reduction in transmission. | Funding Information: The current study did not have external funding sources. AU - Muhsen, Khitam | Maimon, Nimrod | Mizrahi, Ami | Bodenneimer, Omri | Cohen, Dani | Maimon, Michal | Grotto, Itamar | Dagan, Ron C1 - 2021-07-30 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07302021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.2139/ssrn.3885633 KW - Effectiveness | BNT162b2 vaccine | SARS-CoV-2 infection | health care workers | prospective study | Long-term care facilities, cycle threshold L1 - internal-pdf://3116196750/SSRN-id3885633.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 9,162 health care workers (HCW, 6,960 vaccinated and 2,202 unvaccinated) at long-term care facilities in Israel, vaccine effectiveness following 2 doses of BNT162b2 was 89% (95% CI 83-93%). Median PCR Ct values among SARS-CoV-2 positive HCWs were lower in unvaccinated (26.7) compared to vaccinated (32.0) persons. SN - 1556-5068 ST - Effectiveness of BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine Against Acquisitions of SARS-CoV-2 Among Health Care Workers in Long-Term Care Facilities: A Prospective Cohort Study T2 - SSRN TI - Effectiveness of BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine Against Acquisitions of SARS-CoV-2 Among Health Care Workers in Long-Term Care Facilities: A Prospective Cohort Study UR - https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3885633 ID - 2179 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hall, Victoria Jane | Foulkes, Sarah | Saei, Ayoub | Andrews, Nick | Oguti, Blanche | Charlett, Andre | Wellington, Edgar | Stowe, Julia | Gillson, Natalie | Atti, Ana | Islam, Jasmin | Karagiannis, Ioannis | Munro, Katie | Khawam, Jameel | Group, The Siren Study | Chand, Meera A. | Brown, Colin | Ramsay, Mary E. | Bernal, Jamie Lopez | Hopkins, Susan C1 - 2021-03-05 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03052021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.2139/ssrn.3790399 L1 - internal-pdf://2990539951/SSRN-id3790399.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: With B.1.1.7 as the dominant variant in circulation, the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine effectively prevented both symptomatic and asymptomatic infection in working age adults in a cohort of healthcare workers. SN - 1556-5068 ST - Effectiveness of BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine Against Infection and COVID-19 Vaccine Coverage in Healthcare Workers in England, Multicentre Prospective Cohort Study (the SIREN Study) T2 - SSRN TI - Effectiveness of BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine Against Infection and COVID-19 Vaccine Coverage in Healthcare Workers in England, Multicentre Prospective Cohort Study (the SIREN Study) TT - Published article: COVID-19 vaccine coverage in health-care workers in England and effectiveness of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine against infection (SIREN): a prospective, multicentre, cohort study UR - https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3790399 ID - 1544 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The B.1.617.2 (delta) variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged as the dominant strain circulating in many regions worldwide. The BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine against coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) was found to be effective in preventing infection with the delta variant in a recent observational study,1 but other reports have suggested reduced vaccine effectiveness against this variant.2,3 On May 10, 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the emergency use of BNT162b2 in adolescents 12 years of age or older on the basis of a clinical trial that had been conducted before the delta variant had become prevalent in the United States.4 Additional evidence was needed regarding the effectiveness of the BNT162b2 vaccine among adolescents, particularly against the delta variant. AD - Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA. | Clalit Research Institute, Tel Aviv, Israel. | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. | Clalit Research Institute, Tel Aviv, Israel rbalicer@clalit.org.il. AN - 34670036 AU - Reis, Ben Y. | Barda, Noam | Leshchinsky, Michael | Kepten, Eldad | Hern֙n, Miguel A. | Lipsitch, Marc | Dagan, Noa | Balicer, Ran D. C1 - 2021-10-29 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10292021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - Oct 20 DO - 10.1056/NEJMc2114290 ET - 2021/10/21 L1 - internal-pdf://2742806010/Reis-2021-Effectiveness of BNT162b2 Vaccine ag.pdf LB - Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Reis, Ben Y | Barda, Noam | Leshchinsky, Michael | Kepten, Eldad | Hernan, Miguel A | Lipsitch, Marc | Dagan, Noa | Balicer, Ran D | eng | Letter | N Engl J Med. 2021 Oct 20. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2114290. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 94,354 vaccinated Israeli adolescents 12�?8 years and matched controls, vaccine effectiveness within 21 days after BNT162b2 dose 2 was 90% (95% CI 88%-92%) against SARS-CoV-2 infection and 93% (95% CI 88%-97%) against symptomatic illness when the Delta (B.1.617.2) variant predominated (June–October 2021). SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic) | 0028-4793 (Linking) ST - Effectiveness of BNT162b2 Vaccine against Delta Variant in Adolescents T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Effectiveness of BNT162b2 Vaccine against Delta Variant in Adolescents UR - https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2114290 | https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMc2114290?articleTools=true ID - 2555 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We recently reported vaccine effectiveness (VE) estimates against symptomatic disease with the; Delta (B.1.617.2) variant.(1) After a full course, VE reached 88% with the Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2; vaccine and 67% with the AstraZeneca ChAdOx1 AZD1222 vaccine. This provided important evidence; that despite modest reductions in protection, vaccines remain effective against Delta. However, the; very recent emergence of the variant and the relatively low case numbers meant that it was not; possible to estimate VE against severe disease. | With other variants, vaccines have been found to provide higher levels of protection against severe; outcomes compared to mild disease.(2-4) Understanding the effectiveness against more severe end; points such as hospital admissions is crucial in evaluating the risk Delta poses on the population and; the consequences of easing non-pharmaceutical interventions. | Delta has continued to spread globally, including in the UK, with a proportion of cases resulting in; more severe disease and hospitalisation.(5) Here we estimate effectiveness of the BNT162b2 and; ChAdOx1 vaccines against Delta as compared to Alpha. | We linked all symptomatic cases between 12th April and 4; th June 2021 to the Emergency Care; Dataset (ECDS) which records all hospital admission via emergency departments in England. We; included any hospitalisations (excluding injuries) within 14 days of a positive test. A cox proportional; hazards survival analysis was undertaken to estimate the risk of hospitalisation by vaccination status; adjusting for age, clinically extremely vulnerable groups, ethnicity and test week. Odds ratios (OR); for symptomatic disease from a test negative case control analysis (1) were then combined with the; hazard ratios (HR) for hospitalisation among symptomatic cases to estimate vaccine effectiveness; against hospitalisation as VE = 1 - (OR symptomatic disease x HR hospitalisation). | There were 14,019 symptomatic cases with Delta included in the analysis, 166 of whom were; hospitalised. Overall hazard ratios for hospitalisation among cases with Delta in vaccinated; compared to unvaccinated individuals were 0.37 (0.22-0.63) after 1 dose and 0.29 (0.11-0.72) after 2; doses of any vaccine. This compared to 0.44 (0.28-0.70) and 0.64 (0.24-1.72) with Alpha. VE against; hospitalisation with Delta was similar to that seen with Alpha: 94% (46-99) after 1 dose and 96% (86-; 99) after 2 doses of BNT162b2; 71% (51-83) after 1 dose and 92% (75-97) after 2 doses of ChAdOx1; (Table); These findings indicate very high levels of protection against hospitalisation with the Delta variant; with 1 or 2 doses of either vaccine. AU - Stowe, Julia | Andrews, Nick | Gower, Charlotte | Gallagher, Eileen | Utsi, Lara | Simmons, Ruth | Thelwall, Simon | Tessier, Elise | Groves, Natalie | Dabrera, Gavin | Myers, Richard | Campbell, Colin | Amirthalingam, Gayatri | Edmunds, Matt | Zambon, Maria | Brown, Kevin | Hopkins, Susan | Chand, Meera | Ramsay, Mary | Lopez Bernal, Jamie C1 - 2021-06-25 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06252021_covidupdate.html L1 - internal-pdf://2289036751/Effectiveness_of_COVID-19_vaccines_against_hos.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Between April 12 and June 4, 2021 there were 14,019 symptomatic cases of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 variant with 166 hospitalizations in England. Vaccine effectiveness of 1 or 2 doses of BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) or of 2 doses of ChAdOx1 (Oxford/AstraZeneca) against hospitalization with the B.1.617.2 variant was >90% and was comparable to effectiveness against hospitalization with the B.1.1.7 variant. ST - Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against hospital admission with the Delta (B.1.617.2) variant T2 - Global Health Network Preprints TI - Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against hospital admission with the Delta (B.1.617.2) variant UR - https://media.tghn.org/articles/Effectiveness_of_COVID-19_vaccines_against_hospital_admission_with_the_Delta_B._G6gnnqJ.pdf ID - 1873 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background The B.1.617.2 COVID-19 variant has contributed to the surge in cases in India and has now been detected across the globe, including a notable increase in cases in the UK. We estimate the effectiveness of the BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 COVID-19 vaccines against this variant.Methods A test negative case control design was used to estimate the effectiveness of vaccination against symptomatic disease with both variants over the period that B.1.617.2 began circulating with cases identified based on sequencing and S-gene target status. Data on all symptomatic sequenced cases of COVID-19 in England was used to estimate the proportion of cases with B.1.617.2 compared to the predominant strain (B.1.1.7) by vaccination status.Results Effectiveness was notably lower after 1 dose of vaccine with B.1.617.2 cases 33.5% (95%CI: 20.6 to 44.3) compared to B.1.1.7 cases 51.1% (95%CI: 47.3 to 54.7) with similar results for both vaccines. With BNT162b2 2 dose effectiveness reduced from 93.4% (95%CI: 90.4 to 95.5) with B.1.1.7 to 87.9% (95%CI: 78.2 to 93.2) with B.1.617.2. With ChAdOx1 2 dose effectiveness reduced from 66.1% (95% CI: 54.0 to 75.0) with B.1.1.7 to 59.8% (95%CI: 28.9 to 77.3) with B.1.617.2. Sequenced cases detected after 1 or 2 doses of vaccination had a higher odds of infection with B.1.617.2 compared to unvaccinated cases (OR 1.40; 95%CI: 1.13-1.75).Conclusions After 2 doses of either vaccine there were only modest differences in vaccine effectiveness with the B.1.617.2 variant. Absolute differences in vaccine effectiveness were more marked with dose 1. This would support maximising vaccine uptake with two doses among vulnerable groups.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementFunded by Public Health EnglandAuthor DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Surveillance of covid-19 testing and vaccination is undertaken under Regulation 3 of The Health Service (Control of Patient Information) Regulations 2002 to collect confidential patient information (www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2002/1438/regulation/3/ made) under Sections 3(i) (a) to (c), 3(i)(d) (i) and (ii) and 3(3). The study protocol was subject to an internal review by the Public Health England Research Ethics and Governance Group and was found to be fully compliant with all regulatory requirements. As no regulatory issues were identified, and ethical review is not a requirement for this type of work, it was decided that a full ethical review would not be necessary.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll relevant data are available in the manuscript or supplement AU - Bernal, Jamie Lopez | Andrews, Nick | Gower, Charlotte | Gallagher, Eileen | Simmons, Ruth | Thelwall, Simon | Stowe, Julia | Tessier, Elise | Groves, Natalie | Dabrera, Gavin | Myers, Richard | Campbell, Colin | Amirthalingam, Gayatri | Edmunds, Matt | Zambon, Maria | Brown, Kevin | Hopkins, Susan | Chand, Meera | Ramsay, Mary C1 - 2021-06-04 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06042021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.05.22.21257658 L1 - internal-pdf://3144123835/Bernal-2021-Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Following 2 doses of Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2, effectiveness against B.1.1.7 was 93.4% (95% CI 90.4%-95.5%) compared to 87.9% (95% CI 78.2%-93.2%) against B.1.617.2. | Following 2 doses of Oxford/AstraZeneca ChAdOx1, effectiveness against B.1.1.7 was 66.1% (95% CI 54.0%-75.0%) compared to 59.8% (95% CI 28.9%-77.3%) against B.1.617.2. | After 1 dose, both vaccines were significantly less effective against B.1.617.2 (33.5%, 95% CI 20.0%-44.3%) compared with B.1.1.7 (51.1%, 95% CI 47.3%-54.7%). | Methods: Linked data (n = 12,675) on symptomatic sequenced cases of COVID-19 and England’s National Immunization Management System for vaccinations up to May 16, 2021 were used to estimate the proportion of cases with B.1.617.2, based on S gene, compared to the predominant strain (B.1.1.7) by vaccination status. Limitations: Does not account for differences in populations that may have received each vaccine; timing of rollout for different vaccines varied. | Implications: Vaccine effectiveness against B.1.617.2 after 1 dose was only 33.5%, suggesting a need to maximize uptake of 2nd doses of these vaccines. SP - 2021.05.22.21257658 ST - Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against the B.1.617.2 variant T2 - medRxiv TI - Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against the B.1.617.2 variant TT - Published article: Effectiveness of Covid-19 Vaccines against the B.1.617.2 (Delta) Variant UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/05/24/2021.05.22.21257658.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/05/24/2021.05.22.21257658.full.pdf ID - 1804 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Objectives To estimate the effectiveness of BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech), mRNA-1273 (Moderna), and ChAdOx1 (AstraZeneca) vaccines against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe outcomes (COVID-19 hospitalization or death) caused by the Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), and Delta (B.1.617.2) variants of concern (VOCs) during December 2020 to May 2021.Methods We conducted a test-negative design study using linked population-wide vaccination, laboratory testing, and health administrative databases in Ontario, Canada.Results Against symptomatic infection caused by Alpha, vaccine effectiveness with partial vaccination (�?4 days after dose 1) was higher for mRNA-1273 than BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1. Full vaccination (�? days after dose 2) increased vaccine effectiveness for BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 against Alpha. Protection against symptomatic infection caused by Beta/Gamma was lower with partial vaccination for ChAdOx1 than mRNA-1273. Against Delta, vaccine effectiveness after partial vaccination tended to be lower than against Alpha for BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273, but was similar to Alpha for ChAdOx1. Full vaccination with BNT162b2 increased protection against Delta to levels comparable to Alpha and Beta/Gamma. Vaccine effectiveness against hospitalization or death caused by all studied VOCs was generally higher than for symptomatic infection after partial vaccination with all three vaccines.Conclusions Our findings suggest that even a single dose of these 3 vaccine products provide good to excellent protection against symptomatic infection and severe outcomes caused by the 4 currently circulating variants of concern, and that 2 doses are likely to provide even higher protection.Competing Interest StatementKW is CEO of CANImmunize and serves on the data safety board for the Medicago COVID-19 vaccine trial. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest.Funding StatementThis work was supported by the Canadian Immunization Research Network (CIRN) through a grant from the Public Health Agency of Canada and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CNF 151944). This project was also supported by funding from the Public Health Agency of Canada, through the Vaccine Surveillance Reference group and the COVID-19 Immunity Task Force. This study was also supported by ICES, which is funded by an annual grant from the Ontario Ministry of Health (MOH). JCK is supported by Clinician-Scientist Award from the University of Toronto Department of Family and Community Medicine. PCA is supported by a Mid-Career Investigator Award from the Heart and Stroke Foundation.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:ICES is a prescribed entity under Ontarios Personal Health Information Protection Act (PHIPA). Section 45 of PHIPA authorizes ICES to collect personal health information, without consent, for the purpose of analysis or compiling statistical information with respect to the management of, evaluation or monitoring of, the allocation of resources to or planning for all or part of the health system. Projects that use data collected by ICES under section 45 of PHIPA, and use no other data, are exempt from REB review. The use of the data in this project is authorized under section 45 and approved by ICES Privacy and Legal Office.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).Yes have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThe dataset from this study is held securely in coded form at ICES. While legal data sharing agreements between ICES and data providers (e.g., healthcare organizations and government) prohibit ICES from making the dataset publicly available, access may be granted to those who meet pre-specified criteria for confidential access, available at www.ices.on.ca/DAS (email: das@ices.on.ca). The full dataset creation plan and underlying analytic code are available from the authors upon request, understanding that the computer programs may rely upon coding templates or macros that are unique to ICES and are therefore either inaccessible or may require modification. AU - Nasreen, Sharifa | He, Siyi | Chung, Hannah | Brown, Kevin A. | Gubbay, Jonathan B. | Buchan, Sarah A. | Wilson, Sarah E. | Sundaram, Maria E. | Fell, Deshayne B. | Chen, Branson | Calzavara, Andrew | Austin, Peter C. | Schwartz, Kevin L. | Tadrous, Mina | Wilson, Kumanan | Kwong, Jeffrey C. | on behalf of the Canadian Immunization Research Network Provincial Collaborative Network, Investigators C1 - 2021-07-16 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07162021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.06.28.21259420 L1 - internal-pdf://0113027235/Nasreen-2021-Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccine.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - (CIRN); (PCN) PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Across all vaccines evaluated, single doses generally were more protective against hospitalization and death than symptoms. | Against Delta, vaccine effectiveness (VE) for preventing hospitalization or death was �?8% after 1 dose of BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech), mRNA-1273 (Moderna), or ChAdOx1 (Oxford/AstraZeneca) (Table). | Methods: 69,533 symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals and 351,540 non-infected controls were identified in Ontario, Canada between December 14, 2020, and May 30, 2021; vaccination status was determined in both groups to calculate VE. Most variants were classified by screening for N501Y and E484K mutations with some confirmed by whole genome sequencing. Limitations: Probabilistic methods used to identify most Delta cases could lead to overestimation. | Implications: Full and partial vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 provides protection from symptomatic or severe disease in the face of circulating Alpha, Beta/Gamma, and Delta variants. SP - 2021.06.28.21259420 ST - Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against variants of concern, Canada T2 - medRxiv TI - Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against variants of concern, Canada UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/07/03/2021.06.28.21259420.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/07/16/2021.06.28.21259420.full.pdf ID - 1971 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Guidelines from the CDC and the WHO recommend the wearing of face masks to prevent the spread of coronavirus (CoV) disease 2019 (COVID-19); however, the protective efficiency of such masks against airborne transmission of infectious severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2) droplets/aerosols is unknown. Here, we developed an airborne transmission simulator of infectious SARS-CoV-2-containing droplets/aerosols produced by human respiration and coughs and assessed the transmissibility of the infectious droplets/aerosols and the ability of various types of face masks to block the transmission. We found that cotton masks, surgical masks, and N95 masks all have a protective effect with respect to the transmission of infective droplets/aerosols of SARS-CoV-2 and that the protective efficiency was higher when masks were worn by a virus spreader. Importantly, medical masks (surgical masks and even N95 masks) were not able to completely block the transmission of virus droplets/aerosols even when completely sealed. Our data will help medical workers understand the proper use and performance of masks and determine whether they need additional equipment to protect themselves from infected patients.IMPORTANCE Airborne simulation experiments showed that cotton masks, surgical masks, and N95 masks provide some protection from the transmission of infective SARS-CoV-2 droplets/aerosols; however, medical masks (surgical masks and even N95 masks) could not completely block the transmission of virus droplets/aerosols even when sealed. AD - Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. | Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. | Clinical Research Division, Virus Research Center, National Hospital Organization Sendai Medical Center, Sendai, Japan. | Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan yoshihiro.kawaoka@wisc.edu. | Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. | Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. AN - 33087517 AU - Ueki, H. | Furusawa, Y. | Iwatsuki-Horimoto, K. | Imai, M. | Kabata, H. | Nishimura, H. | Kawaoka, Y. C1 - 2020-11-10 C2 - Face Masks CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/111020_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 21 DO - 10.1128/mSphere.00637-20 ET - 2020/10/23 IS - 5 KW - *Aerosols | *Air Microbiology | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*prevention & control/*transmission | Health Personnel/education | Humans | Masks/classification/*standards | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*prevention & control/*transmission | SARS-CoV-2 | *covid-19 | *N95 masks | *SARS-CoV-2 | *droplets | *face masks L1 - internal-pdf://3602290199/Ueki-2020-Effectiveness of Face Masks in Preve.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Ueki, Hiroshi; Furusawa, Yuri; Iwatsuki-Horimoto, Kiyoko; Imai, Masaki; Kabata, Hiroki; Nishimura, Hidekazu; Kawaoka, Yoshihiro; eng; HHSN272201400008C/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; mSphere. 2020 Oct 21;5(5). pii: 5/5/e00637-20. doi: 10.1128/mSphere.00637-20. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Increasing distance between spreader and receiver decreased the number of infectious particles inhaled. (Figure 1). | Cloth and surgical mask-wearing (respectively) at a distance of 50 cm (1.6 feet) resulted in (Figure 2): | 57%�?8% and 73%�?6% decrease in viral load and infectious virus titer, respectively, received when the spreader was masked. | 37%�?0% and 17%�?7% decrease in viral load and infectious virus titer, respectively, received when the receiver was masked. | 60%�?1% and 68%�?6% decrease in viral load and infectious virus titer, respectively, received when both the spreader and the receiver were masked. | Methods: Laboratory experiment using nebulized mist containing SARS-CoV-2 and human head models, one as spreader unit to simulate mild cough and one as receiver unit to simulate inhalation. Units were situated various distances apart and wore masks of different types in various combinations. Virus “inhaled�?into the receiver unit was quantified by plaque assay (live virus) and qRT-PCR (viral RNA). Limitations: Limited number of conditions tested; mask fitting to head forms does not completely replicate fitting of masks to a human face. | Implications: Mask wearing by both those who are potentially transmitting infection and by those uninfected appears to provide the most protection from SARS-CoV-2, with surgical masks providing slightly better protection than cotton masks. SN - 2379-5042 (Electronic); 2379-5042 (Linking) SP - e00637-20 ST - Effectiveness of Face Masks in Preventing Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 T2 - mSphere TI - Effectiveness of Face Masks in Preventing Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33087517 VL - 5 ID - 1202 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Vasileiou, Eleftheria | Simpson, Colin R. | Robertson, Chris | Shi, Ting | Kerr, Steven | Agrawal, Utkarsh | Akbari, Ashley | Bedston, Stuart | Beggs, Jillian | Bradley, Declan | Chuter, Antony | de Lusignan, Simon | Docherty, Annemarie | Ford, David | Hobbs, Richard | Joy, Mark | Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal | Marple, James | McCowan, Colin | McGagh, Dylan | McMenamin, Jim | Moore, Emily | Murray, Josephine- L. K. | Pan, Jiafeng | Ritchie, Lewis | Shah, Syed Ahmar | Stock, Sarah | Torabi, Fatemeh | Tsang, Ruby S. M. | Wood, Rachael | Woolhouse, Mark | Sheikh, Aziz C1 - 2021-03-05 | 2021-03-12 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03052021_covidupdate.html | http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03122021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.2139/ssrn.3789264 L1 - internal-pdf://1133598423/SSRN-id3789264.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Vaccines were protective against COVID-19 hospitalization; vaccine effect (VE) for BNT162b2 mRNA = 85% (95% CI 76%-91%); ChAdOx1 = 94% (95% CI 73%-99%). | VE was observed over all time periods and increased over time, peaking 28�?4 days post-vaccination for both the BNT162b2 mRNA (Pfizer-BioNTech) and ChAdOx1 (Oxford-AstraZeneca) vaccines. | Similar findings observed in persons �?0 years in an age-stratified pooled analysis for both vaccines. | Methods: A national, prospective cohort study using linked vaccination, testing, primary care, hospitalization, and mortality data for 5.4 million persons (99% of Scottish population). First doses of vaccine were administered between December 8, 2020–February 15, 2020 (1,137,775 persons). Data were analyzed with time dependent Cox and Poisson regression models fitted to estimate vaccine effectiveness against COVID-19 related hospitalization after the first dose. Limitations: Confounding due to differences within matched pairs; exclusion of certain groups like health care workers; other outcomes of interest not evaluated. | Implications: A single dose of Pfizer-BioNTech and Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines resulted in substantial reductions in COVID-19-related hospitalizations in Scotland. SN - 1556-5068 ST - Effectiveness of First Dose of COVID-19 Vaccines Against Hospital Admissions in Scotland: National Prospective Cohort Study of 5.4 Million People T2 - SSRN TI - Effectiveness of First Dose of COVID-19 Vaccines Against Hospital Admissions in Scotland: National Prospective Cohort Study of 5.4 Million People TT - Published article: Interim findings from first-dose mass COVID-19 vaccination roll-out and COVID-19 hospital admissions in Scotland: a national prospective cohort study UR - https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3789264 ID - 1543 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BackgroundVaccine effectiveness studies have not differentiated the effect of the delta (B.1.617.2) variant and potential waning immunity in observed reductions in effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infections. We aimed to evaluate overall and variant-specific effectiveness of BNT162b2 (tozinameran, Pfizer?BioNTech) against SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19-related hospital admissions by time since vaccination among members of a large US health-care system. AD - Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA; Department of Health Systems Science, Kaiser Permanente Bernard J Tyson School of Medicine, Pasadena, CA, USA. Electronic address: sara.y.tartof@kp.org. | Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA. | Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Harbor City, CA, USA. | Kaiser Permanente Center for Integrated Health Care Research, Honolulu, HI, USA. | Pfizer, Collegeville, PA, USA. AN - 34619098 AU - Tartof, Sara Y. | Slezak, Jeff M. | Fischer, Heidi | Hong, Vennis | Ackerson, Bradley K. | Ranasinghe, Omesh N. | Frankland, Timothy B. | Ogun, Oluwaseye A. | Zamparo, Joann M. | Gray, Sharon | Valluri, Srinivas R. | Pan, Kaije | Angulo, Frederick J. | Jodar, Luis | McLaughlin, John M. C1 - 2021-10-15 C2 - PMC8489881 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10152021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - Oct 16 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02183-8 ET - 2021/10/08 IS - 10309 L1 - internal-pdf://1056244296/PIIS0140673621021838.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Tartof, Sara Y | Slezak, Jeff M | Fischer, Heidi | Hong, Vennis | Ackerson, Bradley K | Ranasinghe, Omesh N | Frankland, Timothy B | Ogun, Oluwaseye A | Zamparo, Joann M | Gray, Sharon | Valluri, Srinivas R | Pan, Kaije | Angulo, Frederick J | Jodar, Luis | McLaughlin, John M | eng | England | Lancet. 2021 Oct 16;398(10309):1407-1416. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02183-8. Epub 2021 Oct 4. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Using electronic health records from a large managed-care system in the United States (n = 3,436,957), December 2020–August 2021, vaccine effectiveness (VE) against SARS-CoV-2 infection among fully vaccinated persons (2 doses BNT162b2) aged �?12 years was 75% (95% CI 71%-78%) for Delta compared with 91% (95% CI 88%-92%) for other variants. At �? months post vaccination, VE declined to 53% (95% CI 39%-65%) for Delta compared with 67% (95% CI 45%-80%) for other variants. SN - 0140-6736 SP - 1407-1416 ST - Effectiveness of mRNA BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine up to 6 months in a large integrated health system in the USA: a retrospective cohort study T2 - Lancet TI - Effectiveness of mRNA BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine up to 6 months in a large integrated health system in the USA: a retrospective cohort study UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02183-8 VL - 398 Y2 - 2021/10/18 ID - 2480 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The prioritization of U.S. health care personnel for early receipt of messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines against severe acute respiratory disease coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), allowed for the evaluation of the effectiveness of these new vaccines in a real-world setting. METHODS: We conducted a test-negative case-control study involving health care personnel across 25 U.S. states. Cases were defined on the basis of a positive polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) or antigen-based test for SARS-CoV-2 and at least one Covid-19-like symptom. Controls were defined on the basis of a negative PCR test for SARS-CoV-2, regardless of symptoms, and were matched to cases according to the week of the test date and site. Using conditional logistic regression with adjustment for age, race and ethnic group, underlying conditions, and exposures to persons with Covid-19, we estimated vaccine effectiveness for partial vaccination (assessed 14 days after receipt of the first dose through 6 days after receipt of the second dose) and complete vaccination (assessed >/=7 days after receipt of the second dose). RESULTS: The study included 1482 case participants and 3449 control participants. Vaccine effectiveness for partial vaccination was 77.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 70.9 to 82.7) with the BNT162b2 vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech) and 88.9% (95% CI, 78.7 to 94.2) with the mRNA-1273 vaccine (Moderna); for complete vaccination, vaccine effectiveness was 88.8% (95% CI, 84.6 to 91.8) and 96.3% (95% CI, 91.3 to 98.4), respectively. Vaccine effectiveness was similar in subgroups defined according to age (<50 years or >/=50 years), race and ethnic group, presence of underlying conditions, and level of patient contact. Estimates of vaccine effectiveness were lower during weeks 9 through 14 than during weeks 3 through 8 after receipt of the second dose, but confidence intervals overlapped widely. CONCLUSIONS: The BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccines were highly effective under real-world conditions in preventing symptomatic Covid-19 in health care personnel, including those at risk for severe Covid-19 and those in racial and ethnic groups that have been disproportionately affected by the pandemic. (Funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.). AD - From the Covid-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (T.P., R.G., K.E.F.-D., J.L.F., M.F., N.C., S.S.M., J.R.V., S.J.S.), and the Georgia Emerging Infections Program and Emory University School of Medicine (S.K.F.) - both in Atlanta; the University of Iowa, Iowa City (N.M.M., D.A.T., K.K.H., B.F.); Olive View and University of California Los Angeles Ronald Reagan Medical Centers, Los Angeles (D.A.T., A.K., G.J.M.), the University of California San Francisco, Fresno (B.C.), and the California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland (J.L.); Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (H.A.S.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (P.C.H.), and the University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester (J.P.H.) - all in Massachusetts; Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami (L.C.L.); University Medical Center, Louisiana State University, New Orleans (S.C.L.); Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia (E.K.); Truman Medical Center, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City (M.T.S.); the University of Chicago (D.G.B.) and the Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center (M.Y.L.) - both in Chicago; the University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (U.N.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (W.A.S.); the University of Washington, Seattle (D.J.H.); Valleywise Health Medical Center, Arizona State University, Phoenix (F.L.); the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver (D.B.); the Connecticut Emerging Infections Program and Yale School of Public Health, New Haven (M.B.); the Maryland Department of Health (K.M.-G.) and Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (A.K.D.) - both in Baltimore; the Minnesota Emerging Infections Program, Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (S.L.); the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (E.C.P.), and the New Mexico Emerging Infections Program, Santa Fe (E.C.P.); the University of Rochester Medical Center and the New York State-Rochester Emerging Infections Program, Rochester (G.D.); the Public Health Division, Oregon Health Authority, Portland (R.P.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (T.M.M.); the Duke Center for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (D.J.A.); the University of Utah Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City (J.M.); Washington University School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, St. Louis (J.H.K.); the University of Wisconsin-Madison and the William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison (N.S.); and the Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium, Anchorage (R.S.). AN - 34551224 AU - Pilishvili, Tamara | Gierke, Ryan | Fleming-Dutra, Katherine E. | Farrar, Jennifer L. | Mohr, Nicholas M. | Talan, David A. | Krishnadasan, Anusha | Harland, Karisa K. | Smithline, Howard A. | Hou, Peter C. | Lee, Lilly C. | Lim, Stephen C. | Moran, Gregory J. | Krebs, Elizabeth | Steele, Mark T. | Beiser, David G. | Faine, Brett | Haran, John P. | Nandi, Utsav | Schrading, Walter A. | Chinnock, Brian | Henning, Daniel J. | Lovecchio, Frank | Lee, Jane | Barter, Devra | Brackney, Monica | Fridkin, Scott K. | Marceaux-Galli, Kaytlynn | Lim, Sarah | Phipps, Erin C. | Dumyati, Ghinwa | Pierce, Rebecca | Markus, Tiffanie M. | Anderson, Deverick J. | Debes, Amanda K. | Lin, Michael Y. | Mayer, Jeanmarie | Kwon, Jennie H. | Safdar, Nasia | Fischer, Marc | Singleton, Rosalyn | Chea, Nora | Magill, Shelley S. | Verani, Jennifer R. | Schrag, Stephanie J. C1 - 2021-10-01 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10012021_covidupdate.html#anchor_Vaccines DA - Sep 22 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2106599 ET - 2021/09/23 L1 - internal-pdf://2650821842/Pilishvili-2021-Effectiveness of mRNA Covid-19.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Pilishvili, Tamara | Gierke, Ryan | Fleming-Dutra, Katherine E | Farrar, Jennifer L | Mohr, Nicholas M | Talan, David A | Krishnadasan, Anusha | Harland, Karisa K | Smithline, Howard A | Hou, Peter C | Lee, Lilly C | Lim, Stephen C | Moran, Gregory J | Krebs, Elizabeth | Steele, Mark T | Beiser, David G | Faine, Brett | Haran, John P | Nandi, Utsav | Schrading, Walter A | Chinnock, Brian | Henning, Daniel J | Lovecchio, Frank | Lee, Jane | Barter, Devra | Brackney, Monica | Fridkin, Scott K | Marceaux-Galli, Kaytlynn | Lim, Sarah | Phipps, Erin C | Dumyati, Ghinwa | Pierce, Rebecca | Markus, Tiffanie M | Anderson, Deverick J | Debes, Amanda K | Lin, Michael Y | Mayer, Jeanmarie | Kwon, Jennie H | Safdar, Nasia | Fischer, Marc | Singleton, Rosalyn | Chea, Nora | Magill, Shelley S | Verani, Jennifer R | Schrag, Stephanie J | eng | N Engl J Med. 2021 Sep 22. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2106599. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among fully vaccinated healthcare personnel, adjusted vaccine effectiveness (VE) was 90.4% (95% CI 69.6%-92.9%) and did not vary by which mRNA vaccine was received. | Severe symptoms or hospitalization were more likely among unvaccinated case participants than among partially or fully vaccinated case participants. | VE was comparable across race and ethnicity, comorbidities, and age. | Methods: Case-control study conducted among 1,482 cases (had SARS-CoV-2 infection) and 3,449 controls (did not have SARS-CoV-2 infection, matched on test date and site) selected from healthcare personnel in acute care hospitals and long-term care facilities in 25 U.S. states, December 2020–May 2021. VE for the BNT162b2 (Comirnaty, Pfizer/BioNTech) and mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccines was calculated as 1�?matched OR). Limitations: COVID-19 testing practices varied across sites; vaccinated personnel may have accessed testing differentially than unvaccinated, potentially underestimating VE; persons with unknown prior COVID-19 could not be excluded. | | Implications: BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccines prevented symptomatic COVID-19 among frontline healthcare personnel, regardless of demographic characteristics or underlying risk. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic) | 0028-4793 (Linking) ST - Effectiveness of mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine among U.S. Health Care Personnel T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Effectiveness of mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine among U.S. Health Care Personnel UR - https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2106599 | https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa2106599?articleTools=true ID - 2405 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In a large cohort of US healthcare personnel (HCP) without prior COVID-19 infection, 94,382 doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine were administered to 49,220 individuals. The adjusted vaccine effectiveness following two doses of each of the two available brands of mRNA vaccine exceeded 96%. AD - Division of Preventive, Occupational, and Aerospace Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. | Occupational Health Services, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. | Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN. AN - 33900384 AU - Swift, M. D. | Breeher, L. E. | Tande, A. J. | Tommaso, C. P. | Hainy, C. M. | Chu, H. | Murad, M. H. | Berbari, E. F. | Virk, A. C1 - 2021-05-07 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05072021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 26 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciab361 ET - 2021/04/27 IS - 6 KW - Covid-19 | SARS-CoV-2 | healthcare personnel | mRNA | vaccine effectiveness L1 - internal-pdf://2262272285/Swift-2021-Effectiveness of mRNA COVID-19 vacc.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Swift, Melanie D; Breeher, Laura E; Tande, Aaron J; Tommaso, Christopher P; Hainy, Caitlin M; Chu, Haitao; Murad, M Hassan; Berbari, Elie F; Virk, Abinash; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Apr 26. pii: 6253721. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab361. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Healthcare personnel (HCP) at Mayo Clinic campuses in Minnesota, Florida, and western Wisconsin (n = 71,152) who received 2 doses of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine had lower rates of infection (0.1%) compared with partially vaccinated (3.1%) or non-vaccinated (4.2%) HCPs, for an estimated vaccine effectiveness of >96%. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - e1376-e1379 ST - Effectiveness of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infection in a cohort of healthcare personnel T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Effectiveness of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infection in a cohort of healthcare personnel UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33900384 VL - 73 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1737 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background As SARS-CoV-2 vaccination coverage increases in the United States (US), there is a need to understand the real-world effectiveness against severe Covid-19 and among people at increased risk for poor outcomes.Methods In a multicenter case-control analysis of US adults hospitalized March 11 - May 5, 2021, we evaluated vaccine effectiveness to prevent Covid-19 hospitalizations by comparing odds of prior vaccination with an mRNA vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna) between cases hospitalized with Covid-19 and hospital-based controls who tested negative for SARS-CoV-2.Results Among 1210 participants, median age was 58 years, 22.8% were Black, 13.8% were Hispanic, and 20.6% had immunosuppression. SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 was most common variant (59.7% of sequenced viruses). Full vaccination (receipt of two vaccine doses �?4 days before illness onset) had been received by 45/590 (7.6%) cases and 215/620 (34.7%) controls. Overall vaccine effectiveness was 86.9% (95% CI: 80.4 to 91.2%). Vaccine effectiveness was similar for Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines, and highest in adults aged 18-49 years (97.3%; 95% CI: 78.9 to 99.7%). Among 45 patients with vaccine-breakthrough Covid hospitalizations, 44 (97.8%) were �?0 years old and 20 (44.4%) had immunosuppression. Vaccine effectiveness was lower among patients with immunosuppression (59.2%; 95% CI: 11.9 to 81.1%) than without immunosuppression (91.3%; 95% CI: 85.5 to 94.7%).Conclusion During March–May 2021, SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines were highly effective for preventing Covid-19 hospitalizations among US adults. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination was beneficial for patients with immunosuppression, but effectiveness was lower in the immunosuppressed population.Competing Interest StatementPotential Conflicts of Interest: Vaccine manufacturers had no role in the conduct, analysis, or dissemination of this work. The primary funder for this work was the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); CDC scientists participated in this work and are included as authors. The following potential conflicts of interest have been reported by the authors. Dr. Brown reports grants from CDC during the conduct of the study; personal fees from Hamilton, other from Faron, other from Sedana, grants from Janssen, grants from NIH, grants from DoD, other from Oxford University, other from Brigham Young University, outside the submitted work. Dr. Casey reports grants from National Institute of Health, outside the submitted work. Dr. Chang was a speaker for La Jolla Pharmaceuticals in 2018, and consulted for PureTech Health in 2020. Dr. Chappell reports grants from CDC, grants from NCATS/NIH during the conduct of the study. Dr. Exline reports other from Abbott Labs, outside the submitted work. Dr. Files reports personal fees as consultant from Cytovale, DSMB member from Medpace, outside the submitted work. Dr. Gaglani reports grants from CDC-Vanderbilt, during the conduct of the study; grants from CDC, grants from CDC, grants from CDC-Abt, grants from CDC-Westat, outside the submitted work. Dr. Gershengorn reports personal fees from Gilead Sciences, Inc, outside the submitted work. Dr. Ginde reports grants from CDC, during the conduct of the study; grants from AbbVie, grants from Faron Pharmaceuticals, outside the submitted work. Dr. Gong reports grants from CDC, during the conduct of the study; grants from NIH, grants from AHRQ, other from Regeneron, personal fees from Philips Healthcare, outside the submitted work. Dr. Grijalva reports other from Pfizer, other from Merck, other from Sanofi-Pasteur, grants from Campbell Alliance/Syneos Health, grants from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, grants from National Institutes of Health, grants from Food and Drug Administration, grants from Agency for Health Care Research and Quality, grants from Sanofi, outside the submitted work. Dr. Hager reports other from CDC via subcontract with Vanderbilt during the conduct of the study; other from Incyte Corporation, other from Marcus Foundation, other from EMPACT Precision Medicine via VUMC outside the submitted work. Dr. Halasa reports grants from CDC during the conduct of the study; grants and non-financial support from Sanofi, grants from Quidel outside the submitted work. Dr. Khan reports grants from United Therapeutics, grants from Johnson & Johnson, grants from 4D Medical, grants from Lung LLC, grants from Reata Pharmaceuticals, outside the submitted work. Dr. Kwon reports grants from CDC, during the conduct of the study. Dr. Lauring reports personal fees from Sanofi, personal fees from Roche, outside the submitted work. Dr. Lindsell reports grants from CDC, during the conduct of the study; grants from NIH, grants from DoD, grants from Marcus Foundation, other from bioMerieux, other from Endpoint LLC, other from Entegrion Inc, outside the submitted work; in addition, Dr. Lindsell has a patent for risk stratification in sepsis and septic shock issued. Dr. Martin reports grants from Vanderbilt University / Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, during the conduct of the study; personal fees from Pfizer, grants from Merck, outside the submitted work. Dr Monto reports consulting fees from Sanofi-Pasteur and Seqirus outside the submitted work. Dr. Peltan reports grants from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, during the conduct of the study; grants from National Institutes of Health, grants from Janssen Pharmaceuticals, other from Asahi Kasei Pharma, other from Regeneron, outside the submitted work. Dr. Rice reports grants from Centers for Disease Control, during the conduct of the study; personal fees from Cumberland Pharmaceuticals, Inc, personal fees from Avisa Pharma, LLC, personal fees from Sanofi, outside the submitted work. Dr. Self reported research funding from CDC for the current project and consulting fees outside the submitted work from Aeprio Pharmaceuticals and Merck. The other authors reported no potential conflict of interest.Clinical TrialThis is an observational study and not an interventional trial.Funding StatementPrimary funding for this study was provided by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (75D30121F00002). The REDCap data tool was supported by a Clinical and Translational Science Award (UL1 TR002243) from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The following two Institutional Review Boards provided ethical approval for this work as a public health surveillance program with research exemption: [1] Vanderbilt University Medical Center (Nashville, Tennessee, United States; protocol number: 210357; determination: non-research public health surveillance; date of determination: 22 February 2021); and [2] The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Atlanta, Georgia, United States; protocol number: 0900f3eb81c1be34; determination: non-research public health surveillance; date of determination: 26 February 2021).All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData from this project are not available outside of the investigator group. AD - CDC COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta, Georgia. | Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado. | Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado. | Departments of Medicine and Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. | Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. | Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. | Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas. | Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts. | Department of Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina. | Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. | Department of Emergency Medicine and Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota. | Department of Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota. | Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. | Department of Medicine, Montefiore Health System, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York. | Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York. | Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. | Department of Medicine, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts. | Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, Utah and University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah. | School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. | Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon. | Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. | Emory Critical Care Center, Emory Healthcare, Atlanta, Georgia. | Department of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio. | Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. | Department of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. | Department of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida. | Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri. | Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. | Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. | Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. | Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. | Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. | Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. | Department of Emergency Medicine and Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. AN - 34268515 AU - Tenforde, Mark W. | Patel, Manish M. | Ginde, Adit A. | Douin, David J. | Talbot, H. Keipp | Casey, Jonathan D. | Mohr, Nicholas M. | Zepeski, Anne | Gaglani, Manjusha | McNeal, Tresa | Ghamande, Shekhar | Shapiro, Nathan I. | Gibbs, Kevin W. | Files, D. Clark | Hager, David N. | Shehu, Arber | Prekker, Matthew E. | Erickson, Heidi L. | Exline, Matthew C. | Gong, Michelle N. | Mohamed, Amira | Henning, Daniel J. | Steingrub, Jay S. | Peltan, Ithan D. | Brown, Samuel M. | Martin, Emily T. | Monto, Arnold S. | Khan, Akram | Hough, C. Terri | Busse, Laurence | ten Lohuis, Caitlin C. | Duggal, Abhijit | Wilson, Jennifer G. | Gordon, Alexandra June | Qadir, Nida | Chang, Steven Y. | Mallow, Christopher | Gershengorn, Hayley B. | Babcock, Hilary M. | Kwon, Jennie H. | Halasa, Natasha | Chappell, James D. | Lauring, Adam S. | Grijalva, Carlos G. | Rice, Todd W. | Jones, Ian D. | Stubblefield, William B. | Baughman, Adrienne | Womack, Kelsey N. | Lindsell, Christopher J. | Hart, Kimberly W. | Zhu, Yuwei | Olson, Samantha M. | Stephenson, Meagan | Schrag, Stephanie J. | Kobayashi, Miwako | Verani, Jennifer R. | Self, Wesley H. | For the, Influenza | Other Viruses in the Acutely Ill, Network C1 - 2021-07-16 C2 - COVID-19 Vaccines in Cancer Patients CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07162021_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 8 DO - 10.1101/2021.07.08.21259776 ET - 2021/07/17 L1 - internal-pdf://3584597458/Tenforde-2021-Effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - (IVY) PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Overall vaccine effectiveness (VE) for preventing hospitalization was 86.9% (95% CI 80.4-91.2%). | Vaccine effectiveness was significantly lower for patients with immunocompromising conditions (59.2%, 95% CI 11.9-81.1%) compared to individuals without an immunocompromising condition (91.3%, 95% CI 85.5-94.7%). | There were 45 vaccine breakthrough COVID-19 hospitalizations; 20 of whom had immunosuppression. | Methods: Multicenter case-control study of 1,210 US adults hospitalized March 11–May 5, 2021, comparing odds of antecedent SARS-CoV-2 vaccination among hospitalized cases and controls. Cases (n = 590) were PCR positive for SARS-CoV-2, controls were PCR negative for SARS-CoV-2. Limitations: Study was not adjusted for behavioral characteristics, such as mask wearing and social distancing; most sequencing results were B.1.1.7 (Alpha) variant not B.1.617.2 (Delta) that is widely circulating now. | Implications: Vaccine effectiveness of mRNA vaccines in the general population is estimated to be around 87%, however, VE is lower in immunosuppressed groups. SP - 2021.07.08.21259776 ST - Effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccines for Preventing Covid-19 Hospitalizations in the United States T2 - medRxiv TI - Effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccines for Preventing Covid-19 Hospitalizations in the United States UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/07/08/2021.07.08.21259776.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/07/08/2021.07.08.21259776.full.pdf ID - 1970 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar lja2002@qatar-med.cornell.edu. | Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar. AN - 33951357 AU - Abu-Raddad, L. J. | Chemaitelly, H. | Butt, A. A. | National Study Group for, Covid-Vaccination C1 - 2021-05-14 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05142021_covidupdate.html DA - May 5 DO - 10.1056/NEJMc2104974 ET - 2021/05/06 IS - 2 KW - COVID-19/diagnosis/mortality/*prevention & control/virology | *COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage/immunology | Case-Control Studies | Cohort Studies | Humans | *Immunogenicity, Vaccine | Polymerase Chain Reaction | Qatar/epidemiology | *SARS-CoV-2 | Treatment Outcome L1 - internal-pdf://3425984225/Abu-Raddad-2021-Effectiveness of the BNT162b2.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Abu-Raddad, Laith J; Chemaitelly, Hiam; Butt, Adeel A; eng; Letter; N Engl J Med. 2021 May 5. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2104974. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The effectiveness of the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine was: | 89.5% (95% CI 85.9%-92.3%) for PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 infections (n = 32,808). | 75.0% (95% CI 70.5%-78.9%) for PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 infections (n = 43,012). | 97.4% (95% CI 92.2%-99.5%) against severe, critical, or fatal COVID-19 disease (n = 1,695). | Breakthrough infections (n = 1,616) and deaths (n = 2) after the second dose were rare. | Methods: Test-negative, case-control study of effectiveness >=14 days after the second dose of vaccine in Qatar using a national COVID-19 database with data between December 21, 2020 and March 31, 2021. Limitations: Vaccine effectiveness was not assessed by age group or underlying conditions. | Implications: These findings provide real-world evidence of BNT162b2 vaccine effectiveness against mild to severe COVID-19 associated with the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 187-189 ST - Effectiveness of the BNT162b2 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 Variants T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Effectiveness of the BNT162b2 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 Variants UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33951357 VL - 385 ID - 1744 ER - TY - JOUR AB - To evaluate the effectiveness of the BNT162b2 messenger RNA vaccine in pregnant women, we conducted an observational cohort study of pregnant women aged 16 years or older, with no history of SARS-CoV-2, who were vaccinated between 20 December 2020 and 3 June 2021. A total of 10,861 vaccinated pregnant women were matched to 10,861 unvaccinated pregnant controls using demographic and clinical characteristics. Study outcomes included documented infection with SARS-CoV-2, symptomatic COVID-19, COVID-19-related hospitalization, severe illness and death. Estimated vaccine effectiveness from 7 through to 56 d after the second dose was 96% (95% confidence interval 89�?00%) for any documented infection, 97% (91�?00%) for infections with documented symptoms and 89% (43�?00%) for COVID-19-related hospitalization. Only one event of severe illness was observed in the unvaccinated group and no deaths were observed in either group. In summary, the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine was estimated to have high vaccine effectiveness in pregnant women, which is similar to the effectiveness estimated in the general population. AD - Clalit Research Institute, Innovation Division, Clalit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel. | Software and Information Systems Engineering, Ben Gurion University, Be'er Sheva, Israel. | Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. | The Ivan and Francesca Berkowitz Family Living Laboratory Collaboration at Harvard Medical School and Clalit Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA. | Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel. | Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. | Clalit Community Division, Clalit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel. | Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. | CAUSALab, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. | Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology and Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. | Predictive Medicine Group, Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. | Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. | Clalit Research Institute, Innovation Division, Clalit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel. Rbalicer@clalit.org.il. | The Ivan and Francesca Berkowitz Family Living Laboratory Collaboration at Harvard Medical School and Clalit Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA. Rbalicer@clalit.org.il. | School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel. Rbalicer@clalit.org.il. AN - 34493859 AU - Dagan, Noa | Barda, Noam | Biron-Shental, Tal | Makov-Assif, Maya | Key, Calanit | Kohane, Isaac S. | Hern֙n, Miguel A. | Lipsitch, Marc | Hernandez-Diaz, Sonia | Reis, Ben Y. | Balicer, Ran D. C1 - 2021-09-17 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09172021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - 2021/09/07 DO - 10.1038/s41591-021-01490-8 ET - 2021/09/09 L1 - internal-pdf://3924659273/Dagan-2021-Effectiveness of the BNT162b2 mRNA.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Dagan, Noa | Barda, Noam | Biron-Shental, Tal | Makov-Assif, Maya | Key, Calanit | Kohane, Isaac S | Hernan, Miguel A | Lipsitch, Marc | Hernandez-Diaz, Sonia | Reis, Ben Y | Balicer, Ran D | eng | Nat Med. 2021 Sep 7. pii: 10.1038/s41591-021-01490-8. doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01490-8. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 21,722 (half vaccinated, half matched controls) pregnant women in Israel, BNT162b2 (Comirnaty, Pfizer/BioNTech) vaccine effectiveness was 96% (95% CI 89%-100%) for all infections up to 56 days after 2nd dose, 97% (95% CI 91%-100%) for symptomatic infections and 89% (95% CI 43%-100%) for hospitalization. Results reflect effectiveness mainly against original SARS-CoV-2 and Alpha (B.1.1.7), the dominant strains during the study period. SN - 1546-170X ST - Effectiveness of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in pregnancy T2 - Nat Med TI - Effectiveness of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in pregnancy UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01490-8 | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-021-01490-8.pdf ID - 2321 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background BNT162b2 vaccines showed high efficacy against COVID-19 in a randomised controlled phase-III trial. A vaccine effectiveness evaluation in real life settings is urgently needed, especially given the global disease surge. Hence, we assessed the short-term effectiveness of the first dose of BNT162b2-vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Given the BNT162b2 Phase-III results, we hypothesized that the cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among vaccinees will decline after 12 days following immunization compared to the incidence during the preceding days.Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study using data from 2·6 million-member state-mandated health provider in Israel. Study population consisted of all members aged 16 or above years who were vaccinated with BNT162b2-vaccine between December/19/2020 and January/15/2021. We collected information regarding medical history and positive SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction test from days after first dose to January/17/2021. Daily and cumulative infection rates in days 13-24 were compared to days 1-12 after first dose using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and generalized linear models.Findings Data of 503,875 individuals (mean age 59·7 years SD=14·7, 47·8% males) were analysed, of whom 351,897 had 13-24 days of follow-up. The cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection was 0·57% (n=2484) during days 1-12 and 0·27% (n=614) in days 13-24. A 51·4% relative risk reduction (RRR) was calculated in weighted-average daily incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection from 43·41-per-100,000(SE=12·07) in days 1-12 to 21·08-per-100,000(SE=6·16) in days 13-24 following immunization. The decrement in incidence was evident from day 18 after first dose. Similar RRRs were calculated in individuals aged 60 or above (44.5%), younger individuals (50.2%), females (50.0%) and males (52.1%). Findings were similar in sub-populations and patients with various comorbidities.Conclusions We demonstrated an effectiveness of 51% of BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infection 13-24 days after immunization with the first dose. Immunization with the second dose should be continued to attain the anticipated protection.Evidence before this study We searched PubMed for follow-up studies regarding the effectiveness of BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine without any language restrictions. The search terms were (BNT162b2 OR mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine) AND (effectiveness OR real-world OR phase IV) until Jan 15, 2021. We found no relevant observational studies among humans. We also assessed Phase II and Phase III clinical trials with BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine.Added value of this study To our knowledge, this is the first and largest phase IV study on the effectiveness of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in real-world settings. Our findings showed that the first dose of the vaccine is associated with an approximately 51% reduction in the incidence of PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections at 13 to 24 days after immunization compared to the rate during the first 12 days. Similar levels of effectiveness were found across age groups, sex, as well as among individuals residing in Arab or ultra-orthodox Jewish communities that display an increased COVID-19 risk.Implications of all the available evidence The study results indicate that in real life the first dose of the new BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine confers around 50% protection against overall SARS-CoV-2 infections (symptomatic or asymptomatic). Together our findings and the 95% efficacy shown in the phase III trial, suggest that the BNT162b2 vaccine should be administered in two doses to achieve maximum protection and impact in terms of disease burden reduction and possibly reducing SARS-CoV-2 transmission. COVID-19 vaccines should be urgently deployed globally.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementNoneAuthor DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that p ovided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Maccabi Healthcare Services IRBAll necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData cannot be shared due to regulatory limitations AU - Chodick, Gabriel | Tene, Lilac | Patalon, Tal | Gazit, Sivan | Tov, Amir Ben | Cohen, Dani | Muhsen, Khitam C1 - 2021-02-05 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02052021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.01.27.21250612 L1 - internal-pdf://2137009922/Chodick-2021-The effectiveness of the first do.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection was 0.57% (n=2,484) during days 1-12 and 0.27% (n=614) during days 13-24 following the first dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. | There was a 51.4% reduction in the weighted average daily incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection at days 13�?4 after the first dose (21.8 per 100,000 population), compared to days 1�?2 (43.41 per 100,000 population). | Methods: A retrospective cohort study of 503,875 individuals aged �?6 years old in Israel estimated the effectiveness of the first dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine administered from December 19, 2020 to January 15, 2021. Daily and cumulative infection rates during days 13-14 were compared to days 1-12 after the first dose using generalized linear models. Limitations: Unreported vaccinations might bias results. | Implications: Based upon temporal incidence, the BNT162b2 vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech) is approximately 51% effective at reducing the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection at 13 to 24 days following the first dose. SP - 2021.01.27.21250612 ST - The effectiveness of the first dose of BNT162b2 vaccine in reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection 13-24 days after immunization: real-world evidence T2 - medRxiv TI - The effectiveness of the first dose of BNT162b2 vaccine in reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection 13-24 days after immunization: real-world evidence TT - Published article: Assessment of Effectiveness of 1 Dose of BNT162b2 Vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 Infection 13 to 24 Days After Immunization UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/01/29/2021.01.27.21250612.full.pdf ID - 1475 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The mRNA vaccines have been shown to be highly effective in preventing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and associated illness,1,2 although recent reports suggest reduced effectiveness against infection with the B.1.617.2 (or delta) variant.3,4 We assessed the effectiveness of the mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccine among incarcerated men during a coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) outbreak that was dominated by transmission of the delta variant. AD - Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA etchin@stanford.edu. | California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Sacramento, CA. | Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA. | California Correctional Health Care Services, Sacramento, CA. AN - 34670040 AU - Chin, Elizabeth T. | Leidner, David | Zhang, Yifan | Long, Elizabeth | Prince, Lea | Li, Ying | Andrews, Jason R. | Studdert, David M. | Goldhaber-Fiebert, Jeremy D. | Salomon, Joshua A. C1 - 2021-10-29 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10292021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - Oct 20 DO - 10.1056/NEJMc2114089 ET - 2021/10/21 L1 - internal-pdf://3019761146/Chin-2021-Effectiveness of the mRNA-1273 Vacci.pdf LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Chin, Elizabeth T | Leidner, David | Zhang, Yifan | Long, Elizabeth | Prince, Lea | Li, Ying | Andrews, Jason R | Studdert, David M | Goldhaber-Fiebert, Jeremy D | Salomon, Joshua A | eng | R37-DA15612/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ | NU38OT000297-02/CC/CDC HHS/ | DGE-1656518/National Science Foundation | Letter | N Engl J Med. 2021 Oct 20. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2114089. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 827 prison residents (468 fully vaccinated with mRNA-1273, 359 unvaccinated), the vaccine effectiveness (VE) during a Delta variant-driven outbreak (July–August 2021) was 56.6% (95% CI 42.0%-67.5%) against any infection and 84.2% (95% CI 56.4%-94.3%) against symptomatic infection. Among residents who had a previous confirmed infection, VE against subsequent infection was 80.5% (95% CI 52.8%-92.0%). SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic) | 0028-4793 (Linking) ST - Effectiveness of the mRNA-1273 Vaccine during a SARS-CoV-2 Delta Outbreak in a Prison T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Effectiveness of the mRNA-1273 Vaccine during a SARS-CoV-2 Delta Outbreak in a Prison UR - https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2114089 | https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMc2114089?articleTools=true ID - 2554 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Objective To estimate the real world effectiveness of the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 and Oxford-AstraZeneca ChAdOx1-S vaccines against confirmed covid-19 symptoms (including the UK variant of concern B.1.1.7), admissions to hospital, and deaths.Design Test negative case-control study.Setting Community testing for covid-19 in England.Participants 156�?30 adults aged 70 years and older who reported symptoms of covid-19 between 8 December 2020 and 19 February 2021 and were successfully linked to vaccination data in the National Immunisation Management System.Interventions Vaccination with BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1-S.Main outcome measures Primary outcomes were polymerase chain reaction confirmed symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections, admissions to hospital for covid-19, and deaths with covid-19.Results Participants aged 80 years and older vaccinated with BNT162b2 before 4 January 2021 had a higher odds of testing positive for covid-19 in the first nine days after vaccination (odds ratio up to 1.48, 95% confidence interval 1.23 to 1.77), indicating that those initially targeted had a higher underlying risk of infection. Vaccine effectiveness was therefore compared with the baseline post-vaccination period. Vaccine effects were noted 10 to 13 days after vaccination, reaching a vaccine effectiveness of 70% (95% confidence interval 59% to 78%), then plateauing. From 14 days after the second dose a vaccination effectiveness of 89% (85% to 93%) was found compared with the increased baseline risk. Participants aged 70 years and older vaccinated from 4 January (when ChAdOx1-S delivery commenced) had a similar underlying risk of covid-19 to unvaccinated individuals. With BNT162b2, vaccine effectiveness reached 61% (51% to 69%) from 28 to 34 days after vaccination, then plateaued. With ChAdOx1-S, effects were seen from 14 to 20 days after vaccination, reaching an effectiveness of 60% (41% to 73%) from 28 to 34 days, increasing to 73% (27% to 90%) from day 35 onwards. On top of the protection against symptomatic disease, a further 43% (33% to 52%) reduced risk of emergency hospital admission and 51% (37% to 62%) reduced risk of death was observed in those who had received one dose of BNT162b2. Participants who had received one dose of ChAdOx1-S had a further 37% (3% to 59%) reduced risk of emergency hospital admission. Follow-up was insufficient to assess the effect of ChAdOx1-S on mortality. Combined with the effect against symptomatic disease, a single dose of either vaccine was about 80% effective at preventing admission to hospital with covid-19 and a single dose of BNT162b2 was 85% effective at preventing death with covid-19.Conclusion Vaccination with either one dose of BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1-S was associated with a significant reduction in symptomatic covid-19 in older adults, and with further protection against severe disease. Both vaccines showed similar effects. Protection was maintained for the duration of follow-up (>6 weeks). A second dose of BNT162b2 was associated with further protection against symptomatic disease. A clear effect of the vaccines against the B.1.1.7 variant was found. AD - Public Health England, London, UK jamie.lopezbernal2@phe.gov.uk. | NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Vaccines and Immunisation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. | NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Respiratory Infections, Imperial College London, London, UK. | Public Health England, London, UK. | University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK. | Public Health Wales, Cardiff, UK. | Public Health Agency Northern Ireland, Belfast, UK. | Health Protection Scotland, Glasgow, UK. AN - 33985964 AU - Lopez Bernal, Jamie | Andrews, Nick | Gower, Charlotte | Robertson, Chris | Stowe, Julia | Tessier, Elise | Simmons, Ruth | Cottrell, Simon | Roberts, Richard | O’Doherty, Mark | Brown, Kevin | Cameron, Claire | Stockton, Diane | McMenamin, Jim | Ramsay, Mary C1 - 2021-07-09 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07092021_covidupdate.html DA - May 13 DO - 10.1136/bmj.n1088 ET - 2021/05/15 KW - Aged | Aged, 80 and over | COVID-19/diagnosis/immunology/mortality/*prevention & control | COVID-19 Testing/methods | COVID-19 Vaccines/*administration & dosage/immunology | Case-Control Studies | England/epidemiology | Female | Hospitalization/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Male | SARS-CoV-2/drug effects/genetics/immunology | Treatment Outcome | Vaccination/*methods/statistics & numerical data L1 - internal-pdf://2648377810/Lopez Bernal-2021-Effectiveness of the Pfizer-.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Lopez Bernal, Jamie | Andrews, Nick | Gower, Charlotte | Robertson, Chris | Stowe, Julia | Tessier, Elise | Simmons, Ruth | Cottrell, Simon | Roberts, Richard | O'Doherty, Mark | Brown, Kevin | Cameron, Claire | Stockton, Diane | McMenamin, Jim | Ramsay, Mary | eng | Observational Study | England | BMJ. 2021 May 13;373:n1088. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n1088. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: BNT162b2 has been found to prevent symptomatic COVID-19 in persons �?0 years SN - 1756-1833 (Electronic) | 0959-8138 (Linking) SP - n1088 ST - Effectiveness of the Pfizer-BioNTech and Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines on covid-19 related symptoms, hospital admissions, and mortality in older adults in England: test negative case-control study T2 - BMJ TI - Effectiveness of the Pfizer-BioNTech and Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines on covid-19 related symptoms, hospital admissions, and mortality in older adults in England: test negative case-control study UR - https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/373/bmj.n1088.full.pdf VL - 373 ID - 1937 ER - TY - JOUR AB - COVID-19 mRNA vaccines were shown to be highly efficacious in preventing the disease in randomized controlled trials; nonetheless, evidence on the real-world effectiveness of this vaccine is limited. Study objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of BNT162b2 vaccine in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19-related hospitalization and mortality.This historical cohort study included members of a large health provider in Israel that were vaccinated with at least one dose of BNT162b2. The primary outcome was incidence rate of a SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed with rt-PCR, between 7 to 27 days after second dose (protection-period), as compared to days 1 to 7 after the first dose, where no protection by the vaccine is assumed (reference-period).Data of 1,178,597 individuals vaccinated with BNT162b2 were analyzed (mean age 47.7 years [SD=18.1], 48.4% males) of whom 872,454 (74.0%) reached the protection period. Overall, 4514 infections occurred during the reference period compared to 728 during the protection period, yielding a weighted mean daily incidence of 54.8 per 100,000 (95%CI: 26.1-115.0 per 100,000) and 5.4 per 100,000 (95%CI: 3.5-8.4 per 100,000), respectively. The vaccine effectiveness in preventing infection was 90% (95%CI:79%- 95%) and 94% (95%CI:88%-97%) against COVID-19. Among immunosuppressed patients, vaccine effectiveness against infection was 71% (95%CI:37%-87%). The adjusted hazard ratios for hospitalization in those infected were 0.82 (95%CI:0.36-1.88), 0.45 (95%CI:0.23-0.90), and 0.56 (95%CI:0.36-0.89) in the age groups 16-44, 45-64 and 75 and above, respectively.The effectiveness of the BNT162b2 vaccine is comparable to the one reported in the phase III clinical trial. AD - Maccabi Institute for Research & Innovation, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Kaufman 4, Tel, Aviv Israel. | Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv Israel. | Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. | Israel Defense Forces Medical Corps, Ramat-Gan, Israel. | Department of Military Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel. | Institute of Endocrinology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan, Israel. AN - 33999127 AU - Chodick, Gabriel | Tene, Lilac | Rotem, Ran S | Patalon, Tal | Gazit, Sivan | Ben-Tov, Amir | Weil, Clara | Goldshtein, Inbal | Twig, Gilad | Cohen, Dani | Muhsen, Khitam C1 - 2021-05-28 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05282021_covidupdate.html DA - May 17 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciab438 ET - 2021/05/18 KW - BNT162b2 | Covid-19 | Effectiveness | Real-world data | Vaccine L1 - internal-pdf://0632624904/Chodick-2021-The effectiveness of the TWO-DOSE.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Chodick, Gabriel | Tene, Lilac | Rotem, Ran S | Patalon, Tal | Gazit, Sivan | Ben-Tov, Amir | Weil, Clara | Goldshtein, Inbal | Twig, Gilad | Cohen, Dani | Muhsen, Khitam | eng | Clin Infect Dis. 2021 May 17. pii: 6276888. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab438. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccine was 90% (95% CI 79%-95%) effective in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection and 94% (95% CI 88%-97%) effective in preventing symptomatic COVID-19 illness (Figure). | Effectiveness was lower in people who were older, immunosuppressed, or had diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer or hypertension (Figure). | Methods: Retrospective cohort study evaluating Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccine effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infection, hospitalization and death among 1,178,597 individuals aged 16 years and older vaccinated between December 19, 2020 and February 20, 2021 in Israel. SARS-CoV-2 incidence (RT-PCR confirmed) 7-27 days after second dose was compared to a reference period (1-7 days after first dose). Limitations: Although tests were freely available, not all individuals received testing, potentially allowing some infections to be undetected. | Implications: Findings affirm the effectiveness of Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccine against infection and COVID-19 disease but indicate less protection for individuals who are older, immunocompromised, and with certain comorbidities. SN - 1058-4838 ST - The effectiveness of the TWO-DOSE BNT162b2 vaccine: analysis of real-world data T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - The effectiveness of the TWO-DOSE BNT162b2 vaccine: analysis of real-world data UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab438 Y2 - 6/29/2021 ID - 1788 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants with a 382-nucleotide deletion (382) in the open reading frame 8 (ORF8) region of the genome have been detected in Singapore and other countries. We investigated the effect of this deletion on the clinical features of infection. METHODS: We retrospectively identified patients who had been screened for the 382 variant and recruited to the PROTECT study-a prospective observational cohort study conducted at seven public hospitals in Singapore. We collected clinical, laboratory, and radiological data from patients' electronic medical records and serial blood and respiratory samples taken during hospitalisation and after discharge. Individuals infected with the 382 variant were compared with those infected with wild-type SARS-CoV-2. Exact logistic regression was used to examine the association between the infection groups and the development of hypoxia requiring supplemental oxygen (an indicator of severe COVID-19, the primary endpoint). Follow-up for the study's primary endpoint is completed. FINDINGS: Between Jan 22 and March 21, 2020, 278 patients with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were screened for the 382 deletion and 131 were enrolled onto the study, of whom 92 (70%) were infected with the wild-type virus, ten (8%) had a mix of wild-type and 382-variant viruses, and 29 (22%) had only the 382 variant. Development of hypoxia requiring supplemental oxygen was less frequent in the 382 variant group (0 [0%] of 29 patients) than in the wild-type only group (26 [28%] of 92; absolute difference 28% [95% CI 14-28]). After adjusting for age and presence of comorbidities, infection with the 382 variant only was associated with lower odds of developing hypoxia requiring supplemental oxygen (adjusted odds ratio 0.07 [95% CI 0.00-0.48]) compared with infection with wild-type virus only. INTERPRETATION: The 382 variant of SARS-CoV-2 seems to be associated with a milder infection. The observed clinical effects of deletions in ORF8 could have implications for the development of treatments and vaccines. FUNDING: National Medical Research Council Singapore. AD - National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. | Infectious Diseases Horizontal Technology Centre, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore; Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore. | Infectious Diseases Horizontal Technology Centre, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore; Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore. | National Public Health Laboratory, Singapore. | National Public Health and Epidemiology Unit, National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore. | Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore. | Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore. | Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore. | Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore. | Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Service, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, Singapore. | Department of Infectious Diseases, Changi General Hospital, Singapore. | Alexandra Hospital, Singapore. | Department of General Medicine, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore. | Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore. | Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore. | National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore; Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data, Munich, Germany. | National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore. | Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Ministry of Health, Singapore. | Duke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore. Electronic address: gavin.smith@duke-nus.edu.sg. | National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore. | Infectious Diseases Horizontal Technology Centre, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore; Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore. Electronic address: lisa_ng@immunol.a-star.edu.sg. AN - 32822564 AU - Young, B. E. | Fong, S. W. | Chan, Y. H. | Mak, T. M. | Ang, L. W. | Anderson, D. E. | Lee, C. Y. | Amrun, S. N. | Lee, B. | Goh, Y. S. | Su, Y. C. F. | Wei, W. E. | Kalimuddin, S. | Chai, L. Y. A. | Pada, S. | Tan, S. Y. | Sun, L. | Parthasarathy, P. | Chen, Y. Y. C. | Barkham, T. | Lin, R. T. P. | Maurer-Stroh, S. | Leo, Y. S. | Wang, L. F. | Renia, L. | Lee, V. J. | Smith, G. J. D. | Lye, D. C. | Ng, L. F. P. C1 - 2020-08-25 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082520_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 29 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31757-8 ET - 2020/08/22 IS - 10251 KW - Adult | Aged | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/complications/epidemiology/*virology | *Gene Deletion | Genome, Viral/*genetics | Humans | Hypoxia/etiology/therapy | Middle Aged | Open Reading Frames | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/complications/epidemiology/*virology | Prospective Studies | Respiratory Therapy | SARS-CoV-2 | Severity of Illness Index | Singapore/epidemiology | Virus Replication L1 - internal-pdf://3310271687/Young-2020-Effects of a major deletion in the.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Young, Barnaby E; Fong, Siew-Wai; Chan, Yi-Hao; Mak, Tze-Minn; Ang, Li Wei; Anderson, Danielle E; Lee, Cheryl Yi-Pin; Amrun, Siti Naqiah; Lee, Bernett; Goh, Yun Shan; Su, Yvonne C F; Wei, Wycliffe E; Kalimuddin, Shirin; Chai, Louis Yi Ann; Pada, Surinder; Tan, Seow Yen; Sun, Louisa; Parthasarathy, Purnima; Chen, Yuan Yi Constance; Barkham, Timothy; Lin, Raymond Tzer Pin; Maurer-Stroh, Sebastian; Leo, Yee-Sin; Wang, Lin-Fa; Renia, Laurent; Lee, Vernon J; Smith, Gavin J D; Lye, David Chien; Ng, Lisa F P; eng; HHSN272201400006C/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Observational Study; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Lancet. 2020 Aug 29;396(10251):603-611. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31757-8. Epub 2020 Aug 18. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Patients infected with Δ382 variant SARS-CoV-2 were less likely than patients with wild-type to ever develop hypoxia requiring supplemental oxygen (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.07 [95% CI 0.00-0.48]). | Among patients without pneumonia, those infected with Δ382 variant vs. wild-type SARS-CoV-2 had: | Higher levels of T-cell activation-associated cytokines, (Interferon-gamma [INF-g], tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-��], interleukin-2 [IL-2] and IL-5), (Figure 1). | Lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, (hepatocyte growth factor [HGF], leukemia inhibitory factor [LIF] and vascular endothelial growth factor A [VEGF-A]), (Figure 2). | Methods: Association between virus type and development of hypoxia requiring supplemental oxygen was examined in 131 patients diagnosed with SAR-CoV-2 infection with wild type (n = 92), a 382-nucleotide deletion (Δ382 variant [n = 29]), or mixed (n = 10) virus, adjusting for age and comorbidities. Immune mediators were quantified for a subset (n=97). Limitations: Potential unmeasured confounders. | Implications: Infection with Δ382 SARS-CoV-2 variant seems to be associated with a more effective immune response, less pronounced cytokine release, and milder infection. SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 603-611 ST - Effects of a major deletion in the SARS-CoV-2 genome on the severity of infection and the inflammatory response: an observational cohort study T2 - Lancet TI - Effects of a major deletion in the SARS-CoV-2 genome on the severity of infection and the inflammatory response: an observational cohort study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32822564 VL - 396 ID - 777 ER - TY - JOUR AB - As the COVID-19 pandemic poses severe threats to human life around the globe, effective risk messages are needed to warn the public and encourage recommended actions for avoiding infection, especially as steps are taken to ease physical restrictions and restart economies. The present study examines the effects of agency assignment and reference point on perceptions of SARS-CoV-2 threat and assesses key message responses, including psychological reactance, source derogation, counterarguing, and behavioral intentions. Participants (N = 207) were randomly assigned to one of four conditions crossing agency assignment (SARS-CoV-2/human) and reference point (self/self-other). Results show, relative to human agency, SARS-CoV-2 agency assignment generated significantly more psychological reactance in the form of greater perceptions of freedom threat, anger, and negative cognitions, as well as more source derogation and counterarguing. No significant effects were found for reference point, and the interaction between agency assignment and reference point was not significant. The study findings, limitations, and implications are discussed. AD - Department of Communication, University of Oklahoma. AN - 33198533 AU - Ma, H. | Miller, C. H. C1 - 2020-12-08 C2 - Social, Behavioral, and Communication Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/120820_covidupdate.html DA - Jan DO - 10.1080/10410236.2020.1848066 ET - 2020/11/18 IS - 1 KW - Adult | Anger | COVID-19/*epidemiology/*psychology | Female | Freedom | Health Communication/*methods | Humans | Male | *Motivation | Pandemics | Risk Assessment | SARS-CoV-2 | Socioeconomic Factors L1 - internal-pdf://0434847573/Ma-2021-The Effects of Agency Assignment and R.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Ma, Haijing; Miller, Claude H; eng; Randomized Controlled Trial; England; Health Commun. 2021 Jan;36(1):59-73. doi: 10.1080/10410236.2020.1848066. Epub 2020 Nov 16. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Messages framed with SARS CoV-2 as an active agent, e.g., “The virus is likely to prey on more people…�?led to more negative reactions than messages framed with humans in a more active role, e.g., “People are more likely to contract the virus…�? Perceptions of threat or susceptibility to infection did not differ based on whether SARS-CoV-2 or humans were the active agent (“agency assignment�? in the message. | Methods: Participants (n = 207) were randomly assigned to receive one of four versions of a COVID-19 warning message during an online survey. Analyses were conducted to examine the effects of the message’s agency assignment (SARS-CoV-2 vs human) and reference point (self vs other) on risk perceptions associated with SARS-CoV-2, and responses to messages, e.g., perceived threats to freedom, anger, and counterarguing. Limitations: A single study using an online research sample that may not be representative of the general population. | Implications: There is a need for effective COVID-19 messages to educate people of the risks of infection and encourage them to follow COVID-19 guidance. Framing messages effectively may require careful development and testing to avoid triggering unintended negative reactions and to ensure the intended effects are achieved. SN - 1532-7027 (Electronic); 1041-0236 (Linking) SP - 59-73 ST - The Effects of Agency Assignment and Reference Point on Responses to COVID-19 Messages T2 - Health Commun TI - The Effects of Agency Assignment and Reference Point on Responses to COVID-19 Messages UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33198533 VL - 36 ID - 1301 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Carlin, Patrick | Minard, Paul | Simon, Daniel H. | Wing, Coady C1 - 2020-08-11 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/081120_covidupdate.html DO - 10.2139/ssrn.3657625 L1 - internal-pdf://4046455260/SSRN-id3657625.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Mass gatherings at large professional sporting events held January 1-March 12, 2020 may have resulted in an estimated 17,000 cases and 1,160 deaths in metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) where they occurred (Figure). | Each additional event played was associated with a 2.9-4.0% increase in cases per 1,000 residents per county within the MSA. | Effects on counties directly hosting events were greater than on nearby counties in the same MSA. | Methods: Assessment of COVID-19 cases and mortality (up to May 17, 2020) across areas that hosted NHL, NBA, and NCAA games using modeling based on observed data. Analyses controlled for population density, risk factors for COVID-19 (i.e. age, gender, race), and number of professional sports teams per area. Limitations: Does not present complete statistics or assess behavioral mitigation strategies or testing (likely minimal during the period of assessment); no attendance numbers per game; no travel patterns to and from geographical areas. | Implications: Despite modest statistical correlations that limit interpretation of the modeled effect sizes, the results validate decisions to halt sporting events and caution against fans returning to college or professional games in the absence of other mitigation strategies. SN - 1556-5068 ST - Effects of Large Gatherings on the COVID-19 Epidemic: Evidence From Professional and College Sports T2 - SSRN TI - Effects of Large Gatherings on the COVID-19 Epidemic: Evidence From Professional and College Sports TT - Published article: Effects of large gatherings on the COVID-19 epidemic: Evidence from professional and college sports UR - https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3657625 ID - 692 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City. AN - 32539149 AU - Cai, C. | Floyd, E. L. C1 - 2020-06-23 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/062320_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.12099 ET - 2020/06/17 IS - 6 KW - Aerosols | Chlorine Compounds/*chemistry | Humans | Hydrogen Peroxide/*chemistry | *Masks | Oxides/*chemistry | Particle Size | Quality Improvement | Sterilization/*methods/*standards L1 - internal-pdf://0448090550/Cai-2020-Effects of Sterilization With Hydroge.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Cai, Changjie; Floyd, Evan L; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Jun 1;3(6):e2012099. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.12099. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; After hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) facemask sterilization, N95s and KN95s (Chinese N95s) retained 95% filtration efficiency (ability to filter out tiny aerosol particles) (Figures 1A&B). | H2O2 caused small declines in filtration efficiency of N95, KN95, and surgical masks (Figure 1A–C). | After chlorine dioxide (ClO2) sterilization, overall filtration efficiency remained >95% with N95s, but declined sharply in KN95s (76%) and surgical masks (78%) (Figure 1A–C). | N95 efficiency dropped to 86% for 0.3 micron particles. | Methods: Comparison of H2O2 and ClO2 sterilization on facemask filtration efficiencies. Limitations: Small variety of manufacturers; small sample sizes for masks; limited number of conditions and sterilization techniques; only 1 sterilization cycle. | Implications: Sterilization with H2O2 impacted facemask filtration efficiency less than with ClO2. Post-sterilization facemask function may depend on aerosol size. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e2012099 ST - Effects of Sterilization With Hydrogen Peroxide and Chlorine Dioxide on the Filtration Efficiency of N95, KN95, and Surgical Face Masks T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Effects of Sterilization With Hydrogen Peroxide and Chlorine Dioxide on the Filtration Efficiency of N95, KN95, and Surgical Face Masks UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32539149 VL - 3 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 423 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The COVID-19 pandemic has major implications for blood transfusion. There are uncertain patterns of demand, and transfusion institutions need to plan for reductions in donations and loss of crucial staff because of sickness and public health restrictions. We systematically searched for relevant studies addressing the transfusion chain?from donor, through collection and processing, to patients?to provide a synthesis of the published literature and guidance during times of potential or actual shortage. A reduction in donor numbers has largely been matched by reductions in demand for transfusion. Contingency planning includes prioritisation policies for patients in the event of predicted shortage. A range of strategies maintain ongoing equitable access to blood for transfusion during the pandemic, in addition to providing new therapies such as convalescent plasma. Sharing experience and developing expert consensus on the basis of evolving publications will help transfusion services and hospitals in countries at different stages in the pandemic. AU - Stanworth, Simon J. | New, Helen V. | Apelseth, Torunn O. | Brunskill, Susan | Cardigan, Rebecca | Doree, Carolyn | Germain, Marc | Goldman, Mindy | Massey, Edwin | Prati, Daniele | Shehata, Nadine | So-Osman, Cynthia | Thachil, Jecko C1 - 2020-07-17 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071720_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1016/s2352-3026(20)30186-1 IS - 10 L1 - internal-pdf://1219634583/Stanworth-2020-Effects of the COVID-19 pandemi.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Recommends policies to help plan for imbalances in blood supply in the COVID-19 pandemic. SE - e756 SN - 23523026 SP - e756-e764 ST - Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on supply and use of blood for transfusion T2 - Lancet Haematol TI - Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on supply and use of blood for transfusion UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3026(20)30186-1 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7333996/pdf/main.pdf VL - 7 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 541 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Healthcare workers (HCWs) and other essential workers are at risk of occupational infection during the COVID-19 pandemic. Several infection control strategies have been implemented. Evidence shows that universal masking can mitigate COVID-19 infection, though existing research is limited by secular trend bias. AIMS: To investigate the effect of hospital universal masking on COVID-19 incidence among HCWs compared to the general population. METHODS: We compared the 7-day average incidence rates between a Massachusetts (USA) healthcare system and Massachusetts residents statewide. The study period was from 17 March (the date of first incident case in the healthcare system) to 6 May (the date Massachusetts implemented public masking). The healthcare system implemented universal masking on 26 March, we allotted a 5-day lag for effect onset and peak COVID-19 incidence in Massachusetts was 20 April. Thus, we categorized 17-31 March as the pre-intervention phase, 1-20 April the intervention phase and 21 April to 6 May the epidemic decline phase. Temporal incidence trends (i.e. 7-day average slopes) were compared using standardized coefficients from linear regression models. RESULTS: The standardized coefficients were similar between the healthcare system and the state in both the pre-intervention and epidemic decline phases. During the intervention phase, the healthcare system's epidemic slope became negative (standardized beta: -0.68, 95% CI: -1.06 to -0.31), while Massachusetts' slope remained positive (standardized beta: 0.99, 95% CI: 0.94 to 1.05). CONCLUSIONS: Universal masking was associated with a decreasing COVID-19 incidence trend among HCWs, while the infection rate continued to rise in the surrounding community. AD - Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. | Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. | Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus. | Occupational Medicine, Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA. | Infection Prevention, Infectious Diseases, Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA. | Emergency Medicine, Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA. | Cambridge Department of Public Health, Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA. AN - 33225363 AU - Lan, F. Y. | Christophi, C. A. | Buley, J. | Iliaki, E. | Bruno-Murtha, L. A. | Sayah, A. J. | Kales, S. N. C1 - 2020-11-03 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/110320_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 12 DO - 10.1093/occmed/kqaa179 ET - 2020/11/24 IS - 8 KW - Adult | COVID-19/*epidemiology/prevention & control/virology | Female | Health Personnel/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Incidence | Infection Control/*statistics & numerical data | Male | Masks/*statistics & numerical data | Massachusetts/epidemiology | Middle Aged | Occupational Diseases/*epidemiology/prevention & control/virology | SARS-CoV-2 | *Hospital | *SARS-CoV-2 | *infection control | *infectious disease | *personal protective equipment L1 - internal-pdf://1820716867/Lan-2020-Effects of universal masking on Massa.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Lan, F-Y; Christophi, C A; Buley, J; Iliaki, E; Bruno-Murtha, L A; Sayah, A J; Kales, S N; eng; England; Occup Med (Lond). 2020 Dec 12;70(8):606-609. doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqaa179. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Study found universal masking, implemented in healthcare systems statewide, was associated with decreasing incidence trend of COVID-19 among healthcare workers while incidence rose in the surrounding community. SN - 1471-8405 (Electronic); 0962-7480 (Linking) SP - 606-609 ST - Effects of universal masking on Massachusetts healthcare workers' COVID-19 incidence T2 - Occup Med (Lond) TI - Effects of universal masking on Massachusetts healthcare workers' COVID-19 incidence UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33225363 VL - 70 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1175 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Facemasks are recommended to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2, but concern about inadequate gas exchange is an often cited reason for non-compliance. RESEARCH QUESTION: Among adult volunteers, do either cloth masks or surgical masks impair oxygenation or ventilation either at rest or during physical activity? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: With IRB approval and informed consent, we measured heart rate (HR), transcutaneous carbon dioxide (CO2) tension and oxygen levels (SpO2) at the conclusion of six 10-minute phases: sitting quietly and walking briskly without a mask, sitting quietly and walking briskly while wearing a cloth mask, and sitting quietly and walking briskly while wearing a surgical mask. Brisk walking required at least a 10bpm increase in heart rate. Occurrences of hypoxemia (decrease in SpO2 of >/=3% from baseline to a value of /=5 mmHg from baseline to a value of >/=46 mmHg) in individual subjects were collected. Wilcoxon signed-rank was used for pairwise comparisons among values for the whole cohort (e.g. walking without a mask versus walking with a cloth mask). RESULTS: Among 50 adult volunteers (median age 33 years; 32% with a co-morbidity), there were no episodes of hypoxemia or hypercarbia (0%; 95% confidence interval 0-1.9%). In paired comparisons, there were no statistically significant differences in either CO2 or SpO2 between baseline measurements without a mask and those while wearing either kind of mask mask, both at rest and after walking briskly for ten minutes. INTERPRETATION: The risk of pathologic gas exchange impairment with cloth masks and surgical masks is near-zero in the general adult population. AD - Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America. | Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America. | Department of Respiratory Care, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America. AN - 33626065 AU - Shein, S. L. | Whitticar, S. | Mascho, K. K. | Pace, E. | Speicher, R. | Deakins, K. C1 - 2021-03-12 C2 - Protection in Healthcare and Non-Healthcare Work Settings CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03122021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0247414 ET - 2021/02/25 IS - 2 KW - Adult | COVID-19/*prevention & control/psychology/transmission | Carbon Dioxide/metabolism | Exercise/physiology | Female | Heart Rate/physiology | Humans | Hypoxia/etiology/metabolism | Male | *Masks/adverse effects | N95 Respirators/adverse effects | Oxygen/*metabolism | Pulmonary Ventilation/*physiology | Rest/physiology | SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification | Walking/physiology L1 - internal-pdf://0722974987/Shein-2021-The effects of wearing facemasks on.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Shein, Steven L; Whitticar, Sofie; Mascho, Kira K; Pace, Elizabeth; Speicher, Richard; Deakins, Kathleen; eng; PLoS One. 2021 Feb 24;16(2):e0247414. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247414. eCollection 2021. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key finding: | No participants developed hypoxemia (decreased oxygen level) or hypercarbia (increased carbon dioxide level) while wearing either a cloth or surgical mask during rest or physical activity. | Methods: Mask testing among a cohort of recruited hospital employees aged 29-45 years (n = 50) at the University Hospitals of Cleveland between August and October 2020. Measurements of heart rate, oxygen saturation, and carbon dioxide tension were taken after each of three 10-minute study phases: sitting and walking briskly without a mask, with a cloth mask, and with a surgical mask. Paired comparisons were performed using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Limitations: Lacks generalizability �?all young (29-45 years), without significant co-morbidities and female (68%) participants; small sample size. | Implications for both studies (Shein et al. & Lubrano et al.): In the adult population, the use of cloth or surgical face masks will not impede breathing while at rest or during physical activity. A study by Mapelli et alexternal icon, provides additional evidence in middle-aged healthy adults that face masks are safe even during maximal exercise. For children <24 months, 3-layer disposable surgical masks appear to be safe when used under adult supervision. Studies that evaluate longer periods of mask wearing in this population and among children with comorbidities are needed. SN - 1932-6203 (Electronic); 1932-6203 (Linking) SP - e0247414 ST - The effects of wearing facemasks on oxygenation and ventilation at rest and during physical activity T2 - PLoS One TI - The effects of wearing facemasks on oxygenation and ventilation at rest and during physical activity UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33626065 VL - 16 ID - 1582 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Health care workers (HCWs) caring for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are at risk of exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Currently, to our knowledge, there is no effective pharmacologic prophylaxis for individuals at risk. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine to prevent transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in hospital-based HCWs with exposure to patients with COVID-19 using a pre-exposure prophylaxis strategy. Design, Setting, and Participants: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial (the Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19 With Hydroxychloroquine Study) was conducted at 2 tertiary urban hospitals, with enrollment from April 9, 2020, to July 14, 2020; follow-up ended August 4, 2020. The trial randomized 132 full-time, hospital-based HCWs (physicians, nurses, certified nursing assistants, emergency technicians, and respiratory therapists), of whom 125 were initially asymptomatic and had negative results for SARS-CoV-2 by nasopharyngeal swab. The trial was terminated early for futility before reaching a planned enrollment of 200 participants. Interventions: Hydroxychloroquine, 600 mg, daily, or size-matched placebo taken orally for 8 weeks. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection as determined by a nasopharyngeal swab during the 8 weeks of treatment. Secondary outcomes included adverse effects, treatment discontinuation, presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, frequency of QTc prolongation, and clinical outcomes for SARS-CoV-2-positive participants. Results: Of the 132 randomized participants (median age, 33 years [range, 20-66 years]; 91 women [69%]), 125 (94.7%) were evaluable for the primary outcome. There was no significant difference in infection rates in participants randomized to receive hydroxychloroquine compared with placebo (4 of 64 [6.3%] vs 4 of 61 [6.6%]; P > .99). Mild adverse events were more common in participants taking hydroxychloroquine compared with placebo (45% vs 26%; P = .04); rates of treatment discontinuation were similar in both arms (19% vs 16%; P = .81). The median change in QTc (baseline to 4-week evaluation) did not differ between arms (hydroxychloroquine: 4 milliseconds; 95% CI, -9 to 17; vs placebo: 3 milliseconds; 95% CI, -5 to 11; P = .98). Of the 8 participants with positive results for SARS-CoV-2 (6.4%), 6 developed viral symptoms; none required hospitalization, and all clinically recovered. Conclusions and Relevance: In this randomized clinical trial, although limited by early termination, there was no clinical benefit of hydroxychloroquine administered daily for 8 weeks as pre-exposure prophylaxis in hospital-based HCWs exposed to patients with COVID-19. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04329923. AD - Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. | Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. | Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. | Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. | Abramson Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. | Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. | Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. AN - 33001138 AU - Abella, B. S. | Jolkovsky, E. L. | Biney, B. T. | Uspal, J. E. | Hyman, M. C. | Frank, I. | Hensley, S. E. | Gill, S. | Vogl, D. T. | Maillard, I. | Babushok, D. V. | Huang, A. C. | Nasta, S. D. | Walsh, J. C. | Wiletyo, E. P. | Gimotty, P. A. | Milone, M. C. | Amaravadi, R. K. | Prevention, | Treatment of, Covid-With Hydroxychloroquine Investigators C1 - 2020-10-09 C2 - Hydroxychloroquine CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100920_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 1 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.6319 ET - 2020/10/02 IS - 2 KW - Adult | COVID-19/*drug therapy/epidemiology/*prevention & control | Cross Infection/*prevention & control/*virology | Double-Blind Method | Female | Hospitals, Urban | Humans | Hydroxychloroquine/*administration & dosage | Incidence | Male | Pennsylvania/epidemiology | *Personnel, Hospital | *Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://3508723223/Abella-2021-Efficacy and Safety of Hydroxychlo.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Abella, Benjamin S; Jolkovsky, Eliana L; Biney, Barbara T; Uspal, Julie E; Hyman, Matthew C; Frank, Ian; Hensley, Scott E; Gill, Saar; Vogl, Dan T; Maillard, Ivan; Babushok, Daria V; Huang, Alexander C; Nasta, Sunita D; Walsh, Jennifer C; Wiletyo, E Paul; Gimotty, Phyllis A; Milone, Michael C; Amaravadi, Ravi K; (PATCH); eng; Multicenter Study; Randomized Controlled Trial; JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Feb 1;181(2):195-202. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.6319. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; There was no significant difference in SARS-CoV-2 incidence between the hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and placebo groups (6.3% vs 6.6%), p >0.99. | There were more adverse events in the HCQ arm vs placebo (45% vs 26%), p = 0.03. | 7.4% of individuals given HCQ had detectable IgG antibody against spike proteins compared with 3.7% given placebo, p = 0.40. | There was no significant difference in the median change in QT interval between the HCQ and placebo arms, p = 0.98. | Methods: Single-health system, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial of health care workers (64 in HCQ arm, 61 in control arm), comparing HCQ 600 mg daily to placebo taken orally for 8 weeks to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection between April 9, 2020 and July 14, 2020, Pennsylvania. The primary outcome was infection with SARS-CoV-2; secondary outcomes were adverse events, SARS CoV-2 antibody positivity, electrocardiogram changes and clinical outcomes. Limitations: The study did not meet the target sample size of 200 and was terminated early for futility. | Implications for 4 studies (RECOVERY Collaborative Group, Huybrechts et al., Gentry et al., & Abella et al.): HCQ is not effective for treatment of COVID-19 or prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The potential for congenital malformation may not be an acceptable level of risk for healthy women of childbearing age, especially as data to support HCQ use for treatment or prevention of COVID-19 are lacking. These additional data support previous data suggesting no role for HQC in the management of COVID-19 or prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection. SN - 2168-6114 (Electronic); 2168-6106 (Linking) SP - 195-202 ST - Efficacy and Safety of Hydroxychloroquine vs Placebo for Pre-exposure SARS-CoV-2 Prophylaxis Among Health Care Workers: A Randomized Clinical Trial T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - Efficacy and Safety of Hydroxychloroquine vs Placebo for Pre-exposure SARS-CoV-2 Prophylaxis Among Health Care Workers: A Randomized Clinical Trial UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33001138 VL - 181 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 1007 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Vaccines are needed to prevent coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) and to protect persons who are at high risk for complications. The mRNA-1273 vaccine is a lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated mRNA-based vaccine that encodes the prefusion stabilized full-length spike protein of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes Covid-19. METHODS: This phase 3 randomized, observer-blinded, placebo-controlled trial was conducted at 99 centers across the United States. Persons at high risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection or its complications were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive two intramuscular injections of mRNA-1273 (100 mug) or placebo 28 days apart. The primary end point was prevention of Covid-19 illness with onset at least 14 days after the second injection in participants who had not previously been infected with SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS: The trial enrolled 30,420 volunteers who were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive either vaccine or placebo (15,210 participants in each group). More than 96% of participants received both injections, and 2.2% had evidence (serologic, virologic, or both) of SARS-CoV-2 infection at baseline. Symptomatic Covid-19 illness was confirmed in 185 participants in the placebo group (56.5 per 1000 person-years; 95% confidence interval [CI], 48.7 to 65.3) and in 11 participants in the mRNA-1273 group (3.3 per 1000 person-years; 95% CI, 1.7 to 6.0); vaccine efficacy was 94.1% (95% CI, 89.3 to 96.8%; P<0.001). Efficacy was similar across key secondary analyses, including assessment 14 days after the first dose, analyses that included participants who had evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection at baseline, and analyses in participants 65 years of age or older. Severe Covid-19 occurred in 30 participants, with one fatality; all 30 were in the placebo group. Moderate, transient reactogenicity after vaccination occurred more frequently in the mRNA-1273 group. Serious adverse events were rare, and the incidence was similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The mRNA-1273 vaccine showed 94.1% efficacy at preventing Covid-19 illness, including severe disease. Aside from transient local and systemic reactions, no safety concerns were identified. (Funded by the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; COVE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04470427.). AD - From Brigham and Women's Hospital (L.R.B.), Boston, and Moderna, Cambridge (H.B., R.P., C.K., B.L., W.D., H.Z., S.H., M.I., J. Miller, T.Z.) - both in Massachusetts; Baylor College of Medicine (H.M.E.S.) and Centex Studies (J.S.) - both in Houston; Meridian Clinical Research, Savannah (B.E., S.K., A.B.), and Emory University (N.R.) and Atlanta Clinical Research Center (N.S.), Atlanta - all in Georgia; University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.K., K.N.), and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda (D.F., M.M., J. Mascola, L.P., J.L., B.S.G.) - both in Maryland; Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis (S.F.); University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago (R.N.); George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (D.D.); University of California, San Diego, San Diego (S.A.S.); Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville (C.B.C.); Quality of Life Medical and Research Center, Tucson, AZ (J. McGettigan); Johnson County Clin-Trials, Lenexa, KS (C.F.); Research Centers of America, Hollywood, FL (H.S.); and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C., P.G., H.J.). AN - 33378609 AU - Baden, L. R. | El Sahly, H. M. | Essink, B. | Kotloff, K. | Frey, S. | Novak, R. | Diemert, D. | Spector, S. A. | Rouphael, N. | Creech, C. B. | McGettigan, J. | Khetan, S. | Segall, N. | Solis, J. | Brosz, A. | Fierro, C. | Schwartz, H. | Neuzil, K. | Corey, L. | Gilbert, P. | Janes, H. | Follmann, D. | Marovich, M. | Mascola, J. | Polakowski, L. | Ledgerwood, J. | Graham, B. S. | Bennett, H. | Pajon, R. | Knightly, C. | Leav, B. | Deng, W. | Zhou, H. | Han, S. | Ivarsson, M. | Miller, J. | Zaks, T. | Cove Study Group C1 - 2021-01-15 | 2021-07-23 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01152021_covidupdate.html | http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07232021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 4 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2035389 ET - 2020/12/31 IS - 5 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | COVID-19/diagnosis/immunology/*prevention & control | *COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects/immunology | Female | Humans | Incidence | Male | Middle Aged | Patient Acuity | *SARS-CoV-2 | Single-Blind Method | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus | Treatment Outcome | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://0622548811/Baden-2021-Efficacy and Safety of the mRNA-127.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Baden, Lindsey R; El Sahly, Hana M; Essink, Brandon; Kotloff, Karen; Frey, Sharon; Novak, Rick; Diemert, David; Spector, Stephen A; Rouphael, Nadine; Creech, C Buddy; McGettigan, John; Khetan, Shishir; Segall, Nathan; Solis, Joel; Brosz, Adam; Fierro, Carlos; Schwartz, Howard; Neuzil, Kathleen; Corey, Larry; Gilbert, Peter; Janes, Holly; Follmann, Dean; Marovich, Mary; Mascola, John; Polakowski, Laura; Ledgerwood, Julie; Graham, Barney S; Bennett, Hamilton; Pajon, Rolando; Knightly, Conor; Leav, Brett; Deng, Weiping; Zhou, Honghong; Han, Shu; Ivarsson, Melanie; Miller, Jacqueline; Zaks, Tal; eng; R01 AI134878/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; HVTN Statistics and Data Management Center UM1 AI/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; UM1 AI069534/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; P30 AI045008/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; ACTG Leadership and Operations Center UM1 AI 68636/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; UM1 AI068618/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Contract No. 75A50120C00034/US/ /; UM1 AI148684/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; UM1 AI068619/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; HVTN Laboratory Center UM1 AI 68618/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; HPTN Leadership and Operations Center UM1 AI 68619/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; UM1 AI068636/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; UM1 AI068614/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; IDCRC leadership group 5 UM1 AI148684-03/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; HVTN Leadership and Operations Center UM1 AI 68614/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; UM1 AI068635/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Clinical Trial, Phase III; Multicenter Study; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; N Engl J Med. 2021 Feb 4;384(5):403-416. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2035389. Epub 2020 Dec 30. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: vaccine efficacy related to infection is lower than in RCTs for [mRNA-1273 SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 403-416 ST - Efficacy and Safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Efficacy and Safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33378609 | https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa2035389?articleTools=true VL - 384 ID - 2118 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Emary, Katherine R. W. | Golubchik, Tanya | Aley, Parvinder K. | Ariani, Cristina V. | Angus, Brian John | Bibi, Sagida | Blane, Beth | Bonsall, David | Cicconi, Paola | Charlton, Sue | Clutterbuck, Elizabeth | Collins, Andrea M. | Cox, Tony | Darton, Thomas | Dold, Christina | Douglas, Alexander D. | Duncan, Christopher J. A. | Ewer, Katie | Flaxman, Amy | Faust, Saul N. | Ferreira, Daniela M. | Feng, Shuo | Finn, Adam | Folegatti, Pedro M. | Fuskova, Michelle | Galiza, Eva | Goodman, Anna L. | Green, Catherine M. | Green, Christopher A. | Greenland, Melanie | Hallis, Bassam | Heath, Paul T. | Hay, Jodie | Hill, Helen C. | Jenkin, Daniel | Kerridge, Simon | Lazarus, Rajeka | Libri, Vincenzo | Lillie, Patrick J. | Ludden, Catherine | Marchevsky, Natalie G. | Minassian, Angela M. | McGregor, Alastair C. | Farooq Mujadidi, Yama | Phillips, Daniel J. | Plested, Emma | Pollock, Katrina M. | Robinson, Hannah | Smith, Andrew | Song, Rinn | Snape, Matthew D. | Sutherland, Rebecca K. | Thomson, Emma C. | Toshner, Mark | Turner, David P. J. | Vekemans, Johan | Villafana, Tonya L. | Williams, Christopher J. | Hill, Adrian V. S. | Lambe, Teresa | Gilbert, Sarah C. | Voysey, Merryn | Ramasamy, Maheshi N. | Pollard, Andrew | Consortium, Covid-Genomics U. K. | Group, Oxford Covid Vaccine Trial | Golubchik, Tanya | Aley, Parvinder K. | Ariani, Cristina V. | Angus, Brian John | Bibi, Sagida | Blane, Beth | Bonsall, David | Cicconi, Paola | Charlton, Sue | Clutterbuck, Elizabeth | Collins, Andrea M. | Cox, Tony | Darton, Thomas | Dold, Christina | Douglas, Alexander D. | Duncan, Christopher J. A. | Ewer, Katie | Flaxman, Amy | Faust, Saul N. | Ferreira, Daniela M. | Feng, Shuo | Finn, Adam | Folegatti, Pedro M. | Fuskova, Michelle | Galiza, Eva | Goodman, Anna L. | Green, Catherine M. | Green, Christopher A. | Greenland, Melanie | Hallis, Bassam | Heath, Paul T. | Hay, Jodie | Hill, Helen C. | Jenkin, Daniel | Kerridge, Simon | Lazarus, Rajeka | Libri, Vincenzo | Lillie, Patrick J. | Ludden, Catherine | Marchevsky, Natalie G. | Minassian, Angela M. | McGregor, Alastair C. | Farooq Mujadidi, Yama | Phillips, Daniel J. | Plested, Emma | Pollock, Katrina M. | Robinson, Hannah | Smith, Andrew | Song, Rinn | Snape, Matthew D. | Sutherland, Rebecca K. | Thomson, Emma C. | Toshner, Mark | Turner, David P. J. | Vekemans, Johan | Villafana, Tonya L. | Williams, Christopher J. | Hill, Adrian V. S. | Lambe, Teresa | Gilbert, Sarah C. | Voysey, Merryn | Ramasamy, Maheshi N. | Pollard, Andrew | Consortium, Covid-Genomics U. K. | Group, Oxford Covid Vaccine Trial C1 - 2021-02-19 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Internvention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02192021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.2139/ssrn.3779160 L1 - internal-pdf://4026359942/SSRN-id3779160.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - (COG-UK) PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Vaccine efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19 caused by the B.1.1.7 variant was 74.6% (95% CI 41.6%-88.9%) compared with 84.1% (95% CI 70.7%-91.4%) against non-B.1.1.7 variant. | Sera from ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccinees showed a 9-fold reduction in neutralizing activity against the B.1.1.7 lineage compared with one non-B.1.1.7 variant. | Participants who received the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine had significantly higher Ct values and reduced duration of RT-PCR-positivity (median reduction = 1 week) than those who received the control vaccine (Figure). | Methods: Ongoing, single-blind, multicentered randomized phase II/III vaccine trial for the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in adults �?8 years of age in the United Kingdom. Participants were randomized to receive ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or meningococcal vaccine (MenACWY). Vaccine efficacy analyses used samples from symptomatic (n=120) and asymptomatic/unknown (n=44) participants enrolled from October 1, 2020-January 14, 2021. Limitations: Laboratory testing was performed on self-administered nasal and throat swabs; not all samples were processed. Small sample size. | Implications: The ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine provides similar efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19 disease caused by the B.1.1.7 as non-B.1.1.7 variants but reduced neutralization activity. Reduced viral load and viral shedding was seen among persons vaccinated with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, this could lead to reduced disease transmission. These data support ongoing implementation of mass vaccination. SN - 1556-5068 ST - Efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2 VOC 202012/01 (B.1.1.7) T2 - SSRN TI - Efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2 VOC 202012/01 (B.1.1.7) TT - Published article: Efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern 202012/01 (B.1.1.7): an exploratory analysis of a randomised controlled trial UR - https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3779160 ID - 1503 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants threatens progress toward control of the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic. In a phase 1-2 trial involving healthy adults, the NVX-CoV2373 nanoparticle vaccine had an acceptable safety profile and was associated with strong neutralizing-antibody and antigen-specific polyfunctional CD4+ T-cell responses. Evaluation of vaccine efficacy was needed in a setting of ongoing SARS-CoV-2 transmission. METHODS: In this phase 2a-b trial in South Africa, we randomly assigned human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative adults between the ages of 18 and 84 years or medically stable HIV-positive participants between the ages of 18 and 64 years in a 1:1 ratio to receive two doses of either the NVX-CoV2373 vaccine (5 mug of recombinant spike protein with 50 mug of Matrix-M1 adjuvant) or placebo. The primary end points were safety and vaccine efficacy against laboratory-confirmed symptomatic Covid-19 at 7 days or more after the second dose among participants without previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. RESULTS: Of 6324 participants who underwent screening, 4387 received at least one injection of vaccine or placebo. Approximately 30% of the participants were seropositive for SARS-CoV-2 at baseline. Among 2684 baseline seronegative participants (94% HIV-negative and 6% HIV-positive), predominantly mild-to-moderate Covid-19 developed in 15 participants in the vaccine group and in 29 in the placebo group (vaccine efficacy, 49.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.1 to 72.8). Vaccine efficacy among HIV-negative participants was 60.1% (95% CI, 19.9 to 80.1). Of 41 sequenced isolates, 38 (92.7%) were the B.1.351 variant. Post hoc vaccine efficacy against B.1.351 was 51.0% (95% CI, -0.6 to 76.2) among the HIV-negative participants. Preliminary local and systemic reactogenicity events were more common in the vaccine group; serious adverse events were rare in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The NVX-CoV2373 vaccine was efficacious in preventing Covid-19, with higher vaccine efficacy observed among HIV-negative participants. Most infections were caused by the B.1.351 variant. (Funded by Novavax and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04533399.). AD - From Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (V.S., L. Fries, S.C.-C., M.Z., C.B., G.A., E.F., J.S.P., A.R., S.N., I.C., G.M.G., F.D.); and the South African Medical Research Council, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences (S.B., V.B., A.L.K., A.O.-J., A.T., S.A.M.), Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (L. Fairlie, G.B.), University of the Witwatersrand, and Soweto Clinical Trials Centre (Q.B., A.E.B.), Johannesburg, Josha Research Centre, Bloemfontein (Z.H., J.J.L., S.F.), the Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit (M.A., R.M.), the Respiratory and Critical Care Unit (U.L., N.L.), the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (D.M.), Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (S.H.), and Kwazulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (T.O.), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, the Setshaba Research Centre, Tshwane (M.S.L.M., A.P., K.A.), the Limpopo Clinical Research Initiative, Rustenburg (L. Fouche, P.-L.V.), the Madibeng Centre for Research, Department of Family Medicine, School of Health, University of Pretoria (C.L.), and the Aurum Institute (C.G.), Pretoria, the South African TB Vaccine Initiative (M.T., N.S., A.L.) and the Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, and UCT Lung Institute (K.D., A.E.), University of Cape Town, and the Health Systems Research Unit and the HIV Prevention Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council (N.S., A.G.), Cape Town, Mzansi Ethical Research Centre, Middelburg (G.K., F.G.P.), and Peermed Clinical Trial Centre, Kempton Park (N.C.-G.) - all in South Africa. AN - 33951374 AU - Shinde, V. | Bhikha, S. | Hoosain, Z. | Archary, M. | Bhorat, Q. | Fairlie, L. | Lalloo, U. | Masilela, M. S. L. | Moodley, D. | Hanley, S. | Fouche, L. | Louw, C. | Tameris, M. | Singh, N. | Goga, A. | Dheda, K. | Grobbelaar, C. | Kruger, G. | Carrim-Ganey, N. | Baillie, V. | de Oliveira, T. | Lombard Koen, A. | Lombaard, J. J. | Mngqibisa, R. | Bhorat, A. E. | Benade, G. | Lalloo, N. | Pitsi, A. | Vollgraaff, P. L. | Luabeya, A. | Esmail, A. | Petrick, F. G. | Oommen-Jose, A. | Foulkes, S. | Ahmed, K. | Thombrayil, A. | Fries, L. | Cloney-Clark, S. | Zhu, M. | Bennett, C. | Albert, G. | Faust, E. | Plested, J. S. | Robertson, A. | Neal, S. | Cho, I. | Glenn, G. M. | Dubovsky, F. | Madhi, S. A. | nCo, V. Study Group C1 - 2021-05-14 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05142021_covidupdate.html DA - May 20 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2103055 ET - 2021/05/06 IS - 20 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood | COVID-19/epidemiology/immunology/*prevention & control/virology | COVID-19 Serological Testing | COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects/*immunology | Double-Blind Method | HIV Seronegativity | HIV Seropositivity | Humans | *Immunogenicity, Vaccine | Middle Aged | *SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification | South Africa | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://3041226306/Shinde-2021-Efficacy of NVX-CoV2373 Covid-19 V.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Shinde, Vivek; Bhikha, Sutika; Hoosain, Zaheer; Archary, Moherndran; Bhorat, Qasim; Fairlie, Lee; Lalloo, Umesh; Masilela, Mduduzi S L; Moodley, Dhayendre; Hanley, Sherika; Fouche, Leon; Louw, Cheryl; Tameris, Michele; Singh, Nishanta; Goga, Ameena; Dheda, Keertan; Grobbelaar, Coert; Kruger, Gertruida; Carrim-Ganey, Nazira; Baillie, Vicky; de Oliveira, Tulio; Lombard Koen, Anthonet; Lombaard, Johan J; Mngqibisa, Rosie; Bhorat, As'ad E; Benade, Gabriella; Lalloo, Natasha; Pitsi, Annah; Vollgraaff, Pieter-Louis; Luabeya, Angelique; Esmail, Aliasgar; Petrick, Friedrich G; Oommen-Jose, Aylin; Foulkes, Sharne; Ahmed, Khatija; Thombrayil, Asha; Fries, Lou; Cloney-Clark, Shane; Zhu, Mingzhu; Bennett, Chijioke; Albert, Gary; Faust, Emmanuel; Plested, Joyce S; Robertson, Andreana; Neal, Susan; Cho, Iksung; Glenn, Greg M; Dubovsky, Filip; Madhi, Shabir A; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; N Engl J Med. 2021 May 20;384(20):1899-1909. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2103055. Epub 2021 May 5. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In a randomized clinical trial conducted in South Africa when the predominant circulating variant was B.1.351, the efficacy of the Novavax NVX-CoV2373 vaccine was 49.4% (95% CI 6.1%-72.8%) against symptomatic COVID-19 among HIV-negative and medically stable HIV-positive adults seronegative for SARS-CoV-2 at baseline. Of HIV-positive participants who were SARS-CoV-2 seronegative at baseline, 4/76 in the vaccine group and 2/72 in the placebo group developed symptoms of COVID-19. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 1899-1909 ST - Efficacy of NVX-CoV2373 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.351 Variant T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Efficacy of NVX-CoV2373 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.351 Variant UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33951374 VL - 384 ID - 1750 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has strained health care systems across the globe, necessitating drastic public health measures and prompting a fervent search for effective treatments. The experimental antiviral drug remdesivir (manufactured by Gilead) was granted Emergency Use Authorization by the US Food and Drug Administration in May 2020 for patients hospitalized with severe COVID-19. At the time, there had been 2 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that had compared a 10-day course of remdesivir with placebo. The first, by Wang and colleagues, failed to show benefit but recruited only 237 patients and may have been underpowered. The second, the National Institutes of Health–sponsored Adaptive COVID-19 Treatment Trial (ACTT-1), randomized 1063 patients and found that those assigned a 10-day course of remdesivir had a recovery time that was shorter by 4 days (median, 11 vs 15 days) compared with placebo. No significant difference was found in mortality between drug (7.1%) and placebo (11.9%) (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.47-1.04). Since the Emergency Use Authorization was granted, there has been a huge demand for remdesivir from both patients and physicians, generating considerable debate over how to ensure adequate, equitable, and affordable access. AD - Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, UPMC Health System and The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. | Department of Critical Care Medicine, UPMC Health System and The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. | Associate Editor, JAMA. AN - 32821934 AU - McCreary, E. K. | Angus, D. C. C1 - 2020-09-01 C2 - Evidence Base for Treatments CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090120_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 15 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.16337 ET - 2020/08/22 IS - 11 KW - Adenosine Monophosphate/analogs & derivatives | Alanine/analogs & derivatives | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy | Humans | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://0066004231/McCreary-2020-Efficacy of Remdesivir in COVID-.pdf LA - en N1 - McCreary, Erin K; Angus, Derek C; eng; Editorial; Comment; JAMA. 2020 Sep 15;324(11):1041-1042. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.16337. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Limitations of the study design and analytic approach of Spinner et al.external icon on benefits of remdesivir for COVID-19 patients. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1041-1042 ST - Efficacy of Remdesivir in COVID-19 T2 - JAMA TI - Efficacy of Remdesivir in COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32821934 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 809 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) have an increased risk for severe COVID-19 disease and mortality. The goal of this study (NCT04746092) was to determine the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccine in patients with CLL. We evaluated humoral immune responses to BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in patients with CLL and compared responses with those obtained in age-matched healthy controls. Patients received two vaccine doses, 21 days apart, and antibody titers were measured using Elecsys(R) Anti-SARS-CoV-2S assay after administration of the second dose. In a total of 167 patients with CLL the antibody response rate was 39.5%. A comparison between 52 patients with CLL and 52 sex- and aged-matched healthy controls, revealed a significantly reduced response rate among patients (52% vs 100%, respectively; adjusted odds ratio=0.010, 95% CI 0.001-0.162; p<0.001). Response rate was highest in patients who obtained clinical remission after treatment (79.2%), followed by 55.2% in treatment-naive and 16% only in patients under treatment at the time of vaccination. In patients treated with either BTK inhibitors or venetoclax +/- anti-CD20 antibody, response rates were considerably low (16.0% and 13.6%, respectively). None of the patients exposed to anti-CD20 antibodies <12 months prior to vaccination responded. In a multivariate analysis, the independent predictors of response were younger age, females, lack of currently active treatment, IgG levels >/=550 mg/dL and IgM levels >/=40mg/dL. In conclusion, antibody-mediated response to BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in patients with CLL is markedly impaired and affected by disease activity and treatment. AD - 1Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel., Israel. | Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel., Israel. | Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel. | Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel. | Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Israel. | Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Alabama, Israel. | Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. | IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy. | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States. | Universita Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. AN - 33861303 AU - Herishanu, Y. | Avivi, I. | Aharon, A. | Shefer, G. | Levi, S. | Bronstein, Y. | Morales Moshiashvili, M. | Ziv-Baran, T. | Shorer, Y. | Scarfo, L. | Joffe, E. | Perry, C. | Ghia, P. C1 - 2021-04-30 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04302021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 16 DO - 10.1182/blood.2021011568 ET - 2021/04/17 IS - 23 KW - Aged | *covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | Female | Humans | *Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics/therapy | RNA, Messenger/genetics | SARS-CoV-2 | *BNT162b2 | *cll | *COVID-19 vaccine | *NEOPLASIA/Lymphoid leukemias | *antibody response L1 - internal-pdf://0304696587/Herishanu-2021-Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA C.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Herishanu, Yair; Avivi, Irit; Aharon, Anat; Shefer, Gabi; Levi, Shai; Bronstein, Yotam; Morales Moshiashvili, Miguel; Ziv-Baran, Tomer; Shorer, Yamit; Scarfo, Lydia; Joffe, Erel; Perry, Chava; Ghia, Paolo; eng; Blood. 2021 Apr 16. pii: 475742. doi: 10.1182/blood.2021011568. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Only 27 of 52 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) developed an antibody response following 2 doses of BNT162b2 vaccine, compared with all 52 sex-and age-matched healthy controls. 79.2% of patients in remission for CLL developed antibodies following vaccination compared with 16% of patients in treatment for CLL. SN - 1528-0020 (Electronic); 0006-4971 (Linking) SP - 3165-3173 ST - Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia T2 - Blood TI - Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33861303 VL - 137 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1714 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Assessment of the safety and efficacy of vaccines against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in different populations is essential, as is investigation of the efficacy of the vaccines against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, including the B.1.351 (501Y.V2) variant first identified in South Africa. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial to assess the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) in people not infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in South Africa. Participants 18 to less than 65 years of age were assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive two doses of vaccine containing 5x10(10) viral particles or placebo (0.9% sodium chloride solution) 21 to 35 days apart. Serum samples obtained from 25 participants after the second dose were tested by pseudovirus and live-virus neutralization assays against the original D614G virus and the B.1.351 variant. The primary end points were safety and efficacy of the vaccine against laboratory-confirmed symptomatic coronavirus 2019 illness (Covid-19) more than 14 days after the second dose. RESULTS: Between June 24 and November 9, 2020, we enrolled 2026 HIV-negative adults (median age, 30 years); 1010 and 1011 participants received at least one dose of placebo or vaccine, respectively. Both the pseudovirus and the live-virus neutralization assays showed greater resistance to the B.1.351 variant in serum samples obtained from vaccine recipients than in samples from placebo recipients. In the primary end-point analysis, mild-to-moderate Covid-19 developed in 23 of 717 placebo recipients (3.2%) and in 19 of 750 vaccine recipients (2.5%), for an efficacy of 21.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], -49.9 to 59.8). Among the 42 participants with Covid-19, 39 cases (95.1% of 41 with sequencing data) were caused by the B.1.351 variant; vaccine efficacy against this variant, analyzed as a secondary end point, was 10.4% (95% CI, -76.8 to 54.8). The incidence of serious adverse events was balanced between the vaccine and placebo groups. CONCLUSIONS: A two-dose regimen of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine did not show protection against mild-to-moderate Covid-19 due to the B.1.351 variant. (Funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04444674; Pan African Clinical Trials Registry number, PACTR202006922165132). AD - From the South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit (S.A.M., V.B., A.L.K., G.K., S.B., J.P., A.J., M.L., S.M., A.M., C.T., A.T., A.I.), African Leadership in Vaccinology Expertise (C.L.C.), Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (L.F., E.H., M. Masenya, F.P., S.E.), the Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology (J.N.B., C.K.W., P.L.M.), and the Perinatal HIV Research Unit (C.B.), Faculty of Health Sciences, and the Department of Science and Innovation/National Research Foundation South African Research Chair Initiative in Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit (S.A.M., V.B., A.L.K., G.K., S.B., A.I.), University of the Witwatersrand, and the National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) (J.N.B., C.K.W., P.L.M.), Johannesburg, Setshaba Research Centre, Tshwane (S.D.P., K.A., M. Malahleha, M. Masilela, K.M.), the Division of Pulmonology, Groote Schuur Hospital and the University of Cape Town (K.D., A.E., S.O.), and the Family Centre for Research with Ubuntu, Department of Paediatrics, University of Stellenbosch (S.L.B., M.G., L.R.), Cape Town, Soweto Clinical Trials Centre, Soweto (Q.E.B., A.E.B.), and the Africa Health Research Institute (S.-H.H., H.R., A.S.) and the KwaZulu-Natal Research and Innovation Sequencing Platform (KRISP), University of KwaZulu-Natal (S.P., H.T., T.O., A.S.), Durban - all in South Africa; the Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics (M.V., P.A., S.R., A.J.P.), and Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine (T.L., S.G.), University of Oxford, Oxford, the Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London (K.D., A.E.), Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London (K.D.), and AstraZeneca Biopharmaceuticals, Cambridge (N.M.D., E.J.K., T.L.V.) - all in the United Kingdom; and Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin (S.-H.H., H.R.). AN - 33725432 AU - Madhi, S. A. | Baillie, V. | Cutland, C. L. | Voysey, M. | Koen, A. L. | Fairlie, L. | Padayachee, S. D. | Dheda, K. | Barnabas, S. L. | Bhorat, Q. E. | Briner, C. | Kwatra, G. | Ahmed, K. | Aley, P. | Bhikha, S. | Bhiman, J. N. | Bhorat, A. E. | du Plessis, J. | Esmail, A. | Groenewald, M. | Horne, E. | Hwa, S. H. | Jose, A. | Lambe, T. | Laubscher, M. | Malahleha, M. | Masenya, M. | Masilela, M. | McKenzie, S. | Molapo, K. | Moultrie, A. | Oelofse, S. | Patel, F. | Pillay, S. | Rhead, S. | Rodel, H. | Rossouw, L. | Taoushanis, C. | Tegally, H. | Thombrayil, A. | van Eck, S. | Wibmer, C. K. | Durham, N. M. | Kelly, E. J. | Villafana, T. L. | Gilbert, S. | Pollard, A. J. | de Oliveira, T. | Moore, P. L. | Sigal, A. | Izu, A. | Ngs-Sa Group | the Wits, Vida Covid Group C1 - 2021-03-26 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03262021_covidupdate.html DA - May 20 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2102214 ET - 2021/03/17 IS - 20 KW - Adenoviridae | Adolescent | Adult | Antibodies, Neutralizing/*blood/physiology | COVID-19/epidemiology/immunology/*prevention & control | COVID-19 Serological Testing | COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*immunology | Double-Blind Method | Humans | *Immunogenicity, Vaccine | Middle Aged | *SARS-CoV-2 | South Africa | T-Lymphocytes/physiology | Treatment Failure | Vaccine Potency | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://3277955498/Madhi-2021-Efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Cov.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Madhi, Shabir A; Baillie, Vicky; Cutland, Clare L; Voysey, Merryn; Koen, Anthonet L; Fairlie, Lee; Padayachee, Sherman D; Dheda, Keertan; Barnabas, Shaun L; Bhorat, Qasim E; Briner, Carmen; Kwatra, Gaurav; Ahmed, Khatija; Aley, Parvinder; Bhikha, Sutika; Bhiman, Jinal N; Bhorat, As'ad E; du Plessis, Jeanine; Esmail, Aliasgar; Groenewald, Marisa; Horne, Elizea; Hwa, Shi-Hsia; Jose, Aylin; Lambe, Teresa; Laubscher, Matt; Malahleha, Mookho; Masenya, Masebole; Masilela, Mduduzi; McKenzie, Shakeel; Molapo, Kgaogelo; Moultrie, Andrew; Oelofse, Suzette; Patel, Faeezah; Pillay, Sureshnee; Rhead, Sarah; Rodel, Hylton; Rossouw, Lindie; Taoushanis, Carol; Tegally, Houriiyah; Thombrayil, Asha; van Eck, Samuel; Wibmer, Constantinos K; Durham, Nicholas M; Kelly, Elizabeth J; Villafana, Tonya L; Gilbert, Sarah; Pollard, Andrew J; de Oliveira, Tulio; Moore, Penny L; Sigal, Alex; Izu, Alane; eng; R21 TW011454/TW/FIC NIH HHS/; MC_PC_19055/UK Research and Innovation; 96167/South African Medical Research Council; INV-017710/Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; N Engl J Med. 2021 May 20;384(20):1885-1898. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2102214. Epub 2021 Mar 16. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Primary end-point analysis: Overall vaccine efficacy against mild-to-moderate COVID-19 was 21.9% (95% CI -49.9%-59.8%). | Secondary end-point analysis among participants who developed mild to moderate COVID-19, 39 (92.9%) were infected with B.1.351: | Efficacy of a 2-dose ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine regimen against the B.1.351 variant was not evident (efficacy = 10.4%, 95% CI: -76.8%-54.8%). | The vaccine induced strong neutralizing antibody levels against original D614G virus on pseudovirus neutralization assay 14 days after second vaccine dose. | Methods: Double-blind, multicenter RCT in South Africa (between June 24 and November 9, 2020) was conducted to assess ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AstraZeneca-Oxford), primary efficacy analysis for vaccine efficacy (vaccine n = 750, placebo n = 717). Efficacy against B.1.351 analyzed in secondary endpoint analysis among 42 participants who developed COVID-19. Serum samples collected from 25 persons after having received the second vaccine dose were tested for neutralizing activity. Limitations: Lack of severe COVID-19 cases prevents conclusions around severe illness; limited generalizability. | Implications: The lack of efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 against mild to moderate COVID-19 associated with the B.1.351 variant suggests that second generation vaccinations or boosters may be needed to address emerging variants of concern. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 1885-1898 ST - Efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.351 Variant T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.351 Variant UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33725432 VL - 384 ID - 1612 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: At interim analysis in a phase 3, observer-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial, the mRNA-1273 vaccine showed 94.1% efficacy in preventing coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). After emergency use of the vaccine was authorized, the protocol was amended to include an open-label phase. Final analyses of efficacy and safety data from the blinded phase of the trial are reported. METHODS: We enrolled volunteers who were at high risk for Covid-19 or its complications; participants were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive two intramuscular injections of mRNA-1273 (100 mug) or placebo, 28 days apart, at 99 centers across the United States. The primary end point was prevention of Covid-19 illness with onset at least 14 days after the second injection in participants who had not previously been infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The data cutoff date was March 26, 2021. RESULTS: The trial enrolled 30,415 participants; 15,209 were assigned to receive the mRNA-1273 vaccine, and 15,206 to receive placebo. More than 96% of participants received both injections, 2.3% had evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection at baseline, and the median follow-up was 5.3 months in the blinded phase. Vaccine efficacy in preventing Covid-19 illness was 93.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 91.0 to 94.8), with 55 confirmed cases in the mRNA-1273 group (9.6 per 1000 person-years; 95% CI, 7.2 to 12.5) and 744 in the placebo group (136.6 per 1000 person-years; 95% CI, 127.0 to 146.8). The efficacy in preventing severe disease was 98.2% (95% CI, 92.8 to 99.6), with 2 cases in the mRNA-1273 group and 106 in the placebo group, and the efficacy in preventing asymptomatic infection starting 14 days after the second injection was 63.0% (95% CI, 56.6 to 68.5), with 214 cases in the mRNA-1273 group and 498 in the placebo group. Vaccine efficacy was consistent across ethnic and racial groups, age groups, and participants with coexisting conditions. No safety concerns were identified. CONCLUSIONS: The mRNA-1273 vaccine continued to be efficacious in preventing Covid-19 illness and severe disease at more than 5 months, with an acceptable safety profile, and protection against asymptomatic infection was observed. (Funded by the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; COVE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04470427.). AD - From Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (H.M.E.S.), and Javara, The Woodlands (C.K.) - both in Texas; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (L.R.B.), and Moderna, Cambridge (A.A., H.C., W.D., S.H., B.L., D.M., R.P., F.S., J.E.T., H.Z., J.M.) - both in Massachusetts; Meridian Clinical Research, Baton Rouge, LA (B.E., F.E.); University of Miami, Miami (S.D.-L.), and DeLand Clinical Research Unit, DeLand (B.R.) - both in Florida; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (J.M.M.); Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (E.J.A.); University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora (T.B.C.); University of California, Los Angeles (J.C.), and Wake Research-Medical Center for Clinical Research, San Diego (L.H.-C.) - both in California; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.), and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (L.C., P.G., H.J.) - both in Seattle; University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati (C.J.F.); Henry Ford Health System, Detroit (M.Z.); Vitalink Research, Greenville, SC (G.F.); Clinical Research Center of Nevada, Wake Research, Las Vegas (M.L.); and the University of Maryland, College Park (K.M.N.), and the Vaccine Research Center (J.R.M., J.E.L., B.S.G.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (D.F., M.M., L.P.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda - both in Maryland. AN - 34551225 AU - El Sahly, Hana M. | Baden, Lindsey R. | Essink, Brandon | Doblecki-Lewis, Susanne | Martin, Judith M. | Anderson, Evan J. | Campbell, Thomas B. | Clark, Jesse | Jackson, Lisa A. | Fichtenbaum, Carl J. | Zervos, Marcus | Rankin, Bruce | Eder, Frank | Feldman, Gregory | Kennelly, Christina | Han-Conrad, Laurie | Levin, Michael | Neuzil, Kathleen M. | Corey, Lawrence | Gilbert, Peter | Janes, Holly | Follmann, Dean | Marovich, Mary | Polakowski, Laura | Mascola, John R. | Ledgerwood, Julie E. | Graham, Barney S. | August, Allison | Clouting, Heather | Deng, Weiping | Han, Shu | Leav, Brett | Manzo, Deb | Pajon, Rolando | Schödel, Florian | Tomassini, Joanne E. | Zhou, Honghong | Miller, Jacqueline C1 - 2021-10-01 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10012021_covidupdate.html#anchor_Vaccines DA - Sep 22 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2113017 ET - 2021/09/23 L1 - internal-pdf://0857756867/El Sahly-2021-Efficacy of the mRNA-1273 SARS-C.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - El Sahly, Hana M | Baden, Lindsey R | Essink, Brandon | Doblecki-Lewis, Susanne | Martin, Judith M | Anderson, Evan J | Campbell, Thomas B | Clark, Jesse | Jackson, Lisa A | Fichtenbaum, Carl J | Zervos, Marcus | Rankin, Bruce | Eder, Frank | Feldman, Gregory | Kennelly, Christina | Han-Conrad, Laurie | Levin, Michael | Neuzil, Kathleen M | Corey, Lawrence | Gilbert, Peter | Janes, Holly | Follmann, Dean | Marovich, Mary | Polakowski, Laura | Mascola, John R | Ledgerwood, Julie E | Graham, Barney S | August, Allison | Clouting, Heather | Deng, Weiping | Han, Shu | Leav, Brett | Manzo, Deb | Pajon, Rolando | Schodel, Florian | Tomassini, Joanne E | Zhou, Honghong | Miller, Jacqueline | eng | UM1 AI148373/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | UM1 AI148684/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | contract 75A50120C00034/Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority | UM1 AI 68614; UM1 AI 68635; UM1 AI 68618;UM1 AI 68/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases | UM1 AI148689/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | N Engl J Med. 2021 Sep 22. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2113017. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Vaccine efficacy (VE) for preventing: | COVID-19 was 93.2% (95% CI 91.0-94.8) (Figure). | Severe disease was 98.2% (95% CI 92.8-99.6). | VE for preventing COVID-19 �? months after the 2nd injection was 92.4% (95% CI 84.3-96.8). | Methods: Clinical trial conducted among adults randomized to receive 2 doses of the mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccine (N = 15,209) or placebo (N = 15,206). Outcomes of COVID-19, severe COVID-19 illness, and SARS-CoV-2 infection were assessed �?4 days after the 2nd dose, as of March 26, 2021; median follow-up time was 5.3 months. Limitations: Key populations (e.g., pregnant women, children, immunocompromised patients) not included; low circulation of Delta variant during trial. | | Implications: A 2-dose regimen of mRNA-1273 conferred substantial protection against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe COVID-19 illness in adults for at least 4 months. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic) | 0028-4793 (Linking) ST - Efficacy of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine at Completion of Blinded Phase T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Efficacy of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine at Completion of Blinded Phase UR - https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2113017 | https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa2113017?articleTools=true ID - 2403 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The efficacy of interleukin-6 receptor blockade in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) who are not receiving mechanical ventilation is unclear. METHODS: We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving patients with confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, hyperinflammatory states, and at least two of the following signs: fever (body temperature >38 degrees C), pulmonary infiltrates, or the need for supplemental oxygen in order to maintain an oxygen saturation greater than 92%. Patients were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive standard care plus a single dose of either tocilizumab (8 mg per kilogram of body weight) or placebo. The primary outcome was intubation or death, assessed in a time-to-event analysis. The secondary efficacy outcomes were clinical worsening and discontinuation of supplemental oxygen among patients who had been receiving it at baseline, both assessed in time-to-event analyses. RESULTS: We enrolled 243 patients; 141 (58%) were men, and 102 (42%) were women. The median age was 59.8 years (range, 21.7 to 85.4), and 45% of the patients were Hispanic or Latino. The hazard ratio for intubation or death in the tocilizumab group as compared with the placebo group was 0.83 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.38 to 1.81; P = 0.64), and the hazard ratio for disease worsening was 1.11 (95% CI, 0.59 to 2.10; P = 0.73). At 14 days, 18.0% of the patients in the tocilizumab group and 14.9% of the patients in the placebo group had had worsening of disease. The median time to discontinuation of supplemental oxygen was 5.0 days (95% CI, 3.8 to 7.6) in the tocilizumab group and 4.9 days (95% CI, 3.8 to 7.8) in the placebo group (P = 0.69). At 14 days, 24.6% of the patients in the tocilizumab group and 21.2% of the patients in the placebo group were still receiving supplemental oxygen. Patients who received tocilizumab had fewer serious infections than patients who received placebo. CONCLUSIONS: Tocilizumab was not effective for preventing intubation or death in moderately ill hospitalized patients with Covid-19. Some benefit or harm cannot be ruled out, however, because the confidence intervals for efficacy comparisons were wide. (Funded by Genentech; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04356937.). AD - From Massachusetts General Hospital (J.H.S., M.J.F., N.J.S.-B., A.D.F., L.H., A.S.F., N.K.H., B.C.H., C.A.S., M.D., C.M.N., Y.-D.H., T.K.T., Z.D., A.S., R.S.W., A.Y.K., S.S., P.S., T.G.N., C.A.P., S.H.U., D.S.C., M.A.M., J.M.Y., K.A.B., E.M., A.Z., Z.D.D., M.B.B., M.K., K.M.D., J.D., M.M.L., M.K.M.), Brigham and Women's Hospital (A.E.W., S.N., B.N.W.), and Boston Medical Center (N.L., M.S.), Boston, North Shore Medical Center, Salem (R.S., A.M.B., C.C.), Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton (H.S., D.S.H.), Beth Israel Lahey Health, Burlington (M.A., M.D.P.), and St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Brighton (J.F.) - all in Massachusetts. AN - 33085857 AU - Stone, J. H. | Frigault, M. J. | Serling-Boyd, N. J. | Fernandes, A. D. | Harvey, L. | Foulkes, A. S. | Horick, N. K. | Healy, B. C. | Shah, R. | Bensaci, A. M. | Woolley, A. E. | Nikiforow, S. | Lin, N. | Sagar, M. | Schrager, H. | Huckins, D. S. | Axelrod, M. | Pincus, M. D. | Fleisher, J. | Sacks, C. A. | Dougan, M. | North, C. M. | Halvorsen, Y. D. | Thurber, T. K. | Dagher, Z. | Scherer, A. | Wallwork, R. S. | Kim, A. Y. | Schoenfeld, S. | Sen, P. | Neilan, T. G. | Perugino, C. A. | Unizony, S. H. | Collier, D. S. | Matza, M. A. | Yinh, J. M. | Bowman, K. A. | Meyerowitz, E. | Zafar, A. | Drobni, Z. D. | Bolster, M. B. | Kohler, M. | D'Silva, K. M. | Dau, J. | Lockwood, M. M. | Cubbison, C. | Weber, B. N. | Mansour, M. K. | Bacc Bay Tocilizumab Trial Investigators C1 - 2020-10-30 C2 - IL-6 and Tocilizumab CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/103020_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 10 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2028836 ET - 2020/10/22 IS - 24 KW - Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/*therapeutic use | Boston | COVID-19/*drug therapy/mortality | Disease Progression | Double-Blind Method | Female | Humans | Intubation/statistics & numerical data | Male | Middle Aged | Receptors, Interleukin-6/*antagonists & inhibitors | Respiratory Therapy | Treatment Failure | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://0429857119/Stone-2020-Efficacy of Tocilizumab in Patients.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Stone, John H; Frigault, Matthew J; Serling-Boyd, Naomi J; Fernandes, Ana D; Harvey, Liam; Foulkes, Andrea S; Horick, Nora K; Healy, Brian C; Shah, Ruta; Bensaci, Ana Maria; Woolley, Ann E; Nikiforow, Sarah; Lin, Nina; Sagar, Manish; Schrager, Harry; Huckins, David S; Axelrod, Matthew; Pincus, Michael D; Fleisher, Jorge; Sacks, Chana A; Dougan, Michael; North, Crystal M; Halvorsen, Yuan-Di; Thurber, Tara K; Dagher, Zeina; Scherer, Allison; Wallwork, Rachel S; Kim, Arthur Y; Schoenfeld, Sara; Sen, Pritha; Neilan, Tomas G; Perugino, Cory A; Unizony, Sebastian H; Collier, Deborah S; Matza, Mark A; Yinh, Janeth M; Bowman, Kathryn A; Meyerowitz, Eric; Zafar, Amna; Drobni, Zsofia D; Bolster, Marcy B; Kohler, Minna; D'Silva, Kristin M; Dau, Jonathan; Lockwood, Megan M; Cubbison, Caroline; Weber, Brittany N; Mansour, Michael K; eng; T32 AI007387/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; T32 HL094301/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; ML42488/Genentech/International; Multicenter Study; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; N Engl J Med. 2020 Dec 10;383(24):2333-2344. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2028836. Epub 2020 Oct 21. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Compared to placebo, early administration of tocilizumab in hospitalized COVID-19 patients did not (Figure): | Prevent progression to intubation or death (hazard ratio [HR] 0.83, 95% CI 0.38-1.81, p = 0.64). | Prevent clinical worsening (HR 1.11, 95% CI 0.59-2.10, p = 0.73). | Reduce duration of supplemental oxygen (HR 0.94, 95% CI 0.67-1.30, p = 0.69). | Methods: Randomized (2:1), double-blind placebo-controlled trial among 243 hospitalized COVID-19 patients at 7 Boston hospitals between April 20 and June 15, 2020. Enrolled patients had pulmonary infiltrates and/or a need for supplemental oxygen and laboratory evidence of a hyperinflammatory response. Limitations: Observed primary event rate was lower than anticipated; wide confidence intervals. | Implications from Guirao et al., Hermine et al., Gupta et al., Stone et al., & Salvarini et al.: High serum concentrations of IL-6 are strongly associated with severe COVID-19 and serve as the biologic basis for early off-label use of tocilizumab for COVID-19. While the two cohort studies (Gupta & Hermine) did see a benefit of tocilizumab, the RCTs presented did not show that tocilizumab shortened the COVID-19 clinical course or decreased mortality (Stone & Salvarini). A commentary on these studies by Parr elaborates on the confounders associated with observational studies and why high-quality RCTs should guide decisions about tocilizumab use in COVID-19 patients. The studies presented here support current National Institutes of Health and Infectious Disease Society of America guidelines that do not recommend routine tocilizumab use for treatment of COVID-19. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 2333-2344 ST - Efficacy of Tocilizumab in Patients Hospitalized with Covid-19 T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Efficacy of Tocilizumab in Patients Hospitalized with Covid-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33085857 VL - 383 ID - 1145 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Face masks reduce the spread of infectious respiratory diseases such as COVID-19 by blocking aerosols produced during coughs and exhalations (“source control�?. Masks also slow and deflect cough and exhalation airflows, which changes the dispersion of aerosols. Factors such as the directions in which people are facing (orientation) and separation distance also affect aerosol dispersion. However, it is not clear how masking, orientation, and distance interact. We placed a respiratory aerosol simulator (“source�? and a breathing simulator (“recipient�? in a 3 m x 3 m chamber and measured aerosol concentrations for different combinations of masking, orientation, and separation distance. When the simulators were front-to-front during coughing, masks reduced the 15-minute mean aerosol concentration at the recipient by 92% at 0.9 and 1.8 m separation. When the simulators were side-by-side, masks reduced the concentration by 81% at 0.9 m and 78% at 1.8 m. During breathing, masks reduced the aerosol concentration by 66% when front-to-front and 76% when side-by-side at 0.9 m. Similar results were seen at 1.8 m. When the simulators were unmasked, changing the orientations from front-to-front to side-by-side reduced the cough aerosol concentration by 59% at 0.9 m and 60% at 1.8 m. When both simulators were masked, changing the orientations did not significantly change the concentration at either distance during coughing or breathing. Increasing the distance between the simulators from 0.9 m to 1.8 m during coughing reduced the aerosol concentration by 25% when no masks were worn but had little effect when both simulators were masked. During breathing, when neither simulator was masked, increasing the separation reduced the concentration by 13%, which approached significance, while the change was not significant when both source and recipient were masked. Our results show that universal masking reduces exposure to respiratory aerosol particles regardless of the orientation and separation distance between the source and recipient.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Clinical TrialRegistration not requiredFunding StatementThis work was supported by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:IRB approval was not required for this study.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesExperimental data is available upon request. AU - Lindsley, William G. | Beezhold, Donald H. | Coyle, Jayme | Derk, Raymond C. | Blachere, Francoise M. | Boots, Theresa | Reynolds, Jeffrey S. | McKinney, Walter G. | Sinsel, Erik | Noti, John D. C1 - 2021-05-07 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05072021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.04.21.21255880 L1 - internal-pdf://4059267764/Lindsley-2021-Efficacy of universal masking fo.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Recipient aerosol exposure was reduced when source and recipient were both masked, separated up to 1.8 meters (~6 feet), and oriented front-to-front (92% decreased exposure when source was coughing, �?6% during breathing) or side-to-side (�?8% when coughing and �?6% during breathing) (Figure 1). | Changing source and recipient orientation from front-to-front to side-by-side reduced cough aerosol exposure by �?9% when both were unmasked and separated up to 1.8 meters (Figure 1). | Increasing distance between unmasked source and recipients from 0.9 to 1.8 meters reduced recipient aerosol exposure by 25% when source was coughing. | Methods: A respiratory aerosol simulator (“source�? and breathing simulator (“recipient�? were used to determine how different combinations of masking, simulator orientations, and separation distance affected the aerosol exposure of the recipient (Figure 2). Limitations: Aerosol particles measured were from 0.3 to 3 μm, but humans produce particles across a broader size range. | Implications: Universal masking reduces exposure to respiratory aerosol particles regardless of the orientation and separation distance between the source and recipient. When both the source and recipient are unmasked, changes in orientation and separation distance can reduce recipient exposure. SP - 2021.04.21.21255880 ST - Efficacy of universal masking for source control and personal protection from simulated cough and exhaled aerosols in a room T2 - medRxiv TI - Efficacy of universal masking for source control and personal protection from simulated cough and exhaled aerosols in a room TT - Published article: Efficacy of universal masking for source control and personal protection from simulated cough and exhaled aerosols in a room UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/04/25/2021.04.21.21255880.full.pdf ID - 1727 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background The significant risks posed to mothers and fetuses by COVID-19 in pregnancy have sparked a worldwide debate surrounding the pros and cons of antenatal SARS-CoV-2 inoculation, as we lack sufficient evidence regarding vaccine effectiveness in pregnant women and their offspring. We aimed to provide substantial evidence for the effect of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine versus native infection on maternal humoral, as well as transplacentally acquired fetal immune response, potentially providing newborn protection.Methods A multicenter study where parturients presenting for delivery were recruited at 8 medical centers across Israel and assigned to three study groups: vaccinated (n=86); PCR confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infected during pregnancy (n=65), and unvaccinated non-infected controls (n=62). Maternal and fetal blood samples were collected from parturients prior to delivery and from the umbilical cord following delivery, respectively. Sera IgG and IgM titers were measured using Milliplex MAP SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Panel (for S1, S2, RBD and N).Results BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine elicits strong maternal humoral IgG response (Anti-S and RBD) that crosses the placenta barrier and approaches maternal titers in the fetus within 15 days following the first dose. Maternal to neonatal anti-COVID-19 antibodies ratio did not differ when comparing sensitization (vaccine vs. infection). IgG transfer rate was significantly lower for third-trimester as compared to second trimester infection. Lastly, fetal IgM response was detected in 5 neonates, all in the infected group.Conclusions Antenatal BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination induces a robust maternal humoral response that effectively transfers to the fetus, supporting the role of vaccination during pregnancy.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Clinical TrialNAFunding StatementIsrael Science Foundation KillCorona grant 3777/19 (to MN, MK, SY, AM) Research grant from the Fondazione Henry Krenter (to MN) FERRING COVID-19 Investigational Grant in Reproductive Medicine and Maternal Health (RMMH) (to SY)Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The study was approved by the institutional review boards of all participating medical centers and by the Weizmann Institute of Science. All research participants provided written informed consent prior to enrollment. The lead IRB overseeing this multicenter study was The Helsinki Committee at The Edith Wolfson Medical Center. Dr. Michal Kovo, the last author on the manuscript, is the lead PI on the protocol. The Approved protocol: 0107-20-WOMC.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData will be made accessible after peer reviewed publication. AD - Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel. | Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel. | Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel. | Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon; affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. | Department of Pathology, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon; affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. | Helen Schneider Hospital for Women, Rabin Medical Center, Petach Tikva; affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel. | The Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel; affiliated to the Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. | Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel, affiliated to Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. | Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel. | Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel affiliated with Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel. | Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel. | Lis Hospital for Women, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel; affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. | The Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine (G-INCPM), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel. AN - 34014840 AU - Beharier, Ofer | Mayo, Romina Plitman | Raz, Tal | Sacks, Kira Nahum | Schreiber, Letizia | Suissa-Cohen, Yael | Chen, Rony | Gomez-Tolub, Rachel | Hadar, Eran | Gabbay-Benziv, Rinat | Moshkovich, Yuval Jaffe | Biron-Shental, Tal | Shechter-Maor, Gil | Farladansky-Gershnabel, Sivan | Sela, Hen Yitzhak | Raischer, Hedi Benyamini | Sela, Nitzan Dana | Goldman-Wohl, Debra | Shulman, Ziv | Many, Ariel | Barr, Haim | Yagel, Simcha | Neeman, Michal | Kovo, Michal C1 - 2021-04-16 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04162021_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 1 DO - 10.1101/2021.03.31.21254674 ET - 2021/05/21 IS - 13 KW - Adult | Antibodies, Viral/*blood | COVID-19/*immunology/*prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/*immunology/*pharmacology | Cohort Studies | Female | Fetal Blood/immunology | Humans | Immunization, Passive | Immunoglobulin G/blood | Infant, Newborn | Male | Maternal-Fetal Exchange/*immunology | Pregnancy | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology | Young Adult | *covid-19 | *Immunoglobulins | *Obstetrics/gynecology | *Reproductive Biology L1 - internal-pdf://1897011530/Beharier-2021-Efficient Maternal to Neonatal t.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Beharier, Ofer | Plitman Mayo, Romina | Raz, Tal | Nahum Sacks, Kira | Schreiber, Letizia | Suissa-Cohen, Yael | Chen, Rony | Gomez-Tolub, Rachel | Hadar, Eran | Gabbay-Benziv, Rinat | Jaffe Moshkovich, Yuval | Biron-Shental, Tal | Shechter-Maor, Gil | Farladansky-Gershnabel, Sivan | Yitzhak Sela, Hen | Benyamini-Raischer, Hedi | Sela, Nitzan D | Goldman-Wohl, Debra | Shulman, Ziv | Many, Ariel | Barr, Haim | Yagel, Simcha | Neeman, Michal | Kovo, Michal | eng | Multicenter Study | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | J Clin Invest. 2021 Jul 1;131(13). pii: 150319. doi: 10.1172/JCI150319. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: The BNT162b2 vaccine elicited strong maternal humoral response that reached similar levels in the fetus within 15 days following the first dose and were similar to levels occurring with sensitization (vaccine vs. infection), providing evidence to support vaccination during pregnancy. SN - 1558-8238 (Electronic) | 0021-9738 (Linking) SP - 2021.03.31.21254674 ST - Efficient Maternal to Neonatal transfer of SARS-CoV-2 and BNT162b2 antibodies T2 - medRxiv TI - Efficient Maternal to Neonatal transfer of SARS-CoV-2 and BNT162b2 antibodies TT - Published article: Efficient maternal to neonatal transfer of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/04/06/2021.03.31.21254674.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/04/06/2021.03.31.21254674.full.pdf VL - 131 ID - 2103 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) during pregnancy and early infancy can result in severe disease. Evaluating the serologic response after maternal vaccination during pregnancy and subsequent transplacental antibody transfer has important implications for maternal care and vaccination strategies.Objective To assess maternal and neonatal SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels after antenatal mRNA vaccination.Design, Setting, and Participants This study took place at Hadassah Medical Center in Jerusalem, Israel in February 2021. Maternal and cord blood sera were collected for antibody measurement from mother/newborn dyads following antenatal vaccination.Exposure SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination.Main outcome and measures Spike protein (S) and receptor binding domain (RBD) - specific, IgG levels were evaluated in maternal and cord blood sera.Results The study cohort consisted of 20 parturients, with a median maternal age of 32 y ears and a median gestational age of 393/7 weeks at the time of delivery. The median time lapsed from the first and second doses of vaccine administration until delivery was 33 [IQR 30-37] and 11 [IQR 9-15] days, respectively. Of the 20 dyads, all women an d infants were positive for anti S- and anti-RBD-specific IgG. Anti-S and anti-RBD-specific IgG levels in maternal sera were positively correlated to their respective concentrations in cord blood (ρs= 0.72; P<0.001 and ρs= 0.72; P <0.001, respectively). Anti-S and anti-RBD-specific IgG titers in cord blood were directly correlated with time lapsed since the administration of the first vaccine dose (ρs= 0.71; P =0.001 and ρs= 0.63; P=0.004, respectively).Conclusion and Relevance In this study, SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine administered during pregnancy induced adequate maternal serologic response with subsequent efficient transplacental transfer. Our findings highlight that vaccination of pregnant women may provide maternal and neonatal protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Clinical TrialThis study is not a clinical trialFunding StatementNo external funding was used for this study.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The institutional review board of the Hadassah Medical Center approved this study (HMO-0064-21).All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThe data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors, upon reasonable request. AD - Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel. | Clinical virology unit, Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel. AN - 33822014 AU - Rottenstreich, Amihai | Zarbiv, Gila | Oiknine-Djian, Esther | Zigron, Roy | Wolf, Dana G. | Porat, Shay C1 - 2021-03-26 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03262021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 3 DO - 10.1101/2021.03.11.21253352 ET - 2021/04/07 KW - SARS-CoV-2 | cord blood | pregnancy | serology | vaccination L1 - internal-pdf://3946921142/Rottenstreich-2021-Efficient maternofetal tran.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Rottenstreich, Amihai | Zarbiv, Gila | Oiknine-Djian, Esther | Zigron, Roy | Wolf, Dana G | Porat, Shay | eng | Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Apr 3. pii: 6209876. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab266. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination administered to a cohort of 20 women during pregnancy induced adequate serologic response with subsequent transplacental transfer. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic) | 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - 2021.03.11.21253352 ST - Efficient maternofetal transplacental transfer of anti- SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies after antenatal SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination T2 - medRxiv TI - Efficient maternofetal transplacental transfer of anti- SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies after antenatal SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination TT - Published article: Efficient maternofetal transplacental transfer of anti- SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies after antenatal SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/03/12/2021.03.11.21253352.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/03/12/2021.03.11.21253352.full.pdf ID - 2097 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance Israel was among the first countries to launch a large-scale COVID-19 vaccination campaign, and quickly vaccinated its population, achieving early control over the spread of the virus. However, the number of COVID-19 cases is now rapidly increasing, which may indicate that vaccine protection decreases over time.Objective To determine whether time elapsed since the second BNT162b2 messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech) injection is significantly associated with the risk of post-vaccination COVID-19 infection.Design This is a retrospective cohort study performed in a large state-mandated health care organization in Israel.Participants All fully vaccinated adults who have received a RT-PCR test between May 15, 2021 and July 26, 2021, at least two weeks after their second vaccine injection were included. Patients with a history of past COVID-19 infection were excluded.Main Outcome and Measure Positive result for the RT-PCR test.Results The cohort included 33,993 fully vaccinated adults, 49% women, with a mean age of 47 years (SD, 17 years), who received an RT-PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 during the study period. The median time between the second dose of the vaccine and the RT-PCR test was 146 days, interquartile range [121-167] days. 608 (1.8%) patients had positive test results. There was a significantly higher rate of positive results among patients who received their second vaccine dose at least 146 days before the RT-PCR test compared to patients who have received their vaccine less than 146 days before: odds ratio for infection was 3.00 for patients aged over 60 (95% CI 1.86-5.11); 2.29 for patients aged between 40 and 59 (95% CI 1.67-3.17); and 1.74 for patients aged between 18 and 39 (95% CI 1.27-2.37); P<0.001 in each age group.Conclusions and Relevance In this large population study of patients tested for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR following two doses of mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine, we observe a significant increase of the risk of infection in individuals who received their last vaccine dose since at least 146 days ago, particularly among patients older than 60.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis research was supported in part by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:the Shamir Medical Center Institutional Review Board (129-2-LEU).All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData were obtained from patients' electronic health records, and IRB approval restrains its use to researchers inside Leumit Health Services. AN - 34401882 AU - Israel, Ariel | Merzon, Eugene | Schäffer, Alejandro A. | Shenhar, Yotam | Green, Ilan | Golan-Cohen, Avivit | Ruppin, Eytan | Magen, Eli | Vinker, Shlomo C1 - 2021-08-13 C2 - Vaccines CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08132021_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 5 DO - 10.1101/2021.08.03.21261496 ET - 2021/08/18 L1 - internal-pdf://0672123764/Israel-2021-Elapsed time since BNT162b2 vaccin.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Israel, Ariel | Merzon, Eugene | Schaffer, Alejandro A | Shenhar, Yotam | Green, Ilan | Golan-Cohen, Avivit | Ruppin, Eytan | Magen, Eli | Vinker, Shlomo | eng | Preprint | medRxiv. 2021 Aug 5. doi: 10.1101/2021.08.03.21261496. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among almost 1.8% of fully vaccinated adults with a positive RT-PCR test result for SARS-CoV-2 (n = 608) from May 15–July 26, 2021, breakthrough infections were more common among persons who were vaccinated �?46 days previously. | A higher incidence of breakthrough infections (2.2%; OR 3.00, 95% CI 1.86-5.12) was observed among persons aged �?0 years compared with persons aged 40�?9 years (1.9%; OR 2.29, 95% CI 1.67-3.17), or persons aged 18�?9 years (1.4%; OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.27-2.37) (Figure). | Methods: Retrospective cohort study in Israel of patients (n = 33,993) receiving BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) followed by a SARS-CoV-2 PCR test from May 15, 2021–July 26, 2021 (�? weeks after 2nd dose) in a large health care organization. Excluded persons with prior COVID-19. Limitations: Only patients who requested a SARS-CoV-2 PCR test during the study period were included; disease severity not assessed. | Implications: Risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 might be higher 5 months after vaccination, particularly for older adults, although additional analyses are needed to clarify risk of hospitalization or death. Since August 1, 2021, Israel has offered a third dose of BNT162b2 to adults 60 and older in Israel who were vaccinated more than 5 months previously. SP - 2021.08.03.21261496 ST - Elapsed time since BNT162b2 vaccine and risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a large cohort T2 - medRxiv TI - Elapsed time since BNT162b2 vaccine and risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a large cohort UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/08/05/2021.08.03.21261496.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/08/05/2021.08.03.21261496.full.pdf ID - 2214 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has triggered great global public health concern. Face masks are essential tools to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2 from human to human. However, there are still challenges to prolong the serving life and maintain the filtering performance of the current commercial mask. Filters composed of ultrafine fibers with diameter down to tens of nanometers have the potential to physically block viruses. With adjustable composition and nanostructures, the electrospun ultrafine fiber filter is possible to achieve other necessary functions beyond virus blocking, such as antiviral, transparent, and degradable, making it an important part of fighting the epidemic. In this review, beginning with the basic information of the viruses, we summarize the knowledge of masks and respirators, including the filtering mechanism, structure, classification, and standards. We further present the fabrication method, filtering performance, and reusable potential of electrospun ultrafine fiber-based masks. In the end, we discuss the development directions of ultrafine fibers in protective devices, especially their new functional applications and possible contributions in the prevention and control of the epidemic. AD - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117574, Singapore. | Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Muegyetem rkp. 3-9, H-1111, Budapest, Hungary. AN - 33519094 AU - Zhang, Z. | Ji, D. | He, H. | Ramakrishna, S. C1 - 2020-12-08 C2 - Protection in Healthcare and Non-Healthcare Work Settings CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/120820_covidupdate.html DA - Jan DO - 10.1016/j.mser.2020.100594 ET - 2021/02/02 KW - Covid-19 | Filtering mechanism | Mask | Nanofibers | Respirator | Reusable mask | SARS-CoV-2 | Virus L1 - internal-pdf://1040490905/Zhang-2021-Electrospun ultrafine fibers for ad.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Zhang, Zhenfang; Ji, Dongxiao; He, Haijun; Ramakrishna, Seeram; eng; Review; Switzerland; Mater Sci Eng R Rep. 2021 Jan;143:100594. doi: 10.1016/j.mser.2020.100594. Epub 2020 Nov 20. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Presents an in-depth review of current face masks and respirators, including the filtering mechanism, structure, fabrication method, and filtering performance of ultrafine fibers. SN - 0927-796X (Print); 0927-796X (Linking) SP - 100594 ST - Electrospun ultrafine fibers for advanced face masks T2 - Mater Sci Eng R Rep TI - Electrospun ultrafine fibers for advanced face masks UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33519094 VL - 143 ID - 1322 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Genomic virus surveillance can lead to early identification of new variants and inform proper response during a pandemic. Using this approach, we have identified a new variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that emerged in the United States (U.S.) early in the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic and has become one of the most prevalent U.S variants. This new variant within the B.1.2 lineage referred to here as 20C-US, has not yet spread widely to other countries. The earliest 20C-US genomes can be traced to the southern U.S. in late May of 2020. A major early event was the rapid acquisition of five non-synonymous mutations. The changes carried by 20C-US include mutations to genes involved in virus particle maturation and release, processing of viral proteins, and RNA genome integrity and translation genes, all important for efficient and accurate virus production. In addition, 20C-US has since acquired two new non-synonymous mutations that highlight its ongoing evolution, one of which is a Q677H mutation in the spike protein adjacent to the furin cleavage site. We predict that 20C-US may already be the most dominant variant of SARS-CoV-2 in the U.S. The ongoing evolution of 20C-US, as well as other dominant region-specific variants emerging around the world, should continue to be monitored with genomic, epidemiologic, and experimental studies to understand viral evolution and predict future outcomes of the pandemic.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest. AU - Pater, Adrian A. | Bosmeny, Michael S. | Barkau, Christopher L. | Ovington, Katy N. | Chilamkurthy, Ramadevi | Parasrampuria, Mansi | Eddington, Seth B. | Yinusa, Abadat O. | White, Adam A. | Metz, Paige E. | Sylvain, Rourke J. | Hebert, Madison M. | Benzinger, Scott W. | Sinha, Koushik | Gagnon, Keith T. C1 - 2021-01-22 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01222021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.01.11.426287 L1 - internal-pdf://1512139408/Pater-2021-Emergence and Evolution of a Preval.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A new variant of SARS-CoV-2 within the B.1.2 lineage called 20C-US/clade G emerged in the southern US in May 2020 and is likely the dominant variant in the US; it has high transmissibility without causing increased disease severity. SP - 2021.01.11.426287 ST - Emergence and Evolution of a Prevalent New SARS-CoV-2 Variant in the United States T2 - bioRxiv TI - Emergence and Evolution of a Prevalent New SARS-CoV-2 Variant in the United States UR - https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2021/01/13/2021.01.11.426287.full.pdf | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2021/01/19/2021.01.11.426287.full.pdf ID - 1419 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: In Marseille, France, following a first severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak in March-May 2020, a second epidemic phase occurred from June, involving 10 new variants. The Marseille-4 variant caused an epidemic that started in August and is still ongoing. METHODS: The 1038 SARS-CoV-2 whole genome sequences obtained in our laboratory by next-generation sequencing with Illumina technology were analysed using Nextclade and nextstrain/ncov pipelines and IQ-TREE. A Marseille-4-specific qPCR assay was implemented. Demographic and clinical features were compared between patients with the Marseille-4 variant and those with earlier strains. RESULTS: Marseille-4 harbours 13 hallmark mutations. One leads to an S477N substitution in the receptor binding domain of the spike protein targeted by current vaccines. Using a specific qPCR, it was observed that Marseille-4 caused 12-100% of SARS-CoV-2 infections in Marseille from September 2020, being involved in 2106 diagnoses. This variant was more frequently associated with hypoxemia than were clade 20A strains before May 2020. It caused a re-infection in 11 patients diagnosed with different SARS-CoV-2 strains before June 2020, suggesting either short-term protective immunity or a lack of cross-immunity. CONCLUSIONS: Marseille-4 should be considered as a major SARS-CoV-2 variant. Its sudden appearance points towards an animal reservoir, possibly mink. The protective role of past exposure and current vaccines against this variant should be evaluated. AD - IHU Mediterranee Infection, Marseille, France; Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Mediterraneennes (VITROME), Marseille, France. Electronic address: pierre-edouard.fournier@univ-amu.fr. | IHU Mediterranee Infection, Marseille, France; Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille Universite, Marseille, France. | IHU Mediterranee Infection, Marseille, France; Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Mediterraneennes (VITROME), Marseille, France. | IHU Mediterranee Infection, Marseille, France. | IHU Mediterranee Infection, Marseille, France; Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille Universite, Marseille, France. Electronic address: didier.raoult@gmail.com. AN - 33785459 AU - Fournier, P. E. | Colson, P. | Levasseur, A. | Devaux, C. A. | Gautret, P. | Bedotto, M. | Delerce, J. | Brechard, L. | Pinault, L. | Lagier, J. C. | Fenollar, F. | Raoult, D. C1 - 2021-04-16 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04162021_covidupdate.html DA - May DO - 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.03.068 ET - 2021/04/01 KW - Covid-19 | Marseille-4 | Molecular epidemiology | Mutations | SARS-CoV-2 | Spike | Variant L1 - internal-pdf://1636993259/Fournier-2021-Emergence and outcomes of the SA.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Fournier, Pierre-Edouard; Colson, Philippe; Levasseur, Anthony; Devaux, Christian A; Gautret, Philippe; Bedotto, Marielle; Delerce, Jeremy; Brechard, Ludivine; Pinault, Lucile; Lagier, Jean-Christophe; Fenollar, Florence; Raoult, Didier; eng; Canada; Int J Infect Dis. 2021 May;106:228-236. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.03.068. Epub 2021 Mar 27. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Genomic analysis of the Marseille-4 variant identified 13 hallmark mutations appearing as a set; among 2,106 diagnoses in September 2020, the variant was associated with greater hypoxemia than clade 20A strains and caused several cases of re-infection. A nearby mink farm was suggested as possible source. SN - 1878-3511 (Electronic); 1201-9712 (Linking) SP - 228-236 ST - Emergence and outcomes of the SARS-CoV-2 'Marseille-4' variant T2 - Int J Infect Dis TI - Emergence and outcomes of the SARS-CoV-2 'Marseille-4' variant UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33785459 VL - 106 ID - 1670 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein (S) plays critical roles in host cell entry. Non-synonymous substitutions affecting S are not uncommon and have become fixed in a number of SARS-CoV-2 lineages. A subset of such mutations enable escape from neutralizing antibodies or are thought to enhance transmission through mechanisms such as increased affinity for the cell entry receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Independent genomic surveillance programs based in New Mexico and Louisiana contemporaneously detected the rapid rise of numerous clade 20G (lineage B.1.2) infections carrying a Q677P substitution in S. The variant was first detected in the US on October 23, yet between 01 Dec 2020 and 19 Jan 2021 it rose to represent 27.8% and 11.3% of all SARS-CoV-2 genomes sequenced from Louisiana and New Mexico, respectively. Q677P cases have been detected predominantly in the south central and southwest United States; as of 03 Feb 2021, GISAID data show 499 viral sequences of this variant from the USA. Phylogenetic analyses revealed the independent evolution and spread of at least six distinct Q677H sub-lineages, with first collection dates ranging from mid-August to late November 2020. Four 677H clades from clade 20G (B.1.2), 20A (B.1.234), and 20B (B.1.1.220, and B.1.1.222) each contain roughly 100 or fewer sequenced cases, while a distinct pair of clade 20G clusters are represented by 754 and 298 cases, respectively. Although sampling bias and founder effects may have contributed to the rise of S:677 polymorphic variants, the proximity of this position to the polybasic cleavage site at the S1/S2 boundary are consistent with its potential functional relevance during cell entry, suggesting parallel evolution of a trait that may confer an advantage in spread or transmission. Taken together, our findings demonstrate simultaneous convergent evolution, thus providing an impetus to further evaluate S:677 polymorphisms for effects on proteolytic processing, cell tropism, and transmissibility. AD - Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland. | University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA. | Microbial Genome Sequencing Center, LLC, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. | Icahn Mt Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York. USA. | Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA. | Louisiana Department of Health. Minden, LA, USA. | New Mexico Department of Health, Albuquerque, NM, USA. | Wyoming Public Health Laboratory, Cheyenne, WY, USA. | University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. AN - 33594385 AU - Hodcroft, E. B. | Domman, D. B. | Snyder, D. J. | Oguntuyo, K. | Van Diest, M. | Densmore, K. H. | Schwalm, K. C. | Femling, J. | Carroll, J. L. | Scott, R. S. | Whyte, M. M. | Edwards, M. D. | Hull, N. C. | Kevil, C. G. | Vanchiere, J. A. | Lee, B. | Dinwiddie, D. L. | Cooper, V. S. | Kamil, J. P. C1 - 2021-02-26 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02262021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 14 DO - 10.1101/2021.02.12.21251658 ET - 2021/02/18 L1 - internal-pdf://0529804308/Hodcroft-2021-Emergence in late 2020 of multip.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Hodcroft, Emma B; Domman, Daryl B; Snyder, Daniel J; Oguntuyo, Kasopefoluwa; Van Diest, Maarten; Densmore, Kenneth H; Schwalm, Kurt C; Femling, Jon; Carroll, Jennifer L; Scott, Rona S; Whyte, Martha M; Edwards, Michael D; Hull, Noah C; Kevil, Christopher G; Vanchiere, John A; Lee, Benhur; Dinwiddie, Darrell L; Cooper, Vaughn S; Kamil, Jeremy P; eng; P20 GM121307/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/; UL1 TR001449/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; Preprint; medRxiv. 2021 Feb 14. doi: 10.1101/2021.02.12.21251658. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Genomic surveillance programs in New Mexico and Louisiana detected a new SARS-CoV-2 variant with a Q677P substitution in the spike protein that is becoming more prominent in the US; phylogenetic analysis showed independent evolution of 6 distinct lineages of Q667H in addition to Q677P, suggesting a fitness advantage. SP - 2021.02.12.21251658 ST - Emergence in late 2020 of multiple lineages of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein variants affecting amino acid position 677 T2 - medRxiv TI - Emergence in late 2020 of multiple lineages of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein variants affecting amino acid position 677 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33594385 ID - 1525 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A spike in COVID-19 has occurred in Southern California since October 2020. Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in Southern California prior to October indicated most isolates originated from clade 20C that likely emerged from New York via Europe early in the pandemic. Since then, novel variants of SARS-CoV-2 including those seen in the UK (20I/501Y.V1/B.1.1.7), South Africa (20H/501Y.V2/B.1.351), and Brazil (P.1/20J/501Y.V3/B.1.1.248) have emerged, with the concern of increased infectivity and virulence. Thus, we analyzed variants of SARS-CoV-2 in Southern California to establish whether one of these known strains or a novel variant had emerged. AD - Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California. | Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California. AN - 33571356 AU - Zhang, W. | Davis, B. D. | Chen, S. S. | Sincuir Martinez, J. M. | Plummer, J. T. | Vail, E. C1 - 2021-02-19 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02192021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 6 DO - 10.1001/jama.2021.1612 ET - 2021/02/12 IS - 13 KW - COVID-19/*virology | California | Humans | Mutation | SARS-CoV-2/*genetics/isolation & purification | Sequence Analysis, RNA | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus L1 - internal-pdf://3333108786/Zhang-2021-Emergence of a Novel SARS-CoV-2 Var.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Zhang, Wenjuan; Davis, Brian D; Chen, Stephanie S; Sincuir Martinez, Jorge M; Plummer, Jasmine T; Vail, Eric; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA. 2021 Apr 6;325(13):1324-1326. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.1612. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In California, diverse lineages with 2 main clusters, the small 20G cluster (22%) and a larger, novel SARS-CoV-2 variant (CAL.20C) cluster (36%), have been identified. | 20C was first identified in 1 sample from Los Angeles County in July 2020 and accounted for 35% of all California and 44% of all Southern California strains in January 2021 (Figure). | Methods: Of 2,311 SARS-CoV-2 specimens with Ct <30 from symptomatic hospitalized and ambulatory care patients at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles from November 22−December 28, 2020, 185 randomly selected specimens underwent sequencing and Nexstrain phylogenetic analysis along with 1,480 globally representative genomes present in GISAID as of January 11, 2021. Prevalence of clades in 10,431 samples from California, including 4,829 from Southern California, from March 4, 2020 to January 22, 2021 in GISAID were described. Limitations: Selection bias as analyses were limited to publicly available genomes and a comparatively small set of local samples. | Implications: A novel SARS-CoV-2 variant (CAL.20C) emerged in Southern California in 2020 and has increased in prevalence. Studies are warranted to assess the impact of this variant on disease outcomes and transmission. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1324-1326 ST - Emergence of a Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variant in Southern California T2 - JAMA TI - Emergence of a Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variant in Southern California UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33571356 VL - 325 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1515 ER - TY - JOUR AB - SARS-CoV-2 is locked in a high-stakes arms race between the dynamics of rising population immunity and escape mutations. The E484K mutation in the spike protein reduces neutralization by post-vaccination sera and monoclonal antibody therapeutics. We detected the emergence of an E484K harboring variant B.1.243.1 from a common circulating variant (B.1.243) in the United States. In contrast to other instances when the E484K mutation was acquired independently in the parental lineage, genomic surveillance indicates that the B.1.243.1 variant of interest is in the process of being established in Arizona and beginning to cross state borders to New Mexico and Texas. Genomic, epidemiologic and phylogenetic evidence indicates that the B.1.243.1 variant of interest is poised to emerge. These findings demonstrate the critical need to continue tracking SARS-CoV-2 in real-time to inform public health strategies, diagnostics, medical countermeasures and vaccines.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis work was supported in part by the Arizona State University Knowledge Enterprise and Arizona Department of Health Services.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:This study was approved by the Arizona State University Institutional Review Board.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesSequence data have been deposited in GISAID. AU - Skidmore, Peter T. | Kaelin, Emily A. | Holland, LaRinda A. | Maqsood, Rabia | Wu, Lily I. | Mellor, Nicholas J. | Blain, Joy M. | Harris, Valerie | LaBaer, Joshua | Murugan, Vel | Lim, Efrem S. C1 - 2021-04-09 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04092021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.03.26.21254367 L1 - internal-pdf://0155744806/Skidmore-2021-Emergence of a SARS-CoV-2 E484K.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Variant B.1.243.1, which harbors the E484K mutation, has emerged in the United States and is becoming established in Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. SP - 2021.03.26.21254367 ST - Emergence of a SARS-CoV-2 E484K variant of interest in Arizona T2 - medRxiv TI - Emergence of a SARS-CoV-2 E484K variant of interest in Arizona UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/03/28/2021.03.26.21254367.full.pdf ID - 1645 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, divergent SARS-CoV-2 lineages have emerged continuously, mostly through the genomic accumulation of substitutions. We report the discovery of a SARS-CoV-2 variant with a novel genomic architecture characterized by absent ORF7a, ORF7b and ORF8, and a C-terminally modified ORF6 product resulting from partial 5'-UTR duplication and transposition. AD - Department of Pathology, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. | Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. | Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. | State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. | Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. AN - 33675655 AU - Tse, H. | Lung, D. C. | Wong, S. C. | Ip, K. F. | Wu, T. C. | To, K. K. | Kok, K. H. | Yuen, K. Y. | Choi, G. K. C1 - 2021-03-19 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03192021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 2 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciab198 ET - 2021/03/07 KW - Covid-19 | SARS-CoV-2 | genomic rearrangement | whole-genome sequencing L1 - internal-pdf://1092539569/Tse-2021-Emergence of a Severe Acute Respirato.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Tse, Herman; Lung, David Christopher; Wong, Sally Cheuk-Ying; Ip, Ka-Fai; Wu, Tak-Chiu; To, Kelvin Kai-Wang; Kok, Kin-Hang; Yuen, Kwok-Yung; Choi, Garnet Kwan-Yue; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Mar 2. pii: 6155931. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab198. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Describes the organization and lineage of a SARS-CoV-2 variant containing the largest genetic deletion still capable of transmission to date; the clinical significance of the variant is not described within the article. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) ST - Emergence of a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 virus variant with novel genomic architecture in Hong Kong T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Emergence of a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 virus variant with novel genomic architecture in Hong Kong UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33675655 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1589 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Accurate understanding of the global spread of emerging viruses is critical for public health responses and for anticipating and preventing future outbreaks. Here we elucidate when, where, and how the earliest sustained severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission networks became established in Europe and North America. Our results suggest that rapid early interventions successfully prevented early introductions of the virus from taking hold in Germany and the United States. Other, later introductions of the virus from China to both Italy and Washington state, United States, founded the earliest sustained European and North America transmission networks. Our analyses demonstrate the effectiveness of public health measures in preventing onward transmission and show that intensive testing and contact tracing could have prevented SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks from becoming established in these regions. AD - Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. worobey@arizona.edu msuchard@ucla.edu jwertheim@health.ucsd.edu philippe.lemey@kuleuven.be. | Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. | Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. | Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. | Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. | Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK. | Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. | BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada. | Bioinformatics Programme, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. | Department of Biomathematics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. worobey@arizona.edu msuchard@ucla.edu jwertheim@health.ucsd.edu philippe.lemey@kuleuven.be. | Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. | Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. | Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. worobey@arizona.edu msuchard@ucla.edu jwertheim@health.ucsd.edu philippe.lemey@kuleuven.be. | KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Leuven, Belgium. worobey@arizona.edu msuchard@ucla.edu jwertheim@health.ucsd.edu philippe.lemey@kuleuven.be. AN - 32912998 AU - Worobey, M. | Pekar, J. | Larsen, B. B. | Nelson, M. I. | Hill, V. | Joy, J. B. | Rambaut, A. | Suchard, M. A. | Wertheim, J. O. | Lemey, P. C1 - 2020-09-22 C2 - Phylogenetic Analysis CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/092220_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 30 DO - 10.1126/science.abc8169 ET - 2020/09/12 IS - 6516 KW - Air Travel | Betacoronavirus/*genetics | Covid-19 | China/epidemiology | Computer Simulation | Contact Tracing | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/prevention & control/*transmission | Evolution, Molecular | Genome, Viral | Germany/epidemiology | Humans | Italy/epidemiology | Mass Screening | Mutation | Pandemics/prevention & control | *Phylogeny | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/prevention & control/*transmission | SARS-CoV-2 | Washington/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://3593045507/Worobey-2020-The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in Eu.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Worobey, Michael; Pekar, Jonathan; Larsen, Brendan B; Nelson, Martha I; Hill, Verity; Joy, Jeffrey B; Rambaut, Andrew; Suchard, Marc A; Wertheim, Joel O; Lemey, Philippe; eng; U19 AI135995/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 AI136056/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; T15 LM011271/LM/NLM NIH HHS/; WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; K01 AI110181/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 AI135992/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Science. 2020 Oct 30;370(6516):564-570. doi: 10.1126/science.abc8169. Epub 2020 Sep 10. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Epidemic simulations suggest multiple independent entries of SARS-CoV-2 into the US occurred (Figure 1). | Models could not identify a scenario in which the viral sequence of the Washington State outbreak beginning February 15, 2020 could have derived from the first known US SARS-CoV-2 case (January 15, 2020). | Phylogenetic reconstruction also suggests independent viral introduction from China to both Germany and Italy (Figure 2). | Methods: Using 294 SARS-CoV-2 viral genomes from Washington State collected from January 15 to March 15, 2020 through community surveillance for influenza, epidemic simulations were performed to model emergence of mutations of SARS-CoV-2 genome in the US. To determine if Italy’s outbreak was initiated by a virus imported from the German outbreak, additional phylogeographic analyses were conducted. Limitations: Constraints placed on doubling time; genetic sequence data not available from all countries. | Implications: This study highlights that community-level respiratory virus surveillance combined with genomic analyses can be a useful tool to help distinguish sustained community transmission vs importation of new strains, which helps identify origin of clusters, delineate time and place of outbreak origins and define optimal mitigation measures for potential future outbreaks. SN - 1095-9203 (Electronic); 0036-8075 (Linking) SP - 564-570 ST - The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in Europe and North America T2 - Science TI - The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in Europe and North America UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32912998 VL - 370 ID - 921 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) have been introduced as a promising new therapeutic approach against SARS-CoV-2. At present, there is little experience regarding their clinical effects in patient populations underrepresented in clinical trials, e.g. immunocompromised patients. Additionally, it is not well known to what extent SARS-CoV-2 treatment with monoclonal antibodies could trigger the selection of immune escape viral variants. Methods After identifying immunocompromised patients with viral rebound under treatment with bamlanivimab, we characterized the SARS-CoV-2-isolates by whole genome sequencing. Viral load measurements and sequence analysis were performed consecutively before and after bamlanivimab administration. Findings After initial decrease of viral load, viral clearance was not achieved in five of six immunocompromised patients treated with bamlanivimab. Instead, viral replication increased again over the course of the following one to two weeks. In these five patients, the E484K substitution �?known to confer immune escape �?was detected at the time of viral rebound but not before bamlanivimab treatment. Interpretation Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 with bamlanivimab in immunocompromised patients results in the rapid development of immune escape variants in a significant proportion of cases. Given that the E484K mutation can hamper natural immunity, the effectiveness of vaccination as well as antibody-based therapies, these findings may have important implications not only for individual treatment decisions but may also pose a risk to general prevention and treatment strategies. Funding All authors are employed and all expenses covered by governmental, federal state, or other publicly funded institutions. AD - Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany. | Institute of Virology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany. | Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany. | Department of Hematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany. | Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany. AN - 34278371 AU - Jensen, Bjoern | Luebke, Nadine | Feldt, Torsten | Keitel, Verena | Brandenburger, Timo | Kindgen-Milles, Detlef | Lutterbeck, Matthias | Freise, Noemi F. | Schoeler, David | Haas, Rainer | Dilthey, Alexander | Adams, Ortwin | Walker, Andreas | Timm, Joerg | Luedde, Tom C1 - 2021-07-30 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07302021_covidupdate.html DA - 2021/09/01/ DO - 10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100164 ET - 2021/07/20 L1 - internal-pdf://2918604390/Jensen-2021-Emergence of the E484K mutation in.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Jensen, Bjoern | Luebke, Nadine | Feldt, Torsten | Keitel, Verena | Brandenburger, Timo | Kindgen-Milles, Detlef | Lutterbeck, Matthias | Freise, Noemi F | Schoeler, David | Haas, Rainer | Dilthey, Alexander | Adams, Ortwin | Walker, Andreas | Timm, Joerg | Luedde, Tom | eng | England | Lancet Reg Health Eur. 2021 Sep;8:100164. doi: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100164. Epub 2021 Jul 14. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: After bamlanivimab (LY-CoV555) treatment, 5 of 6 immunocompromised COVID-19 patients tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 with the E484K mutation, which was not present before treatment. Of these 5 individuals, 1 patient further developed the E484Q mutation before reverting to E484K. SN - 2666-7762 SP - 100164 ST - Emergence of the E484K mutation in SARS-COV-2-infected immunocompromised patients treated with bamlanivimab in Germany T2 - Lancet Reg Health Eur TI - Emergence of the E484K mutation in SARS-COV-2-infected immunocompromised patients treated with bamlanivimab in Germany UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666776221001411 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8278033/pdf/main.pdf VL - 8 ID - 2177 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Population-level reports of suicide-related emergency department (ED) encounters among youth during the COVID-19 pandemic are lacking, along with youth characteristics and preexisting psychiatric service use.To characterize population-level and relative change in suicide-related ED encounters among youth during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with 2019.This cross-sectional study evaluated ED encounters in 2019 and 2020 at Kaiser Permanente Northern California—a large, integrated, community-based health system. Youth aged 5 to 17 years who presented to the ED with suicidal thoughts or behaviors were included.The COVID-19 pandemic.Population-level incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and percent relative effects for suicide-related ED encounters as defined by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention–recommended International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) codes in 4 periods in 2020 compared with the same periods in 2019.There were 2123 youth with suicide-related ED encounters in 2020 compared with 2339 in 2019. In the 2020 group, 1483 individuals (69.9%) were female and 1798 (84.7%) were aged 13 to 17 years. In the 2019 group, 1542 (65.9%) were female, and 1998 (85.4%) were aged 13 to 17 years. Suicide-related ED encounter incidence rates were significantly lower in March through May 2020 compared with this period in 2019 (IRR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.51-0.63; P�?lt;�?001), then returned to prepandemic levels. However, suicide-related ED visits among female youth from June 1 to August 31, 2020, and September 1 through December 15, 2020, were significantly higher than in the corresponding months in 2019 (IRR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.04-1.35; P�?�?04 and IRR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.11-1.35; P�?lt;�?001, respectively), while suicide-related ED visits for male youth decreased from September 1 through December 15, 2020 (IRR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.69 to 0.94). Youth with no history of outpatient mental health or suicide encounters (129.4%; 95% CI, 41.0-217.8) and those with comorbid psychiatric conditions documented at the ED encounter (6.7%; 95% CI, 1.0-12.3) had a higher risk of presenting with suicide-related problems from September to December 2020 vs the same period in 2019.In this cross-sectional study of youth experiencing suicidal thoughts and behaviors, suicide-related presentations to the ED initially decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic, likely owing to shelter-in-place orders, then were similar to 2019 levels. However, a greater number of female youth, youth with no psychiatric history, and youth with psychiatric diagnoses at the time of the ED encounter presented for suicide-related concerns during the pandemic, suggesting these may be vulnerable groups in need of further interventions. Adjustments in care may be warranted to accommodate these groups during periods of crisis. AD - The Permanente Medical Group, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland. | Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland. | Kaiser Foundation Hospitals, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland. AN - 34468724 AU - Ridout, Kathryn K. | Alavi, Mubarika | Ridout, Samuel J. | Koshy, Maria T. | Awsare, Sameer | Harris, Brooke | Vinson, David R. | Weisner, Constance M. | Sterling, Stacy | Iturralde, Esti C1 - 2021-09-10 C2 - PMC8411357 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09102021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - Sep 1 DO - 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.2457 ET - 2021/09/02 L1 - internal-pdf://2971338725/Ridout-2021-Emergency Department Encounters Am.pdf LA - en N1 - Ridout, Kathryn K | Alavi, Mubarika | Ridout, Samuel J | Koshy, Maria T | Awsare, Sameer | Harris, Brooke | Vinson, David R | Weisner, Constance M | Sterling, Stacy | Iturralde, Esti | eng | JAMA Psychiatry. 2021 Sep 1. pii: 2783854. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.2457. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Emergency department (ED) encounters among youth aged 5�?7 years experiencing suicidal thoughts and behaviors were evaluated before and during the COVID-19 pandemic using electronic health records from a health maintenance organization in California. After a decrease in early 2020 possibly attributable to shelter-in-place orders, population-level incidence rate ratios of suicide-related ED encounters among youth during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 were similar to pre-pandemic levels in 2019. SN - 2168-622X ST - Emergency Department Encounters Among Youth With Suicidal Thoughts or Behaviors During the COVID-19 Pandemic T2 - JAMA Psychiatry TI - Emergency Department Encounters Among Youth With Suicidal Thoughts or Behaviors During the COVID-19 Pandemic UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.2457 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/articlepdf/2783854/jamapsychiatry_ridout_2021_oi_210055_1630295254.20975.pdf Y2 - 9/13/2021 ID - 2301 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis has disproportionately affected the African American population. To mitigate the disparities, we deployed an emergency preparedness strategy within an existing community-based participatory research (CBPR) partnership among African American churches to disseminate accurate COVID-19 information. We used the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication framework to conduct a needs assessment, distribute emergency preparedness manuals, and deliver COVID-19-related messaging among African American churches via electronic communication platforms. A needs assessment showed that the top 3 church emergency resource needs were financial support, food and utilities, and COVID-19 health information. During an 8-week period (April 3-May 31, 2020), we equipped 120 churches with emergency preparedness manuals and delivered 230 messages via social media (Facebook) and email. For reach, we estimated that 6,539 unique persons viewed content on the Facebook page, and for engagement, we found 1,260 interactions (eg, likes, loves, comments, shares, video views, post clicks). Emails from community communication leaders reached an estimated 12,000 church members. CBPR partnerships can be effectively leveraged to promote emergency preparedness and communicate risk among under-resourced communities during a pandemic. AD - Division of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. | Center for Health Equity and Community Engagement Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. | Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905. Email: brewer.laprincess@mayo.edu. | Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Healthcare Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. | Hue-Man Partnership, Minneapolis, Minnesota. | Volunteers of America, Inc, Minneapolis, Minnesota. | Thrivent Financial, Inc, Rochester, Minnesota. | Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. | Division of Community Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. | Division of Community Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida. | Department of Family Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. AN - 33301390 AU - Brewer, L. C. | Asiedu, G. B. | Jones, C. | Richard, M. | Erickson, J. | Weis, J. | Abbenyi, A. | Brockman, T. A. | Sia, I. G. | Wieland, M. L. | White, R. O. | Doubeni, C. A. C1 - 2020-12-22 C2 - Social, Behavioral, and Communication Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/122220_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 10 DO - 10.5888/pcd17.200408 ET - 2020/12/11 KW - *African Americans | COVID-19/*prevention & control | *Civil Defense | Communication | *Community-Based Participatory Research | Health Education | Health Promotion | Health Status Disparities | Humans | *Religion | *SARS-CoV-2 | Social Media L1 - internal-pdf://2804267804/Brewer-2020-Emergency Preparedness and Risk Co.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Brewer, LaPrincess C; Asiedu, Gladys B; Jones, Clarence; Richard, Monisha; Erickson, Jamia; Weis, Jennifer; Abbenyi, Adeline; Brockman, Tabetha A; Sia, Irene G; Wieland, Mark L; White, Richard O; Doubeni, Chyke A; eng; KL2 TR002379/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; R21 MD013490/MD/NIMHD NIH HHS/; UL1 TR000135/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; 1 R21 MD013490-01/NH/NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Prev Chronic Dis. 2020 Dec 10;17:E158. doi: 10.5888/pcd17.200408. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Of 120 church leaders contacted, 32 (27%) responded to an emergency preparedness needs assessment and received an emergency preparedness kit. | Social media engagement increased 8-fold in the first 7 weeks after implementation of COVID-19 community mitigation measures (Figure). | Church leaders identified joint publications from the FAITH!/Mayo Clinic (n = 8), briefings by the Minnesota Governor (n = 8), and briefings by CDC (n = 7) as the most useful and reliable sources of information related to COVID-19. | Methods: In March 2020 a FAITH! COVID-19 Task Force was formed to develop emergency community preparedness plans. Task Force members disseminated emergency preparedness manuals, sent 230 email messages, and posted informative content on social media from April 3 to May 31, 2020. Evaluation looked at reach and engagement measured by unique persons viewing posts (“accessions�? or engaging in posts (with clicks, likes, etc.). Limitations: Generalizability to communities with less internet access. | Implications: Engaging trusted community leaders to create and deliver understandable messages could increase message visibility and adoption of recommendations in the event of an emergency such as the COVID-19 pandemic. SN - 1545-1151 (Electronic); 1545-1151 (Linking) SP - E158 ST - Emergency Preparedness and Risk Communication Among African American Churches: Leveraging a Community-Based Participatory Research Partnership COVID-19 Initiative T2 - Prev Chronic Dis TI - Emergency Preparedness and Risk Communication Among African American Churches: Leveraging a Community-Based Participatory Research Partnership COVID-19 Initiative UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33301390 VL - 17 ID - 1364 ER - TY - JOUR AD - From the Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD. AN - 33064383 AU - Krause, P. R. | Gruber, M. F. C1 - 2020-10-27 C2 - Vaccines CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102720_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 5 DO - 10.1056/NEJMp2031373 ET - 2020/10/17 IS - 19 KW - COVID-19/*prevention & control | *COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects/immunology | Clinical Trials as Topic/standards | *Drug Approval | Follow-Up Studies | Humans | Pandemics/*prevention & control | United States | United States Food and Drug Administration L1 - internal-pdf://0259928537/Krause-2020-Emergency Use Authorization of Cov.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Krause, Philip R; Gruber, Marion F; eng; N Engl J Med. 2020 Nov 5;383(19):e107. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2031373. Epub 2020 Oct 16. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Authors argue that long-term assessment of COVID-19 vaccines safety and efficacy will require continued data gathering under FDA Emergency Use Authorization after vaccines are made available. SE - e107 SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - e107 ST - Emergency Use Authorization of Covid Vaccines - Safety and Efficacy Follow-up Considerations T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Emergency Use Authorization of Covid Vaccines - Safety and Efficacy Follow-up Considerations UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33064383 VL - 383 ID - 1122 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In response to the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), via its Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) authority, initially provided, and then revoked, authorization for use of hydroxychloroquine for treating patients with COVID-19. This process was politically and scientifically contentious and illustrates central problems that can arise with emergency drug authorizations during crises. These problems include the authorization of potentially ineffective or unsafe therapeutics, the appearance of nonexpert political advocacy generating public pressure for product authorizations with questionable safety and efficacy, and the imposition of significant costs on the health of the public and on the credibility and influence of regulatory agencies such as the FDA. AD - American Medical Association, Washington, DC. | Department of Government, Rockefeller Center for Public Policy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire. AN - 32870235 AU - Thomson, Kyle | Nachlis, Herschel C1 - 2020-09-08 C2 - Vaccine Approval CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090820_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 6 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.16253 ET - 2020/09/02 IS - 13 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | *Compassionate Use Trials | Coronavirus Infections/*drug therapy/prevention & control | *Drug Approval | Humans | Hydroxychloroquine/*therapeutic use | Pandemics/prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*drug therapy/prevention & control | SARS-CoV-2 | United States | United States Food and Drug Administration | *Viral Vaccines L1 - internal-pdf://1452215344/Thomson-2020-Emergency Use Authorizations Duri.pdf LA - en LB - Vaccines | N1 - Thomson, Kyle; Nachlis, Herschel; eng; JAMA. 2020 Oct 6;324(13):1282-1283. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.16253. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Recounts the FDA’s Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) of hydroxychloroquine for treatment of COVID-19 and its subsequent revocation and suggests several improvements to the EUA process. SE - 1282 SN - 0098-7484 SP - 1282-1283 ST - Emergency Use Authorizations During the COVID-19 Pandemic T2 - JAMA TI - Emergency Use Authorizations During the COVID-19 Pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32870235 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/2770243/jama_thomson_2020_vp_200183_1601660320.25186.pdf VL - 324 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 853 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Infectious diseases prevalent in humans and animals are caused by pathogens that once emerged from other animal hosts. In addition to these established infections, new infectious diseases periodically emerge. In extreme cases they may cause pandemics such as COVID-19; in other cases, dead-end infections or smaller epidemics result. Established diseases may also re-emerge, for example by extending geographically or by becoming more transmissible or more pathogenic. Disease emergence reflects dynamic balances and imbalances, within complex globally distributed ecosystems comprising humans, animals, pathogens, and the environment. Understanding these variables is a necessary step in controlling future devastating disease emergences. AD - Office of the Director, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. Electronic address: dm270q@nih.gov. | Office of the Director, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. AN - 32846157 AU - Morens, D. M. | Fauci, A. S. C1 - 2020-09-08 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090820_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 3 DO - 10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.021 DP - NLM ET - 2020/08/28 IS - 5 KW - Covid-19 | Communicable Diseases, Emerging/*epidemiology/prevention & control/transmission | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/prevention & control/transmission | Demography | Environment | Host-Pathogen Interactions | Humans | Pandemics/prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/prevention & control/transmission | *covid-19 | *One Health | *disease ecology | *epidemic | *epizootic | *infection | *medical history | *pandemic | *virology | *zoonosis L1 - internal-pdf://2363107880/Morens-2020-Emerging Pandemic Diseases_ How We.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Morens, David M; Fauci, Anthony S; eng; Review; Cell. 2020 Sep 3;182(5):1077-1092. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.021. Epub 2020 Aug 15. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Newly emergent or re-emergent pathogens reflect complex dynamics within global ecosystems, and better understanding of human involvement in host, agent, and environmental dynamics is necessary for controlling future outbreaks. SN - 1097-4172 (Electronic); 0092-8674 (Linking) SP - 1077-1092 ST - Emerging Pandemic Diseases: How We Got to COVID-19 T2 - Cell TI - Emerging Pandemic Diseases: How We Got to COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32846157 VL - 182 ID - 850 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants pose a threat to human immunity induced by natural infection and vaccination. We assessed the recognition of three variants of concern (B.1.1.7, B.1.351 and P.1) in cohorts of COVID-19 patients ranging in disease severity (n = 69) and recipients of the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine (n = 50). Spike binding and neutralization against all three VOC was substantially reduced in the majority of samples, with the largest 4-7-fold reduction in neutralization being observed against B.1.351. While hospitalized COVID-19 patients and vaccinees maintained sufficient neutralizing titers against all three VOC, 39% of non-hospitalized patients did not neutralize B.1.351. Moreover, monoclonal neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) show sharp reductions in their binding kinetics and neutralizing potential to B.1.351 and P.1, but not to B.1.1.7. These data have implications for the degree to which pre-existing immunity can protect against subsequent infection with VOC and informs policy makers of susceptibility to globally circulating SARS-CoV-2 VOC.Competing Interest StatementAmsterdam UMC filed a patent application on SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies including the ones used in this manuscript.Funding StatementNetherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) Vici grant (RWS) Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD) grant INV-002022 (RWS) Amsterdam UMC AMC Fellowship (MJvG) Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, COVID-19 Wave 2 mAbs grant INV-024617 (MJvG) Fondation Dormeur, Vaduz (MJvG, RWS) HIVRAD grant P01 AI 110657 (JPM) R01 AI 36082 (JPM) Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development ZonMw & the Amsterdam UMC Corona Research Fund (Amsterdam UMC COVID-19 S3/HCW study group) Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The COSCA study (NL73281.018.20) included SARS-CoV-2 infected adults and is conducted at the Amsterdam University Medical Center, location AMC and approved by the AMC Medical Ethical Committee (METc). As a control group, sera of 50 fully vaccinated previously uninfected health care workers who were included in the S3 study, which is conducted at both location AMC and VUMc of the Amsterdam University Medical Center (NL73478.029.20) and approved by both AMC and VUMc Medical Ethical Committees (METc).All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll data are available in the main text or the supplementary materials. Reagents used in this study are available upon reasonable request under an MTA with Amsterdam UMC. AN - 34100023 AU - Caniels, Tom G. | Bontjer, Ilja | van der Straten, Karlijn | Poniman, Meliawati | Burger, Judith A. | Appelman, Brent | Lavell, Ayesha H. A. | Oomen, Melissa | Godeke, Gert-Jan | Valle, Coralie | Mögling, Ramona | van Willigen, Hugo D. G. | Wynberg, Elke | Schinkel, Michiel | van Vught, Lonneke A. | Guerra, Denise | Snitselaar, Jonne L. | Chaturbhuj, Devidas N. | Martin, Isabel Cuella | Moore, John P. | de Jong, Menno D. | Reusken, Chantal | Sikkens, Jonne J. | Bomers, Marije K. | de Bree, Godelieve J. | van Gils, Marit J. | Eggink, Dirk | Sanders, Rogier W. C1 - 2021-06-11 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06112021_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 1 DO - 10.1101/2021.05.26.21257441 ET - 2021/06/09 L1 - internal-pdf://3714694496/Caniels-2021-Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of c.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Caniels, Tom G | Bontjer, Ilja | van der Straten, Karlijn | Poniman, Meliawati | Burger, Judith A | Appelman, Brent | Lavell, Ayesha H A | Oomen, Melissa | Godeke, Gert-Jan | Valle, Coralie | Mogling, Ramona | van Willigen, Hugo D G | Wynberg, Elke | Schinkel, Michiel | van Vught, Lonneke A | Guerra, Denise | Snitselaar, Jonne L | Chaturbhuj, Devidas N | Martin, Isabel Cuella | Moore, John P | de Jong, Menno D | Reusken, Chantal | Sikkens, Jonne J | Bomers, Marije K | de Bree, Godelieve J | van Gils, Marit J | Eggink, Dirk | Sanders, Rogier W | eng | Preprint | medRxiv. 2021 Jun 1. doi: 10.1101/2021.05.26.21257441. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Hospitalized convalescent COVID-19 patients and recipients of Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccine produced sufficient antibody titers to neutralize pseudoviruses of B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1 (Figure 1). | Among unvaccinated, non-hospitalized convalescent cases, sera from 39% (16/41) were unable to neutralize B.1.351 and 34% (14/41) were unable to neutralize P.1 (Figure 1). | Neutralizing antibody titers were lower in persons with mild SARS-CoV-2 infection compared with other groups, particularly against B.1.351 and P.1 (Figure 2). | Methods: A cohort study measuring neutralizing antibodies in sera from 69 SARS-CoV-2 infected adults 4�? weeks after symptom onset (41 with mild infection, 28 hospitalized with COVID-19) and 50 health care workers 4 weeks after second dose of Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2, in the Netherlands, between March 2020 and January 2021. Limitations: Only 8% of participants over age 60; did not examine immune effector functions other than virus neutralization. | Implications: Persons with mild SARS-CoV-2 infection might not develop robust neutralizing antibody responses or protective immunity against all strains of infection, underscoring the importance of vaccination even in previously infected individuals. SP - 2021.05.26.21257441 ST - Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern evade humoral immune responses from infection and vaccination T2 - medRxiv TI - Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern evade humoral immune responses from infection and vaccination UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/06/01/2021.05.26.21257441.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/06/01/2021.05.26.21257441.full.pdf ID - 1826 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Preliminary clinical data indicate that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is associated with neurological and neuropsychiatric illness. Responding to this, a weekly virtual coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) neurology multi-disciplinary meeting was established at the National Hospital, Queen Square, in early March 2020 in order to discuss and begin to understand neurological presentations in patients with suspected COVID-19-related neurological disorders. Detailed clinical and paraclinical data were collected from cases where the diagnosis of COVID-19 was confirmed through RNA PCR, or where the diagnosis was probable/possible according to World Health Organization criteria. Of 43 patients, 29 were SARS-CoV-2 PCR positive and definite, eight probable and six possible. Five major categories emerged: (i) encephalopathies (n = 10) with delirium/psychosis and no distinct MRI or CSF abnormalities, and with 9/10 making a full or partial recovery with supportive care only; (ii) inflammatory CNS syndromes (n = 12) including encephalitis (n = 2, para- or post-infectious), acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (n = 9), with haemorrhage in five, necrosis in one, and myelitis in two, and isolated myelitis (n = 1). Of these, 10 were treated with corticosteroids, and three of these patients also received intravenous immunoglobulin; one made a full recovery, 10 of 12 made a partial recovery, and one patient died; (iii) ischaemic strokes (n = 8) associated with a pro-thrombotic state (four with pulmonary thromboembolism), one of whom died; (iv) peripheral neurological disorders (n = 8), seven with Guillain-Barre syndrome, one with brachial plexopathy, six of eight making a partial and ongoing recovery; and (v) five patients with miscellaneous central disorders who did not fit these categories. SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with a wide spectrum of neurological syndromes affecting the whole neuraxis, including the cerebral vasculature and, in some cases, responding to immunotherapies. The high incidence of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, particularly with haemorrhagic change, is striking. This complication was not related to the severity of the respiratory COVID-19 disease. Early recognition, investigation and management of COVID-19-related neurological disease is challenging. Further clinical, neuroradiological, biomarker and neuropathological studies are essential to determine the underlying pathobiological mechanisms that will guide treatment. Longitudinal follow-up studies will be necessary to ascertain the long-term neurological and neuropsychological consequences of this pandemic. AD - University College London, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK. | Darent Valley Hospital, Dartford, Kent, UK. | UK Dementia Research Institute, London, UK. | UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, London, UK. | Stroke Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK. | University of Liverpool, Brain Infections Group, Liverpool, Merseyside, UK. | Wexham Park Hospital, Frimley Health NHS Foundation Trust, Berkshire, UK. | Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tubingen, Germany. | National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London, UK. | Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust-Research Unit, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos. | Watford General Hospital, Watford, Hertfordshire, UK. | King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK. | University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK. | Northwick Park Hospital, Harrow, London, UK. | Lister Hospital, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK. | Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK. | Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK. | Barts and The London NHS Trust, London, UK. | UCL, Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, London, UK. | Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. | Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Square, London, UK. | UCL Division of Infection and Immunity, London, UK. | Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. AN - 32637987 AU - Paterson, R. W. | Brown, R. L. | Benjamin, L. | Nortley, R. | Wiethoff, S. | Bharucha, T. | Jayaseelan, D. L. | Kumar, G. | Raftopoulos, R. E. | Zambreanu, L. | Vivekanandam, V. | Khoo, A. | Geraldes, R. | Chinthapalli, K. | Boyd, E. | Tuzlali, H. | Price, G. | Christofi, G. | Morrow, J. | McNamara, P. | McLoughlin, B. | Lim, S. T. | Mehta, P. R. | Levee, V. | Keddie, S. | Yong, W. | Trip, S. A. | Foulkes, A. J. M. | Hotton, G. | Miller, T. D. | Everitt, A. D. | Carswell, C. | Davies, N. W. S. | Yoong, M. | Attwell, D. | Sreedharan, J. | Silber, E. | Schott, J. M. | Chandratheva, A. | Perry, R. J. | Simister, R. | Checkley, A. | Longley, N. | Farmer, S. F. | Carletti, F. | Houlihan, C. | Thom, M. | Lunn, M. P. | Spillane, J. | Howard, R. | Vincent, A. | Werring, D. J. | Hoskote, C. | Jager, H. R. | Manji, H. | Zandi, M. S. C1 - 2020-07-17 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071720_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 1 DO - 10.1093/brain/awaa240 ET - 2020/07/09 IS - 10 KW - Adolescent | Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use | Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy/epidemiology | Drug Utilization/statistics & numerical data | Female | Humans | Immunoglobulins, Intravenous/therapeutic use | London/epidemiology | Magnetic Resonance Imaging | Male | Middle Aged | *Nervous System Diseases/cerebrospinal fluid/diagnostic imaging/drug | therapy/epidemiology | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy/epidemiology | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 | Young Adult | *adem | *covid-19 | *SARS-CoV-2 | *encephalitis L1 - internal-pdf://4115915333/Paterson-2020-The emerging spectrum of COVID-1.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Paterson, Ross W; Brown, Rachel L; Benjamin, Laura; Nortley, Ross; Wiethoff, Sarah; Bharucha, Tehmina; Jayaseelan, Dipa L; Kumar, Guru; Raftopoulos, Rhian E; Zambreanu, Laura; Vivekanandam, Vinojini; Khoo, Anthony; Geraldes, Ruth; Chinthapalli, Krishna; Boyd, Elena; Tuzlali, Hatice; Price, Gary; Christofi, Gerry; Morrow, Jasper; McNamara, Patricia; McLoughlin, Benjamin; Lim, Soon Tjin; Mehta, Puja R; Levee, Viva; Keddie, Stephen; Yong, Wisdom; Trip, S Anand; Foulkes, Alexander J M; Hotton, Gary; Miller, Thomas D; Everitt, Alex D; Carswell, Christopher; Davies, Nicholas W S; Yoong, Michael; Attwell, David; Sreedharan, Jemeen; Silber, Eli; Schott, Jonathan M; Chandratheva, Arvind; Perry, Richard J; Simister, Robert; Checkley, Anna; Longley, Nicky; Farmer, Simon F; Carletti, Francesco; Houlihan, Catherine; Thom, Maria; Lunn, Michael P; Spillane, Jennifer; Howard, Robin; Vincent, Angela; Werring, David J; Hoskote, Chandrashekar; Jager, Hans Rolf; Manji, Hadi; Zandi, Michael S; eng; England; Brain. 2020 Oct 1;143(10):3104-3120. doi: 10.1093/brain/awaa240. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Describes five categories of neurological disorder among 29 of 43 patients diagnosed with COVID-19. SE - 3104 SN - 1460-2156 (Electronic); 0006-8950 (Linking) SP - 3104-3120 ST - The emerging spectrum of COVID-19 neurology: clinical, radiological and laboratory findings T2 - Brain TI - The emerging spectrum of COVID-19 neurology: clinical, radiological and laboratory findings UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32637987 VL - 143 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 537 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic and attendant lockdown measures present serious threats to emotional well-being worldwide. Here, we examined the extent to which being outdoors (vs. indoors), the experience of loneliness, and screen-time are associated with emotional well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic using an experiencing sampling method. In April 2020, Austrian adults (N = 286, age M = 31.0 years) completed a 21-day experience sampling phase in which they reported their emotional well-being (i.e., happiness), whether they were indoors or outdoors, and loneliness at three random time-points each day, as well as their daily screen-time. Results indicated that being outdoors was associated with higher emotional well-being, whereas greater loneliness and greater daily screen-time were associated with poorer well-being. Additionally, the impact of loneliness on well-being was weaker when participants were outdoors than indoors. These results have health policy implications for the promotion of population well-being during pandemics. AD - Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Strasse 30, 3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria.grid.459693.4; School of Psychology and Sport Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.grid.5115.00000 0001 2299 5510; Centre for Psychological Medicine, Perdana University, Serdang, Malaysia.grid.261834.a0000 0004 1776 6926 AN - 33424431 AU - Stieger, S. | Lewetz, D. | Swami, V. C1 - 2021-01-15 C2 - Social, Behavioral, and Communication Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01152021_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 2 DO - 10.1007/s10902-020-00337-2 ET - 2021/01/12 KW - Covid-19 | Coronavirus | Emotional well-being | Loneliness | Outdoors | Screen-time L1 - internal-pdf://1900959714/Stieger-2021-Emotional Well-Being Under Condit.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Stieger, Stefan; Lewetz, David; Swami, Viren; eng; Netherlands; J Happiness Stud. 2021 Jan 2:1-18. doi: 10.1007/s10902-020-00337-2. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In this study, being outdoors was associated with a higher emotional wellbeing and lower impact of loneliness (Figure). SN - 1389-4978 (Print); 1389-4978 (Linking) SP - 1-18 ST - Emotional Well-Being Under Conditions of Lockdown: An Experience Sampling Study in Austria During the COVID-19 Pandemic T2 - J Happiness Stud TI - Emotional Well-Being Under Conditions of Lockdown: An Experience Sampling Study in Austria During the COVID-19 Pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33424431 ID - 1399 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Recalcati recently reported skin manifestations in 18 patients in Italy with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, or coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), describing “erythematous rash,�?“widespread urticaria,�?and “chickenpox-like vesicles.�?Additional reports have described other rashes, including petechial and purpuric changes, transient livedo reticularis, and acro-ischemic lesions. Whether these manifestations are directly related to COVID-19 remains unclear, since both viral infections and adverse drug reactions are frequent causes of exanthems. An important clue to distinguish between both entities is the presence of enanthem (oral cavity lesions). However, owing to safety concerns, many patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 do not have their oral cavity examined. Herein we describe variants of enanthem in a series of patients with COVID-19. AD - Dermatology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain. AN - 32667631 AU - Jimenez-Cauhe, J. | Ortega-Quijano, D. | de Perosanz-Lobo, D. | Burgos-Blasco, P. | Vano-Galvan, S. | Fernandez-Guarino, M. | Fernandez-Nieto, D. C1 - 2020-07-24 C2 - Clinical Manifestations and Complications CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072420_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 1 DO - 10.1001/jamadermatol.2020.2550 ET - 2020/07/16 IS - 10 KW - Adult | Aged | COVID-19/*complications/diagnosis/virology | Diagnosis, Differential | Drug Eruptions/diagnosis | Exanthema/*diagnosis/virology | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Mouth Diseases/*diagnosis/pathology/virology | Mouth Mucosa/pathology | Palate/pathology | SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification | Skin Diseases, Viral/*diagnosis/virology L1 - internal-pdf://3999061707/Jimenez-Cauhe-2020-Enanthem in Patients With C.pdf LA - en LB - Variants | N1 - Jimenez-Cauhe, Juan; Ortega-Quijano, Daniel; de Perosanz-Lobo, Dario; Burgos-Blasco, Patricia; Vano-Galvan, Sergio; Fernandez-Guarino, Montse; Fernandez-Nieto, Diego; eng; Letter; JAMA Dermatol. 2020 Oct 1;156(10):1134-1136. doi: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2020.2550. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Reports of enanthem in the mouth as a manifestation of COVID-19. SN - 2168-6084 (Electronic); 2168-6068 (Linking) SP - 1134-1136 ST - Enanthem in Patients With COVID-19 and Skin Rash T2 - JAMA Dermatol TI - Enanthem in Patients With COVID-19 and Skin Rash UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32667631 VL - 156 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 595 ER - TY - JOUR AB - There are few detailed investigations of neurologic complications in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. We describe 3 patients with laboratory-confirmed coronavirus disease who had encephalopathy and encephalitis develop. Neuroimaging showed nonenhancing unilateral, bilateral, and midline changes not readily attributable to vascular causes. All 3 patients had increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of anti-S1 IgM. One patient who died also had increased levels of anti-envelope protein IgM. CSF analysis also showed markedly increased levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and IL-10, but severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 was not identified in any CSF sample. These changes provide evidence of CSF periinfectious/postinfectious inflammatory changes during coronavirus disease with neurologic complications. AN - 32487282 AU - Benameur, K. | Agarwal, A. | Auld, S. C. | Butters, M. P. | Webster, A. S. | Ozturk, T. | Howell, J. C. | Bassit, L. C. | Velasquez, A. | Schinazi, R. F. | Mullins, M. E. | Hu, W. T. C1 - 2020-06-19 C2 - Central Nervous System and COVID-19 Outcomes CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061920_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.3201/eid2609.202122 ET - 2020/06/04 IS - 9 KW - Adult | *Betacoronavirus | Brain Diseases/cerebrospinal fluid/*virology | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/cerebrospinal fluid/*complications/virology | Cytokines/*cerebrospinal fluid | Encephalitis, Viral/cerebrospinal fluid/*virology | Fatal Outcome | Female | Georgia | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/cerebrospinal fluid/*complications/virology | SARS-CoV-2 | *Atlanta | *covid-19 | *csf | *Georgia | *SARS-CoV-2 | *United States | *cerebrospinal fluid | *coronavirus disease | *coronaviruses | *cytokines | *encephalitis | *encephalopathy | *meningitis/encephalitis | *respiratory infections | *serologic analysis | *severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 | *viruses | *zoonoses L1 - internal-pdf://0417162808/Benameur-2020-Encephalopathy and Encephalitis.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Benameur, Karima; Agarwal, Ankita; Auld, Sara C; Butters, Matthew P; Webster, Andrew S; Ozturk, Tugba; Howell, J Christina; Bassit, Leda C; Velasquez, Alvaro; Schinazi, Raymond F; Mullins, Mark E; Hu, William T; eng; R01 AG066203/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; P30 AI050409/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; K23 AI134182/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; RF1 AG054991/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; R01 MH116695/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/; R01 AG054046/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; R01 AG054491/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; Case Reports; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Emerg Infect Dis. 2020 Sep;26(9):2016-2021. doi: 10.3201/eid2609.202122. Epub 2020 Jun 2. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 3 patients with severe COVID-19 and neurologic symptoms developed brain swelling and altered mental status (encephalitis and encephalopathy). | Brain imaging showed changes not readily attributable to vascular causes. | Brain and spinal fluid showed: | High anti-IgM levels (antibodies). | High interleukin 6, 8, and 10 levels. | No evidence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. | Methods: Case series of 3 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection measured by RT-PCR. Limitations: One patient had sickle cell disease which might influence findings. | Implications of 3 studies (Benameur et al., Hann von Weyhern et al. & Solomon et al.): 3 case-series (from Atlanta, Boston, Munich) show a spectrum of central nervous system involvement related to COVID-19: from severe symptoms affecting cortical and brainstem functions (Benameur et al.) and pronounced CNS involvement with pan-encephalitis, meningitis and brainstem neuronal cell damage (Hann von Weyhern et al.) to not showing encephalitis or other specific brain changes attributable to the virus (Solomon et al.). Observational and randomized studies can guide treatment and prevention of COVID-19-related neurological complications. SN - 1080-6059 (Electronic); 1080-6040 (Linking) SP - 2016-2021 ST - Encephalopathy and Encephalitis Associated with Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytokine Alterations and Coronavirus Disease, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, 2020 T2 - Emerg Infect Dis TI - Encephalopathy and Encephalitis Associated with Cerebrospinal Fluid Cytokine Alterations and Coronavirus Disease, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, 2020 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32487282 VL - 26 ID - 409 ER - TY - JOUR AD - International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA. Electronic address: nbarzee1@jhu.edu. | International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA. AN - 32702300 AU - Bar-Zeev, N. | Moss, W. J. C1 - 2020-07-31 C2 - Vaccine Development CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/073120_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 15 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31611-1 ET - 2020/07/24 IS - 10249 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/prevention & control | Humans | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral | SARS-CoV-2 | Single-Blind Method | Viral Vaccines L1 - internal-pdf://4267442502/Bar-Zeev-2020-Encouraging results from phase 1.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Bar-Zeev, Naor; Moss, William J; eng; Comment; England; Lancet. 2020 Aug 15;396(10249):448-449. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31611-1. Epub 2020 Jul 20. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Discusses promising safety and immunologic profiles from trials and proposes conditions for efficacy trials and equitable distribution of vaccine. SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 448-449 ST - Encouraging results from phase 1/2 COVID-19 vaccine trials T2 - Lancet TI - Encouraging results from phase 1/2 COVID-19 vaccine trials UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32702300 VL - 396 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 615 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland. | Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland. | Institute for Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland. | Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland. | Department of Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. | Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland. Electronic address: frank.ruschitzka@usz.ch. AN - 32325026 AU - Varga, Z. | Flammer, A. J. | Steiger, P. | Haberecker, M. | Andermatt, R. | Zinkernagel, A. S. | Mehra, M. R. | Schuepbach, R. A. | Ruschitzka, F. | Moch, H. C1 - 2020-04-28 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/042820_covidupdate.html DA - May 2 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30937-5 ET - 2020/04/24 IS - 10234 KW - Aged | Autopsy | Betacoronavirus/*pathogenicity | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus Infections/immunology/pathology | Endothelial Cells/*virology | Female | Humans | Inflammation/*virology | Kidney | Kidney Transplantation | Liver/pathology | Lung/pathology | Male | Middle Aged | Myocardium | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral/immunology/pathology | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://4266101900/Varga-2020-Endothelial cell infection and endo.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Varga, Zsuzsanna; Flammer, Andreas J; Steiger, Peter; Haberecker, Martina; Andermatt, Rea; Zinkernagel, Annelies S; Mehra, Mandeep R; Schuepbach, Reto A; Ruschitzka, Frank; Moch, Holger; eng; Case Reports; Letter; England; Lancet. 2020 May 2;395(10234):1417-1418. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30937-5. Epub 2020 Apr 21. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among COVID-19 patients who died, viral particles, an accumulation of inflammatory cells, and cell death were found in the lining of blood vessels (endothelium) in kidney, heart, liver, and small intestine (Figure). | Methods: Investigators in Zurich, Switzerland and Boston, MA performed post-mortem examinations with standard and electron microscopy of tissue from the organs of 3 patients with COVID-19. Limitations: Small case series. | Implications: Endothelial cell injury in patients with COVID-19 could explain dysfunction in several organs and inform potential therapies to protect endothelium while tackling viral replication. Clinical trials of such therapies are needed. SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 1417-1418 ST - Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19 T2 - Lancet TI - Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32325026 VL - 395 ID - 103 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to rapidly evolve. Given the origins of COVID-19 in China, there were initial concerns regarding medication shortages due to the reliance of the US on overseas manufacturing of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Although no major disruptions in pharmaceutical access have occurred thus far, the future of the pandemic and its effect on the US drug supply remains far from certain.The pharmaceutical supply chain represents a series of interdependent steps that ultimately produce the products that are used by consumers in the US. From manufacturers, pharmaceuticals are shipped through wholesalers or distributors and on to retail, specialty, and mail-order pharmacies as well as to hospitals, nursing homes, prisons, clinics, and other sites of care. Retail pharmacies have an especially important role in this process, dispensing more than 85% of all prescription medications in the US. From manufacturers to end users, the pharmaceutical supply chain is vast, employing tens of thousands of workers who manage the annual distribution of an estimated nearly 6 billion prescriptions in the US. AD - Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Drug Safety and Effectiveness, Baltimore, Maryland. | Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Baltimore, Maryland. | University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Systems, Outcomes and Policy, Chicago, Illinois. AN - 32271871 AU - Alexander, G. C. | Qato, D. M. C1 - 2020-04-14 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/041420_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 7 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.6016 ET - 2020/04/10 IS - 1 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Drugs, Essential/supply & distribution | Humans | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | Prescription Drugs/*supply & distribution | SARS-CoV-2 | Strategic Stockpile | United States L1 - internal-pdf://0774744114/Alexander-2020-Ensuring Access to Medications.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Vaccines | N1 - Alexander, G Caleb; Qato, Dima M; eng; JAMA. 2020 Jul 7;324(1):31-32. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.6016. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Recommendations to address potential disruption of medication availability during the pandemic. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 31-32 ST - Ensuring Access to Medications in the US During the COVID-19 Pandemic T2 - JAMA TI - Ensuring Access to Medications in the US During the COVID-19 Pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32271871 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 38 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The risk of environmental contamination by severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the intensive care unit (ICU) is unclear. We evaluated the extent of environmental contamination in the ICU and correlated this with patient and disease factors, including the impact of different ventilatory modalities. METHODS: In this observational study, surface environmental samples collected from ICU patient rooms and common areas were tested for SARS-CoV-2 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Select samples from the common area were tested by cell culture. Clinical data were collected and correlated to the presence of environmental contamination. Results were compared to historical data from a previous study in general wards. RESULTS: In total, 200 samples from 20 patient rooms and 75 samples from common areas and the staff pantry were tested. The results showed that 14 rooms had at least 1 site contaminated, with an overall contamination rate of 14% (28 of 200 samples). Environmental contamination was not associated with day of illness, ventilatory mode, aerosol-generating procedures, or viral load. The frequency of environmental contamination was lower in the ICU than in general ward rooms. Eight samples from the common area were positive, though all were negative on cell culture. CONCLUSION: Environmental contamination in the ICU was lower than in the general wards. The use of mechanical ventilation or high-flow nasal oxygen was not associated with greater surface contamination, supporting their use and safety from an infection control perspective. Transmission risk via environmental surfaces in the ICUs is likely to be low. Nonetheless, infection control practices should be strictly reinforced, and transmission risk via droplet or airborne spread remains. AD - National Center for Infectious Diseases, Singapore. | Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore. | DSO National Laboratories, Singapore. | Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore. | Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. | Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore. AN - 33081858 AU - Ong, S. W. X. | Lee, P. H. | Tan, Y. K. | Ling, L. M. | Ho, B. C. H. | Ng, C. G. | Wang, D. L. | Tan, B. H. | Leo, Y. S. | Ng, O. T. | Wong, M. S. Y. | Marimuthu, K. C1 - 2020-11-03 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/110320_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 21 DB - Cambridge Core DO - 10.1017/ice.2020.1278 DP - Cambridge University Press ET - 2020/10/22 IS - 6 KW - Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | COVID-19/prevention & control/*transmission | Cross Infection/prevention & control/*transmission/virology | Decontamination/methods | Female | Humans | *Intensive Care Units | Male | Middle Aged | Patients' Rooms | Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction | Respiration, Artificial/adverse effects | Risk Factors | *SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://3997929500/Ong-2020-Environmental contamination in a coro.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Ong, Sean Wei Xiang; Lee, Pei Hua; Tan, Yian Kim; Ling, Li Min; Ho, Benjamin Choon Heng; Ng, Ching Ging; Wang, Dong Ling; Tan, Boon Huan; Leo, Yee-Sin; Ng, Oon-Tek; Wong, Michelle Su Yen; Marimuthu, Kalisvar; eng; Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2020 Oct 21:1-9. doi: 10.1017/ice.2020.1278. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Study found that environmental contamination with SARS-CoV-2 in a hospital intensive care unit was lower than that of a general medical floor and that use of mechanical ventilation or high-flow nasal oxygen was not associated with greater surface contamination. SN - 1559-6834 (Electronic); 0899-823X (Linking) SP - 1-9 ST - Environmental contamination in a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) intensive care unit-What is the risk? T2 - Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol TI - Environmental contamination in a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) intensive care unit-What is the risk? UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33081858 VL - 42 ID - 1177 ER - TY - JOUR AB - An outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection occurred among church attendees after an infectious chorister sang at multiple services. We detected 12 secondary case-patients. Video recordings of the services showed that case-patients were seated in the same section, up to 15 m from the primary case-patient, without close physical contact, suggesting airborne transmission. AN - 33818372 AU - Katelaris, A. L. | Wells, J. | Clark, P. | Norton, S. | Rockett, R. | Arnott, A. | Sintchenko, V. | Corbett, S. | Bag, S. K. C1 - 2021-04-16 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04162021_covidupdate.html DA - Jun DO - 10.3201/eid2706.210465 ET - 2021/04/06 IS - 6 KW - Australia | Covid-19 | SARS-CoV-2 | church singing | coronavirus disease | coronaviruses | disease outbreak | epidemiology | infectious disease transmission | presymptomatic | public health practice | respiratory infections | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 | viruses | whole-genome sequencing | zoonoses L1 - internal-pdf://2857734846/Katelaris-2021-Epidemiologic Evidence for Airb.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Katelaris, Anthea L; Wells, Jessica; Clark, Penelope; Norton, Sophie; Rockett, Rebecca; Arnott, Alicia; Sintchenko, Vitali; Corbett, Stephen; Bag, Shopna K; eng; Emerg Infect Dis. 2021 Jun;27(6):1677-1680. doi: 10.3201/eid2706.210465. Epub 2021 Apr 5. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 18-year old chorist was the index case for an outbreak at a church. | Chorist sung from the choir loft at four 1-hour services, 3.5 meters above the congregation. | 12 secondary cases from 2 separate church services, seated up to 15 meters away, were linked to the index case (Figure). | The index case sung in a space with minimal ventilation. Respiratory particles accumulated and convection currents carried particles to the congregation. | Masks were not used. | Methods: 508 contacts who attended at least one church service were monitored for 17 days following their exposure date. Seating positions of the congregation were determined via interviews and video footage to confirm location at time of exposure. SARS-CoV-2 genome sequencing was performed to establish the genomic cluster. Limitations: Most contacts were tested within a week of exposure, which could have been too early to detect some asymptomatic infections. | Implications: Additional mitigation measures might be necessary to prevent airborne infection during indoor singing, including wearing masks even while singing, increased natural or artificial ventilation, or moving activities outdoors. SN - 1080-6059 (Electronic); 1080-6040 (Linking) SP - 1677-1680 ST - Epidemiologic Evidence for Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 during Church Singing, Australia, 2020 T2 - Emerg Infect Dis TI - Epidemiologic Evidence for Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 during Church Singing, Australia, 2020 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33818372 | https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/27/6/pdfs/21-0465.pdf VL - 27 ID - 1678 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: We retrospectively analyzed 26 persistently asymptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) carriers. METHODS: Epidemiological and clinical characteristics from the 26 asymptomatic patients with positive results for SARS-CoV-2 ribonucleic acid testing were obtained. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients (84.6%) correlated with clustering occurrence. The median period from contact to diagnosis and the last positive nucleic acid test was 19 (8-24 days) and 21.5 days (10-36 days), respectively. The median period from diagnosis to negative nucleic acid test was significantly different between patients with normal or atypical chest computed tomography (CT) findings (n = 16, 61.5%; 7.5 days [2-20 days]) and patients with typical ground-glass or patchy opacities on CT (n = 10, 38.5%; 12.5 days [8-22 days]; P < .01). Seven patients (70.0%) with initial positive nucleic acid test results had a negative result simultaneously with improved CT findings. Obvious improvement in CT findings was observed in 3 patients (30.0%) despite positive nucleic acid test results. CONCLUSIONS: In asymptomatic patients, changes in biochemical and inflammatory variables are small and changes on chest CT can occur. It is worth noting that the long existence of SARS-CoV-2 in some asymptomatic patients and false-negative results need to be considered in SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid test. AD - Department of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China. | Department of Infectious Diseases, The People's Hospital of Suzhou New District, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China. | Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenqiu County People's Hospital, Zhoukou City, Henan Province, China. | Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China. | Department of Disease Control and Prevention, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China. | Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University Medical School Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China. | Department of Infectious Diseases, Xiayi County People's Hospital, Shangqiu City, Henan Province, China. | Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhumadian Central Hospital, Zhumadian, Henan Province, China. | Department of Infectious Diseases, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China. | Clinical Research Service Center, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China. | Department of Infectious Diseases, Yongcheng People's Hospital, Shangqiu City, Henan Province, China. AN - 32318703 AU - Pan, Y. | Yu, X. | Du, X. | Li, Q. | Li, X. | Qin, T. | Wang, M. | Jiang, M. | Li, J. | Li, W. | Zhang, Q. | Xu, Z. | Zhang, L. C1 - 2020-05-01 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050120_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 11 DO - 10.1093/infdis/jiaa205 ET - 2020/04/23 IS - 12 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | *Asymptomatic Infections | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Carrier State/*virology | Child | Child, Preschool | China | Coronavirus Infections/diagnostic imaging/*epidemiology | False Negative Reactions | Female | Humans | Lung/diagnostic imaging | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/diagnostic imaging/*epidemiology | RNA, Viral/isolation & purification | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 | Tomography, X-Ray Computed | Young Adult | *asymptomatic | *clinical characteristics | *coronavirus disease 2019 | *severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 L1 - internal-pdf://1176352752/Pan-2020-Epidemiological and Clinical Characte.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Pan, Yanfeng; Yu, Xue; Du, Xinwei; Li, Qingqing; Li, Xianyang; Qin, Tao; Wang, Miaomiao; Jiang, Minlin; Li, Jie; Li, Weiguo; Zhang, Qian; Xu, Zhiwei; Zhang, Lu; eng; J Infect Dis. 2020 Jun 11;221(12):1940-1947. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa205. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In 26 asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 carriers (Figure): | Median period from presumptive exposure to diagnosis = 19 days. | Median period from presumptive exposure to last positive nucleic acid test = 21.5 days. | The period from diagnosis to negative nucleic acid test was shorter (p <0.01) for patients with no or minimum changes by chest CT than patients with typical ground-glass or patchy opacities on CT (7.5 vs 12.5 days), suggesting a relationship between illness severity and length of viral shedding. | Two asymptomatic carriers had a single negative RT-PCR result followed by a positive result. | Two asymptomatic carriers transmitted SARS-COV-2 to household members. | Methods: A descriptive study of clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of 26 persistently asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 carriers with contact to confirmed cases or travel to Wuhan, China. These 26 persons were hospitalized so they could be isolated. Patients�?sputum and throat swab were tested for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR. Limitations: Select population, so may not be generalizable; no comparative data from symptomatic people. | Implications: Asymptomatic carriers appear to have been diagnosed relatively late in their infection and to have extended periods with detectable SARS-CoV-2. Asymptomatic carriers with signs of COVID-19 by chest CT may shed virus longer. A single negative RT-PCR result may be insufficient to confirm resolution of SARS-CoV-2 infection. SN - 1537-6613 (Electronic); 0022-1899 (Linking) SP - 1940-1947 ST - Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of 26 Asymptomatic Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Carriers T2 - J Infect Dis TI - Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of 26 Asymptomatic Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Carriers UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32318703 VL - 221 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 122 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: Short-term recurrence of positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in discharged coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients attracts the public's concern. This study aimed to determine the clinical and epidemiological results of such patients. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted on 32 designated hospitals for COVID-19 patients discharged from January 14 to March 10, 2020. After 28-day followed-up, patients who tested positive again for SARS-CoV-2 RNA and confirmed by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction were re-admitted to hospital for further treatments. All of the close contacts of patients who tested positive again were asked to self-segregate for 14 days. Data of epidemiology, symptoms, laboratory tests, and treatments were analyzed in those patients, and their close contacts were investigated. Results: Of 1282 discharged patients, 189 (14.74%) tested positive again for SARS-CoV-2 RNA during 28-day follow-up. The median time from discharge to the next positive test was 8 days (interquartile range [IQR], 5-13). Patients in the group that tested positive again were younger (34 vs 45 years, P < .001) with a higher proportion of moderate symptoms (95.77% vs 84.35%, P < .001) in the first hospitalization than in the negative group. During the second hospitalization, all patients who tested positive again showed normal peripheral white blood cells and lymphocytes and no new symptoms of COVID-19; 78.31% further improved on chest computed tomography scan compared with the first discharge, yet 25.93% accepted antiviral therapy. The median time of re-positive to negative test was 8 days (IQR, 4-15). None of the close contacts developed COVID-19. Conclusions: Our data suggest that the short-term recurrence of positive SARS-CoV-2 RNA in discharged patients is not a relapse of COVID-19, and the risk of onward transmission is very low. This provides important information for managing COVID-19 patients. AD - Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China. | Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People's Republic of China. | Center for Tuberculosis Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China. | Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China. | The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China. | School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China. AN - 33123610 AU - Chen, S. L. | Xu, H. | Feng, H. Y. | Sun, J. F. | Li, X. | Zhou, L. | Song, W. L. | Huang, S. S. | He, J. L. | Deng, Y. Y. | Wang, R. J. | Fang, M. C1 - 2020-09-25 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/092520_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1093/ofid/ofaa432 ET - 2020/10/31 IS - 10 KW - Covid-19 | communicable | recurrence | relapse | retrospective L1 - internal-pdf://2053467014/Chen-2020-Epidemiological and Clinical Finding.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Chen, Sheng-Long; Xu, Hui; Feng, Hui-Ying; Sun, Jiu-Feng; Li, Xin; Zhou, Lin; Song, Wen-Liang; Huang, Shan-Shan; He, Jun-Lei; Deng, Yi-Yu; Wang, Rui-Jie; Fang, Ming; eng; Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020 Sep 13;7(10):ofaa432. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa432. eCollection 2020 Oct. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 189 (14.7%) discharged patients re-tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. | 90.5% tested re-positive within 15 days of discharge (Figure 1). | Compared with patients who did not test re-positive, re-positive patients were more likely to be <40 years (63.5% vs 40.4%), had more moderate symptoms initially (95.8% vs 84.4%, p <0.001), were less likely to report comorbidities (11.1% vs 22.7%, p <0.001), and had shorter median length of primary hospitalization (17 days vs 19 days, p = 0.013). | Most patients (80.4%) were readmitted only because of a positive test and had no symptoms. | 87.8% of re-positive patients had a negative test following the re-positive test within 20 days of hospital readmission (median 8 days) (Figure 2). | No close contacts of re-positive patients developed symptoms and all tested negative for SARS-CoV-2. | Methods: Retrospective observational study of 1,282 COVID-19 patients discharged from 32 hospitals in China between January 14 and March 10, 2020 and followed for 28 days. All COVID-19 patients were discharged after 2 consecutive negative RT-PCR tests and thereafter tested at least weekly and reported symptoms daily, per provincial policy. Limitations: Viral genotyping was not conducted; the small number of close contacts may not be enough to look at risk of transmission from re-positive patients. | Implications: This study suggests that short-term recurrence of detectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA in discharged patients is not a relapse of COVID-19 and risk of ongoing transmission was not demonstrated. SN - 2328-8957 (Print); 2328-8957 (Linking) SP - ofaa432 ST - Epidemiological and Clinical Findings of Short-Term Recurrence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Ribonucleic Acid Polymerase Chain Reaction Positivity in 1282 Discharged Coronavirus Disease 2019 Cases: A Multicenter, Retrospective, Observational Study T2 - Open Forum Infect Dis TI - Epidemiological and Clinical Findings of Short-Term Recurrence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Ribonucleic Acid Polymerase Chain Reaction Positivity in 1282 Discharged Coronavirus Disease 2019 Cases: A Multicenter, Retrospective, Observational Study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33123610 VL - 7 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 947 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Rapid identification of COVID-19 cases, which is crucial to outbreak containment efforts, is challenging due to the lack of pathognomonic symptoms and in settings with limited capacity for specialized nucleic acid-based reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. METHODS: This retrospective case-control study involves subjects (7-98 years) presenting at the designated national outbreak screening center and tertiary care hospital in Singapore for SARS-CoV-2 testing from 26 January to 16 February 2020. COVID-19 status was confirmed by PCR testing of sputum, nasopharyngeal swabs, or throat swabs. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and exposure-risk variables ascertainable at presentation were analyzed to develop an algorithm for estimating the risk of COVID-19. Model development used Akaike's information criterion in a stepwise fashion to build logistic regression models, which were then translated into prediction scores. Performance was measured using receiver operating characteristic curves, adjusting for overconfidence using leave-one-out cross-validation. RESULTS: The study population included 788 subjects, of whom 54 (6.9%) were SARS-CoV-2 positive and 734 (93.1%) were SARS-CoV-2 negative. The median age was 34 years, and 407 (51.7%) were female. Using leave-one-out cross-validation, all the models incorporating clinical tests (models 1, 2, and 3) performed well with areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUCs) of 0.91, 0.88, and 0.88, respectively. In comparison, model 4 had an AUC of 0.65. CONCLUSIONS: Rapidly ascertainable clinical and laboratory data could identify individuals at high risk of COVID-19 and enable prioritization of PCR testing and containment efforts. Basic laboratory test results were crucial to prediction models. AD - Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore. | Department of Infectious Diseases, National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore. | Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore. | Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore. | Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. | Communicable Disease Division, Ministry of Health, Singapore. | Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore. | National Public Health Laboratory, National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore. AN - 32211755 AU - Sun, Y. | Koh, V. | Marimuthu, K. | Ng, O. T. | Young, B. | Vasoo, S. | Chan, M. | Lee, V. J. M. | De, P. P. | Barkham, T. | Lin, R. T. P. | Cook, A. R. | Leo, Y. S. | National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Covid-Outbreak Research Team C1 - 2020-04-01 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/040120_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 28 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa322 ET - 2020/03/27 IS - 15 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Betacoronavirus/*genetics | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Case-Control Studies | Child | Clinical Laboratory Techniques | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis/*epidemiology/virology | Diagnostic Tests, Routine/methods | Female | Humans | Male | Mass Screening/methods | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis/*epidemiology/virology | Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 | Singapore/epidemiology | Sputum/virology | Young Adult | *covid-19 | *SARS-CoV-2 | *prediction model | *risk factors L1 - internal-pdf://2219103080/Sun-2020-Epidemiological and Clinical Predicto.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Sun, Yinxiaohe; Koh, Vanessa; Marimuthu, Kalisvar; Ng, Oon Tek; Young, Barnaby; Vasoo, Shawn; Chan, Monica; Lee, Vernon J M; De, Partha P; Barkham, Timothy; Lin, Raymond T P; Cook, Alex R; Leo, Yee Sin; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Jul 28;71(15):786-792. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa322. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Several clinical factors derived from readily available clinical data were associated with lab-confirmed COVID-19 among patients presenting for care (Figure). | Predictive models performed well (AUC �?.88) with parsimonious sets of these clinical covariates. | Methods: Multivariable logistic regressions predicted individual risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Singapore during January 26 to February 16, 2020 (n = 788, with n = 54 lab-confirmed COVID-19 cases). Limitations: Definitions lacking for “significant�?heart rate and respiratory rate; lab values and ranges not described. | Implications: Readily available clinical data may help identify persons with COVID-19 when they present to care and before testing. Further refinement of this approach may improve rapid and accurate triage. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - 786-792 ST - Epidemiological and Clinical Predictors of COVID-19 T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Epidemiological and Clinical Predictors of COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32211755 VL - 71 Y2 - 5/11/2021 ID - 6 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVES: The role of asymptomatic infections in the transmission of COVID-19 have drawn considerable attention. Here, we performed a meta-analysis to summarize the epidemiological and radiographical characteristics of asymptomatic infections associated with COVID-19. METHODS: Data on the epidemiological and radiographical characteristics of asymptomatic infections were extracted from the existing literature. Pooled proportions with 95% confidence intervals were then calculated using a random effects model. RESULTS: A total of 104 studies involving 20,152 cases were included. The proportion of asymptomatic individuals among those with COVID-19 was 13.34% (10.86%-16.29%), among which presymptomatic and covert infections accounted for 7.64% (4.02%-14.04%) and 8.44% (5.12%-13.62%), respectively. The proportions of asymptomatic infections among infected children and healthcare workers were 32.24% (23.08%-42.13%) and 36.96% (18.51%-60.21%), respectively. The proportion of asymptomatic infections was significantly higher after 2020/02/29 than before (33.53% vs 10.19%) and in non-Asian regions than in Asia (28.76% vs 11.54%). The median viral shedding duration of asymptomatic infections was 14.14 days (11.25-17.04). A total of 47.62% (31.13%-72.87%) of asymptomatic infections showed lung abnormalities, especially ground-glass opacity (41.11% 19.7%-85.79%). CONCLUSIONS: Asymptomatic infections were more commonly found in infected children and healthcare workers and increased after 2020/02/29 and in non-Asian regions. Chest radiographical imaging could be conducive to the early identification of asymptomatic infections. AD - State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, China. | Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, No 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China. | Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. Electronic address: robert.hecht@yale.edu. | State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, China. Electronic address: ljli@zju.edu.cn. | State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, China; Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. Electronic address: yangshigui@zju.edu.cn. AN - 33444755 AU - Chen, C. | Zhu, C. | Yan, D. | Liu, H. | Li, D. | Zhou, Y. | Fu, X. | Wu, J. | Ding, C. | Tian, G. | Lan, L. | Liu, X. | Huang, C. | Hecht, R. | Li, L. | Yang, S. C1 - 2021-01-29 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01292021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar DO - 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.01.017 ET - 2021/01/15 KW - Asymptomatic Infections/*epidemiology | COVID-19/*diagnostic imaging/*epidemiology | Humans | Radiography, Thoracic | SARS-CoV-2 | *Virus Shedding | Asymptomatic | Covid-19 | Covert infections | Epidemiological characteristics | Presymptomatic | Radiographical findings L1 - internal-pdf://1360774076/Chen-2021-The epidemiological and radiographic.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Chen, Can; Zhu, Changtai; Yan, Danying; Liu, Hongchao; Li, Danfeng; Zhou, Yuqing; Fu, Xiaofang; Wu, Jie; Ding, Cheng; Tian, Guo; Lan, Lei; Liu, Xiaoxiao; Huang, Chenyang; Hecht, Robert; Li, Lanjuan; Yang, Shigui; eng; Meta-Analysis; Systematic Review; Canada; Int J Infect Dis. 2021 Mar;104:458-464. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.01.017. Epub 2021 Jan 12. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 13% (95% CI 11%-16%) of all persons with COVID-19 were asymptomatic including: | 32% (95% CI 23%-42%) of children and 37% (95% CI 19%-60%) of healthcare workers (Figure). | 48% (95% CI 31%-73%) of all persons with asymptomatic infection had radiographic lung abnormalities the most common being ground-glass opacities (41%, 95% CI 20%-86%), unilateral (31%, 95% CI 22%-43%), and bilateral pneumonia (27%, 95% CI 17%-43%). | Methods: A systematic literature review, of studies published between January 1 and May 13, 2020, and meta-analysis (n = 104 studies with 20,152 cases) were conducted to summarize the epidemiological and radiographical characteristics of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections. Limitations: Heterogeneity between studies; majority of the studies conducted in one country (China). | Implications: The findings reinforce the importance of self-isolation, mask wearing, and social distancing to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission, particularly among children and healthcare workers. SN - 1878-3511 (Electronic); 1201-9712 (Linking) SP - 458-464 ST - The epidemiological and radiographical characteristics of asymptomatic infections with the novel coronavirus (COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis T2 - Int J Infect Dis TI - The epidemiological and radiographical characteristics of asymptomatic infections with the novel coronavirus (COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33444755 VL - 104 ID - 1458 ER - TY - JOUR AU - The Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology Team C1 - 2020-04-01 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/040120_covidupdate.html DO - 10.46234/ccdcw2020.032 IS - 8 KW - 2019 Novel Coronavirus | Outbreak | Epidemiological characteristics L1 - internal-pdf://0349030289/Cdc Weekly-2020-The Epidemiological Characteri.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Not in Science Update SE - 113 SN - 2096-7071 SP - 113-122 ST - The Epidemiological Characteristics of an Outbreak of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Diseases (COVID-19) �?China, 2020 T2 - China CDC Weekly TI - The Epidemiological Characteristics of an Outbreak of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Diseases (COVID-19) �?China, 2020 UR - http://weekly.chinacdc.cn//article/id/e53946e2-c6c4-41e9-9a9b-fea8db1a8f51 | http://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/pdf/preview/10.46234/ccdcw2020.032 VL - 2 ID - 2 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection has principally been performed through the use of real-time reverse-transcription PCR (rRT-PCR) testing. Results of such tests can be reported as cycle threshold (Ct) values, which may provide semi-quantitative or indirect measurements of viral load. Previous reports have examined temporal trends in Ct values over the course of a SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS: Using testing data collected during a prospective household transmission investigation of outpatient and mild COVID-19 cases, we examined the relationship between Ct values of the viral RNA N1 target and demographic, clinical, and epidemiological characteristics collected through participant interviews and daily symptom diaries. RESULTS: We found Ct values are lowest (corresponding to higher viral RNA concentration) soon after symptom onset and are significantly correlated with time elapsed since onset (p<0.001); within 7 days after symptom onset, the median Ct value was 26.5 compared with a median Ct value of 35.0 occurring 21 days after onset. Ct values were significantly lower among participants under 18 years of age (p=0.01) and those reporting upper respiratory symptoms at the time of sample collection (p=0.001) and were higher among participants reporting no symptoms (p=0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results emphasize the importance of early testing for SARS-CoV-2 among individuals with symptoms of respiratory illness and allows cases to be identified and isolated when their viral shedding may be highest. AD - COVID-19 Response Team, Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, USA. | COVID-19 Response Team, Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC, Atlanta, USA. | COVID-19 Response Team, Laboratory Leadership Service, CDC, Atlanta, USA. | COVID-19 Response Team, CDC, Atlanta, USA. | City of Milwaukee Health Department, Milwaukee, USA. AN - 32986120 AU - Salvatore, P. P. | Dawson, P. | Wadhwa, A. | Rabold, E. M. | Buono, S. | Dietrich, E. A. | Reses, H. E. | Vuong, J. | Pawloski, L. | Dasu, T. | Bhattacharyya, S. | Pevzner, E. | Hall, A. J. | Tate, J. E. | Kirking, H. L. C1 - 2020-10-09 C2 - Laboratory Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100920_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 28 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa1469 ET - 2020/09/29 IS - 11 KW - Covid-19 | Cycle Threshold | Epidemiology | Rt-pcr | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://3981657175/Salvatore-2020-Epidemiological Correlates of P.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Salvatore, Phillip P; Dawson, Patrick; Wadhwa, Ashutosh; Rabold, Elizabeth M; Buono, Sean; Dietrich, Elizabeth A; Reses, Hannah E; Vuong, Jeni; Pawloski, Lucia; Dasu, Trivikram; Bhattacharyya, Sanjib; Pevzner, Eric; Hall, Aron J; Tate, Jacqueline E; Kirking, Hannah L; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Sep 28. pii: 5912493. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1469. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Cycle threshold (Ct) values were positively correlated with time elapsed since symptom onset, p <0.001. | Ct values were lowest (indicating highest viral RNA concentration) among those who tested positive <7 days after symptom onset and highest among those who tested positive �?1 days after onset (Figure 1). | Ct values were lower among those �?7 years old than among those �?8 (Figure 1). | Low Ct values were associated with a set of symptoms meeting the criteria of various respiratory syndromes (Figure 2) rather than individual symptoms, aside from runny nose. | Methods: Demographic and self-reported symptom data on 93 SARS-CoV-2-positive participants during a prospective household transmission investigation of mild COVID-19 cases between March 23 and May 13, 2020. Associations between demographic and clinical factors and RT-PCR Ct values were determined. Limitations: Study not powered to test relationship between Ct values and severe COVID-19 symptoms; small sample size. | Implications: Testing for SARS-CoV-2 soon after symptom onset, particularly symptoms meeting respiratory syndrome definitions, will improve the chances of identifying and isolating individuals when they may be most infectious. Lower Ct values, reflecting higher viral loads, in symptomatic children suggests that children can contribute to SARS-CoV-2 transmission. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - e761-e767 ST - Epidemiological Correlates of PCR Cycle Threshold Values in the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Epidemiological Correlates of PCR Cycle Threshold Values in the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32986120 VL - 72 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 1021 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In this study, we performed a single-centered study of 307 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infected patients. It was found that co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus was common during COVID-19 outbreak. And patients coinfected with SARS-CoV-2 and influenza B virus have a higher risk of developing poor outcomes so a detection of both viruses was recommended during COVID-19 outbreak. AD - NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, China. | Key Laboratory for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. | Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China. | Office of Academic Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jie Fang Rd, Han Kou, Wuhan, China. | Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan. | CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China. AN - 32530499 AU - Yue, H. | Zhang, M. | Xing, L. | Wang, K. | Rao, X. | Liu, H. | Tian, J. | Zhou, P. | Deng, Y. | Shang, J. C1 - 2020-06-23 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/062320_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1002/jmv.26163 DP - NLM ET - 2020/06/13 IS - 11 KW - Adult | Aged | COVID-19/*epidemiology | China/epidemiology | Coinfection/*epidemiology/*virology | Disease Outbreaks/*statistics & numerical data | Female | Humans | Influenza A virus/pathogenicity | Influenza B virus/pathogenicity | Influenza, Human/*epidemiology | Male | Middle Aged | Retrospective Studies | *SARS-CoV-2 infection | *co-infection | *influenza A virus | *influenza B virus L1 - internal-pdf://4184236786/Yue-2020-The epidemiology and clinical charact.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Yue, Huihui; Zhang, Ming; Xing, Lihua; Wang, Ke; Rao, Xiaoling; Liu, Hong; Tian, Jianbo; Zhou, Peng; Deng, Yan; Shang, Jin; eng; 2020FCA026/SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia Emergency Technology Public Relations Project/International; 2020FCA009/SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia Emergency Technology Public Relations Project/International; 81974456/National Natural Science Foundation of China/International; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; J Med Virol. 2020 Nov;92(11):2870-2873. doi: 10.1002/jmv.26163. Epub 2020 Jul 6. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Of 307 patients with SARS-CoV-2, 153 (49.8%) had influenza A co-infection, 23 (7.5%) had influenza B co-infection. | Age and gender were similar across groups. | COVID-19 patients co-infected with influenza A or B had similar clinical symptoms as patients with only SARS-CoV-2; fatigue was slightly more common those with influenza B co-infection (13%) (Figure). | COVID-19 patients with influenza B more often had poor outcomes (30.4%) than those with only SARS-CoV-2 (7.6%) or SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A (5.9%) (Figure). | Methods: Cross-sectional study of 307 hospitalized COVID-19 patients, between January 12 and February 21, 2020, Wuhan, China. Limitations: Single center; small sample size, may not be representative; end point of poor outcome not clearly defined and likely includes death; number of deaths not reported. | Implications: In this small study, influenza B co-infection worsened COVID-19 prognosis. SN - 1096-9071 (Electronic); 0146-6615 (Linking) SP - 2870-2873 ST - The epidemiology and clinical characteristics of co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses in patients during COVID-19 outbreak T2 - J Med Virol TI - The epidemiology and clinical characteristics of co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses in patients during COVID-19 outbreak UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32530499 VL - 92 ID - 426 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Although most cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have occurred in low-resource countries, little is known about the epidemiology of the disease in such contexts. Data from the Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh provide a detailed view into severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission pathways and mortality in a high-incidence setting. Reported cases and deaths have been concentrated in younger cohorts than would be expected from observations in higher-income countries, even after accounting for demographic differences across settings. Among 575,071 individuals exposed to 84,965 confirmed cases, infection probabilities ranged from 4.7 to 10.7% for low-risk and high-risk contact types, respectively. Same-age contacts were associated with the greatest infection risk. Case fatality ratios spanned 0.05% at ages of 5 to 17 years to 16.6% at ages of 85 years or more. Primary data from low-resource countries are urgently needed to guide control measures. AD - Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics and Policy, New Delhi, India. | Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA. | Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. | International Vaccine Access Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. | Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India. | Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries Department, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. | Backward Classes, Most Backward Classes, and Minorities Welfare Department, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. | Department of Community Medicine, Guntur Medical College, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India. | Department of Health, Family Welfare, and Medical Education, Government of Andhra Pradesh, Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh, India. | Health and Family Welfare Department, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. | Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. jlewnard@berkeley.edu. | Center for Computational Biology, College of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. AN - 33154136 AU - Laxminarayan, R. | Wahl, B. | Dudala, S. R. | Gopal, K. | Mohan, B. C. | Neelima, S. | Jawahar Reddy, K. S. | Radhakrishnan, J. | Lewnard, J. A. C1 - 2020-10-09 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100920_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 6 DO - 10.1126/science.abd7672 ET - 2020/11/07 IS - 6517 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Age Distribution | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Child | Child, Preschool | Contact Tracing | Coronavirus Infections/*mortality/*transmission | Female | Humans | Incidence | India/epidemiology | Infant | Infant, Newborn | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*mortality/*transmission | SARS-CoV-2 | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://0344874115/Laxminarayan-2020-Epidemiology and transmissio.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Laxminarayan, Ramanan; Wahl, Brian; Dudala, Shankar Reddy; Gopal, K; Mohan B, Chandra; Neelima, S; Jawahar Reddy, K S; Radhakrishnan, J; Lewnard, Joseph A; eng; P2C HD073964/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Science. 2020 Nov 6;370(6517):691-697. doi: 10.1126/science.abd7672. Epub 2020 Sep 30. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Identifies high prevalence of infection among children who were contacts of cases, suggesting that social interactions among children may be conducive to transmission of SARS-CoV-2. SN - 1095-9203 (Electronic); 0036-8075 (Linking) SP - 691-697 ST - Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of COVID-19 in two Indian states T2 - Science TI - Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of COVID-19 in two Indian states UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33154136 VL - 370 ID - 1016 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Summary Background Rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Wuhan, China, prompted heightened surveillance in Shenzhen, China. The resulting data provide a rare opportunity to measure key metrics of disease course, transmission, and the impact of control measures. Methods From Jan 14 to Feb 12, 2020, the Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention identified 391 SARS-CoV-2 cases and 1286 close contacts. We compared cases identified through symptomatic surveillance and contact tracing, and estimated the time from symptom onset to confirmation, isolation, and admission to hospital. We estimated metrics of disease transmission and analysed factors influencing transmission risk. Findings Cases were older than the general population (mean age 45 years) and balanced between males (n=187) and females (n=204). 356 (91%) of 391 cases had mild or moderate clinical severity at initial assessment. As of Feb 22, 2020, three cases had died and 225 had recovered (median time to recovery 21 days; 95% CI 20�?2). Cases were isolated on average 4·6 days (95% CI 4·1�?·0) after developing symptoms; contact tracing reduced this by 1·9 days (95% CI 1·1�?·7). Household contacts and those travelling with a case were at higher risk of infection (odds ratio 6·27 [95% CI 1·49�?6·33] for household contacts and 7·06 [1·43�?4·91] for those travelling with a case) than other close contacts. The household secondary attack rate was 11·2% (95% CI 9·1�?3·8), and children were as likely to be infected as adults (infection rate 7·4% in children <10 years vs population average of 6·6%). The observed reproductive number (R) was 0·4 (95% CI 0·3�?·5), with a mean serial interval of 6·3 days (95% CI 5·2�?·6). Interpretation Our data on cases as well as their infected and uninfected close contacts provide key insights into the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2. This analysis shows that isolation and contact tracing reduce the time during which cases are infectious in the community, thereby reducing the R. The overall impact of isolation and contact tracing, however, is uncertain and highly dependent on the number of asymptomatic cases. Moreover, children are at a similar risk of infection to the general population, although less likely to have severe symptoms; hence they should be considered in analyses of transmission and control. Funding Emergency Response Program of Harbin Institute of Technology, Emergency Response Program of Peng Cheng Laboratory, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. AU - Bi, Qifang | Wu, Yongsheng | Mei, Shujiang | Ye, Chenfei | Zou, Xuan | Zhang, Zhen | Liu, Xiaojian | Wei, Lan | Truelove, Shaun A. | Zhang, Tong | Gao, Wei | Cheng, Cong | Tang, Xiujuan | Wu, Xiaoliang | Wu, Yu | Sun, Binbin | Huang, Suli | Sun, Yu | Zhang, Juncen | Ma, Ting | Lessler, Justin | Feng, Tiejian C1 - 2020-05-01 C2 - Modeling and Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050120_covidupdate.html DA - 2020/08/01/ DO - 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30287-5 IS - 8 L1 - internal-pdf://0424469849/Bi-2020-Epidemiology and transmission of COVID.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Without contact tracing COVID-19 cases were isolated 4.6 days after developing symptoms; contact tracing reduced the time to isolation by 1.9 days. | Among close contacts, children were at a similar risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection as adults (Figure, attack rate noted by blue squares). | There was a trend of increasing likelihood of severe symptoms for persons aged 40 and older compared with younger adults and children (Figure, red squares), as well as a decreasing likelihood of having fever among younger adults and children compared with other adults (Figure, green squares). However, these differences were not statistically significant. | Methods: Using data from 391 SARS-CoV-2 cases and 1,286 close contacts (household or social), the authors estimated the time from symptom onset to diagnosis and isolation for cases identified through symptomatic surveillance and contact tracing, and analyzed factors influencing transmission risk. Symptomatic cases were isolated and treated at hospitals. Asymptomatic cases found when contact tracing was initiated and who tested positive were also isolated and their close contacts who tested negative were quarantined. | Implications: Isolation and contact tracing combined with testing to identify persons without symptoms (presymptomatic/asymptomatic infections) reduce the time that infectious persons can transmit SARS-CoV-2 in the community. Although children are less likely to exhibit illness and have in other studies often represented a smaller proportion of overall disease burden than adults, in a community outbreak they are as likely as young adults age <50 years to be infected. SE - 911 SN - 14733099 SP - 911-919 ST - Epidemiology and transmission of COVID-19 in 391 cases and 1286 of their close contacts in Shenzhen, China: a retrospective cohort study T2 - Lancet Infect Dis TI - Epidemiology and transmission of COVID-19 in 391 cases and 1286 of their close contacts in Shenzhen, China: a retrospective cohort study UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1473309920302875 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7185944/pdf/main.pdf VL - 20 ID - 106 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 may be associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes in pregnancy, but there are few controlled data to quantify the magnitude of these risks or to characterize the epidemiology and risk factors. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to quantify the associations of coronavirus disease 2019 with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes in pregnancy and to characterize the epidemiology and risk factors. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a matched case-control study of pregnant patients with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 cases who delivered between 16 and 41 weeks' gestation from March 11 to June 11, 2020. Uninfected pregnant women (controls) were matched to coronavirus disease 2019 cases on a 2:1 ratio based on delivery date. Maternal demographic characteristics, coronavirus disease 2019 symptoms, laboratory evaluations, obstetrical and neonatal outcomes, and clinical management were chart abstracted. The primary outcomes included (1) a composite of adverse maternal outcome, defined as preeclampsia, venous thromboembolism, antepartum admission, maternal intensive care unit admission, need for mechanical ventilation, supplemental oxygen, or maternal death, and (2) a composite of adverse neonatal outcome, defined as respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, 5-minute Apgar score of <5, persistent category 2 fetal heart rate tracing despite intrauterine resuscitation, or neonatal death. To quantify the associations between exposure to mild and severe or critical coronavirus disease 2019 and adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes, unadjusted and adjusted analyses were performed using conditional logistic regression (to account for matching), with matched-pair odds ratio and 95% confidence interval based on 1000 bias-corrected bootstrap resampling as the effect measure. Associations were adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS: A total of 61 confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 cases were enrolled during the study period (mild disease, n=54 [88.5%]; severe disease, n=6 [9.8%]; critical disease, n=1 [1.6%]). The odds of adverse composite maternal outcome were 3.4 times higher among cases than controls (18.0% vs 8.2%; adjusted odds ratio, 3.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-13.4). The odds of adverse composite neonatal outcome were 1.7 times higher in the case group than to the control group (18.0% vs 13.9%; adjusted odds ratio, 1.7; 95% confidence interval, 0.8-4.8). Stratified analyses by disease severity indicated that the morbidity associated with coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnancy was largely driven by the severe or critical disease phenotype. Major risk factors for associated morbidity were black and Hispanic race, advanced maternal age, medical comorbidities, and antepartum admissions related to coronavirus disease 2019. CONCLUSION: Coronavirus disease 2019 during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes, an association that is primarily driven by morbidity associated with severe or critical coronavirus disease 2019. Black and Hispanic race, obesity, advanced maternal age, medical comorbidities, and antepartum admissions related to coronavirus disease 2019 are risk factors for associated morbidity. AD - Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ. Electronic address: jsb288@rwjms.rutgers.edu. | Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ. | Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ. | Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ. | Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ. | Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ; Cardiovascular Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ; Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ. AN - 32986989 AU - Brandt, J. S. | Hill, J. | Reddy, A. | Schuster, M. | Patrick, H. S. | Rosen, T. | Sauer, M. V. | Boyle, C. | Ananth, C. V. C1 - 2020-10-20 C2 - COVID-19 in Pregnancy CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102020_covidupdate.html DA - Apr DO - 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.09.043 ET - 2020/09/29 IS - 4 KW - Adult | African Continental Ancestry Group | COVID-19/complications/*epidemiology/ethnology | Case-Control Studies | Female | Hispanic Americans | Humans | Infant, Newborn | Logistic Models | Maternal Age | Perinatal Death/etiology | Pregnancy | Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/*epidemiology/ethnology | Pregnancy Outcome | Risk Factors | *SARS-CoV-2 | *adverse maternal outcomes | *adverse neonatal outcomes | *case-control study | *coronavirus disease 2019 | *coronavirus disease in pregnancy | *epidemiology | *morbidity | *novel coronavirus | *pandemic | *pregnancy | *risk factors | *severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 | *virus L1 - internal-pdf://4150302178/Brandt-2021-Epidemiology of coronavirus diseas.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Brandt, Justin S; Hill, Jennifer; Reddy, Ajay; Schuster, Meike; Patrick, Haylea S; Rosen, Todd; Sauer, Mark V; Boyle, Carla; Ananth, Cande V; eng; Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2021 Apr;224(4):389.e1-389.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.09.043. Epub 2020 Sep 25. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Most mothers had either asymptomatic or mild COVID-19�?n = 54, 88.5%) while�?1.5% (n = 7) had severe infection. | A composite of adverse maternal outcomes was more likely among mothers with SARS-CoV-2 infection compared with those without SARS-CoV-2 infection, 18.0% vs 8.2%�?adjusted OR [aOR]�?.4,�?5% CI 1.2-13.4). | Adverse maternal outcomes were similar among mothers with mild or asymptomatic COVID-19 and those without SARS-CoV-2 infection, 7.4% vs�?.2%�?aOR�?.1,�?5% CI <0.0-6.0). | 100% of mothers with severe SARS-CoV-2 infections had adverse maternal outcomes compared with mothers without SARS-CoV-2 infection (8.2%). | Adverse neonatal outcomes were similar among neonates born to mothers with mild or asymptomatic COVID-19 vs those born to mothers without SARS-CoV-2 infection, 9.3% vs 13.9%�?aOR�?.0, 95% CI 0.1-7.7). | Adverse neonatal outcomes were more prevalent among those born to mothers with severe COVID-19 (85.7%) than among those born to mothers without SARS-CoV-2 infection (13.9%). | Methods: Case-control study of 61 pregnant patients with RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, who delivered between 16- and 41-weeks gestation from March 11 to June 11, 2020, matched by delivery date to 122 pregnant people without SARS-CoV-2 infection. Composite adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes were identified from chart abstraction and odds ratios for outcomes calculated, adjusted for maternal age, obesity, race, and comorbid medical problems. Limitations: Relatively small sample size; hospital-based sample might not be representative of the general population. | Implications for 2 studies (Brandt et al. & Dumitriu et al.): Increased risk for adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes associated with COVID-19 appears to be limited to pregnant persons with severe COVID-19. As incidence of mother-to-newborn transmission appears to be low, separating mothers with COVID-19 from their newborns and restricting direct breastfeeding does not appear warranted. Steps to minimize exposure to SARS-CoV-2 should be taken in pregnant women, given the possibility of severe COVID-19 disease and risk of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. SN - 1097-6868 (Electronic); 0002-9378 (Linking) SP - 389 e1-389 e9 ST - Epidemiology of coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnancy: risk factors and associations with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes T2 - Am J Obstet Gynecol TI - Epidemiology of coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnancy: risk factors and associations with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32986989 VL - 224 ID - 1084 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Institute for Advanced Study of the Americas, Department of Sociology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida. | Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island. | Center for Health Equity Research, Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. | Department of Sociology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida. AN - 33464315 AU - Casanova, F. O. | Hamblett, A. | Brinkley-Rubinstein, L. | Nowotny, K. M. C1 - 2021-01-29 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01292021_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 4 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.34409 ET - 2021/01/20 IS - 1 KW - COVID-19/*epidemiology | Emigration and Immigration/*legislation & jurisprudence | Humans | Jails/*statistics & numerical data | Law Enforcement | Mass Screening/*statistics & numerical data | Transients and Migrants/*statistics & numerical data L1 - internal-pdf://2242360379/Casanova-2021-Epidemiology of Coronavirus Dise.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Testing | N1 - Casanova, Felicia O; Hamblett, Alice; Brinkley-Rubinstein, Lauren; Nowotny, Kathryn M; eng; R25 DA037190/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Jan 4;4(1):e2034409. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.34409. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Cumulative COVID-19 case rates among persons detained by Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) are higher than in the general population but may be underestimated because cases are likely underreported. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e2034409 ST - Epidemiology of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in US Immigration and Customs Enforcement Detention Facilities T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Epidemiology of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in US Immigration and Customs Enforcement Detention Facilities UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33464315 VL - 4 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1442 ER - TY - JOUR AB - To improve understanding of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), we assessed the epidemiology of an outbreak on a cruise ship, February 5-24, 2020. The study population included persons on board on February 3 (2,666 passengers, 1,045 crew). Passengers had a mean age of 66.1 years and were 55% female; crew had a mean age of 36.6 years and were 81% male. Of passengers, 544 (20.4%) were infected, 314 (57.7%) asymptomatic. Attack rates were highest in 4-person cabins (30.0%; n = 18). Of crew, 143 (13.7%) were infected, 64 (44.8%) asymptomatic. Passenger cases peaked February 7, and 35 had onset before quarantine. Crew cases peaked on February 11 and 13. The median serial interval between cases in the same cabin was 2 days. This study shows that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is infectious in closed settings, that subclinical infection is common, and that close contact is key for transmission. AN - 32822290 AU - Expert Taskforce for the, Covid-Cruise Ship Outbreak C1 - 2020-09-01 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090120_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.3201/eid2611.201165 ET - 2020/08/22 IS - 11 KW - Adult | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/transmission | Disease Outbreaks/*statistics & numerical data | Disease Transmission, Infectious/*statistics & numerical data | Female | Humans | Japan/epidemiology | Male | Middle Aged | Occupational Diseases/*epidemiology/virology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/transmission | Quarantine/*statistics & numerical data | SARS-CoV-2 | Ships | Travel | *2019 novel coronavirus disease | *covid-19 | *Japan | *SARS-CoV-2 | *coronavirus disease | *cruise ship | *epidemiology | *quarantine | *severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 | *viruses | *zoonoses L1 - internal-pdf://1144588652/Expert Taskforc-2020-Epidemiology of COVID-19.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - eng; Emerg Infect Dis. 2020 Nov;26(11):2591-2597. doi: 10.3201/eid2611.201165. Epub 2020 Aug 21. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among 3,711 people aboard, 687 (18.5%) developed confirmed COVID-19; of these, 378 (55.0%) were asymptomatic (Figure 1). | Passenger incidence peaked February 7, 2020; 35 had onset before quarantine; crew incidence peaked February 11 to 13, 2020 (Figure 2). | Infection rates were highest among passengers in 4-person cabins (30.0%; n = 18). | Methods: Following identification of a case of COVID-19 in a passenger, a cruise ship was quarantined and testing for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR was conducted between February 5 and 24, 2020 for all 2,666 passengers and 1,045 crew members. Limitations: Disembarkment for health or family reasons, or due to country-assisted repatriation, reduced denominators over time; lab testing was initially limited to symptomatic cases and close contacts and symptoms were ascertained only at the time of testing. | Implications: The high proportion of asymptomatic cases in the face of testing all aboard suggests that substantial under-detection or underreporting of infections would occur without universal testing. These asymptomatic cases would likely challenge good infection control in a closed setting such as this, as well as pandemic control. SN - 1080-6059 (Electronic); 1080-6040 (Linking) SP - 2591-2597 ST - Epidemiology of COVID-19 Outbreak on Cruise Ship Quarantined at Yokohama, Japan, February 2020 T2 - Emerg Infect Dis TI - Epidemiology of COVID-19 Outbreak on Cruise Ship Quarantined at Yokohama, Japan, February 2020 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32822290 VL - 26 ID - 812 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Objectives: Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is a global pandemic currently spreading rapidly across the United States. We provide a comprehensive look at COVID-19 epidemiology across the state of Georgia, which includes vast rural communities that may be disproportionately impacted by the spread of this infectious disease. Methods: All 159 Georgia counties were included in this study. We examined the geographic variation of COVID-19 in Georgia from March 3 through April 24, 2020 by extracting data on incidence and mortality from various national and state datasets. We contrasted county-level mortality rates per 100,000 population (MRs) by county-level factors. Results: Metropolitan Atlanta had the overall highest number of confirmed cases; however, the southwestern rural parts of Georgia, surrounding the city of Albany, had the highest bi-weekly increases in incidence rate. Among counties with >10 cases, MRs were highest in the rural counties of Randolph (233.2), Terrell (182.5), Early (136.3), and Dougherty (114.2). Counties with the highest MRs (22.5-2332 per 100,000) had a higher proportion of: non-Hispanic Blacks residents, adults aged 60+, adults earning <$20,000 annually, and residents living in rural communities when compared with counties with lower MRs. These counties also had a lower proportion of the population with a college education, lower number of ICU beds per 100,000 population, and lower number of primary care physicians per 10,000 population. Conclusions: While urban centers in Georgia account for the bulk of COVID-19 cases, high mortality rates and low critical care capacity in rural Georgia are also of critical concern. AD - Division of Epidemiology Department of Population Health Sciences Augusta University Augusta Georgia USA. | Institute of Preventive and Public Health Augusta University Augusta Georgia USA. | Division of Research Northern California Kaiser Permanente Oakland California USA. AN - 32838368 AU - Moore, J. X. | Langston, M. E. | George, V. | Coughlin, S. S. C1 - 2020-05-22 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052220_covidupdate.html DA - May 26 DO - 10.1002/emp2.12127 ET - 2020/08/25 IS - 4 KW - Covid-19 | Georgia | SARS-CoV-2 | epidemiology | geographic distribution | geospatial | incidence | novel coronavirus | social determinants L1 - internal-pdf://1688154236/Moore-2020-Epidemiology of the 2020 pandemic o.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Moore, Justin Xavier; Langston, Marvin E; George, Varghese; Coughlin, Steven S; eng; K12 DK111028/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/; J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open. 2020 May 26. pii: EMP212127. doi: 10.1002/emp2.12127. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Although metropolitan Atlanta had the highest number of confirmed COVID-19 cases in Georgia, southwestern rural areas of the state had the greatest increases in incidence rate. | Compared with counties with lower mortality rates (MRs), counties with the highest MRs (22.5 �?2,332 per 100,000) had proportionately more non-Hispanic Black residents, adults aged �?0 years, and residents living in rural communities, and proportionately fewer ICU beds (Figure). | Methods: A descriptive study of 159 Georgia counties from March 3 through April 24, 2020. Geographic variation in COVID-19 cases assessed by extracting data on incidence and mortality from national and state datasets. County-level mortality rates per 100,000 population were contrasted with county-level factors. Limitations: Prevalence, incidence, and mortality rates may be underestimated due to undiagnosed, asymptomatic cases. | Implications: Rural counties in the state of Georgia have higher COVID-19 mortality rates and lower critical care capacity. Targeted allocation of resources may be warranted to adequately control COVID-19 in these areas. SN - 2688-1152 (Electronic); 2688-1152 (Linking) SP - 527-532 ST - Epidemiology of the 2020 pandemic of COVID-19 in the state of Georgia: Inadequate critical care resources and impact after 7 weeks of community spread T2 - J Am Coll Emerg Physicians Open TI - Epidemiology of the 2020 pandemic of COVID-19 in the state of Georgia: Inadequate critical care resources and impact after 7 weeks of community spread UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32838368 VL - 1 ID - 241 ER - TY - JOUR AB - People of color, immigrants, and those relying on the safety net have experienced a disproportionate share of the death and disease resulting from COVID-19 in the US. At the same time, Congress delegated great power to the Trump administration to distribute $178 billion in funding to health care providers. We studied the relationship between the relief received by 2,709 hospitals and community- and hospital-level characteristics. Funding through early February 2021 averaged $25.7 million per hospital. Our findings offer a mixed picture. Some correlates of real-world need, including serving a community with a very high share of Black residents or having a very high ratio of Medicaid revenue to beds, were associated with meaningfully increased funding. Other correlates of need?including serving a very high share of Hispanic residents or a Medically Underserved Area?were associated with decreased funding or no difference in funding. Our findings emphasize that funding formulas reflect consequential political judgments. In future allocations, the relationship between need and aid should be strengthened by de-emphasizing historical net patient revenue in favor of a broader set of community and hospital characteristics. AD - Jason D. Buxbaum (jasonbuxbaum@g.harvard.edu) is a PhD candidate in the Program in Health Policy at Harvard University, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. | Summer Rak is a PhD candidate in the Program in Health Policy at Harvard University. AN - 34495727 AU - Buxbaum, Jason D. | Rak, Summer C1 - 2021-09-24 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09242021_covidupdate.html#anchor_HealthEquity DA - 2021/09/01 DO - 10.1377/hlthaff.2020.02018 ET - 2021/09/09 IS - 9 KW - *covid-19 | *Financial Management | Hospitals | Humans | Medicaid | SARS-CoV-2 | United States L1 - internal-pdf://3793802236/hlthaff.2020.02018.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Vaccines | N1 - Buxbaum, Jason D | Rak, Summer | eng | Health Aff (Millwood). 2021 Sep;40(9):1473-1482. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2020.02018. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Hospitals serving areas with a higher percentage of Black residents received 45.2% higher provider relief funding in June 2020, and 70.4% higher funding in October 2020 and February 2021 than hospitals serving other areas. | Hospitals serving areas with a higher percentage of Hispanic residents received lower provider relief funding (40.3% lower in June 2020, 31.5% lower in October 2020, and 31.2% lower February 2021) than hospitals serving other areas. | Methods: Provider Relief Fund distribution records were matched to hospitals (n = 2,709); modeling correlated provider relief funding with community and hospital characteristics, controlling for hospital beds and hospital wages. Limitations: Excluded hospitals that returned the funding awards (e.g., HCA Healthcare and nearly all Kaiser hospitals), 1,350 rural critical access hospitals, and long-term care facilities. | | Implications: Decisions about pandemic relief allocation to hospitals should consider community need to improve equitable distribution. SN - 0278-2715 SP - 1473-1482 ST - Equity And The Uneven Distribution Of Federal COVID-19 Relief Funds To US Hospitals T2 - Health Aff (Millwood) TI - Equity And The Uneven Distribution Of Federal COVID-19 Relief Funds To US Hospitals UR - https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2020.02018 VL - 40 Y2 - 2021/09/27 ID - 2364 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In the Original Investigation titled “Changes in the Number of US Patients With Newly Identified Cancer Before and During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic,�?published August 4, 2020, there were errors in the Figure and Results sections. The percentage of patients who were included in the COVID-19 period was 7.2%. The denominators given in the distribution of women with pancreatic cancer has been changed to 16�?48 and 1546 to account for 21 patients who did not have gender information. In the Figure, an additional column was added to represent data on esophageal cancer, and the dates of the weeks in the periods examined were adjusted by 1 day. This article has been corrected. AN - 32910192 C1 - 2020-08-14 C2 - PMC7489802 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08142020_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.20927 ET - 2020/09/11 IS - 9 L1 - internal-pdf://3420835528/2020-Error in Results.pdf LA - en N1 - eng | Published Erratum | JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Sep 1;3(9):e2020927. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.20927. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Correction to Changes in the number of US patients with newly identified cancer before and during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemicexternal icon. Kaufman et al. JAMA Network Open (August 4, 2020; ) SN - 2574-3805 SP - e2020927-e2020927 ST - Error in Results T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Error in Results UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.20927 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/articlepdf/2770351/2020_cx_200056_1602712917.53855.pdf VL - 3 Y2 - 7/7/2021 ID - 1885 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In the Research Letter titled “Association Between Mode of Delivery Among Pregnant Women With COVID-19 and Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes in Spain,�?published online in JAMA on June 8, 2020, there were errors in data and erroneously reported statistical significance for the outcome of admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). In the third paragraph of the Results, the second sentence was revised to read “After adjustment for confounding factors, cesarean birth was not significantly associated with an increased risk of NICU admission (adjusted odds ratio, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.3-4.5; P�?�?76).�?In the second paragraph of the Discussion, the sentence “Cesarean delivery was also associated with an increased risk of NICU admission�?was deleted. The final paragraph of the Discussion was revised to read “Limitations include a lack of sufficient information on newborns to determine vertical transmission. The lack of association between cesarean delivery and risk of NICU admission may have been related to the lack of statistical power. Also, the 95% CIs around the odds ratios for cesarean birth and clinical deterioration were wide and the estimates fragile.�?In Table 2, for the row labeled “Neonatal intensive care unit admission,�?the odds ratio and 95% CI for asymptomatic/mild COVID-19 symptoms were revised to �?.7 (0.5-5.8)�?and the adjusted odds ratio and 95% CI were revised to �?.2 (0.3-4.5).�?This article was corrected online. AN - 32692372 C1 - 2020-06-19 C2 - PMC8177316 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061920_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 21 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.12271 ET - 2020/07/22 IS - 3 L1 - internal-pdf://0323414325/2020-Errors in Data and Statistical Significan.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - eng | Published Erratum | JAMA. 2020 Jul 21;324(3):305. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.12271. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: About Martinez-Perez et al.: | The second key finding, the implications section and the created figure above are no longer in keeping with the data presented in the paper. | The authors explained that there were errors in the data and had erroneously reported statistical significance for the outcome of admission to the neonatal intensive care unit. The authors conclude: “Limitations include a lack of sufficient information on newborns to determine vertical transmission. The lack of association between cesarean delivery and risk of NICU admission may have been related to the lack of statistical power. Also, the 95% CIs around the odds ratios for cesarean birth and clinical deterioration were wide and the estimates fragile.�? SN - 0098-7484 SP - 305-305 ST - Errors in Data and Statistical Significance T2 - JAMA TI - Errors in Data and Statistical Significance UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.12271 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/2768444/jama_2020_cx_200032.pdf VL - 324 Y2 - 7/7/2021 ID - 1884 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND Whether and to what degree SARS-CoV-2 is spread via the airborne route is unknown. Using data collected from health care worker interactions with hospitalized patients with COVID-19 illness, we calculated the transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 via the airborne route.OBJECTIVES/METHODS Healthcare worker interaction with SARS-CoV-2 infected patients were tracked using a real time location system between March 18 and March 31. A value for q, the transmissibility expressed as quanta per hour, was estimated using a well-established model for airborne transmission.RESULTS SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence among tracked HCWs was 2.21% (0.07-4.35). Transmissibility was estimated to be 0.225 quanta per hour, well below other well-characterized airborne pathogens. Simulations demonstrated that risk of infection is substantially reduced with increased ventilation of rooms.CONCLUSIONS Overall, our findings suggest that SARS-CoV-2 is not well transmitted via the airborne route in controlled conditions. We speculate that SARS-CoV-2 may be only opportunistically airborne, with most transmission occurring via droplet methods.One Sentence Summary We calculated the airborne transmissibility (q) of SARS-CoV-2 and the impact of masks and ventilation in a hospital setting.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementNo external funding was used for the development of this work.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Rush University Medical Center Institutional Review BoardAll necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData and code for analyses can be found at: Hota, Bala, Stein, Brian, & Tomich, Alex. (2020). Data for manuscript Estimate of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 using real time tracking of healthcare workers. [Data set]. Zenodo. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3934582 http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3934582 AU - Hota, Bala | Stein, Brian | Lin, Michael | Tomich, Alex | Segreti, John | Weinstein, Robert A. C1 - 2020-07-24 C2 - Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072420_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.07.15.20154567 L1 - internal-pdf://0955251671/Hota-2020-Estimate of airborne transmission of.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 152 COVID-19 patients had 1,198 interactions over 19,503 minutes (325 hours) with 181 healthcare workers (HCWs). | 4 HCWs became infected (prevalence of infection = 2.21%). | Estimated SARS-CoV-2 airborne transmissibility=0.225 quanta per hour (q), well below other well-characterized airborne pathogens: | Rhinovirus (q = 5), Tuberculosis (q = 12.7), SARS-CoV-1 (q = 57), and Influenza (q = 100). | Increasing the number of air exchanges per hour was most effective in reducing the risk of potential airborne transmission in the model (Figure). | Methods: HCW–patient interactions between March 18 and 31, 2020 were tracked with real-time location software badges. Monte Carlo simulations using tracked interaction data modelled the probability of SARS-CoV-2 airborne transmissibility to HCWs (q, quanta = number of infectious particles shed by an infectious source per hour into a viable droplet nuclei) for various levels of ventilation (air exchanges per hour). Limitations: Model assumes exposure risk is homogeneous in the environment around the infection source and that susceptibility is similar among all contacts; does not account for acquisition of SARS-CoV-2 infection through community exposures; asymptomatic cases were not included. | Implications for both studies (Shen et al. & Hota et al.): Limited air exchange in poorly ventilated small spaces and close or prolonged exposure to COVID-19 cases appears to have been conducive to SARS-CoV-2 transmission that may have been airborne. Modeling demonstrated that airborne SARS-CoV-2 transmission was reduced with increased ventilation. Ventilation-related interventions to improve air quality (as described by Morawska et al. How can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimised?external icon) include increased air exchanges, particle filtration, air disinfection, and avoiding air recirculation. These interventions may be used with other approaches (social distancing, use of face-coverings, hand-hygiene, and cleaning of hand-touch sites) to minimize risk of contact and droplet transmission. SP - 2020.07.15.20154567 ST - Estimate of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 using real time tracking of health care workers T2 - medRxiv TI - Estimate of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 using real time tracking of health care workers UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2020/07/16/2020.07.15.20154567.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/07/16/2020.07.15.20154567.full.pdf ID - 578 ER - TY - JOUR AB - This article estimates changes in all-cause mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic by socioeconomic characteristics and occupation for nonelderly adults in the US, using large-scale, national survey data linked to administrative mortality records. Mortality increases were largest for adults living in correctional facilities or in health care?related group quarters, those without health insurance coverage, those with family incomes below the federal poverty level, and those in occupations with limited work-from-home options. For almost all subgroups, mortality increases were higher among non-Hispanic Black respondents than among non-Hispanic White respondents. Hispanic respondents with health insurance, those not living in group quarters, those with work-from-home options, and those in essential industries also experienced larger increases in mortality during the COVID-19 crisis compared with non-Hispanic Whites in those categories. Occupations that experienced the largest mortality increases were related to installation, maintenance, and repair and production. This research highlights the relevance of individual economic, social, and demographic characteristics during the COVID-19 crisis. AD - Sarah Miller (mille@umich.edu) is an assistant professor of business economics and public policy, Stephen M. Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, in Ann Arbor, Michigan. | Laura R. Wherry is an assistant professor of economics and public service in the Wagner Graduate School of Public Service, New York University, in New York, New York. | Bhashkar Mazumder is a senior economist in the Economic Research Department, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, in Chicago, Illinois. AN - 34288698 AU - Miller, Sarah | Wherry, Laura R. | Mazumder, Bhashkar C1 - 2021-08-06 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08062021_covidupdate.html DA - 2021/08/01 DO - 10.1377/hlthaff.2021.00414 ET - 2021/07/22 IS - 8 KW - Adult | *covid-19 | Ethnic Groups | Hispanic Americans | Humans | *Pandemics | SARS-CoV-2 | Social Class | Socioeconomic Factors | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://2448407410/hlthaff.2021.00414.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Miller, Sarah | Wherry, Laura R | Mazumder, Bhashkar | eng | Health Aff (Millwood). 2021 Aug;40(8):1252-1260. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2021.00414. Epub 2021 Jul 21. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; During the COVID-19 pandemic, higher all-cause mortality was observed in U.S. working-age adults without health insurance, with lower household income, with limited work-from-home options, living in adult correctional facilities, or living in health-related group quarters. | Mortality rate was 1,619 for people living in health-related group quarters, 83 for people living in adult correctional facilities, and 16 for other adults. | Mortality rate varied significantly by race/ethnicity (Figure). Compared with non-Hispanic White adults: | Mortality was higher among non-Hispanic Black adults, regardless of health insurance status, household income, or work-from-home options. | Mortality was higher among Hispanic adults, among people with health insurance, not living in group quarters, lower income, with work-from-home options, and those in essential industries. | Methods: Data for adults (aged 19�?4 years) were obtained from the American Community Survey (ACS) and correlated with mortality rate (per 100,000 population) reported by the Census Numerical Identification file. Limitations: Results do not indicate causation; mortality from COVID-19 not distinguished from other causes. | Implications: Race/ethnicity and socioeconomic characteristics including health insurance, household income, and employment characteristics may have impacted all-cause mortality in the COVID-19 pandemic. SN - 0278-2715 SP - 1252-1260 ST - Estimated Mortality Increases During The COVID-19 Pandemic By Socioeconomic Status, Race, And Ethnicity T2 - Health Aff (Millwood) TI - Estimated Mortality Increases During The COVID-19 Pandemic By Socioeconomic Status, Race, And Ethnicity UR - https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2021.00414 VL - 40 Y2 - 2021/08/09 ID - 2201 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Clinic-based estimates of SARS-CoV-2 may considerably underestimate the total number of infections. Access to testing in the US has been heterogeneous and symptoms vary widely in infected persons. Public health surveillance efforts and metrics are therefore hampered by underreporting. We set out to provide a minimally biased estimate of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among adults for a large and diverse county (Orange County, CA, population 3.2 million). We implemented a surveillance study that minimizes response bias by recruiting adults to answer a survey without knowledge of later being offered SARS-CoV-2 test. Several methodologies were used to retrieve a population-representative sample. Participants (n = 2979) visited one of 11 drive-thru test sites from July 10th to August 16th, 2020 (or received an in-home visit) to provide a finger pin-prick sample. We applied a robust SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Microarray technology, which has superior measurement validity relative to FDA-approved tests. Participants include a broad age, gender, racial/ethnic, and income representation. Adjusted seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection was 11.5% (95% CI: 10.5-12.4%). Formal bias analyses produced similar results. Prevalence was elevated among Hispanics (vs. other non-Hispanic: prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.47, 95% CI 1.22-1.78) and household income < $50,000 (vs. > $100,000: PR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.14 to 1.79). Results from a diverse population using a highly specific and sensitive microarray indicate a SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence of ~ 12 percent. This population-based seroprevalence is seven-fold greater than that using official County statistics. In this region, SARS-CoV-2 also disproportionately affects Hispanic and low-income adults. AD - Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, 653 E. Peltason Dr, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA. tim.bruckner@uci.edu. | Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, 653 E. Peltason Dr, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA. | Department of Statistics, University of California, Irvine, Bren Hall 2019, Irvine, CA, 92697-1250, USA. | School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, 1001 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA. | Center for Clinical Research, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, 1001 Health Sciences Rd, Irvine, CA, 92617, USA. | Orange County Health Care Agency, 405 W. 5th St., Santa Ana, CA, 92701, USA. | Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, 653 E. Peltason Dr, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA. BBODENAL@hs.uci.edu. AN - 33542329 AU - Bruckner, T. A. | Parker, D. M. | Bartell, S. M. | Vieira, V. M. | Khan, S. | Noymer, A. | Drum, E. | Albala, B. | Zahn, M. | Boden-Albala, B. C1 - 2021-02-19 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02192021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 4 DO - 10.1038/s41598-021-82662-x ET - 2021/02/06 IS - 1 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Antibodies, Viral/*analysis | Bias | *COVID-19/diagnosis/epidemiology | California/epidemiology | Ethnic Groups/*statistics & numerical data | Female | Humans | Immunoglobulin G/analysis | Immunoglobulin M/analysis | Male | Middle Aged | Prevalence | Public Health Surveillance | Seroepidemiologic Studies | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://1749104275/Bruckner-2021-Estimated seroprevalence of SARS.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Bruckner, Tim A; Parker, Daniel M; Bartell, Scott M; Vieira, Veronica M; Khan, Saahir; Noymer, Andrew; Drum, Emily; Albala, Bruce; Zahn, Matthew; Boden-Albala, Bernadette; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Sci Rep. 2021 Feb 4;11(1):3081. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-82662-x. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Active surveillance of 2,979 persons who completed a survey and were later tested for SARS-CoV-2 at drive-thru sites between July 10 and August 16, 2020, found a seroprevalence of 11.5%; these results imply that SARS-CoV-2 infections might be underreported. SN - 2045-2322 (Electronic); 2045-2322 (Linking) SP - 3081 ST - Estimated seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among adults in Orange County, California T2 - Sci Rep TI - Estimated seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among adults in Orange County, California UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33542329 VL - 11 ID - 1512 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The scale of COVID-19 mortality in the United States, including among prime-age adults, merits efforts to continuously track how many children are affected by parental death. Children who lose a parent are at elevated risk of traumatic grief, depression, poor educational outcomes, and unintentional death or suicide, and these consequences can persist into adulthood. Sudden parental death, such as that occurring owing to COVID-19, can be particularly traumatizing for children and leave families ill prepared to navigate its consequences. Moreover, COVID-19 losses are occurring at a time of social isolation, institutional strain, and economic hardship, potentially leaving bereaved children without the supports they need. AD - Program in Public Health, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York. | Family, Population, and Preventive Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York. | Department of Sociology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada. | Department of Sociology and Spatial Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles. | Department of Sociology and Criminology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park. AN - 33818598 AU - Kidman, R. | Margolis, R. | Smith-Greenaway, E. | Verdery, A. M. C1 - 2021-04-16 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04162021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 5 DO - 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.0161 ET - 2021/04/06 IS - 7 KW - *Bereavement | COVID-19/*mortality/psychology | Child | Child Welfare/*statistics & numerical data | Death, Sudden/*epidemiology | Humans | Mortality/trends | Parent-Child Relations | Parental Death/psychology/*statistics & numerical data L1 - internal-pdf://1300529279/Kidman-2021-Estimates and Projections of COVID.pdf LA - en N1 - Kidman, Rachel; Margolis, Rachel; Smith-Greenaway, Emily; Verdery, Ashton M; eng; JAMA Pediatr. 2021 Apr 5. pii: 2778229. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.0161. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: More than 37,300 children in the US have lost at least 1 parent due to COVID-19, disproportionately affecting non-Hispanic Black children; bereavement support will be needed for these affected populations. SN - 2168-6211 (Electronic); 2168-6203 (Linking) SP - 745-746 ST - Estimates and Projections of COVID-19 and Parental Death in the US T2 - JAMA Pediatr TI - Estimates and Projections of COVID-19 and Parental Death in the US UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33818598 VL - 175 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1668 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Federal data underestimate the impact of COVID-19 on US nursing homes because federal reporting guidelines did not require facilities to report case and death data until the week ending May 24, 2020.To assess the magnitude of unreported cases and deaths in the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) and provide national estimates of cases and deaths adjusted for nonreporting.This is a cross-sectional study comparing COVID-19 cases and deaths reported by US nursing homes to the NHSN with those reported to state departments of health in late May 2020. The sample includes nursing homes from 20 states, with 4598 facilities in 12 states that required facilities to report cases and 7401 facilities in 19 states that required facilities to report deaths. Estimates of nonreporting were extrapolated to infer the national (15�?97 facilities) unreported cases and deaths in both May and December 2020. Data were analyzed from December 2020 to May 2021.Nursing home ownership (for-profit or not-for-profit), chain affiliation, size, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services star rating, and state.The main outcome was the difference between the COVID-19 cases and deaths reported by each facility to their state department of health vs those reported to the NHSN.Among 15�?15 US nursing homes, including 4599 with state case data and 7405 with state death data, a mean (SE) of 43.7% (1.4%) of COVID-19 cases and 40.0% (1.1%) of COVID-19 deaths prior to May 24 were not reported in the first NHSN submission in sample states, suggesting that 68�?13 cases and 16�?23 deaths were omitted nationwide, representing 11.6% of COVID-19 cases and 14.0% of COVID-19 deaths among nursing home residents in 2020.These findings suggest that federal NHSN data understated total cases and deaths in nursing homes. Failure to account for this issue may lead to misleading conclusions about the role of different facility characteristics and state or federal policies in explaining COVID outbreaks. AD - Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. | Department of Economics and Health Care Management, Labovitz School of Business and Economics, University of Minnesota, Duluth. | Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. | Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. | Anderson School of Management, University of California, Los Angeles. AN - 34499136 AU - Shen, Karen | Loomer, Lacey | Abrams, Hannah | Grabowski, David C. | Gandhi, Ashvin C1 - 2021-09-17 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09172021_covidupdate.html#anchor_NaturalHistory DA - Sep 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.22885 ET - 2021/09/10 IS - 9 KW - Bias | COVID-19/*epidemiology/mortality | Cross-Sectional Studies | Databases, Factual | Federal Government | Humans | Nursing Homes/*statistics & numerical data | Surveys and Questionnaires | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://4192767127/Shen-2021-Estimates of COVID-19 Cases and Deat.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Testing | N1 - Shen, Karen | Loomer, Lacey | Abrams, Hannah | Grabowski, David C | Gandhi, Ashvin | eng | Comparative Study | JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Sep 1;4(9):e2122885. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.22885. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among US nursing homes, an estimated 43.7% of COVID-19 cases and 40.0% of COVID-19 deaths before May 24, 2020 were not reported to the federal National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN), resulting in the omission of 68,613 cases and 16,623 deaths nationwide. | The percentage of cumulative estimated cases and deaths that were unreported declined by the end of 2020, at the same time reported nursing home cases and deaths steeply increased (Figure). | After accounting for unreported events (11.6%, cases; 14.0%, deaths), in 2020 estimated nursing home cases were 592,629 and deaths were 118,335 nationwide. | Methods: COVID-19 cases and deaths reported by nursing homes to 20 state health departments (15,415 nursing homes) were compared to those reported to NHSN. Weekly estimates of non-reporting states were extrapolated from the sample states and other data sources including the New York Times COVID-19 database. Limitations: Definitions of cases and deaths vary between states and NHSN, suggesting that underreporting could be overstated in states with broader definitions of cases and deaths. | Implications: A delay in state reporting to the federal NHSN in the early months of the pandemic might have resulted in an undercount in total US nursing home COVID-19 cases and deaths during 2020. SN - 2574-3805 SP - e2122885-e2122885 ST - Estimates of COVID-19 Cases and Deaths Among Nursing Home Residents Not Reported in Federal Data T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Estimates of COVID-19 Cases and Deaths Among Nursing Home Residents Not Reported in Federal Data UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.22885 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/articlepdf/2784031/shen_2021_oi_210677_1631113906.35593.pdf VL - 4 Y2 - 9/20/2021 ID - 2329 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A distinctive feature of the roll out of vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 virus in the UK was the decision to delay the timing of the second injection till 12 weeks after the first. The logic behind this is to protect more people sooner and so reduce the total number of severe infections, hospitalisations, and deaths. This decision caused criticism from some quarters due in part to a belief that a single injection may not give adequate immunity. A recent paper based on Israel’s experience of vaccination suggested that a single dose may not provide adequate protection. Here we extract the primary data from the Israeli paper and then estimate the incidence per day for each day after the first injection and also estimate vaccine effectiveness for each day from day 13 to day 24. We used a pooled estimate of the daily incidence rate during days 1 to 12 as the counterfactual estimate of incidence without disease and estimated confidence intervals using Monte Carlo modelling. After initial injection case numbers increased to day 8 before declining to low levels by day 21. Estimated vaccine effectiveness was pretty much 0 at day 14 but then rose to about 90% at day 21 before levelling off. The cause of the initial surge in infection risk is unknown but may be related to people being less cautious about maintaining protective behaviours as soon as they have the injection. What our analysis shows is that a single dose of vaccine is highly protective, although it can take up to 21 days to achieve this. The early results coming from Israel support the UK policy of extending the gap between doses by showing that a single dose can give a high level of protection.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementProfessor Hunter and Dr. Brainard were funded by the National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Emergency Preparedness and Response at Kings College London in partnership with Public Health England (PHE) and collaboration with the University of East Anglia. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR, UEA, the Department of Health or PHE.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Not necessary as analyses based only on publicly available summary dataAll necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll data was extracted from a pre-print already posted on MedRxiv and cited in the paper. AU - Hunter, Paul R. | Brainard, Julii C1 - 2021-02-12 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02122021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.02.01.21250957 L1 - internal-pdf://3242738845/Hunter-2021-Estimating the effectiveness of th.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Modeling analysis using data from 3,077 persons found that estimated vaccine effectiveness after one dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine was not apparent until after day 14 post-immunization and peaked at 91% on day 21. SP - 2021.02.01.21250957 ST - Estimating the effectiveness of the Pfizer COVID-19 BNT162b2 vaccine after a single dose. A reanalysis of a study of ‘real-world�?vaccination outcomes from Israel T2 - medRxiv TI - Estimating the effectiveness of the Pfizer COVID-19 BNT162b2 vaccine after a single dose. A reanalysis of a study of ‘real-world�?vaccination outcomes from Israel UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/02/03/2021.02.01.21250957.full.pdf ID - 1492 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Black, Hispanic, and Indigenous persons in the United States have an increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and death from COVID-19, due to persistent social inequities. However, the magnitude of the disparity is unclear because race/ethnicity information is often missing in surveillance data. METHODS: We quantified the burden of SARS-CoV-2 notification, hospitalization, and case fatality rates in an urban county by racial/ethnic group using combined race/ethnicity imputation and quantitative bias analysis for misclassification. RESULTS: The ratio of the absolute racial/ethnic disparity in notification rates after bias adjustment, compared with the complete case analysis, increased 1.3-fold for persons classified Black and 1.6-fold for those classified Hispanic, in reference to classified White persons. CONCLUSIONS: These results highlight that complete case analyses may underestimate absolute disparities in notification rates. Complete reporting of race/ethnicity information is necessary for health equity. When data are missing, quantitative bias analysis methods may improve estimates of racial/ethnic disparities in the COVID-19 burden. AD - From the Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University. | Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University. | Fulton County Board of Health. | Department of Population Health Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah. AN - 33323745 AU - Labgold, K. | Hamid, S. | Shah, S. | Gandhi, N. R. | Chamberlain, A. | Khan, F. | Khan, S. | Smith, S. | Williams, S. | Lash, T. L. | Collin, L. J. C1 - 2021-02-26 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02262021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 1 DO - 10.1097/EDE.0000000000001314 ET - 2020/12/17 IS - 2 KW - African Americans/*statistics & numerical data | Asian Americans/statistics & numerical data | COVID-19/*ethnology/mortality | Data Collection | European Continental Ancestry Group/statistics & numerical data | Georgia/epidemiology | Health Status Disparities | Hispanic Americans/*statistics & numerical data | Hospitalization/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Indigenous Peoples/*statistics & numerical data | Mortality/*ethnology | Oceanic Ancestry Group/statistics & numerical data | SARS-CoV-2 | Statistics as Topic | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://3329563337/Estimating_the_Unknown__Greater_Racial_and_Eth.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Testing | N1 - Labgold, Katie; Hamid, Sarah; Shah, Sarita; Gandhi, Neel R; Chamberlain, Allison; Khan, Fazle; Khan, Shamimul; Smith, Sasha; Williams, Steve; Lash, Timothy L; Collin, Lindsay J; eng; Epidemiology. 2021 Mar 1;32(2):157-161. doi: 10.1097/EDE.0000000000001314. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; When comparing complete case and imputed results, SARS-CoV-2 notification rates (per 1000 persons) among non-Hispanic Black persons increased 1.3-fold (16.0 vs. 23.0 per 1,000). Among Hispanic persons, notification increased 1.6-fold (22.0 vs. 36.0 per 1,000). | Among non-Hispanic Black persons, compared with complete cases, imputed analyses showed lower SARS-CoV-2 related hospitalization (17.0% vs. 12.0% respectively) and fatality (4.6% vs. 3.1%, respectively) prevalence. | Methods: Case reports (n = 19,623) of SARS-CoV-2 infection reported in Fulton County, Georgia from March 2, 2020—August 18, 2020 were used to assess the impact of missing race and ethnicity data. Case reports (notification) were considered complete if they contained race and/or ethnicity. The Bayesian Improved Surname Geocoding method and quantitative bias analysis were used to impute race and/or ethnicity data in 36% of case reports with missing information (n = 7,131). Limitations: Results not generalizable to the US population; imputation methods limited to Black, Hispanic, Asian, White, and Other race and ethnicity categories; algorithm’s imputation accuracy varied by race/ethnicity group. | Implications: National estimates that exclude COVID-19 cases with missing race/ethnicity data may be leading to inaccurate estimates of notification, morbidity, and mortality among non-Hispanic Black persons. SN - 1531-5487 (Electronic); 1044-3983 (Linking) SP - 157-161 ST - Estimating the Unknown: Greater Racial and Ethnic Disparities in COVID-19 Burden After Accounting for Missing Race and Ethnicity Data T2 - Epidemiology TI - Estimating the Unknown: Greater Racial and Ethnic Disparities in COVID-19 Burden After Accounting for Missing Race and Ethnicity Data UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33323745 VL - 32 ID - 2252 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Efforts to track the severity and public health impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the United States have been hampered by state-level differences in diagnostic test availability, differing strategies for prioritization of individuals for testing, and delays between testing and reporting. Evaluating unexplained increases in deaths due to all causes or attributed to nonspecific outcomes, such as pneumonia and influenza, can provide a more complete picture of the burden of COVID-19. Objective: To estimate the burden of all deaths related to COVID-19 in the United States from March to May 2020. Design, Setting, and Population: This observational study evaluated the numbers of US deaths from any cause and deaths from pneumonia, influenza, and/or COVID-19 from March 1 through May 30, 2020, using public data of the entire US population from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). These numbers were compared with those from the same period of previous years. All data analyzed were accessed on June 12, 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures: Increases in weekly deaths due to any cause or deaths due to pneumonia/influenza/COVID-19 above a baseline, which was adjusted for time of year, influenza activity, and reporting delays. These estimates were compared with reported deaths attributed to COVID-19 and with testing data. Results: There were approximately 781000 total deaths in the United States from March 1 to May 30, 2020, representing 122300 (95% prediction interval, 116800-127000) more deaths than would typically be expected at that time of year. There were 95235 reported deaths officially attributed to COVID-19 from March 1 to May 30, 2020. The number of excess all-cause deaths was 28% higher than the official tally of COVID-19-reported deaths during that period. In several states, these deaths occurred before increases in the availability of COVID-19 diagnostic tests and were not counted in official COVID-19 death records. There was substantial variability between states in the difference between official COVID-19 deaths and the estimated burden of excess deaths. Conclusions and Relevance: Excess deaths provide an estimate of the full COVID-19 burden and indicate that official tallies likely undercount deaths due to the virus. The mortality burden and the completeness of the tallies vary markedly between states. AD - Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases and the Public Health Modeling Unit, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut. | Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. | Department of Biostatistics and the Public Health Modeling Unit, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut. | Departments of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Statistics and Data Science, Yale School of Management, New Haven, Connecticut. | Aledade Inc, Bethesda, Maryland. | Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York. | Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. | Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Fredeiksberg, Denmark. AN - 32609310 AU - Weinberger, D. M. | Chen, J. | Cohen, T. | Crawford, F. W. | Mostashari, F. | Olson, D. | Pitzer, V. E. | Reich, N. G. | Russi, M. | Simonsen, L. | Watkins, A. | Viboud, C. C1 - 2020-07-10 C2 - Excess Deaths CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071020_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 1 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.3391 ET - 2020/07/02 IS - 10 KW - Adult | Betacoronavirus/*isolation & purification | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Cause of Death | Clinical Laboratory Techniques/methods/statistics & numerical data | *Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/mortality | Cost of Illness | Female | Humans | *Influenza, Human/diagnosis/mortality | Male | Mortality/*trends | Pandemics/*statistics & numerical data | *Pneumonia/diagnosis/etiology/mortality | *Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis/mortality | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://2903840903/Weinberger-2020-Estimation of Excess Deaths As.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Weinberger, Daniel M; Chen, Jenny; Cohen, Ted; Crawford, Forrest W; Mostashari, Farzad; Olson, Don; Pitzer, Virginia E; Reich, Nicholas G; Russi, Marcus; Simonsen, Lone; Watkins, Anne; Viboud, Cecile; eng; R01 AI123208/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 AI137093/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R35 GM119582/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/; R01 AI112970/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 AI146555/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; U01 IP001122/IP/NCIRD CDC HHS/; Observational Study; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Oct 1;180(10):1336-1344. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.3391. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; An estimated 122,300 excess deaths occurred between March �?May (Figure 1), with 95,235 (78%) attributed to COVID-19. | The difference between estimated all-cause mortality and mortality attributed to COVID-19 varied by state and decreased as COVID-19 testing rates increased (Figure 2A and 2B). | Methods: Observational study comparing deaths recorded by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) between March 1–May 30 2020 with expected deaths. Measurements included all deaths, deaths attributed to COVID-19, and deaths attributed to influenza and pneumonia. Expected deaths estimates were based on five years of previous NCHS data and adjusted for influenza, seasonality, year-to-year variation and reporting delays. Limitations: Missing data for Connecticut and North Carolina; finalized data not available at the time of analysis. | Implications for 2 studies (Weinberger et al. & Woolf et al.): Despite differences in time periods and analytic approaches, the two analyses indicate that mortality estimates based on official causes of death might underestimate true COVID-19-related mortality. SN - 2168-6114 (Electronic); 2168-6106 (Linking) SP - 1336-1344 ST - Estimation of Excess Deaths Associated With the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States, March to May 2020 T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - Estimation of Excess Deaths Associated With the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States, March to May 2020 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32609310 VL - 180 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 507 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The pandemic due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has tremendous consequences for our societies. Knowledge of the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 is needed to accurately monitor the spread of the epidemic and to calculate the infection fatality rate (IFR). These measures may help the authorities make informed decisions and adjust the current societal interventions. The objective was to perform nationwide real-time seroprevalence surveying among blood donors as a tool to estimate previous SARS-CoV-2 infections and the population-based IFR. METHODS: Danish blood donors aged 17-69 years giving blood 6 April to 3 May were tested for SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin M and G antibodies using a commercial lateral flow test. Antibody status was compared between geographical areas, and an estimate of the IFR was calculated. Seroprevalence was adjusted for assay sensitivity and specificity taking the uncertainties of the test validation into account when reporting the 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: The first 20 640 blood donors were tested, and a combined adjusted seroprevalence of 1.9% (95% CI, .8-2.3) was calculated. The seroprevalence differed across areas. Using available data on fatalities and population numbers, a combined IFR in patients <70 years is estimated at 89 per 100 000 (95% CI, 72-211) infections. CONCLUSIONS: The IFR was estimated to be slightly lower than previously reported from other countries not using seroprevalence data. The IFR is likely severalfold lower than the current estimate. We have initiated real-time nationwide anti-SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence surveying of blood donations as a tool in monitoring the epidemic. AD - Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. | Department of Clinical Medicine Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. | Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. | Department of Clinical Immunology, Zealand University Hospital, Naestved, Denmark. | Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark. | Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark. | Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. | Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark. | Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark. AN - 33501969 AU - Erikstrup, C. | Hother, C. E. | Pedersen, O. B. V. | Molbak, K. | Skov, R. L. | Holm, D. K. | Saekmose, S. G. | Nilsson, A. C. | Brooks, P. T. | Boldsen, J. K. | Mikkelsen, C. | Gybel-Brask, M. | Sorensen, E. | Dinh, K. M. | Mikkelsen, S. | Moller, B. K. | Haunstrup, T. | Harritshoj, L. | Jensen, B. A. | Hjalgrim, H. | Lillevang, S. T. | Ullum, H. C1 - 2020-07-14 C2 - Population-based Seroprevalence Studies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071420_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 27 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa849 ET - 2021/01/28 IS - 2 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Antibodies, Viral | *Blood Donors | *covid-19 | Humans | Middle Aged | SARS-CoV-2 | Seroepidemiologic Studies | Young Adult | *SARS-CoV-2 | *emerging infectious disease | *epidemic monitoring | *seroprevalence L1 - internal-pdf://1163347050/Erikstrup-2021-Estimation of SARS-CoV-2 Infect.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Erikstrup, Christian; Hother, Christoffer Egeberg; Pedersen, Ole Birger Vestager; Molbak, Kare; Skov, Robert Leo; Holm, Dorte Kinggaard; Saekmose, Susanne Gjorup; Nilsson, Anna Christine; Brooks, Patrick Terrence; Boldsen, Jens Kjaergaard; Mikkelsen, Christina; Gybel-Brask, Mikkel; Sorensen, Erik; Dinh, Khoa Manh; Mikkelsen, Susan; Moller, Bjarne Kuno; Haunstrup, Thure; Harritshoj, Lene; Jensen, Bitten Aagaard; Hjalgrim, Henrik; Lillevang, Soren Thue; Ullum, Henrik; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Jan 27;72(2):249-253. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa849. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Adjusted seroprevalence among Danish blood donors was approximately 1.9% (95% CI: 0.8-2.3). | The ratio between estimated antibody-positive individuals and confirmed cases was 16 (CI: 7-20). | Estimated infection fatality rate (IFR) was 89 per 100,000 (95% CI: 72-211). | Methods: Seroprevalence study of SARS-CoV-2 among 20,640 Danish blood donors aged 17�?9 years April 6-May 3, 2020. Limitations: Relatively low sensitivity in serology test. | Implications for both studies (Pollan et al. & Erikstrup et al.): The prevalence of persons with evidence of prior infection exceeded the rate of reported COVID-19 diagnoses. Seroprevalence studies can better help understand true rates of infection and infection-related fatalities. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - 249-253 ST - Estimation of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Fatality Rate by Real-time Antibody Screening of Blood Donors T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Estimation of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Fatality Rate by Real-time Antibody Screening of Blood Donors UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33501969 VL - 72 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 521 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Sequencing of the SARS-CoV-2 viral genome from patient samples is an important epidemiological tool for monitoring and responding to the pandemic, including the emergence of new mutations in specific communities. METHODS: SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequences were generated from positive samples collected, along with epidemiological metadata, at a walk-up, rapid testing site in the Mission District of San Francisco, California during November 22-December 1, 2020 and January 10-29, 2021. Secondary household attack rates and mean sample viral load were estimated and compared across observed variants. RESULTS: A total of 12,124 tests were performed yielding 1,099 positives. From these, 928 high quality genomes were generated. Certain viral lineages bearing spike mutations, defined in part by L452R, S13I, and W152C, comprised 54.4% of the total sequences from January, compared to 15.7% in November. Household contacts exposed to the "California" or "West Coast" variants (B.1.427 and B.1.429) were at higher risk of infection compared to household contacts exposed to lineages lacking these variants (0.36 vs 0.29, RR=1.28; 95% CI:1.00-1.64). The reproductive number was estimated to be modestly higher than other lineages spreading in California during the second half of 2020. Viral loads were similar among persons infected with West Coast versus non-West Coast strains, as was the proportion of individuals with symptoms (60.9% vs 64.3%). CONCLUSIONS: The increase in prevalence, relative household attack rates, and reproductive number are consistent with a modest transmissibility increase of the West Coast variants. AD - Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. | Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA. | University of California, Berkeley-University of California, San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA, USA. | Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA. | Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. | California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA. | Unidos en Salud, San Francisco, CA, USA. | Division of Biostatistics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA. AN - 33788923 AU - Peng, J. | Liu, J. | Mann, S. A. | Mitchell, A. M. | Laurie, M. T. | Sunshine, S. | Pilarowski, G. | Ayscue, P. | Kistler, A. | Vanaerschot, M. | Li, L. M. | McGeever, A. | Chow, E. D. | Marquez, C. | Nakamura, R. | Rubio, L. | Chamie, G. | Jones, D. | Jacobo, J. | Rojas, S. | Rojas, S. | Tulier-Laiwa, V. | Black, D. | Martinez, J. | Naso, J. | Schwab, J. | Petersen, M. | Havlir, D. | DeRisi, J. | I. Dseq Team C1 - 2021-04-09 | 2021-04-16 C2 - Transmisson; Secondary Household Attack Rates CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04092021_covidupdate.html | http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04162021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 31 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciab283 ET - 2021/04/01 KW - *SARS-CoV-2 | *household transmission | *secondary attack rates | *spike mutation | *variant L1 - internal-pdf://2483791978/Peng-2021-Estimation of secondary household at.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Peng, James; Liu, Jamin; Mann, Sabrina A; Mitchell, Anthea M; Laurie, Matthew T; Sunshine, Sara; Pilarowski, Genay; Ayscue, Patrick; Kistler, Amy; Vanaerschot, Manu; Li, Lucy M; McGeever, Aaron; Chow, Eric D; Marquez, Carina; Nakamura, Robert; Rubio, Luis; Chamie, Gabriel; Jones, Diane; Jacobo, Jon; Rojas, Susana; Rojas, Susy; Tulier-Laiwa, Valerie; Black, Douglas; Martinez, Jackie; Naso, Jamie; Schwab, Joshua; Petersen, Maya; Havlir, Diane; DeRisi, Joseph; eng; T32 AI060530/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Mar 31. pii: 6206738. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab283. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Household contacts exposed to West Coast variants (B.1.427 and B.1.429) were at higher risk of infection compared to household contacts exposed to lineages lacking these variants (0.36 vs 0.29, aRR = 1.25; 95% CI:0.98-1.59). | Viral loads were similar among persons infected with West Coast (mean Ct 23.56; IQR 6.4) versus non-West Coast (mean Ct 23.67; IQR 7.8) variants, as was the proportion of individuals with symptoms (60.9% vs 64.3%). | Methods: SARS-CoV-2 genomic sequences were generated (n = 928) from positive samples (N = 1099) collected at a walk-up, rapid testing site during November 22-December 1, 2020 and January 10-29, 2021. Secondary household attack rates and mean sample viral loads were compared across West Coast and non-West Coast variants for the January samples only. Limitations: Potential misclassification of secondary cases as index cases; attack rate calculations did not account for other potential sources of infection; specimens collected before proliferation of other VOCs more recently identified in the US. | Implications for both studies (Buchan et al. and Peng et al.): Higher secondary attack rates related to VOCs contribute to increased cases of COVID-19. Increased transmissibility is not necessarily associated with viral load or presence of symptoms. Enhanced genomic surveillance paired with other mitigation and response capacity are important to identify and understand the clinical implications of new variants. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) ST - Estimation of secondary household attack rates for emergent spike L452R SARS-CoV-2 variants detected by genomic surveillance at a community-based testing site in San Francisco T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Estimation of secondary household attack rates for emergent spike L452R SARS-CoV-2 variants detected by genomic surveillance at a community-based testing site in San Francisco UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33788923 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1656 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Estimates of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) disease burden are needed to help guide interventions. Objective: To estimate the number of SARS-CoV-2 infections, symptomatic infections, hospitalizations, and deaths in the US as of November 15, 2020. Design, Setting, and Participants: In this cross-sectional study of respondents of all ages, data from 4 regional and 1 nationwide Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) seroprevalence surveys (April [n = 16596], May, June, and July [n = 40817], and August [n = 38355]) were used to estimate infection underreporting multipliers and symptomatic underreporting multipliers. Community serosurvey data from randomly selected members of the general population were also used to validate the underreporting multipliers. Main Outcomes and Measures: SARS-CoV-2 infections, symptomatic infections, hospitalizations, and deaths. The median of underreporting multipliers derived from the 5 CDC seroprevalence surveys in the 10 states that participated in 2 or more surveys were applied to surveillance data of reported coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases for 5 respective time periods to derive estimates of SARS-CoV-2 infections and symptomatic infections, which were summed to estimate SARS-CoV-2 infections and symptomatic infections in the US. Estimates of infections and symptomatic infections were combined with estimates of the hospitalization ratio and fatality ratio to derive estimates of SARS-CoV-2 hospitalizations and deaths. External validity of the surveys was evaluated with the April CDC survey by comparing results to 5 serosurveys (n = 22118) that used random sampling of the general population. Internal validity of the multipliers from the 10 specific states was assessed in the August CDC survey by comparing multipliers from the 10 states to all states. A sensitivity analysis was conducted using the interquartile range of the multipliers to derive a high and low estimate of SARS-CoV-2 infections and symptomatic infections. The underreporting multipliers were then used to adjust the reported COVID-19 infections to estimate the full SARS-COV-2 disease burden. Results: Adjusting reported COVID-19 infections using underreporting multipliers derived from CDC seroprevalence studies in April (n = 16596), May (n = 14291), June (n = 14159), July (n = 12367), and August (n = 38355), there were estimated medians of 46910006 (interquartile range [IQR], 38192705-60814748) SARS-CoV-2 infections, 28122752 (IQR, 23014957-36438592) symptomatic infections, 956174 (IQR, 782509-1238912) hospitalizations, and 304915 (IQR, 248253-395296) deaths in the US through November 15, 2020. An estimated 14.3% (IQR, 11.6%-18.5%) of the US population were infected by SARS-CoV-2 as of mid-November 2020. Conclusions and Relevance: The SARS-CoV-2 disease burden may be much larger than reported COVID-19 cases owing to underreporting. Even after adjusting for underreporting, a substantial gap remains between the estimated proportion of the population infected and the proportion infected required to reach herd immunity. Additional seroprevalence surveys are needed to monitor the pandemic, including after the introduction of safe and efficacious vaccines. AD - Medical Development and Scientific/Clinical Affairs, Pfizer Vaccines, Collegeville, Pennsylvania. | Center for Observational and Real-World Evidence, Merck & Co Inc, Kenilworth, New Jersey. AN - 33399860 AU - Angulo, F. J. | Finelli, L. | Swerdlow, D. L. C1 - 2021-01-15 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01152021_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 4 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.33706 ET - 2021/01/06 IS - 1 KW - Basic Reproduction Number | COVID-19/*epidemiology/immunology/mortality | COVID-19 Serological Testing | Cross-Sectional Studies | Hospitalization/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Immunity, Herd | Public Health Surveillance | SARS-CoV-2 | Seroepidemiologic Studies | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://0133268327/Angulo-2021-Estimation of US SARS-CoV-2 Infect.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Angulo, Frederick J; Finelli, Lyn; Swerdlow, David L; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Jan 4;4(1):e2033706. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.33706. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In the US, compared to 10, 846,373 reported cases, an estimated 46,910,006 SARS-CoV-2 infections occurred through mid-November 2020 (Figure). | An estimated 3,321,478 infections occurred within the last 7 days of November 15, 2020. | Methods: A cross-sectional study of US participants of all ages was conducted using data collected by CDC from community seroprevalence surveys of the general population (n = 22,118) between April 10 and May 3, 2020 and 4 regional and 1 nationwide seroprevalence surveys between March and August 2021 (n = 95,768). Data were used to estimate infection underreporting and symptomatic underreporting multipliers. Limitations: Derived multipliers are conservative which may lead to underestimation of disease, potential for selection bias, and results may not be nationally representative. | Implications: Seroprevalence data facilitates estimation of true burden of disease as SARS-CoV-2 cases are underreported. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e2033706 ST - Estimation of US SARS-CoV-2 Infections, Symptomatic Infections, Hospitalizations, and Deaths Using Seroprevalence Surveys T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Estimation of US SARS-CoV-2 Infections, Symptomatic Infections, Hospitalizations, and Deaths Using Seroprevalence Surveys UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33399860 VL - 4 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1415 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The recent development and regulatory approval of a variety of serological assays indicating the presence of antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has led to rapid and widespread implementation of seroprevalence studies. Accurate estimates of seroprevalence are needed to model transmission dynamics and estimate mortality rates. Furthermore, seroprevalence levels in a population help guide policy surrounding reopening efforts. The literature to date has focused heavily on issues surrounding the quality of seroprevalence tests and less on the sampling methods that ultimately drive the representativeness of resulting estimates. Seroprevalence studies based on convenience samples are being reported widely and extrapolated to larger populations for the estimation of total coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections, comparisons of prevalence across geographic regions, and estimation of mortality rates. In this viewpoint, we discuss the pitfalls that can arise with the use of convenience samples and offer guidance for moving towards more representative and timely population estimates of COVID-19 seroprevalence. AD - Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. | Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. | Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. | Department of Epidemiology, Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. AN - 32750135 AU - Shook-Sa, B. E. | Boyce, R. M. | Aiello, A. E. C1 - 2020-08-04 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/080420_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 1 DO - 10.1093/infdis/jiaa429 ET - 2020/08/05 IS - 7 KW - Antibodies, Viral/*blood | Betacoronavirus/*immunology | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/transmission/virology | Humans | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/transmission/virology | Population Surveillance | Reproducibility of Results | SARS-CoV-2 | Sampling Studies | Seroepidemiologic Studies | Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/*epidemiology/transmission/virology | *covid-19 | *address-based sampling | *convenience sampling | *seroprevalence | *transmission L1 - internal-pdf://3168529116/Shook-Sa-2020-Estimation Without Representatio.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Shook-Sa, Bonnie E; Boyce, Ross M; Aiello, Allison E; eng; P2C HD050924/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; J Infect Dis. 2020 Sep 1;222(7):1086-1089. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa429. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Discusses the pitfalls with using convenience samples and offers guidance for more representative and timely population estimates in seroprevalence studies. SN - 1537-6613 (Electronic); 0022-1899 (Linking) SP - 1086-1089 ST - Estimation Without Representation: Early Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Seroprevalence Studies and the Path Forward T2 - J Infect Dis TI - Estimation Without Representation: Early Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Seroprevalence Studies and the Path Forward UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32750135 VL - 222 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 646 ER - TY - JOUR AB - As 38 clinical trials seek tens of thousands of volunteers to receive doses of experimental vaccines, researchers are discussing how to find and recruit participants effectively and ethically. Some people who are especially vulnerable to COVID-19 have not been well represented in studies—or represented at all. Prisoners, for instance, have borne a heavy burden of COVID-19, with more than 125,000 U.S. prisoners infected, and more than 1000 dead. But prisoners have also been excluded from the trials out of concern that they might be coerced into participating or exploited if they do. | Now, some researchers argue that including prisoners in studies could offer outsize health benefits. Correctional facilities have experienced many COVID-19 outbreaks and are structurally unsuited to social distancing (among other precautions). And so, the researchers argue, like other people at high risk of catching the disease, prisoners should be allowed to participate in clinical trials. | ; Related; a firefighter uses a drip torch to light a controlled fire; COVID-19 worries douse plans for fire experiments; Illustration of Caitlin Rivers; To fight COVID-19, a young epidemiologist bridges the gulf between science and U.S. politics; person in ICU bed | Why COVID-19 is more deadly in people with obesity—even if they’re young; See all of our coverage of the coronavirus outbreak; ScienceInsider spoke with George Annas, a lawyer and bioethicist at Boston University, whose research addresses ethics and human rights in clinical trials, and Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein, a sociologist and epidemiologist at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, who studies management of infectious disease and substance abuse in incarcerated people. Both have published about health and ethics in holding facilities during the pandemic: In July, Annas wrote in The New England Journal of Medicine about inhumane medical practices in immigrant detention centers and, and in August, Brinkley-Rubinstein and colleagues argued in JAMA that prisoners should be included in vaccine trials. | This interview has been edited for brevity and clarity. | Q: What clinical research has been done historically in correctional facilities? Has it been done well?; | George Annas: The history is pretty dark. It’s a history of research done without consent, without oversight, and without consequences. It starts in some respects with the Nazis, since Holocaust research—or pretend research, really—was done in prisoners to get scientific information for the German state. Another famous experience was John Charles Cutler’s 1940s experiments in Guatemalan prisons. In those experiments, prisoners were deliberately infected with gonorrhea, syphilis, and chancroid. | Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein: There are lots of instances of prisoners being intentionally infected with diseases in order to develop new drugs, including malaria and hepatitis C. Horrible things happened at San Quentin [State Prison], including giving prisoners experimental testicular transplants. I think dark is the right word. | Q: Is any COVID-19 vaccine research taking place in correctional facilities? Has anyone put forward serious proposals to do such research?; | L.B.R.: There was some conversation at the federal level at the initiation of large vaccine trials to include people involved in some way with the criminal justice system. My colleagues and I had a couple of phone calls with people involved in running those trials to see if it was something they’d entertain. There was some openness to it. But ultimately, including incarcerated populations felt too cumbersome. Between the ethical risks and the operational obstacles to actually get the sites up and running, it would have required a lot of extra effort. | G.A.: Up until recently, there’s really been no excuse to do research in these settings. But it’s a strange and perhaps intriguing group to study, because they’re almost definitely going to be exposed to the virus. So, it could give you answers you may not get if you trial the general population—who may not ever be exposed. That’s why we’re looking again. I’m not a big fan of prison research, but I am a big fan of science, so I think we should look at all these things again. | L.B.R.: Still, I think part of this conversation should be focused on people on probation or parole—the high-risk population that is criminal justice involved, but not presently incarcerated. | G.A.: Yeah. I’d be much more amenable to efforts to bring people on probation or parole into trials. They would be unshackled, literally, from some of the risks of exploitation we think about for prisoners who receive perks for “good�?behavior and punishment for “bad�?behavior. | Q: Could this kind of research actually benefit incarcerated people if they participate?; | L.B.R.: It definitely could, assuming the vaccine works. Incarcerated people do have different risks, in terms of the barriers they face to getting certain elements of routine health care along with their potential to be exploited. But they also potentially would gain more from vaccination, given these settings are extreme amplifiers of infection. | G.A.: But the risk if an experimental vaccine doesn’t work is that these individuals won’t only be disappointed, but they’ll feel they were lied to or exploited. | L.B.R.: Another big part about why understanding these contexts is important is that we do eventually want vaccines to be made available to these populations. But there are lots of implementation issues that are very particular to jails and prisons. How do we store the vaccines under potentially very specific conditions? How do we monitor patients for side effects after injections? How we manage any needed follow-up, like a booster shot? We need to get expertise to optimize these programs when vaccines are eventually deployed. I don’t think that alone is justification to do a trial, but it is such a big part of vaccines being effective once they are approved. It’s something we’ll have to figure out. | Q: Could there be broader public health advantages for doing COVID-19 vaccine research in correctional facilities? Would experimental use of vaccines in correctional facilities benefit staff, neighboring communities, and more distant ones?; | L.B.R.: If the experimental vaccines work, then the public health benefit of focusing vaccine resources—even during trials—on correctional facilities cannot be overemphasized. We’ve already seen that jail churn plays a tremendous role in community transmission. | G.A.: To me, it’s a different experiment. You can’t use community results to justify research on individuals. The risk-benefit analysis needs to come out right for the individual before they can consent to being in the trial. | Q: If such research is undertaken, how will we know whether ethical safeguards did enough to protect participants�?rights?; | ; George Annas (left) and Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein (right) GEORGE ANNAS AND LAUREN BRINKLEY-RUBINSTEIN; G.A.: There probably is no replacement for asking the participants themselves. Did they feel exploited? Did they feel used? Did they feel fulfilled? Did they feel part of something bigger?; | L.B.R.: This is really at the crux of the issue. We’d have to ask, but also to appoint oversight boards that have prisoner representation. And we’d have to adopt other safeguards to ensure we are doing things ethically. | Q: Would giving prisoners the option to participate in a vaccine trial set a precedent for future research? What about continuing to withhold access?; | G.A.: I think the question of “if not now, when?�?is a very good one. We have a worldwide pandemic with a giant prisoner population that’s very susceptible to the disease and is dying from it. If we’re not going to permit research in that circumstance, we’re never going to permit it. | L.B.R.: Also, if we can figure out how to do this right—given the stakes right now—that could give back some element of power or respect that is otherwise not present in these places. | G.A.: It’s a question of whether we treat prisoners as human beings with agency, who are allowed to participate in something for the public good. | L.B.R.: Our approach to experimentation in prisons has been very binary: a history of serious abuses of power when we have run trials, versus the decision to completely avoid including prisoners in trials. We have to ask ourselves whether there’s a middle path. | G.A.: And considering a middle path, but then deciding it’s too much work—that would be an extreme position, too. | Q: As the prospect of an approved vaccine nears, fierce debate surrounds who should receive it first. According to current Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidance, prisoners are not considered separate from the general population, putting them last in line. In contrast, a draft proposal released this month by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine said prisoners should get vaccinated after health care workers, but before the general population. Where do you think incarcerated people belong on the priority list?; | L.B.R.: Based on the evidence have about outbreaks, incarcerated people should be at the top tier. There’s a clear connection between what happens in these institutions and what happens in the community. When we have infections that spread in jails or prisons like wildfire, and staff going in and out and in and out, we’re making COVID infection more likely everywhere. If the only thing you cared about was your own health, you would still make the decision to prioritize them. | G.A.: People at the highest risk should receive the treatment first. That includes prisoners. It’s that simple, really. AU - Cahan, Eli C1 - 2020-09-25 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/092520_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1126/science.abe7861 LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Incarcerated populations are typically excluded from clinical trials over ethical concerns. A bioethicist and sociologist/epidemiologist discuss the benefits and risks of enrolling incarcerated persons in COVID-19 vaccine trials. SN - 0036-8075 | 1095-9203 ST - Ethical or exploitative—should prisoners participate in COVID-19 vaccine trials? T2 - Science Magazine TI - Ethical or exploitative—should prisoners participate in COVID-19 vaccine trials? UR - https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/09/ethical-or-exploitative-should-prisoners-participate-covid-19-vaccine-trials ID - 940 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Center for Health Policy/Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. mmello@law.stanford.edu. | Stanford Law School, Stanford, CA, USA. | Center for Health Policy/Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. | Department of Pediatrics and Center for Policy, Outcomes and Prevention, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. AN - 32393527 AU - Mello, M. M. | Wang, C. J. C1 - 2020-06-26 C2 - COVID-19 Literature and Data CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/062620_covidupdate.html DA - May 29 DO - 10.1126/science.abb9045 ET - 2020/05/13 IS - 6494 KW - Artificial Intelligence/*ethics | Covid-19 | Confidentiality/ethics | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Datasets as Topic | *Epidemiological Monitoring | Forecasting | Humans | Machine Learning | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://3554637834/Mello-2020-Ethics and governance for digital d.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Mello, Michelle M; Wang, C Jason; eng; Science. 2020 May 29;368(6494):951-954. doi: 10.1126/science.abb9045. Epub 2020 May 11. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Ethical concerns raised by digital technologies and new data sources in public health surveillance during epidemics. SN - 1095-9203 (Electronic); 0036-8075 (Linking) SP - 951-954 ST - Ethics and governance for digital disease surveillance T2 - Science TI - Ethics and governance for digital disease surveillance UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32393527 VL - 368 ID - 446 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Author affiliations are listed in the supplementary materials. seema.shah@northwestern.edu. | Author affiliations are listed in the supplementary materials. AN - 32381590 AU - Shah, S. K. | Miller, F. G. | Darton, T. C. | Duenas, D. | Emerson, C. | Lynch, H. F. | Jamrozik, E. | Jecker, N. S. | Kamuya, D. | Kapulu, M. | Kimmelman, J. | MacKay, D. | Memoli, M. J. | Murphy, S. C. | Palacios, R. | Richie, T. L. | Roestenberg, M. | Saxena, A. | Saylor, K. | Selgelid, M. J. | Vaswani, V. | Rid, A. C1 - 2020-05-19 C2 - Vaccine Development CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051920_covidupdate.html DA - May 22 DO - 10.1126/science.abc1076 ET - 2020/05/10 IS - 6493 KW - Betacoronavirus/physiology | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*immunology | Drug Development/ethics | *Human Experimentation | Humans | Pandemics/*ethics | Pneumonia, Viral/*immunology | Risk Assessment | SARS-CoV-2 | Viral Vaccines/adverse effects/*therapeutic use L1 - internal-pdf://0014570076/Shah-2020-Ethics of controlled human infection.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Shah, Seema K; Miller, Franklin G; Darton, Thomas C; Duenas, Devan; Emerson, Claudia; Lynch, Holly Fernandez; Jamrozik, Euzebiusz; Jecker, Nancy S; Kamuya, Dorcas; Kapulu, Melissa; Kimmelman, Jonathan; MacKay, Douglas; Memoli, Matthew J; Murphy, Sean C; Palacios, Ricardo; Richie, Thomas L; Roestenberg, Meta; Saxena, Abha; Saylor, Katherine; Selgelid, Michael J; Vaswani, Vina; Rid, Annette; eng; WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Science. 2020 May 22;368(6493):832-834. doi: 10.1126/science.abc1076. Epub 2020 May 7. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Controlled human infection (CHI) studies, where a small number of participants are deliberately exposed, have been proposed to accelerate SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development. An ethical framework for research sponsors, communities, participants, and reviewers is proposed. SN - 1095-9203 (Electronic); 0036-8075 (Linking) SP - 832-834 ST - Ethics of controlled human infection to address COVID-19 T2 - Science TI - Ethics of controlled human infection to address COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32381590 VL - 368 ID - 213 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Chile, Germany, and the UK, among others, have indicated they will implement certifications that a person has contracted and recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) or, in the future, has received a COVID-19 vaccine. Such policies have been discussed, but not implemented, in the US. However, if other countries require these certifications for entrance, the US may adopt them to enable travel, generating calls to use them more broadly.Certifications of immunity are sometimes called “immunity passports�?but are better conceptualized as immunity-based licenses. Such policies raise important questions about fairness, stigma, and counterproductive incentives but could also further individual freedom and improve public health. AD - Sturm College of Law, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado. | Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Healthcare Management, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. AN - 32374357 AU - Persad, G. | Emanuel, E. J. C1 - 2020-05-15 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051520_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 9 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.8102 ET - 2020/05/07 IS - 22 KW - *Adaptive Immunity | Betacoronavirus/*immunology | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | Coronavirus Infections/*immunology/prevention & control | Documentation/*ethics | Humans | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*immunology | SARS-CoV-2 | Vaccination | *Viral Vaccines L1 - internal-pdf://1146440879/Persad-2020-The Ethics of COVID-19 Immunity-Ba.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Persad, Govind; Emanuel, Ezekiel J; eng; JAMA. 2020 Jun 9;323(22):2241-2242. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.8102. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Examines ethical considerations and implementation challenges of “immunity-based licenses�? SE - 2241 SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 2241-2242 ST - The Ethics of COVID-19 Immunity-Based Licenses ("Immunity Passports") T2 - JAMA TI - The Ethics of COVID-19 Immunity-Based Licenses ("Immunity Passports") UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32374357 VL - 323 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 193 ER - TY - JOUR AB - As COVID-19 continues to spread, a variety of COVID-19 tracking apps (CTAs) have been introduced to help contain the pandemic. Deployment of this technology poses serious challenges of effectiveness, technological problems and risks to privacy and equity. The ethical use of CTAs depends heavily on the protection of voluntariness. Voluntary use of CTAs implies not only the absence of a legal obligation to employ the app but also the absence of more subtle forms of coercion such as enforced exclusion from certain social and work activities. The protection of individual rights to voluntary use can be enhanced through an ethics by design approach in the development of CTAs that treat the introduction of CTAs for what it is: a complete novelty that is being tested for the first time in democracies. AU - Klar, Renate | Lanzerath, Dirk C1 - 2020-08-21 C2 - Ethical Considerations and Opportunities CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082120_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1177/1747016120943622 IS - 3-4 KW - COVID-19,digital contact tracing,voluntariness,ethics by design L1 - internal-pdf://2322995237/Klar-2020-The ethics of COVID-19 tracking apps.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Discusses design of tracing apps with an emphasis on voluntariness to minimize threats to privacy and equity while maintaining effectiveness. SE - 1 SN - 1747-0161; 2047-6094 SP - 1-9 ST - The ethics of COVID-19 tracking apps �?challenges and voluntariness T2 - Research Ethics TI - The ethics of COVID-19 tracking apps �?challenges and voluntariness UR - https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1747016120943622 | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1747016120943622 VL - 16 ID - 751 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In this paper we discuss ethical implications of the use of mobile phone apps in the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. Contact tracing is a well-established feature of public health practice during infectious disease outbreaks and epidemics. However, the high proportion of pre-symptomatic transmission in COVID-19 means that standard contact tracing methods are too slow to stop the progression of infection through the population. To address this problem, many countries around the world have deployed or are developing mobile phone apps capable of supporting instantaneous contact tracing. Informed by the on-going mapping of 'proximity events' these apps are intended both to inform public health policy and to provide alerts to individuals who have been in contact with a person with the infection. The proposed use of mobile phone data for 'intelligent physical distancing' in such contexts raises a number of important ethical questions. In our paper, we outline some ethical considerations that need to be addressed in any deployment of this kind of approach as part of a multidimensional public health response. We also, briefly, explore the implications for its use in future infectious disease outbreaks. AD - Wellcome Centre for Ethics and the Humanities and Ethox Centre,The Ethox Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK michael.parker@ethox.ox.ac.uk. | Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Wellcome Centre for Human Genomics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Oxford University NHS Trust, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. AN - 32366705 AU - Parker, M. J. | Fraser, C. | Abeler-Dorner, L. | Bonsall, D. C1 - 2020-05-15 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051520_covidupdate.html DA - Jul DO - 10.1136/medethics-2020-106314 ET - 2020/05/06 IS - 7 KW - Betacoronavirus | Bioethical Issues | Covid-19 | *Cell Phone | Communicable Disease Control/methods | Contact Tracing/*ethics/*methods | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Freedom | Humans | Mobile Applications | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | Privacy | SARS-CoV-2 | Trust | *ethics L1 - internal-pdf://0019629473/Parker-2020-Ethics of instantaneous contact tr.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Parker, Michael J; Fraser, Christophe; Abeler-Dorner, Lucie; Bonsall, David; eng; WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; England; J Med Ethics. 2020 Jul;46(7):427-431. doi: 10.1136/medethics-2020-106314. Epub 2020 May 4. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Outlines ethical considerations to be addressed when using mobile phone apps to support contact tracing. SN - 1473-4257 (Electronic); 0306-6800 (Linking) SP - 427-431 ST - Ethics of instantaneous contact tracing using mobile phone apps in the control of the COVID-19 pandemic T2 - J Med Ethics TI - Ethics of instantaneous contact tracing using mobile phone apps in the control of the COVID-19 pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32366705 VL - 46 ID - 205 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The rapid spread of COVID-19 has emphasized the need for effective health communications to coordinate individual behavior and mitigate disease transmission. Facing a pandemic, individuals may be driven to adopt public health recommendations based on both self-interested desires to protect oneself and prosocial desires to protect others. Although messages can be framed around either, existing research from the social sciences has offered mixed evidence regarding their relative efficacy. Informing this dialogue, in the current study we report on the findings of a field experiment (N = 25,580) conducted March 21�?2 on Facebook during the critical initial weeks of the COVID-19 outbreak in the United States. We observed that ad messages using a distant prosocial frame (“protect your community�? were in fact significantly less effective than those using a self-focused frame (“protect yourself�? in eliciting clickthroughs to official CDC recommendations. However, ad messages with a close prosocial frame (“protect your loved ones�? were equally effective as the self-focused frame. These findings catalog the differential efficacy of ad messaging strategies during the early stages of the coronavirus pandemic. AU - Banker, Sachin | Park, Joowon C1 - 2020-12-15 C2 - Social, Behavioral, and Communication Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/121520_covidupdate.html IS - 6 L1 - internal-pdf://1660414168/Evaluating prosocial COVID-19 messaging frames.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Ad messages placed in March 2020 that used a self-focused frame (“protect yourself�? or a close prosocial frame (“protect your loved ones�? were equally effective, significantly more so than using a distant prosocial frame (“protect your community�?. SP - 1037-1043 ST - Evaluating prosocial COVID-19 messaging frames: Evidence from a field study on Facebook T2 - Judgement and Decision Making TI - Evaluating prosocial COVID-19 messaging frames: Evidence from a field study on Facebook UR - http://journal.sjdm.org/20/200901b/jdm200901b.html VL - 15 ID - 1337 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Thousands of school systems have been struggling with the decisions about how to safely and effectively deliver education during the fall semester of 2020, amid the COVID19 pandemic. The objective of this study is to evaluate the public health impact of reopening schools on the spread of COVID19. An agent-based simulation model was adapted and used to project the number of infections and deaths under multiple school reopening dates and scenarios, including different cohorts receiving in-person instruction on alternating days, only younger children returning to in-person instruction, regular schedule (all students receiving in-person instruction), and school closure (all students receiving online instruction). The study period was February 18th-November 24th, 2020 and the state of Georgia was used as a case study. Across all scenarios, the number of COVID19-related deaths ranged from approximately 17 to 22 thousand during the study period, and on the peak day, the number of new infections ranged from 43 to 68 thousand. An alternating school day schedule performed: (i) almost as well as keeping schools closed, with the infection attack rate ranging from 38.5% to 39.8% compared to that of 37.7% under school closure; (ii) slightly better than only allowing children 10 years or younger to return to in-person instruction. Delaying the reopening of schools had a minimal impact on reducing infections and deaths under most scenarios.Significance Statement This study provides insights on the impact of various school reopening dates and scenarios on the spread of COVID19, incorporating differences between children and adults in terms of disease progression and community transmission. School districts are faced with these challenging decisions considering the complex tradeoffs of their impact between public health, education, and society. While the number of new COVID19 confirmed cases continue to increase in many states, so are concerns about the negative impact of school closures on the children’s education and development. The systematic analysis of school reopening scenarios provided in this study will support school systems in their decision-making regarding if, when, and how to return to in-person instruction.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementNone.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:No identified or patient data is used in this studyAll necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll data used in this study is publicly available. https://dph.georgia.gov/covid-19-daily-status-report AU - Baxter, Arden | Oruc, Buse Eylul | Keskinocak, Pinar | Asplund, John | Serban, Nicoleta C1 - 2020-08-04 C2 - Reopening Schools CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/080420_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.07.22.20160036 L1 - internal-pdf://2254430316/Baxter-2020-Evaluating Scenarios for School Re.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Across all simulated school opening scenarios in the state of Georgia, the peak number of new infections was estimated to range from 43,000 to 68,000 during the study period (Figure). | Under a regular school schedule, delaying the reopening date could delay the peak day and reduce the peak number of new infections. | Delaying reopening would have minimal impact on alternating day schedules. | An alternating school day schedule, which produced an infection attack rate (IAR) ranging from 38.5% to 39.8% for different opening dates, performed almost as well as keeping schools closed (IAR: 37.7%) and better than opening schools with a regular schedule (IAR range by opening dates: 42.4%-47.2%). | Methods: An agent-based simulation modelexternal icon was used to project the number of infections and deaths under multiple school reopening dates and scenarios. The differing cohorts assessed included: in-person instruction on alternating days, only younger children returning to in-person instruction, regular schedule for all students, and school closure (only online instruction). The simulated study period was from February 18, which was considered the start of voluntary quarantine, until November 24, 2020 and used the state of Georgia as the case study. Limitations: Did not consider the use of face masks or testing and contact tracing. | Implications: Reopening schools without strict public health measures may significantly increase the number of infections and deaths; alternating school day schedules may reduce transmission. SP - 2020.07.22.20160036 ST - Evaluating Scenarios for School Reopening under COVID19 T2 - medRxiv TI - Evaluating Scenarios for School Reopening under COVID19 UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/07/24/2020.07.22.20160036.full.pdf ID - 635 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) threatens global public health. The association between clinical characteristics of the virus and neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against this virus have not been well studied. Objective: To examine the association between clinical characteristics and levels of NAbs in patients who recovered from COVID-19. Design, Setting, and Participants: In this cohort study, a total of 175 patients with mild symptoms of COVID-19 who were hospitalized from January 24 to February 26, 2020, were followed up until March 16, 2020, at Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China. Exposures: SARS-CoV-2 infections were diagnosed and confirmed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction testing of nasopharyngeal samples. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was SARS-CoV-2-specific NAb titers. Secondary outcomes included spike-binding antibodies, cross-reactivity against SARS-associated CoV, kinetics of NAb development, and clinical information, including age, sex, disease duration, length of stay, lymphocyte counts, and blood C-reactive protein level. Results: Of the 175 patients with COVID-19, 93 were female (53%); the median age was 50 (interquartile range [IQR], 37-63) years. The median length of hospital stay was 16 (IQR, 13-21) days, and the median disease duration was 22 (IQR, 18-26) days. Variable levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific NAbs were observed at the time of discharge (50% inhibitory dose [ID50], 1076 [IQR, 448-2048]). There were 10 patients whose NAb titers were less than the detectable level of the assay (ID50, <40), and 2 patients who showed very high titers of NAbs, with ID50 levels of 15 989 and 21 567. NAbs were detected in patients from day 4 to 6 and reached peak levels from day 10 to 15 after disease onset. NAbs were unable to cross-react with SARS-associated CoV and NAb titers correlated with the spike-binding antibodies targeting S1 (r = 0.451; 95% CI, 0.320-0.564; P < .001), receptor binding domain (r = 0.484; 95% CI, 0.358-0.592; P < .001), and S2 regions (r = 0.346; 95% CI, 0.204-0.473; P < .001). NAb titers at the time of discharge were significantly higher in the 82 men (1417 [IQR, 541-2253]) than those in the 93 women (905 [IQR, 371-1687]) (median difference, 512; 95% CI, 82-688; P = .01) and at the time of follow-up in 56 male patients (1049 [IQR, 552-2454]) vs 61 female patients (751 [IQR, 216-1301]) (median difference, 298; 95% CI, 86-732; P = .009). Plasma NAb titers were significantly higher in 56 older (1537 [IQR, 877-2427) and 63 middle-aged (1291 [IQR, 504-2126]) patients than in 56 younger patients (459 [IQR, 225-998]) (older vs younger: median difference, 1078; 95% CI, 548-1287; P < .001; middle-aged vs younger: median difference, 832; 95% CI, 284-1013; P < .001). The NAb titers were correlated with plasma C-reactive protein levels (r = 0.508; 95% CI, 0.386-0.614; P < .001) and negatively correlated with lymphocyte counts (r = -0.427; 95% CI, -0.544 to -0.293; P < .001) at the time of admission. Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study, among 175 patients who recovered from mild COVID-19 in Shanghai, China, NAb titers to SARS-CoV-2 appeared to vary substantially. Further research is needed to understand the clinical implications of differing NAb titers for protection against future infection. AD - Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. AN - 32808970 AU - Wu, F. | Liu, M. | Wang, A. | Lu, L. | Wang, Q. | Gu, C. | Chen, J. | Wu, Y. | Xia, S. | Ling, Y. | Zhang, Y. | Xun, J. | Zhang, R. | Xie, Y. | Jiang, S. | Zhu, T. | Lu, H. | Wen, Y. | Huang, J. C1 - 2020-08-28 C2 - Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082820_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 1 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.4616 ET - 2020/08/19 IS - 10 KW - Adult | Antibodies, Neutralizing/*analysis | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | China | Cohort Studies | Coronavirus Infections/*blood/epidemiology/*therapy | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*blood/epidemiology/*therapy | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://1080882929/Wu-2020-Evaluating the Association of Clinical.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Wu, Fan; Liu, Mei; Wang, Aojie; Lu, Lu; Wang, Qimin; Gu, Chenjian; Chen, Jun; Wu, Yang; Xia, Shuai; Ling, Yun; Zhang, Yuling; Xun, Jingna; Zhang, Rong; Xie, Youhua; Jiang, Shibo; Zhu, Tongyu; Lu, Hongzhou; Wen, Yumei; Huang, Jinghe; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Oct 1;180(10):1356-1362. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.4616. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibody (Nab) titers varied substantially, including less than the detectable level of the assay (Figure 1). | NAbs were detected from day 4 to day 6 after symptom onset and peaked at day 10 to day 15. | NAb titers were significantly correlated with levels of spike-binding antibody and plasma C-reactive protein. | NAb titers were significantly higher in men compared with women (p = 0.01) and in middle-aged (40-59 years) and older adults (60-85 years) compared with persons 15-39 years, p <0.001 (Figure 2). | Methods: Cohort study of 175 patients with laboratory-confirmed mild COVID-19 hospitalized from January 24 to February 26, 2020 at a single hospital in Shanghai, China. Plasma was tested for SARS-CoV-2–specific NAbs titers and virus spike-binding antibodies every 2 to 4 days from admission until discharge and then two weeks after discharge. Limitations: Single setting; results might not be generalizable. | Implications of both studies (Wu et al. & Addetia et al.): Both studies showed that NAbs naturally develop from SARS-CoV-2 infection with variable levels and might confer protection from later infection. Implications of variable levels of SARS-CoV-2–specific NAbs on protection against SARS-CoV-2 re-infections deserve further exploration. SN - 2168-6114 (Electronic); 2168-6106 (Linking) SP - 1356-1362 ST - Evaluating the Association of Clinical Characteristics With Neutralizing Antibody Levels in Patients Who Have Recovered From Mild COVID-19 in Shanghai, China T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - Evaluating the Association of Clinical Characteristics With Neutralizing Antibody Levels in Patients Who Have Recovered From Mild COVID-19 in Shanghai, China UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32808970 VL - 180 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 798 ER - TY - JOUR AB - By April 2, 2020, >1 million persons worldwide were infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. We used a mathematical model to investigate the effectiveness of social distancing interventions in a mid-sized city. Interventions reduced contacts of adults >60 years of age, adults 20-59 years of age, and children <19 years of age for 6 weeks. Our results suggest interventions started earlier in the epidemic delay the epidemic curve and interventions started later flatten the epidemic curve. We noted that, while social distancing interventions were in place, most new cases, hospitalizations, and deaths were averted, even with modest reductions in contact among adults. However, when interventions ended, the epidemic rebounded. Our models suggest that social distancing can provide crucial time to increase healthcare capacity but must occur in conjunction with testing and contact tracing of all suspected cases to mitigate virus transmission. AN - 32343222 AU - Matrajt, L. | Leung, T. C1 - 2020-06-12 C2 - Modeling and Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061220_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.3201/eid2608.201093 ET - 2020/04/29 IS - 8 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Age Factors | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Betacoronavirus/*pathogenicity | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Child | Child, Preschool | Cities | Clinical Laboratory Techniques/methods | Communicable Disease Control/methods/statistics & numerical data | Contact Tracing/*statistics & numerical data | Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/*epidemiology/mortality/*prevention & control | Female | Hospitalization/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Incidence | Infant | Infant, Newborn | Infectious Disease Incubation Period | Male | Middle Aged | *Models, Statistical | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Patient Isolation/methods/statistics & numerical data | Physical Distancing | Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis/*epidemiology/mortality/*prevention & control | SARS-CoV-2 | Severity of Illness Index | Survival Analysis | United States/epidemiology | *2019 novel coronavirus disease | *covid-19 | *sars | *SARS-CoV-2 | *coronavirus | *coronavirus disease | *disease transmission | *mathematical model | *nonpharmaceutical interventions | *respiratory infections | *severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 | *social distancing interventions | *viruses | *zoonoses L1 - internal-pdf://0331188529/Matrajt-2020-Evaluating the Effectiveness of S.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Matrajt, Laura; Leung, Tiffany; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Emerg Infect Dis. 2020 Aug;26(8):1740-1748. doi: 10.3201/eid2608.201093. Epub 2020 Apr 28. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In a modeling exercise, social distancing implemented early in the epidemic would delay the time to the peak number of cases while social distancing implemented later would decrease the number of cases (Figure 1). | A 25% reduction in social contacts among adults age < 60 years coupled with substantial social distancing in children and adults age �?60 years could avert an estimated 90% of COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations and deaths (Figure 2). | Reducing social contacts among children as part of social distancing interventions could decrease overall number of cases, hospitalizations, and deaths by 60─70% (Figures 1 and 2). | Cases would rebound after the end of all interventions, a finding that emphasizes the need for a multipronged public health approach that includes testing, isolation of infected cases and contact tracing once social distancing restrictions are eased (Figure 1). | Methods: Modeled effectiveness of four 6-week social distancing interventions to reduce COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and deaths in Seattle, WA during the first 100 days of the epidemic: | 95% reduction in social contacts in adults age �?60 years (first scenario); First scenario and 85% reduction in social contacts in children (second scenario); First scenario and 25%, 75% or 90% reduction in social contacts in adults <60 years (third scenario); Second scenario and 25%, 75% or 90% reduction in social contacts in adults <60 years (fourth scenario); Limitations: Did not consider transmission from asymptomatic individuals. | Implications: Social distancing alone is insufficient to reduce COVID-19-associated morbidity and mortality and should be coupled with increased testing, self-isolation, when appropriate, and contact tracing. The relative infectiousness of children compared to adults is important to understand and incorporate into models. SN - 1080-6059 (Electronic); 1080-6040 (Linking) SP - 1740-1748 ST - Evaluating the Effectiveness of Social Distancing Interventions to Delay or Flatten the Epidemic Curve of Coronavirus Disease T2 - Emerg Infect Dis TI - Evaluating the Effectiveness of Social Distancing Interventions to Delay or Flatten the Epidemic Curve of Coronavirus Disease UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32343222 VL - 26 ID - 353 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Global dispersal and increasing frequency of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein variant D614G are suggestive of a selective advantage but may also be due to a random founder effect. We investigate the hypothesis for positive selection of spike D614G in the United Kingdom using more than 25,000 whole genome SARS-CoV-2 sequences. Despite the availability of a large dataset, well represented by both spike 614 variants, not all approaches showed a conclusive signal of positive selection. Population genetic analysis indicates that 614G increases in frequency relative to 614D in a manner consistent with a selective advantage. We do not find any indication that patients infected with the spike 614G variant have higher COVID-19 mortality or clinical severity, but 614G is associated with higher viral load and younger age of patients. Significant differences in growth and size of 614G phylogenetic clusters indicate a need for continued study of this variant. AD - MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK. Electronic address: e.volz@imperial.ac.uk. | Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. | School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. | MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK. | School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Pathogen Genomics Unit, Public Health Wales NHS Trust, Cardiff, UK. | Pathogen Genomics Unit, Public Health Wales NHS Trust, Cardiff, UK. | Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. | MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK. | Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. | https://www.cogconsortium.uk/. | Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. | Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, UK. | Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. Electronic address: a.rambaut@ed.ac.uk. | School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Pathogen Genomics Unit, Public Health Wales NHS Trust, Cardiff, UK; Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, UK. Electronic address: connortr@cardiff.ac.uk. AN - 33275900 AU - Volz, E. | Hill, V. | McCrone, J. T. | Price, A. | Jorgensen, D. | O'Toole, A. | Southgate, J. | Johnson, R. | Jackson, B. | Nascimento, F. F. | Rey, S. M. | Nicholls, S. M. | Colquhoun, R. M. | da Silva Filipe, A. | Shepherd, J. | Pascall, D. J. | Shah, R. | Jesudason, N. | Li, K. | Jarrett, R. | Pacchiarini, N. | Bull, M. | Geidelberg, L. | Siveroni, I. | Cog-Uk Consortium | Goodfellow, I. | Loman, N. J. | Pybus, O. G. | Robertson, D. L. | Thomson, E. C. | Rambaut, A. | Connor, T. R. C1 - 2020-12-15 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/121520_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 7 DO - 10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.020 ET - 2020/12/05 IS - 1 KW - *Amino Acid Substitution | Aspartic Acid/analysis/genetics | COVID-19/epidemiology/*transmission/*virology | Genome, Viral | Glycine/analysis/genetics | Humans | Mutation | SARS-CoV-2/*genetics/growth & development/*pathogenicity | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/*genetics | United Kingdom/epidemiology | Virulence | Whole Genome Sequencing | *covid-19 | *SARS-CoV-2 | *epidemiology | *evolution | *founder effect | *spike L1 - internal-pdf://0647678953/1-s2.0-S0092867420315373-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Volz, Erik; Hill, Verity; McCrone, John T; Price, Anna; Jorgensen, David; O'Toole, Aine; Southgate, Joel; Johnson, Robert; Jackson, Ben; Nascimento, Fabricia F; Rey, Sara M; Nicholls, Samuel M; Colquhoun, Rachel M; da Silva Filipe, Ana; Shepherd, James; Pascall, David J; Shah, Rajiv; Jesudason, Natasha; Li, Kathy; Jarrett, Ruth; Pacchiarini, Nicole; Bull, Matthew; Geidelberg, Lily; Siveroni, Igor; Goodfellow, Ian; Loman, Nicholas J; Pybus, Oliver G; Robertson, David L; Thomson, Emma C; Rambaut, Andrew; Connor, Thomas R; eng; MC_PC_19012/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; MR/L015080/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; MC_UU_12014/3/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; MR/M009157/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; MR/M501621/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; MR/R015600/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; MR/M006212/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; 204911/Z/16/Z/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; MC_PC_19026/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; RP-PG-0514-20018/DH_/Department of Health/United Kingdom; MC_PC_19027/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; MR/J014370/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Cell. 2021 Jan 7;184(1):64-75.e11. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.020. Epub 2020 Nov 19. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Patients infected with the 614G variant of SARS-CoV-2 did not have increased disease severity or mortality compared with patients with the 614D variant (Figure). | The 614G variant was associated with higher viral load and younger age of infection compared with the 614D variant. | 614G phylogenetic clusters tend to grow to a larger size than 614D clusters after controlling for time of introduction into the United Kingdom, consistent with a transmission advantage of 614G variants. | Methods: Over 25,000 whole genome sequences from the COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortiumexternal icon collected between January 26 and June 16, 2020 were used to evaluate transmission fitness. The frequency of the spike protein variant 614G compared with the 614D variant was assessed using population genetic analysis, and the influence of spike 614D versus 614G on pathogenicity was assessed by matching sequence data with clinical outcome of 1670 patients with COVID-19. Limitations: Sampling process may not be fully randomized and systematic; most sequences are from symptomatic cases; changes in clinical outcomes over time may result from improved clinical management of COVID-19 rather than shifts in virus biology; other mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome were not assessed. | Combined implications for two summaries (Volz et al. & Van Dorp et al.): These two papers take different approaches to evaluating increased fitness of the 614G vs 614D variants of SARS-CoV-2 and come to different conclusions. Volz et al. shows that COVID-19 patients with the 614G variant did not have higher mortality than patients with the 614D variant. The question of increased transmissibility of 614G is therefore important to understand how this now-dominant variant impacted the overall number of cases and deaths due to COVID-19 in this pandemic. SN - 1097-4172 (Electronic); 0092-8674 (Linking) SP - 64-75 e11 ST - Evaluating the Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Mutation D614G on Transmissibility and Pathogenicity T2 - Cell TI - Evaluating the Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Mutation D614G on Transmissibility and Pathogenicity UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33275900 VL - 184 Y2 - 2021/05/14 ID - 1334 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The economic, psychological, and social impact of pandemics and social distancing measures prompt the urgent need to determine the efficacy of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), especially those considered most stringent such as stay-at-home and self-isolation mandates. This study focuses specifically on the impact of stay-at-home orders, both nationally and internationally, on the control of COVID-19. METHODS: We conducted an observational analysis from April to May 2020 and included both countries and US states with known stay-at-home orders. Our primary exposure was the time between the date of the first reported case of COVID-19 to an implemented stay-at-home mandate for each region. Our primary outcomes were the time from the first reported case to the highest number of daily cases and daily deaths. We conducted linear regression analyses, controlling for the case rate of the outbreak in each respective region. RESULTS: For countries and US states, a longer period of time between the first reported case and stay-at-home mandates was associated with a longer time to reach both the peak daily case and death counts. The largest effect was among regions classified as the latest 10% to implement a mandate, which in the US, predicted an extra 35.3 days (95% CI: 18.2, 52.5) to the peak number of cases, and 38.3 days (95% CI: 23.6, 53.0) to the peak number of deaths. CONCLUSIONS: Our study supports the association between the timing of stay-at-home orders and the time to peak case and death counts for both countries and US states. Regions in which mandates were implemented late experienced a prolonged duration to reaching both peak daily case and death counts. AD - Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia. alexandra.medline@emory.edu. | David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA. | Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA. | Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA. | University of California, Berkeley, California, USA. AN - 33225945 AU - Medline, A. | Hayes, L. | Valdez, K. | Hayashi, A. | Vahedi, F. | Capell, W. | Sonnenberg, J. | Glick, Z. | Klausner, J. D. C1 - 2020-12-15 C2 - Detection, Burden, Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/121520_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 23 DO - 10.1186/s12889-020-09817-9 ET - 2020/11/24 IS - 1 KW - Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/mortality/*prevention & control | Global Health/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/mortality/*prevention & control | Quarantine/*legislation & jurisprudence | Time Factors | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://3189318039/Medline-2020-Evaluating the impact of stay-at-.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Medline, Alexandra; Hayes, Lamar; Valdez, Katia; Hayashi, Ami; Vahedi, Farnoosh; Capell, Will; Sonnenberg, Jake; Glick, Zoe; Klausner, Jeffrey D; eng; Observational Study; England; BMC Public Health. 2020 Nov 23;20(1):1750. doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-09817-9. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Compared to other countries, those classified as the latest 10% to implement a stay-at-home mandate experienced an extra 30.0 days (95% CI 6.9-53.2) to the peak of cases and 26.3 days (95% CI 9.9-42.7) to the peak of deaths. | Compared to other US states, those classified as the latest 10% to implement a stay-at-home mandate experienced an extra 35.3 days (95% CI 18.2-52.5) to the peak of cases and 38.3 days (95% CI 23.6-53.0) to the peak of deaths. | Methods: Observational analysis from April to May 2020 included countries (n = 41) and US states (n = 43) with known stay-at-home orders using publicly available data. Linear regression analyses assessed the association between number of days between first reported COVID-19 case and start of stay-at-home mandate and number of days to reach peak burden of COVID-19 (daily cases and deaths), controlling for regional case rates. Limitations: Did not consider duration of mandate, possible confounding from concurrent mitigation interventions, adherence to mandates, and secondary peaks. | Implications: Stay-at-home mandates may benefit communities most as proactive rather than reactive measures for COVID-19 by shortening the duration to reaching peak daily case and death counts. SN - 1471-2458 (Electronic); 1471-2458 (Linking) SP - 1750 ST - Evaluating the impact of stay-at-home orders on the time to reach the peak burden of Covid-19 cases and deaths: does timing matter? T2 - BMC Public Health TI - Evaluating the impact of stay-at-home orders on the time to reach the peak burden of Covid-19 cases and deaths: does timing matter? UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33225945 VL - 20 ID - 1327 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background NVX-CoV2373 is a recombinant severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (rSARS-CoV-2) nanoparticle vaccine composed of trimeric full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins and Matrix-M1 adjuvant.Methods The phase 2 component of our randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 1-2 trial was designed to identify which dosing regimen of NVX-CoV2373 should move forward into late phase studies in younger (18-59 years) and older (60-84 years) participants and was based on immunogenicity and safety data through day 35 (14 days after the second dose). Participants were randomly assigned to receive either one or two intramuscular doses of 5-µg or 25-µg NVX-CoV2373 or placebo, 21 days apart. Primary endpoints were immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti-spike protein response, 7-day solicited reactogenicity, and unsolicited adverse events. A key secondary endpoint was wild-type virus neutralizing antibody response.Results After randomization, approximately 250 participants each were assigned to one of four vaccine groups or placebo. Of these, approximately 45% were older participants. Reactogenicity was predominantly mild to moderate in severity and of short duration (median <3 days) after first and second vaccination with NVX-CoV2373, with higher frequencies and intensity after second vaccination and with the higher dose, and occurred less frequently and was of lower intensity in older participants. The two-dose regimen of 5-µg NVX-CoV2373 induced robust geometric mean titer (GMT) IgG anti-spike protein (65,019 and 28,137 EU/mL) and wild-type virus neutralizing antibody (2201 and 981 titers) responses in younger and older participants, respectively, with seroconversion rates of 100% in both age groups. Neutralizing antibody responses exceeded those seen in convalescent sera for both age groups.Conclusions The study confirmed that the two-dose regimen of 5-µg NVX-CoV2373 is highly immunogenic and well tolerated in both younger and older participants.(Funded by the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations; ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT04368988).Competing Interest StatementAll authors are employees of Novavax, Inc. or were at the time of the studyClinical TrialNCT04368988Clinical Protocols https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04368988?term=NVX-CoV2373+Covid-19+Vaccine&draw=2&rank=4 Funding StatementThe trial was designed by Novavax, Inc. (Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA), with funding support from the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness InnovationsAuthor DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The trial protocol was approved by the Alfred Hospital Human Research Ethics Committee (Melbourne, Australia) and Advarra Central Institutional Review Board (Colombia, Maryland, USA) and was performed in accordance with the International Conference on Harmonisation, Good Clinical Practice guidelines. Safety oversight for the older adult lead-in enrollment cohort and specific vaccination pause rules were supported by an independent safety monitoring committeeAll necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThese are interim data, and individual participants remain masked to individual vaccine assignment. Therefore, it would be inappropriate to share individual level results at this time. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04368988?term=NVX-CoV2373+Covid-19+Vaccine&draw=2&rank=4 AU - Formica, Neil | Mallory, Raburn | Albert, Gary | Robinson, Michelle | Plested, Joyce S. | Cho, Iksung | Robertson, Andreana | Dubovsky, Filip | Glenn, Gregory M. C1 - 2021-03-12 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03122021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.02.26.21252482 L1 - internal-pdf://4082288326/Formica-2021-Evaluation of a SARS-CoV-2 Vaccin.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Both dose levels (5 μg and 25 μg) of NVX-CoV2373 were well-tolerated among younger (aged 18-59 years) and older (60-84) participants, although higher frequencies and intensity of reactogenicity were seen with the higher (25 μg) dose (Figure 1). | Following 2nd vaccine dose, NVX-CoV2373 induced high levels of anti-spike protein IgG (Figure 2) and neutralizing antibodies in both younger and older adults, with no major differences between the primary 5-μg and the 25-μg regimens (Figure 2). | Methods: Phase I/II randomized, placebo-controlled, multi-site trial of the Novavax recombinant nanoparticle vaccine (NVX-CoV2373) in Australia and the United States. Adults (aged 18�?4 years) were randomized to 1 of 5 groups each receiving vaccine doses 21 days apart : 2-dose primary vaccination regimens: 5-μg regimen (n = 257), 25-μg regimen (n = 258), or placebo both doses (n = 255); and 1-dose regimens5-μg followed by placebo (n = 257), 25-μg followed by placebo (n = 258). Safety and immunogenicity data were collected through day 35. Immunoglobulin (IgG) response toward the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was assessed at day 0, day 21 and day 35. | Implications: The two-dose regimen of 5-μg NVX-CoV2373 vaccine administered 21 days apart is effective and tolerated in both younger (aged 18-59 years) and older (60-84) participants. SP - 2021.02.26.21252482 ST - Evaluation of a SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine NVX-CoV2373 in Younger and Older Adults T2 - medRxiv TI - Evaluation of a SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine NVX-CoV2373 in Younger and Older Adults UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/03/01/2021.02.26.21252482.full.pdf ID - 1574 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Overcoming social barriers to COVID-19 testing is an important issue, especially given the demographic disparities in case incidence rates and testing. Delivering culturally appropriate testing resources using data-driven approaches in partnership with community-based health workers is promising, but little data are available on the design and effect of such interventions.To assess and evaluate a door-to-door COVID-19 testing initiative that allocates visits by community health workers by selecting households in areas with a high number of index cases, by using uncertainty sampling for areas where the positivity rate may be highest, and by relying on local knowledge of the health workers.This cohort study was performed from December 18, 2020, to February 18, 2021. Community health workers visited households in neighborhoods in East San Jose, California, based on index cases or uncertainty sampling while retaining discretion to use local knowledge to administer tests. The health workers, also known as promotores de salud (hereinafter referred to as promotores) spent a mean of 4 days a week conducting door-to-door COVID-19 testing during the 2-month study period. All residents of East San Jose were eligible for COVID-19 testing. The promotores were selected from the META cooperative (Mujeres Empresarias Tomando Acci�Qn [Entrepreneurial Women Taking Action]).The promotores observed self-collection of anterior nasal swab samples for SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction tests.A determination of whether door-to-door COVID-19 testing was associated with an increase in the overall number of tests conducted, the demographic distribution of the door-to-door tests vs local testing sites, and the difference in positivity rates among the 3 door-to-door allocation strategies.A total of 785 residents underwent door-to-door testing, and 756 were included in the analysis. Among the 756 individuals undergoing testing (61.1% female; 28.2% aged 45-64 years), door-to-door COVID-19 testing reached different populations than standard public health surveillance, with 87.6% (95% CI, 85.0%-89.8%) being Latinx individuals. The closest available testing site only reached 49.0% (95% CI, 48.3%-49.8%) Latinx individuals. Uncertainty sampling provided the most effective allocation, with a 10.8% (95% CI, 6.8%-16.0%) positivity rate, followed by 6.4% (95% CI, 4.1%-9.4%) for local knowledge, and 2.6% (95% CI, 0.7%-6.6%) for index area selection. The intervention was also associated with increased overall testing capacity by 60% to 90%, depending on the testing protocol.In this cohort study of 785 participants, uncertainty sampling, which has not been used conventionally in public health, showed promising results for allocating testing resources. Community-based door-to-door interventions and leveraging of community knowledge were associated with reduced demographic disparities in testing. AU - Chugg, Ben | Lu, Lisa | Ouyang, Derek | Anderson, Benjamin | Ha, Raymond | D’Agostino, Alexis | Sujeer, Anandi | Rudman, Sarah L. | Garcia, Analilia | Ho, Daniel E. C1 - 2021-09-10 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09102021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1001/jamahealthforum.2021.2260 IS - 8 L1 - internal-pdf://1434716086/Chugg-2021-Evaluation of Allocation Schemes of.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A community-based door-to-door SARS-CoV-2 testing program by community health workers (promotores de salud) in San Jose, California, during December 2020–February 2021, reached significantly higher proportions of Latinx individuals (87.6% vs. 30.7%�?9.0%), women (61.1% vs. 50.5%�?1.9%) and persons aged �?5 years (12.7% vs. 5.4%�?.8%) than neighborhood testing sites. Overall RT-PCR positivity among 756 participants was 6.8%. Response rates (fraction of visits with �? test) were highest when sampling protocol was based on local knowledge (50.5%) or uncertainty sampling (23.4%) rather than index area selection (10.7%). SE - e212260 SN - 2689-0186 SP - e212260-e212260 ST - Evaluation of Allocation Schemes of COVID-19 Testing Resources in a Community-Based Door-to-Door Testing Program T2 - JAMA Health Forum TI - Evaluation of Allocation Schemes of COVID-19 Testing Resources in a Community-Based Door-to-Door Testing Program UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamahealthforum.2021.2260 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama-health-forum/articlepdf/2783658/chugg_2021_oi_210035_1630012081.17615.pdf VL - 2 Y2 - 9/13/2021 ID - 2294 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, several cases of chilblains have been reported. Objective: To determine if chilblains are associated with COVID-19. Design, Setting, and Participants: This monocentric case series was conducted at the Department of Dermatology at Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, a tertiary care hospital in Brussels, Belgium, between April 10 and April 17, 2020. We evaluated a total of 31 referred patients who had recently developed chilblains. Main Outcomes and Measures: Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA on nasopharyngeal swabs for all patients and in skin biopsy specimens for 22 patients. Blood samples from all patients were tested for specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgG antibodies. All patients had extended blood analyses. Histologic (22 patients) and immunofluorescence examinations (15 patients) were performed on the skin biopsy specimens. Results: The 31 patients were generally in good health; most were teenagers or young adults, and 19 were women. Histopathologic analysis of skin biopsy specimens (22 patients) confirmed the diagnosis of chilblains and showed occasional lymphocytic or microthrombotic phenomena. Immunofluorescence analyses showed vasculitis of small-diameter vessels in 7 patients. In all patients, SARS-CoV-2 RNA remained undetected by RT-PCR on nasopharyngeal swabs and in biopsy samples of the skin lesions. The IgM and IgG antibody titers were negative for SARS-CoV-2 in all patients (<1.0 arbitrary unit/mL). No significant abnormalities in blood test results were suggestive of systemic disease. Antinuclear antibody titers were low in 7 patients and higher in 1 patient. Conclusions and Relevance: Chilblains appeared not to be directly associated with COVID-19 in this case series. Lifestyle changes associated with community containment and lockdown measures are a possible explanation for these lesions. AD - Department of Dermatology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium. | Pneumology, ENT, and Dermatology Pole, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium. | Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Microbiology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium. | Department of Anatomopathology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium. | Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium. | Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium. AN - 32584377 AU - Herman, A. | Peeters, C. | Verroken, A. | Tromme, I. | Tennstedt, D. | Marot, L. | Dachelet, C. | Gruson, D. | Hermans, C. | Baeck, M. C1 - 2020-07-07 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/070720_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 1 DO - 10.1001/jamadermatol.2020.2368 ET - 2020/06/26 IS - 9 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Belgium/epidemiology | Biopsy | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | COVID-19 Vaccines | Chilblains/*diagnosis/etiology | Child | *Clinical Laboratory Techniques | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis/epidemiology | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis/epidemiology | Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://0905984709/Herman-2020-Evaluation of Chilblains as a Mani.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Herman, Anne; Peeters, Caroline; Verroken, Alexia; Tromme, Isabelle; Tennstedt, Dominique; Marot, Liliane; Dachelet, Claire; Gruson, Damien; Hermans, Cedric; Baeck, Marie; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA Dermatol. 2020 Sep 1;156(9):998-1003. doi: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2020.2368. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Refuting recent speculation of SARS-CoV-2 causing chilblains, 31 patients with chilblains did not have SARS-CoV-2 infection. Authors speculate that lifestyle changes from staying at home may instead have caused chilblains. SE - 998 SN - 2168-6084 (Electronic); 2168-6068 (Linking) SP - 998-1003 ST - Evaluation of Chilblains as a Manifestation of the COVID-19 Pandemic T2 - JAMA Dermatol TI - Evaluation of Chilblains as a Manifestation of the COVID-19 Pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32584377 VL - 156 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 481 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the general public has been advised to wear masks or improvised face coverings to limit transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, there has been considerable confusion and disagreement regarding the degree to which masks protect the wearer from airborne particles. Objectives: To evaluate the fitted filtration efficiency (FFE) of various consumer-grade and improvised face masks, as well as several popular modifications of medical procedure masks that are intended to improve mask fit or comfort. Design, Setting, and Participants: For this study conducted in a research laboratory between June and August 2020, 7 consumer-grade masks and 5 medical procedure mask modifications were fitted on an adult male volunteer, and FFE measurements were collected during a series of repeated movements of the torso, head, and facial muscles as outlined by the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration Quantitative Fit Testing Protocol. The consumer-grade masks tested included (1) a 2-layer nylon mask with ear loops that was tested with an optional aluminum nose bridge and filter insert in place, (2) a cotton bandana folded diagonally once (ie, "bandit" style) or in a (3) multilayer rectangle according to the instructions presented by the US Surgeon General, (4) a single-layer polyester/nylon mask with ties, (5) a polypropylene mask with fixed ear loops, (6) a single-layer polyester gaiter/neck cover balaclava bandana, and (7) a 3-layer cotton mask with ear loops. Medical procedure mask modifications included (1) tying the mask's ear loops and tucking in the side pleats, (2) fastening ear loops behind the head with 3-dimensional-printed ear guards, (3) fastening ear loops behind the head with a claw-type hair clip, (4) enhancing the mask/face seal with rubber bands over the mask, and (5) enhancing the mask/face seal with a band of nylon hosiery over the fitted mask. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary study outcome was the measured FFE of common consumer-grade and improvised face masks, as well as several popular modifications of medical procedure masks. Results: The mean (SD) FFE of consumer grade masks tested on 1 adult male with no beard ranged from 79.0% (4.3%) to 26.5% (10.5%), with the 2-layer nylon mask having the highest FFE. Unmodified medical procedure masks with ear loops had a mean (SD) FFE of 38.5% (11.2%). All modifications evaluated in this study increased procedure mask FFE (range [SD], 60.3% [11.1%] to 80.2% [3.1%]), with a nylon hosiery sleeve placed over the procedure mask producing the greatest improvement. Conclusions and Relevance: While modifications to improve medical procedure mask fit can enhance the filtering capability and reduce inhalation of airborne particles, this study demonstrates that the FFEs of consumer-grade masks available to the public are, in many cases, nearly equivalent to or better than their non-N95 respirator medical mask counterparts. AD - Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill. | Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill. | UNC Health Care, Infection Prevention Department, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. | Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. | TRC, Raleigh, North Carolina. | Duke Center for Antimicrobial Stewardship and Infection Prevention, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. | Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill. AN - 33300948 AU - Clapp, P. W. | Sickbert-Bennett, E. E. | Samet, J. M. | Berntsen, J. | Zeman, K. L. | Anderson, D. J. | Weber, D. J. | Bennett, W. D. | U. S. Centers for Disease Control | Prevention Epicenters, Program C1 - 2020-12-22 C2 - Protection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/122220_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 1 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.8168 ET - 2020/12/11 IS - 4 KW - Adult | COVID-19/*prevention & control/*transmission | Cotton Fiber | Equipment Design | Filtration/instrumentation | Humans | Male | *Masks | Nylons | Polyesters | Polypropylenes | Protective Clothing L1 - internal-pdf://3941650975/Clapp-2021-Evaluation of Cloth Masks and Modif.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Clapp, Phillip W; Sickbert-Bennett, Emily E; Samet, James M; Berntsen, Jon; Zeman, Kirby L; Anderson, Deverick J; Weber, David J; Bennett, William D; eng; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. | JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Apr 1;181(4):463-469. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.8168. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: The filtration efficiencies of consumer grade masks averaged about 50% and varied widely by fabric (nylon>cotton) and tightness of fit; surprisingly, washing a 2-layer nylon mask increased the filtering efficiency from 56.3% to 79%. SN - 2168-6114 (Electronic); 2168-6106 (Linking) SP - 463-469 ST - Evaluation of Cloth Masks and Modified Procedure Masks as Personal Protective Equipment for the Public During the COVID-19 Pandemic T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - Evaluation of Cloth Masks and Modified Procedure Masks as Personal Protective Equipment for the Public During the COVID-19 Pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33300948 VL - 181 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1361 ER - TY - JOUR AB - As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, understanding the clinical outcomes of patients with cancer and COVID-19 has become critically important.To compare the outcomes of patients with or without cancer who were diagnosed with COVID-19 and to identify the factors associated with mortality, mechanical ventilation, intensive care unit (ICU) stay, and hospitalization.This cohort study obtained data from the Optum de-identified COVID-19 electronic health record data set. More than 500�?00 US adults who were diagnosed with COVID-19 from January 1 to December 31, 2020, were analyzed.The patient groups were (1) patients without cancer, (2) patients with no recent cancer treatment, and (3) patients with recent cancer treatment (within 3 months before COVID-19 diagnosis) consisting of radiation therapy or systemic therapy.Mortality, mechanical ventilation, ICU stay, and hospitalization within 30 days of COVID-19 diagnosis were the main outcomes. Unadjusted rates and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of adverse outcomes were presented according to exposure group.A total of 507�?07 patients with COVID-19 were identified (mean [SD] age, 48.4 [18.4] years; 281 165 women [55.4%]), of whom 493�?20 (97.2%) did not have cancer. Among the 14�?87 (2.8%) patients with cancer, 9991 (69.9%) did not receive recent treatment and 4296 (30.1%) received recent treatment. In unadjusted analyses, patients with cancer, regardless of recent treatment received, were more likely to have adverse outcomes compared with patients without cancer (eg, mortality rate: 1.6% for patients without cancer, 5.0% for patients with no recent cancer treatment, and 7.8% for patients with recent cancer treatment). After adjustment, patients with no recent cancer treatment had similar or better outcomes than patients without cancer (eg, mortality OR, 0.93 [95% CI, 0.84-1.02]; mechanical ventilation OR, 0.61 [95% CI, 0.54-0.68]). In contrast, a higher risk of death (OR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.54-1.96), ICU stay (OR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.54-1.87), and hospitalization (OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.11-1.27) was observed in patients with recent cancer treatment. Compared with patients with nonmetastatic solid tumors, those with metastatic solid tumors and hematologic malignant neoplasms had worse outcomes (eg, mortality OR, 2.36 [95% CI, 1.96-2.84]; mechanical ventilation OR, 0.87 [95% CI, 0.70-1.08]). Recent chemotherapy and chemoimmunotherapy were also associated with worse outcomes (eg, chemotherapy mortality OR, 1.84 [95% CI, 1.51-2.26]).This cohort study found that patients with recent cancer treatment and COVID-19 had a significantly higher risk of adverse outcomes, and patients with no recent cancer treatment had similar outcomes to those without cancer. The findings have risk stratification and resource use implications for patients, clinicians, and health systems. AD - Department of Health Services Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston. | Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston. | Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston. AN - 34709356 AU - Chavez-MacGregor, Mariana | Lei, Xiudong | Zhao, Hui | Scheet, Paul | Giordano, Sharon H. C1 - 2021-11-05 C2 - PMC8554684 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/11052021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - Oct 28 DO - 10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.5148 ET - 2021/10/29 L1 - internal-pdf://1256617742/Chavez-MacGrego-2021-Evaluation of COVID-19 Mo.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Chavez-MacGregor, Mariana | Lei, Xiudong | Zhao, Hui | Scheet, Paul | Giordano, Sharon H | eng | JAMA Oncol. 2021 Oct 28. pii: 2785677. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.5148. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In a cohort of 507,307 patients with COVID-19, those with cancer who received anticancer treatment within 3 months before COVID-19 diagnosis had an increased risk of death (aOR 1.74, 95% CI 1.54-1.96), intensive care unit admission (aOR 1.69, 95% CI 1.54-1.87), and hospitalization (aOR 1.19, 95% CI 1.11-1.27) compared with patients without cancer. Cancer patients without recent cancer treatment had similar or better outcomes than patients without cancer. SN - 2374-2437 ST - Evaluation of COVID-19 Mortality and Adverse Outcomes in US Patients With or Without Cancer T2 - JAMA Oncol TI - Evaluation of COVID-19 Mortality and Adverse Outcomes in US Patients With or Without Cancer UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.5148 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/articlepdf/2785677/jamaoncology_chavezmacgregor_2021_oi_210074_1635269397.10052.pdf Y2 - 11/8/2021 ID - 2579 ER - TY - JOUR AB - PURPOSE: The optimal approach to identify SARS-CoV-2 infection among college students returning to campus is unknown. Recommendations vary from no testing to two tests per student. This research determined the strategy that optimizes the number of true positives and negatives detected and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests needed. METHODS: A decision tree analysis evaluated five strategies: (1) classifying students with symptoms as having COVID-19, (2) RT-PCR testing for symptomatic students, (3) RT-PCR testing for all students, (4) RT-PCR testing for all students and retesting symptomatic students with a negative first test, and (5) RT-PCR testing for all students and retesting all students with a negative first test. The number of true positives, true negatives, RT-PCR tests, and RT-PCR tests per true positive (TTP) was calculated. RESULTS: Strategy 5 detected the most true positives but also required the most tests. The percentage of correctly identified infections was 40.6%, 29.0%, 53.7%, 72.5%, and 86.9% for Strategies 1-5, respectively. All RT-PCR strategies detected more true negatives than the symptom-only strategy. Analysis of TTP demonstrated that the repeat RT-PCR strategies weakly dominated the single RT-PCR strategy and that the thresholds for more intensive RT-PCR testing decreased as the prevalence of infection increased. CONCLUSION: Based on TTP, the single RT-PCR strategy is never preferred. If the cost of RT-PCR testing is of concern, a staged approach involving initial testing of all returning students followed by a repeat testing decision based on the measured prevalence of infection might be considered. AD - Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. | Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. | Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. | Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. | Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. | Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Electronic address: stevek@pennmedicine.upenn.edu. AN - 33153883 AU - Van Pelt, A. | Glick, H. A. | Yang, W. | Rubin, D. | Feldman, M. | Kimmel, S. E. C1 - 2020-11-17 C2 - COVID-19 and Return to College CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/111720_covidupdate.html DA - Jan DO - 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.09.038 ET - 2020/11/07 IS - 1 KW - COVID-19/*prevention & control | COVID-19 Testing/*statistics & numerical data | *Decision Trees | Humans | *Mass Screening | Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction | Risk Assessment | SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification | United States | *Universities/organization & administration/statistics & numerical data | *covid-19 | *College students | *Decision analysis | *Testing L1 - internal-pdf://2266411437/Van Pelt-2021-Evaluation of COVID-19 Testing S.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Van Pelt, Amelia; Glick, Henry A; Yang, Wei; Rubin, David; Feldman, Michael; Kimmel, Stephen E; eng; Evaluation Study; J Adolesc Health. 2021 Jan;68(1):28-34. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.09.038. Epub 2020 Nov 3. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Strategies that included RT-PCR testing of in-coming students identified more cases than symptom-based screening alone; however, all strategies failed to detect a portion of the cases. | Using only symptom-based screening, less than 50% of true positive cases will be detected. | Testing all students on arrival, and again 7 days later, will detect the greatest number of cases. | At higher prevalence of infection, repeat testing will detect more true positives per test, but will cost more. | Methods: A decision tree analysis was used to evaluate testing strategies for safely repopulating a university with 20,000 students. The analysis evaluated five strategies: (1) classifying students with symptoms as having COVID-19 (no testing); 2) testing done on symptomatic students, (3) testing all students, (4) testing all students and retesting symptomatic students with a negative first test, and (5) testing all students and retesting all students with a negative first test. Costs estimates for given strategies were estimated. Limitations: Disease prevalence was based on national estimates; no analyses of testing strategies later in the semester. | Implications for 2 studies (Van Pelt et al. and Badurddoza & Amin) These two articles highlight measures that colleges and universities can use to mitigate COVID-19. As discussed in Walke et al.,external icon institutional resources, cost of testing, and the possibility of distance learning need to be considered when re-opening schools. These articles show that decisions regarding type of teaching are also influenced by the surrounding communities, such as locally enacted preventative measures and the local political environment. Being aware of these influences may guide administrators in decision-making regarding re-opening campuses. SN - 1879-1972 (Electronic); 1054-139X (Linking) SP - 28-34 ST - Evaluation of COVID-19 Testing Strategies for Repopulating College and University Campuses: A Decision Tree Analysis T2 - J Adolesc Health TI - Evaluation of COVID-19 Testing Strategies for Repopulating College and University Campuses: A Decision Tree Analysis UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33153883 VL - 68 ID - 1227 ER - TY - JOUR AB - COVID-19 vaccines currently approved in the United States require two doses, administered three to four weeks apart. Constraints in vaccine supply and distribution capacity, together with the rise of COVID-19 cases and hospitalizations, have sparked a policy debate on whether to vaccinate more individuals with the first dose of available vaccines and delay the second dose, or to continue with the recommended two-dose series as tested in clinical trials. We developed an agent-based model of COVID-19 transmission to compare the impact of these two vaccination strategies, while varying the temporal waning of vaccine efficacy against disease following the first dose, vaccine efficacy against infection, and the level of pre-existing immunity in the population. Our results show that for Moderna vaccines with 80% efficacy following the first dose, a delay of 9-12 weeks could enhance the program effectiveness and prevent additional infections, hospitalizations, and deaths, compared to a 4-week interval between the doses. However, for Pfizer-BioNTech vaccines with demonstrated efficacy of 52% after the first dose, there was no clear advantage for delaying the second dose beyond the 3-week tested schedule, unless the efficacy of the first dose did not wane over time. Our findings underscore the importance of quantifying the durability of vaccine-induced protection after the first dose as well as vaccine efficacy against infection in order to determine the optimal time interval between the two doses. AD - Agent-Based Modelling Laboratory, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3 Canada. | Institute of Mathematics, Statistics and Scientific Computing, University of Campinas, Campinas SP, Brazil. | Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8 Canada. | Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis (CIDMA), Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. | Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. AN - 33532805 AU - Moghadas, S. M. | Vilches, T. N. | Zhang, K. | Nourbakhsh, S. | Sah, P. | Fitzpatrick, M. C. | Galvani, A. P. C1 - 2021-02-05 C2 - Protection in Healthcare and Non-Healthcare Work Settings CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02052021_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 29 DO - 10.1101/2021.01.27.21250619 ET - 2021/02/04 L1 - internal-pdf://0503808359/Moghadas-2021-Evaluation of COVID-19 vaccinati.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Moghadas, Seyed M; Vilches, Thomas N; Zhang, Kevin; Nourbakhsh, Shokoofeh; Sah, Pratha; Fitzpatrick, Meagan C; Galvani, Alison P; eng; Preprint; medRxiv. 2021 Jan 29. doi: 10.1101/2021.01.27.21250619. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Based on an assumed 80% efficacy after the first dose, modelling showed that delaying the second dose of the Moderna vaccine by 9-12 weeks could reduce infections, hospitalizations, and deaths. However, for the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, with an assumed 52% efficacy after the first dose, there was no clear advantage to delaying the second dose due to waning immunity. SP - 2021.01.27.21250619 ST - Evaluation of COVID-19 vaccination strategies with a delayed second dose T2 - medRxiv TI - Evaluation of COVID-19 vaccination strategies with a delayed second dose TT - Published article: Evaluation of COVID-19 vaccination strategies with a delayed second dose UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33532805 ID - 1471 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We updated a published mathematical model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission with laboratory-derived source and wearer protection efficacy estimates for a variety of face masks to estimate their impact on COVID-19 incidence and related mortality in the United States. When used at already-observed population rates of 80% for those �?5 years and 60% for those <65 years, face masks are associated with 69% (cloth) to 78% (medical procedure mask) reductions in cumulative COVID-19 infections and 82% (cloth) to 87% (medical procedure mask) reductions in related deaths over a 6-month timeline in the model, assuming a basic reproductive number of 2.5. If cloth or medical procedure masks�?source control and wearer protection efficacies are boosted about 30% each to 84% and 60% by cloth over medical procedure masking, fitters, or braces, the COVID-19 basic reproductive number of 2.5 could be reduced to an effective reproductive number �?1.0, and from 6.0 to 2.3 for a variant of concern similar to delta (B.1.617.2).Article Summary Line Adapting a published SARS-CoV-2 transmission model together with updated, laboratory-derived source control and wearer protection efficacy estimates for a variety of face coverings as well as N95 respirators, we demonstrate that community masking as currently practiced has likely reduced cases and deaths and that this benefit can be increased with wider adoption of better performing masks.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Clinical TrialThis is an epidemiological modeling study, not a clinical trialFunding StatementNo external funding was received.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:No IRB was needed as this is an epidemiological modeling study.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll data/parameters used in the models are reported in the manuscript. Code is available upon request. AU - Gurbaxani, Brian M. | Hill, Andrew N. | Paul, Prabasaj | Prasad, Pragati V. | Slayton, Rachel B. C1 - 2021-10-08 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10082021_covidupdate.html#anchor_PreventionStrategies DO - 10.1101/2021.04.21.21255889 L1 - internal-pdf://3750039141/Gurbaxani-2021-Evaluation of Different Types o.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Based on modeling, face masks reduce cumulative infections (cloth: 69%; medical procedure mask: 78%) when the basic reproductive number (R0) is 2.5 and face masks are worn by 80% of persons aged �?5 years and by 60% of persons <65 years (Figure). | Increasing cloth or medical procedure mask efficacies by 30% (by improving mask fit) could reduce the effective reproductive number to 2.3. | Methods: A previously published SARS-CoV-2 transmission model was adapted to include updated laboratory-derived source control and wearer protection efficacy estimates for a variety of face coverings including N95 respirators. The impact of mask wearing on COVID-19 incidence in the United States was estimated. Limitations: Model outcomes are dependent on the parameters and assumptions used. | | Implications: Face masks can substantially reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission. For highly contagious variants such as B.1.617.2 (Delta), mask wearing and other prevention strategies (e.g., vaccination, ventilation, and physical distancing) are needed to limit spread. SP - 2021.04.21.21255889 ST - Evaluation of Different Types of Face Masks to Limit the Spread of SARS-CoV-2 �?A Modeling Study T2 - medRxiv TI - Evaluation of Different Types of Face Masks to Limit the Spread of SARS-CoV-2 �?A Modeling Study UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/09/30/2021.04.21.21255889.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/09/30/2021.04.21.21255889.full.pdf ID - 2450 ER - TY - JOUR AB - IntroductionSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiological agent of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). People infected with SARS-CoV-2 may exhibit no or mild non-specific symptoms; thus, they may contribute to silent circulation of the virus among humans. Since SARS-CoV-2 RNA can be detected in stool samples, monitoring SARS-CoV-2 RNA in waste water (WW) has been proposed as a complementary tool to investigate virus circulation in human populations.AimTo test if the quantification of SARS-CoV-2 genomes in WW correlates with the number of symptomatic or non-symptomatic carriers.MethodWe performed a time-course quantitative analysis of SARS-CoV-2 by RT-qPCR in raw WW samples collected from several major WW treatment plants in Greater Paris. The study period was 5 March to 23 April 2020, including the lockdown period in France (from 17 March).ResultsWe showed that the increase of genome units in raw WW accurately followed the increase of human COVID-19 cases observed at the regional level. Of note, the viral genome could be detected before the epidemic grew massively (around 8 March). Equally importantly, a marked decrease in the quantities of genome units was observed concomitantly with the reduction in the number of new COVID-19 cases, 29 days following the lockdown.ConclusionThis work suggests that a quantitative monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 genomes in WW could generate important additional information for improved monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 circulation at local or regional levels and emphasises the role of WW-based epidemiology. AD - Eau de Paris, R&D Laboratory, DRDQE Ivry/Seine, France. | These authors are co-founders of the COVID-IA/PANDEMIA initiative. | Sorbonne Universite, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine2, Paris, France. | Sorbonne Universite, CNRS, EPHE, UMR 7619 Metis, , e-LTER Zone Atelier Seine, Paris, France. | Sorbonne Universite, CNRS, Universite de Paris, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions (LJLL), et Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France. | Department of Virology, Institut de Recherche Biomedicale des Armees, Bretigny sur Orge, France. | SIAAP, Service process-laboratoire SIAAP site Seine Amont, Valenton, France. AN - 33334397 AU - Wurtzer, S. | Marechal, V. | Mouchel, J. M. | Maday, Y. | Teyssou, R. | Richard, E. | Almayrac, J. L. | Moulin, L. C1 - 2020-12-22 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/122220_covidupdate.html DA - Dec DO - 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.50.2000776 ET - 2020/12/19 IS - 50 KW - COVID-19/*epidemiology/transmission | Communicable Disease Control/*methods/statistics & numerical data | France | *Genome, Viral | Humans | Paris/epidemiology | *Physical Distancing | *Quarantine | RNA, Viral/*analysis | Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction | SARS-CoV-2/*isolation & purification | Viral Load | *Virus Shedding | Waste Water/*virology | *covid-19 | *SARS-CoV-2 | *lockdown | *quantification | *waste water L1 - internal-pdf://3562682740/Wurtzer-2020-Evaluation of lockdown effect on.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Wurtzer, S; Marechal, V; Mouchel, J M; Maday, Y; Teyssou, R; Richard, E; Almayrac, J L; Moulin, L; eng; Evaluation Study; Sweden; Euro Surveill. 2020 Dec;25(50). doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.50.2000776. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Early in the epidemic, wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 was sensitive enough to detect virus even with <10 hospitalizations of COVID-19 reported to surveillance systems. SN - 1560-7917 (Electronic); 1025-496X (Linking) SP - 2000776 ST - Evaluation of lockdown effect on SARS-CoV-2 dynamics through viral genome quantification in waste water, Greater Paris, France, 5 March to 23 April 2020 T2 - Euro Surveill TI - Evaluation of lockdown effect on SARS-CoV-2 dynamics through viral genome quantification in waste water, Greater Paris, France, 5 March to 23 April 2020 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33334397 VL - 25 ID - 1355 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: The incidence of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) among adolescents between 12 and 17 years of age was approximately 900 per 100,000 population from April 1 through June 11, 2021. The safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of the mRNA-1273 vaccine in adolescents are unknown. | Methods: In this ongoing phase 2-3, placebo-controlled trial, we randomly assigned healthy adolescents (12 to 17 years of age) in a 2:1 ratio to receive two injections of the mRNA-1273 vaccine (100 μg in each) or placebo, administered 28 days apart. The primary objectives were evaluation of the safety of mRNA-1273 in adolescents and the noninferiority of the immune response in adolescents as compared with that in young adults (18 to 25 years of age) in a phase 3 trial. Secondary objectives included the efficacy of mRNA-1273 in preventing Covid-19 or asymptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. | Results: A total of 3732 participants were randomly assigned to receive mRNA-1273 (2489 participants) or placebo (1243 participants). In the mRNA-1273 group, the most common solicited adverse reactions after the first or second injections were injection-site pain (in 93.1% and 92.4%, respectively), headache (in 44.6% and 70.2%, respectively), and fatigue (in 47.9% and 67.8%, respectively); in the placebo group, the most common solicited adverse reactions after the first or second injections were injection-site pain (in 34.8% or 30.3%, respectively), headache (in 38.5% and 30.2%, respectively), and fatigue (in 36.6% and 28.9%, respectively). No serious adverse events related to mRNA-1273 or placebo were noted. The geometric mean titer ratio of pseudovirus neutralizing antibody titers in adolescents relative to young adults was 1.08 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.94 to 1.24), and the absolute difference in serologic response was 0.2 percentage points (95% CI, -1.8 to 2.4), which met the noninferiority criterion. No cases of Covid-19 with an onset of 14 days after the second injection were reported in the mRNA-1273 group, and four cases occurred in the placebo group. | Conclusions: The mRNA-1273 vaccine had an acceptable safety profile in adolescents. The immune response was similar to that in young adults, and the vaccine was efficacious in preventing Covid-19. (Funded by Moderna and the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority; Teen COVE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04649151.). AD - From Kool Kids Pediatrics, DM Clinical Research, Houston (K.A.); the Clinical Research Institute, Minneapolis (G.B.); and Moderna, Cambridge, MA (H.Z., W.D., V.F., M.C.-V., B.D., J.D., B.G., W.H., R.P., J.M.M., B.L., R.M.). AN - 34379915 AU - Ali, Kashif | Berman, Gary | Zhou, Honghong | Deng, Weiping | Faughnan, Veronica | Coronado-Voges, Maria | Ding, Baoyu | Dooley, Jacqueline | Girard, Bethany | Hillebrand, William | Pajon, Rolando | Miller, Jacqueline M. | Leav, Brett | McPhee, Roderick C1 - 2021-08-20 C2 - Vaccines CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08202021_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 11 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2109522 ET - 2021/08/12 L1 - internal-pdf://4275328733/Ali-2021-Evaluation of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Va.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Ali, Kashif | Berman, Gary | Zhou, Honghong | Deng, Weiping | Faughnan, Veronica | Coronado-Voges, Maria | Ding, Baoyu | Dooley, Jacqueline | Girard, Bethany | Hillebrand, William | Pajon, Rolando | Miller, Jacqueline M | Leav, Brett | McPhee, Roderick | eng | N Engl J Med. 2021 Aug 11. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2109522. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; mRNA-1273 vaccine (100 micrograms per dose) had an acceptable safety profile in adolescents. | Most common side effects within 7 days of 1st and 2nd dose, respectively, were injection site pain (93.1% and 92.4%), headache (44.6% and 70.2%), and fatigue (47.9% and 67.8%). No serious adverse events related to mRNA-1273 or placebo were noted. | Most vaccinated persons seroconverted (98.8% of adolescents, 98.6% of young adults). Geometric mean titers (GMT) of neutralizing antibody were noninferior among adolescents compared with young adults (GMT ratio: 1.08, 95% CI 0.94-1.24). | Vaccine efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19 in adolescents was 93.3% (95% CI 47.9%-99.9%) in the per-protocol population and 92.7% (95% CI 67.8%-99.2%) in the intention-to-treat population. (Figure); Methods: In this bridging study, data on immunogenicity as well as vaccine efficacy and adverse reactions among U.S. adolescents (aged 12�?7 years) receiving 2 doses of mRNA-1273 (Moderna, n = 2,489) or saline placebo (n = 1,243) in December 2020–February 2021 as part of the manufacturer’s Teen COVE (coronavirus efficacy) phase 2-3 randomized trial were compared with previously reported phase 3 trial results from young adults (aged 18�?5 years). Immunogenicity was assessed in a random sample of vaccinated adolescents (n = 340). Doses were administered 28 days apart to >98% of participants; median follow-up was 83 days (range 9�?51 days). Limitations: Low incidence of COVID-19 in the trial population (4 cases in the placebo group only). | Implications: Adolescents vaccinated with 2 doses of mRNA-1273 had immunogenicity and vaccine efficacy comparable to young adults, with no serious adverse events noted. SN - 0028-4793 ST - Evaluation of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Adolescents T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Evaluation of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Adolescents UR - https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2109522 | https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa2109522?articleTools=true Y2 - 2021/08/23 ID - 2229 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The rapid diagnosis of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients is essential to reduce the disease spread. Rapid antigen detection (RAD) tests are available, however, there is scanty data on the performance of RAD tests. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of the commercially available BIOCREDIT COVID-19 Ag test and compare it with RT-PCR for detecting Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. Analytical sensitivity for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus was determined for the RAD test using viral culture and RT-PCR as reference methods. The RAD test was further evaluated using respiratory samples collected from confirmed COVID-19 patients. The results were compared with RT-PCR test. RESULTS: The detection limits between RAD test, viral culture and RT-PCR varied hugely. RAD was 10(3) fold less sensitive than viral culture while RAD was 10(5) fold less sensitive than RT-PCR. The RAD test detected between 11.1 % and 45.7 % of RT-PCR-positive samples from COVID-19 patients. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that the RAD test serves only as adjunct to RT-PCR test because of potential for false-negative results. AD - All from Microbiology Division, Public Health Laboratory Services Branch, Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. Electronic address: so_phls10@dh.gov.hk. | All from Microbiology Division, Public Health Laboratory Services Branch, Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. AN - 32585619 AU - Mak, G. C. | Cheng, P. K. | Lau, S. S. | Wong, K. K. | Lau, C. S. | Lam, E. T. | Chan, R. C. | Tsang, D. N. C1 - 2020-06-19 C2 - Laboratory Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061920_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104500 DP - NLM ET - 2020/06/26 KW - Antigens, Viral/*analysis | Betacoronavirus/*immunology | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Clinical Laboratory Techniques/*methods | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis | Humans | Immunoassay/*methods | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis | SARS-CoV-2 | Sensitivity and Specificity | *2019 novel coronavirus | *covid-19 | *rt-pcr | *Rapid antigen detection | *SARS-CoV-2 | *Viral culture L1 - internal-pdf://0667738654/Mak-2020-Evaluation of rapid antigen test for.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Mak, Gannon Ck; Cheng, Peter Kc; Lau, Stephen Sy; Wong, Kitty Ky; Lau, C S; Lam, Edman Tk; Chan, Rickjason Cw; Tsang, Dominic Nc; eng; Evaluation Study; Netherlands; J Clin Virol. 2020 Aug;129:104500. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104500. Epub 2020 Jun 8. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; When compared to RT-PCR, the overall sensitivity of the BIOCREDIT COVID-19 antigen test was low (32%) and varied by type of respiratory sample (Figure). | Sensitivity of the BIOCREDIT COVID-19 antigen test was higher for samples with high viral load (defined as mean cycle threshold value < 18.57) compared to samples with normal viral load (64% vs 10%, respectively). | Methods: Sensitivity of the BIOCREDIT COVID-19 antigen test (not FDA-approved) assessed to detect SARS-CoV-2 using various types of respiratory samples from 152 RT-PCR-confirmed patients. Limitations: Different processing for viscous samples; did not assess test performance in the field. | Implications: The BIOCREDIT COVID-19 antigen test is not sensitive enough to diagnose SARS-CoV-2. SN - 1873-5967 (Electronic); 1386-6532 (Linking) SP - 104500 ST - Evaluation of rapid antigen test for detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus T2 - J Clin Virol TI - Evaluation of rapid antigen test for detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32585619 VL - 129 ID - 395 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background The use of nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs as a specimen collection method to diagnose SARS-CoV-2 infection is frequently perceived as uncomfortable by patients and requires trained personnel. In this study, detection rate of SARS-CoV-2 in mouthwash samples and buccal swabs were compared in both children and adults. Material and methods In patients admitted to hospital with confirmed COVID-19 within the previous 72 hours, NP and buccal swabs as well as mouthwash samples were collected. RT-qPCR was performed on all samples. Results In total, 170 samples were collected from 155 patients (137 adults and 18 children). Approximately 91.7% of the collected NP swabs were positive in RT-PCR compared to 63.1% of mouthwash samples and 42.4% of buccal swabs. Compared to NP swabs, the sensitivity of using mouthwash was 96.3% and 65.4% for buccal swabs in NP swab samples with a CT value <25. With increasing CT values, sensitivity decreased in both mouthwash and buccal swabs. The virus load was highest during the first week of infection, with a continuous decline observed in all three collection methods over time. Discussion Mouthwash presents an alternative collection method for detecting SARS-CoV-2 in the case of unfeasible NP swab sampling. Buccal swabs should not be used due to their low sensitivity. AD - Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Klinik Favoriten, Austria, Vienna. | Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Klinik Favoriten, Austria, Vienna. Electronic address: tamara.seitz@gesundheitsverbund.at. | Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Klinik Ottakring, Austria, Vienna. | AGES - Austrian agency health food safety, Austria, Vienna. AN - 34718065 AU - Laferl, Hermann | Seitz, Tamara | Baier-Grabner, Sebastian | Kelani, Hasan | Scholz, Elisabeth | Heger, Florian | Götzinger, Florian | Frischer, Thomas | Wenisch, Christoph | Allerberger, Franz C1 - 2021-11-19 C2 - PMC8552590 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/11192021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - 2021/10/28/ DO - 10.1016/j.ajic.2021.10.019 ET - 2021/11/01 KW - SARS-CoV-2 | mouth wash | buccal swab | COVID-19 L1 - internal-pdf://0698800351/1-s2.0-S0196655321006817-main.pdf LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Laferl, Hermann | Seitz, Tamara | Baier-Grabner, Sebastian | Kelani, Hasan | Scholz, Elisabeth | Heger, Florian | Gotzinger, Florian | Frischer, Thomas | Wenisch, Christoph | Allerberger, Franz | eng | Am J Infect Control. 2021 Oct 27. pii: S0196-6553(21)00681-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2021.10.019. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In hospitalized COVID-19 patients (137 adults and 18 children), the sensitivity of RT-qPCR using mouthwash or buccal swab specimens (compared to NP swabs) was 90.3% and 76.7%, respectively, when NP swab samples had a CT value <30. Sensitivity decreased for both mouthwash and buccal swabs as CT values increased. SN - 0196-6553 ST - Evaluation of RT-qPCR of mouthwash and buccal swabs for detection of SARS-CoV-2 in children and adults T2 - Am J Infect Control TI - Evaluation of RT-qPCR of mouthwash and buccal swabs for detection of SARS-CoV-2 in children and adults UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196655321006817 ID - 2636 ER - TY - JOUR AB - To The Editor, Currently, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, American Academy of Pediatrics and the World Health Organization advise that women who are infected with SARS-CoV-2 may choose to breastfeed with appropriate protections to prevent transmission of the virus through respiratory droplets. However, the potential for exposure to SARS-CoV-2 through breastfeeding is currently unknown. To date, case reports on breastmilk samples from a total of 24 SARS-CoV-2-infected women have been published. Of those, viral RNA was detected in ten breastmilk samples from four women. In some but not all cases, environmental contamination as the source of the virus or retrograde flow from an infected infant could not be ruled out. We established a quantitative RT-PCR assay for SARS-CoV-2 in breastmilk with a limit of detection of 250 copies per mL and validated it by spiking breastmilk from uninfected women with known amounts of viral RNA. In addition, we established tissue culture methods to detect replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 in breastmilk. No viral RNA nor culturable virus was detected after Holder pasteurization of breastmilk samples that had been spiked with replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 (see Supplement). Between March 27 and May 6, 2020, we collected and analyzed 64 serial breastmilk samples from 18 SARS-CoV-2-infected women residing in the U.S. (see Supplement for clinical characteristics). Breastmilk samples were collected before and after women had a positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test and all but one woman had symptomatic disease (see Figure). One of the 64 breastmilk samples had detectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA by RT-PCR. The positive sample was collected on the day of symptom onset but one sample 2 days prior to symptom onset and two subsequent samples, collected 12 and 41 days later, tested negative for viral RNA. In addition, a subset of 26 breastmilk samples from nine women were tested for the presence of replication-competent virus using our established culture methods, and all were negative including the one sample that tested positive for viral RNA by RT-PCR. Although SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in one milk sample from one of eighteen infected women, the viral culture for that sample was negative. This suggests that SARS-CoV-2 RNA does not represent replication-competent virus and that breastmilk itself is likely not a source of infection for the infant. Furthermore, when control breastmilk samples spiked with replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 virus were treated by Holder pasteurization, a process commonly performed by donor milk banks, no replication-competent virus nor viral RNA was detectable. Further research to confirm these findings is needed, as well as an examination of convalescent milk for the presence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. AD - University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC0828, La Jolla, CA 92093-0828. | University of California, Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave, 22-442 MDCC, Los Angeles, CA 90095. | University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC0715, La Jolla, CA 92093-0715. AN - 32587991 AU - Chambers, C. D. | Krogstad, P. | Bertrand, K. | Contreras, D. | Tobin, N. H. | Bode, L. | Aldrovandi, G. M. C1 - 2020-06-26 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/062620_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 16 DO - 10.1101/2020.06.12.20127944 ET - 2020/06/27 L1 - internal-pdf://2664408513/Chambers-2020-Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 in Brea.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Chambers, Christina D; Krogstad, Paul; Bertrand, Kerri; Contreras, Deisy; Tobin, Nicole H; Bode, Lars; Aldrovandi, Grace M; eng; P30 AI036214/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Preprint; medRxiv. 2020 Jun 16. doi: 10.1101/2020.06.12.20127944. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Of 64 breastmilk samples collected from 18 women with SARS-CoV-2 infection, 1 sample had detectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA. | The positive sample was collected the day of symptom onset, but samples collected from the same patient 2 days prior to symptom onset and 12 and 41 days after were negative. | No samples yielded replication-competent SARS-CoV-2. | Methods: Serial, cross-sectional cohort study of 64 breastmilk samples from 18 lactating women with self-reported SARS-CoV-2 infection March 27-May 6, 2020. Samples were analyzed for SARS-CoV-2 RNA by quantitative RT-PCR and also cultured for replication-competent virus (26 samples from 9 women). Limitations: Small sample size; SARS-CoV-2 test result and COVID-19 symptoms were self-reported. | Implications: SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in only one breast milk sample and the viral culture for that sample was negative. These preliminary data suggest that breastmilk may not be source of infection for the infant. SP - 2020.06.12.20127944 ST - Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 in Breastmilk from 18 Infected Women T2 - medRxiv TI - Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 in Breastmilk from 18 Infected Women TT - Published article: Evaluation for SARS-CoV-2 in Breast Milk From 18 Infected Women UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32587991 ID - 436 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Patients with cancer undergoing treatment are at high risk of COVID-19 following SARS-CoV-2 infection; however, their ability to produce an adequate antibody response to messenger RNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccines is unclear.To evaluate rates of antispike (anti-S) antibody response to a BNT162b2 vaccine in patients with cancer who are undergoing systemic treatment vs healthy controls.This prospective cohort study included 102 adult patients with solid tumors undergoing active intravenous anticancer treatment and 78 controls who received the second dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine at least 12 days before enrollment. The controls were taken from a convenience sample of the patients�?family/caregivers who accompanied them to treatment. The study was conducted between February 22, 2021, and March 15, 2021 at Davidoff Cancer Center at Beilinson Hospital (Petah Tikva, Israel).Blood samples were drawn from the study participants. Serum samples were analyzed and the titers of the IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor–binding domain were determined using a commercially available immunoassay. Seropositivity was defined as 50 or greater AU/mL.The primary outcome was the rate of seropositivity. Secondary outcomes included comparisons of IgG titers and identifying factors that were associated with seropositivity using univariate/multivariable analyses.The analysis included 180 participants, which comprised 102 patients with cancer (median [interquartile range (IQR)] age, 66 [56-72] years; 58 men [57%]) and 78 healthy controls (median [IQR] age, 62 [49-70] years; 25 men [32%]). The most common tumor type was gastrointestinal (29 [28%]). In the patient group, 92 (90%) were seropositive for SARS-CoV 2 antispike IgG antibodies after the second vaccine dose, whereas in the control group, all were seropositive. The median IgG titer in the patients with cancer was significantly lower than that in the controls (1931 [IQR, 509-4386] AU/mL vs 7160 [IQR, 3129-11�?41] AU/mL; P�?lt;�?001). In a multivariable analysis, the only variable that was significantly associated with lower IgG titers was treatment with chemotherapy plus immunotherapy (β, �?.5; 95% CI, �?.6 to �?.5).In this cohort study of patients with cancer who were receiving active systemic therapy, 90% of patients exhibited adequate antibody response to the BNT162b2 vaccine, although their antibody titers were significantly lower than those of healthy controls. Further research into the clinical relevance of lower titers and their durability is required. Nonetheless, the data support vaccinating patients with cancer as a high priority, even during therapy. AD - Davidoff Center, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, Israel. | Department of Medicine E, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, Israel. | Infectious Diseases Unit, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, Israel. | Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. | Biobank, Department of Pathology, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, Israel. | Neuro-Oncology Unit, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, Israel. | Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, Israel. | Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. | Research Authority, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, Israel. | Moderna, Cambridge, Massachusetts. AN - 34047765 AU - Massarweh, Amir | Eliakim-Raz, Noa | Stemmer, Amos | Levy-Barda, Adva | Yust-Katz, Shlomit | Zer, Alona | Benouaich-Amiel, Alexandra | Ben-Zvi, Haim | Moskovits, Neta | Brenner, Baruch | Bishara, Jihad | Yahav, Dafna | Tadmor, Boaz | Zaks, Tal | Stemmer, Salomon M. C1 - 2021-06-04 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06042021_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 1 DO - 10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.2155 ET - 2021/05/29 IS - 8 KW - Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Antibodies, Viral/immunology | COVID-19/*immunology | COVID-19 Vaccines/*immunology | Case-Control Studies | Female | Humans | Immunogenicity, Vaccine/immunology | Immunoglobulin G/immunology | Israel | Male | Middle Aged | Neoplasms/*immunology | Prospective Studies | RNA, Messenger/*immunology | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology | Vaccination/methods | Vaccines, Synthetic/*immunology L1 - internal-pdf://4186935401/Massarweh-2021-Evaluation of Seropositivity Fo.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Massarweh, Amir | Eliakim-Raz, Noa | Stemmer, Amos | Levy-Barda, Adva | Yust-Katz, Shlomit | Zer, Alona | Benouaich-Amiel, Alexandra | Ben-Zvi, Haim | Moskovits, Neta | Brenner, Baruch | Bishara, Jihad | Yahav, Dafna | Tadmor, Boaz | Zaks, Tal | Stemmer, Salomon M | eng | JAMA Oncol. 2021 Aug 1;7(8):1133-1140. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.2155. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: 13 to 54 days following dose 2 of Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2, 90% of 102 adult solid tumor patients in Israel and 100% of 78 controls developed IgG antibodies against spike protein. IgG levels were lower in the patient group compared with the control group. SN - 2374-2437 SP - 1133-1140 ST - Evaluation of Seropositivity Following BNT162b2 Messenger RNA Vaccination for SARS-CoV-2 in Patients Undergoing Treatment for Cancer T2 - JAMA Oncol TI - Evaluation of Seropositivity Following BNT162b2 Messenger RNA Vaccination for SARS-CoV-2 in Patients Undergoing Treatment for Cancer UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.2155 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/articlepdf/2780584/jamaoncology_massarweh_2021_oi_210032_1621981705.00045.pdf VL - 7 Y2 - 6/29/2021 ID - 1817 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada. | Department of Internal Medicine - Infectious Disease, Washington University School of Medicine, Institute for Public Health, Center for Dissemination and Implementation, St. Louis, MO, USA. | Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, School of Population and Global Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Division of Geriatric Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Canada; Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Canada. AN - 32994117 AU - Laniece Delaunay, C. | Saeed, S. | Nguyen, Q. D. C1 - 2020-09-04 C2 - New Tools for Policy and Practice CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090420_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.08.022 ET - 2020/10/01 IS - 11 KW - Betacoronavirus/*isolation & purification | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | *Clinical Laboratory Techniques/statistics & numerical data | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis/transmission | Humans | Long-Term Care | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis/transmission | Population Surveillance/*methods | *Residential Facilities | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://1475586097/Laniece Delauna-2020-Evaluation of Testing Fre.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Laniece Delaunay, Charlotte; Saeed, Sahar; Nguyen, Quoc Dinh; eng; Letter; J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2020 Nov;21(11):1574-1576.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.08.022. Epub 2020 Aug 24. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Models optimal testing in long-term care facilities for settings of low transmission as weekly testing of 50% of asymptomatic residents and staff. SN - 1538-9375 (Electronic); 1525-8610 (Linking) SP - 1574-1576 e2 ST - Evaluation of Testing Frequency and Sampling for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Surveillance Strategies in Long-Term Care Facilities T2 - J Am Med Dir Assoc TI - Evaluation of Testing Frequency and Sampling for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Surveillance Strategies in Long-Term Care Facilities UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32994117 VL - 21 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 825 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND | Safe, effective vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) are urgently needed in children younger than 12 years of age. | | METHODS | A phase 1, dose-finding study and an ongoing phase 2�? randomized trial are being conducted to investigate the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine administered 21 days apart in children 6 months to 11 years of age. We present results for 5-to-11-year-old children. In the phase 2�? trial, participants were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive two doses of either the BNT162b2 vaccine at the dose level identified during the open-label phase 1 study or placebo. Immune responses 1 month after the second dose of BNT162b2 were immunologically bridged to those in 16-to-25-year-olds from the pivotal trial of two 30-μg doses of BNT162b2. Vaccine efficacy against Covid-19 at 7 days or more after the second dose was assessed. | | RESULTS | During the phase 1 study, a total of 48 children 5 to 11 years of age received 10 μg, 20 μg, or 30 μg of the BNT162b2 vaccine (16 children at each dose level). On the basis of reactogenicity and immunogenicity, a dose level of 10 μg was selected for further study. In the phase 2�? trial, a total of 2268 children were randomly assigned to receive the BNT162b2 vaccine (1517 children) or placebo (751 children). At data cutoff, the median follow-up was 2.3 months. In the 5-to-11-year-olds, as in other age groups, the BNT162b2 vaccine had a favorable safety profile. No vaccine-related serious adverse events were noted. One month after the second dose, the geometric mean ratio of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) neutralizing titers in 5-to-11-year-olds to those in 16-to-25-year-olds was 1.04 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.93 to 1.18), a ratio meeting the prespecified immunogenicity success criterion (lower bound of two-sided 95% CI, >0.67; geometric mean ratio point estimate, �?.8). Covid-19 with onset 7 days or more after the second dose was reported in three recipients of the BNT162b2 vaccine and in 16 placebo recipients (vaccine efficacy, 90.7%; 95% CI, 67.7 to 98.3). | | CONCLUSIONS | A Covid-19 vaccination regimen consisting of two 10-μg doses of BNT162b2 administered 21 days apart was found to be safe, immunogenic, and efficacious in children 5 to 11 years of age. (Funded by BioNTech and Pfizer; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04816643. opens in new tab.) AD - From Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC (E.B.W.); Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (K.R.T.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (C.S., A.G., B.A.P., U.N.S., I.M., K.A.S., K.K., T.J.B., D.C., P.R.D., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (J.B.D.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (S.L., N.K., L.C.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati (G.C.P., R.W.F.); Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston (E.D.B.); Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (F.M.M.); Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA (Y.M.); Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO (B.A.P.); the University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (E.A.F.S.); Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid (P.R.); Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland (E.K.); Tampere University Vaccine Research Center, Tampere, and PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu - both in Finland (M.R.); Vaccine Research and Development (J.L.P., H.M., X.X.), and Worldwide Safety, Safety Surveillance and Risk Management (S.M.), Pfizer, Collegeville, PA; and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (E.L., O.T., U.S.). AN - 34752019 AU - Walter, Emmanuel B. | Talaat, Kawsar R. | Sabharwal, Charu | Gurtman, Alejandra | Lockhart, Stephen | Paulsen, Grant C. | Barnett, Elizabeth D. | Muñoz, Flor M. | Maldonado, Yvonne | Pahud, Barbara A. | Domachowske, Joseph B. | Simões, Eric A.F. | Sarwar, Uzma N. | Kitchin, Nicholas | Cunliffe, Luke | Rojo, Pablo | Kuchar, Ernest | Rämet, Mika | Munjal, Iona | Perez, John L. | Frenck, Robert W. | Lagkadinou, Eleni | Swanson, Kena A. | Ma, Hua | Xu, Xia | Koury, Kenneth | Mather, Susan | Belanger, Todd J. | Cooper, David | Türeci, Özlem | Dormitzer, Philip R. | Şahin, Uğur | Jansen, Kathrin U. | Gruber, William C. C1 - 2021-11-19 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/11192021_covidupdate.html#anchor_Vaccines DA - Nov 9 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2116298 ET - 2021/11/10 L1 - internal-pdf://0470210830/Walter-2021-Evaluation of the BNT162b2 Covid-1.pdf LB - Natural History | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Walter, Emmanuel B | Talaat, Kawsar R | Sabharwal, Charu | Gurtman, Alejandra | Lockhart, Stephen | Paulsen, Grant C | Barnett, Elizabeth D | Munoz, Flor M | Maldonado, Yvonne | Pahud, Barbara A | Domachowske, Joseph B | Simoes, Eric A F | Sarwar, Uzma N | Kitchin, Nicholas | Cunliffe, Luke | Rojo, Pablo | Kuchar, Ernest | Ramet, Mika | Munjal, Iona | Perez, John L | Frenck, Robert W Jr | Lagkadinou, Eleni | Swanson, Kena A | Ma, Hua | Xu, Xia | Koury, Kenneth | Mather, Susan | Belanger, Todd J | Cooper, David | Tureci, Ozlem | Dormitzer, Philip R | Sahin, Ugur | Jansen, Kathrin U | Gruber, William C | eng | N Engl J Med. 2021 Nov 9. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2116298. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In children aged 5�?1 years, BNT162b2 (Comirnaty, Pfizer/BioNTech) vaccine efficacy for prevention of COVID-19 was 90.7% (95% CI 67.4%-98.3%) (Figure). | SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody titers 1 month after dose 2 among 5�?1-year-olds (10 µg dose) were similar to those among 16�?5-year-olds who received 30 µg doses (geometric mean ratio was 1.04, 95% CI 0.93-1.18). | BNT162b2 10 µg doses had a favorable safety profile among 5�?1-year-olds (Figure). | No serious vaccine-related adverse events were noted. | Methods: Ongoing phase 2�? safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy trial of BNT162b2 vaccination in healthy children aged 5�?1 years. Children were randomly assigned to receive either two 10 µg doses of BNT162b2 21 days apart or placebo; 1,517 received BNT162b2 and 751 received placebo. Vaccine efficacy was assessed �? days after dose 2. Immune responses 1 month after dose 2 were immunologically bridged to those of 16�?5-year-old participants from the pivotal trialexternal icon of 2 BNT162b2 30 µg doses. Limitations: Short duration of follow up (median 2.3 months); study likely under-powered to detect rare adverse events. | | Implications: Two 10 µg doses of BNT162b2 vaccine were safe, immunogenic, and efficacious in children 5�?1 years of age. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic) | 0028-4793 (Linking) ST - Evaluation of the BNT162b2 Covid-19 Vaccine in Children 5 to 11 Years of Age T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Evaluation of the BNT162b2 Covid-19 Vaccine in Children 5 to 11 Years of Age UR - https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2116298 | https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa2116298?articleTools=true ID - 2645 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Full-thickness tracheal lesions and tracheoesophageal fistulas are severe complications of invasive mechanical ventilation. The incidence of tracheal complications in ventilated patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is unknown. Objective: To evaluate whether patients with COVID-19 have a higher incidence of full-thickness tracheal lesions and tracheoesophageal fistulas than matched controls and to investigate potential mechanisms. Design, Setting, and Participants: This is a retrospective cohort study in patients admitted to the intensive care unit in a tertiary referral hospital. Among 98 consecutive patients with COVID-19 with severe respiratory failure, 30 underwent prolonged (>/=14 days) invasive mechanical ventilation and were included in the COVID-19 group. The control group included 45 patients without COVID-19. Patients with COVID-19 were selected from March 1 to May 31, 2020, while the control group was selected from March 1 to May 31, 2019. Exposures: Patients with COVID-19 had severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection diagnosed by nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs and were treated according to local therapeutic procedures. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary study outcome was the incidence of full-thickness tracheal lesions or tracheoesophageal fistulas in patients with prolonged invasive mechanical ventilation. Results: The mean (SD) age was 68.8 (9.0) years in the COVID-19 group and 68.5 (14.1) years in the control group (effect size, 0.3; 95% CI, -5.0 to 5.6). Eight (27%) and 15 (33%) women were enrolled in the COVID-19 group and the control group, respectively. Fourteen patients (47%) in the COVID-19 group had full-thickness tracheal lesions (n = 10, 33%) or tracheoesophageal fistulas (n = 4, 13%), while 1 patient (2.2%) in the control group had a full-thickness tracheal lesion (odds ratio, 38.4; 95% CI, 4.7 to 316.9). Clinical and radiological presentations of tracheal lesions were pneumomediastinum (n = 10, 71%), pneumothorax (n = 6, 43%), and/or subcutaneous emphysema (n = 13, 93%). Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study, almost half of patients with COVID-19 developed full-thickness tracheal lesions and/or tracheoesophageal fistulas after prolonged invasive mechanical ventilation. Attempts to prevent these lesions should be made and quickly recognized when they occur to avoid potentially life-threatening complications in ventilated patients with COVID-19. AD - Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy. | Institute of Life Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy. | Thoracic Endoscopy Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy. | Division of Thoracic Surgery, Cardiac and Thoracic Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy. | Otolaryngology, Audiology and Phoniatric Operative Unit, Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana (AOUP), University of Pisa, Italy. | Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy. AN - 33211087 AU - Fiacchini, G. | Trico, D. | Ribechini, A. | Forfori, F. | Brogi, E. | Lucchi, M. | Berrettini, S. | Bertini, P. | Guarracino, F. | Bruschini, L. C1 - 2020-12-08 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/120820_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 1 DO - 10.1001/jamaoto.2020.4148 ET - 2020/11/20 IS - 1 KW - Aged | COVID-19/epidemiology/*therapy | Female | Humans | Male | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/*therapy/virology | Respiration, Artificial/*adverse effects | Retrospective Studies | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | Tracheal Diseases/epidemiology/*etiology L1 - internal-pdf://2489985305/Fiacchini-2021-Evaluation of the Incidence and.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | N1 - Fiacchini, Giacomo; Trico, Domenico; Ribechini, Alessandro; Forfori, Francesco; Brogi, Etrusca; Lucchi, Marco; Berrettini, Stefano; Bertini, Pietro; Guarracino, Fabio; Bruschini, Luca; eng; JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2021 Jan 1;147(1):70-76. doi: 10.1001/jamaoto.2020.4148. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Nearly half of patients with COVID-19 and with prolonged invasive mechanical ventilation suffered tracheal damage. SN - 2168-619X (Electronic); 2168-6181 (Linking) SP - 70-76 ST - Evaluation of the Incidence and Potential Mechanisms of Tracheal Complications in Patients With COVID-19 T2 - JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg TI - Evaluation of the Incidence and Potential Mechanisms of Tracheal Complications in Patients With COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33211087 VL - 147 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1314 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Vaccines to prevent coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) are urgently needed. The effect of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines on viral replication in both upper and lower airways is important to evaluate in nonhuman primates. METHODS: Nonhuman primates received 10 or 100 mug of mRNA-1273, a vaccine encoding the prefusion-stabilized spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, or no vaccine. Antibody and T-cell responses were assessed before upper- and lower-airway challenge with SARS-CoV-2. Active viral replication and viral genomes in bronchoalveolar-lavage (BAL) fluid and nasal swab specimens were assessed by polymerase chain reaction, and histopathological analysis and viral quantification were performed on lung-tissue specimens. RESULTS: The mRNA-1273 vaccine candidate induced antibody levels exceeding those in human convalescent-phase serum, with live-virus reciprocal 50% inhibitory dilution (ID50) geometric mean titers of 501 in the 10-mug dose group and 3481 in the 100-mug dose group. Vaccination induced type 1 helper T-cell (Th1)-biased CD4 T-cell responses and low or undetectable Th2 or CD8 T-cell responses. Viral replication was not detectable in BAL fluid by day 2 after challenge in seven of eight animals in both vaccinated groups. No viral replication was detectable in the nose of any of the eight animals in the 100-mug dose group by day 2 after challenge, and limited inflammation or detectable viral genome or antigen was noted in lungs of animals in either vaccine group. CONCLUSIONS: Vaccination of nonhuman primates with mRNA-1273 induced robust SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing activity, rapid protection in the upper and lower airways, and no pathologic changes in the lung. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others.). AD - From the Vaccine Research Center (K.S.C., B. Flynn, K.E.F., J.R.F., S.B.-B., A.P.W., B. Flach, S. O'Connell, A.T.N., N.D., M.M.D., N.N.N., G.S.A., D.R.F., E.L., N.A.D.-R., B.C.L., M.K.L., S. O'Dell, S.D.S., E.P., L.A.C., C.Y., J.-P.M.T., W.S., Y.Z., O.M.A., L.W., A.P., E.S.Y., K.L., T.Z., I.-T.T., A.W., I.G., L.N., R.A.G., R.J.L., J.I.M., W.-P.K., K.M.M., T.J.R., J.E.L., M.R.G., P.D.K., J.R.M., A.M., N.J.S., M.R., R.A.S., B.S.G.), the Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section (K.W.B., M.M., B.M.N., M.G.L.), and the Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research (M.C.N.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, and Bioqual (H.A., L.P., A.V.R., S.B., J.G., T.P.-T., A.S., T.-A.C., A. Cook, A.D., K.S., I.N.M.) and the Public Health Service Commissioned Corps (M.R.G.), Rockville - both in Maryland; the Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (D.R.M., R.S.B.); Moderna, Cambridge, MA (D.K.E., G.S.-J., S.H., A. Carfi); and the Institute for Biomedical Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC (E.P.). AN - 32722908 AU - Corbett, K. S. | Flynn, B. | Foulds, K. E. | Francica, J. R. | Boyoglu-Barnum, S. | Werner, A. P. | Flach, B. | O'Connell, S. | Bock, K. W. | Minai, M. | Nagata, B. M. | Andersen, H. | Martinez, D. R. | Noe, A. T. | Douek, N. | Donaldson, M. M. | Nji, N. N. | Alvarado, G. S. | Edwards, D. K. | Flebbe, D. R. | Lamb, E. | Doria-Rose, N. A. | Lin, B. C. | Louder, M. K. | O'Dell, S. | Schmidt, S. D. | Phung, E. | Chang, L. A. | Yap, C. | Todd, J. M. | Pessaint, L. | Van Ry, A. | Browne, S. | Greenhouse, J. | Putman-Taylor, T. | Strasbaugh, A. | Campbell, T. A. | Cook, A. | Dodson, A. | Steingrebe, K. | Shi, W. | Zhang, Y. | Abiona, O. M. | Wang, L. | Pegu, A. | Yang, E. S. | Leung, K. | Zhou, T. | Teng, I. T. | Widge, A. | Gordon, I. | Novik, L. | Gillespie, R. A. | Loomis, R. J. | Moliva, J. I. | Stewart-Jones, G. | Himansu, S. | Kong, W. P. | Nason, M. C. | Morabito, K. M. | Ruckwardt, T. J. | Ledgerwood, J. E. | Gaudinski, M. R. | Kwong, P. D. | Mascola, J. R. | Carfi, A. | Lewis, M. G. | Baric, R. S. | McDermott, A. | Moore, I. N. | Sullivan, N. J. | Roederer, M. | Seder, R. A. | Graham, B. S. C1 - 2020-08-07 C2 - Vaccine Development CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/080720_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 15 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2024671 ET - 2020/07/30 IS - 16 KW - Animals | Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood | Antibodies, Viral/blood | Betacoronavirus/*immunology/physiology | CD4 Antigens | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | Coronavirus Infections/*immunology/pathology/*prevention & control/therapy | Disease Models, Animal | Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic | Immunization, Passive | Lung/pathology/virology | Macaca mulatta | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*immunology/pathology/*prevention & control/therapy | SARS-CoV-2 | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus | T-Lymphocytes/immunology | Viral Load | Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage/*immunology | Virus Replication L1 - internal-pdf://1988624394/Corbett-2020-Evaluation of the mRNA-1273 Vacci.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Corbett, Kizzmekia S; Flynn, Barbara; Foulds, Kathryn E; Francica, Joseph R; Boyoglu-Barnum, Seyhan; Werner, Anne P; Flach, Britta; O'Connell, Sarah; Bock, Kevin W; Minai, Mahnaz; Nagata, Bianca M; Andersen, Hanne; Martinez, David R; Noe, Amy T; Douek, Naomi; Donaldson, Mitzi M; Nji, Nadesh N; Alvarado, Gabriela S; Edwards, Darin K; Flebbe, Dillon R; Lamb, Evan; Doria-Rose, Nicole A; Lin, Bob C; Louder, Mark K; O'Dell, Sijy; Schmidt, Stephen D; Phung, Emily; Chang, Lauren A; Yap, Christina; Todd, John-Paul M; Pessaint, Laurent; Van Ry, Alex; Browne, Shanai; Greenhouse, Jack; Putman-Taylor, Tammy; Strasbaugh, Amanda; Campbell, Tracey-Ann; Cook, Anthony; Dodson, Alan; Steingrebe, Katelyn; Shi, Wei; Zhang, Yi; Abiona, Olubukola M; Wang, Lingshu; Pegu, Amarendra; Yang, Eun Sung; Leung, Kwanyee; Zhou, Tongqing; Teng, I-Ting; Widge, Alicia; Gordon, Ingelise; Novik, Laura; Gillespie, Rebecca A; Loomis, Rebecca J; Moliva, Juan I; Stewart-Jones, Guillaume; Himansu, Sunny; Kong, Wing-Pui; Nason, Martha C; Morabito, Kaitlyn M; Ruckwardt, Tracy J; Ledgerwood, Julie E; Gaudinski, Martin R; Kwong, Peter D; Mascola, John R; Carfi, Andrea; Lewis, Mark G; Baric, Ralph S; McDermott, Adrian; Moore, Ian N; Sullivan, Nancy J; Roederer, Mario; Seder, Robert A; Graham, Barney S; eng; T32 AI007151/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; F32 AI152296/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; N Engl J Med. 2020 Oct 15;383(16):1544-1555. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2024671. Epub 2020 Jul 28. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Vaccination with an existing SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate (mRNA-1273) induced SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing activity in rhesus macaques, as measured by rises in reciprocal 50% inhibitory dilution (ID50) geometric mean titer (GMT) of neutralizing antibodies (Figure 1). | Macaques receiving 10 μg of vaccine had ID50 GMT of 63 at 4 weeks after the first vaccination and 103 by 4 weeks after second vaccination. | Macaques receiving 100 μg of vaccine had ID50 GMT of 305 at 4 weeks after first vaccination and 1,862 after second vaccination. | Results showed prevention of viral replication in the upper and lower airways (Figure 2). | Histological examinations indicated no substantial vaccine-related inflammation in lower airways. | Methods: Female and male rhesus macaques (12 of each sex; aged 3 to 6 years) were stratified into groups of three by sex, age, and weight. One of the three animals in each stratum was randomly assigned to receive 10 μg of mRNS-1273, 100 μg of mRNA-1273, or phosphate-buffered saline as intramuscular injections at weeks 0 and 4. Serum antibodies were measured in upper and lower airways, and protective efficacy was estimated measuring viral replication after intratracheal and intranasal challenge with live virus. Limitations: Animal model. | Implications: Limitation of viral replication post-challenge in both the lower and the upper airways of macaques shows promise for efficacy trials in humans. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 1544-1555 ST - Evaluation of the mRNA-1273 Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in Nonhuman Primates T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Evaluation of the mRNA-1273 Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in Nonhuman Primates UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32722908 VL - 383 ID - 656 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Housing insecurity induced by evictions may increase the risk of contracting COVID-19.To estimate the association of lifting state-level eviction moratoria, which increased housing insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic, with the risk of being diagnosed with COVID-19.This retrospective cohort study included individuals with commercial insurance or Medicare Advantage who lived in a state that issued an eviction moratorium and were diagnosed with COVID-19 as well as a control group comprising an equal number of randomly selected individuals in these states who were not diagnosed with COVID-19. Data were collected from OptumLabs Data Warehouse, a database of deidentified administrative claims. The study used a difference-in-differences analysis among states that implemented an eviction moratorium between March 13, 2020, and September 4, 2020.Time since state-level eviction moratoria were lifted.The primary outcome measure was a binary variable indicating whether an individual was diagnosed with COVID-19 for the first time in a given week with International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision code U07.1. The study analyzed changes in COVID-19 diagnosis before vs after a state lifted its moratorium compared with changes in states that did not lift it. For sensitivity analyses, models were reestimated on a 2% random sample of all individuals in the claims database during this period in these states.The cohort consisted of 509�?94 individuals (254�?47 [50.0%] diagnosed with COVID-19; mean [SD] age, 47.0 [23.6] years; 239�?56 [53.3%] men). During the study period, 43 states and the District of Columbia implemented an eviction moratorium and 7 did not. Among the states that implemented a moratorium, 26 (59.1%) lifted their moratorium before the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued their national moratorium, while 18 (40.1%) maintained theirs. In a Cox difference-in-differences regression model, individuals living in a state that lifted its eviction moratorium experienced higher hazards of a COVID-19 diagnosis beginning 5 weeks after the moratorium was lifted (hazard ratio [HR], 1.39; 95% CI, 1.11-1.76; P�?�?004), reaching an HR of 1.83 (95% CI, 1.36-2.46; P�?lt;�?001) 12 weeks after. Hazards increased in magnitude among individuals with preexisting comorbidities and those living in nonaffluent and rent-burdened areas. Individuals with a Charlson Comorbidity Index score of 3 or greater had an HR of 2.37 (95% CI, 1.67-3.36; P�?lt;�?001) at the end of the study period. Those living in nonaffluent areas had an HR of 2.14 (95% CI, 1.51-3.05; P�?lt;�?001), while those living in areas with a high rent burden had an HR of 2.31 (95% CI, 1.64-3.26; P�?lt;�?001).The findings of this difference-in-differences analysis suggest that eviction-led housing insecurity may have exacerbated the COVID-19 pandemic. AD - Department of Urban Studies and Planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge. | OptumLabs Visiting Fellow, Eden Prairie, Minnesota. | Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. | Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. AN - 34459904 AU - Sandoval-Olascoaga, Sebastian | Venkataramani, Atheendar S. | Arcaya, Mariana C. C1 - 2021-09-10 C2 - PMC8406080 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09102021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - Aug 2 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.29041 ET - 2021/08/31 IS - 8 KW - Adult | Aged | COVID-19/*etiology | Comorbidity | Female | *Health Status | Homeless Persons | *Housing | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | *Pandemics | *Poverty | *Public Policy | Retrospective Studies | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | *Social Class | United States L1 - internal-pdf://0761006038/Sandoval-Olasco-2021-Eviction Moratoria Expira.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | N1 - Sandoval-Olascoaga, Sebastian | Venkataramani, Atheendar S | Arcaya, Mariana C | eng | JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Aug 2;4(8):e2129041. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.29041. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A cohort study of 509,694 people living in the United States found that in 18 states that lifted eviction moratoria, COVID-19 risk was higher in the following 12 weeks than in 26 states that maintained moratoria (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.83, 95% CI 1.36-2.46). COVID-19 risk was further increased among people with preexisting medical comorbidities (aHR 2.37, 95% CI 1.67-3.36) and people living in nonaffluent and rent-burdened areas (aHR 2.14, 95% CI 1.51-3.05). SN - 2574-3805 SP - e2129041-e2129041 ST - Eviction Moratoria Expiration and COVID-19 Infection Risk Across Strata of Health and Socioeconomic Status in the United States T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Eviction Moratoria Expiration and COVID-19 Infection Risk Across Strata of Health and Socioeconomic Status in the United States UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.29041 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/articlepdf/2783612/sandovalolascoaga_2021_oi_210853_1629727457.82321.pdf VL - 4 Y2 - 9/13/2021 ID - 2298 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Highly efficacious vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been developed. However, the emergence of viral variants that are more infectious than the earlier SARS-CoV-2 strains is concerning. Several of these viral variants have the potential to partially escape neutralizing antibody responses, warranting continued immune-monitoring. Methods We used a panel of 30 post-mRNA vaccination sera to determine neutralization and RBD and spike binding activity against a number of emerging viral variants. The virus neutralization was determined using authentic SARS-CoV-2 clinical isolates in an assay format that mimics physiological conditions. Findings We tested seven currently circulating viral variants of concern/interest, including the three Iota sublineages, Alpha (E484K), Beta, Delta and Lambda in neutralization assays. We found only small decreases in neutralization against Iota and Delta. The reduction was stronger against a sub-variant of Lambda, followed by Beta and Alpha (E484K). Lambda is currently circulating in parts of Latin America and was detected in Germany, the US and Israel. Of note, reduction in a receptor binding domain and spike binding assay that also included Gamma, Kappa and A.23.1 was negligible. Interpretation Taken together, these findings suggest that mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccines may remain effective against these viral variants of concern/interest and that spike binding antibody tests likely retain specificity in the face of evolving SARS-CoV-2 diversity. Funding This work is part of the PARIS/SPARTA studies funded by the NIAID Collaborative Influenza Vaccine Innovation Centers (CIVIC) contract 75N93019C00051. In addition, this work was also partially funded by the Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS, contract # HHSN272201400008C), the JPB Foundation, the Open Philanthropy Project (research grant 2020-215611 (5384), by anonymous donors and by the Serological Sciences Network (SeroNet) in part with Federal funds from the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, under Contract No. 75N91019D00024, Task Order No. 75N91020F00003. AD - Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA. | Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. | Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA. Electronic address: harm.vanbakel@mssm.edu. | Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address: florian.krammer@mssm.edu. | Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; The Global Health and Emerging Pathogen Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address: viviana.simon@mssm.edu. AN - 34688034 AU - Carreño, Juan Manuel | Alshammary, Hala | Singh, Gagandeep | Raskin, Ariel | Amanat, Fatima | Amoako, Angela | Gonzalez-Reiche, Ana Silvia | van de Guchte, Adriana | study group, Paris | Srivastava, Komal | Sordillo, Emilia Mia | Sather, D. Noah | van Bakel, Harm | Krammer, Florian | Simon, Viviana C1 - 2021-10-29 C2 - PMC8527879 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10292021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - 2021/11/01/ DO - 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103626 ET - 2021/10/24 KW - SARS-CoV-2 variants | COVID-19 | COVID-19 mRNA vaccines | Antibodies | Neutralization activity | VoC L1 - internal-pdf://2448156201/Carreño-2021-Evidence for retained spike-bindi.pdf LB - Natural History | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Carreno, Juan Manuel | Alshammary, Hala | Singh, Gagandeep | Raskin, Ariel | Amanat, Fatima | Amoako, Angela | Gonzalez-Reiche, Ana Silvia | van de Guchte, Adriana | Study Group, Paris | Srivastava, Komal | Sordillo, Emilia Mia | Sather, D Noah | van Bakel, Harm | Krammer, Florian | Simon, Viviana | eng | 75N91019D00024/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ | 75N93019C00051/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | HHSN272201400008C/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | Netherlands | EBioMedicine. 2021 Oct 20;73:103626. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103626. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In serum from 30 vaccinated individuals (15 mRNA-1273, 15 BNT162b2) tested against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern/interest, small decreases were found in neutralization of Iota (B.1.526)+S477N (1.9-fold; p <0.5) and Delta (B.1.617.2) (2.6-fold, p <0.01) compared with neutralization of wild type WA1 isolate. Greater reductions were found for a Lambda (C.37) subvariant (4.0-fold, p <0.01), Beta (B.1.351) (3.6-fold, p <0.01) and Alpha (B.1.1.7)+E484K (3.4-fold, p <0.01). SN - 2352-3964 SP - 103626 ST - Evidence for retained spike-binding and neutralizing activity against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants in serum of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine recipients T2 - EBioMedicine TI - Evidence for retained spike-binding and neutralizing activity against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants in serum of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine recipients UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352396421004199 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8527879/pdf/main.pdf VL - 73 ID - 2561 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 32820261 AU - Ledford, H. C1 - 2020-09-01 C2 - Evidence Base for Treatments CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090120_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.1038/d41586-020-02324-2 ET - 2020/08/21 IS - 7822 KW - Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology/therapeutic use | Covid-19 | Clinical Trials as Topic/standards | Compassionate Use Trials | *Convalescence | Coronavirus Infections/*immunology/*therapy | *Evidence-Based Medicine | Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/immunology/therapy | Humans | Immunization, Passive | Pandemics | Plasma/chemistry/*immunology | Pneumonia, Viral/*immunology/*therapy | Reproducibility of Results | *Uncertainty | United States | United States Food and Drug Administration | *Immunology | *Infection | *Medical research | *SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://0918735391/d41586-020-02324-2.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Ledford, Heidi; eng; News; England; Nature. 2020 Aug;584(7822):505. doi: 10.1038/d41586-020-02324-2. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Concerns about FDA’s recent Emergency Use Approval include the need for rigorous research to confirm extent to which convalescent plasma improves clinical outcomes for COVID-19 patients, and if it does, at what dosage and stage of infection. SN - 1476-4687 (Electronic); 0028-0836 (Linking) SP - 505 ST - Evidence lags behind excitement over blood plasma as a coronavirus treatment T2 - Nature TI - Evidence lags behind excitement over blood plasma as a coronavirus treatment UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32820261 VL - 584 ID - 807 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The race to produce vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) began when the first sequence was published, and this forms the basis for vaccines currently deployed globally. Independent lineages of SARS-CoV-2 have recently been reported: UK, B.1.1.7; South Africa, B.1.351; and Brazil, P.1. These variants have multiple changes in the immunodominant spike protein that facilitates viral cell entry via the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor. Mutations in the receptor recognition site on the spike are of great concern for their potential for immune escape. Here, we describe a structure-function analysis of B.1.351 using a large cohort of convalescent and vaccinee serum samples. The receptor-binding domain mutations provide tighter ACE2 binding and widespread escape from monoclonal antibody neutralization largely driven by E484K, although K417N and N501Y act together against some important antibody classes. In a number of cases, it would appear that convalescent and some vaccine serum offers limited protection against this variant. AD - Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK. | Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS), Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK. | Instruct-ERIC, Oxford House, Parkway Court, John Smith Drive, Oxford, UK. | National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, UK. | Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK; Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Worthing Hospital, Worthing, UK. | Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS), Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS), Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK. | Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Sir William Dunn School of Pathology University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, UK. | Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Centre For Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand. | Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS), Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Dengue & Emerging Pathogens, Dean Office for Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand. Electronic address: jmongkol@well.ox.ac.uk. | Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK. Electronic address: ren@strubi.ox.ac.uk. | Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK; Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS), Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK; Instruct-ERIC, Oxford House, Parkway Court, John Smith Drive, Oxford, UK. Electronic address: dave.stuart@diamond.ac.uk. | Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS), Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. Electronic address: gavin.screaton@medsci.ox.ac.uk. AN - 33730597 AU - Zhou, D. | Dejnirattisai, W. | Supasa, P. | Liu, C. | Mentzer, A. J. | Ginn, H. M. | Zhao, Y. | Duyvesteyn, H. M. E. | Tuekprakhon, A. | Nutalai, R. | Wang, B. | Paesen, G. C. | Lopez-Camacho, C. | Slon-Campos, J. | Hallis, B. | Coombes, N. | Bewley, K. | Charlton, S. | Walter, T. S. | Skelly, D. | Lumley, S. F. | Dold, C. | Levin, R. | Dong, T. | Pollard, A. J. | Knight, J. C. | Crook, D. | Lambe, T. | Clutterbuck, E. | Bibi, S. | Flaxman, A. | Bittaye, M. | Belij-Rammerstorfer, S. | Gilbert, S. | James, W. | Carroll, M. W. | Klenerman, P. | Barnes, E. | Dunachie, S. J. | Fry, E. E. | Mongkolsapaya, J. | Ren, J. | Stuart, D. I. | Screaton, G. R. C1 - 2021-03-05 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03052021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 29 DO - 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.037 ET - 2021/03/18 IS - 9 KW - Animals | Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology | COVID-19/immunology/therapy/virology | COVID-19 Vaccines/*blood/*immunology | Chlorocebus aethiops | Clinical Trials as Topic | HEK293 Cells | Humans | Immunization, Passive | Models, Molecular | Mutation/genetics | Neutralization Tests | Protein Binding | SARS-CoV-2/chemistry/genetics/*immunology | Vero Cells | *ace2 | *b.1.351 | *SARS-CoV-2 | *South Africa | *antibody | *escape | *neutralization | *receptor-binding domain | *vaccine | *variant | Board. Oxford University holds intellectual property related to the | Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine. A.J.P. is Chair of UK Department Health and Social | Care's (DHSC) Joint Committee on Vaccination & Immunisation (JCVI), but does not | participate in the JCVI COVID-19 committee, and is a member of the WHO's SAGE. | The views expressed in this article do not necessarily represent the views of | DHSC, JCVI, or WHO. The University of Oxford has entered into a partnership with | AstraZeneca on coronavirus vaccine development. The University of Oxford has | protected intellectual property disclosed in this publication. L1 - internal-pdf://0708909137/Zhou-2021-Evidence of escape of SARS-CoV-2 var.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Zhou, Daming; Dejnirattisai, Wanwisa; Supasa, Piyada; Liu, Chang; Mentzer, Alexander J; Ginn, Helen M; Zhao, Yuguang; Duyvesteyn, Helen M E; Tuekprakhon, Aekkachai; Nutalai, Rungtiwa; Wang, Beibei; Paesen, Guido C; Lopez-Camacho, Cesar; Slon-Campos, Jose; Hallis, Bassam; Coombes, Naomi; Bewley, Kevin; Charlton, Sue; Walter, Thomas S; Skelly, Donal; Lumley, Sheila F; Dold, Christina; Levin, Robert; Dong, Tao; Pollard, Andrew J; Knight, Julian C; Crook, Derrick; Lambe, Teresa; Clutterbuck, Elizabeth; Bibi, Sagida; Flaxman, Amy; Bittaye, Mustapha; Belij-Rammerstorfer, Sandra; Gilbert, Sarah; James, William; Carroll, Miles W; Klenerman, Paul; Barnes, Eleanor; Dunachie, Susanna J; Fry, Elizabeth E; Mongkolsapaya, Juthathip; Ren, Jingshan; Stuart, David I; Screaton, Gavin R; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Cell. 2021 Apr 29;184(9):2348-2361.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.037. Epub 2021 Feb 23. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; With convalescent plasma, neutralization titers against B.1.351 were ~13.3-fold reduced compared to wild-type. | With sera from Pfizer-BioNTech and Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccinees, geometric mean titers for B.1.351 were 7.6-fold and 9-fold lower compared to a wild-type SARS-CoV-2, respectively (Figure). | 14/20 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) had >10-fold fall in neutralization titers; most showed a complete knock out of activity. | Neutralization of REGN10933 (now available under EUA as casirivimab given in combination with imdevimabexternal icon) was severely impaired 773-fold against B.1.351. | Methods for both studies (Zhou et al. and Supasa et al.): In two separate studies, the neutralization of B.1.351 and of B.1.1.7 along with a wild-type SARS-CoV-2 viruses (control) were compared in vitro using a focus reduction neutralization test (FRNT) with immune sera and plasma from a UK cohort of persons recovered from or vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 as well as monoclonal antibody (mAbs) cocktails. Additionally, for the B.1.1.7 variant, the N501Y mutation was modeled to examine effects on antibody and ACE2 affinity. Limitations for both studies: In vitro neutralization assays do not include assessment of the contributions to in vivo protection provide by other parts of the immune response such as B or T cells. Samples used in the neutralization studies were taken early after illness or vaccination and protective levels may change over time. | Implications for both studies (Zhou et al. and Supasa et al.): In Zhou et alexternal icon., neutralizing activity of antibodies were lower against SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 than wild-type SARS-CoV-2 viruses suggesting monoclonal antibody therapy and vaccine effectiveness will be impacted. In Supasa et al.external icon, the B.1.1.7 variant did not evade treatment with existing monoclonal antibodies and there was no evidence of vaccine escape, indicating protection from the B.1.1.7 variant by existing vaccines. Wu et al.external icon also found evidence that the Moderna vaccine-induced antibody response neutralized the B.1.1.7 variant in vitro but less so the B.1.351 variant. SN - 1097-4172 (Electronic); 0092-8674 (Linking) SP - 2348-2361 e6 ST - Evidence of escape of SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.351 from natural and vaccine-induced sera T2 - Cell TI - Evidence of escape of SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.351 from natural and vaccine-induced sera UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33730597 VL - 184 ID - 1559 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The transmission mode of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is primarily known as droplet transmission. However, a recent argument has emerged about the possibility of airborne transmission. On June 17, there was a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in Korea associated with long distance droplet transmission. METHODS: The epidemiological investigation was implemented based on personal interviews and data collection on closed-circuit television images, and cell phone location data. The epidemic investigation support system developed by the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency was used for contact tracing. At the restaurant considered the site of exposure, air flow direction and velocity, distances between cases, and movement of visitors were investigated. RESULTS: A total of 3 cases were identified in this outbreak, and maximum air flow velocity of 1.2 m/s was measured between the infector and infectee in a restaurant equipped with ceiling-type air conditioners. The index case was infected at a 6.5 m away from the infector and 5 minutes exposure without any direct or indirect contact. CONCLUSION: Droplet transmission can occur at a distance greater than 2 m if there is direct air flow from an infected person. Therefore, updated guidelines involving prevention, contact tracing, and quarantine for COVID-19 are required for control of this highly contagious disease. AD - Department of Preventive Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea. | Jeonbuk Center for Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jeonju, Korea. | Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju, Korea. | Division of Health Care, Jeonbuk Provincial Government, Jeonju, Korea. | Department of Aerospace Engineering, College of Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea. | Jeonbuk Center for Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jeonju, Korea. premd77@jbnu.ac.kr. AN - 33258335 AU - Kwon, K. S. | Park, J. I. | Park, Y. J. | Jung, D. M. | Ryu, K. W. | Lee, J. H. C1 - 2020-12-22 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/122220_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 30 DO - 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e415 DP - NLM ET - 2020/12/02 IS - 46 KW - COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control/*transmission | Disease Outbreaks | Humans | Republic of Korea/epidemiology | Restaurants | *SARS-CoV-2 | Covid-19 | Infectious Disease Transmission | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://2551968903/Kwon-2020-Evidence of Long-Distance Droplet Tr.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Kwon, Keun Sang; Park, Jung Im; Park, Young Joon; Jung, Don Myung; Ryu, Ki Wahn; Lee, Ju Hyung; eng; Korea (South); J Korean Med Sci. 2020 Nov 30;35(46):e415. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e415. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; An investigation revealed transmission of SARS-CoV-2 quickly at a distance >6 feet in a restaurant (Figure). | Case A overlapped with Case B, the source, for 5 minutes at a distance of 6.5 m (21 feet) (Figure). | Case C overlapped with Case B for 21 minutes at a distance of 4.8 m (16 feet) (Figure). | Only these 2 among 13 total unmasked staff and visitors were infected (attack rate 15.4%). | Unlike other guests, Cases A and C were in the direct line of air flow from ceiling air conditioners (maximum 1.2 m/s) from source case B (Figure). | ; Methods: Epidemiologic and engineering investigations were used to identify cases and understand environmental exposures in an outbreak in Korea in June 2020. Researchers assessed closed-circuit television, table locations, timeline, and movement of cases and other people in the restaurant. Air speed and direction were measured by an anemometer. Limitations: Air flow measurements were simulations. | Implications: Droplet transmission can occur at �?.5 feet in a short time frame with direct air flow carrying the virus. Indoor spaces should have proper ventilation as well as physical distance and mask use to prevent transmission. SN - 1598-6357 (Electronic); 1011-8934 (Linking) SP - e415 ST - Evidence of Long-Distance Droplet Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by Direct Air Flow in a Restaurant in Korea T2 - J Korean Med Sci TI - Evidence of Long-Distance Droplet Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by Direct Air Flow in a Restaurant in Korea UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33258335 VL - 35 ID - 1375 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Positive results from real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) in recovered patients raise concern that patients who recover from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may be at risk of reinfection. Currently, however, evidence that supports reinfection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has not been reported. METHODS: We conducted whole-genome sequencing of the viral RNA from clinical specimens at the initial infection and at the positive retest from 6 patients who recovered from COVID-19 and retested positive for SARS-CoV-2 via rRT-PCR after recovery. A total of 13 viral RNAs from the patients' respiratory specimens were consecutively obtained, which enabled us to characterize the difference in viral genomes between initial infection and positive retest. RESULTS: At the time of the positive retest, we were able to acquire a complete genome sequence from patient 1, a 21-year-old previously healthy woman. In this patient, through the phylogenetic analysis, we confirmed that the viral RNA of positive retest was clustered into a subgroup distinct from that of the initial infection, suggesting that there was a reinfection of SARS-CoV-2 with a subtype that was different from that of the primary strain. The spike protein D614G substitution that defines the clade "G" emerged in reinfection, while mutations that characterize the clade "V" (ie, nsp6 L37F and ORF3a G251V) were present at initial infection. CONCLUSIONS: Reinfection with a genetically distinct SARS-CoV-2 strain may occur in an immunocompetent patient shortly after recovery from mild COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 infection may not confer immunity against a different SARS-CoV-2 strain. AD - Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. | Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea. | Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea. | Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, South Korea. | Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea. | Department of Infectious Disease, National Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea. | Research Institute of Public Health, National Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea. | Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. AN - 33219681 AU - Lee, J. S. | Kim, S. Y. | Kim, T. S. | Hong, K. H. | Ryoo, N. H. | Lee, J. | Park, J. H. | Cho, S. I. | Kim, M. J. | Kim, Y. G. | Kim, B. | Shin, H. S. | Oh, H. S. | Seo, M. S. | Gwon, T. R. | Kim, Y. | Park, J. S. | Chin, B. S. | Park, W. B. | Park, S. S. | Seong, M. W. C1 - 2020-12-15 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/121520_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 21 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa1421 ET - 2020/11/22 KW - Covid-19 | SARS-CoV-2 | reinfection | whole-genome sequencing L1 - internal-pdf://1793087059/Lee-2020-Evidence of Severe Acute Respiratory.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Lee, Jee-Soo; Kim, So Yeon; Kim, Taek Soo; Hong, Ki Ho; Ryoo, Nam-Hee; Lee, Jaehyeon; Park, Jae Hyeon; Cho, Sung Im; Kim, Man Jin; Kim, Young-Gon; Kim, Boram; Shin, Ho Seob; Oh, Hyeon Sae; Seo, Myoung-Seock; Gwon, Tae-Rin; Kim, Yeonjae; Park, Jun-Sun; Chin, Bum Sik; Park, Wan Beom; Park, Sung Sup; Seong, Moon-Woo; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Nov 21. pii: 5997517. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1421. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: One patient who had a positive SARS-CoV-2 test followed by two negative RT-PCR tests subsequently tested RT-PCR positive for a different strain of SARS-CoV-2, suggesting re-infection. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) ST - Evidence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Reinfection After Recovery from Mild Coronavirus Disease 2019 T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Evidence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Reinfection After Recovery from Mild Coronavirus Disease 2019 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33219681 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1341 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The science around the use of masks by the public to impede COVID-19 transmission is advancing rapidly. In this narrative review, we develop an analytical framework to examine mask usage, synthesizing the relevant literature to inform multiple areas: population impact, transmission characteristics, source control, wearer protection, sociological considerations, and implementation considerations. A primary route of transmission of COVID-19 is via respiratory particles, and it is known to be transmissible from presymptomatic, paucisymptomatic, and asymptomatic individuals. Reducing disease spread requires two things: limiting contacts of infected individuals via physical distancing and other measures and reducing the transmission probability per contact. The preponderance of evidence indicates that mask wearing reduces transmissibility per contact by reducing transmission of infected respiratory particles in both laboratory and clinical contexts. Public mask wearing is most effective at reducing spread of the virus when compliance is high. Given the current shortages of medical masks, we recommend the adoption of public cloth mask wearing, as an effective form of source control, in conjunction with existing hygiene, distancing, and contact tracing strategies. Because many respiratory particles become smaller due to evaporation, we recommend increasing focus on a previously overlooked aspect of mask usage: mask wearing by infectious people ("source control") with benefits at the population level, rather than only mask wearing by susceptible people, such as health care workers, with focus on individual outcomes. We recommend that public officials and governments strongly encourage the use of widespread face masks in public, including the use of appropriate regulation. AD - fast.ai, San Francisco, CA 94105; jphoward@usfca.edu. | Data Institute, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94105. | Warren Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903. | Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. | School of Information, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599. | Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-165 02 Praha 6, Czech Republic. | Department of Primary Health Care Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, United Kingdom. | TB Proof, Cape Town 7130, South Africa. | School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa. | Anesthesia Informatics and Media Lab, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305. | Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139. | Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China. | Complex Systems Division, Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China. | Department of Information Systems, Business Statistics and Operations Management, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China. | Department of Biostatistics, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095. | Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104. | Data Umbrella, New York, NY 10031. | Teacher Education Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium. | OpenAI, San Francisco, CA 94110. | Department of Epidemiology, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095. AN - 33431650 AU - Howard, J. | Huang, A. | Li, Z. | Tufekci, Z. | Zdimal, V. | van der Westhuizen, H. M. | von Delft, A. | Price, A. | Fridman, L. | Tang, L. H. | Tang, V. | Watson, G. L. | Bax, C. E. | Shaikh, R. | Questier, F. | Hernandez, D. | Chu, L. F. | Ramirez, C. M. | Rimoin, A. W. C1 - 2021-01-22 C2 - Protection in Healthcare and Non-Healthcare Work Settings CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01222021_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 26 DO - 10.1073/pnas.2014564118 ET - 2021/01/13 IS - 4 KW - *COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control | *Contact Tracing | Humans | *Masks | *SARS-CoV-2 | *covid-19 | *pandemic L1 - internal-pdf://2577510061/Howard-2021-An evidence review of face masks a.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Howard, Jeremy; Huang, Austin; Li, Zhiyuan; Tufekci, Zeynep; Zdimal, Vladimir; van der Westhuizen, Helene-Mari; von Delft, Arne; Price, Amy; Fridman, Lex; Tang, Lei-Han; Tang, Viola; Watson, Gregory L; Bax, Christina E; Shaikh, Reshama; Questier, Frederik; Hernandez, Danny; Chu, Larry F; Ramirez, Christina M; Rimoin, Anne W; eng; TL1 TR001880/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; Review; Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021 Jan 26;118(4). pii: 2014564118. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2014564118. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Widespread, population level use of masks is the most effective way to reduce SARS-CoV-2 community transmission; adherence and efficacy are two factors to consider in assessing impact. SN - 1091-6490 (Electronic); 0027-8424 (Linking) SP - e2014564118 ST - An evidence review of face masks against COVID-19 T2 - Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A TI - An evidence review of face masks against COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33431650 VL - 118 ID - 1427 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected 78 million individuals and is responsible for over 1.7 million deaths to date. Infection is associated with the development of variable levels of antibodies with neutralizing activity, which can protect against infection in animal models(1,2). Antibody levels decrease with time, but, to our knowledge, the nature and quality of the memory B cells that would be required to produce antibodies upon reinfection has not been examined. Here we report on the humoral memory response in a cohort of 87 individuals assessed at 1.3 and 6.2 months after infection with SARS-CoV-2. We find that titres of IgM and IgG antibodies against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 decrease significantly over this time period, with IgA being less affected. Concurrently, neutralizing activity in plasma decreases by fivefold in pseudotype virus assays. By contrast, the number of RBD-specific memory B cells remains unchanged at 6.2 months after infection. Memory B cells display clonal turnover after 6.2 months, and the antibodies that they express have greater somatic hypermutation, resistance to RBD mutations and increased potency, indicative of continued evolution of the humoral response. Immunofluorescence and PCR analyses of intestinal biopsies obtained from asymptomatic individuals at 4 months after the onset of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) revealed the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acids and immunoreactivity in the small bowel of 7 out of 14 individuals. We conclude that the memory B cell response to SARS-CoV-2 evolves between 1.3 and 6.2 months after infection in a manner that is consistent with antigen persistence. AD - Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA. | Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA. | Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA. | Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA. | Hospital Program Direction, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA. | Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Universita della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland. | Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA. | Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. saurabh.mehandru@mssm.edu. | Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA. pbieniasz@rockefeller.edu. | Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA. pbieniasz@rockefeller.edu. | Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA. mcaskey@rockefeller.edu. | Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA. nussen@rockefeller.edu. | Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA. nussen@rockefeller.edu. AN - 33461210 AU - Gaebler, C. | Wang, Z. | Lorenzi, J. C. C. | Muecksch, F. | Finkin, S. | Tokuyama, M. | Cho, A. | Jankovic, M. | Schaefer-Babajew, D. | Oliveira, T. Y. | Cipolla, M. | Viant, C. | Barnes, C. O. | Bram, Y. | Breton, G. | Hagglof, T. | Mendoza, P. | Hurley, A. | Turroja, M. | Gordon, K. | Millard, K. G. | Ramos, V. | Schmidt, F. | Weisblum, Y. | Jha, D. | Tankelevich, M. | Martinez-Delgado, G. | Yee, J. | Patel, R. | Dizon, J. | Unson-O'Brien, C. | Shimeliovich, I. | Robbiani, D. F. | Zhao, Z. | Gazumyan, A. | Schwartz, R. E. | Hatziioannou, T. | Bjorkman, P. J. | Mehandru, S. | Bieniasz, P. D. | Caskey, M. | Nussenzweig, M. C. C1 - 2021-01-29 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01292021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar DO - 10.1038/s41586-021-03207-w ET - 2021/01/19 IS - 7851 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Antibodies, Monoclonal/blood/immunology | Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood/genetics/immunology | Antibodies, Viral/blood/genetics/*immunology | Antigens, Viral/chemistry/genetics/immunology | B-Lymphocytes/cytology/immunology | Biopsy | COVID-19/blood/*immunology | Cohort Studies | Fluorescent Antibody Technique | Humans | Immunity, Humoral/genetics/*immunology | Immunoglobulin A/immunology | Immunoglobulin G/immunology | Immunoglobulin M/immunology | Immunologic Memory/immunology | Intestines/immunology | Middle Aged | Mutation | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology | Somatic Hypermutation, Immunoglobulin | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry/genetics/immunology | Time Factors | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://2551044033/Gaebler-2021-Evolution of antibody immunity to.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Gaebler, Christian; Wang, Zijun; Lorenzi, Julio C C; Muecksch, Frauke; Finkin, Shlomo; Tokuyama, Minami; Cho, Alice; Jankovic, Mila; Schaefer-Babajew, Dennis; Oliveira, Thiago Y; Cipolla, Melissa; Viant, Charlotte; Barnes, Christopher O; Bram, Yaron; Breton, Gaelle; Hagglof, Thomas; Mendoza, Pilar; Hurley, Arlene; Turroja, Martina; Gordon, Kristie; Millard, Katrina G; Ramos, Victor; Schmidt, Fabian; Weisblum, Yiska; Jha, Divya; Tankelevich, Michael; Martinez-Delgado, Gustavo; Yee, Jim; Patel, Roshni; Dizon, Juan; Unson-O'Brien, Cecille; Shimeliovich, Irina; Robbiani, Davide F; Zhao, Zhen; Gazumyan, Anna; Schwartz, Robert E; Hatziioannou, Theodora; Bjorkman, Pamela J; Mehandru, Saurabh; Bieniasz, Paul D; Caskey, Marina; Nussenzweig, Michel C; eng; R01 DK121072/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/; HHMI/Howard Hughes Medical Institute/; R01 DK120035/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/; R01 CA234614/CA/NCI NIH HHS/; UL1 TR001866/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; R01 DK123749/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Nature. 2021 Mar;591(7851):639-644. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03207-w. Epub 2021 Jan 18. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; IgM and IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) antibodies and plasma neutralizing activity decreased significantly between 1.3 and 6.2 months after infection. | Clones of memory B cells exhibited turnover after 6.2 months resulting in antibodies with the ability to evolve, increased potency, and resistance to RBD mutations. | Methods: Humoral memory response was characterized in 87 COVID-19-convalescent persons approximately 1.3 and 6.2 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. All participants tested RT-PCR negative for SARS-CoV-2 at the 6-month study visit. Limitations: Small sample size. | Implications: Findings suggest that persons can mount an effective immune response that continues to evolve following recovery, reducing likelihood of re-infection by even some variant strains within 6 months after initial infection. SN - 1476-4687 (Electronic); 0028-0836 (Linking) SP - 639-644 ST - Evolution of antibody immunity to SARS-CoV-2 T2 - Nature TI - Evolution of antibody immunity to SARS-CoV-2 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33461210 VL - 591 ID - 1456 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is one of the pressing contemporary public health challenges. Investigations into the genomic structure of SARS-CoV-2 may inform ongoing vaccine development efforts and/or provide insights into vaccine efficacy to fight against COVID-19. Evolutionary analysis of 540 genomes spanning 20 different countries/territories was conducted and revealed an increase in the genomic divergence across successive generations. The ancestor of the phylogeny was found to be the isolate from the 2019/2020 Wuhan outbreak. Its transmission was outlined across 20 countries/territories as per genomic similarity. Our results demonstrate faster evolving variations in the genomic structure of SARS-CoV-2 when compared to the isolates from early stages of the pandemic. Genomic alterations were predominantly located and mapped onto the reported vaccine candidates of structural genes, which are the main targets for vaccine candidates. S protein showed 34, N protein 25, E protein 2, and M protein 3 amino acid variations in 246 genomes among 540. Among identified mutations, 23 in S protein, 1 in E, 2 from M, and 7 from N protein were mapped with the reported vaccine candidates explaining the possible implications on universal vaccines. Hence, potential target regions for vaccines would be ideally chosen from the structural regions of the genome that lack high variation. The increasing variations in the genome of SARS-CoV-2 together with our observations in structural genes have important implications for the efficacy of a successful universal vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. AD - Department of Biostatistics & Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA. | Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA. AN - 33050053 AU - Yellapu, N. K. | Patel, S. | Zhang, B. | Meier, R. | Neums, L. | Pei, D. | Xia, Q. | Rotich, D. | Zimmermann, R. C. | Nissen, E. | Bell-Glenn, S. | Shae, W. | Hu, J. | Chalise, P. | Chollet-Hinton, L. | Koestler, D. C. | Thompson, J. A. C1 - 2021-01-08 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01082021_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 8 DO - 10.3390/vaccines8040591 ET - 2020/10/15 IS - 4 KW - Covid-19 | SARS-CoV-2 | genomic divergence | phylogenetic analysis | vaccine development L1 - internal-pdf://4267594179/Yellapu-2020-Evolutionary Analysis of Severe A.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Yellapu, Nanda Kumar; Patel, Shachi; Zhang, Bo; Meier, Richard; Neums, Lisa; Pei, Dong; Xia, Qing; Rotich, Duncan; Zimmermann, Rosalyn C; Nissen, Emily; Bell-Glenn, Shelby; Shae, Whitney; Hu, Jinxiang; Chalise, Prabhakar; Chollet-Hinton, Lynn; Koestler, Devin C; Thompson, Jeffery A; eng; P20 GM103418/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/; P20 GM130423/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/; P20GM103428/National Institute of General Medical Science; P20GM130423/CA/NCI NIH HHS/; Switzerland; Vaccines (Basel). 2020 Oct 8;8(4). pii: vaccines8040591. doi: 10.3390/vaccines8040591. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Genomic divergence was observed among genomes with large numbers of nucleotide variations, suggesting that these variations should be considered in the development of a COVID-19 vaccine and that continued genomic divergence could hinder a universal vaccine. SN - 2076-393X (Print); 2076-393X (Linking) SP - 591 ST - Evolutionary Analysis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Reveals Genomic Divergence with Implications for Universal Vaccine Efficacy T2 - Vaccines TI - Evolutionary Analysis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Reveals Genomic Divergence with Implications for Universal Vaccine Efficacy UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33050053 VL - 8 ID - 1379 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Objective To estimate the direct and indirect effects of the covid-19 pandemic on mortality in 2020 in 29 high income countries with reliable and complete age and sex disaggregated mortality data.Design Time series study of high income countries.Setting Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, England and Wales, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Northern Ireland, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Scotland, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and United States.Participants Mortality data from the Short-term Mortality Fluctuations data series of the Human Mortality Database for 2016-20, harmonised and disaggregated by age and sex.Interventions Covid-19 pandemic and associated policy measures.Main outcome measures Weekly excess deaths (observed deaths versus expected deaths predicted by model) in 2020, by sex and age (0-14, 15-64, 65-74, 75-84, and �?5 years), estimated using an over-dispersed Poisson regression model that accounts for temporal trends and seasonal variability in mortality.Results An estimated 979�?00 (95% confidence interval 954�?00 to 1�?01�?00) excess deaths occurred in 2020 in the 29 high income countries analysed. All countries had excess deaths in 2020, except New Zealand, Norway, and Denmark. The five countries with the highest absolute number of excess deaths were the US (458�?00, 454�?00 to 461�?00), Italy (89�?00, 87�?00 to 90�?00), England and Wales (85�?00, 83�?00 to 86�?00), Spain (84�?00, 82�?00 to 85�?00), and Poland (60�?00, 58�?00 to 61�?00). New Zealand had lower overall mortality than expected (�?500, �?900 to �?100). In many countries, the estimated number of excess deaths substantially exceeded the number of reported deaths from covid-19. The highest excess death rates (per 100�?00) in men were in Lithuania (285, 259 to 311), Poland (191, 184 to 197), Spain (179, 174 to 184), Hungary (174, 161 to 188), and Italy (168, 163 to 173); the highest rates in women were in Lithuania (210, 185 to 234), Spain (180, 175 to 185), Hungary (169, 156 to 182), Slovenia (158, 132 to 184), and Belgium (151, 141 to 162). Little evidence was found of subsequent compensatory reductions following excess mortality.Conclusion Approximately one million excess deaths occurred in 2020 in these 29 high income countries. Age standardised excess death rates were higher in men than women in almost all countries. Excess deaths substantially exceeded reported deaths from covid-19 in many countries, indicating that determining the full impact of the pandemic on mortality requires assessment of excess deaths. Many countries had lower deaths than expected in children <15 years. Sex inequality in mortality widened further in most countries in 2020. AD - Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK nazrul.islam@ndph.ox.ac.uk. | MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. | Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany. | International Laboratory for Population and Health, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation. | Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T H Chan School of Public, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA. | Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA. | Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA. | Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. | Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK. | NIHR Applied Research Collaboration-East Midlands, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK. | NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust and University of Leicester, Leicester, UK. | Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | MRC Population Heath Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. AN - 34011491 AU - Islam, Nazrul | Shkolnikov, Vladimir M | Acosta, Rolando J | Klimkin, Ilya | Kawachi, Ichiro | Irizarry, Rafael A | Alicandro, Gianfranco | Khunti, Kamlesh | Yates, Tom | Jdanov, Dmitri A | White, Martin | Lewington, Sarah | Lacey, Ben C1 - 2021-05-28 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05282021_covidupdate.html DA - May 19 DO - 10.1136/bmj.n1137 ET - 2021/05/21 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Age Factors | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | COVID-19/*mortality | Child | Child, Preschool | Developed Countries/*statistics & numerical data | Europe/epidemiology | Female | Humans | Infant | Infant, Newborn | Male | Middle Aged | Models, Statistical | *Mortality | Poisson Distribution | Republic of Korea/epidemiology | Sex Factors | United States/epidemiology | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://1896686084/Islam-2021-Excess deaths associated with covid.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Islam, Nazrul | Shkolnikov, Vladimir M | Acosta, Rolando J | Klimkin, Ilya | Kawachi, Ichiro | Irizarry, Rafael A | Alicandro, Gianfranco | Khunti, Kamlesh | Yates, Tom | Jdanov, Dmitri A | White, Martin | Lewington, Sarah | Lacey, Ben | eng | R35 GM131802/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ | T32 ES007142/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ | Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | England | BMJ. 2021 May 19;373:n1137. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n1137. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 979,000 (95% CI 954,000-1,001,000) excess deaths occurred in 2020 in 29 high-income countries: | The United States had the highest absolute number of excess deaths (approximately 458,000). | Most countries reported 1 or more major waves of excess deaths that occurred at different time frames over the pandemic (Figure). | Methods: Time series study of mortality in 29 high income, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development member countries. Excess deaths were calculated as the difference between the number of deaths from all causes that occurred during 2020 and the expected number of deaths based on historical data from the Human Mortality Database 2016-2020. Limitations: Ethnic and socioeconomic differences in mortality could not be studied; possible effects of policy measures implemented in 2020 could not evaluated. | Implications: Data describing excess deaths could inform healthcare policy decisions; increasing the capacity to collect those data might be of particular value to middle- and lower-income countries where such data are sparse. SN - 1756-1833 (Electronic) | 0959-8138 (Linking) SP - n1137 ST - Excess deaths associated with covid-19 pandemic in 2020: age and sex disaggregated time series analysis in 29 high income countries T2 - BMJ TI - Excess deaths associated with covid-19 pandemic in 2020: age and sex disaggregated time series analysis in 29 high income countries UR - https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/373/bmj.n1137.full.pdf | https://air.unimi.it/retrieve/handle/2434/846215/1808925/Excess%20deaths%20associated%20with%20covid-19%20pandemic%20in%202020..pdf VL - 373 ID - 1782 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A study analyzing US mortality in March-July 2020 reported a 20% increase in excess deaths, only partly explained by COVID-19. Surges in excess deaths varied in timing and duration across states and were accompanied by increased mortality from non–COVID-19 causes. This study updates the analysis for the remainder of 2020. AD - Center on Society and Health, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond. | Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond. AN - 33797550 AU - Woolf, S. H. | Chapman, D. A. | Sabo, R. T. | Zimmerman, E. B. C1 - 2021-04-09 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04092021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 2 DO - 10.1001/jama.2021.5199 ET - 2021/04/03 IS - 17 L1 - internal-pdf://2332864492/Woolf-2021-Excess Deaths From COVID-19 and Oth.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Woolf, Steven H; Chapman, Derek A; Sabo, Roy T; Zimmerman, Emily B; eng; UL1 TR002649/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; JAMA. 2021 Apr 2. pii: 2778361. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.5199. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The US experienced 2,801,439 deaths, 22.9% more than expected (522,368 excess deaths). | Deaths attributed to COVID-19 accounted for 72.4% of excess deaths in the US. | Non-Hispanic Black persons comprised 16.9% of excess deaths but only 12.5% of the population. | Excess deaths surged in the Northeast and Great Lakes in the spring, followed by extended summer and early winter surges concentrated in Southern and Western states (Figure). | Methods: Modeled predicted expected deaths in 2020 based on US mortality data from 2014-2019 and compared with provisional, unweighted deaths reported from the District of Columbia and 49 states between March 1, 2020 and January 2, 2021. Limitations: Did not adjust for age changes in the population which could overestimate excess deaths; provisional data; inaccurate death certificates; model assumptions. | Implications: Earlier and more rigorous implementation of pandemic control measures might have prevented excess deaths in the US, particularly among minority populations. Excess deaths not attributed to COVID-19 could reflect mortality from undocumented COVID-19 infection or non-COVID-19 deaths due to secondary factors, such as disruptions in healthcare access caused by the pandemic. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1786-1789 ST - Excess Deaths From COVID-19 and Other Causes in the US, March 1, 2020, to January 2, 2021 T2 - JAMA TI - Excess Deaths From COVID-19 and Other Causes in the US, March 1, 2020, to January 2, 2021 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33797550 VL - 325 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1653 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The number of publicly reported deaths from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may underestimate the pandemic’s death toll. Such estimates rely on provisional data that are often incomplete and may omit undocumented deaths from COVID-19. Moreover, restrictions imposed by the pandemic (eg, stay-at-home orders) could claim lives indirectly through delayed care for acute emergencies, exacerbations of chronic diseases, and psychological distress (eg, drug overdoses). This study estimated excess deaths in the early weeks of the pandemic and the relative contribution of COVID-19 and other causes. AD - Center on Society and Health, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond. | Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond. | Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut. AN - 32609307 AU - Woolf, S. H. | Chapman, D. A. | Sabo, R. T. | Weinberger, D. M. | Hill, L. C1 - 2020-07-10 C2 - Excess Deaths CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071020_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 4 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.11787 ET - 2020/07/02 IS - 5 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Cause of Death | Coronavirus Infections/*mortality | Humans | *Mortality | National Center for Health Statistics, U.S. | Pandemics/*statistics & numerical data | Pneumonia, Viral/*mortality | SARS-CoV-2 | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://2096807516/Woolf-2020-Excess Deaths From COVID-19 and Oth.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Woolf, Steven H; Chapman, Derek A; Sabo, Roy T; Weinberger, Daniel M; Hill, Latoya; eng; R01 AI123208/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 AI137093/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; UL1 TR002649/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; JAMA. 2020 Aug 4;324(5):510-513. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.11787. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; An estimated 87,001 excess deaths occurred March 1 ─ April 25, of which 56,246 (65%) were attributed to COVID-19. | In states with highest COVID-19 morbidity, deaths from non-respiratory chronic conditions (e.g., diabetes) also increased, perhaps due to limited ability to seek care or non-respiratory manifestations of COVID-19. | Methods: Observational study comparing deaths recorded by NCHS between March 1 �?April 25,2020 against expected deaths. Expected deaths were estimated based on NCHS data from 2013 �?2020 and adjusted for seasonality and year to year variation. Limitations: Missing data for Connecticut and North Carolina; finalized data not available at the time of analysis, no adjustment for reporting delays. | Implications for 2 studies (Weinberger et al. & Woolf et al.): Despite differences in time periods and analytic approaches, the two analyses indicate that mortality estimates based on official causes of death might underestimate true COVID-19-related mortality. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 510-513 ST - Excess Deaths From COVID-19 and Other Causes, March-April 2020 T2 - JAMA TI - Excess Deaths From COVID-19 and Other Causes, March-April 2020 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32609307 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 508 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Previous studies of excess deaths (the gap between observed and expected deaths) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic found that publicly reported COVID-19 deaths underestimated the full death toll, which includes documented and undocumented deaths from the virus and non–COVID-19 deaths caused by disruptions from the pandemic. A previous analysis found that COVID-19 was cited in only 65% of excess deaths in the first weeks of the pandemic (March-April 2020); deaths from non–COVID-19 causes (eg, Alzheimer disease, diabetes, heart disease) increased sharply in 5 states with the most COVID-19 deaths. This study updates through August 1, 2020, the estimate of excess deaths and explores temporal relationships with state reopenings (lifting of coronavirus restrictions). AD - Center on Society and Health, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond. | Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond. | Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut. AN - 33044483 AU - Woolf, S. H. | Chapman, D. A. | Sabo, R. T. | Weinberger, D. M. | Hill, L. | Taylor, D. D. H. C1 - 2020-10-23 C2 - The True Burden of COVID-19 in the US CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102320_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 20 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.19545 ET - 2020/10/13 IS - 15 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Cause of Death | Coronavirus Infections/*mortality | Humans | Pandemics/*statistics & numerical data | Pneumonia, Viral/*mortality | SARS-CoV-2 | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://2211024012/Woolf-2020-Excess Deaths From COVID-19 and Oth.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Woolf, Steven H; Chapman, Derek A; Sabo, Roy T; Weinberger, Daniel M; Hill, Latoya; Taylor, DaShaunda D H; eng; UL1 TR002649/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; JAMA. 2020 Oct 20;324(15):1562-1564. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.19545. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Between March 1 and August 1, 2020, 1,336, 561 deaths occurred in the US, a 20% increase over expected deaths based on death data from the National Center for Health Statistics (Figure). | 150,541 (67%) of excess deaths were attributed to COVID-19. | The annual percentage change in deaths due to heart disease and Alzheimer disease/dementia were statistically significant for multiple weeks of the analysis frame. | Methods: Death data for 2014�?020 and population counts for the 48 states and the District of Columbia (US Census Bureau) were used to estimate expected deaths; Connecticut and North Carolina were excluded due to missing data. COVID-19 deaths were those in which COVID-19 was cited as an underlying or contributing cause. Limitations: Reliance on preliminary data; inaccuracies and incomplete death certificate data. | Implications for 3 articles (Cutler & Summers, Woolf, et al., & Bilinski et al.): The economic burden of the COVID-19 pandemic in the US is immense and poses the greatest threat to economic prosperity and well-being since the Great Depression. The US has experienced a higher COVID-19 specific and all-cause mortality rate than other countries through September 2020; Fineberg et alexternal icon provide insight into cause of death determination and the importance of contributing factors for mortality. Policies that can reduce the spread of COVID-19, such as testing and contact tracing, can have enormous economic and health value. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1562-1564 ST - Excess Deaths From COVID-19 and Other Causes, March-July 2020 T2 - JAMA TI - Excess Deaths From COVID-19 and Other Causes, March-July 2020 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33044483 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1114 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The number of reported deaths from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the US was nearly 205�?00 on September 28, 2020. A month earlier, on August 13, 2020, a New York Times analysis of estimates from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that across the US, at least 200�?00 more people had died than expected (based on rates in the past 5 years), between March and late July, and that these estimated deaths were approximately 60�?00 higher than the number of deaths that were directly linked to the coronavirus.In this issue of JAMA, Woolf et al corroborate these findings in their analysis of data from the National Center for Health Statistics, confirming that due to incomplete and undocumented data, the number of publicly reported deaths from COVID-19 likely underestimates the actual death toll. The authors estimated that between March 1 and August 1, 2020, a 5-month period, there were 225�?00 excess deaths. Of these deaths, they estimate that 65% can be attributed to COVID-19 and the remaining 35% to other conditions, such as diabetes, heart disease, Alzheimer disease, and cerebrovascular disease. By the end of the year it is likely that the total number of excess deaths in 2020 in comparison to the previous years will be greater than 400�?00—primarily attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic. AD - Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. | Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland. | Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. | Department of African and African American Studies, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. AN - 33044518 AU - Cooper, L. A. | Williams, D. R. C1 - 2020-10-23 C2 - COVID-19 and Health Disparities CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102320_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 20 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.19567 ET - 2020/10/13 IS - 15 KW - Bereavement | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus Infections | Humans | Mortality | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral | SARS-CoV-2 | *Social Justice L1 - internal-pdf://2978193897/Cooper-2020-Excess Deaths From COVID-19, Commu.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | N1 - Cooper, Lisa A; Williams, David R; eng; Comment; JAMA. 2020 Oct 20;324(15):1491-1492. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.19567. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: The American Public Media Research Lab reported that about 19,500 Black, 8,400 Latino, 600 Indigenous, and 70 Pacific Islander individuals in the US would still be alive if these groups had died of COVID-19 at the same rate as White US residents. This burden compounds the already existing lower life span for many of these groups, which this article explores. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1491-1492 ST - Excess Deaths From COVID-19, Community Bereavement, and Restorative Justice for Communities of Color T2 - JAMA TI - Excess Deaths From COVID-19, Community Bereavement, and Restorative Justice for Communities of Color UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33044518 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1097 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Though SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks have been documented in occupational settings and though there is speculation that essential workers face heightened risks for COVID-19, occupational differences in excess mortality have, to date, not been examined. Such information could point to opportunities for intervention, such as workplace modifications and prioritization of vaccine distribution.Methods and findings Using death records from the California Department of Public Health, we estimated excess mortality among Californians 18�?5 years of age by occupational sector and occupation, with additional stratification of the sector analysis by race/ethnicity. During the COVID-19 pandemic, working age adults experienced a 22% increase in mortality compared to historical periods. Relative excess mortality was highest in food/agriculture workers (39% increase), transportation/logistics workers (28% increase), facilities (27%) and manufacturing workers (23% increase). Latino Californians experienced a 36% increase in mortality, with a 59% increase among Latino food/agriculture workers. Black Californians experienced a 28% increase in mortality, with a 36% increase for Black retail workers. Asian Californians experienced an 18% increase, with a 40% increase among Asian healthcare workers. Excess mortality among White working-age Californians increased by 6%, with a 16% increase among White food/agriculture workers.Conclusions Certain occupational sectors have been associated with high excess mortality during the pandemic, particularly among racial and ethnic groups also disproportionately affected by COVID-19. In-person essential work is a likely venue of transmission of coronavirus infection and must be addressed through strict enforcement of health orders in workplace settings and protection of in-person workers. Vaccine distribution prioritizing in-person essential workers will be important for reducing excess COVID mortality.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementDr Riley's work was supported by a training grant from the NIA: T32AG049663. Dr Bibbins-Domingo's work was supported by institutional funding.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects, State of California, . Project number: 2020-109.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData are not publicly available. AU - Chen, Yea-Hung | Glymour, Maria | Riley, Alicia | Balmes, John | Duchowny, Kate | Harrison, Robert | Matthay, Ellicott | Bibbins-Domingo, Kirsten C1 - 2021-04-30 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04302021_covidupdate.html DB - s DO - 10.1101/2021.01.21.21250266 L1 - internal-pdf://1291373474/Chen-2021-Excess mortality associated with the.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Compared with prior to the pandemic, working-age Californians experienced 22% increased risk of mortality between March and October 2020. | Increased mortality was seen among Asian adults (risk ratio [RR] 1.18, 95% CI 1.14-1.23), Black adults (RR 1.28, 95% CI 1.24-1.33), Latino adults (RR 1.36, 95% CI 1.29-1.44) and White adults (RR 1.06 95% CI 1.02-1.12). | Increased mortality was seen across all sectors (RR 1.22, 95% CI 1.20-1.24) and was highest for essential workers in food/agriculture (RR 1.39, 95% CI 1.29-1.44) and transportation/logistics (RR 1.28, 95% CI 1.24-1.33) (Figure). | Methods: Death certificates were obtained from the California Department of Health for all deaths occurring on or after January 1, 2016. For decedents aged 18 to 65, occupations were categorized into 9 groups: facilities, food/agriculture, government/community, health/emergency, manufacturing, retail, transportation/logistics, not essential, and unemployed/missing. Excess deaths from March to October 2020 were recorded overall and for each sector. Limitations: Primary occupation on the death certificate may not match the individual’s most recent occupation; misclassification of occupation on death certificates due to broad categories or inaccurate reports. | Implications: In-person essential work may facilitate SARS-CoV-2 transmission and should be addressed through strict enforcement of health orders in workplace settings, protection of in-person workers, and prioritization of vaccine distribution. SP - 2021.01.21.21250266 ST - Excess mortality associated with the COVID-19 pandemic among Californians 18�?5 years of age, by occupational sector and occupation: March through October 2020 T2 - medRxiv TI - Excess mortality associated with the COVID-19 pandemic among Californians 18�?5 years of age, by occupational sector and occupation: March through October 2020 TT - Published article: Excess mortality associated with the COVID-19 pandemic among Californians 18�?5 years of age, by occupational sector and occupation: March through November 2020 UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/01/22/2021.01.21.21250266.full.pdf ID - 1703 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Electronic address: nkrieger@hsph.harvard.edu. | Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. AN - 32473099 AU - Krieger, N. | Chen, J. T. | Waterman, P. D. C1 - 2020-06-05 C2 - Mortality Measures CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060520_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 13 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31234-4 DP - NLM ET - 2020/05/31 IS - 10240 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*mortality | Female | Humans | Male | Massachusetts/epidemiology | *Mortality | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*mortality | SARS-CoV-2 | *Sex Ratio L1 - internal-pdf://1192608228/Krieger-2020-Excess mortality in men and women.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Krieger, Nancy; Chen, Jarvis T; Waterman, Pamela D; eng; Letter; England; Lancet. 2020 Jun 13;395(10240):1829. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31234-4. Epub 2020 May 27. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The 2015�?9 age-standardized mortality rate in Massachusetts was 499.3 per 100,000 person-years (95% CI 393.6�?05.1) for women and 732.0 (578.9�?85.0) for men. | The relative increase in the total number of deaths in Massachusetts during the COVID-19 pandemic was similar among men and women. | The age-standardized mortality rate ratio for 2020 versus 2015�?9 was 1.48 (95% CI 1.13�?.94) for women and 1.55 (1.19�?.03) for men. | The absolute difference in mortality rates was larger for men than women (Figure). | The age-standardized rate difference between 2020 and 2015-19 was 240.4 deaths per 100,000 person-years (95% CI 75.5�?04.4) for women and 404.1 per 100,000 person years (158.8�?48.1) for men. | Methods: Massachusetts mortality data for the period between January 1 and April 14, 2015-2019 was compared with the same period in 2020 to calculate excess deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic. Limitations: Geographically limited; excess deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic could be due to other factors. | Implications: Given higher baseline mortality rates in men, it might be misleading to focus on their higher death counts for COVID-19 relative to women. This study demonstrates that men and women have similar relative risk for death during the period of the COVID pandemic compared to the period before it. Estimates of excess deaths associated with COVID-19 may be useful for monitoring the impact of COVID-19 in different populations. SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 1829 ST - Excess mortality in men and women in Massachusetts during the COVID-19 pandemic T2 - Lancet TI - Excess mortality in men and women in Massachusetts during the COVID-19 pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32473099 VL - 395 ID - 317 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Older adults are at greatest risk of severe disease and death due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Globally, persons older than 65 years comprise 9% of the population, yet account for 30% to 40% of cases and more than 80% of deaths.Unfortunately, there is a long history of exclusion of older adults from clinical trials. In response, the National Institutes of Health instituted the Inclusion Across the Lifespan policy, requiring the inclusion of older adults in clinical trials. Thus, we reviewed all COVID-19 treatment and vaccine trials on http://www.clinicaltrials.gov to evaluate their risk for exclusion of older adults (�?5 years). AD - Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts. | Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior and Neurology, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island. | Aging Brain Center, Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. | Division of Health Outcomes & Knowledge Translation Research, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery and Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York. AN - 32986099 AU - Helfand, B. K. I. | Webb, M. | Gartaganis, S. L. | Fuller, L. | Kwon, C. S. | Inouye, S. K. C1 - 2020-10-09 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100920_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 1 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.5084 ET - 2020/09/29 IS - 11 KW - Age Factors | Aged | *Biomedical Research/methods/organization & administration/standards | *COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/*pharmacology | Health Services Needs and Demand | Humans | *Patient Selection | Research Design/standards/statistics & numerical data | SARS-CoV-2/immunology L1 - internal-pdf://2039069892/Helfand-2020-The Exclusion of Older Persons Fr.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Helfand, Benjamin K I; Webb, Margaret; Gartaganis, Sarah L; Fuller, Lily; Kwon, Churl-Su; Inouye, Sharon K; eng; R24 AG054259/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; T32 GM107000/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Nov 1;180(11):1546-1549. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.5084. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Exclusion of older age groups from clinical trials is common, which precludes the determination of an intervention’s effectiveness, dosage or frequency, and adverse effects in the group most vulnerable to COVID-19. SN - 2168-6114 (Electronic); 2168-6106 (Linking) SP - 1546-1549 ST - The Exclusion of Older Persons From Vaccine and Treatment Trials for Coronavirus Disease 2019-Missing the Target T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - The Exclusion of Older Persons From Vaccine and Treatment Trials for Coronavirus Disease 2019-Missing the Target UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32986099 VL - 180 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 1014 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has reached nearly every country in the world with extraordinary person-to-person transmission. The most likely original source of the virus was spillover from an animal reservoir and subsequent adaptation to humans sometime during the winter of 2019 in Wuhan Province, China. Because of its genetic similarity to SARS-CoV-1, it is probable that this novel virus has a similar host range and receptor specificity. Due to concern for human-pet transmission, we investigated the susceptibility of domestic cats and dogs to infection and potential for infected cats to transmit to naive cats. We report that cats are highly susceptible to infection, with a prolonged period of oral and nasal viral shedding that is not accompanied by clinical signs, and are capable of direct contact transmission to other cats. These studies confirm that cats are susceptible to productive SARS-CoV-2 infection, but are unlikely to develop clinical disease. Further, we document that cats developed a robust neutralizing antibody response that prevented reinfection following a second viral challenge. Conversely, we found that dogs do not shed virus following infection but do seroconvert and mount an antiviral neutralizing antibody response. There is currently no evidence that cats or dogs play a significant role in human infection; however, reverse zoonosis is possible if infected owners expose their domestic pets to the virus during acute infection. Resistance to reinfection holds promise that a vaccine strategy may protect cats and, by extension, humans. AD - College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 angela.bosco-lauth@colostate.edu. | College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523. AN - 32994343 AU - Bosco-Lauth, A. M. | Hartwig, A. E. | Porter, S. M. | Gordy, P. W. | Nehring, M. | Byas, A. D. | VandeWoude, S. | Ragan, I. K. | Maison, R. M. | Bowen, R. A. C1 - 2020-10-09 C2 - Modeling and Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100920_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 20 DO - 10.1073/pnas.2013102117 ET - 2020/10/01 IS - 42 KW - Animals | Animals, Domestic | Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood/immunology | Antigens, Viral/immunology | Betacoronavirus/immunology/*pathogenicity | Covid-19 | Cats | Coronavirus Infections/pathology/transmission/*virology | Disease Models, Animal | Dogs | Female | Male | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/pathology/transmission/*virology | SARS-CoV-2 | Virus Shedding | *SARS-CoV-2 | *cats | *experimental infection | *transmission L1 - internal-pdf://3817330637/Bosco-Lauth-2020-Experimental infection of dom.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Bosco-Lauth, Angela M; Hartwig, Airn E; Porter, Stephanie M; Gordy, Paul W; Nehring, Mary; Byas, Alex D; VandeWoude, Sue; Ragan, Izabela K; Maison, Rachel M; Bowen, Richard A; eng; HHSN272201400008C/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020 Oct 20;117(42):26382-26388. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2013102117. Epub 2020 Sep 29. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Cats are highly susceptible to infection with SARS-CoV-2 and have oral and nasal viral shedding when experimentally or naturally infected (Figure). | Infected cats did not display overt clinical signs and were able to infect other cats. | Infected cats had mild pathologic changes of lungs, trachea, and nasal passages at different time points following inoculation. | Cats rechallenged with virus after initial infection had a boosted immune response with high antibody titers but did not shed virus. | Dogs mounted antibody responses but did not shed virus. | Methods: Animal infection and transmission study of seven cats and three dogs inoculated with SARS-CoV-2. Three cats were inoculated with SARS-CoV-2 and rechallenged on Day 28. Two cats were inoculated with SARS-CoV-2 and introduced to two uninfected cats 48 hours later. Viral shedding and antibody responses were assessed in all animals at multiple time points. Limitations: Animals were all from pathogen-free colonies and were in good health at time of infection; limited experimental study, replication with larger study size may be needed. | Implications: The high-titer viral shedding of cats along with the rapid transmission among cats may make them a good model for studies of kinetics of shedding and spread of SARS-CoV-2. Resistance to reinfection in cats may inform vaccine studies and strategies. SN - 1091-6490 (Electronic); 0027-8424 (Linking) SP - 26382-26388 ST - Experimental infection of domestic dogs and cats with SARS-CoV-2: Pathogenesis, transmission, and response to reexposure in cats T2 - Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A TI - Experimental infection of domestic dogs and cats with SARS-CoV-2: Pathogenesis, transmission, and response to reexposure in cats UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32994343 VL - 117 ID - 1008 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Evidence for indoor airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is accumulating. If SARS-CoV-2 also spreads via aerosols, this has implications for measures taken to limit transmission.Objectives The aim of this study is to assess exposure to airborne SARS-CoV-2 particles from breathing, speaking, coughing and sneezing in an indoor environment.Methods An exposure assessment model was developed to estimate numbers of SARS-CoV-2 particles in aerosol droplets, expelled during breathing, speaking, coughing and sneezing by an infected person in an unventilated indoor environment, and subsequent inhalation by one or more persons. Scenarios encompass a range of virus concentrations, room sizes and exposure times.Results The calculated total volume of expelled aerosol droplets was highest for a sneeze, followed by a cough and speaking for 20 minutes, and lastly breathing for 20 minutes. A few to as much as tens of millions of virus particles were expelled. Exposure probability strongly depends on the viral concentration in mucus, as well as on the scenario. Exposure probabilities were generally below 1% at a virus concentration in mucus below 105 per mL for all scenarios, increasing steeply at different higher concentrations. According to nose / throat swab data collected from patients, 75%, 50% and 5% of infected individuals carry an estimated number of SARS-CoV-2 per mL mucus of at least 105, 106 and 108, respectively.Discussion Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 via aerosols generated during breathing, speaking, coughing and sneezing in an unventilated indoor environment is possible. This study forms a basis to estimate probabilities of exposure to SARS-Cov-2 by airborne transmission in indoor spaces. As long as it is uncertain what fraction of the airborne virus particles is infectious and as long as a dose response relation is lacking, it is recommended to be precautious.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis work was funded by the Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Sports (VWS).Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:No IRB or ethics committee approval was needed for this study.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData could be made available upon request. AU - Schijven, Jack | Vermeulen, Lucie C. | Swart, Arno | Meijer, Adam | Duizer, Erwin | de Roda Husman, Ana Maria C1 - 2020-07-17 C2 - Modeling and Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071720_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.07.02.20144832 L1 - internal-pdf://3995620346/Schijven-2020-Exposure assessment for airborne.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Calculated quantity of aerosols in descending order: sneezing once, coughing once, speaking for 20 minutes, and breathing for 20 minutes. | Model results suggest exposure to SARS-CoV-2 via aerosols is possible, and exposure risk is increased in unventilated or indoor environments. | Exposure probability strongly depends on the viral concentration in mucus and modeled scenario. | Methods: Exposure assessment model to estimate number of SARS-CoV-2 particles in aerosol droplets expelled during breathing, speaking, coughing, and sneezing in an unventilated indoor environment, and inhaled by one or more person with varying virus concentration, room size, and exposure time. Model inputs included published parameters of virus concentration, volume of aerosol droplets, and dose and exposure probabilities. Limitations: Assumed aerosol spread is constant over time and space; infectiousness of viral particles and dose response relationship not known. | Implications: Aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 may be possible and should be considered in mitigation strategies and recommendations. Data on infectious virus in aerosols in various settings are needed to validate modelling efforts. SP - 2020.07.02.20144832 ST - Exposure assessment for airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via breathing, speaking, coughing and sneezing T2 - medRxiv TI - Exposure assessment for airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via breathing, speaking, coughing and sneezing TT - Published article: Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment for Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via Breathing, Speaking, Singing, Coughing, and Sneezing. UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/07/05/2020.07.02.20144832.full.pdf ID - 550 ER - TY - JOUR AU - The Lancet, Editors C1 - 2020-06-09 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060920_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31290-3 IS - 10240 L1 - internal-pdf://3084754816/1-s2.0-S0140673620312903-main.pdf LA - en PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Expression of Concern to notify readers of questions about data validity in this study. On June 5, 2020, the article was retracted SE - e102 SN - 01406736 SP - e102 ST - Expression of concern: Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis T2 - Lancet TI - Expression of concern: Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31290-3 VL - 395 Y2 - 2021/05/12 ID - 342 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 32484612 AU - Rubin, E. J. C1 - 2020-06-09 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060920_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 18 DO - 10.1056/NEJMe2020822 ET - 2020/06/03 IS - 25 L1 - internal-pdf://0725611646/Rubin-2020-Expression of Concern_ Mehra MR et.pdf LA - en N1 - Rubin, Eric J; eng; Editorial; Expression of Concern; N Engl J Med. 2020 Jun 18;382(25):2464. doi: 10.1056/NEJMe2020822. Epub 2020 Jun 2. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Editors disclose that substantive concerns have been raised about data validity in this study. On June 4, 2020, the authors retracted the articleexternal icon SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 2464 ST - Expression of Concern: Mehra MR et al. Cardiovascular Disease, Drug Therapy, and Mortality in Covid-19. N Engl J Med. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2007621 T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Expression of Concern: Mehra MR et al. Cardiovascular Disease, Drug Therapy, and Mortality in Covid-19. N Engl J Med. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2007621 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32484612 VL - 382 ID - 341 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The risk factors for severe COVID-19 beyond older age and certain underlying health conditions are largely unknown. Recent studies suggested that long-term environmental exposures may be important determinants of severe COVID-19. However, very few environmental factors have been studied, often separately, without considering the totality of the external environment (i.e., the external exposome). We conducted an external exposome-wide association study (ExWAS) using the nationwide county-level COVID-19 mortality data in the contiguous US. A total of 337 variables characterizing the external exposome from 8 data sources were integrated, harmonized, and spatiotemporally linked to each county. A two-phase procedure was used: (1) in Phase 1, a random 50:50 split divided the data into a discovery set and a replication set, and associations between COVID-19 mortality and individual factors were examined using mixed-effect negative binomial regression models, with multiple comparisons addressed, and (2) in Phase 2, a multivariable regression model including all variables that are significant from both the discovery and replication sets in Phase 1 was fitted. A total of 13 and 22 variables were significant in the discovery and replication sets in Phase 1, respectively. All the 4 variables that were significant in both sets in Phase 1 remained statistically significant in Phase 2, including two air toxicants (i.e., nitrogen dioxide or NO2, and benzidine), one vacant land measure, and one food environment measure. This is the first external exposome study of COVID-19 mortality. It confirmed some of the previously reported environmental factors associated with COVID-19 mortality, but also generated unexpected predictors that may warrant more focused evaluation. AD - Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. Electronic address: huihu@ufl.edu. | Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. | College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. | Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA. | Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. AN - 33450687 AU - Hu, H. | Zheng, Y. | Wen, X. | Smith, S. S. | Nizomov, J. | Fishe, J. | Hogan, W. R. | Shenkman, E. A. | Bian, J. C1 - 2021-01-29 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01292021_covidupdate.html DA - May 10 DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144832 ET - 2021/01/16 KW - Aged | *covid-19 | Environmental Exposure/analysis | *Exposome | Humans | Nitrogen Dioxide | SARS-CoV-2 | United States/epidemiology | Air pollution | Covid-19 | External exposome | Food environment | Vacant land | or potential competing interest. L1 - internal-pdf://1564801675/Hu-2021-An external exposome-wide association.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Hu, Hui; Zheng, Yi; Wen, Xiaoxiao; Smith, Sabrina S; Nizomov, Javlon; Fishe, Jennifer; Hogan, William R; Shenkman, Elizabeth A; Bian, Jiang; eng; P30 AG028740/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; Netherlands; Sci Total Environ. 2021 May 10;768:144832. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144832. Epub 2021 Jan 7. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Two air toxicants, one vacant land measure, and one food environment measure were associated with COVID-19 mortality. | NO2 increased mortality risk (adjusted mortality rate ratios [aMRR] 1.19, 95% CI 1.13�?.26) and benzidine decreased mortality risk (aMRR 0.92, 95% CI 0.88�?.95). | Greater occupancy (aMRR 0.89, 95% CI: 0.85�?.92) and greater eligibility for reduced-price student lunches (aMRR 0.90, 95% CI: 0.87�?.93) reduced mortality risk. | Methods: Adjusted associations of 337 long-term environmental exposures with COVID-19 mortality at the county-level across the US were assessed through an exposome-wide association study. The external exposome can be defined as the totality of the external environment to which an individual is exposed across the lifespan. Natural, built, and social environment data were collected before 2020 and included air quality, walkability, food, building vacancies, crime, and industry. Limitations: Potential ecological bias, associations don’t prove causation; assumes pre-pandemic characteristics were stable during pandemic. | Implications: Environmental factors are associated with COVID-19 mortality and warrant further investigation. | SN - 1879-1026 (Electronic); 0048-9697 (Linking) SP - 144832 ST - An external exposome-wide association study of COVID-19 mortality in the United States T2 - Sci Total Environ TI - An external exposome-wide association study of COVID-19 mortality in the United States UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33450687 VL - 768 ID - 1454 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Multiple major health organisations recommend the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support for COVID-19-related acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure. However, initial reports of ECMO use in patients with COVID-19 described very high mortality and there have been no large, international cohort studies of ECMO for COVID-19 reported to date. METHODS: We used data from the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) Registry to characterise the epidemiology, hospital course, and outcomes of patients aged 16 years or older with confirmed COVID-19 who had ECMO support initiated between Jan 16 and May 1, 2020, at 213 hospitals in 36 countries. The primary outcome was in-hospital death in a time-to-event analysis assessed at 90 days after ECMO initiation. We applied a multivariable Cox model to examine whether patient and hospital factors were associated with in-hospital mortality. FINDINGS: Data for 1035 patients with COVID-19 who received ECMO support were included in this study. Of these, 67 (6%) remained hospitalised, 311 (30%) were discharged home or to an acute rehabilitation centre, 101 (10%) were discharged to a long-term acute care centre or unspecified location, 176 (17%) were discharged to another hospital, and 380 (37%) died. The estimated cumulative incidence of in-hospital mortality 90 days after the initiation of ECMO was 37.4% (95% CI 34.4-40.4). Mortality was 39% (380 of 968) in patients with a final disposition of death or hospital discharge. The use of ECMO for circulatory support was independently associated with higher in-hospital mortality (hazard ratio 1.89, 95% CI 1.20-2.97). In the subset of patients with COVID-19 receiving respiratory (venovenous) ECMO and characterised as having acute respiratory distress syndrome, the estimated cumulative incidence of in-hospital mortality 90 days after the initiation of ECMO was 38.0% (95% CI 34.6-41.5). INTERPRETATION: In patients with COVID-19 who received ECMO, both estimated mortality 90 days after ECMO and mortality in those with a final disposition of death or discharge were less than 40%. These data from 213 hospitals worldwide provide a generalisable estimate of ECMO mortality in the setting of COVID-19. FUNDING: None. AD - Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine and Child Health Evaluation and Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Electronic address: barbaror@med.umich.edu. | Cardiothoracic Intensive Care Unit, National University Health System, Singapore. | School of Public Health Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. | Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Veterans Affairs Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. | Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Keenan Centre for Biomedical Research, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada. | Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. | Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. | Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. | Heart Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA. | Medical City Children's Hospital, Dallas, TX, USA. | Extracorporeal Life Support Organization, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. | Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA. | Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Center for Acute Respiratory Failure, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA. | Minneapolis Heart Institute, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, MN, USA. | Clinica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile. | Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Heart and Vascular Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands. | Sorbonne University, INSERM, UMRS_1166-ICAN, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France; Service de medecine intensive-reanimation, Institut de Cardiologie, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris Sorbonne Hopital Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, France. AN - 32987008 AU - Barbaro, R. P. | MacLaren, G. | Boonstra, P. S. | Iwashyna, T. J. | Slutsky, A. S. | Fan, E. | Bartlett, R. H. | Tonna, J. E. | Hyslop, R. | Fanning, J. J. | Rycus, P. T. | Hyer, S. J. | Anders, M. M. | Agerstrand, C. L. | Hryniewicz, K. | Diaz, R. | Lorusso, R. | Combes, A. | Brodie, D. | Extracorporeal Life Support, Organization C1 - 2020-10-06 C2 - Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100620_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 10 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32008-0 ET - 2020/09/29 IS - 10257 KW - Adult | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Cohort Studies | Coronavirus Infections/complications/mortality/*therapy | Critical Care | *Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation | Female | Hospital Mortality | Hospitalization | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/complications/mortality/*therapy | Registries | Respiratory Insufficiency/mortality/*therapy/virology | SARS-CoV-2 | Treatment Outcome L1 - internal-pdf://3302094392/1-s2.0-S0140673620320080-main.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | N1 - Barbaro, Ryan P; MacLaren, Graeme; Boonstra, Philip S; Iwashyna, Theodore J; Slutsky, Arthur S; Fan, Eddy; Bartlett, Robert H; Tonna, Joseph E; Hyslop, Robert; Fanning, Jeffrey J; Rycus, Peter T; Hyer, Steve J; Anders, Marc M; Agerstrand, Cara L; Hryniewicz, Katarzyna; Diaz, Rodrigo; Lorusso, Roberto; Combes, Alain; Brodie, Daniel; eng; K23 HL141596/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; England; Lancet. 2020 Oct 10;396(10257):1071-1078. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32008-0. Epub 2020 Sep 25. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The estimated cumulative incidence of in-hospital mortality 90 days after initiation of ECMO was 37.4% (95% CI 34.4�?0.4) (Figure). | Venoarterial ECMO support was significantly associated with in-hospital mortality compared with venovenous ECMO (hazard ratio (HR) 1.89, 95% CI 1.20�?.97). | Increasing age was associated with a higher risk of in-hospital mortality for those 70 years or older compared with patients aged 16�?9 years (HR 3.07, 95% CI 1.58�?.95). | Methods: Retrospective analysis of 1,035 COVID-19 patients �?6 years of age who had ECMO support between January 16 and May 1, 2020, from 36 countries. Patient outcome was measured at 90 days after ECMO initiation and with evaluation of risk factors for mortality. Limitations: Represents subset of facilities and finding may not be generalizable; no comparison to rate of COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome-associated deaths without ECMO. | Implications: This study supports existing recommendations from the WHO to consider use of ECMO in refractory COVID-19-related respiratory failure in experienced centers. SE - 1071 SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 1071-1078 ST - Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support in COVID-19: an international cohort study of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization registry T2 - Lancet TI - Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support in COVID-19: an international cohort study of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization registry UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32987008 VL - 396 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 992 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA. Electronic address: stanley.plotkin@vaxconsult.com. | Bioethics, New York University, NY, USA. AN - 32331807 AU - Plotkin, S. A. | Caplan, A. C1 - 2020-05-01 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050120_covidupdate.html DA - May 19 DO - 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.039 DP - NLM ET - 2020/04/26 IS - 24 KW - COVID-19/*mortality/*prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/*immunology | Clinical Trials as Topic/*ethics | Humans L1 - internal-pdf://3792673687/Plotkin-2020-Extraordinary diseases require ex.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Plotkin, Stanley A; Caplan, Arthur; eng; Editorial; Netherlands; Vaccine. 2020 May 19;38(24):3987-3988. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.039. Epub 2020 Apr 20. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Accelerating the path of vaccine development by recruiting young altruistic volunteers to get deliberately exposed to SARS-COV-2 is ethically questionable. SN - 1873-2518 (Electronic); 0264-410X (Linking) SP - 3987-3988 ST - Extraordinary diseases require extraordinary solutions T2 - Vaccine TI - Extraordinary diseases require extraordinary solutions UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32331807 VL - 38 ID - 112 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Although COVID-19 is most well known for causing substantial respiratory pathology, it can also result in several extrapulmonary manifestations. These conditions include thrombotic complications, myocardial dysfunction and arrhythmia, acute coronary syndromes, acute kidney injury, gastrointestinal symptoms, hepatocellular injury, hyperglycemia and ketosis, neurologic illnesses, ocular symptoms, and dermatologic complications. Given that ACE2, the entry receptor for the causative coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, is expressed in multiple extrapulmonary tissues, direct viral tissue damage is a plausible mechanism of injury. In addition, endothelial damage and thromboinflammation, dysregulation of immune responses, and maladaptation of ACE2-related pathways might all contribute to these extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19. Here we review the extrapulmonary organ-specific pathophysiology, presentations and management considerations for patients with COVID-19 to aid clinicians and scientists in recognizing and monitoring the spectrum of manifestations, and in developing research priorities and therapeutic strategies for all organ systems involved. AD - Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. | Clinical Trials Center, Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY, USA. | Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA. | Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA. | Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA. | Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. | Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, NY, USA. | Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. | Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. | Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University and the NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA. | Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. | Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA. | Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart and Vascular Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. | Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, the Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. | Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. dwl1@cumc.columbia.edu. AN - 32651579 AU - Gupta, A. | Madhavan, M. V. | Sehgal, K. | Nair, N. | Mahajan, S. | Sehrawat, T. S. | Bikdeli, B. | Ahluwalia, N. | Ausiello, J. C. | Wan, E. Y. | Freedberg, D. E. | Kirtane, A. J. | Parikh, S. A. | Maurer, M. S. | Nordvig, A. S. | Accili, D. | Bathon, J. M. | Mohan, S. | Bauer, K. A. | Leon, M. B. | Krumholz, H. M. | Uriel, N. | Mehra, M. R. | Elkind, M. S. V. | Stone, G. W. | Schwartz, A. | Ho, D. D. | Bilezikian, J. P. | Landry, D. W. C1 - 2020-07-21 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072120_covidupdate.html DA - Jul DO - 10.1038/s41591-020-0968-3 ET - 2020/07/12 IS - 7 KW - Adaptive Immunity/physiology | Betacoronavirus/*pathogenicity/physiology | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/immunology/*pathology/therapy | Disease Progression | Endothelium, Vascular/pathology/virology | Humans | Inflammation/etiology/pathology/virology | *Organ Specificity | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis/immunology/*pathology/therapy | Renin-Angiotensin System/physiology | SARS-CoV-2 | Thrombosis/etiology/pathology/virology | Virus Internalization L1 - internal-pdf://3688259240/Gupta-2020-Extrapulmonary manifestations of CO.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Gupta, Aakriti; Madhavan, Mahesh V; Sehgal, Kartik; Nair, Nandini; Mahajan, Shiwani; Sehrawat, Tejasav S; Bikdeli, Behnood; Ahluwalia, Neha; Ausiello, John C; Wan, Elaine Y; Freedberg, Daniel E; Kirtane, Ajay J; Parikh, Sahil A; Maurer, Mathew S; Nordvig, Anna S; Accili, Domenico; Bathon, Joan M; Mohan, Sumit; Bauer, Kenneth A; Leon, Martin B; Krumholz, Harlan M; Uriel, Nir; Mehra, Mandeep R; Elkind, Mitchell S V; Stone, Gregg W; Schwartz, Allan; Ho, David D; Bilezikian, John P; Landry, Donald W; eng; R01 - AR050026/U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS)/International; R03 - HL146881/U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)/International; R01 - HL152236/U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)/International; K08-HL122526/U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)/International; U01- AR068043/U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS)/International; K23- DK111847/U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH)/International; R01 - MD014161/U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases)/International; U01- DK116066/U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases)/International; T32 - HL007854/U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH)/International; 5T32 - NS007153/U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)/International; PR-181960/U.S. Department of Defense ( Department of Defense)/International; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. | Review; Nat Med. 2020 Jul;26(7):1017-1032. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-0968-3. Epub 2020 Jul 10. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A review of the extrapulmonary organ-specific pathophysiology, presentations and management considerations for patients with COVID-19 so clinicians and scientists can recognize and monitor therapeutic strategies. SN - 1546-170X (Electronic); 1078-8956 (Linking) SP - 1017-1032 ST - Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19 T2 - Nat Med TI - Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32651579 VL - 26 ID - 556 ER - TY - JOUR AD - School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia prateek.bahl@protonmail.com rainam@protonmail.com. | Biosecurity Program, Kirby Institute, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia. | School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia. | School of Public Health and Community Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia. | Biosecurity Program, Kirby Institute, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia prateek.bahl@protonmail.com rainam@protonmail.com. AN - 32709611 AU - Bahl, P. | Bhattacharjee, S. | de Silva, C. | Chughtai, A. A. | Doolan, C. | MacIntyre, C. R. C1 - 2020-07-31 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/073120_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-215748 ET - 2020/07/28 IS - 11 KW - *Aerosols | Cough | Humans | Infection Control/*instrumentation | *Masks | *Protective Devices | Sneezing | Textiles | *infection control L1 - internal-pdf://1650164317/Bahl-2020-Face coverings and mask to minimise.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Bahl, Prateek; Bhattacharjee, Shovon; de Silva, Charitha; Chughtai, Abrar Ahmad; Doolan, Con; MacIntyre, C Raina; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Video-Audio Media; England; Thorax. 2020 Nov;75(11):1024-1025. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-215748. Epub 2020 Jul 24. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Provides visual evidence of the efficacy of various face coverings to reduce droplets and aerosols expelled during speaking, coughing and sneezing. SN - 1468-3296 (Electronic); 0040-6376 (Linking) SP - 1024-1025 ST - Face coverings and mask to minimise droplet dispersion and aerosolisation: a video case study T2 - Thorax TI - Face coverings and mask to minimise droplet dispersion and aerosolisation: a video case study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32709611 VL - 75 ID - 617 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The effectiveness of masks in preventing the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has been debated since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. One important question is whether masks are effective despite the forceful expulsion of respiratory matter during coughing and sneezing. Cheng et al. convincingly show that most people live in conditions in which the airborne virus load is low. The probability of infection changes nonlinearly with the amount of respiratory matter to which a person is exposed. If most people in the wider community wear even simple surgical masks, then the probability of an encounter with a virus particle is even further limited. In indoor settings, it is impossible to avoid breathing in air that someone else has exhaled, and in hospital situations where the virus concentration is the highest, even the best-performing masks used without other protective gear such as hazmat suits will not provide adequate protection.Science, abg6296, this issue p. 1439Airborne transmission by droplets and aerosols is important for the spread of viruses. Face masks are a well-established preventive measure, but their effectiveness for mitigating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission is still under debate. We show that variations in mask efficacy can be explained by different regimes of virus abundance and are related to population-average infection probability and reproduction number. For SARS-CoV-2, the viral load of infectious individuals can vary by orders of magnitude. We find that most environments and contacts are under conditions of low virus abundance (virus-limited), where surgical masks are effective at preventing virus spread. More-advanced masks and other protective equipment are required in potentially virus-rich indoor environments, including medical centers and hospitals. Masks are particularly effective in combination with other preventive measures like ventilation and distancing. AD - Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany. h.su@mpic.de yafang.cheng@mpic.de. | Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China. | Department of Outpatient Pneumology and Institute of Physiology, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charite Mitte, 10117 Berlin, Germany. | University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany. | Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany. | Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. | Department of Geology and Geophysics, King Saud University, 11451 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. | State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China. h.su@mpic.de yafang.cheng@mpic.de. AN - 34016743 AU - Cheng, Yafang | Ma, Nan | Witt, Christian | Rapp, Steffen | Wild, Philipp S. | Andreae, Meinrat O. | Pöschl, Ulrich | Su, Hang C1 - 2021-06-04 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06042021_covidupdate.html DA - May 20 DO - 10.1126/science.abg6296 ET - 2021/05/22 IS - 6549 L1 - internal-pdf://2883893098/Cheng-2021-Face masks effectively limit the pr.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Cheng, Yafang | Ma, Nan | Witt, Christian | Rapp, Steffen | Wild, Philipp S | Andreae, Meinrat O | Poschl, Ulrich | Su, Hang | eng | Science. 2021 May 20. pii: science.abg6296. doi: 10.1126/science.abg6296. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The mean number of SARS-CoV-2 particles exhaled over 30 minutes ranged from 1 to 600. | The number of viral particles was low compared to the overall number of respiratory particles and varied across settings. | Universal masking was more effective at reducing airborne transmission compared with masking by infectious persons (source control) or susceptible persons (wearer protection) only. | N95 and equivalent masks were more effective than surgical masks (Figure 1). | Masks were more effective at removing larger particles that are more likely to be generated and dispersed during coughing or sneezing than smaller particles from speaking or breathing (Figure 2). | Methods: Published data from medical centers in China, Singapore, and the US were used to model the mean number of SARS-CoV-2 particles exhaled. The probability of infection as a function of the number of inhaled virus particles was used to evaluate the effectiveness of masks against respiratory particles and droplets with diameters <100 μm. Limitations: Did not model cloth or polyester mask effectiveness. | Implications: Because few respiratory particles contain viruses and most environments do not have abundant virus, wearing masks with limited filtration efficiency (30%�?0%) can limit the number of inhaled virus particles and keep the probably of infection low in most settings. In settings with higher respiratory particle concentrations (e.g., some healthcare settings), higher filtration masks such as N95 might be needed. SN - 1095-9203 (Electronic) | 0036-8075 (Linking) SP - 1439-1443 ST - Face masks effectively limit the probability of SARS-CoV-2 transmission T2 - Science TI - Face masks effectively limit the probability of SARS-CoV-2 transmission UR - https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/372/6549/1439.full.pdf VL - 372 ID - 1805 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 33024333 AU - Peeples, L. C1 - 2020-10-16 C2 - Face Masks CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/101620_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1038/d41586-020-02801-8 ET - 2020/10/08 IS - 7828 KW - Animals | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus | *Coronavirus Infections | Cricetinae | Disease Models, Animal | *Masks | Mesocricetus | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral | SARS-CoV-2 | *Diseases | *Epidemiology | *Fluid dynamics | *SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://3122304264/d41586-020-02801-8.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Peeples, Lynne; eng; News; Comment; England; Nature. 2020 Oct;586(7828):186-189. doi: 10.1038/d41586-020-02801-8. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Reviews anecdotal and experimental evidence supporting a role for masks in decreasing SARS-CoV-2 transmission and debates the need for a randomized controlled trial. SN - 1476-4687 (Electronic); 0028-0836 (Linking) SP - 186-189 ST - Face masks: what the data say T2 - Nature TI - Face masks: what the data say UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33024333 VL - 586 ID - 1060 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Division of Anaesthesia, Analgesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Science, Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, University of Palermo, Italy. | Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. | Dipartimento di Anestesia, Rianimazione ed Emergenza-Urgenza, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy. | Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy. AN - 32408923 AU - Ippolito, M. | Iozzo, P. | Gregoretti, C. | Grasselli, G. | Cortegiani, A. C1 - 2020-05-26 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052620_covidupdate.html DA - Mar DB - Cambridge Core DO - 10.1017/ice.2020.244 DP - Cambridge University Press ET - 2020/05/16 IS - 3 KW - Aerosols/analysis | COVID-19/prevention & control | Equipment Failure | Humans | Residence Characteristics | Respiratory Protective Devices/*standards L1 - internal-pdf://3508764535/Ippolito-2021-Facepiece filtering respirators.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Ippolito, Mariachiara; Iozzo, Pasquale; Gregoretti, Cesare; Grasselli, Giacomo; Cortegiani, Andrea; eng; Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2021 Mar;42(3):369-370. doi: 10.1017/ice.2020.244. Epub 2020 May 15. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Reminder that respirators with an exhalation value will not be an effective means of source control. SN - 1559-6834 (Electronic); 0899-823X (Linking) SP - 369-370 ST - Facepiece filtering respirators with exhalation valve should not be used in the community to limit SARS-CoV-2 diffusion T2 - Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol TI - Facepiece filtering respirators with exhalation valve should not be used in the community to limit SARS-CoV-2 diffusion UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32408923 VL - 42 ID - 252 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Columbia Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY alr2105@columbia.edu. | Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia. | George Mason University, Arlington, VA. AN - 33095523 AU - Rasmussen, Angela L. | Escandon, Kevin | Popescu, Saskia V. | Brosseau, Lisa M. | Roy, Chad J. | Osterholm, Michael T. C1 - 2020-11-06 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/110620_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 19 DO - 10.1056/NEJMc2030886 ET - 2020/10/24 IS - 21 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology | Humans | Immunization | *Masks | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://1431873560/2020-Facial Masking for Covid-19.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Rasmussen, Angela L | Escandon, Kevin | Popescu, Saskia V | eng | Letter | Comment | N Engl J Med. 2020 Nov 19;383(21):2092. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2030886. Epub 2020 Oct 23. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Two letters caution against suggesting that masks provide benefits beyond reducing transmission; concern relates to an opinion piece by Gandhi & Rutherfordexternal icon suggesting that face masks can reduce viral load and therefore disease severity, as current evidence does not suggest a clear relationship between infectious dose of SARS-CoV-2 and disease severity. SE - 2092 SN - 0028-4793; 1533-4406 SP - 2092-2094 ST - Facial Masking for Covid-19 T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Facial Masking for Covid-19 UR - https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2030886 | https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMc2030886?articleTools=true VL - 383 ID - 1200 ER - TY - JOUR AB - As SARS-CoV-2 continues its global spread, it’s possible that one of the pillars of Covid-19 pandemic control �?universal facial masking �?might help reduce the severity of disease and ensure that a greater proportion of new infections are asymptomatic. If this hypothesis is borne out, universal masking could become a form of “variolation�?that would generate immunity and thereby slow the spread of the virus in the United States and elsewhere, as we await a vaccine. | One important reason for population-wide facial masking became apparent in March, when reports started to circulate describing the high rates of SARS-CoV-2 viral shedding from the noses and mouths of patients who were presymptomatic or asymptomatic �?shedding rates equivalent to those among symptomatic patients.1 Universal facial masking seemed to be a possible way to prevent transmission from asymptomatic infected people. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) therefore recommended on April 3 that the public wear cloth face coverings in areas with high rates of community transmission �?a recommendation that has been unevenly followed across the United States. | Past evidence related to other respiratory viruses indicates that facial masking can also protect the wearer from becoming infected, by blocking viral particles from entering the nose and mouth.2 Epidemiologic investigations conducted around the world �?especially in Asian countries that became accustomed to population-wide masking during the 2003 SARS pandemic �?have suggested that there is a strong relationship between public masking and pandemic control. Recent data from Boston demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 infections decreased among health care workers after universal masking was implemented in municipal hospitals in late March. | SARS-CoV-2 has the protean ability to cause myriad clinical manifestations, ranging from a complete lack of symptoms to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and death. Recent virologic, epidemiologic, and ecologic data have led to the hypothesis that facial masking may also reduce the severity of disease among people who do become infected.3 This possibility is consistent with a long-standing theory of viral pathogenesis, which holds that the severity of disease is proportionate to the viral inoculum received. Since 1938, researchers have explored, primarily in animal models, the concept of the lethal dose of a virus �?or the dose at which 50% of exposed hosts die (LD50). With viral infections in which host immune responses play a predominant role in viral pathogenesis, such as SARS-CoV-2, high doses of viral inoculum can overwhelm and dysregulate innate immune defenses, increasing the severity of disease. Indeed, down-regulating immunopathology is one mechanism by which dexamethasone improves outcomes in severe Covid-19 infection. As proof of concept of viral inocula influencing disease manifestations, higher doses of administered virus led to more severe manifestations of Covid-19 in a Syrian hamster model of SARS-CoV-2 infection.4; | If the viral inoculum matters in determining the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection, an additional hypothesized reason for wearing facial masks would be to reduce the viral inoculum to which the wearer is exposed and the subsequent clinical impact of the disease. Since masks can filter out some virus-containing droplets (with filtering capacity determined by mask type),2 masking might reduce the inoculum that an exposed person inhales. If this theory bears out, population-wide masking, with any type of mask that increases acceptability and adherence,2 might contribute to increasing the proportion of SARS-CoV-2 infections that are asymptomatic. The typical rate of asymptomatic infection with SARS-CoV-2 was estimated to be 40% by the CDC in mid-July, but asymptomatic infection rates are reported to be higher than 80% in settings with universal facial masking, which provides observational evidence for this hypothesis. Countries that have adopted population-wide masking have fared better in terms of rates of severe Covid-related illnesses and death, which, in environments with limited testing, suggests a shift from symptomatic to asymptomatic infections. Another experiment in the Syrian hamster model simulated surgical masking of the animals and showed that with simulated masking, hamsters were less likely to get infected, and if they did get infected, they either were asymptomatic or had milder symptoms than unmasked hamsters. | The most obvious way to spare society the devastating effects of Covid-19 is to promote measures to reduce both transmission and severity of illness. But SARS-CoV-2 is highly transmissible, cannot be contained by syndromic-based surveillance alone,1 and is proving difficult to eradicate, even in regions that implemented strict initial control measures. Efforts to increase testing and containment in the United States have been ongoing and variably successful, owing in part to the recent increase in demand for testing. | The hopes for vaccines are pinned not just on infection prevention: most vaccine trials include a secondary outcome of decreasing the severity of illness, since increasing the proportion of cases in which disease is mild or asymptomatic would be a public health victory. Universal masking seems to reduce the rate of new infections; we hypothesize that by reducing the viral inoculum, it would also increase the proportion of infected people who remain asymptomatic.3; | In an outbreak on a closed Argentinian cruise ship, for example, where passengers were provided with surgical masks and staff with N95 masks, the rate of asymptomatic infection was 81% (as compared with 20% in earlier cruise ship outbreaks without universal masking). In two recent outbreaks in U.S. food-processing plants, where all workers were issued masks each day and were required to wear them, the proportion of asymptomatic infections among the more than 500 people who became infected was 95%, with only 5% in each outbreak experiencing mild-to-moderate symptoms.3 Case-fatality rates in countries with mandatory or enforced population-wide masking have remained low, even with resurgences of cases after lockdowns were lifted. | Variolation was a process whereby people who were susceptible to smallpox were inoculated with material taken from a vesicle of a person with smallpox, with the intent of causing a mild infection and subsequent immunity. Variolation was practiced only until the introduction of the variola vaccine, which ultimately eradicated smallpox. Despite concerns regarding safety, worldwide distribution, and eventual uptake, the world has high hopes for a highly effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, and as of early September, 34 vaccine candidates were in clinical evaluation, with hundreds more in development. | While we await the results of vaccine trials, however, any public health measure that could increase the proportion of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections may both make the infection less deadly and increase population-wide immunity without severe illnesses and deaths. Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 seems to be rare, despite more than 8 months of circulation worldwide and as suggested by a macaque model. The scientific community has been clarifying for some time the humoral and cell-mediated components of the adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and the inadequacy of antibody-based seroprevalence studies to estimate the level of more durable T-cell and memory B-cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Promising data have been emerging in recent weeks suggesting that strong cell-mediated immunity results from even mild or asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection,5 so any public health strategy that could reduce the severity of disease should increase population-wide immunity as well. | To test our hypothesis that population-wide masking is one of those strategies, we need further studies comparing the rate of asymptomatic infection in areas with and areas without universal masking. To test the variolation hypothesis, we will need more studies comparing the strength and durability of SARS-CoV-2–specific T-cell immunity between people with asymptomatic infection and those with symptomatic infection, as well as a demonstration of the natural slowing of SARS-CoV-2 spread in areas with a high proportion of asymptomatic infections. | Ultimately, combating the pandemic will involve driving down both transmission rates and severity of disease. Increasing evidence suggests that population-wide facial masking might benefit both components of the response. AD - From the Center for AIDS Research, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine (M.G.), and the Division of Infectious Disease and Global Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (G.W.R.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco. AN - 32897661 AU - Gandhi, Monica | Rutherford, George W. C1 - 2020-11-06 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/110620_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 29 DO - 10.1056/NEJMp2026913 ET - 2020/09/09 IS - 18 KW - Asymptomatic Infections | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Communicable Disease Control/*methods | Coronavirus Infections/*prevention & control | Humans | Immunity, Cellular | Immunization | *Masks | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*prevention & control | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://0852341995/Gandhi-2020-Facial Masking for Covid-19 �?Pote.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Gandhi, Monica | Rutherford, George W | eng | R01 AI158013/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | N Engl J Med. 2020 Oct 29;383(18):e101. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2026913. Epub 2020 Sep 8. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: suggesting that face masks can reduce viral load and therefore disease severity SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic) | 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - e101 ST - Facial Masking for Covid-19 �?Potential for “Variolation�?as We Await a Vaccine T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Facial Masking for Covid-19 �?Potential for “Variolation�?as We Await a Vaccine UR - https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp2026913 | https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMp2026913?articleTools=true VL - 383 ID - 1888 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and quarantine measures have raised concerns regarding their psychological effects on populations. Among the general population, university students appear to be particularly susceptible to experiencing mental health problems. Objectives: To measure the prevalence of self-reported mental health symptoms, to identify associated factors, and to assess care seeking among university students who experienced the COVID-19 quarantine in France. Design, Setting, and Participants: This survey study collected data from April 17 to May 4, 2020, from 69054 students living in France during the COVID-19 quarantine. All French universities were asked to send an email to their students asking them to complete an online questionnaire. The targeted population was approximately 1600000 students. Exposure: Living in France during the COVID-19 quarantine. Main Outcomes and Measures: The rates of self-reported suicidal thoughts, severe distress, stress, anxiety, and depression were assessed using the 22-item Impact of Events Scale-Revised, the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale, the 20-item State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (State subscale), and the 13-item Beck Depression Inventory, respectively. Covariates were sociodemographic characteristics, precariousness indicators (ie, loss of income or poor quality housing), health-related data, information on the social environment, and media consumption. Data pertaining to care seeking were also collected. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors. Results: A total of 69054 students completed the survey (response rate, 4.3%). The median (interquartile range) age was 20 (18-22) years. The sample was mainly composed of women (50251 [72.8%]) and first-year students (32424 [47.0%]). The prevalence of suicidal thoughts, severe distress, high level of perceived stress, severe depression, and high level of anxiety were 11.4% (7891 students), 22.4% (15463 students), 24.7% (17093 students), 16.1% (11133 students), and 27.5% (18970 students), respectively, with 29564 students (42.8%) reporting at least 1 outcome, among whom 3675 (12.4%) reported seeing a health professional. Among risk factors identified, reporting at least 1 mental health outcome was associated with female gender (odds ratio [OR], 2.10; 95% CI, 2.02-2.19; P < .001) or nonbinary gender (OR, 3.57; 95% CI, 2.99-4.27; P < .001), precariousness (loss of income: OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.22-1.33; P < .001; low-quality housing: OR, 2.30; 95% CI, 2.06-2.57; P < .001), history of psychiatric follow-up (OR, 3.28; 95% CI, 3.09-3.48; P < .001), symptoms compatible with COVID-19 (OR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.49-1.61; P < .001), social isolation (weak sense of integration: OR, 3.63; 95% CI, 3.35-3.92; P < .001; low quality of social relations: OR, 2.62; 95% CI, 2.49-2.75; P < .001), and low quality of the information received (OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.49-1.64; P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance: The results of this survey study suggest a high prevalence of mental health issues among students who experienced quarantine, underlining the need to reinforce prevention, surveillance, and access to care. AD - Department of Public Health, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France. | Federation de Recherche en Psychiatrie et Sante Mentale des Hauts-de-France, Lille, France. | Centre National de Ressources et de Resilience Lille-Paris, Lille, France. | University Lille, Inserm, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, CIC1403-Clinical Investigation Center, Lille, France. | Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France. | University Lille, Inserm, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Lille, France. | Department of Infant, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Avicenne Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Centre de recherche en Epidemiologie et Sante des Populations, Bobigny, France. | Fonds Federation Hospitaliere de France Recherche et Innovation, Paris, France. AN - 33095252 AU - Wathelet, M. | Duhem, S. | Vaiva, G. | Baubet, T. | Habran, E. | Veerapa, E. | Debien, C. | Molenda, S. | Horn, M. | Grandgenevre, P. | Notredame, C. E. | D'Hondt, F. C1 - 2020-12-01 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/120120_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.25591 ET - 2020/10/24 IS - 10 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Anxiety/epidemiology/etiology | Anxiety Disorders/epidemiology/etiology | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/*psychology/virology | Depression/epidemiology/etiology | Depressive Disorder/epidemiology/etiology | Female | Humans | Male | Mental Disorders/epidemiology/*etiology | Odds Ratio | *Pandemics | Patient Acceptance of Health Care | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/*psychology/virology | Prevalence | Quarantine | SARS-CoV-2 | Social Isolation/*psychology | Stress, Psychological/epidemiology/etiology | Students/*psychology | *Suicidal Ideation | Surveys and Questionnaires | *Universities | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://2173271317/Wathelet-2020-Factors Associated With Mental H.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Wathelet, Marielle; Duhem, Stephane; Vaiva, Guillaume; Baubet, Thierry; Habran, Enguerrand; Veerapa, Emilie; Debien, Christophe; Molenda, Sylvie; Horn, Mathilde; Grandgenevre, Pierre; Notredame, Charles-Edouard; D'Hondt, Fabien; eng; JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Oct 1;3(10):e2025591. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.25591. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 29,564 students (42.8%) reported at least one mental health symptom, including: anxiety (27.5%); stress (24.7%); severe distress (22.4%); severe depression (16.1%); and suicidal thoughts (11.4%). | Risk factors associated with reporting at least one mental health symptom included: | Female gender (OR 2.10, 95% CI 2.02-2.19, p <0.001) or non-binary gender (OR 3.57, 95% CI 2.99-4.27, p <0.001). | Low-quality housing (OR 2.30, 95% CI 2.06-2.57, p <0.001). | History of psychiatric follow-up (OR 3.28, 95% CI 3.09-3.48, p <0.001). | Symptoms compatible with COVID-19 (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.49-1.61, p <0.001). | Social isolation (OR 3.63, 95% CI 3.35-3.92, p <0.001). | Low quality of media information received (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.49-1.64, p <0.001). | Only 12.4% of students reporting severe mental health symptoms sought mental health care. | Methods: A survey of 69,054 university students in France from April 17 to May 4, 2020 who experienced quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic collected data on the rates of self-reported suicidal thoughts, severe distress, stress, anxiety, and depression. Limitations: Small proportion (4%) of entire university population included; possible self-selection bias. | Implications: Prevention, surveillance, and access to mental healthcare services are important for university students, particularly for women, nonbinary students and those with a history of psychiatric follow up. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e2025591 ST - Factors Associated With Mental Health Disorders Among University Students in France Confined During the COVID-19 Pandemic T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Factors Associated With Mental Health Disorders Among University Students in France Confined During the COVID-19 Pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33095252 VL - 3 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1276 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) could be psychologically stressed. Objective: To assess the magnitude of mental health outcomes and associated factors among health care workers treating patients exposed to COVID-19 in China. Design, Settings, and Participants: This cross-sectional, survey-based, region-stratified study collected demographic data and mental health measurements from 1257 health care workers in 34 hospitals from January 29, 2020, to February 3, 2020, in China. Health care workers in hospitals equipped with fever clinics or wards for patients with COVID-19 were eligible. Main Outcomes and Measures: The degree of symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and distress was assessed by the Chinese versions of the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire, the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale, the 7-item Insomnia Severity Index, and the 22-item Impact of Event Scale-Revised, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with mental health outcomes. Results: A total of 1257 of 1830 contacted individuals completed the survey, with a participation rate of 68.7%. A total of 813 (64.7%) were aged 26 to 40 years, and 964 (76.7%) were women. Of all participants, 764 (60.8%) were nurses, and 493 (39.2%) were physicians; 760 (60.5%) worked in hospitals in Wuhan, and 522 (41.5%) were frontline health care workers. A considerable proportion of participants reported symptoms of depression (634 [50.4%]), anxiety (560 [44.6%]), insomnia (427 [34.0%]), and distress (899 [71.5%]). Nurses, women, frontline health care workers, and those working in Wuhan, China, reported more severe degrees of all measurements of mental health symptoms than other health care workers (eg, median [IQR] Patient Health Questionnaire scores among physicians vs nurses: 4.0 [1.0-7.0] vs 5.0 [2.0-8.0]; P = .007; median [interquartile range {IQR}] Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale scores among men vs women: 2.0 [0-6.0] vs 4.0 [1.0-7.0]; P < .001; median [IQR] Insomnia Severity Index scores among frontline vs second-line workers: 6.0 [2.0-11.0] vs 4.0 [1.0-8.0]; P < .001; median [IQR] Impact of Event Scale-Revised scores among those in Wuhan vs those in Hubei outside Wuhan and those outside Hubei: 21.0 [8.5-34.5] vs 18.0 [6.0-28.0] in Hubei outside Wuhan and 15.0 [4.0-26.0] outside Hubei; P < .001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed participants from outside Hubei province were associated with lower risk of experiencing symptoms of distress compared with those in Wuhan (odds ratio [OR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.43-0.88; P = .008). Frontline health care workers engaged in direct diagnosis, treatment, and care of patients with COVID-19 were associated with a higher risk of symptoms of depression (OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.11-2.09; P = .01), anxiety (OR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.22-2.02; P < .001), insomnia (OR, 2.97; 95% CI, 1.92-4.60; P < .001), and distress (OR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.25-2.04; P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance: In this survey of heath care workers in hospitals equipped with fever clinics or wards for patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan and other regions in China, participants reported experiencing psychological burden, especially nurses, women, those in Wuhan, and frontline health care workers directly engaged in the diagnosis, treatment, and care for patients with COVID-19. AD - Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China. | Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China. | Department of Psychiatry, Wuhan Youfu Hospital, Wuhan, China. | Department of Psychiatry, Jingmen No. 2 People's Hospital, Jingmen, China. | Department of Psychiatry, Wuhan Wudong Hospital, Wuhan, China. | Department of Nursing, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China. AN - 32202646 AU - Lai, J. | Ma, S. | Wang, Y. | Cai, Z. | Hu, J. | Wei, N. | Wu, J. | Du, H. | Chen, T. | Li, R. | Tan, H. | Kang, L. | Yao, L. | Huang, M. | Wang, H. | Wang, G. | Liu, Z. | Hu, S. C1 - 2020-05-01 C2 - Focus on Mental Health in Healthcare Workers CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050120_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 2 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976 ET - 2020/03/24 IS - 3 KW - Adult | Anxiety/*etiology | Anxiety Disorders | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | China | Coronavirus Infections/*psychology | Cross-Sectional Studies | Depression/*etiology | Female | Health Personnel/*psychology | Humans | Male | *Mental Health | Outcome Assessment, Health Care | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*psychology | SARS-CoV-2 | Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders/*etiology | Stress, Psychological/*etiology | Surveys and Questionnaires L1 - internal-pdf://1898686430/Lai-2020-Factors Associated With Mental Health.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Lai, Jianbo; Ma, Simeng; Wang, Ying; Cai, Zhongxiang; Hu, Jianbo; Wei, Ning; Wu, Jiang; Du, Hui; Chen, Tingting; Li, Ruiting; Tan, Huawei; Kang, Lijun; Yao, Lihua; Huang, Manli; Wang, Huafen; Wang, Gaohua; Liu, Zhongchun; Hu, Shaohua; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Mar 2;3(3):e203976. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among 1,257 healthcare workers (HCW) in China, mental health problems reported during the peak of the local COVID-19 epidemic included: high levels of moderate to severe insomnia (7.8%), anxiety (12.3%), depression (14.8%) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD, 35.0%) (Figure). | In multivariable logistic regression analyses: | Female HCW faced significantly greater odds of PTSD (aOR 1.5), anxiety (aOR 1.7) and depression (aOR 1.9) than men. | HCW with intermediate seniority had significantly greater odds of PTSD (aOR 1.9), anxiety (aOR 1.8) and depression (aOR 1.8) than HCW in more junior or senior positions. | HCW in front-line positions faced significantly higher odds of PTSD (aOR 1.6), anxiety (aOR 1.6), depression (aOR 1.5) and insomnia (aOR 3.0) than those in second-line positions. | Methods: 1,257 out of 1,840 selected HCW staff (69%) completed self-administered questionnaires that included validated scales for insomnia (ISI-7), anxiety (GAD-7), depression (PHQ-9), and PTSD (IES-R) between January 29 and February 3, 2020. Resultant scores were categorized for each as normal, mild, moderate, or severe. The study relied on two-stage sampling in: 1) secondary and tertiary hospitals; and 2) by geographic region (Wuhan, Hubei Province and outside of Hubei Province). Logistic regression models were used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) controlling for sociodemographic and other factors. Limitations: One-time cross-sectional survey. | Implications for 2 studies (Lai et al. & Rossi et al.): Many HCW in China and Italy reported experiencing adverse mental health outcomes. Research is needed on how best to provide adequate psychological support services to HCW and sustain their capacity to work under the stressful conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e203976 ST - Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019 T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32202646 VL - 3 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 116 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: It is important to understand differences in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) deaths by nursing home racial composition and the potential reasons for these differences so that limited resources can be distributed equitably. Objective: To describe differences in the number of COVID-19 deaths by nursing home racial composition and examine the factors associated with these differences. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study of 13 312 nursing homes in the US used the Nursing Home COVID-19 Public File from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, which contains COVID-19 cases and deaths among nursing home residents as self-reported by nursing homes beginning between January 1, 2020, and May 24, 2020, and ending on September 13, 2020. Data were analyzed from July 28 to December 18, 2020. Exposures: Confirmed or suspected COVID-19 infection. Confirmed cases were defined as COVID-19 infection confirmed by a diagnostic laboratory test. Suspected cases were defined as signs and/or symptoms of COVID-19 infection or patient-specific transmission-based precautions for COVID-19 infection. Main Outcomes and Measures: Deaths associated with COVID-19 among nursing home residents. Death counts were compared by nursing home racial composition, which was measured as the proportion of White residents. Results: Among 13312 nursing homes included in the study, the overall mean (SD) age of residents was 79.5 (6.7) years. A total of 51606 COVID-19-associated deaths among residents were reported, with a mean (SD) of 3.9 (8.0) deaths per facility. The mean (SD) number of deaths in nursing homes with the lowest proportion of White residents (quintile 1) vs nursing homes with the highest proportions of White residents (quintile 5) were 5.6 (9.2) and 1.7 (4.8), respectively. Facilities in quintile 1 experienced a mean (SE) of 3.9 (0.2) more deaths than those in quintile 5, representing a 3.3-fold higher number of deaths in quintile 1 compared with quintile 5. Adjustment for the number of certified beds reduced the mean (SE) difference between these 2 nursing home groups to 2.2 (0.2) deaths. Controlling for case mix measures and other nursing home characteristics did not modify this association. Adjustment for county-level COVID-19 prevalence further reduced the mean (SE) difference to 1.0 (0.2) death. Conclusions and Relevance: In this study, nursing homes with the highest proportions of non-White residents experienced COVID-19 death counts that were 3.3-fold higher than those of facilities with the highest proportions of White residents. These differences were associated with factors such as larger nursing home size and higher infection burden in counties in which nursing homes with high proportions of non-White residents were located. Focusing limited available resources on facilities with high proportions of non-White residents is needed to support nursing homes during potential future outbreaks. AD - Center for Health and the Social Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. | Department of Public Health Sciences, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. | Department of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. AN - 33566110 AU - Gorges, R. J. | Konetzka, R. T. C1 - 2021-02-26 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02262021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.37431 ET - 2021/02/11 IS - 2 KW - Aged | Aged, 80 and over | COVID-19/epidemiology/*ethnology/mortality | *Cause of Death | *Continental Population Groups | Cross-Sectional Studies | Disease Outbreaks | *Homes for the Aged/statistics & numerical data | Humans | *Infection Control | Medicaid | Medicare | *Nursing Homes/statistics & numerical data | Race Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://0021262401/Gorges-2021-Factors Associated With Racial Dif.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Gorges, Rebecca J; Konetzka, R Tamara; eng; T32 AG000243/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Feb 1;4(2):e2037431. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.37431. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Deaths were highest (mean 5.6, SD 9.2) in facilities with the lowest proportion of non-Hispanic White residents (quintile 1) and lowest (mean 1.7, SD 4.8) in facilities with the highest proportions of White residents (quintile 5) (Figure). | There were 3.9 (SE 0.2) more deaths on average per facility in quintile 1 than quintile 5; Adjustment for number of certified beds and for county-level COVID-19 prevalence reduced the mean difference between these 2 quintiles to 2.2 (SE 0.2) and 1.0 (SE 0.2); Nursing homes in quintile 1, compared with those in quintile 5, had more confirmed COVID-19 cases per capita (mean [SD] 12.1 [8.9] vs. 23.2 [10.7] cases per 1000 people) and more residents with Medicaid coverage (mean [SD] 53.5% [21.0%] vs 69.7% [20.8%]). | Methods: Cross-sectional study of confirmed or suspected COVID-19 cases and deaths reported by 13,312 nursing homes between January 1, 2020 and September 13, 2020. Modeled marginal effects of quintile based on percentage of non-Hispanic White nursing home residents on number of deaths per facility, sequentially adjusting for bed number, case mix, other facility characteristics, and county-level COVID-19 cases. Limitations: Limited individual-level COVID-19 case and death data; data did not allow for racial classifications other than non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and Hispanic; nursing homes were not required to report COVID-19 case and death counts prior to mid-May 2020. | Implications: The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted disparities between nursing homes. Policymakers should promote and enforce quality standards across nursing homes to assure equity in care. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e2037431 ST - Factors Associated With Racial Differences in Deaths Among Nursing Home Residents With COVID-19 Infection in the US T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Factors Associated With Racial Differences in Deaths Among Nursing Home Residents With COVID-19 Infection in the US UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33566110 VL - 4 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1539 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The impact of COVID-19 in the US has been far-reaching and devastating, especially in Black populations. Vaccination is a critical part of controlling community spread, but vaccine acceptance has varied, with some research reporting that Black individuals in the US are less willing to be vaccinated than other racial/ethnic groups. Medical mistrust informed by experiences of racism may be associated with this lower willingness.To examine the association between race/ethnicity and rejection of COVID-19 vaccine trial participation and vaccine uptake and to investigate whether racial/ethnic group–based medical mistrust is a potential mediator of this association.This cross-sectional survey study was conducted from June to December 2020 using a convenience sample of 1835 adults aged 18 years or older residing in Michigan. Participants were recruited through community-based organizations and hospital-academic networks.Separate items assessed whether respondents, if asked, would agree to participate in a research study to test a COVID-19 vaccine or to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. Participants also completed the suspicion subscale of the Group-Based Medical Mistrust Scale.Of the 1835 participants, 1455 (79%) were women, 361 (20%) men, and 19 (1%) other gender. The mean (SD) age was 49.4 (17.9) years, and 394 participants (21%) identified as Black individuals. Overall, 1376 participants (75%) reported low willingness to participate in vaccine trials, and 945 (52%) reported low willingness to be vaccinated. Black participants reported the highest medical mistrust scores (mean [SD], 2.35 [0.96]) compared with other racial/ethnic groups (mean [SD] for the total sample, 1.83 [0.91]). Analysis of path models revealed significantly greater vaccine trial and vaccine uptake rejection among Black participants (vaccine trial: B [SE], 0.51 [0.08]; vaccine uptake: B [SE], 0.51 [0.08]; both P�?lt;�?001) compared with the overall mean rejection. The association was partially mediated by medical mistrust among Black participants (vaccine trial: B [SE], 0.04 [0.01]; P�?�?003; vaccine uptake: B [SE], 0.07 [0.02]; P�?lt;�?001) and White participants (vaccine trial: B [SE], �?.06 [0.02]; P�?�?001; vaccine uptake: B [SE], �?.10 [0.02]; P�?lt;�?001).In this survey study of US adults, racial/ethnic group–based medical mistrust partially mediated the association between individuals identifying as Black and low rates of acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine trial participation and actual vaccination. The findings suggest that partnerships between health care and other sectors to build trust and promote vaccination may benefit from socially and culturally responsive strategies that acknowledge and address racial/ethnic health care disparities and historical and contemporary experiences of racism. AD - Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan. | University of Michigan School of Social Work, Detroit. | ACCESS, Dearborn, Michigan. | St Patrick Senior Center, Detroit, Michigan. | Western Wayne Family Health Center, Inkster, Michigan. | LGBT Detroit, Detroit, Michigan. | Detroit Parent Network, Detroit, Michigan. | Area Agency on Aging of Northwest Michigan, Traverse City. | United Way of Gratiot & Isabella Counties, Mt Pleasant, Michigan. | American Cancer Society-North Central Region, Southfield, Michigan. | Faith-Based Genetic Research Institute, Detroit, Michigan. AN - 34042990 AU - Thompson, Hayley S. | Manning, Mark | Mitchell, Jamie | Kim, Seongho | Harper, Felicity W. K. | Cresswell, Sheena | Johns, Kristopher | Pal, Shoma | Dowe, Brittany | Tariq, Madiha | Sayed, Nadia | Saigh, Lisa M. | Rutledge, Lisa | Lipscomb, Curtis | Lilly, Jametta Y. | Gustine, Heidi | Sanders, Annie | Landry, Megan | Marks, Bertram C1 - 2021-06-04 C2 - Social, Behavioral, and Communication Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06042021_covidupdate.html DA - May 3 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.11629 ET - 2021/05/28 IS - 5 KW - Adolescent | Adult | African Americans/psychology/statistics & numerical data | Aged | Asian Americans/psychology/statistics & numerical data | Attitude to Health/ethnology | COVID-19/*ethnology/prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/*therapeutic use | Clinical Trials as Topic/*psychology | Continental Population Groups/*psychology/statistics & numerical data | Cross-Sectional Studies | European Continental Ancestry Group/psychology/statistics & numerical data | Female | Hispanic Americans/psychology/statistics & numerical data | Humans | Male | Michigan | Middle Aged | Patient Acceptance of Health Care/ethnology/psychology/statistics & numerical | data | *Trust/psychology | Vaccination Refusal/*ethnology/psychology/statistics & numerical data | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://0515485016/Thompson-2021-Factors Associated With Racial_E.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Natural History | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Thompson, Hayley S | Manning, Mark | Mitchell, Jamie | Kim, Seongho | Harper, Felicity W K | Cresswell, Sheena | Johns, Kristopher | Pal, Shoma | Dowe, Brittany | Tariq, Madiha | Sayed, Nadia | Saigh, Lisa M | Rutledge, Lisa | Lipscomb, Curtis | Lilly, Jametta Y | Gustine, Heidi | Sanders, Annie | Landry, Megan | Marks, Bertram | eng | P30 CA022453/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ | Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural | JAMA Netw Open. 2021 May 3;4(5):e2111629. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.11629. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 75% of participants reported low willingness to participate in vaccine trials, and 52% reported low willingness to be vaccinated (Figure). | Black adults were less willing to participate in COVID-19 vaccine trials and to be vaccinated compared with other racial/ethnic groups (Figure). | Black adults reported greater medical mistrust (mean [SD], 2.35 [0.96]) compared with other racial/ethnic groups (mean [SD] for the total sample, 1.83 [0.91]). | Experiences of racism were cited as a leading reason for medical mistrust. | Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 1,835 adults in Michigan conducted between June and December 2020 assessed whether respondents, if asked, would participate in a research study to test a COVID-19 vaccine or receive a COVID-19 vaccine. Participants also completed the suspicion subscale of the Group-Based Medical Mistrust Scale using a Likert-type scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree), with higher scores representing greater mistrust. Limitation: Data not representative of the Michigan population. | Implications: Socially and culturally responsive strategies that acknowledge and address racial/ethnic health care disparities and historical and contemporary experiences of racism are needed to promote COVID-19 vaccination, particularly among individuals identifying as Black. SN - 2574-3805 SP - e2111629-e2111629 ST - Factors Associated With Racial/Ethnic Group–Based Medical Mistrust and Perspectives on COVID-19 Vaccine Trial Participation and Vaccine Uptake in the US T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Factors Associated With Racial/Ethnic Group–Based Medical Mistrust and Perspectives on COVID-19 Vaccine Trial Participation and Vaccine Uptake in the US UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.11629 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/articlepdf/2780402/thompson_2021_oi_210345_1621458851.98773.pdf VL - 4 Y2 - 6/29/2021 ID - 1809 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Patients hospitalized for COVID-19 may experience complications following hospitalization and require readmission. This analysis estimates the rate and risk factors associated with COVID-19-related readmission and inpatient mortality.This is a retrospective cohort study utilizing deidentified chargemaster data from 297 hospitals across 40 US states on patients hospitalized with COVID-19 February 15-June 09, 2020. Demographics, comorbidities, acute conditions, and clinical characteristics of first hospitalization are summarized. Mulitvariable logistic regression was used to measure risk factor associations with 30-day readmission and in-hospital mortality.Among 29,659 patients, 1,070 (3.6%) were readmitted. Readmitted patients were more likely to have diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease (CVD), chronic kidney disease (CKD) vs those not readmitted (p<0.0001) and to present on first admission with acute kidney injury (15.6% vs. 9.2%), congestive heart failure (6.4% vs. 2.4%), and cardiomyopathy (2.1% vs. 0.8%) (p<0.0001). Higher odds of readmission were observed in patients age >60 vs. 1840 (odds ratio [OR]=1.92, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.48, 2.50), and admitted in the Northeast vs. West (OR=1.43, 95% CI=1.14, 1.79) or South (OR=1.28, 95% CI=1.11, 1.49). Comorbidities including diabetes (OR=1.34, 95% CI=1.12, 1.60), CVD (OR=1.46, 95% CI=1.23, 1.72), CKD stage 1-5 (OR=1.51, 95% CI=1.25,1.81) and stage 5 (OR=2.27, 95% CI=1.81, 2.86) were associated with higher odds of readmission. 12.3% of readmitted patients died during second hospitalization.Among this large US population of patients hospitalized with COVID-19, readmission was associated with certain comorbidities and acute conditions during first hospitalization. These findings may inform strategies to mitigate risks of readmission due to COVID-19 complications. AD - Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. | University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. | Weill Cornell, New York, NY, USA. | Target RWE Health Evidence Solutions, Durham, NC, USA. | University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. AN - 34015106 AU - Verna, Elizabeth C | Landis, Charles | Brown, Jr, Robert S | Mospan, Andrea R | Crawford, Julie M | Hildebrand, Janet S | Morris, Heather L | Munoz, Breda | Fried, Michael W | Reddy, K Rajender C1 - 2021-05-28 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05282021_covidupdate.html DA - May 20 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciab464 ET - 2021/05/21 KW - Covid-19 | Readmission | Real World Evidence L1 - internal-pdf://3450818315/Verna-2021-Factors Associated with Readmission.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Verna, Elizabeth C | Landis, Charles | Brown, Robert S Jr | Mospan, Andrea R | Crawford, Julie M | Hildebrand, Janet S | Morris, Heather L | Munoz, Breda | Fried, Michael W | Reddy, K Rajender | eng | Clin Infect Dis. 2021 May 20. pii: 6279074. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab464. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 3.6% of patients were readmitted within 30 days of first hospitalization with COVID-19. | In-hospital mortality on readmission was 12.3% and associated with need for maximum oxygen support, sepsis, acute kidney injury, and age. | Risk of re-admission was significantly associated with: | Older age. | Comorbidities such as diabetes, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. | Being from the Northeast or having Medicare or Medicaid insurance. | Methods: Retrospective cohort study on readmission within 30 days and in-hospital mortality among 29,659 US-based patients �?8 years old following first hospitalization with COVID-19 between February 15 and June 9, 2020. Limitations: Regional differences might reflect higher hospitalization rates in the Northeast early in the pandemic. | Implications: To reduce readmissions among COVID-19 patients, targeted strategies are needed for older adults and those with high-risk underlying medical conditions. SN - 1058-4838 ST - Factors Associated with Readmission in the US Following Hospitalization with COVID-19 T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Factors Associated with Readmission in the US Following Hospitalization with COVID-19 UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab464 Y2 - 6/29/2021 ID - 1786 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: It is unclear what the best strategy is for detecting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) among residents of homeless shelters and what individual factors are associated with testing positive for the virus. We sought to evaluate factors associated with testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 among residents of homeless shelters and to evaluate positivity rates in shelters where testing was conducted in response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreaks or for surveillance. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective chart audit to obtain repeated cross-sectional data from outreach testing done at homeless shelters between Apr. 1 and July 31, 2020, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. We compared the SARS-CoV-2 positivity rate for shelters where testing was conducted because of an outbreak (at least 1 known case) with those tested for surveillance (no known cases). A patient-level analysis evaluated differences in demographic, health and behavioural characteristics of residents who did and did not test positive for SARS-CoV-2 at shelters with at least 2 positive cases. RESULTS: One thousand nasopharyngeal swabs were done on 872 unique residents at 20 shelter locations. Among the 504 tests done in outbreak settings, 69 (14%) were positive for SARS-CoV-2 and 1 (0.2%) was indeterminate. Among the 496 tests done for surveillance, 11 (2%) were positive and none were indeterminate. Shelter residents who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 were significantly less likely to have a health insurance card (54% v. 72%, p = 0.03) or to have visited another shelter in the last 14 days (0% v. 18%, p < 0.01). There was no association between SARS-CoV-2 positivity and medical history or symptoms. INTERPRETATION: Our findings support testing of asymptomatic shelter residents for SARS-CoV-2 when a positive case is identified at the same shelter. Surveillance testing when there are no known positive cases may detect outbreaks, but further research should identify efficient strategies given scarce testing resources. AD - MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Kiran, Craig-Neil, Wang, Snider, Hwang), and Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kiran, Das, Rosenthal), and Department of Emergency Medicine (Lockwood, Snider), and Department of Medicine (Hwang), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kiran, Das, Rosenthal), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Kiran, Snider), and Division of Emergency Medicine (Lockwood, Snider), and MD program (Nathanielsz), and Division of General Internal Medicine (Hwang), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. tara.kiran@utoronto.ca. | MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions (Kiran, Craig-Neil, Wang, Snider, Hwang), and Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kiran, Das, Rosenthal), and Department of Emergency Medicine (Lockwood, Snider), and Department of Medicine (Hwang), St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto; Department of Family and Community Medicine (Kiran, Das, Rosenthal), and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Kiran, Snider), and Division of Emergency Medicine (Lockwood, Snider), and MD program (Nathanielsz), and Division of General Internal Medicine (Hwang), Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. AN - 33785478 AU - Kiran, T. | Craig-Neil, A. | Das, P. | Lockwood, J. | Wang, R. | Nathanielsz, N. | Rosenthal, E. | Snider, C. | Hwang, S. W. C1 - 2021-04-09 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04092021_covidupdate.html DA - Jan-Mar DO - 10.9778/cmajo.20200253 DP - NLM ET - 2021/04/01 IS - 1 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | COVID-19/*diagnosis/epidemiology/transmission/virology | COVID-19 Testing/*statistics & numerical data | Child | Child, Preschool | Cross-Sectional Studies | Disease Outbreaks/statistics & numerical data | Ethnic Groups/statistics & numerical data | Female | Homeless Persons/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Infant | Infant, Newborn | Insurance, Health/statistics & numerical data | Male | Middle Aged | Ontario/epidemiology | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2/*genetics/isolation & purification | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://1648021964/Kiran-2021-Factors associated with SARS-CoV-2.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Kiran, Tara; Craig-Neil, Amy; Das, Paul; Lockwood, Joel; Wang, Ri; Nathanielsz, Nikki; Rosenthal, Esther; Snider, Carolyn; Hwang, Stephen W; eng; Comparative Study; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Canada; CMAJ Open. 2021 Mar 30;9(1):E302-E308. doi: 10.9778/cmajo.20200253. Print 2021 Jan-Mar. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Of 504 tests done because of a positive case at the same shelter, 69 (14%) were positive; of the 496 tests done for surveillance, 11 (2%) were positive. | Among tests done for surveillance, only 1 of 17 shelters had any positive cases (Figure). | No association was found between SARS-CoV-2 positivity and medical history or symptoms. | Residents without a provincial health insurance card were more likely to test positive for COVID-19. | Methods: Cross-sectional retrospective chart audit of 872 residents for whom SARS-CoV-2 testing was done in 20 shelter locations in Toronto, Canada between April 1 and July 31, 2020. Compared the positivity rate for shelters where testing was conducted because of an outbreak (at least 1 known case) with those where testing was conducted for surveillance (no known cases). Limitations: Shelters selected for this study mostly served men; did not include homeless individuals who sleep outside or received testing at other facilities; potential selection bias. | Implications: When community SARS-CoV-2 case levels are elevated, routine testing in shelters might be warranted. SN - 2291-0026 (Electronic); 2291-0026 (Linking) SP - E302-E308 ST - Factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 positivity in 20 homeless shelters in Toronto, Canada, from April to July 2020: a repeated cross-sectional study T2 - CMAJ Open TI - Factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 positivity in 20 homeless shelters in Toronto, Canada, from April to July 2020: a repeated cross-sectional study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33785478 VL - 9 ID - 1651 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND The success of vaccination efforts to curb the COVID-19 pandemic will require broad public uptake of immunization and highlights the importance of understanding factors associated with willingness to receive a vaccine.METHODS Adults enrolled in the Heartline�?clinical study were invited to complete a COVID-19 vaccine assessment through the Heartline�?mobile application between November 6-20, 2020. Factors associated with willingness to receive a COVID-19 vaccine were evaluated using an ordered logistic regression as well as a Random Forest classification algorithm.RESULTS Among 9,106 study participants, 81.3% (n=7402) responded and had available demographic data. The majority (91.3%) reported a willingness to be vaccinated. Factors most strongly associated with vaccine willingness were beliefs about the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines and vaccines in general. Women and Black or African American respondents reported lower willingness to vaccinate. Among those less willing to get vaccinated, 66.2% said that they would talk with their health provider before making a decision. During the study, positive results from the first COVID-19 vaccine outcome study were released; vaccine willingness increased after this report.CONCLUSIONS Even among older adults at high-risk for COVID-19 complications who are participating in a longitudinal clinical study, 1 in 11 reported lack of willingness to receive COVID-19 vaccine in November 2020. Variability in vaccine willingness by gender, race, education, and income suggests the potential for uneven vaccine uptake. Education by health providers directed toward assuaging concerns about vaccine safety and efficacy can help improve vaccine acceptance among those less willing.Clinicaltrials.gov NCT04276441Competing Interest StatementMike Gibson - Research grant support from Janssen Mintu Turakhia - Grant support from Janssen and Apple; consulting fees from Johnson and Johnson; Dr. Turakhia is also an editor of JAMA Cardiology Clinical TrialNCT04276441Funding StatementThe Heartline�?Study is supported by Johnson & Johnson and Apple. Apple neither supported nor participated in survey development or interpretation for this article.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The protocol and all participant-facing materials used in Heartline, including the survey instrument deployed to support the submitted article, have been approved for use by the Western Institutional Review Board (WIRB), an independent IRB accredited by the Association for the Accreditation of Human Research Protection Programs (AAHRPP). WIRB is part of the WIRB-Copernicus Group (WCG). https://www.wcgirb.com/ The Heartline protocol, all patient-facing materials such as surveys, study website (heartline.com), advertisements, and the informed consent form can be referenced at WIRB as Protocol #20191385 All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData availability subject to third party restrictions AU - Nikolovski, Janeta | Koldijk, Martin | Weverling, Gerrit Jan | Spertus, John | Turakhia, Mintu | Saxon, Leslie | Gibson, Mike | Whang, John | Sarich, Troy | Zambon, Bob | Ezeanochie, Nnamdi | Turgiss, Jennifer | Jones, Robyn | Stoddard, Jeff | Burton, Paul | Navar, Ann Marie C1 - 2021-01-22 C2 - Social, Behavioral, and Communication Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01222021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.01.10.20248831 L1 - internal-pdf://1411180947/Nikolovski-2021-Factors indicating intention t.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Of 7,402 respondents surveyed in a virtual clinical study of adults >65 years old, 91% were willing to vaccinate; willingness increased after the phase 3 Pfizer vaccine trial results were released. SP - 2021.01.10.20248831 ST - Factors indicating intention to vaccinate with a COVID-19 vaccine among older U.S. Adults T2 - medRxiv TI - Factors indicating intention to vaccinate with a COVID-19 vaccine among older U.S. Adults TT - Published article: Factors indicating intention to vaccinate with a COVID-19 vaccine among older U.S. adults UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/01/11/2021.01.10.20248831.full.pdf ID - 1424 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The supply of any successful vaccine for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) will initially be limited. Who should have access first? The US National Academy of Medicine (NAM) has proposed a framework for COVID-19 vaccine allocation. Others have discussed distributing vaccine among countries. This Viewpoint delineates how ethical values should guide prioritization of a COVID-19 vaccine among populations within the US. The discussion may be relevant to other countries as well.In vaccine prioritization, ethics interacts with important scientific and practical questions. These include whether a vaccine will prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission and what medical factors affect vaccine effectiveness, dosing, and durability, as well as COVID-19 infection rates and outcomes among those not vaccinated. To the extent that a vaccine does not prevent transmission, but just reduces the severity of illness, its effect and distribution should resemble therapeutics that only protect direct recipients. AD - Sturm College of Law, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado. | University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. | Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. AN - 32910182 AU - Persad, G. | Peek, M. E. | Emanuel, E. J. C1 - 2020-09-22 C2 - Vaccines CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/092220_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 27 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.18513 ET - 2020/09/11 IS - 16 KW - Aged | COVID-19/*prevention & control | *COVID-19 Vaccines | Communicable Disease Control | *Ethics, Medical | Health Personnel | Health Services Accessibility/ethics/*organization & administration | Humans | Immunization Programs/*organization & administration L1 - internal-pdf://4015169118/Persad-2020-Fairly Prioritizing Groups for Acc.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Persad, Govind; Peek, Monica E; Emanuel, Ezekiel J; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA. 2020 Oct 27;324(16):1601-1602. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.18513. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Discusses how ethical values should guide allocation and prioritization of a COVID-19 vaccine to prevent harm, prioritize people who are disadvantaged, and achieve equal treatment. This approach would support prioritizing health care workers, people in high-risk occupations and housing, and people with high-risk conditions. Since these priority populations are likely to exceed initial vaccine quantities, prioritizing within these groups will be necessary. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1601-1602 ST - Fairly Prioritizing Groups for Access to COVID-19 Vaccines T2 - JAMA TI - Fairly Prioritizing Groups for Access to COVID-19 Vaccines UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32910182 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 928 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. AN - 32270882 AU - Xiao, A. T. | Tong, Y. X. | Zhang, S. C1 - 2020-04-21 C2 - Recurrent/Persistent RT-PCR Positivity After Recovery CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/042120_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1002/jmv.25855 ET - 2020/04/10 IS - 10 KW - Adult | Aged | COVID-19/*diagnosis/virology | False Negative Reactions | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Nucleic Acids/*genetics | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis/virology | Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods | SARS-CoV-2/genetics | *SARS coronavirus (virus classification) | *coronavirus (virus classification) | *shedding (pathogenesis) L1 - internal-pdf://0235975408/Xiao-2020-False negative of RT-PCR and prolong.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Xiao, Ai Tang; Tong, Yi Xin; Zhang, Sheng; eng; Letter; J Med Virol. 2020 Oct;92(10):1755-1756. doi: 10.1002/jmv.25855. Epub 2020 Jul 11. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among 70 COVID-19 patients with 2 consecutive negative RT-PCR tests, 15 (21%) had a subsequent positive test result on RT-PCR using OP or deep NP swabs. | Methods: OP and NP swabs collected from patients after the onset of symptoms. Limitations: Patient inclusion criteria unclear; no description of timing, frequency, and intervals of specimen collection; methods of specimen collection, handling, and storage not described; Ct values of positive results not reported; no clinical or radiographic descriptions of those with recurrent positive test results; no information on test results following the positive test result. | Implications of two studies (Yuan et al. & Xiao et al.): Sporadic positive RT-PCR test results can recur after clinical recovery and �? sequential negative tests. The significance of these positive results is unclear in the absence of Ct values and attempts to recover virus in culture. SN - 1096-9071 (Electronic); 0146-6615 (Linking) SP - 1755-1756 ST - False negative of RT-PCR and prolonged nucleic acid conversion in COVID-19: Rather than recurrence T2 - J Med Virol TI - False negative of RT-PCR and prolonged nucleic acid conversion in COVID-19: Rather than recurrence UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32270882 VL - 92 ID - 57 ER - TY - JOUR AD - From the Center for Medicine in the Media, Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, NH (S.W.); the Lisa Schwartz Program for Truth in Medicine, Norwich, VT (S.W.); the Program on Regulation, Therapeutics, and Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (S.W., A.K.); and Yale University, New Haven, CT (N.P.). AN - 32502334 AU - Woloshin, S. | Patel, N. | Kesselheim, A. S. C1 - 2020-08-14 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08142020_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 6 DO - 10.1056/NEJMp2015897 ET - 2020/06/06 IS - 6 KW - Asymptomatic Infections | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Clinical Laboratory Techniques | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis | *False Negative Reactions | Humans | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis | Reference Standards | SARS-CoV-2 | Sensitivity and Specificity | United States | United States Food and Drug Administration L1 - internal-pdf://1024660166/Woloshin-2020-False Negative Tests for SARS-Co.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Woloshin, Steven; Patel, Neeraj; Kesselheim, Aaron S; eng; N Engl J Med. 2020 Aug 6;383(6):e38. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2015897. Epub 2020 Jun 5. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Reviews the impact of pretest probability and test performance indicators on the proportion of false negative results and highlights the need for highly sensitive and well-validated tests. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - e38 ST - False Negative Tests for SARS-CoV-2 Infection - Challenges and Implications T2 - N Engl J Med TI - False Negative Tests for SARS-CoV-2 Infection - Challenges and Implications UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32502334 VL - 383 ID - 715 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University Irving Medical Center-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York. Electronic address: def2004@cumc.columbia.edu. | Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York; Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York. | Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University Irving Medical Center-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York. | Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Office of the Assistant Secretary for Public Health Preparedness and Response, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC. | Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University Irving Medical Center-New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York. Electronic address: ja660@cumc.columbia.edu. AN - 32446698 AU - Freedberg, D. E. | Conigliaro, J. | Wang, T. C. | Tracey, K. J. | Callahan, M. V. | Abrams, J. A. | Famotidine Research, Group C1 - 2020-06-09 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060920_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.053 DP - NLM ET - 2020/05/25 IS - 3 KW - Adult | Aged | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*drug therapy/mortality/virology | Famotidine/*therapeutic use | Female | Histamine H2 Antagonists/*therapeutic use | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*drug therapy/mortality/virology | Propensity Score | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 | Treatment Outcome | *Coronavirus 2019 | *Famotidine | *Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonists | *SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://0680991083/Freedberg-2020-Famotidine Use Is Associated Wi.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Freedberg, Daniel E; Conigliaro, Joseph; Wang, Timothy C; Tracey, Kevin J; Callahan, Michael V; Abrams, Julian A; eng; Gastroenterology. 2020 Sep;159(3):1129-1131.e3. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.053. Epub 2020 May 22. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Hospitalized patients with COVID-19 who received famotidine (a histamine-2 receptor agonist commonly used for heartburn) within 24 hours of admission were less likely to die or be intubated within 30 days (Figure). | Association remained after adjustment and propensity score matching (adjusted hazard ratio=0.4, 95% CI=0.2�?.9). | Methods: Single-center observational cohort study of 1,620 adults hospitalized for COVID-19 (February 25–April 13, 2020). Adjusted analysis and propensity score matching used to control for differences in baseline characteristics. Limitations: Observational, possible unmeasured confounding might account for findings; single center; methods for adjustment (including baseline characteristics used) and propensity score matching not described; biological explanation for observed association unclear. | Implications: Preliminary data that famotidine might have benefit in COVID-19 treatment. Randomized clinical trial data are needed; one clinical trial external iconinvestigating famotidine and hydroxychloroquine is underway. SN - 1528-0012 (Electronic); 0016-5085 (Linking) SP - 1129-1131 e3 ST - Famotidine Use Is Associated With Improved Clinical Outcomes in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Propensity Score Matched Retrospective Cohort Study T2 - Gastroenterology TI - Famotidine Use Is Associated With Improved Clinical Outcomes in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Propensity Score Matched Retrospective Cohort Study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32446698 VL - 159 ID - 348 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Farmers and farm workers are critical to the secure supply of food, yet this population is potentially at high risk to acquire COVID-19. This study estimates the prevalence of COVID-19 among farmers and farmworkers in the United States by coupling county-level data on the number of farm workers relative to the general population with data on confirmed COVID-19 cases and deaths. In the 13 month period since the start of the pandemic (from March 1, 2020 to March 31, 2021), the estimated cumulative number of COVID-19 cases (deaths) was 329,031 (6,166) among agricultural producers, 170,137 (2,969) among hired agricultural workers, 202,902 (3,812) among unpaid agricultural workers, and 27,223 (459) among migrant agricultural workers. The cases amount to 9.55%, 9.31%, 9.39%, and 9.01% of all U.S. agricultural producers, hired workers, unpaid workers, and migrant workers, respectively. The COVID-19 incidence rate is significantly higher in counties with more agricultural workers; a 1% increase in the number of hired agricultural workers in a county is associated with a 0.04% increase in the number of COVID-19 cases per person and 0.07% increase in deaths per person. Although estimated new cases among farm workers exhibit similar trends to that of the general population, the correlation between the two is sometimes negative, highlighting the need to monitor this particular population that tends to live in more rural areas. Reduction in labor availability from COVID-19 is estimated to reduce U.S. agricultural output by about $309 million. AD - Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America. | Microsoft Azure Global, Redmond, WA, United States of America. AN - 33909685 AU - Lusk, J. L. | Chandra, R. C1 - 2021-05-14 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05142021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0250621 ET - 2021/04/29 IS - 4 KW - Agricultural Workers' Diseases/epidemiology | Agriculture/economics/*trends | COVID-19/*economics/*epidemiology/transmission | Farmers/statistics & numerical data | Food Supply/economics | Humans | Pandemics/prevention & control | Prevalence | SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity | Transients and Migrants/statistics & numerical data | United States L1 - internal-pdf://1419088125/Lusk-2021-Farmer and farm worker illnesses and.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Lusk, Jayson L; Chandra, Ranveer; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; PLoS One. 2021 Apr 28;16(4):e0250621. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250621. eCollection 2021. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; COVID-19 incidence and death rates among all agricultural workers were approximately 9% and 0.2%, respectively. | Incidence and death rates were similar among agricultural producers (farmers), agricultural workers, unpaid agricultural workers and migrant agricultural workers. | Trends in the number of cases and deaths for agricultural workers were similar to the surrounding communities (Figure). | Reduction in worker availability resulted in an estimated loss of $309 million in agricultural output. | Methods: Estimates of COVID-19 cases and deaths among agricultural workers (between March 1, 2020 and March 31, 2021) were calculated using county-level data from the Johns Hopkins�?coronavirus dashboard, the U.S. Census Bureau 2017 county population counts and U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) 2017 Census of Agriculture. Economic impact of reduction in agricultural labor was determined using USDA Economic Research Service data. Limitations: Potential for double counting workers who worked on more than one farm. | Implications: COVID-19 has negatively affected agricultural workers, a highly vulnerable population. Reductions in agricultural labor have the potential to adversely affect food supply. SN - 1932-6203 (Electronic); 1932-6203 (Linking) SP - e0250621 ST - Farmer and farm worker illnesses and deaths from COVID-19 and impacts on agricultural output T2 - PLoS One TI - Farmer and farm worker illnesses and deaths from COVID-19 and impacts on agricultural output UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33909685 VL - 16 ID - 1738 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 32939084 AU - Guglielmi, G. C1 - 2020-09-29 C2 - SARS-CoV-2 Testing CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/092920_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1038/d41586-020-02661-2 ET - 2020/09/18 IS - 7826 KW - Antigens, Viral/analysis | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. | Clinical Laboratory Techniques/economics/*methods/*standards/trends | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis/economics/immunology/*prevention & | control/virology | Hand Disinfection | Humans | India/epidemiology | Masks | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis/immunology/*prevention & control/virology | Pregnancy Tests | RNA, Viral/analysis | Sensitivity and Specificity | Social Isolation | Time Factors | United States/epidemiology | United States Food and Drug Administration | Viral Load | World Health Organization | *Immunology | *Public health | *SARS-CoV-2 | *Virology L1 - internal-pdf://1025370247/d41586-020-02661-2.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Guglielmi, Giorgia; eng; News; England; Nature. 2020 Sep;585(7826):496-498. doi: 10.1038/d41586-020-02661-2. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Describes different types of tests available for SARS-CoV-2 detection: RT-PCR tests, rapid antigen tests and antibody tests. SN - 1476-4687 (Electronic); 0028-0836 (Linking) SP - 496-498 ST - Fast coronavirus tests: what they can and can't do T2 - Nature TI - Fast coronavirus tests: what they can and can't do UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32939084 VL - 585 ID - 958 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Pre-print servers have helped to rapidly publish important information during the COVID-19 pandemic. The downside is the risk of spreading false information or fake news though. AD - Freelance Science Journalist in Dublin, Ireland. AN - 32496027 AU - King, A. C1 - 2020-06-16 C2 - Journal Retractions CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061620_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 4 DO - 10.15252/embr.202050817 ET - 2020/06/05 IS - 6 KW - Covid-19 | *Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology | Deception | Humans | Internet | *Pandemics | Peer Review | *Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology | *Publishing/standards/statistics & numerical data | *Serial Publications/standards L1 - internal-pdf://2085443641/King-2020-Fast news or fake news__ The advanta.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - King, Anthony; eng; England; EMBO Rep. 2020 Jun 4;21(6):e50817. doi: 10.15252/embr.202050817. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Several high-profile retractions have brought attention to challenges posed by rapidly publishing scientific data during the coronavirus pandemic. SN - 1469-3178 (Electronic); 1469-221X (Linking) SP - e50817 ST - Fast news or fake news?: The advantages and the pitfalls of rapid publication through pre-print servers during a pandemic T2 - EMBO Rep TI - Fast news or fake news?: The advantages and the pitfalls of rapid publication through pre-print servers during a pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32496027 VL - 21 ID - 383 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines are highly effective in healthy individuals. Patients with multiple myeloma (MM) are immunocompromised due to defects in humoral and cellular immunity as well as immunosuppressive therapies. The efficacy after two doses of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in MM patients is currently unknown. Here, we report the case of a MM patient who developed a fatal SARS-CoV-2 infection after full vaccination while in remission after B cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T treatment. We show that the patient failed to generate antibodies or SARS-CoV-2-specific B and T cell responses, highlighting the continued risk of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in vaccine non-responders. In the largest cohort of vaccinated MM patients to date, we demonstrate that 15.9% lack SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody response more than 10 days after the second mRNA vaccine dose. The patients actively receiving MM treatment, especially on regimens containing anti-CD38 and anti-BCMA, have lower antibody responses compared to healthy controls. Thus, it is of critical importance to monitor this patient population for serological responses. Non-responders may benefit from ongoing public health measures and from urgent study of prophylactic treatments to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection.Competing Interest StatementThe Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai has filed patent applications relating to SARS-CoV-2 serological assays and NDV-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines which list Florian Krammer as co-inventor. Viviana Simon is listed on the serological assay patent application as co-inventor. Mount Sinai has spun out a company, Kantaro, to market serological tests for SARS-CoV-2. Florian Krammer has consulted for Merck and Pfizer (before 2020) and is currently consulting for Seqirus and Avimex. The Krammer laboratory is collaborating with Pfizer on animal models of SARS-CoV-2. Bo Wang reports consulting fees for Sanofi Genzyme. Ajai Chari reports consulting fees for Takeda, Genzyme, Amgen, Bristol Myers Squibb (Celgene) and Janssen. Sundar Jagannath reports consulting fees for Bristol Myers Squibb (Celgene), Janssen, Karyopharm Therapeutics, Merck, Sanofi, and Takeda Pharmaceuticals. Samir Parekh reports consulting fees from Foundation Medicine. Other authors reported no relevant conflicts of interest.Funding StatementSamir Parekh is supported by National Cancer Institute (NCI) R01 CA244899, CA252222 and receives research funding from Amgen, Celgene/BMS, Karyopharm. This work was partially funded by the NIAID Collaborative Influenza Vaccine Innovation Centers (CIVIC) contract 75N93019C00051, NIAID Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS, contract # HHSN272201400008C and HHSN272201400006C), NIAID grants U01AI141990 and U01AI150747, by the generous support of the JPB Foundation and the Open Philanthropy Project (research grant 2020-215611 (5384); and by anonymous donors. This effort was supported by the Serological Sciences Network (SeroNet) in part with Federal funds from the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, under Contract No. 75N91019D00024, Task Order No. 75N91020F00003. The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of Health and Human Services, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The study cohort consisted of 208 patients with and without previously documented COVID-19 pooled from four different Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved protocols at The Icahn School of Medicine at Sinai. A total of 77 MM patients were enrolled after obtaining written informed consent for an ongoing longitudinal study at our inst tution (IRB-16-00791). The remaining 131 MM patients were identified under a retrospective study (IRB: GCO#: 11-1433). Control group: 38 participants of the PARIS (Protection Associated with Rapid Immunity to SARS-CoV-2) study were selected as controls. The study was reviewed and approved by the Mount Sinai Hospital Institutional Review Board (IRB-20-03374). All participants provided informed consent prior to collection of data and specimen.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll requests for raw and analyzed data and materials will be promptly reviewed by the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and the Mount Sinai Hospital to verify if the request is subject to any confidentiality and data protection obligations. Any data and materials that can be shared will be released via a material transfer agreement. AU - Aleman, Adolfo | Van Oekelen, Oliver | Upadhyaya, Bhaskar | Agte, Sarita | Kappes, Katerina | Beach, Katherine | Srivastava, Komal | Gleason, Charles R. | Wang, Bo | Mouhieddine, Tarek H. | Tuballes, Kevin | Geanon, Daniel | Khan, Zenab | Gonzalez-Reiche, Ana S. | van Bakel, Harm | Simons, Nicole W. | Mouskas, Konstantinos | Charney, Alexander W. | Rahman, Adeeb | Kim-Schulze, Seunghee | Sordillo, Emilia M. | Krammer, Florian | Cordon-Cardo, Carlos | Bhardwaj, Nina | Gnjatic, Sacha | Merad, Miriam | Brown, Brian D. | Sanchez, Larysa | Chari, Ajai | Jagannath, Sundar | Simon, Viviana | Wajnberg, Ania | Parekh, Samir C1 - 2021-05-28 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05282021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.05.15.21256814 L1 - internal-pdf://3076015732/Aleman-2021-Fatal breakthrough infection after.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; A multiple myeloma (MM) patient developed fatal SARS-CoV-2 infection 2 weeks after receiving the second dose of the Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccine. | Patient did not develop SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, or B or T cell responses post-vaccination. | 15.9% of fully vaccinated MM patients did not develop SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (Figure). | Patients receiving treatment targeting the BCMA protein on cancer cells had a higher risk for failing to develop antibodies (OR 32.0; 95% CI 4.2-360.1) following vaccination compared with controls. | The case patient–Patient A–with fatal breakthrough infection was vaccinated 3 months after anti-BCMA CAR-T therapy (Figure). | An MM patient on a different therapy–Patient Balso developed low antibody responses (Figure). | In contrast to Patient A, Patient C, who was vaccinated 18 months after BCMA CAR-T therapy, developed robust antibody responses (Figure). | Methods: Case report of SARS-CoV-2 infection and death following second dose of the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine in an MM patient, �? months after B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy. Antibody responses were evaluated in an additional 139 MM patients >10 days after second mRNA vaccine dose and compared to age-matched controls. Limitations: Possible overrepresentation of patients on BCMA-targeted treatments. | Implications: Given the relatively high percentage of vaccine non-responders, and potential for severe outcomes from COVID-19, there might be a need to monitor vaccine response in this immunosuppressed population. Additionally, timing of vaccination in relation to MM treatment might need to be evaluated. SP - 2021.05.15.21256814 ST - Fatal breakthrough infection after anti-BCMA CAR-T therapy highlights suboptimal immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in myeloma patients T2 - medRxiv TI - Fatal breakthrough infection after anti-BCMA CAR-T therapy highlights suboptimal immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in myeloma patients UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/05/15/2021.05.15.21256814.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/05/15/2021.05.15.21256814.full.pdf ID - 1790 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Diagnostic, Molecular and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1234, New York, NY, 10029, USA. shingokihira@gmail.com. | Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Diagnostic, Molecular and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1234, New York, NY, 10029, USA. AN - 32705305 AU - Kihira, S. | Morgenstern, P. F. | Raynes, H. | Naidich, T. P. | Belani, P. C1 - 2020-08-04 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/080420_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1007/s00247-020-04779-x DP - NLM ET - 2020/07/25 IS - 10 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Cerebral Infarction/diagnostic imaging/*etiology | Child, Preschool | Coronavirus Infections/*complications | Fatal Outcome | Humans | Male | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications | SARS-CoV-2 | Tomography, X-Ray Computed L1 - internal-pdf://3096847357/Kihira-2020-Fatal cerebral infarct in a child.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Kihira, Shingo; Morgenstern, Peter F; Raynes, Hillary; Naidich, Thomas P; Belani, Puneet; eng; Case Reports; Letter; Germany; Pediatr Radiol. 2020 Sep;50(10):1479-1480. doi: 10.1007/s00247-020-04779-x. Epub 2020 Jul 23. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Case study of a fatal infarction in a 5-year-old boy with COVID-19 presented to raise awareness that a post-infectious syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2 can be fatal in children. SN - 1432-1998 (Electronic); 0301-0449 (Linking) SP - 1479-1480 ST - Fatal cerebral infarct in a child with COVID-19 T2 - Pediatr Radiol TI - Fatal cerebral infarct in a child with COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32705305 VL - 50 ID - 647 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Large Phase 3 clinical trials of the two FDA-authorized COVID-19 vaccines, mRNA-1273 (Moderna) and BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech), have demonstrated efficacies of 94.1% (n = 30,420, 95% CI: 89.3-96.8) and 95% (n = 43,448, 95% CI: 90.3-97.6) in preventing symptomatic COVID-19, respectively. Given the ongoing vaccine rollout to healthcare personnel and residents of long-term care facilities, here we provide a preliminary assessment of real-world vaccination efficacy in 62,138 individuals from the Mayo Clinic and associated health system (Arizona, Florida, Minnesota, Wisconsin) between December 1st 2020 and February 8th 2021. Our retrospective analysis contrasts 31,069 individuals receiving at least one dose of either vaccine with 31,069 unvaccinated individuals who are propensity-matched based on demographics, location (zip code), and number of prior SARS-CoV-2 PCR tests. 8,041 individuals received two doses of a COVID-19 vaccine and were at risk for infection at least 36 days after their first dose. Administration of two COVID-19 vaccine doses was 88.7% effective in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection (95% CI: 68.4-97.1%) with onset at least 36 days after the first dose. Furthermore, vaccinated patients who were subsequently diagnosed with COVID-19 had significantly lower 14-day hospital admission rates than propensity-matched unvaccinated COVID-19 patients (3.7% vs. 9.2%; Relative Risk: 0.4; p-value: 0.007). Building upon the previous randomized trials of these vaccines, this study demonstrates their real-world effectiveness in reducing the rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity among individuals at highest risk for infection.Competing Interest StatementCP, PL, AP, VA, AV, MN, and VS are employees of nference and have financial interests in the company and in the successful application of this research. JCO receives personal fees from Elsevier and Bates College, and receives small grants from nference, Inc, outside the submitted work. ADB is a consultant for Abbvie, is on scientific advisory boards for nference and Zentalis, and is founder and President of Splissen therapeutics. JH, JCO, and ADB are employees of the Mayo Clinic. The Mayo Clinic may stand to gain financially from the successful outcome of the research. This research has been reviewed by the Mayo Clinic Conflict of Interest Review Board and is being conducted in compliance with Mayo Clinic Conflict of Interest policies.Funding StatementThis research was funded by nference.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:This study was reviewed and approved by the Mayo Clinic Institutional Review Board (IRB 20-003278) as a minimal risk study. Subjects were excluded if they did not have a research authorization on file. The IRB approved was titled: Study of COVID-19 patient characteristics with augmented curation of Electronic Health Records (EHR) to inform strategic and operational decisions with the Mayo Clinic. The following resource provides further information on the Mayo Clinic's institutional review board and adherence to basic ethical principles underlying the conduct of research, and ensuring that the rights and well-being of potential research subjects are adequately protected(https://www.mayo.edu/research/institutional-review-board/overview).All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance) YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAfter publication, the data will be made available to others upon reasonable requests to the corresponding author (venky@nference.net). A proposal with a detailed description of study objectives and the statistical analysis plan will be needed for evaluation of the reasonability of requests. Deidentified data will be provided after approval from the corresponding author and the Mayo Clinic. AD - nference, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. | Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA. AN - 34223401 AU - Pawlowski, Colin | Lenehan, Patrick | Puranik, Arjun | Agarwal, Vineet | Venkatakrishnan, A. J. | Niesen, Michiel J. M. | O’Horo, John C. | Virk, Abinash | Swift, Melanie D. | Badley, Andrew D. | Halamka, John | Soundararajan, Venky C1 - 2021-02-26 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02262021_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 13 DO - 10.1101/2021.02.15.21251623 ET - 2021/07/06 IS - 8 KW - Covid-19 | COVID-19 vaccines | propensity score matching | real world evidence | have financial interests in the company and in the successful application of this | research. J.C.O. receives personal fees from Elsevier and Bates College and small | grants from nference, Inc., outside of the submitted work. A.D.B. is a consultant | for Abbvie, is on scientific advisory boards for nference and Zentalis, and is | founder and President of Splissen Therapeutics. J.H., J.C.O., M.D.S., A.V., and | A.D.B. are employees of the Mayo Clinic. The Mayo Clinic may stand to gain | financially from the successful outcome of the research. nference collaborates | with Janssen and other bio-pharmaceutical companies on data science initiatives | unrelated to this study. These collaborations had no role in study design, data | collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. | This research has been reviewed by the Mayo Clinic Conflict of Interest Review | Board and is being conducted in compliance with Mayo Clinic Conflict of Interest | policies. L1 - internal-pdf://2668978852/Pawlowski-2021-FDA-authorized COVID-19 vaccine.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Pawlowski, Colin | Lenehan, Patrick | Puranik, Arjun | Agarwal, Vineet | Venkatakrishnan, A J | Niesen, Michiel J M | O'Horo, John C | Virk, Abinash | Swift, Melanie D | Badley, Andrew D | Halamka, John | Soundararajan, Venky | eng | Med (N Y). 2021 Aug 13;2(8):979-992.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.medj.2021.06.007. Epub 2021 Jun 29. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Retrospective analysis of data from 62,138 persons who were vaccinated with BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 between December 1, 2020 and February 8, 2021, found that real-world vaccine efficacy was 88.7% (95% CI: 68.4-97.1) after the second dose; 98% of all 263 SARS-CoV-2-positive vaccinated persons tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 before their second dose. SN - 2666-6340 (Electronic) | 2666-6340 (Linking) SP - 2021.02.15.21251623 ST - FDA-authorized COVID-19 vaccines are effective per real-world evidence synthesized across a multi-state health system T2 - medRxiv TI - FDA-authorized COVID-19 vaccines are effective per real-world evidence synthesized across a multi-state health system TT - Published article: FDA-authorized mRNA COVID-19 vaccines are effective per real-world evidence synthesized across a multi-state health system UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/02/18/2021.02.15.21251623.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/02/27/2021.02.15.21251623.full.pdf VL - 2 ID - 1524 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. | Dermatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy. AN - 32436317 AU - Giacalone, S. | Bortoluzzi, P. | Nazzaro, G. C1 - 2020-06-02 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060220_covidupdate.html DA - Jul DO - 10.1111/dth.13630 ET - 2020/05/22 IS - 4 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus | *Coronavirus Infections | *Eczema/diagnosis/epidemiology | Fear | Health Personnel | Humans | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://3713560504/Giacalone-2020-The fear of COVID-19 infection.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Giacalone, Serena; Bortoluzzi, Paolo; Nazzaro, Gianluca; eng; Letter; Comment; Dermatol Ther. 2020 Jul;33(4):e13630. doi: 10.1111/dth.13630. Epub 2020 Jun 9. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Overuse of sanitizers and excessive hand washing leading to eczema. SN - 1529-8019 (Electronic); 1396-0296 (Linking) SP - e13630 ST - The fear of COVID-19 infection is the main cause of the new diagnoses of hand eczema: Report from the frontline in Milan T2 - Dermatol Ther TI - The fear of COVID-19 infection is the main cause of the new diagnoses of hand eczema: Report from the frontline in Milan UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32436317 VL - 33 ID - 303 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the UK government began a mass SARS-CoV-2 testing programme. This study aimed to determine the feasibility and acceptability of organised regular self-testing for SARS-CoV-2. | Methods: This was a mixed methods observational cohort study in asymptomatic students and staff at University of Oxford, who performed SARS-CoV-2 antigen lateral flow self-testing. Data on uptake and adherence, acceptability, and test interpretation were collected via a smartphone app, an online survey, and qualitative interviews. | Findings: Across three main sites, 551 participants (25% of those invited) performed 2728 tests during a follow-up of 5.6 weeks. 447 participants (81%) completed at least two, and 340 (62%) completed at least four tests. The survey, completed by 214 participants (39%), found that 98% of people were confident to self-test and believed self-testing to be beneficial. Acceptability of self-testing was high, with 91% of ratings being acceptable or very acceptable. 2711 (99.4%) test results were negative, nine were positive and eight were inconclusive. Results from eighteen qualitative interviews with staff and students revealed that participants valued regular testing, but there were concerns about test accuracy that impacted uptake and adherence. | Interpretation: This is the first study to assess feasibility and acceptability of regular SARS-CoV-2 self-testing. It provides evidence to inform recruitment, adherence to, and acceptability of regular SARS-CoV-2 self-testing programmes for asymptomatic individuals using lateral flow tests. We found that self-testing is acceptable and people were able to interpret results accurately. | Funding: This work was funded by Oxford University Medical Science Divisions; | Declaration of Interests: LT works part-time for Sensyne Health as R&D Director and holds share options in the company. He also reports a research grant and personal fees from the company. | Ethics Approval Statement: FACTS is a mixed methods cohort study conducted at the University of Oxford. It was approved by the University of Oxford Research Ethics Committee in October 2020 (CUREC ethics reference R72896/RE001). AU - Hirst, Jennifer | Logan, Mary | Fanshawe, Thomas R. | Mwandigha, Lazaro | Wanat, Marta | Vicary, Charles | Perera, Rafael | Tonkin-Crine, Sarah | Lee, Joseph Jonathan | Tracey, Irene | Duff, Gordon | Tufano, Peter | Besharov, Marya | Tarassenko, Lionel | Nicholson, Brian D. | Hobbs, Richard C1 - 2021-05-21 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05212021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.2139/ssrn.3840101 L1 - internal-pdf://0919138592/SSRN-id3840101.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 2,728 SARS-CoV-2 antigen self-test results were performed, with a mean of 5.0 �u 3.0 tests administered per participant. | 9 results from 8 participants were positive, 3 of which were later determined to be false positives by confirmatory RT-PCR. | Participants reported that self-testing was beneficial for them (97%), their friends and family (99.5%), people they live with (98%), and their wider community (98.5%). | Methods: Mixed methods cohort study (N = 551, 25% of those invited) that involved self-administered testing (lateral flow assay), survey questionnaires (n = 214), and interviews (n = 18). Participants were adults working or studying at 3 main sites at the University of Oxford. Testing data were collected with a smartphone app from December 2020 to January 2021. Limitations: Low overall and questionnaire response rates; a few positive results were not verifiable due to poor smartphone photographs. | Implications: Self-testing was acceptable, and people could accurately interpret results. SN - 1556-5068 ST - Feasibility and Acceptability of Community COVID-19 Testing Strategies (FACTS) in a University Setting T2 - SSRN TI - Feasibility and Acceptability of Community COVID-19 Testing Strategies (FACTS) in a University Setting UR - https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3840101 ID - 1767 ER - TY - JOUR AB - School closures have a negative impact on physical and mental well-being, and education, of children and adolescents. A surveillance programme to detect asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection could allow schools to remain open, while protecting the vulnerable. We assessed the feasibility of a programme employing gargle samples and pool testing of individually extracted RNA using rRT-qPCR in a primary and a secondary school in Germany, based on programme logistics and acceptance. Twice a week, five participants per class were selected to provide samples, using an algorithm weighted by a risk-based priority score to increase likelihood of case detection. The positive response rate was 54.8% (550 of 1003 pupils). Logistics evaluation revealed the rate-limiting steps: completing the regular pre-test questionnaire and handing in the samples. Acceptance questionnaire responses indicated strong support for research into developing a surveillance programme and a positive evaluation of gargle tests. Participation was voluntary. As not all pupils participated, individual reminders could lead to participant identification. School-wide implementation of the programme for infection monitoring purposes would enable reminders to be given to all school pupils to address these steps, without compromising participant anonymity. Such a programme would provide a feasible means to monitor asymptomatic respiratory tract infection in schools. AN - 34593887 AU - Sweeney-Reed, Catherine M. | Wolff, Doreen | Hörnschemeyer, Sarah | Faßhauer, Henriette | Haase, Antonia | Schomburg, Dirk | Niggel, Jakob | Kabesch, Michael | Apfelbacher, Christian C1 - 2021-10-08 C2 - PMC8484445 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10082021_covidupdate.html#anchor_PreventionStrategies DA - 2021/09/30 DO - 10.1038/s41598-021-98849-1 IS - 1 L1 - internal-pdf://0675417717/Sweeney-Reed-2021-Feasibility of a surveillanc.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 54% of students agreed to participate in the 16-week program, a response rate deemed high. | Reasons for program acceptance included an interest in science (83.3%), reducing infection spread (69.5%), and maintaining open schools (24.5%). | Home-based gargle specimen collection was preferred over home-based nasal swab collection (for rapid antigen testing) (Figure). | Methods: Feasibility study of a voluntary SARS-CoV-2 school surveillance program in Germany that included bi-weekly home gargle sample collection and PCR-based pooled testing (December 2020–June 2021) among students aged 6�?8 years. Questionnaires for student and families addressed household contacts, COVID-19 symptoms, and preferred testing methods. Limitations: Motivation levels may have been high to support the schools remaining open; response to questionnaires declined over study period. | | Implications: Gargle and pooled PCR testing among students may be an acceptable and efficient testing method to maintain open schools during the pandemic. SN - 2045-2322 SP - 19521 ST - Feasibility of a surveillance programme based on gargle samples and pool testing to prevent SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks in schools T2 - Sci Rep TI - Feasibility of a surveillance programme based on gargle samples and pool testing to prevent SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks in schools UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-98849-1 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8484445/pdf/41598_2021_Article_98849.pdf VL - 11 ID - 2452 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Isolation of cases and contact tracing is used to control outbreaks of infectious diseases, and has been used for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Whether this strategy will achieve control depends on characteristics of both the pathogen and the response. Here we use a mathematical model to assess if isolation and contact tracing are able to control onwards transmission from imported cases of COVID-19. METHODS: We developed a stochastic transmission model, parameterised to the COVID-19 outbreak. We used the model to quantify the potential effectiveness of contact tracing and isolation of cases at controlling a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-like pathogen. We considered scenarios that varied in the number of initial cases, the basic reproduction number (R0), the delay from symptom onset to isolation, the probability that contacts were traced, the proportion of transmission that occurred before symptom onset, and the proportion of subclinical infections. We assumed isolation prevented all further transmission in the model. Outbreaks were deemed controlled if transmission ended within 12 weeks or before 5000 cases in total. We measured the success of controlling outbreaks using isolation and contact tracing, and quantified the weekly maximum number of cases traced to measure feasibility of public health effort. FINDINGS: Simulated outbreaks starting with five initial cases, an R0 of 1.5, and 0% transmission before symptom onset could be controlled even with low contact tracing probability; however, the probability of controlling an outbreak decreased with the number of initial cases, when R0 was 2.5 or 3.5 and with more transmission before symptom onset. Across different initial numbers of cases, the majority of scenarios with an R0 of 1.5 were controllable with less than 50% of contacts successfully traced. To control the majority of outbreaks, for R0 of 2.5 more than 70% of contacts had to be traced, and for an R0 of 3.5 more than 90% of contacts had to be traced. The delay between symptom onset and isolation had the largest role in determining whether an outbreak was controllable when R0 was 1.5. For R0 values of 2.5 or 3.5, if there were 40 initial cases, contact tracing and isolation were only potentially feasible when less than 1% of transmission occurred before symptom onset. INTERPRETATION: In most scenarios, highly effective contact tracing and case isolation is enough to control a new outbreak of COVID-19 within 3 months. The probability of control decreases with long delays from symptom onset to isolation, fewer cases ascertained by contact tracing, and increasing transmission before symptoms. This model can be modified to reflect updated transmission characteristics and more specific definitions of outbreak control to assess the potential success of local response efforts. FUNDING: Wellcome Trust, Global Challenges Research Fund, and Health Data Research UK. AD - Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK. | Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK. Electronic address: r.eggo@lshtm.ac.uk. AN - 32119825 AU - Hellewell, J. | Abbott, S. | Gimma, A. | Bosse, N. I. | Jarvis, C. I. | Russell, T. W. | Munday, J. D. | Kucharski, A. J. | Edmunds, W. J. | Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Covid-Working Group | Funk, S. | Eggo, R. M. C1 - 2020-05-08 C2 - Modeling and Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050820_covidupdate.html DA - Apr DO - 10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30074-7 ET - 2020/03/03 IS - 4 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Contact Tracing | Coronavirus/*pathogenicity | Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/epidemiology/*prevention & control/transmission | Disease Outbreaks/*prevention & control | Feasibility Studies | Humans | *Patient Isolation | Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis/epidemiology/*prevention & control/transmission | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://4174953803/Hellewell-2020-Feasibility of controlling COVI.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Hellewell, Joel; Abbott, Sam; Gimma, Amy; Bosse, Nikos I; Jarvis, Christopher I; Russell, Timothy W; Munday, James D; Kucharski, Adam J; Edmunds, W John; Funk, Sebastian; Eggo, Rosalind M; eng; WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; 206250/Z/17/Z/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; 210758/Z/18/Z/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Lancet Glob Health. 2020 Apr;8(4):e488-e496. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30074-7. Epub 2020 Feb 28. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Using mathematical modeling, the probability of controlling outbreaks decreased when there was a high number of initial cases, higher basic reproduction number (R0), and more transmissions before symptom onset. (Figure); The delay from symptom onset to isolation played a major role in controlling the outbreaks. | Case isolation was more effective when there was little transmission before symptom onset and the delay from symptom onset to isolation was short. | Methods: A mathematical modeling study to assess effectiveness of contract tracing and case isolation to control outbreaks of COVID-19 in scenarios that varied in the number of initial cases, the level of R0, the delay from symptom onset to isolation, the probability that contacts were traced, the proportion of transmissions that occurred before symptom onset, and the proportion of subclinical infections. Outbreak control was defined as no new infections between 12 and 16 weeks after the initial cases. Limitations: Model assumed that isolation prevented all further transmission. | Implications: In most plausible outbreak scenarios, case isolation and contact tracing alone are insufficient to control outbreaks. However, effective contact tracing and isolation can reduce the overall size of an outbreak or bring it under control over time. SN - 2214-109X (Electronic); 2214-109X (Linking) SP - e488-e496 ST - Feasibility of controlling COVID-19 outbreaks by isolation of cases and contacts T2 - Lancet Glob Health TI - Feasibility of controlling COVID-19 outbreaks by isolation of cases and contacts UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32119825 VL - 8 ID - 162 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (A.R.S.). | City University of New York at Hunter College, New York, New York (D.U.H., S.W.). AN - 32692931 AU - Sehgal, A. R. | Himmelstein, D. U. | Woolhandler, S. C1 - 2021-02-26 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02262021_covidupdate.html DA - Jan DO - 10.7326/M20-4331 ET - 2020/07/22 IS - 1 KW - COVID-19/epidemiology/*prevention & control | Demography | Feasibility Studies | *Housing | Humans | *Patient Isolation | *Quarantine | SARS-CoV-2 | Surveys and Questionnaires | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://2847841221/Sehgal-2021-Feasibility of Separate Rooms for.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Sehgal, Ashwini R; Himmelstein, David U; Woolhandler, Steffie; eng; U54 MD002265/MD/NIMHD NIH HHS/; Letter; Ann Intern Med. 2021 Jan;174(1):127-129. doi: 10.7326/M20-4331. Epub 2020 Jul 21. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; More than 1 in 5 US homes (which include about a quarter of all Americans) lack sufficient space and/or plumbing facilities to comply with recommendations to isolate or quarantine to limit household spread of COVID-19. | Native American and Hispanic persons had 2.7 and 3.3 times higher odds respectively, and non-Hispanic Black and Asian persons had 1.7 times higher odds of occupying units unsuitable for isolation or quarantine relative to non-Hispanic White persons. | Methods: Data collected by the US Census Bureau from the nationally representative 2017 American Housing Survey (n = 57,984 dwellings) with a response rate of 80.5%, were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Limitations: Unable to assess individual’s ability to optimally isolate and quarantine, the direct impact of prevention measures (face masks, physical distancing, surface disinfection), and size of rooms. | Implications: These findings highlight the potential benefit of using underutilized hotels for isolation or quarantine which in turn might decrease COVID-19 transmission in vulnerable communities as well as reduce medical costs, economic damage from work absenteeism, and job loss. SN - 1539-3704 (Electronic); 0003-4819 (Linking) SP - 127-129 ST - Feasibility of Separate Rooms for Home Isolation and Quarantine for COVID-19 in the United States T2 - Ann Intern Med TI - Feasibility of Separate Rooms for Home Isolation and Quarantine for COVID-19 in the United States UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32692931 VL - 174 ID - 1534 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Center for Translational Medicine, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, 430023, China. | State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, 430071, China. | Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology and Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, CAS, Wuhan, 430023, China. | State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China. | Center for Translational Medicine, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, 430023, China. zhouxi@wh.iov.cn. | State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, 430071, China. zhouxi@wh.iov.cn. | Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology and Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, CAS, Wuhan, 430023, China. zhouxi@wh.iov.cn. | Center for Translational Medicine, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, 430023, China. zhangdy63@hotmail.com. | Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology and Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, CAS, Wuhan, 430023, China. zhangdy63@hotmail.com. AN - 32643051 AU - Han, Y. | Yang, Q. | Liu, Y. | Shu, T. | Yue, L. | Xiao, T. | Zeng, Q. | Wu, Y. | Zhou, X. | Zhang, D. C1 - 2020-07-17 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071720_covidupdate.html DA - Dec DO - 10.1007/s12250-020-00254-x ET - 2020/07/10 IS - 6 KW - COVID-19/*diagnosis | COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing/*methods | Feasibility Studies | Humans | Mass Screening/methods | Meta-Analysis as Topic | Pharynx/*virology | Specimen Handling/*methods L1 - internal-pdf://3837427083/Han-2020-Feasibility Study of Mixing Throat Sw.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Han, Yang; Yang, Qingyu; Liu, Ying; Shu, Ting; Yue, Li; Xiao, Ting; Zeng, Qin; Wu, Ying; Zhou, Xi; Zhang, Dingyu; eng; Letter; China; Virol Sin. 2020 Dec;35(6):830-832. doi: 10.1007/s12250-020-00254-x. Epub 2020 Jul 8. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: qRT-PCR testing results were still reliable when samples were diluted to six-fold, suggesting that mixing multiple throat swab samples might lower testing costs without compromising reliability of COVID-19 nucleic acid screening. SN - 1995-820X (Electronic); 1995-820X (Linking) SP - 830-832 ST - Feasibility Study of Mixing Throat Swab Samples for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Screening T2 - Virol Sin TI - Feasibility Study of Mixing Throat Swab Samples for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Screening UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32643051 VL - 35 ID - 534 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The clinical significance of SARS CoV-2 RNA in stool remains uncertain. We found that extrapulmonary dissemination of infection to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, assessed by the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in stool, is associated with decreased COVID-19 survival. Measurement of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in stool may have utility for clinical risk assessment. AD - Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. | Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA. | Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114 USA. | Koch Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. | Department of Microbiology and National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118 United States. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 USA. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114 USA. | Division of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114 USA. AN - 34245255 AU - Das Adhikari, Upasana | Eng, George | Farcasanu, Mara | Avena, Laura E. | Choudhary, Manish C. | Triant, Virginia A. | Flagg, Meaghan | Schiff, Abigail E. | Gomez, Isabella | Froehle, Leah M. | Diefenbach, Thomas J. | Ronsard, Larance | Lingwood, Daniel | Lee, Grace C. | Rabi, Seyed Alireza | Erstad, Derek | Velmahos, George | Li, Jonathan Z. | Hodin, Richard | Stone, James R. | Honko, Anna N. | Griffiths, Anthony | Yilmaz, Omer | Kwon, Douglas S. C1 - 2021-07-23 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07232021_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 10 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciab623 ET - 2021/07/11 L1 - internal-pdf://2050119077/Das Adhikari-2021-Fecal SARS-CoV-2 RNA is asso.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Das Adhikari, Upasana | Eng, George | Farcasanu, Mara | Avena, Laura E | Choudhary, Manish C | Triant, Virginia A | Flagg, Meaghan | Schiff, Abigail E | Gomez, Isabella | Froehle, Leah M | Diefenbach, Thomas J | Ronsard, Larance | Lingwood, Daniel | Lee, Grace C | Rabi, Seyed Alireza | Erstad, Derek | Velmahos, George | Li, Jonathan Z | Hodin, Richard | Stone, James R | Honko, Anna N | Griffiths, Anthony | Yilmaz, Omer | Kwon, Douglas S | eng | T32 CA009216/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ | Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Jul 10. pii: 6318824. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab623. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Hospitalized patients with detectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA in their stool (35/60) had higher mortality compared with those without detectable RNA but did not differ clinically or demographically. Stool viral loads did not correlate with plasma or nasal-pharyngeal swab RNA levels. SN - 1058-4838 ST - Fecal SARS-CoV-2 RNA is associated with decreased COVID-19 survival T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Fecal SARS-CoV-2 RNA is associated with decreased COVID-19 survival UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab623 Y2 - 7/26/2021 ID - 2122 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Procuring respiratory protection for clinicians and other health care workers has become a major challenge of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and has resulted in nonstandard practices such as the use of expired respirators and various decontamination processes to prolong the useful life of respirators in health care settings. In addition, imported, non-National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-approved respirators have been donated or acquired by hospitals as a potential replacement for limited NIOSH-approved N95 respirators. Objective: To assess fitted filtration efficiencies (FFEs) for face mask alternatives used during the COVID-19 pandemic. Design, Setting, and Participants: For this quality-improvement study conducted between April and June 2020, we used the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's Quantitative Fit Testing Protocol for Filtering Facepiece Respirators in a laboratory atmosphere supplemented with sodium chloride particles to assess the FFEs of a variety of respirators worn by a male volunteer and female volunteer. Main Outcomes and Measures: The FFEs of respirators commonly worn by clinicians and other health care workers and available respirator alternatives during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: Of the 29 different fitted face mask alternatives tested on 1 man and 1 woman, expired N95 respirators with intact elastic straps and respirators subjected to ethylene oxide and hydrogen peroxide sterilization had unchanged FFE (>95%). The performance of N95 respirators in the wrong size had slightly decreased performance (90%-95% FFE). All of the respirators not listed as approved in this evaluation (n = 6) failed to achieve 95% FFE. Neither of the 2 imported respirators authorized for use by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that were not NIOSH-approved tested in this study achieved 95% FFE, and the more effective of the 2 functioned at approximately 80% FFE. Surgical and procedural face masks had filtering performance that was lower relative to that of N95 respirators (98.5% overall FFE), with procedural face masks secured with elastic ear loops showing the lowest efficiency (38.1% overall FFE). Conclusions and Relevance: This quality-improvement study evaluating 29 face mask alternatives for use by clinicians interacting with patients during the COVID-19 pandemic found that expired N95 respirators and sterilized, used N95 respirators can be used when new N95 respirators are not available. Other alternatives may provide less effective filtration. AD - Infection Prevention Department, UNC Health Care, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. | Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. | Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. | Oak Ridge Institute for Science Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. | TRC, Raleigh, North Carolina. AN - 32780113 AU - Sickbert-Bennett, E. E. | Samet, J. M. | Clapp, P. W. | Chen, H. | Berntsen, J. | Zeman, K. L. | Tong, H. | Weber, D. J. | Bennett, W. D. C1 - 2020-08-18 C2 - Face Masks CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/081820_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 1 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.4221 ET - 2020/08/12 IS - 12 KW - *COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control/transmission | Disinfectants | Equipment Contamination/prevention & control | Equipment Failure Analysis/methods | Equipment Reuse/*standards | Ethylene Oxide/pharmacology | Filtration/*standards | Health Personnel | Humans | Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology | Infection Control/*instrumentation | Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional/*prevention & control | *Masks/classification/standards/supply & distribution | Materials Testing/methods | *N95 Respirators/standards/supply & distribution | Quality Improvement | SARS-CoV-2 | *Sterilization/methods/standards L1 - internal-pdf://3468369597/Sickbert-Bennet-2020-Filtration Efficiency of.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Sickbert-Bennett, Emily E; Samet, James M; Clapp, Phillip W; Chen, Hao; Berntsen, Jon; Zeman, Kirby L; Tong, Haiyan; Weber, David J; Bennett, William D; eng; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. | JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Dec 1;180(12):1607-1612. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.4221. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Fitted filtration efficiency (FFE) for NIOSH-approved N95 respirators was 98.5% (Figure). | Expired (<11 years) N95 respirators and those sterilized with ethylene oxide and vaporized hydrogen peroxide maintained FFEs >95%. | FFE of surgical masks with ties (71.5%) and face masks with ear loops (38.1%) were substantially lower than N95 respirators (Figure). | Most N95 respirators and surgical masks had comparable FFEs on a man and a woman, except for the surgical mask with ear loops (26.5% for the woman versus 39.5% for the man). | Methods: Measurement of FFE of 29 different respirators and face masks worn by a male and a female volunteer during a series of repeated movements of the torso, head, and facial muscles. Limitations: Testing was done on a one man (and one woman for some comparisons). | Implications for 3 studies (Fischer et al., Sickbert-Bennett et al., & Verma et al.): Purpose and performance need to be considered when choosing different face coverings. Face shields and masks with valves offer substantially less benefit than unvalved fabric masks and should not be used for this purpose. SE - 1607 SN - 2168-6114 (Electronic); 2168-6106 (Linking) SP - 1607-1612 ST - Filtration Efficiency of Hospital Face Mask Alternatives Available for Use During the COVID-19 Pandemic T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - Filtration Efficiency of Hospital Face Mask Alternatives Available for Use During the COVID-19 Pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32780113 VL - 180 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 727 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Everyone wants new treatments and vaccines to address the devastation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). But, currently, under intense pressure and based on hope and limited data from poorly conducted clinical trials and observational data, many clinicians are embarking on ill-advised and uncontrolled human experimentation with unproven treatments. This approach cannot provide answers about what treatments are effective, and it poses undue risk to patients. In this light, decisions to seek and invoke Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) authorities from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), such as the recent EUA for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, which will further increase use of these drugs for treating individuals with COVID-19, are noteworthy and deserve careful attention. Not only are there potential negative consequences from uncontrolled use of these drugs based on currently unconvincing data but, equally concerning, the integrity of governmental decision-making is increasingly coming under pressure, risking harm to both patients and to the public confidence needed to respond effectively to this pandemic. AD - Georgetown University, Washington, DC. | In-Q-Tel, Arlington County, Virginia. AN - 32297900 AU - Goodman, J. L. | Borio, L. C1 - 2020-04-21 C2 - Treatments for COVID-19 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/042120_covidupdate.html DA - May 19 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.6434 ET - 2020/04/17 IS - 19 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Compassionate Use Trials | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Humans | Off-Label Use | *Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://0625459371/Goodman-2020-Finding Effective Treatments for.pdf LA - en LB - Vaccines | N1 - Goodman, Jesse L; Borio, Luciana; eng; Comment; JAMA. 2020 May 19;323(19):1899-1900. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.6434. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Speaks to the importance of maintaining scientific integrity and public confidence, given how intense pressure and hope are combing to start ill-advised & uncontrolled human experimentation with unproven treatments. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1899-1900 ST - Finding Effective Treatments for COVID-19: Scientific Integrity and Public Confidence in a Time of Crisis T2 - JAMA TI - Finding Effective Treatments for COVID-19: Scientific Integrity and Public Confidence in a Time of Crisis UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32297900 VL - 323 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 61 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Suzanne Watnick, MD, got the call at 9 pm Friday, February 28. A man in his 50s who received dialysis treatments at a Northwest Kidney Centers facility in Seattle was the first person with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to die in the United States.Watnick, the nonprofit dialysis organization’s chief medical officer, immediately called Elizabeth McNamara, RN, vice president of patient care services and chief nursing officer. The patient had last undergone dialysis at one of Northwest Kidney Centers�?19 sites a week earlier. AN - 32297904 AU - Rubin, R. C1 - 2020-04-21 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/042120_covidupdate.html DA - May 26 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.6158 ET - 2020/04/17 IS - 20 KW - Ambulatory Care Facilities/*organization & administration | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. | Coronavirus Infections/*prevention & control | Female | Guidelines as Topic | Humans | Kidney Failure, Chronic/therapy | Male | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*prevention & control | *Renal Dialysis | SARS-CoV-2 | United States | Washington L1 - internal-pdf://0950855440/Rubin-2020-Finding Ways to Reduce Coronavirus.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Rubin, Rita; eng; JAMA. 2020 May 26;323(20):1993-1995. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.6158. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Discusses reducing coronavirus exposure during dialysis, such as minimizing exposures, segregating centers by COVID-19 status, moving dialysis to patients�?homes, and considering reducing number of hours on dialysis during the pandemic. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1993-1995 ST - Finding Ways to Reduce Coronavirus Exposure During Dialysis T2 - JAMA TI - Finding Ways to Reduce Coronavirus Exposure During Dialysis UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32297904 VL - 323 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 63 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We investigated individual behaviors taken by white, African American, and Latino United States (US) households in response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and likelihood of using digital tools for symptom surveillance/reporting. We analyzed cross-sectional week 1 data (April 2020) of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Impact Survey in a large, nationally representative sample of US adults. In general, all groups engaged in the same prevention behaviors, but whites reported being more likely to use digital tools to report/act on symptoms and seek testing, compared with African Americans and Latinos. Individual behaviors may not explain COVID-19 case disparities, and digital tools for tracking should focus on uptake among race/ethnic minorities. AD - Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, Division of Prevention Sciences, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. AN - 32860499 AU - Sauceda, J. A. | Neilands, T. B. | Lightfoot, M. | Saberi, P. C1 - 2020-09-08 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090820_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 13 DO - 10.1093/infdis/jiaa554 ET - 2020/08/30 IS - 10 KW - Adolescent | Adult | African Americans/*psychology | Age Factors | Attitude to Health/*ethnology | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/*ethnology/prevention & control/virology | Cross-Sectional Studies | European Continental Ancestry Group/*psychology | Family Characteristics | Female | Health Status Disparities | Hispanic Americans/*psychology | Humans | Infection Control/methods | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics/prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/*ethnology/prevention & control/virology | Probability | SARS-CoV-2 | Surveys and Questionnaires | United States/epidemiology/ethnology | Young Adult | *covid-19 | *SARS-CoV-2 | *digital health | *disparities | *prevention | *surveillance L1 - internal-pdf://3136286603/Sauceda-2020-Findings From a Probability-Based.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Sauceda, John A; Neilands, Torsten B; Lightfoot, Marguerita; Saberi, Parya; eng; J Infect Dis. 2020 Oct 13;222(10):1607-1611. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa554. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Non-Latino White, African American, and Latino respondents engaged in nearly the same way in individual prevention measures taken in response to SARS-CoV-2. | Latino respondents were less likely to report social distancing vs White respondents. | Latino and African American respondents reported being less likely to use technology-based strategies compared to White respondents. | Respondents age >60 years reported being less likely to use a website to log symptoms or installing an app that asks about symptoms compared with those age 18-29. | Methods: Phone and online survey data in 1395 non-Latino White, 265 African American, and 369 Latino respondents in the US between April 20 and 26, 2020. Demographic and social differences were examined on infection prevention behaviors, SARS CoV-2 testing, and likelihood of using technology for public health monitoring (tracking app, app that asks about symptoms or website to log symptoms and get recommendations). Limitations: Differences by phone vs online administration is not reported; survey was not validated; rates of some behaviors not reported. | Implications: Understanding differences in behaviors and intentions across demographic groups may assist in tailoring messaging and policies to increase uptake of recommended practices and digital tools for public health monitoring. SN - 1537-6613 (Electronic); 0022-1899 (Linking) SP - 1607-1611 ST - Findings From a Probability-Based Survey of United States Households About Prevention Measures Based on Race, Ethnicity, and Age in Response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 T2 - J Infect Dis TI - Findings From a Probability-Based Survey of United States Households About Prevention Measures Based on Race, Ethnicity, and Age in Response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32860499 VL - 222 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 858 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Introduction A second wave of SARS-CoV-2 infection spread across the UK in 2020 linked with emergence of the more transmissible B.1.1.7 variant. The emergence of new variants, particularly during relaxation of social distancing policies and implementation of mass vaccination, highlights the need for real-time integration of detailed patient clinical data alongside pathogen genomic data. We linked clinical data with viral genome sequence data to compare cases admitted during the first and second waves of SARS-CoV-2 infection.Methods Clinical, laboratory and demographic data from five electronic health record (EHR) systems was collected for all cases with a positive SARS-CoV-2 RNA test between March 13th 2020 and February 17th 2021. SARS-CoV-2 viral sequencing was performed using Oxford Nanopore Technology. Descriptive data are presented comparing cases between waves, and between cases of B.1.1.7 and non-B.1.1.7 variants.Results There were 5810 SARS-CoV-2 RNA positive cases comprising inpatients (n=2341), healthcare workers (n=1549), outpatients (n=874), emergency department (ED) attenders not subsequently admitted (n=532), inter-hospital transfers (n=281) and nosocomial cases (n=233). There were two dominant waves of hospital admissions, with wave one starting from March 13th (n=838) and wave two from October 20th (n=1503), both with a temporally aligned rise in nosocomial cases (n=96 in wave one, n=137 in wave two). 1470 SARS-CoV-2 isolates were successfully sequenced, including 216/838 (26%) admitted cases from wave one, 472/1503 (31%) admitted cases in wave two and 121/233 (52%) nosocomial cases. The first B.1.1.7 variant was identified on 15th November 2020 and increased rapidly such that it comprised 400/472 (85%) of sequenced isolates from admitted cases in wave two. Females made up a larger proportion of admitted cases in wave two (47.3% vs 41.8%, p=0.011), and in those infected with the B.1.1.7 variant compared to non-B.1.1.7 variants (48.0% vs 41.8%, p=0.042). A diagnosis of frailty was less common in wave two (11.5% v 22.8%, p<0.001) and in the group infected with B.1.1.7 (14.5% v 22.4%, p=0.001). There was no difference in severity on admission between waves, as measured by hypoxia at admission (wave one: 64.3% vs wave two: 65.5%, p=0.67). However, a higher proportion of cases infected with the B.1.1.7 variant were hypoxic on admission compared to other variants (70.0% vs 62.5%, p=0.029).Conclusions Automated EHR data extraction linked with SARS-CoV-2 genome sequence data provides valuable insight into the evolving characteristics of cases admitted to hospital with COVID-19. The proportion of cases with hypoxia on admission was greater in those infected with the B.1.1.7 variant, which supports evidence the B.1.1.7 variant is associated with more severe disease. The number of nosocomial cases was similar in both waves despite introduction of many infection control interventions before wave two, an observation requiring further investigation.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis work was supported by the King's Together Multi and Interdisciplinary Research Scheme (Wellcome Trust Revenue Retention Award). FH, LBS, YW, and VC are supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre programme of Infection and Immunity (RJ112/N027) based at Guy's and St Thomas' National Health Service NHS) Foundation Trust and King's College London. This work was also supported by The Health Foundation and the Guy's and St Thomas' Charity. COG-UK is supported by funding from the Medical Research Council (MRC) part of UK Research & Innovation (UKRI), the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) and Genome Research Limited, operating as the Wellcome Sanger Institute.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are g ven below:Ethical approval for data informatics was granted by The London Bromley Research Ethics Committee (reference (20/HRA/1871)) to the King's Health Partners Data Analytics and Modelling COVID-19 Group to collect clinically relevant data points from patient's electronic health records. Whole genome sequencing of residual viral isolates was conducted under the COVID-19 Genomics UK (COG-UK) consortium study protocol, which was approved by the Public Health England Research Ethics and Governance Group (reference: R&D NR0195).All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThe original clinical and genomic datasets are not made available. AU - Snell, L. B. | Wang, W. | Alcolea-Medina, A. | Charalampous, T. | Nebbia, G. | Batra, R. | de Jongh, L. | Higgins, F. | Wang, Y. | Edgeworth, J. D. | Curcin, V. C1 - 2021-04-02 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04022021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.03.16.21253377 L1 - internal-pdf://3932479133/Snell-2021-First and second SARS-CoV-2 waves i.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Two dominant waves of hospital admissions with SARS-CoV-2 were detected. | The proportion of admissions with the B.1.1.7 variant increased during the second wave and accounted for 97% of sequenced isolates in January 2021 (Figure). | Patients with the B.1.1.7 variant more frequently had hypoxia on admission than patients with non-B.1.1.7 variants (70.0% vs. 62.5%). | Methods: Electronic health record data from a multisite inner-city London hospital for all SARS-CoV-2 cases (n = 5,810) between March 13, 2020 and February 17, 2021 were linked with viral sequencing data. Limitations: Results may not be generalizable to other clinical settings. | Implications for both studies (Snell et al. and Musser et al.): The rate of increase in COVID-19 cases with the B.1.1.7 variant in 2 areas highlights its increased transmissibility; some data (Snell et al.external icon; Grint et al.external icon) suggest increased illness severity, reinforcing the urgency of vaccination and other mitigation efforts. SP - 2021.03.16.21253377 ST - First and second SARS-CoV-2 waves in inner London: A comparison of admission characteristics and the impact of the B.1.1.7 variant T2 - medRxiv TI - First and second SARS-CoV-2 waves in inner London: A comparison of admission characteristics and the impact of the B.1.1.7 variant UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/03/24/2021.03.16.21253377.full.pdf ID - 1634 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BackgroundThe first wave of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic spread rapidly in Spain, one of Europe's most affected countries. A national lockdown was implemented on 15 March 2020.AimTo describe reported cases and the impact of national lockdown, and to identify disease severity risk factors.MethodsNational surveillance data were used to describe PCR-confirmed cases as at 27 April 2020. We compared case characteristics by severity categories (hospitalisation, admission to intensive care unit (ICU), death) and identified severity risk factors using multivariable regression.ResultsThe epidemic peaked on 20 March. Of 218,652 COVID-19 cases, 45.4% were hospitalised, 4.6% were admitted to ICU and 11.9% died. Among those who died, 94.8% had at least one underlying disease. Healthcare workers (HCWs) represented 22.9% of cases. Males were more likely to have severe outcomes than females. Cardiovascular disease was a consistent risk factor. Patients with pneumonia had higher odds of hospitalisation (odds ratio (OR): 26.63; 95% confidence interval (CI): 25.03-28.33). The strongest predictor of death was age >/= 80 years (OR: 28.4; 95% CI: 19.85-40.78). Among underlying diseases, chronic renal disease had highest odds of death (OR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.29-1.68).ConclusionsCOVID-19 case numbers began declining 6 days after the national lockdown. The first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain had a severe impact on elderly people. Patients with cardiovascular or renal conditions were at higher risk for severe outcomes. A high proportion of cases were HCWs. Enhanced surveillance and control measures in these subgroups are crucial during future COVID-19 waves. AD - The members of the Working group are listed at the end of the article. AN - 33334400 AU - Working group for the, surveillance | control of, Covid-in Spain | Members of the Working group for the, surveillance | control of, Covid-in Spain C1 - 2021-01-08 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01082021_covidupdate.html DA - Dec DO - 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.50.2001431 ET - 2020/12/19 IS - 50 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Algorithms | COVID-19/*epidemiology/prevention & control | Child | Child, Preschool | Communicable Disease Control/methods | Comorbidity | Data Collection | Female | Geography, Medical | Health Personnel/statistics & numerical data | Humans | Infant | Male | Middle Aged | *Pandemics | Physical Distancing | Population Surveillance | Quarantine | Registries | Risk Factors | *SARS-CoV-2 | Spain/epidemiology | Young Adult | *covid-19 | *Spain | *pandemic | *risk factors | *surveillance L1 - internal-pdf://3074116286/surveillance-2020-The first wave of the COVID-.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - eng; Sweden; Euro Surveill. 2020 Dec;25(50). doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.50.2001431. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; During the first pandemic wave in Spain, 45.4% of COVID-19 cases were hospitalized, 4.6% were admitted to an ICU and 11.9% died. | Among those who died, 94.8% had at least one underlying disease; chronic renal disease had the highest odds of death (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.29-1.68). | Non-hospitalized cases had a bimodal age distribution, with the first peak observed among cases 50�?0 years of age and the second peak among cases 90 years of age (Figure). | Compared with cases aged <40 years, cases aged �?0 years had the highest odds of death (OR 28.4, 95% CI 19.85-40.78). | Methods: National surveillance data were used to describe 218,652 RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19 cases from January 31 to April 27, 2020 in Spain. Clinical severity of cases was classified, and multivariable regression identified independent risk factors for disease severity of hospitalized cases. Limitations: Inability to confirm mild or asymptomatic cases; incomplete data for certain variables leading to an under- or over-estimate of associations. | Implications: This study highlights the early impact of COVID-19 pandemic on older adults particularly those with comorbidities such as chronic renal disease. Surveillance provides information to health and government authorities to inform control measures, particularly in vulnerable populations. SN - 1560-7917 (Electronic); 1025-496X (Linking) SP - 2001431 ST - The first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain: characterisation of cases and risk factors for severe outcomes, as at 27 April 2020 T2 - Euro Surveill TI - The first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain: characterisation of cases and risk factors for severe outcomes, as at 27 April 2020 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33334400 VL - 25 ID - 1394 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Reports of ChAdOx1 vaccine–associated thrombocytopenia and vascular adverse events have led to some countries restricting its use. Using a national prospective cohort, we estimated associations between exposure to first-dose ChAdOx1 or BNT162b2 vaccination and hematological and vascular adverse events using a nested incident-matched case-control study and a confirmatory self-controlled case series (SCCS) analysis. An association was found between ChAdOx1 vaccination and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) (0�?7 d after vaccination; adjusted rate ratio (aRR) = 5.77, 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.41�?3.83), with an estimated incidence of 1.13 (0.62�?.63) cases per 100,000 doses. An SCCS analysis confirmed that this was unlikely due to bias (RR�?�?.98 (1.29�?.02)). There was also an increased risk for arterial thromboembolic events (aRR = 1.22, 1.12�?.34) 0�?7 d after vaccination, with an SCCS RR of 0.97 (0.93�?.02). For hemorrhagic events 0�?7 d after vaccination, the aRR was 1.48 (1.12�?.96), with an SCCS RR of 0.95 (0.82�?.11). A first dose of ChAdOx1 was found to be associated with small increased risks of ITP, with suggestive evidence of an increased risk of arterial thromboembolic and hemorrhagic events. The attenuation of effect found in the SCCS analysis means that there is the potential for overestimation of the reported results, which might indicate the presence of some residual confounding or confounding by indication. Public health authorities should inform their jurisdictions of these relatively small increased risks associated with ChAdOx1. No positive associations were seen between BNT162b2 and thrombocytopenic, thromboembolic and hemorrhagic events. AD - School of Health, Wellington Faculty of Health, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand. | Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. | MRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. | Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, Scotland. | School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK. | Centre of Academic Primary Care, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK. | Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK. | Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK. | Public Health Agency, Belfast, Northern Ireland. | Health Data Research UK, BREATHE Hub, Edinburgh, UK. | Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Population Data Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK. | Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. aziz.sheikh@ed.ac.uk. | Health Data Research UK, BREATHE Hub, Edinburgh, UK. aziz.sheikh@ed.ac.uk. AN - 34108714 AU - Simpson, C. R. | Shi, T. | Vasileiou, E. | Katikireddi, S. V. | Kerr, S. | Moore, E. | McCowan, C. | Agrawal, U. | Shah, S. A. | Ritchie, L. D. | Murray, J. | Pan, J. | Bradley, D. T. | Stock, S. J. | Wood, R. | Chuter, A. | Beggs, J. | Stagg, H. R. | Joy, M. | Tsang, R. S. M. | de Lusignan, S. | Hobbs, R. | Lyons, R. A. | Torabi, F. | Bedston, S. | O’Leary, M. | Akbari, A. | McMenamin, J. | Robertson, C. | Sheikh, A. C1 - 2021-06-25 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06252021_covidupdate.html DA - 2021/06/09 DO - 10.1038/s41591-021-01408-4 ET - 2021/06/11 IS - 7 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | COVID-19/*prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/*therapeutic use | Case-Control Studies | Cohort Studies | Female | Hemorrhage/*epidemiology | Humans | Incidence | Male | Middle Aged | Prospective Studies | Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic/*epidemiology | SARS-CoV-2 | Scotland/epidemiology | Sinus Thrombosis, Intracranial/epidemiology | Thrombocytopenia/*epidemiology | Thromboembolism/*epidemiology | Venous Thromboembolism/*epidemiology | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://2890932431/Simpson-2021-First-dose ChAdOx1 and BNT162b2 C.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Simpson, C R | Shi, T | Vasileiou, E | Katikireddi, S V | Kerr, S | Moore, E | McCowan, C | Agrawal, U | Shah, S A | Ritchie, L D | Murray, J | Pan, J | Bradley, D T | Stock, S J | Wood, R | Chuter, A | Beggs, J | Stagg, H R | Joy, M | Tsang, R S M | de Lusignan, S | Hobbs, R | Lyons, R A | Torabi, F | Bedston, S | O'Leary, M | Akbari, A | McMenamin, J | Robertson, C | Sheikh, A | eng | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | Nat Med. 2021 Jul;27(7):1290-1297. doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01408-4. Epub 2021 Jun 9. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Within 0-27 days after the 1st dose, ChAdOx1 (Oxford/AstraZeneca) vaccination was associated with rare but higher occurrences of: | Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) (aRR 5.77, 95% CI 2.41-13.83), representing 1.13 (95% CI 0.62-1.63) incident cases per 100,000 doses (Figure). | Arterial thromboembolic events (aRR 1.22, 1.12-1.34). | Hemorrhagic events (aRR 1.48 95% CI 1.12-1.96). | No positive associations were seen between BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) and thrombocytopenic, thromboembolic, or hemorrhagic events. | Methods: Assessment of hematological and vascular adverse events after the 1st dose of ChAdOx1 (n = 1.7 million) or BNT162b2 (n = 0.82 million) using an incident-matched case-control study design among individuals aged 16+ in Scotland between December 2020 and April 2021. Limitations: 2nd dose analysis not performed; results may be overestimated based on unknown confounders. | Implications: The ChAdOx1 vaccine might be associated with a very small increased incidence of ITP, which was not seen with BNT162b2. This very small risk needs to be considered within the context of the clear benefits of the vaccine. SN - 1546-170X SP - 1290-1297 ST - First-dose ChAdOx1 and BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccines and thrombocytopenic, thromboembolic and hemorrhagic events in Scotland T2 - Nat Med TI - First-dose ChAdOx1 and BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccines and thrombocytopenic, thromboembolic and hemorrhagic events in Scotland UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01408-4 | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-021-01408-4.pdf VL - 27 ID - 1857 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background NVX-CoV2373 is a recombinant nanoparticle vaccine composed of trimeric full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins. We present the Day 35 primary analysis of our trial of NVX-CoV2373 with or without the saponin-based Matrix-M1 adjuvant in healthy adults.Methods This is a randomized, observer-blinded, placebo-controlled, phase 1 trial in 131 healthy adults. Trial vaccination comprised two intramuscular injections, 21 days apart. Primary outcomes were reactogenicity, safety labs, and immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti-spike protein response. Secondary outcomes included adverse events, wild-type virus neutralizing antibody, and T-cell responses.Results Participants received NVX-CoV2373 with or without Matrix-M1 (n=106) or placebo (n=25). There were no serious adverse events. Reactogenicity was mainly mild in severity and of short duration (mean �? days), with second vaccinations inducing greater local and systemic reactogenicity. The adjuvant significantly enhanced immune responses and was antigen dose-sparing, and the two-dose 5μg NVX-CoV2373/Matrix-M1 vaccine induced mean anti-spike IgG and neutralizing antibody responses that exceeded the mean responses in convalescent sera from COVID-19 patients with clinically significant illnesses. The vaccine also induced antigen-specific T cells with a largely T helper 1 (Th1) phenotype.Conclusions NVX-CoV2373/Matrix-M1 was well tolerated and elicited robust immune responses (IgG and neutralization) four-fold higher than the mean observed in COVID-19 convalescent serum from participants with clinical symptoms requiring medical care and induced CD4+ T-cell responses biased toward a Th1 phenotype. These findings suggest that the vaccine may confer protection and support transition to efficacy evaluations to test this hypothesis. (Funded by the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04368988).Competing Interest StatementCheryl Keech, Gary Albert, Patricia Reed, Susan Neal, Joyce Plested, Mingzhu Zhu, Shane Cloney-Clark, Xaixia Zhou, Nita Patel, Iksung Cho, Andreana Robertson, Chinar Desai, Kathleen Callahan, Maggie Lewis, Patricia Price-Abbott, Neil Formica, Vivek Shinde, Louis Fries, Bethanie Wilkinson, Gale Smith and Gregory Glenn are employees of Novavax, Inc. Matthew Frieman, Robert Haupt, James Logue, Marisa McGrath, and Stuart Weston are researchers at the University of Maryland School of Medicine and received a grant from Novavax. Pedro Piedra is a researcher at Baylor University and received non-financial support/materials transfer agreement for spike protein of SARS-Cov-2 and ACE2. Jason Lickliter is an employee of Nucleus Network Pty Ltd and the institution received funding from Novavax to support operation of the clinical trial. Paul Griffin is an employee of Q-Pharm, which was contracted by Nucleus to conduct the clinical trial.Clinical TrialNCT04368988Funding StatementFunded by the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04368988Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Alfred Hospital Ethics Committee, EC services, 55 Commercial Rd, Melbourne VIC 3004All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) a d other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThese are interim data, and individual participants remain masked to individual vaccine assignment. Therefore, it would be inappropriate to share individual level results at this time. AU - Keech, Cheryl | Glenn, Gregory M. | Albert, Gary | Cho, Iksung | Robertson, Andreana | Reed, Patricia | Neal, Susan | Plested, Joyce S. | Zhu, Mingzhu | Cloney-Clark, Shane | Zhou, Haixia | Smith, Gale | Patel, Nita | Frieman, Matthew B. | Haupt, Robert E. | Logue, James | McGrath, Marisa | Weston, Stuart | Piedra, Pedro A. | Desai, Chinar | Callahan, Kathleen | Lewis, Maggie | Price-Abbott, Patricia | Formica, Neil | Shinde, Vivek | Fries, Louis | Lickliter, Jason D. | Griffin, Paul | Wilkinson, Bethanie C1 - 2020-08-21 C2 - Vaccine Development CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082120_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.08.05.20168435 L1 - internal-pdf://3720688322/Keech-2020-First-in-Human Trial of a SARS-CoV-.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Adverse reactions were typically mild or moderate and of short duration (mean �? days), (Figure 1). | Geometric mean titers (GMT) of anti-spike IgG and neutralizing antibody were highest in vaccine recipients also receiving adjuvant (Figure 2). | GMT increases were seen at 5 and 25 μg doses (Figure 2). | The vaccine induced CD4+ T-cell responses. | Methods: Randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, phase 1 trial of NVX-CoV2373 (recombinant nanoparticle vaccine composed of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins) in 131 healthy adults, Melbourne, Australia, May, 2020. Six participants received open label injections and were monitored for 48 hours. Remaining participants (n = 100, 25 per group in 4 groups) received 2 doses of 5 μg or 25 μg of vaccine with adjuvant; 2 doses of 25 μg of vaccine without adjuvant; 1 dose of 25 μg of vaccine with adjuvant and 1 dose of placebo; or 2 doses of placebo (saline). All participants received two intramuscular injections, 21 days apart. Primary outcomes at 35 days were reactogenicity, safety, IgG anti-spike protein response. Limitations: Phase 1 trial only. | Implications: NVX-CoV2373 with Matrix-M1 adjuvant appears well tolerated and induces immunological responses, supporting transition to a Phase 3 efficacy trial. SP - 2020.08.05.20168435 ST - First-in-Human Trial of a SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Spike Protein Nanoparticle Vaccine T2 - medRxiv TI - First-in-Human Trial of a SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Spike Protein Nanoparticle Vaccine TT - Published article: Phase 1�? Trial of a SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Spike Protein Nanoparticle Vaccine UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/08/06/2020.08.05.20168435.full.pdf ID - 745 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: As of March 18, 2020, 13 415 confirmed cases and 120 deaths related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in mainland China, outside Hubei province-the epicentre of the outbreak-had been reported. Since late January, massive public health interventions have been implemented nationwide to contain the outbreak. We provide an impact assessment of the transmissibility and severity of COVID-19 during the first wave in mainland Chinese locations outside Hubei. METHODS: We estimated the instantaneous reproduction number (Rt) of COVID-19 in Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Wenzhou, and the ten Chinese provinces that had the highest number of confirmed COVID-19 cases; and the confirmed case-fatality risk (cCFR) in Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, and Wenzhou, and all 31 Chinese provinces. We used a susceptible-infectious-recovered model to show the potential effects of relaxing containment measures after the first wave of infection, in anticipation of a possible second wave. FINDINGS: In all selected cities and provinces, the Rt decreased substantially since Jan 23, when control measures were implemented, and have since remained below 1. The cCFR outside Hubei was 0.98% (95% CI 0.82-1.16), which was almost five times lower than that in Hubei (5.91%, 5.73-6.09). Relaxing the interventions (resulting in Rt >1) when the epidemic size was still small would increase the cumulative case count exponentially as a function of relaxation duration, even if aggressive interventions could subsequently push disease prevalence back to the baseline level. INTERPRETATION: The first wave of COVID-19 outside of Hubei has abated because of aggressive non-pharmaceutical interventions. However, given the substantial risk of viral reintroduction, particularly from overseas importation, close monitoring of Rt and cCFR is needed to inform strategies against a potential second wave to achieve an optimal balance between health and economic protection. FUNDING: Health and Medical Research Fund, Hong Kong, China. AD - WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. | WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. Electronic address: joewu@hku.hk. AN - 32277878 AU - Leung, K. | Wu, J. T. | Liu, D. | Leung, G. M. C1 - 2020-04-17 C2 - Modeling and Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/041720_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 25 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30746-7 ET - 2020/04/12 IS - 10233 KW - Betacoronavirus/isolation & purification | Covid-19 | China/epidemiology | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/*transmission | *Disease Transmission, Infectious | Humans | Infection Control/methods | *Models, Statistical | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/*transmission | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://0415822801/Leung-2020-First-wave COVID-19 transmissibilit.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Leung, Kathy; Wu, Joseph T; Liu, Di; Leung, Gabriel M; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Lancet. 2020 Apr 25;395(10233):1382-1393. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30746-7. Epub 2020 Apr 8. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In four Chinese cities and 10 provinces outside of Hubei province, COVID-19 transmission decreased after implementing strict containment measures; the effect was stronger when implemented earlier. | The estimated confirmed case fatality rate (cCFR) outside Hubei was 0.98% (Hubei estimate was 5.9%). | In the absence of herd immunity, modeling predicts that containment measures in China are still necessary to prevent an increase in COVID-19 case incidence or case importation (Figure). | Methods: Epidemiologic data from 4 large Chinese cities were modeled while accounting for delays between symptom onset and reporting to estimate the instantaneous reproduction number (Rt) and cCFR in 10 provinces outside Hubei (results for Beijing shown n Figure). These parameters were used in models to simulate the potential impact of relaxing containment measures after the first wave of the epidemic. Limitations: Reporting delay was extrapolated for half of cases for which onset date was unavailable. | Implications: Modeling suggests that in regions outside Hubei, the reproductive rate of COVID-19 substantially decreased after implementing strict containment measures. However, escalating case importation or local transmission are likely to lead to a second wave of COVID-19 if there is no herd immunity or non-pharmaceutical interventions are relaxed too soon. SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 1382-1393 ST - First-wave COVID-19 transmissibility and severity in China outside Hubei after control measures, and second-wave scenario planning: a modelling impact assessment T2 - Lancet TI - First-wave COVID-19 transmissibility and severity in China outside Hubei after control measures, and second-wave scenario planning: a modelling impact assessment UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32277878 VL - 395 ID - 46 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Although global vaccination efforts against SARS-CoV-2 are underway, the public is urged to continue using face masks as a primary intervention to control transmission. Recently, US public health officials have also encouraged doubling masks as a strategy to counter elevated transmission associated with infectious SARS-CoV-2 variants. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention investigators reported that doubling masks increased effectiveness, but their assessment was limited in type and combinations of masks tested, as well as by the use of head forms rather than humans. To address these limitations, this study compared the fitted filtration efficiency (FFE) of commonly available masks worn singly, doubled, or in combinations. AD - Infection Prevention Department, UNC Medical Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. | Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. | Oak Ridge Institute for Science Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. | Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill. AN - 33861307 AU - Sickbert-Bennett, E. E. | Samet, J. M. | Prince, S. E. | Chen, H. | Zeman, K. L. | Tong, H. | Bennett, W. D. C1 - 2021-04-23 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04232021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 16 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.2033 ET - 2021/04/17 IS - 8 KW - COVID-19/*epidemiology/transmission | Disease Transmission, Infectious/*prevention & control | Equipment Design | Female | Healthy Volunteers | Humans | Male | *N95 Respirators | *Pandemics | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://2608851041/Sickbert-Bennet-2021-Fitted Filtration Efficie.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Sickbert-Bennett, Emily E; Samet, James M; Prince, Steven E; Chen, Hao; Zeman, Kirby L; Tong, Haiyan; Bennett, William D; eng; JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Apr 16. pii: 2778913. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.2033. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Across 3 cloth masks (cotton ear loop, cotton bandana, polyester gaiter), fitted filtration efficiency (FFE) ranged from 41% to 44%. | A procedure mask under a cloth mask improved FFE (range: 66% to 81%). | FFE for a procedure mask over a cloth mask (range: 55% to 60%) was similar to a procedure mask alone (55%). | Methods: A quality improvement study comparing the FFE of single-worn and doubling of disposable medical procedure masks and cloth face coverings among 3 volunteers. FFE is the concentration of particles behind the mask as a percentage of the particle concentration in a sodium chloride particle-enriched chamber atmosphere, measured during a series of repeated movements as outlined by the OSHA Quantitative Fit Testing protocol. Limitations: Only one type of disposable medical procedure mask was tested. | Implications: Double masking, with a medical procedure mask under a cloth mask, improves filtration of respiratory particles. SN - 2168-6114 (Electronic); 2168-6106 (Linking) SP - 1126-1128 ST - Fitted Filtration Efficiency of Double Masking During the COVID-19 Pandemic T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - Fitted Filtration Efficiency of Double Masking During the COVID-19 Pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33861307 VL - 181 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1697 ER - TY - JOUR AD - From the Department of Medicine, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY (M.J.A.); the Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta (A.C.S.); and the Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brown University and the Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI (J.D.R.). AN - 32240582 AU - Akiyama, M. J. | Spaulding, A. C. | Rich, J. D. C1 - 2020-04-07 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/040720_covidupdate.html DA - May 28 DO - 10.1056/NEJMp2005687 ET - 2020/04/03 IS - 22 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Communicable Disease Control/*methods | Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/*prevention & control/transmission | Humans | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/*prevention & control/transmission | *Prisoners | Prisons | SARS-CoV-2 | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://1564138171/Akiyama-2020-Flattening the Curve for Incarcer.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Akiyama, Matthew J; Spaulding, Anne C; Rich, Josiah D; eng; K99 DA043011/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/; R00 DA043011/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/; N Engl J Med. 2020 May 28;382(22):2075-2077. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2005687. Epub 2020 Apr 2. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: The better the mitigation job done by legal, public health, and correctional health partnerships, the lighter the burden correctional facilities and their surrounding communities will bear. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 2075-2077 ST - Flattening the Curve for Incarcerated Populations - Covid-19 in Jails and Prisons T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Flattening the Curve for Incarcerated Populations - Covid-19 in Jails and Prisons UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32240582 VL - 382 ID - 19 ER - TY - JOUR AB - To investigate potential transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) during a domestic flight within Australia, we performed epidemiologic analyses with whole-genome sequencing. Eleven passengers with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and symptom onset within 48 hours of the flight were considered infectious during travel; 9 had recently disembarked from a cruise ship with a retrospectively identified SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. The virus strain of those on the cruise and the flight was linked (A2-RP) and had not been previously identified in Australia. For 11 passengers, none of whom had traveled on the cruise ship, PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 illness developed between 48 hours and 14 days after the flight. Eight cases were considered flight associated with the distinct SARS-CoV-2 A2-RP strain; the remaining 3 cases (1 with A2-RP) were possibly flight associated. All 11 passengers had been in the same cabin with symptomatic persons who had culture-positive A2-RP virus strain. This investigation provides evidence of flight-associated SARS-CoV-2 transmission. AN - 32990563 AU - Speake, H. | Phillips, A. | Chong, T. | Sikazwe, C. | Levy, A. | Lang, J. | Scalley, B. | Speers, D. J. | Smith, D. W. | Effler, P. | McEvoy, S. P. C1 - 2020-12-15 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/121520_covidupdate.html DA - Dec DO - 10.3201/eid2612.203910 ET - 2020/09/30 IS - 12 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | *Air Travel | Australia | COVID-19/*transmission | Child | Child, Preschool | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Retrospective Studies | Risk Assessment | SARS-CoV-2/*genetics | Whole Genome Sequencing/*methods | Young Adult | 2019 novel coronavirus disease | Covid-19 | SARS-CoV-2 | aircraft | airport | coronavirus disease | cruise | flight-associated | in-flight | outbreak | respiratory infections | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 | transmission | viruses | whole-genome sequencing | zoonoses L1 - internal-pdf://2395576569/Speake-2020-Flight-Associated Transmission of.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Speake, Hollie; Phillips, Anastasia; Chong, Tracie; Sikazwe, Chisha; Levy, Avram; Lang, Jurissa; Scalley, Benjamin; Speers, David J; Smith, David W; Effler, Paul; McEvoy, Suzanne P; eng; Emerg Infect Dis. 2020 Dec;26(12):2872-2880. doi: 10.3201/eid2612.203910. Epub 2020 Sep 29. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 29/64 (45%) passengers who developed symptoms consistent with COVID-19 during or after the flight tested positive for SARS-CoV-2: | 18/29 (62%) were primary cases (Figure). | All 11 secondary cases occurred in persons seated in the mid-cabin (Figure). | 8 (73%) were seated within two rows of infectious passengers. | 7 (64%) occurred in persons with window seats. | Genomic sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 recovered from passengers showed linkage of cases in the mid-cabin, suggesting in-flight transmission. | ; Methods: Cohort study of 213 passengers on a five-hour flight on March 19, 2020 in Australia. Symptomatic passengers underwent RT-PCR testing and participated in epidemiologic investigations; whole genome sequencing was completed for specimens from 25 of the 29 infected passengers. Primary cases (1) disembarked a cruise ship with a known outbreak within 14 days prior to illness and had viral sequences matching the ship outbreak strains and/or (2) developed illness before or within 48 hours after flight. Secondary cases had not been on a cruise ship with a known outbreak and developed symptoms 2�?4 days after flight. Limitations: Only symptomatic passengers were tested; business class passengers and crew were excluded from analysis; little use of masks at the time of event. | Implications: This study suggests that in-flight transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is possible even to passengers seated further than 2-3 rows from an infected passenger, particularly if mitigation measures are not routinely used. Flight contact investigations assessing SARS-CoV-2 transmission may need to extend beyond neighboring seats. SN - 1080-6059 (Electronic); 1080-6040 (Linking) SP - 2872-2880 ST - Flight-Associated Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Corroborated by Whole-Genome Sequencing T2 - Emerg Infect Dis TI - Flight-Associated Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Corroborated by Whole-Genome Sequencing UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32990563 VL - 26 ID - 1331 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may lead to serious illness as a result of an excessive immune response. Fluvoxamine may prevent clinical deterioration by stimulating the sigma-1 receptor, which regulates cytokine production. Objective: To determine whether fluvoxamine, given during mild COVID-19 illness, prevents clinical deterioration and decreases the severity of disease. Design, Setting, and Participants: Double-blind, randomized, fully remote (contactless) clinical trial of fluvoxamine vs placebo. Participants were community-living, nonhospitalized adults with confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, with COVID-19 symptom onset within 7 days and oxygen saturation of 92% or greater. One hundred fifty-two participants were enrolled from the St Louis metropolitan area (Missouri and Illinois) from April 10, 2020, to August 5, 2020. The final date of follow-up was September 19, 2020. Interventions: Participants were randomly assigned to receive 100 mg of fluvoxamine (n = 80) or placebo (n = 72) 3 times daily for 15 days. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was clinical deterioration within 15 days of randomization defined by meeting both criteria of (1) shortness of breath or hospitalization for shortness of breath or pneumonia and (2) oxygen saturation less than 92% on room air or need for supplemental oxygen to achieve oxygen saturation of 92% or greater. Results: Of 152 patients who were randomized (mean [SD] age, 46 [13] years; 109 [72%] women), 115 (76%) completed the trial. Clinical deterioration occurred in 0 of 80 patients in the fluvoxamine group and in 6 of 72 patients in the placebo group (absolute difference, 8.7% [95% CI, 1.8%-16.4%] from survival analysis; log-rank P = .009). The fluvoxamine group had 1 serious adverse event and 11 other adverse events, whereas the placebo group had 6 serious adverse events and 12 other adverse events. Conclusions and Relevance: In this preliminary study of adult outpatients with symptomatic COVID-19, patients treated with fluvoxamine, compared with placebo, had a lower likelihood of clinical deterioration over 15 days. However, the study is limited by a small sample size and short follow-up duration, and determination of clinical efficacy would require larger randomized trials with more definitive outcome measures. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04342663. AD - Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri. | Division of Biostatistics, Informatics Institute, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri. | Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri. AN - 33180097 AU - Lenze, E. J. | Mattar, C. | Zorumski, C. F. | Stevens, A. | Schweiger, J. | Nicol, G. E. | Miller, J. P. | Yang, L. | Yingling, M. | Avidan, M. S. | Reiersen, A. M. C1 - 2020-11-24 C2 - Clinical Management and Treatment CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/112420_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 8 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.22760 ET - 2020/11/13 IS - 22 KW - Adult | COVID-19/*drug therapy | *Clinical Deterioration | Double-Blind Method | Female | Fluvoxamine/adverse effects/*therapeutic use | Humans | Illinois | Male | Middle Aged | Missouri | Outpatients | Treatment Outcome L1 - internal-pdf://4178041334/Lenze-2020-Fluvoxamine vs Placebo and Clinical.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Lenze, Eric J; Mattar, Caline; Zorumski, Charles F; Stevens, Angela; Schweiger, Julie; Nicol, Ginger E; Miller, J Philip; Yang, Lei; Yingling, Michael; Avidan, Michael S; Reiersen, Angela M; eng; UL1 TR002345/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA. 2020 Dec 8;324(22):2292-2300. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.22760. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: COVID-19 patients who received fluvoxamine showed less clinical deterioration compared with those who received placebo (absolute difference, 8.7% [95% CI, 1.8%-16.4%], p = 0.009). SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 2292-2300 ST - Fluvoxamine vs Placebo and Clinical Deterioration in Outpatients With Symptomatic COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial T2 - JAMA TI - Fluvoxamine vs Placebo and Clinical Deterioration in Outpatients With Symptomatic COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33180097 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1262 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVES: To describe the clinical evolution and predictors of symptom persistence during 2 months' follow-up in adults with noncritical coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS: We performed descriptive clinical follow-up (day (D) 7, D30 and D60) of 150 patients with noncritical COVID-19 confirmed by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR at Tours University Hospital from 17 March to 3 June 2020, including demographic, clinical and laboratory data collected from the electronic medical records and by phone call. Persisting symptoms were defined by the presence at D30 or D60 of at least one of the following: weight loss >/=5%, severe dyspnoea or asthenia, chest pain, palpitations, anosmia/ageusia, headache, cutaneous signs, arthralgia, myalgia, digestive disorders, fever or sick leave. RESULTS: At D30, 68% (103/150) of patients had at least one symptom; and at D60, 66% (86/130) had symptoms, mainly anosmia/ageusia: 59% (89/150) at symptom onset, 28% (40/150) at D30 and 23% (29/130) at D60. Dyspnoea concerned 36.7% (55/150) patients at D30 and 30% (39/130) at D60. Half of the patients (74/150) at D30 and 40% (52/130) at D60 reported asthenia. Persistent symptoms at D60 were significantly associated with age 40 to 60 years old, hospital admission and abnormal auscultation at symptom onset. At D30, severe COVID-19 and/or dyspnoea at symptom onset were additional factors associated with persistent symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Up to 2 months after symptom onset, two thirds of adults with noncritical COVID-19 had complaints, mainly anosmia/ageusia, dyspnoea or asthenia. A prolonged medical follow-up of patients with COVID-19 seems essential, whatever the initial clinical presentation. AD - Service de Medecine Interne et Maladies Infectieuses (S2MI), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France. Electronic address: c.carvalhoschneider@chu-tours.fr. | Epidemiologie des Donnees cliniques en Centre-Val de Loire (EpiDcliC), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France; Equipe de Recherche 'Education Ethique Sante' (EE1 EES), Universite de Tours, Tours, France. | Service de Medecine Interne et Maladies Infectieuses (S2MI), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France. | Centre Memoire Ressources et Recherche (CMRR), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France. | Service de Chirurgie Digestive, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France. | Service d'urgences et Faculte de Medecine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France. | Service de Pneumologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France. | Service de Medecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France. | Service d'urologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France. | Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France; Unite INSERM U1259, Universite de Tours, Tours, France. | Epidemiologie des Donnees cliniques en Centre-Val de Loire (EpiDcliC), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France; Unite INSERM U1259, Universite de Tours, Tours, France. AN - 33031948 AU - Carvalho-Schneider, C. | Laurent, E. | Lemaignen, A. | Beaufils, E. | Bourbao-Tournois, C. | Laribi, S. | Flament, T. | Ferreira-Maldent, N. | Bruyere, F. | Stefic, K. | Gaudy-Graffin, C. | Grammatico-Guillon, L. | Bernard, L. C1 - 2020-10-16 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/101620_covidupdate.html DA - Feb DO - 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.052 ET - 2020/10/09 IS - 2 KW - Adult | Aged | Ageusia/epidemiology/etiology | Anosmia/epidemiology/etiology | Asthenia/epidemiology/etiology | COVID-19/*complications/*epidemiology/pathology | Dyspnea/epidemiology/etiology | Female | Follow-Up Studies | France/epidemiology | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | Symptom Assessment | Description | Follow-up | Mild COVID-19 | Moderate COVID-19 | Noncritical COVID-19 | Outcomes | Persisting symptoms L1 - internal-pdf://0692530043/Carvalho-Schnei-2021-Follow-up of adults with.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Carvalho-Schneider, Claudia; Laurent, Emeline; Lemaignen, Adrien; Beaufils, Emilie; Bourbao-Tournois, Celine; Laribi, Said; Flament, Thomas; Ferreira-Maldent, Nicole; Bruyere, Franck; Stefic, Karl; Gaudy-Graffin, Catherine; Grammatico-Guillon, Leslie; Bernard, Louis; eng; England; Clin Microbiol Infect. 2021 Feb;27(2):258-263. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.09.052. Epub 2020 Oct 5. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Two-thirds of non-critical COVID-19 patients experienced prolonged symptoms, and some felt worse later in the disease course than at symptom onset. | Loss of smell and taste were the most frequent persistent symptoms at day 60 (22.7%). | Persisting clinical symptoms were significantly associated with being admitted to the hospital, having an abnormal chest exam (auscultation), and being 40�?0 years old at time of symptom onset (Figure). | Methods: Follow-up of 150 patients with non-critical RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 admitted to hospitals or seen as outpatients up to 60 days after symptom onset in France, between March 17 and June 3, 2020. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected from medical records and phone interviews. Limitations: Baseline characteristics partially collected retrospectively; some data for contributing factors were missing limiting analysis; smoking status was not available. | Implications: Clinicians and patients should be aware of the potential need for prolonged medical follow-up even among those with mild initial clinical courses. SN - 1469-0691 (Electronic); 1198-743X (Linking) SP - 258-263 ST - Follow-up of adults with noncritical COVID-19 two months after symptom onset T2 - Clin Microbiol Infect TI - Follow-up of adults with noncritical COVID-19 two months after symptom onset UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33031948 VL - 27 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 1050 ER - TY - JOUR AB - At present, humanity is confronting with a novel life-threatening challenge from the COVID-19 pandemic infectious disease caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. To date, the various transmission modes of SARS-CoV-2 have not been completely determined. Food products might be carriers for SARS-CoV-2. The COVID-19 pandemic not only can spread through the respiratory tract like SARS and MERS but also the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA in feces of several patients, shows the possibility of their fecal-oral route spread. Besides, people with gastric problems, including gastric intestinal metaplasia and atrophic gastritis, may be susceptible to this kind of COVID-19 infection. Accordingly, food may act as a potential vehicle of SARS-CoV-2 due to whether carry-through or carry-over contaminations. Considering carry-over, SARS-CoV-2 spread from personnel to food products or food surfaces is feasible. Beyond that, some shreds of evidence showed that pigs and rabbits can be infected by SARS-CoV-2. Thus, viral transmission through meat products may be conceivable, indicating carry-through contamination. As the spread rate of SARS-CoV-2 is high and its stability in different environments, especially food processing surfaces, is also remarkable, it may enter foods in whether industrialized processing or the traditional one. Therefore, established precautious acts is suggested to be applied in food processing units. The present review elucidates the risk of various staple food products, including meat and meat products, dairy products, bread, fruits, vegetables, and ready-to-eat foods as potential carriers for transmission of SARS-CoV-2. AD - Student Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. | Food Safety Research Center, Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AN - 33199941 AU - Yekta, R. | Vahid-Dastjerdi, L. | Norouzbeigi, S. | Mortazavian, A. M. C1 - 2020-12-08 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/120820_covidupdate.html DA - May DO - 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107754 ET - 2020/11/18 KW - Covid-19 | Food | Foodborne | SARS-CoV-2 | Transmission L1 - internal-pdf://2442049703/Yekta-2021-Food products as potential carriers.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Yekta, Reza; Vahid-Dastjerdi, Leily; Norouzbeigi, Sahar; Mortazavian, Amir M; eng; Review; England; Food Control. 2021 May;123:107754. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107754. Epub 2020 Nov 11. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Reviews the risk of various food products as potential carriers of SARS-CoV-2 either via carry-through (e.g., meat from infected animals) or carry-over (e.g., spread by handling) contamination. SN - 0956-7135 (Print); 0956-7135 (Linking) SP - 107754 ST - Food products as potential carriers of SARS-CoV-2 T2 - Food Control TI - Food products as potential carriers of SARS-CoV-2 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33199941 VL - 123 ID - 1321 ER - TY - JOUR AD - University College London, Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Social and Historical Sciences, London WC1E 6BT, UK. | Retired Physician, London, UK. AN - 32780968 AU - Orlowski, E. J. W. | Goldsmith, D. J. A. C1 - 2020-08-21 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082120_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.1177/0141076820945282 ET - 2020/08/12 IS - 8 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/prevention & control | Humans | Immunity, Herd | Pandemics/prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/prevention & control | SARS-CoV-2 | Sweden L1 - internal-pdf://4272110179/Orlowski-2020-Four months into the COVID-19 pa.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Orlowski, Eric J W; Goldsmith, David J A; eng; England; J R Soc Med. 2020 Aug;113(8):292-298. doi: 10.1177/0141076820945282. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Discusses the outcomes of the Swedish approach aimed at facilitating herd immunity in the context of sociopolitical conditions in Sweden. SN - 1758-1095 (Electronic); 0141-0768 (Linking) SP - 292-298 ST - Four months into the COVID-19 pandemic, Sweden's prized herd immunity is nowhere in sight T2 - J R Soc Med TI - Four months into the COVID-19 pandemic, Sweden's prized herd immunity is nowhere in sight UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32780968 VL - 113 ID - 748 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: RT-PCR on nasopharyngeal (NPS)/oropharyngeal swabs is the gold standard for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and viral load monitoring. Oral fluid (OF) is an alternate clinical sample, easy and safer to collect and could be useful for COVID-19 diagnosis, monitoring viral load and shedding. METHODS: Optimal assay conditions and analytical sensitivity were established for the commercial Simplexa COVID-19 Direct assay adapted to OF matrix. The assay was used to test 337 OF and NPS specimens collected in parallel from 164 hospitalized patients; 50 bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimens from a subgroup of severe COVID-19 cases were also analysed. RESULTS: Using Simplexa COVID-19 Direct on OF matrix, 100% analytical detection down to 1 TCID50/mL (corresponding to 4 x 10(3) copies (cp)/mL) was observed. No crossreaction with other viruses transmitted through the respiratory toute was observed. Parallel testing of 337 OF and NPS samples showed highly concordant results (kappa = 0.831; 95 % CI = 0.771-0.891), and high correlation of Ct values (r = 0.921; p < 0.0001). High concordance and elevated correlation was observed also between OF and BAL. Prolonged viral RNA shedding was observed up to 100 days from symptoms onset (DSO), with 32% and 29% positivity observed in OF and NPS samples, respectively, collected between 60 and 100 DSO. CONCLUSIONS: Simplexa COVID-19 Direct assays on OF have high sensitivity and specificity to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA and provide an alternative to NPS for diagnosis and monitoring SARS-CoV-2 shedding. AD - Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy. | Epidemiology Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy. | Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy. | R&D Department, DiaSorin Molecular LLC, Cypress, CA 90630, USA. | Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesu, 00165 Rome, Italy. | Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK. | NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London W1T 7DN, UK. | Scientific Direction, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "L. Spallanzani" IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy. AN - 33092065 AU - Bordi, L. | Sberna, G. | Lalle, E. | Piselli, P. | Colavita, F. | Nicastri, E. | Antinori, A. | Boumis, E. | Petrosillo, N. | Marchioni, L. | Minnucci, G. | D'Agostini, E. | Castilletti, C. | Locatelli, F. | Zumla, A. | Ippolito, G. | Capobianchi, M. R. | On Behalf Of Inmi Re, COVeRI Study Group C1 - 2020-11-03 C2 - Laboratory Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/110320_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 20 DO - 10.3390/v12101184 ET - 2020/10/24 IS - 10 KW - Adult | Aged | Betacoronavirus/genetics/*physiology | Body Fluids/virology | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | COVID-19 Vaccines | Clinical Laboratory Techniques/*methods | Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/*virology | Diagnostic Tests, Routine | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/methods | Pandemics | Pharynx/virology | Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis/*virology | RNA, Viral/analysis | SARS-CoV-2 | Sensitivity and Specificity | Specimen Handling | Viral Load | Virus Shedding/*physiology | *SARS-CoV-2 RNA | *direct assay | *oral fluid | *real time RT-PCR L1 - internal-pdf://1858184954/Bordi-2020-Frequency and Duration of SARS-CoV-.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Bordi, Licia; Sberna, Giuseppe; Lalle, Eleonora; Piselli, Pierluca; Colavita, Francesca; Nicastri, Emanuele; Antinori, Andrea; Boumis, Evangelo; Petrosillo, Nicola; Marchioni, Luisa; Minnucci, Giulia; D'Agostini, Elena; Castilletti, Concetta; Locatelli, Franco; Zumla, Alimuddin; Ippolito, Giuseppe; Capobianchi, Maria Rosaria; On Behalf Of Inmi ReCOVeRI Study Group; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Switzerland; Viruses. 2020 Oct 20;12(10). pii: v12101184. doi: 10.3390/v12101184. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Parallel testing for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in 337 oral fluid (OF) and nasopharyngeal (NP) specimens found 309 concordant and 28 discordant results (kappa statistic = 0.831, 95% CI 0.771-0.891). | Ct values for OF and NP specimens were highly correlated (correlation coefficient r = 0.921; p <0.0001) (Figure). | SARS-CoV-2 RNA was observed in: | 67% of OF and 72% of NP specimens collected within 30 days of symptom onset (DSO). | 65% of OF and 76% of NP specimens collected between 30 and 60 DSO. | 32% of OF and 29% of NP specimens collected between 60 and 100 DSO. | Methods: The Simplexa�?COVID-19 Direct assay was used to test concordance in 337 paired OF and NP specimens from 164 patients hospitalized with suspected COVID-19. A sub-sample of 162 specimens was analyzed for viral RNA in OF and NP specimens, by DSO range. Limitations: Did not evaluate effectiveness of OF or NP samples for specific clinical, surveillance, and epidemiologic uses. | Implications: Several assays find that OF samples are highly correlated with NP samples and may be an alternative to NP samples for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. As noted in a recent paper in Clinical Infectious Diseases (Azzi, L. Saliva is the Key Element for SARS-CoV-2 Mass Screeningexternal icon), saliva can be easily and noninvasively self-collected, minimizing transmission risk to clinicians and facilitating more frequent testing of contacts, which may be critical to containing spread of SARS-CoV-2. SN - 1999-4915 (Electronic); 1999-4915 (Linking) SP - 1184 ST - Frequency and Duration of SARS-CoV-2 Shedding in Oral Fluid Samples Assessed by a Modified Commercial Rapid Molecular Assay T2 - Viruses TI - Frequency and Duration of SARS-CoV-2 Shedding in Oral Fluid Samples Assessed by a Modified Commercial Rapid Molecular Assay UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33092065 VL - 12 ID - 1165 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Routine asymptomatic testing strategies for COVID-19 have been proposed to prevent outbreaks in high-risk healthcare environments. We used simulation modeling to evaluate the optimal frequency of viral testing. We found that routine testing substantially reduces risk of outbreaks, but may need to be as frequent as twice weekly. AD - Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. | Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. | Center for Primary Care, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. | Research and Population Health, Collective Health, San Francisco, California, USA. | School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom. AN - 33570097 AU - Chin, E. T. | Huynh, B. Q. | Chapman, L. A. C. | Murrill, M. | Basu, S. | Lo, N. C. C1 - 2020-11-06 C2 - Modeling and Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/110620_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 26 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa1383 ET - 2021/02/12 KW - SARS-CoV-2 | epidemiology | infection control | pandemic L1 - internal-pdf://0433205956/Chin-2020-Frequency of Routine Testing for Cor.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Chin, Elizabeth T; Huynh, Benjamin Q; Chapman, Lloyd A C; Murrill, Matthew; Basu, Sanjay; Lo, Nathan C; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Oct 26. pii: 5939986. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1383. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Simulations of routine PCR testing showed reduction in the mean effective reproductive number (Re the number of infections transmitted from an infected person) to <1 in high-risk settings assuming the initial reproductive number (R0) = 2.5 (Figure). | Daily testing resulted in Re = 0.44 (2% reduction, 95% CI 82.0-82.5). | Testing every 3 days resulted in Re = 0.97 (64.4% reduction, 95% CI 61.2-61.7). | Testing weekly or monthly did not result in Re <1 unless other interventions were in place. | Optimal routine testing frequency to reduce transmission and bring Re to <1 depended on baseline R0 (Figure): | Settings with an R0 of 2.5, optimal testing frequency was every other day. | Settings with an R0 of 2.0, optimal testing frequency was twice weekly. | Settings with an R0 of 1.5, optimal testing frequency was weekly. | Methods: Simulation model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission assessed the optimal frequency of routine PCR testing of persons in high-risk healthcare environments to reduce COVID-19 cases. Limitations: Assumptions included homogeneity in SARS-CoV-2 transmission, 24-hour test turnaround time, and rapid isolation of cases. | Implications: Implementation of frequent scheduled PCR testing can reduce Re among persons in high risk environments. The use of other prevention interventions (masks, distancing, improved ventilation, etc.) reduces Ro and can extend the time period between tests. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) ST - Frequency of Routine Testing for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in High-risk Healthcare Environments to Reduce Outbreaks T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Frequency of Routine Testing for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in High-risk Healthcare Environments to Reduce Outbreaks UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33570097 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1199 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Neuropsychiatric complications associated with coronavirus disease 2019 caused by the Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) are increasingly appreciated. While most studies have focussed on severely affected individuals during acute infection, it remains unclear whether mild COVID-19 results in neurocognitive deficits in young patients. Here, we established a screening approach to detect cognitive deficiencies in post-COVID-19 patients. In this cross-sectional study, we recruited 18 mostly young patients 20-105 days (median, 85 days) after recovery from mild to moderate disease who visited our outpatient clinic for post-COVID-19 care. Notably, 14 (78%) patients reported sustained mild cognitive deficits and performed worse in the Modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status screening test for mild cognitive impairment compared to 10 age-matched healthy controls. While short-term memory, attention and concentration were particularly affected by COVID-19, screening results did not correlate with hospitalization, treatment, viremia or acute inflammation. Additionally, Modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status scores did not correlate with depressed mood or fatigue. In two severely affected patients, we excluded structural or other inflammatory causes by magnetic resonance imaging, serum and cerebrospinal fluid analyses. Together, our results demonstrate that sustained sub-clinical cognitive impairments might be a common complication after recovery from COVID-19 in young adults, regardless of clinical course that were unmasked by our diagnostic approach. AD - Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany. | Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany. | Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany. AN - 33376990 AU - Woo, M. S. | Malsy, J. | Pottgen, J. | Seddiq Zai, S. | Ufer, F. | Hadjilaou, A. | Schmiedel, S. | Addo, M. M. | Gerloff, C. | Heesen, C. | Schulze Zur Wiesch, J. | Friese, M. A. C1 - 2021-01-15 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01152021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa205 ET - 2020/12/31 IS - 2 KW - Covid-19 | neurocognitive deficits | neurocognitive screenings | post-COVID-19 L1 - internal-pdf://3849396635/Woo-2020-Frequent neurocognitive deficits afte.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Testing | N1 - Woo, Marcel S; Malsy, Jakob; Pottgen, Jana; Seddiq Zai, Susan; Ufer, Friederike; Hadjilaou, Alexandros; Schmiedel, Stefan; Addo, Marylyn M; Gerloff, Christian; Heesen, Christoph; Schulze Zur Wiesch, Julian; Friese, Manuel A; eng; England; Brain Commun. 2020 Nov 23;2(2):fcaa205. doi: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa205. eCollection 2020. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among young adults, post-COVID-19 neurocognitive manifestations may occur and require targeted screening for diagnosis (Figure). SN - 2632-1297 (Electronic); 2632-1297 (Linking) SP - fcaa205 ST - Frequent neurocognitive deficits after recovery from mild COVID-19 T2 - Brain Commun TI - Frequent neurocognitive deficits after recovery from mild COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33376990 VL - 2 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1405 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVE: Covid-19 can involve multiple organs including the nervous system. We sought to characterize the neurologic manifestations, their risk factors, and associated outcomes in hospitalized patients with Covid-19. METHODS: We examined neurologic manifestations in 509 consecutive patients admitted with confirmed Covid-19 within a hospital network in Chicago, Illinois. We compared the severity of Covid-19 and outcomes in patients with and without neurologic manifestations. We also identified independent predictors of any neurologic manifestations, encephalopathy, and functional outcome using binary logistic regression. RESULTS: Neurologic manifestations were present at Covid-19 onset in 215 (42.2%), at hospitalization in 319 (62.7%), and at any time during the disease course in 419 patients (82.3%). The most frequent neurologic manifestations were myalgias (44.8%), headaches (37.7%), encephalopathy (31.8%), dizziness (29.7%), dysgeusia (15.9%), and anosmia (11.4%). Strokes, movement disorders, motor and sensory deficits, ataxia, and seizures were uncommon (0.2 to 1.4% of patients each). Severe respiratory disease requiring mechanical ventilation occurred in 134 patients (26.3%). Independent risk factors for developing any neurologic manifestation were severe Covid-19 (OR 4.02; 95% CI 2.04-8.89; P < 0.001) and younger age (OR 0.982; 95% CI 0.968-0.996; P = 0.014). Of all patients, 362 (71.1%) had a favorable functional outcome at discharge (modified Rankin Scale 0-2). However, encephalopathy was independently associated with worse functional outcome (OR 0.22; 95% CI 0.11-0.42; P < 0.001) and higher mortality within 30 days of hospitalization (35 [21.7%] vs. 11 [3.2%] patients; P < 0.001). INTERPRETATION: Neurologic manifestations occur in most hospitalized Covid-19 patients. Encephalopathy was associated with increased morbidity and mortality, independent of respiratory disease severity. AD - Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA. AN - 33016619 AU - Liotta, E. M. | Batra, A. | Clark, J. R. | Shlobin, N. A. | Hoffman, S. C. | Orban, Z. S. | Koralnik, I. J. C1 - 2020-10-13 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/101320_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1002/acn3.51210 ET - 2020/10/06 IS - 11 KW - Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Ataxia/physiopathology | Betacoronavirus | Brain Diseases/*physiopathology | Covid-19 | Chicago | Coronavirus Infections/mortality/*physiopathology/therapy | Dizziness/*physiopathology | Dysgeusia/*physiopathology | Female | Headache/*physiopathology | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Mortality | Movement Disorders/physiopathology | Myalgia/*physiopathology | Olfaction Disorders/*physiopathology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/mortality/*physiopathology/therapy | Prognosis | Respiration, Artificial | Retrospective Studies | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | Seizures/physiopathology | Severity of Illness Index | Stroke/physiopathology L1 - internal-pdf://1460890623/Liotta-2020-Frequent neurologic manifestations.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Testing | N1 - Liotta, Eric M; Batra, Ayush; Clark, Jeffrey R; Shlobin, Nathan A; Hoffman, Steven C; Orban, Zachary S; Koralnik, Igor J; eng; Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2020 Nov;7(11):2221-2230. doi: 10.1002/acn3.51210. Epub 2020 Oct 5. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 82.3% of hospitalized COVID-19 patients had neurologic manifestations during their disease course. | The most frequent neurologic manifestations were myalgia (44.8%), headache (37.7%), and encephalopathy (31.8%). | Patients with severe COVID�?9 were more likely to have neurologic manifestations, (adjusted OR [aOR] 4.02, 95% CI 2.04-8.89, p <0.001) including encephalopathy (aOR 131, 95% CI 61.2-310, p <0.001). | Patients with encephalopathy had longer median hospital stays, 17 (IQR 11�?5) vs 5 (IQR 3�?) days (p <0.001), and higher mortality within 30 days of hospitalization, 21.7% vs 3.2% (p <0.001). | Methods: Retrospective chart review for neurologic manifestations in 509 consecutive patients with RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection admitted to a Chicago hospital system between March 5 and April 6, 2020. COVID-19 neurologic manifestations were compared across severity strata and associated with mortality, adjusted by demographic and clinical variables. Limitations: Some neurologic manifestations might not have been identified or recorded; <6% patients evaluated by neurologists, neurosurgeons, or by neurologic imaging (brain CT in 9.0% and MRI in 3.1% of patients). | Implications: Neurologic manifestations may be frequent in hospitalized COVID-19 patients and may be associated with disease severity; encephalopathy may contribute to increase morbidity and mortality. Extent of long-term burden from COVID-19-related encephalopathy remains to be determined. SN - 2328-9503 (Electronic); 2328-9503 (Linking) SP - 2221-2230 ST - Frequent neurologic manifestations and encephalopathy-associated morbidity in Covid-19 patients T2 - Ann Clin Transl Neurol TI - Frequent neurologic manifestations and encephalopathy-associated morbidity in Covid-19 patients UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33016619 VL - 7 ID - 1033 ER - TY - JOUR AB - As part of pandemic preparedness, epidemiologists promote “containment strategies�?designed to prevent community transmission. For coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), countries like South Korea—an example of successful containment—had a coordinated governmental response, testing on a massive scale, and prompt contact tracing and quarantine. The first cases of South Korea’s COVID-19 outbreak were in mid-January; by late February, South Korea was testing more than 10�?00 people daily and, as a result, cases peaked on February 28. Since April 5, 2020, no more than 53 new cases daily have occurred nationwide. AD - Division of Infectious Diseases and the Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. | Harvard University Center for AIDS Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia. | Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. AN - 32301959 AU - Walensky, R. P. | Del Rio, C. C1 - 2020-04-28 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/042820_covidupdate.html DA - May 19 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.6572 ET - 2020/04/18 IS - 19 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Clinical Laboratory Techniques | Communicable Disease Control/*methods/organization & administration | Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/*prevention & control/transmission | Disease Transmission, Infectious/prevention & control | Humans | Pandemics/economics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis/*prevention & control/transmission | SARS-CoV-2 | United States | Vulnerable Populations L1 - internal-pdf://2383748200/Walensky-2020-From Mitigation to Containment o.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Walensky, Rochelle P; Del Rio, Carlos; eng; JAMA. 2020 May 19;323(19):1889-1890. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.6572. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Discusses timing and logistics of resuming normal activities, the role of testing, and protection of vulnerable populations. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1889-1890 ST - From Mitigation to Containment of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Putting the SARS-CoV-2 Genie Back in the Bottle T2 - JAMA TI - From Mitigation to Containment of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Putting the SARS-CoV-2 Genie Back in the Bottle UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32301959 VL - 323 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 100 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The purpose of our cohort study was to quantify olfactory deficits in Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients using Sniffin' Sticks and a pre-post design to evaluate olfactory recovery. Thirty adult patients with laboratory-confirmed mild to moderate forms of COVID-19 underwent a quantitative olfactory test performed with the Sniffin' Sticks test (SST; Burghardt, Wedel, Germany), considering olfactory threshold (T), odor discrimination (D), and odor identification (I). Results were presented as a composite TDI score (range 1-48) that used to define functional anosmia (TDI /= 30.5). Patients also self-evaluated their olfactory function by rating their ability to smell on a visual analogue scale (Visual Analog Scale rating) and answering a validated Italian questionnaire (Hyposmia Rating Scale). Patients were tested during hospitalization and about 2 months after symptoms onset. During the hospitalization, the overall TDI score indicated that our cohort had impairments in their olfactory ability (10% was diagnosed with anosmia and more than 50% were hyposmic). Almost all patients showed a significant improvement at around 1 month following the first test and for all the parts of the SST except for odor identification. None of the subjects at 1 month was still diagnosed with anosmia. We also quantified the improvement in the TDI score based on initial diagnosis. Anosmic subjects showed a greater improvement than hyposmic and normosmic subjects. In conclusion, within a month time window and 2 months after symptoms' onset, in our cohort of patients we observed a substantial improvement in the olfactory abilities. AD - ENT Clinic, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy. | Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy. | Clinica Medica "A. Murri," Department of Biomedical sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy. | ENT Clinic, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy. | Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari A. Moro, Bari, Italy. AN - 33033827 AU - Iannuzzi, L. | Salzo, A. E. | Angarano, G. | Palmieri, V. O. | Portincasa, P. | Saracino, A. | Gelardi, M. | Dibattista, M. | Quaranta, N. C1 - 2020-10-20 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102020_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 5 DO - 10.1093/chemse/bjaa066 DP - NLM ET - 2020/10/10 IS - 9 KW - Adult | Anosmia/etiology/pathology | COVID-19/complications/*pathology/virology | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Olfaction Disorders/etiology/*pathology | SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification | Self Report | Sensory Thresholds/*physiology | Severity of Illness Index | Smell/physiology | Surveys and Questionnaires | *covid-19 | *Sniffin' Sticks test-SST | *olfactory deficits | *olfactory test L1 - internal-pdf://0148851544/Iannuzzi-2020-Gaining Back What Is Lost_ Recov.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Iannuzzi, Lucia; Salzo, Anna Eugenia; Angarano, Gioacchino; Palmieri, Vincenzo Ostilio; Portincasa, Piero; Saracino, Annalisa; Gelardi, Matteo; Dibattista, Michele; Quaranta, Nicola; eng; England; Chem Senses. 2020 Dec 5;45(9):875-881. doi: 10.1093/chemse/bjaa066. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; At baseline, 10% of patients were anosmic (loss of sense of smell) and more than 50% were hyposmic (decreased sense of smell). | On follow-up, olfactory deficits improved in most patients (Figure). | Olfactory threshold (lowest concentration of an odor that could be detected) improved almost 2-fold, with less improvement in odor discrimination (ability to detect differences between odors). | No improvement was observed in odor identification (ability to correctly identify an odor). | By two months after symptom onset, there was a decrease in the number of hyposmic patients (53.3% to 6.7%), and an increase in normosmic patients (36.7% to 73.3%). | No patients remained anosmic. | Methods: Adults hospitalized with mild to moderate COVID-19 (n = 30) between April and May, 2020 were evaluated with a quantitative olfactory test during hospitalization and approximately two months after symptom onset. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to calculate differences. Limitations: Small sample size; no explanations for figures in the article are given. | Implications: Findings indicate that many patients, with olfactory deficits due to SARS-CoV-2 infection, re-gain their sense of smell within a couple of months of symptom onset. SN - 1464-3553 (Electronic); 0379-864X (Linking) SP - 875-881 ST - Gaining Back What Is Lost: Recovering the Sense of Smell in Mild to Moderate Patients After COVID-19 T2 - Chem Senses TI - Gaining Back What Is Lost: Recovering the Sense of Smell in Mild to Moderate Patients After COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33033827 VL - 45 ID - 1085 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Division of Trauma, Emergency Surgery and Surgical Critical Care Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. AN - 32675498 AU - Kaafarani, H. M. A. | El Moheb, M. | Hwabejire, J. O. | Naar, L. | Christensen, M. A. | Breen, K. | Gaitanidis, A. | Alser, O. | Mashbari, H. | Bankhead-Kendall, B. | Mokhtari, A. | Maurer, L. | Kapoen, C. | Langeveld, K. | El Hechi, M. W. | Lee, J. | Mendoza, A. E. | Saillant, N. N. | Parks, J. | Fawley, J. | King, D. R. | Fagenholz, P. J. | Velmahos, G. C. C1 - 2020-05-26 C2 - COVID-19 and the GI System CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052620_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.1097/SLA.0000000000004004 DP - NLM ET - 2020/07/18 IS - 2 KW - Aged | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*complications | *Critical Illness | Female | Gastrointestinal Diseases/diagnostic imaging/*etiology/surgery | Humans | Intensive Care Units | Male | Massachusetts | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://1068946947/Kaafarani-2020-Gastrointestinal Complications.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Kaafarani, Haytham M A; El Moheb, Mohamad; Hwabejire, John O; Naar, Leon; Christensen, Mathias A; Breen, Kerry; Gaitanidis, Apostolos; Alser, Osaid; Mashbari, Hassan; Bankhead-Kendall, Brittany; Mokhtari, Ava; Maurer, Lydia; Kapoen, Carolijn; Langeveld, Kimberly; El Hechi, Majed W; Lee, Jarone; Mendoza, April E; Saillant, Noelle N; Parks, Jonathan; Fawley, Jason; King, David R; Fagenholz, Peter J; Velmahos, George C; eng; Ann Surg. 2020 Aug;272(2):e61-e62. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000004004. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 45% of 141 COVID-19 ICU patients had GI symptoms (e.g., abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting) on admission and 104 (74%) developed at least one GI complication while hospitalized, of whom: | 67% had abnormal liver function tests. | 56% had intestinal paralysis, 5% needed surgery, 3% had patches of dead bowel with SARS-CoV-2-induced small vessel thrombosis or bowel nerve injury proposed as possible causes of the injury (Figure). | Methods: 141 ICU patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection between March 13 and April 12, 2020 at one hospital in Massachusetts. Limitations: Case series; drug effects and metabolic and electrolyte disturbances in critically ill patients may have contributed to the findings. | Implications of both studies (Chen et al. & Kaafarani et al.): Clinicians can recognize COVID-19 earlier, and respond appropriately to adverse events, by being alert to common GI symptoms and complications that have occurred among COVID-19 patients. SN - 1528-1140 (Electronic); 0003-4932 (Linking) SP - e61-e62 ST - Gastrointestinal Complications in Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19 T2 - Ann Surg TI - Gastrointestinal Complications in Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32675498 VL - 272 ID - 221 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Specialist Paediatric and Neonatal Surgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London WC1N 3JH, UK; National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, the Francis Crick Institute, London, UK. | Department of Specialist Paediatric and Neonatal Surgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London WC1N 3JH, UK; Population, Policy and Practice, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK. | Department of Specialist Paediatric and Neonatal Surgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London WC1N 3JH, UK. | Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London WC1N 3JH, UK. | Department of Specialist Paediatric and Neonatal Surgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London WC1N 3JH, UK; National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK. | Department of Specialist Paediatric and Neonatal Surgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London WC1N 3JH, UK. Electronic address: joe.curry@gosh.nhs.uk. AN - 32442420 AU - Tullie, L. | Ford, K. | Bisharat, M. | Watson, T. | Thakkar, H. | Mullassery, D. | Giuliani, S. | Blackburn, S. | Cross, K. | De Coppi, P. | Curry, J. C1 - 2020-05-29 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052920_covidupdate.html DA - Jul DO - 10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30165-6 ET - 2020/05/23 IS - 7 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Child | Coronavirus Infections/*complications | Diarrhea/virology | Gastrointestinal Diseases/*virology | Humans | Male | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://2977834144/Tullie-2020-Gastrointestinal features in child.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Tullie, Lucinda; Ford, Kathryn; Bisharat, May; Watson, Tom; Thakkar, Hemanshoo; Mullassery, Dhanya; Giuliani, Stefano; Blackburn, Simon; Cross, Kate; De Coppi, Paolo; Curry, Joe; eng; Letter; England; Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020 Jul;4(7):e19-e20. doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30165-6. Epub 2020 May 20. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Based on 8 children with COVID-19 presenting with atypical appendicitis, requiring hospitalization, recommends conducting imaging and RT-PCR testing in children presenting with fever and abdominal pain before surgical intervention, if appendicitis is suspected. SN - 2352-4650 (Electronic); 2352-4642 (Linking) SP - e19-e20 ST - Gastrointestinal features in children with COVID-19: an observation of varied presentation in eight children T2 - Lancet Child Adolesc Health TI - Gastrointestinal features in children with COVID-19: an observation of varied presentation in eight children UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32442420 VL - 4 Y2 - 2021/05/12 ID - 281 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Surgery, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain. | Department of Surgery, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. AN - 32683974 AU - Rojo, M. | Cano-Valderrama, O. | Picazo, S. | Saez, C. | Gomez, L. | Sanchez, C. | Sanz-Ortega, G. | Torres, A. J. C1 - 2020-07-28 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072820_covidupdate.html DA - Jun DO - 10.1177/0003134820926481 DP - NLM ET - 2020/07/21 IS - 6 KW - Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use | Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/*adverse effects | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Colonic Diseases/*chemically induced/diagnostic imaging/surgery | Coronavirus Infections/*drug therapy/epidemiology | Drug Therapy, Combination | Fatal Outcome | Female | Hematoma/chemically induced/diagnostic imaging/surgery | Humans | Intestinal Perforation/*chemically induced/diagnostic imaging/surgery | Methylprednisolone/therapeutic use | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*drug therapy/epidemiology | SARS-CoV-2 | Tomography, X-Ray Computed L1 - internal-pdf://3849407541/Rojo-2020-Gastrointestinal Perforation After T.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Rojo, Mikel; Cano-Valderrama, Oscar; Picazo, Sara; Saez, Carlos; Gomez, Lorena; Sanchez, Cristina; Sanz-Ortega, Gonzalo; Torres, Antonio J; eng; Case Reports; Am Surg. 2020 Jun;86(6):565-566. doi: 10.1177/0003134820926481. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Case report reminding clinicians to be alert for gastrointestinal perforation as a potential complication of tocilizumab used to treat COVID-19. SN - 1555-9823 (Electronic); 0003-1348 (Linking) SP - 565-566 ST - Gastrointestinal Perforation After Treatment With Tocilizumab : An Unexpected Consequence of COVID-19 Pandemic T2 - Am Surg TI - Gastrointestinal Perforation After Treatment With Tocilizumab : An Unexpected Consequence of COVID-19 Pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32683974 VL - 86 ID - 604 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York. | Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York. | Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York. | Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York. Electronic address: kjg2133@cumc.columbia.edu. AN - 32505742 AU - Miller, J. | Cantor, A. | Zachariah, P. | Ahn, D. | Martinez, M. | Margolis, K. G. C1 - 2020-06-16 C2 - Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061620_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.079 ET - 2020/06/09 IS - 4 KW - Abdominal Pain/virology | Betacoronavirus | Blood Sedimentation | C-Reactive Protein/metabolism | Covid-19 | Child | Child, Preschool | Coronavirus Infections/*complications | Diarrhea/virology | Female | Fever/virology | Humans | Magnetic Resonance Imaging | Male | Nausea/virology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 | Serum Albumin/metabolism | Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/blood/*complications/diagnostic | imaging/virology | Vomiting/virology | Gastrointestinal | Mis-c | Pediatrics L1 - internal-pdf://0676999699/Miller-2020-Gastrointestinal Symptoms as a Maj.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Miller, Jonathan; Cantor, Amanda; Zachariah, Philip; Ahn, Danielle; Martinez, Mercedes; Margolis, Kara Gross; eng; R01 NS015547/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/; Gastroenterology. 2020 Oct;159(4):1571-1574.e2. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.079. Epub 2020 Jun 4. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Of 44 hospitalized children in a New York hospital with MIS-C, median age was 7 years. | GI symptoms (e.g., pain, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, bleeding) were reported by 37/44 (84%). | 13 (30%) presented with fever and mild GI symptoms during the week prior to hospitalization. | 11/44 (25%) required supplemental oxygen; 1 child was intubated; none died. | Methods: Clinical case-series of 44 hospitalized children and adolescents with MIS-C and exposure or evidence of current or recent SARS-CoV-2 infection, New York City, April 18–May 22, 2020. Limitations: MIS-C not defined; single center, may not be representative. | Key findings:; Of 17 hospitalized children and adolescents with SARS-CoV-2-related MIS-C, median age was 8 years (range 1.8�?6); 12/17 (71%) were white; 3/17 (18%) had mild asthma. | GI symptoms were reported by 14/17 (82%); 1 had acute bowel inflammation (ileocolitis). | Moderate–severe cardiac dysfunction in 6/17 (35%); 1 had a coronary aneurysm. | 15/17 (88%) were critically ill: 13 were in shock on presentation; none were intubated or died. | IL-6 was elevated in 16/17 (94%). | Methods: Clinical case-series of 17 hospitalized children and adolescents with SARS-CoV-2-related MIS-C, New York City, April 18–May 5, 2020. Some patients might be included in Miller et al. Limitations: Single center, may not be representative. | Implications for 5 studies (Belot et al., Toubiana et al., Whittaker et al., Miller et al. & Cheung et al.): MIS-C can cause severe illness and seems to be a SARS-CoV-2 postinfectious complication. Patients with SARS-CoV-2-related MIS-C were older and required more intensive care than patients with Kawasaki disease. Pneumonia was noticeably absent; mechanical ventilation seemed to be used to support patients with cardiovascular collapse (shock) rather than respiratory failure. Early MIS-C with GI symptoms may be misdiagnosed as mild GI illness. Studies are needed to understand the spectrum of MIS-C severity, timing between SARS-CoV-2 infection and MIS-C, risk factors, possible long-term complications, and therapy. SE - 1571 SN - 1528-0012 (Electronic); 0016-5085 (Linking) SP - 1571-1574 e2 ST - Gastrointestinal Symptoms as a Major Presentation Component of a Novel Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children That Is Related to Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Single Center Experience of 44 Cases T2 - Gastroenterology TI - Gastrointestinal Symptoms as a Major Presentation Component of a Novel Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children That Is Related to Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Single Center Experience of 44 Cases UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32505742 VL - 159 ID - 378 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The Coronaviridae are a family of viruses that cause disease in humans ranging from mild respiratory infection to potentially lethal acute respiratory distress syndrome. Finding host factors common to multiple coronaviruses could facilitate the development of therapies to combat current and future coronavirus pandemics. Here, we conducted genome-wide CRISPR screens in cells infected by SARS-CoV-2 as well as two seasonally circulating common cold coronaviruses, OC43 and 229E. This approach correctly identified the distinct viral entry factors ACE2 (for SARS-CoV-2), aminopeptidase N (for 229E), and glycosaminoglycans (for OC43). Additionally, we identified phosphatidylinositol phosphate biosynthesis and cholesterol homeostasis as critical host pathways supporting infection by all three coronaviruses. By contrast, the lysosomal protein TMEM106B appeared unique to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Pharmacological inhibition of phosphatidylinositol kinases and cholesterol homeostasis reduced replication of all three coronaviruses. These findings offer important insights for the understanding of the coronavirus life cycle and the development of host-directed therapies. AD - Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. | Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. | Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. | Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. | Synthego Corporation, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA. | Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. | Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. | UCSF CoLabs, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. | Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. | Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. Electronic address: melanie.ott@gladstone.ucsf.edu. | Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. Electronic address: andreas.puschnik@czbiohub.org. AN - 33333024 AU - Wang, R. | Simoneau, C. R. | Kulsuptrakul, J. | Bouhaddou, M. | Travisano, K. A. | Hayashi, J. M. | Carlson-Stevermer, J. | Zengel, J. R. | Richards, C. M. | Fozouni, P. | Oki, J. | Rodriguez, L. | Joehnk, B. | Walcott, K. | Holden, K. | Sil, A. | Carette, J. E. | Krogan, N. J. | Ott, M. | Puschnik, A. S. C1 - 2021-01-08 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01082021_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 7 DO - 10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.004 DP - NLM ET - 2020/12/18 IS - 1 KW - A549 Cells | Animals | Biosynthetic Pathways/drug effects | COVID-19/*genetics/virology | Cell Line | Chlorocebus aethiops | Cholesterol/biosynthesis/metabolism | Cluster Analysis | Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats | Common Cold/genetics/virology | Coronavirus/classification/*physiology | Coronavirus Infections/*genetics/virology | Gene Knockout Techniques | *Genome-Wide Association Study | *Host-Pathogen Interactions/drug effects | Humans | Mice | Phosphatidylinositols/biosynthesis | SARS-CoV-2/*physiology | Vero Cells | Virus Internalization/drug effects | Virus Replication | *229e | *covid-19 | *crispr | *oc43 | *SARS-CoV-2 | *coronavirus | *genetic screen | *host factors | *host-targeted antivirals | *virus-host interactions | Corporation. All authors declare no other competing interests. L1 - internal-pdf://0754456847/Wang-2021-Genetic Screens Identify Host Factor.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Wang, Ruofan; Simoneau, Camille R; Kulsuptrakul, Jessie; Bouhaddou, Mehdi; Travisano, Katherine A; Hayashi, Jennifer M; Carlson-Stevermer, Jared; Zengel, James R; Richards, Christopher M; Fozouni, Parinaz; Oki, Jennifer; Rodriguez, Lauren; Joehnk, Bastian; Walcott, Keith; Holden, Kevin; Sil, Anita; Carette, Jan E; Krogan, Nevan J; Ott, Melanie; Puschnik, Andreas S; eng; T32 AI060537/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 AI120694/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; U19 AI135990/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 AI122747/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; F32 CA239333/CA/NCI NIH HHS/; R01 AI141970/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 AI130123/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; DP1 DA038043/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/; U19 AI135972/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; P50 AI150476/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 AI143292/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; P01 AI063302/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 AI140186/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Cell. 2021 Jan 7;184(1):106-119.e14. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.12.004. Epub 2020 Dec 9. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Genome-wide CRISPR screens of three coronaviruses, including SARS CoV-2, showed that several shared host pathways might serve as effective drug targets for multiple coronaviruses. SN - 1097-4172 (Electronic); 0092-8674 (Linking) SP - 106-119 e14 ST - Genetic Screens Identify Host Factors for SARS-CoV-2 and Common Cold Coronaviruses T2 - Cell TI - Genetic Screens Identify Host Factors for SARS-CoV-2 and Common Cold Coronaviruses UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33333024 VL - 184 ID - 1386 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: There is considerable variation in disease behavior among patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). Genomewide association analysis may allow for the identification of potential genetic factors involved in the development of Covid-19. METHODS: We conducted a genomewide association study involving 1980 patients with Covid-19 and severe disease (defined as respiratory failure) at seven hospitals in the Italian and Spanish epicenters of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Europe. After quality control and the exclusion of population outliers, 835 patients and 1255 control participants from Italy and 775 patients and 950 control participants from Spain were included in the final analysis. In total, we analyzed 8,582,968 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and conducted a meta-analysis of the two case-control panels. RESULTS: We detected cross-replicating associations with rs11385942 at locus 3p21.31 and with rs657152 at locus 9q34.2, which were significant at the genomewide level (P<5x10(-8)) in the meta-analysis of the two case-control panels (odds ratio, 1.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.48 to 2.11; P = 1.15x10(-10); and odds ratio, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.20 to 1.47; P = 4.95x10(-8), respectively). At locus 3p21.31, the association signal spanned the genes SLC6A20, LZTFL1, CCR9, FYCO1, CXCR6 and XCR1. The association signal at locus 9q34.2 coincided with the ABO blood group locus; in this cohort, a blood-group-specific analysis showed a higher risk in blood group A than in other blood groups (odds ratio, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.20 to 1.75; P = 1.48x10(-4)) and a protective effect in blood group O as compared with other blood groups (odds ratio, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.79; P = 1.06x10(-5)). CONCLUSIONS: We identified a 3p21.31 gene cluster as a genetic susceptibility locus in patients with Covid-19 with respiratory failure and confirmed a potential involvement of the ABO blood-group system. (Funded by Stein Erik Hagen and others.). AD - From the Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University (D.E., F.D., J.K., S. May, M. Wendorff, L.W., F.U.-W., X.Y., A.T., A. Peschuck, C.G., G.H.-S., H.E.A., M.C.R., M.E.F.B., M. Schulzky, M. Wittig, N.B., S.J., T.W., W.A., M. D'Amato, A.F.), and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel (N.B., A.F.), Kiel, the Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lubeck, Lubeck (J.E.), the German Research Center for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Hamburg-Lubeck-Kiel (J.E.), the University Heart Center Lubeck (J.E.), and the Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (S.G.), Lubeck, Stefan-Morsch-Stiftung, Birkenfeld (M. Schaefer, W.P.), and the Research Group for Evolutionary Immunogenomics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plon (O.O., T.L.L.) - all in Germany; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Disease Systems Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (D.E.); the Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute-Donostia University Hospital-University of the Basque Country (L.B., K.G.-E., L.I.-S., P.M.R., J.M.B.), Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Donostialdea Integrated Health Organization, Clinical Biochemistry Department (A.G.C., B.N.J.), and the Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (M. D'Amato), San Sebastian, Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red en Enfermedades Hepaticas y Digestivas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (L.B., M. Buti, A. Albillos, A. Palom, F.R.-F., B.M., L. Tellez, K.G.-E., L.I.-S., F.M., L.R., M.R.-B., M. Rodriguez-Gandia, P.M.R., M. Romero-Gomez, J.M.B.), the Departments of Gastroenterology (A. Albillos, B.M., L. Tellez, F.M., M. Rodriguez-Gandia), Intensive Care (R.P., A.B.O.), Respiratory Diseases (D.J., A.S., R.N.), Infectious Diseases (C.Q., E.N.), and Anesthesiology (D. Pestana, N. Martinez), Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Instituto Ramon y Cajal de Investigacion Sanitaria, University of Alcala, and Histocompatibilidad y Biologia Molecular, Centro de Transfusion de Madrid (F.G.S.), Madrid, the Liver Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus (M. Buti, A. Palom, L.R., M.R.-B.), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, and the August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (J.F., F.A., E.S., J.F.-A., L.M., M.H.-T., P.C.), the European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure (J.F.), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (A. Palom, F.R.-F., A.J., S. Marsal), and the Departments of Biochemistry (A.-E.G.-F., F.R.-F., A.C.-G., C.C., A.B.-G.), Intensive Care (R.F.), and Microbiology (T.P.), University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, the Immunohematology Department, Banc de Sang i Teixits, Autonomous University of Barcelona (E.M.-D.), Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health and University of Barcelona, l'Hospitalet (V. Moreno), and Autonoma University of Barcelona (T.P.), Barcelona, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellatera (M. Buti, F.R.-F., M.R.-B.), GenomesForLife-GCAT Lab Group, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (A.C.N., I.G.-F., R.C.), and High Content Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (L. Sumoy), Badalona, Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine Lopez-Neyra, Granada (J.M., M.A.-H.), the Digestive Diseases Unit, Virgen del Rocio University Hospital, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University of Seville, Seville (M. Romero-Gomez), and Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao (M. D'Amato, J.M.B.) - all in Spain; the Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca (P.I., C.M.), Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (D. Prati, G.B., A.Z., A. Bandera, A.G., A.L.F., A. Pesenti, C.P., F.C., F.M.-B., F.P., F.B., G.G., G. Costantino, L. Terranova, L. Santoro, L. Scudeller, M. Carrabba, M. Baldini, M.M., N. Montano, R.G., S.P., S. Aliberti, V. Monzani, S. Bosari, L.V.), the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University (R.A., A. Protti, A. Aghemo, A. Lleo, E.M.P., G. Cardamone, M. Cecconi, V.R., S.D.), Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS (R.A., A. Protti, A. Aghemo, A. Lleo, A.V., C.A., E.M.P., H.K., I.M., M. Cecconi, M. Ciccarelli, M. Bocciolone, P.P., P.O., P.T., S. Badalamenti, S.D.), University of Milan (A.Z., A. Bandera, A.G., A.L.F., A. Pesenti, F.M.-B., F.P., F.B., G.G., G. Costantino, M.M., N. Montano, R.G., S.P., S. Aliberti, S. Bosari, L.V.), and the Center of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics, and Bioimaging (M.G.V.) and the Phase 1 Research Center (M. Cazzaniga), School of Medicine and Surgery, and the Departments of Emergency, Anesthesia, and Intensive Care (G.F.), Pneumologia (P.F.), and Infectious Diseases (P.B.); University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, the European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (P.I., C.M.) and the Infectious Diseases Unit (P.B.), San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, the Pediatric Departement and Centro Tettamanti-European Reference Network PaedCan, EuroBloodNet, MetabERN-University of Milano-Bicocca-Fondazione MBBM-Ospedale, San Gerardo (A. Biondi, L.R.B., M. D'Angio), the Gastroenterology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (A. Latiano, O.P.), the Department of Medical Sciences, Universita degli Studi di Torino, Turin (S. Aneli, G.M.), and the Italian Bone Marrow Donor Registry, E.O. Ospedali Galliera, Genoa (N.S.) - all in Italy; the Norwegian PSC Research Center, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases, and Transplantation, and the Research Institute for Internal Medicine, Division of Surgery, Inflammatory Diseases, and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo (M.M.G., J.R.H., T.F., T.H.K.), and the Section for Gastroenterology, Department of Transplantation Medicine, Division for Cancer Medicine, Surgery, and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet (J.R.H., T.F., T.H.K.), Oslo; the School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia (T.Z., M. D'Amato); Private University in the Principality of Liechtenstein (C.G.); the Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania (S.J.); and the Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (M. D'Amato). AN - 32558485 AU - Severe Covid, Gwas Group | Ellinghaus, D. | Degenhardt, F. | Bujanda, L. | Buti, M. | Albillos, A. | Invernizzi, P. | Fernandez, J. | Prati, D. | Baselli, G. | Asselta, R. | Grimsrud, M. M. | Milani, C. | Aziz, F. | Kassens, J. | May, S. | Wendorff, M. | Wienbrandt, L. | Uellendahl-Werth, F. | Zheng, T. | Yi, X. | de Pablo, R. | Chercoles, A. G. | Palom, A. | Garcia-Fernandez, A. E. | Rodriguez-Frias, F. | Zanella, A. | Bandera, A. | Protti, A. | Aghemo, A. | Lleo, A. | Biondi, A. | Caballero-Garralda, A. | Gori, A. | Tanck, A. | Carreras Nolla, A. | Latiano, A. | Fracanzani, A. L. | Peschuck, A. | Julia, A. | Pesenti, A. | Voza, A. | Jimenez, D. | Mateos, B. | Nafria Jimenez, B. | Quereda, C. | Paccapelo, C. | Gassner, C. | Angelini, C. | Cea, C. | Solier, A. | Pestana, D. | Muniz-Diaz, E. | Sandoval, E. | Paraboschi, E. M. | Navas, E. | Garcia Sanchez, F. | Ceriotti, F. | Martinelli-Boneschi, F. | Peyvandi, F. | Blasi, F. | Tellez, L. | Blanco-Grau, A. | Hemmrich-Stanisak, G. | Grasselli, G. | Costantino, G. | Cardamone, G. | Foti, G. | Aneli, S. | Kurihara, H. | ElAbd, H. | My, I. | Galvan-Femenia, I. | Martin, J. | Erdmann, J. | Ferrusquia-Acosta, J. | Garcia-Etxebarria, K. | Izquierdo-Sanchez, L. | Bettini, L. R. | Sumoy, L. | Terranova, L. | Moreira, L. | Santoro, L. | Scudeller, L. | Mesonero, F. | Roade, L. | Ruhlemann, M. C. | Schaefer, M. | Carrabba, M. | Riveiro-Barciela, M. | Figuera Basso, M. E. | Valsecchi, M. G. | Hernandez-Tejero, M. | Acosta-Herrera, M. | D'Angio, M. | Baldini, M. | Cazzaniga, M. | Schulzky, M. | Cecconi, M. | Wittig, M. | Ciccarelli, M. | Rodriguez-Gandia, M. | Bocciolone, M. | Miozzo, M. | Montano, N. | Braun, N. | Sacchi, N. | Martinez, N. | Ozer, O. | Palmieri, O. | Faverio, P. | Preatoni, P. | Bonfanti, P. | Omodei, P. | Tentorio, P. | Castro, P. | Rodrigues, P. M. | Blandino Ortiz, A. | de Cid, R. | Ferrer, R. | Gualtierotti, R. | Nieto, R. | Goerg, S. | Badalamenti, S. | Marsal, S. | Matullo, G. | Pelusi, S. | Juzenas, S. | Aliberti, S. | Monzani, V. | Moreno, V. | Wesse, T. | Lenz, T. L. | Pumarola, T. | Rimoldi, V. | Bosari, S. | Albrecht, W. | Peter, W. | Romero-Gomez, M. | D'Amato, M. | Duga, S. | Banales, J. M. | Hov, J. R. | Folseraas, T. | Valenti, L. | Franke, A. | Karlsen, T. H. C1 - 2020-10-23 C2 - Blood Group and COVID-19 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102320_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 15 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2020283 ET - 2020/06/20 IS - 16 KW - ABO Blood-Group System/*genetics | Aged | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Case-Control Studies | Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3/*genetics | Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9/genetics | Coronavirus Infections/complications/*genetics | Female | Genetic Loci | *Genetic Predisposition to Disease | Genome-Wide Association Study | Humans | Italy | Male | Middle Aged | Multigene Family | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/complications/*genetics | *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide | Respiratory Insufficiency/etiology/*genetics | SARS-CoV-2 | Spain L1 - internal-pdf://1136358226/Severe Covid-2020-Genomewide Association Study.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Ellinghaus, David; Degenhardt, Frauke; Bujanda, Luis; Buti, Maria; Albillos, Agustin; Invernizzi, Pietro; Fernandez, Javier; Prati, Daniele; Baselli, Guido; Asselta, Rosanna; Grimsrud, Marit M; Milani, Chiara; Aziz, Fatima; Kassens, Jan; May, Sandra; Wendorff, Mareike; Wienbrandt, Lars; Uellendahl-Werth, Florian; Zheng, Tenghao; Yi, Xiaoli; de Pablo, Raul; Chercoles, Adolfo G; Palom, Adriana; Garcia-Fernandez, Alba-Estela; Rodriguez-Frias, Francisco; Zanella, Alberto; Bandera, Alessandra; Protti, Alessandro; Aghemo, Alessio; Lleo, Ana; Biondi, Andrea; Caballero-Garralda, Andrea; Gori, Andrea; Tanck, Anja; Carreras Nolla, Anna; Latiano, Anna; Fracanzani, Anna Ludovica; Peschuck, Anna; Julia, Antonio; Pesenti, Antonio; Voza, Antonio; Jimenez, David; Mateos, Beatriz; Nafria Jimenez, Beatriz; Quereda, Carmen; Paccapelo, Cinzia; Gassner, Christoph; Angelini, Claudio; Cea, Cristina; Solier, Aurora; Pestana, David; Muniz-Diaz, Eduardo; Sandoval, Elena; Paraboschi, Elvezia M; Navas, Enrique; Garcia Sanchez, Felix; Ceriotti, Ferruccio; Martinelli-Boneschi, Filippo; Peyvandi, Flora; Blasi, Francesco; Tellez, Luis; Blanco-Grau, Albert; Hemmrich-Stanisak, Georg; Grasselli, Giacomo; Costantino, Giorgio; Cardamone, Giulia; Foti, Giuseppe; Aneli, Serena; Kurihara, Hayato; ElAbd, Hesham; My, Ilaria; Galvan-Femenia, Ivan; Martin, Javier; Erdmann, Jeanette; Ferrusquia-Acosta, Jose; Garcia-Etxebarria, Koldo; Izquierdo-Sanchez, Laura; Bettini, Laura R; Sumoy, Lauro; Terranova, Leonardo; Moreira, Leticia; Santoro, Luigi; Scudeller, Luigia; Mesonero, Francisco; Roade, Luisa; Ruhlemann, Malte C; Schaefer, Marco; Carrabba, Maria; Riveiro-Barciela, Mar; Figuera Basso, Maria E; Valsecchi, Maria G; Hernandez-Tejero, Maria; Acosta-Herrera, Marialbert; D'Angio, Mariella; Baldini, Marina; Cazzaniga, Marina; Schulzky, Martin; Cecconi, Maurizio; Wittig, Michael; Ciccarelli, Michele; Rodriguez-Gandia, Miguel; Bocciolone, Monica; Miozzo, Monica; Montano, Nicola; Braun, Nicole; Sacchi, Nicoletta; Martinez, Nilda; Ozer, Onur; Palmieri, Orazio; Faverio, Paola; Preatoni, Paoletta; Bonfanti, Paolo; Omodei, Paolo; Tentorio, Paolo; Castro, Pedro; Rodrigues, Pedro M; Blandino Ortiz, Aaron; de Cid, Rafael; Ferrer, Ricard; Gualtierotti, Roberta; Nieto, Rosa; Goerg, Siegfried; Badalamenti, Salvatore; Marsal, Sara; Matullo, Giuseppe; Pelusi, Serena; Juzenas, Simonas; Aliberti, Stefano; Monzani, Valter; Moreno, Victor; Wesse, Tanja; Lenz, Tobias L; Pumarola, Tomas; Rimoldi, Valeria; Bosari, Silvano; Albrecht, Wolfgang; Peter, Wolfgang; Romero-Gomez, Manuel; D'Amato, Mauro; Duga, Stefano; Banales, Jesus M; Hov, Johannes R; Folseraas, Trine; Valenti, Luca; Franke, Andre; Karlsen, Tom H; eng; PMI, EXC2167/US/ /; Meta-Analysis; Multicenter Study; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; N Engl J Med. 2020 Oct 15;383(16):1522-1534. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2020283. Epub 2020 Jun 17. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A blood-group-specific analysis showed a higher risk for severe COVID-19 in blood group A than in other blood groups. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 1522-1534 ST - Genomewide Association Study of Severe Covid-19 with Respiratory Failure T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Genomewide Association Study of Severe Covid-19 with Respiratory Failure UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32558485 VL - 383 ID - 1098 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Emergence of variants with specific mutations in key epitopes in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 raises concerns pertinent to mass vaccination campaigns and use of monoclonal antibodies. We aimed to describe the emergence of the B.1.1.7 variant of concern (VOC), including virological characteristics and clinical severity in contemporaneous patients with and without the variant. METHODS: In this cohort study, samples positive for SARS-CoV-2 on PCR that were collected from Nov 9, 2020, for patients acutely admitted to one of two hospitals on or before Dec 20, 2020, in London, UK, were sequenced and analysed for the presence of VOC-defining mutations. We fitted Poisson regression models to investigate the association between B.1.1.7 infection and severe disease (defined as point 6 or higher on the WHO ordinal scale within 14 days of symptoms or positive test) and death within 28 days of a positive test and did supplementary genomic analyses in a cohort of chronically shedding patients and in a cohort of remdesivir-treated patients. Viral load was compared by proxy, using PCR cycle threshold values and sequencing read depths. FINDINGS: Of 496 patients with samples positive for SARS-CoV-2 on PCR and who met inclusion criteria, 341 had samples that could be sequenced. 198 (58%) of 341 had B.1.1.7 infection and 143 (42%) had non-B.1.1.7 infection. We found no evidence of an association between severe disease and death and lineage (B.1.1.7 vs non-B.1.1.7) in unadjusted analyses (prevalence ratio [PR] 0.97 [95% CI 0.72-1.31]), or in analyses adjusted for hospital, sex, age, comorbidities, and ethnicity (adjusted PR 1.02 [0.76-1.38]). We detected no B.1.1.7 VOC-defining mutations in 123 chronically shedding immunocompromised patients or in 32 remdesivir-treated patients. Viral load by proxy was higher in B.1.1.7 samples than in non-B.1.1.7 samples, as measured by cycle threshold value (mean 28.8 [SD 4.7] vs 32.0 [4.8]; p=0.0085) and genomic read depth (1280 [1004] vs 831 [682]; p=0.0011). INTERPRETATION: Emerging evidence exists of increased transmissibility of B.1.1.7, and we found increased virus load by proxy for B.1.1.7 in our data. We did not identify an association of the variant with severe disease in this hospitalised cohort. FUNDING: University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, University College London/University College London Hospitals NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council. AD - Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK; Advanced Pathogen Diagnostics Unit, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK. | Department of Clinical Virology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. | North Middlesex University Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK. | Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK. | Advanced Pathogen Diagnostics Unit, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK. | Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK. | Department of Clinical Virology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK. | Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK; Advanced Pathogen Diagnostics Unit, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK. | Advanced Pathogen Diagnostics Unit, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; North Middlesex University Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK. | Health Services Laboratories, London, UK. | Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK. | Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London, London, UK. | London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, UK; Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK. | Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK; Department of Clinical Virology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. | Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK; Advanced Pathogen Diagnostics Unit, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Clinical Virology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK. Electronic address: e.nastouli@ucl.ac.uk. AN - 33857406 AU - Frampton, D. | Rampling, T. | Cross, A. | Bailey, H. | Heaney, J. | Byott, M. | Scott, R. | Sconza, R. | Price, J. | Margaritis, M. | Bergstrom, M. | Spyer, M. J. | Miralhes, P. B. | Grant, P. | Kirk, S. | Valerio, C. | Mangera, Z. | Prabhahar, T. | Moreno-Cuesta, J. | Arulkumaran, N. | Singer, M. | Shin, G. Y. | Sanchez, E. | Paraskevopoulou, S. M. | Pillay, D. | McKendry, R. A. | Mirfenderesky, M. | Houlihan, C. F. | Nastouli, E. C1 - 2021-04-23 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04232021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 12 DO - 10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00170-5 ET - 2021/04/16 IS - 9 KW - Aged | Aged, 80 and over | COVID-19/*virology | Cohort Studies | Female | *Genome, Viral | Humans | London | Male | Middle Aged | Phylogeny | SARS-CoV-2/*genetics | *Severity of Illness Index | United Kingdom | Viral Load | Virus Shedding | *Whole Genome Sequencing L1 - internal-pdf://0060751403/Frampton-2021-Genomic characteristics and clin.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Frampton, Dan; Rampling, Tommy; Cross, Aidan; Bailey, Heather; Heaney, Judith; Byott, Matthew; Scott, Rebecca; Sconza, Rebecca; Price, Joseph; Margaritis, Marios; Bergstrom, Malin; Spyer, Moira J; Miralhes, Patricia B; Grant, Paul; Kirk, Stuart; Valerio, Chris; Mangera, Zaheer; Prabhahar, Thaventhran; Moreno-Cuesta, Jeronimo; Arulkumaran, Nish; Singer, Mervyn; Shin, Gee Yen; Sanchez, Emilie; Paraskevopoulou, Stavroula M; Pillay, Deenan; McKendry, Rachel A; Mirfenderesky, Mariyam; Houlihan, Catherine F; Nastouli, Eleni; eng; Lancet Infect Dis. 2021 Apr 12. pii: S1473-3099(21)00170-5. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00170-5. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; No evidence of association between severe disease or death and SARS-CoV-2 lineage (B.1.1.7 vs non-B.1.1.7, adjusted prevalence ratio 1.02 [0.76�?.38]) (Figure). | Viral load was higher in B.1.1.7 samples than in non-B.1.1.7 samples, as measured by Ct value (mean 28.8 [SD 4.7] vs 32.0 [4.8]; p = 0.0085) and genomic read depth (1280 [1004] vs 831 [682]; p = 0.0011). | No B.1.1.7 variant of concern (VOC) defining mutations were found in samples from 32 patients treated with a 5-day course of remdesivir. | Methods: Among 496 patients admitted to two UK hospital centers between November 9, 2020 and December 20, 2020, 341 had PCR positive SARS-CoV-2 samples that could be sequenced. Association between B.1.1.7 infection and clinical severity, death and viral load was investigated. Limitations: Ct analyses were limited by data availability; sequences for 155 of 496 patients could not be used. | Implications: B.1.1.7 may not cause greater illness severity or death among hospitalized patients than other variants, despite being more infectious. SN - 1474-4457 (Electronic); 1473-3099 (Linking) SP - 1246-1256 ST - Genomic characteristics and clinical effect of the emergent SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 lineage in London, UK: a whole-genome sequencing and hospital-based cohort study T2 - Lancet Infect Dis TI - Genomic characteristics and clinical effect of the emergent SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 lineage in London, UK: a whole-genome sequencing and hospital-based cohort study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33857406 VL - 21 Y2 - 2021/05/17 ID - 1696 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In April 2021, after successfully enduring three waves of the SARS-CoV2 pandemic in 2020, and having reached population seropositivity of about 50%, Delhi, the national capital of India was overwhelmed by the fourth wave. Here, we trace viral, host, and social factors contributing to the scale and exponent of the fourth wave, when compared to preceding waves, in an epidemiological context. Genomic surveillance data from Delhi and surrounding states shows an early phase of the upsurge driven by the entry of the more transmissible B.1.1.7 variant of concern (VOC) into the region in January, with at least one B.1.1.7 super spreader event in February 2021, relatable to known mass gatherings over this period. This was followed by seeding of the B.1.617 VOC, which too is highly transmissible, with rapid expansion of B.1.617.2 sub-lineage outpacing all other lineages. This unprecedented growth of cases occurred in the background of high seropositivity, but with low median neutralizing antibody levels, in a serially sampled cohort. Vaccination breakthrough cases over this period were noted, disproportionately related to VOC in sequenced cases, but usually mild. We find that this surge of SARS-CoV2 infections in Delhi is best explained by the introduction of a new highly transmissible VOC, B.1.617.2, with likely immune-evasion properties; insufficient neutralizing immunity, despite high seropositivity; and social behavior that promoted transmission.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementSupport from Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, and Department of Biotechnology, India, is acknowledged.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The SARSCoV2 genomic study was approved by the NCDC Ethics Review Committee vide approval 2020/NERC/14. The serology study was approved by the Institutional Human Ethics Committee of CSIRIGIB vide approval CSIR IGIB/IHEC/2019_20 All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesSequence data is being continuously uploaded on the GISAID. https://www.gisaid.org/ AU - Dhar, Mahesh S. | Marwal, Robin | Radhakrishnan, V. S. | Ponnusamy, Kalaiarasan | Jolly, Bani | Bhoyar, Rahul C. | Fatihi, Saman | Datta, Meena | Singh, Priyanka | Sharma, Uma | Ujjainia, Rajat | Naushin, Salwa | Bhateja, Nitin | Divakar, Mohit Kumar | Sardana, Viren | Singh, Manoj K. | Imran, Mohamed | Senthivel, Vigneshwar | Maurya, Ranjeet | Jha, Neha | Mehta, Priyanka | Rophina, Mercy | Arvinden, V. R. | Chaudhary, Urmila | Thukral, Lipi | Pandey, Rajesh | Dash, Debasis | Faruq, Mohammed | Lall, Hemlata | Gogia, Hema | Madan, Preeti | Kulkarni, Sanket | Chauhan, Himanshu | Sengupta, Shantanu | Kabra, Sandhya | The Indian, Sars-CoV-Genomics Consortium | Singh, Sujeet K. | Agrawal, Anurag | Rakshit, Partha C1 - 2021-06-11 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06112021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.06.02.21258076 L1 - internal-pdf://1778397080/Dhar-2021-Genomic characterization and Epidemi.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - (INSACOG) PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; COVID-19 cases exponentially increased in India in April 2021, with expansion of highly transmissible B.1.617 variants, compared to earlier in the pandemic. | Despite high case burden, case fatality rate was significantly reduced during this time frame. | Of 27 breakthrough infections following vaccination, 19 were B.1.617.2, 6 were B.1, and 2 were B.1.617.1; Methods: Records of all tests performed, positive cases, positivity rate and deaths, were accessed through the Integrated Disease Surveillance Program at the National CDC (NCDC) of India. Sequence data from >9000 samples were used to characterize the epidemiology of sequential SARS-CoV-2 waves in Delhi between November 2020 and May 2021. Samples from 27 vaccination breakthrough cases at NCDC were sequenced. Limitations: Unable to review data from all COVID-related deaths during the study period. | Implications: Findings suggest that the recent wave of COVID-19 in India was largely due to emergence of a more transmissible variant, B.1.617.2. SP - 2021.06.02.21258076 ST - Genomic characterization and Epidemiology of an emerging SARS-CoV-2 variant in Delhi, India T2 - medRxiv TI - Genomic characterization and Epidemiology of an emerging SARS-CoV-2 variant in Delhi, India UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/06/03/2021.06.02.21258076.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/06/28/2021.06.02.21258076.full.pdf ID - 1920 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Almost simultaneously, several studies reported the emergence of novel SARS-CoV-2 lineages characterized by their phylogenetic and genetic distinction (1), (2), (3), (4)..... AD - Departamento de Genetica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. | Laboratorio de Bioinformatica, Laboratorio Nacional de Computacao Cientifica, Petropolis, Brazil. | Secretaria Municipal de Saude de Marica, Marica, Brazil. | Secretaria Estadual de Saude do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. | Instituto de Biofisica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. | Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. | Departamento de Genetica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil atrv@lncc.br atanuri1@gmail.com. | Laboratorio de Bioinformatica, Laboratorio Nacional de Computacao Cientifica, Petropolis, Brazil atrv@lncc.br atanuri1@gmail.com. AN - 33649194 AU - Voloch, C. M. | da Silva Francisco, R., Jr. | de Almeida, L. G. P. | Cardoso, C. C. | Brustolini, O. J. | Gerber, A. L. | Guimaraes, A. P. C. | Mariani, D. | da Costa, R. M. | Ferreira, O. C., Jr. | Covid19-Ufrj Workgroup, Lncc Workgroup Adriana Cony Cavalcanti | Frauches, T. S. | de Mello, C. M. B. | Leitao, I. C. | Galliez, R. M. | Faffe, D. S. | Castineiras, Tmpp | Tanuri, A. | de Vasconcelos, A. T. R. C1 - 2021-03-12 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03122021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 1 DO - 10.1128/JVI.00119-21 ET - 2021/03/03 IS - 10 L1 - internal-pdf://2576743861/Voloch-2021-Genomic characterization of a nove.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Voloch, Carolina M; da Silva Francisco, Ronaldo Jr; de Almeida, Luiz G P; Cardoso, Cynthia C; Brustolini, Otavio J; Gerber, Alexandra L; Guimaraes, Ana Paula de C; Mariani, Diana; da Costa, Raissa Mirella; Ferreira, Orlando C Jr; Frauches, Thiago Silva; de Mello, Claudia Maria Braga; Leitao, Isabela de Carvalho; Galliez, Rafael Mello; Faffe, Debora Souza; Castineiras, Terezinha M P P; Tanuri, Amilcar; de Vasconcelos, Ana Tereza R; eng; Letter; J Virol. 2021 Mar 1. pii: JVI.00119-21. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00119-21. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Sequencing of 180 new viral genomes from Rio de Janeiro (April to December 2020) identified a novel lineage, P2, that included the E484K mutation which was found widely across samples. The E484K mutation has been associated with escape from SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. SN - 1098-5514 (Electronic); 0022-538X (Linking) SP - e00119-21 ST - Genomic characterization of a novel SARS-CoV-2 lineage from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil T2 - J Virol TI - Genomic characterization of a novel SARS-CoV-2 lineage from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33649194 VL - 95 ID - 1567 ER - TY - JOUR AB - As of January of 2021, the highly transmissible B.1.1.7 variant of SARS-CoV-2, which was first identified in the United Kingdom (U.K.), has gained a strong foothold across the world. Because of the sudden and rapid rise of B.1.1.7, we investigated the prevalence and growth dynamics of this variant in the United States (U.S.), tracking it back to its early emergence and onward local transmission. We found that the RT-qPCR testing anomaly of S gene target failure (SGTF), first observed in the U.K., was a reliable proxy for B.1.1.7 detection. We sequenced 212 B.1.1.7 SARS-CoV-2 genomes collected from testing facilities in the U.S. from December 2020 to January 2021. We found that while the fraction of B.1.1.7 among SGTF samples varied by state, detection of the variant increased at a logistic rate similar to those observed elsewhere, with a doubling rate of a little over a week and an increased transmission rate of 35-45%. By performing time-aware Bayesian phylodynamic analyses, we revealed several independent introductions of B.1.1.7 into the U.S. as early as late November 2020, with onward community transmission enabling the variant to spread to at least 30 states as of January 2021. Our study shows that the U.S. is on a similar trajectory as other countries where B.1.1.7 rapidly became the dominant SARS-CoV-2 variant, requiring immediate and decisive action to minimize COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. AN - 33564780 AU - Washington, N. L. | Gangavarapu, K. | Zeller, M. | Bolze, A. | Cirulli, E. T. | Schiabor Barrett, K. M. | Larsen, B. B. | Anderson, C. | White, S. | Cassens, T. | Jacobs, S. | Levan, G. | Nguyen, J. | Ramirez, J. M. | Rivera-Garcia, C. | Sandoval, E. | Wang, X. | Wong, D. | Spencer, E. | Robles-Sikisaka, R. | Kurzban, E. | Hughes, L. D. | Deng, X. | Wang, C. | Servellita, V. | Valentine, H. | De Hoff, P. | Seaver, P. | Sathe, S. | Gietzen, K. | Sickler, B. | Antico, J. | Hoon, K. | Liu, J. | Harding, A. | Bakhtar, O. | Basler, T. | Austin, B. | Isaksson, M. | Febbo, P. | Becker, D. | Laurent, M. | McDonald, E. | Yeo, G. W. | Knight, R. | Laurent, L. C. | de Feo, E. | Worobey, M. | Chiu, C. | Suchard, M. A. | Lu, J. T. | Lee, W. | Andersen, K. G. C1 - 2021-02-12 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02122021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 7 DO - 10.1101/2021.02.06.21251159 ET - 2021/02/11 L1 - internal-pdf://3557431915/Washington-2021-Genomic epidemiology identifie.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Washington, Nicole L; Gangavarapu, Karthik; Zeller, Mark; Bolze, Alexandre; Cirulli, Elizabeth T; Schiabor Barrett, Kelly M; Larsen, Brendan B; Anderson, Catelyn; White, Simon; Cassens, Tyler; Jacobs, Sharoni; Levan, Geraint; Nguyen, Jason; Ramirez, Jimmy M; Rivera-Garcia, Charlotte; Sandoval, Efren; Wang, Xueqing; Wong, David; Spencer, Emily; Robles-Sikisaka, Refugio; Kurzban, Ezra; Hughes, Laura D; Deng, Xianding; Wang, Candace; Servellita, Venice; Valentine, Holly; De Hoff, Peter; Seaver, Phoebe; Sathe, Shashank; Gietzen, Kimberly; Sickler, Brad; Antico, Jay; Hoon, Kelly; Liu, Jingtao; Harding, Aaron; Bakhtar, Omid; Basler, Tracy; Austin, Brett; Isaksson, Magnus; Febbo, Phil; Becker, David; Laurent, Marc; McDonald, Eric; Yeo, Gene W; Knight, Rob; Laurent, Louise C; de Feo, Eileen; Worobey, Michael; Chiu, Charles; Suchard, Marc A; Lu, James T; Lee, William; Andersen, Kristian G; eng; U01 AI151812/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; U19 AI135995/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; UL1 TR002550/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; Preprint; medRxiv. 2021 Feb 7. doi: 10.1101/2021.02.06.21251159. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 was introduced into the US multiple times in November 2020. | The earliest occurred in California (Figure). | Interstate transmission likely began in December 2020. | B.1.1.7 cases doubled in the US every 9.8 days and spread to 30 states by January 2021. | Methods: Using both RT-PCR test (n = 500,000) and genomic sequencing results (n = 212) from samples collected between November 2020–January 2021, the introduction and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 were characterized. Transmissibility was assessed using spike gene target failure as a proxy for confirmed B.1.1.7 infections. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted to track the variant spread by clade. Limitations: Testing data covers less than half of US states and territories. | Implications: The full extent of B.1.1.7 circulation may be underestimated, but rapid and comprehensive interventions, including vaccination, physical distancing, and mask wearing, are essential to contain its spread. These data underscore the need for genomic surveillance to monitor dynamics of B.1.1.7 and emerging variants. SP - 2021.02.06.21251159 ST - Genomic epidemiology identifies emergence and rapid transmission of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 in the United States T2 - medRxiv TI - Genomic epidemiology identifies emergence and rapid transmission of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 in the United States TT - Published article: Emergence and rapid transmission of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 in the United States UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33564780 ID - 1493 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The degree of protective immunity conferred by infection with SARS-CoV-2 is currently unknown. As such, the possibility of reinfection with this virus is not well understood. Herein, we describe the data from an investigation of two instances of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the same individual. Through nucleic acid sequence analysis, the viruses associated with each instance of infection were found to possess a degree of genetic discordance that cannot be explained reasonably through short-term in vivo evolution. We conclude that it is possible for humans to become infected multiple times by SARS-CoV-2, but the generalizability of this finding is not known. AD - Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA; University of Nevada, Reno Center for Bioinformatics, Reno, NV, USA. | Theiagen Consulting LLC, Highlands Ranch, CO, USA. | Nevada Genomics Center, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA. | Division of Epidemiology & Public Health Preparedness, Washoe County Health District, Reno, NV, USA. | Renown Health, Reno, NV, USA. | Nevada State Public Health Laboratory, Reno, NV, USA. | Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA. | Forensic Science Division, Washoe County Sheriff's Office, Reno, NV, USA. | Nevada State Public Health Laboratory, Reno, NV, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA. Electronic address: mpandori@med.unr.edu. AN - 33058797 AU - Tillett, R. L. | Sevinsky, J. R. | Hartley, P. D. | Kerwin, H. | Crawford, N. | Gorzalski, A. | Laverdure, C. | Verma, S. C. | Rossetto, C. C. | Jackson, D. | Farrell, M. J. | Van Hooser, S. | Pandori, M. C1 - 2020-09-01 C2 - Cases of Reinfection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090120_covidupdate.html DA - 08/31/2020 DO - 10.2139/ssrn.3680955 ET - 2020/10/16 IS - 1 KW - Adult | COVID-19/*diagnosis | Genome, Viral | Humans | Male | Phylogeny | Reinfection/*diagnosis | SARS-CoV-2/*genetics L1 - internal-pdf://2468098080/Tillett-2021-Genomic evidence for reinfection.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Tillett, Richard L | Sevinsky, Joel R | Hartley, Paul D | Kerwin, Heather | Crawford, Natalie | Gorzalski, Andrew | Laverdure, Chris | Verma, Subhash C | Rossetto, Cyprian C | Jackson, David | Farrell, Megan J | Van Hooser, Stephanie | Pandori, Mark | eng | P20 GM103440/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ | U54 GM104944/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ | Case Reports | Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | Lancet Infect Dis. 2021 Jan;21(1):52-58. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30764-7. Epub 2020 Oct 12. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In one person, two episodes of SARS-CoV-2 infection were detected <2 months apart. | Symptoms during the first episode lasted for >30 days and the second episode required hospitalization for hypoxia. | The viruses sampled during the two episodes were in the same clade but genetically distinct (Figure). | Methods: Case report of a 25-year old patient in Reno, NV with positive RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 on April 18, 2020 and symptoms from March 25 to April 27, 2020. More severe symptoms began on May 28, leading to hospitalization and retesting on June 5. SARS-CoV-2 was sequenced from NP swabs from both episodes. The patient was positive for IgG/IgM on June 6. Limitations: Single case; did not indicate whether serology was performed at the first episode; minor variant analysis not reported. | Implications for the two case reports (To et al. & Tillett et al.): There is growing evidence for instances of reinfection with SARS CoV-2. Consensus guidance for defining reinfection and more data are needed before drawing inferences for vaccination or epidemiological control measures. | SN - 1474-4457 (Electronic) | 1473-3099 (Linking) SP - 18 ST - Genomic Evidence for a Case of Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 T2 - SSRN TI - Genomic Evidence for a Case of Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 TT - Published article: Genomic evidence for reinfection with SARS-CoV-2: a case study UR - https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3680955 VL - 21 ID - 2039 ER - TY - JOUR AB - To date, uncertainty remains about how long the protective immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 persists and the first reports of suspected reinfection began to be described in recovered patients months after the first episode. Viral evolution may favor reinfections, and the recently described spike mutations, particularly in the receptor binding domain (RBD) in SARS-CoV-2 lineages circulating in the UK, South Africa, and most recently in Brazil, have raised concern on their potential impact in infectivity and immune escape. We report the first case of reinfection from genetically distinct SARS-CoV-2 lineage presenting the E484K spike mutation in Brazil, a variant associated with escape from neutralizing antibodies. AU - Vasques Nonaka, Carolina Kymie | Miranda Franco, Mar�Tlia | Gräf, Tiago | Almeida Mendes, Ana Verena | Santana de Aguiar, Renato | Giovanetti, Marta | Solano de Freitas Souza, Bruno C1 - 2021-01-15 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01152021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.20944/preprints202101.0132.v1 L1 - internal-pdf://2504344787/Vasques Nonaka-2021-Genomic Evidence of a Sars.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Case report of reinfection with a genetically distinct SARS-CoV-2 variant with an E484K spike mutation associated with increased infectivity and escape from neutralizing antibodies. ST - Genomic Evidence of a Sars-Cov-2 Reinfection Case With E484K Spike Mutation in Brazil T2 - Preprints TI - Genomic Evidence of a Sars-Cov-2 Reinfection Case With E484K Spike Mutation in Brazil TT - Published article: Genomic Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection Involving E484K Spike Mutation, Brazil UR - https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202101.0132/v1 | https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202101.0132/v1/download ID - 1403 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Since the first wave of coronavirus disease in March 2020, citizens and permanent residents returning to New Zealand have been required to undergo managed isolation and quarantine (MIQ) for 14 days and mandatory testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). As of October 20, 2020, of 62,698 arrivals, testing of persons in MIQ had identified 215 cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Among 86 passengers on a flight from Dubai, United Arab Emirates, that arrived in New Zealand on September 29, test results were positive for 7 persons in MIQ. These passengers originated from 5 different countries before a layover in Dubai; 5 had negative predeparture SARS-CoV-2 test results. To assess possible points of infection, we analyzed information about their journeys, disease progression, and virus genomic data. All 7 SARS-CoV-2 genomes were genetically identical, except for a single mutation in 1 sample. Despite predeparture testing, multiple instances of in-flight SARS-CoV-2 transmission are likely. AN - 33400642 AU - Swadi, T. | Geoghegan, J. L. | Devine, T. | McElnay, C. | Sherwood, J. | Shoemack, P. | Ren, X. | Storey, M. | Jefferies, S. | Smit, E. | Hadfield, J. | Kenny, A. | Jelley, L. | Sporle, A. | McNeill, A. | Reynolds, G. E. | Mouldey, K. | Lowe, L. | Sonder, G. | Drummond, A. J. | Huang, S. | Welch, D. | Holmes, E. C. | French, N. | Simpson, C. R. | de Ligt, J. C1 - 2021-01-15 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01152021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar DO - 10.3201/eid2703.204714 ET - 2021/01/06 IS - 3 KW - *Aircraft | *COVID-19/diagnosis/transmission | Humans | Masks | New Zealand | Physical Distancing | *Quarantine | SARS-CoV-2/classification/*isolation & purification | United Arab Emirates | *2019 novel coronavirus disease | *covid-19 | *New Zealand | *SARS-CoV-2 | *coronavirus disease | *in-flight transmission | *respiratory infections | *severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 | *viruses | *zoonoses L1 - internal-pdf://1313893472/Swadi-2021-Genomic Evidence of In-Flight Trans.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Swadi, Tara; Geoghegan, Jemma L; Devine, Tom; McElnay, Caroline; Sherwood, Jillian; Shoemack, Phil; Ren, Xiaoyun; Storey, Matt; Jefferies, Sarah; Smit, Erasmus; Hadfield, James; Kenny, Aoife; Jelley, Lauren; Sporle, Andrew; McNeill, Andrea; Reynolds, G Edwin; Mouldey, Kip; Lowe, Lindsay; Sonder, Gerard; Drummond, Alexei J; Huang, Sue; Welch, David; Holmes, Edward C; French, Nigel; Simpson, Colin R; de Ligt, Joep; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review; Emerg Infect Dis. 2021 Mar;27(3):687-693. doi: 10.3201/eid2703.204714. Epub 2021 Jan 5. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In-flight transmission of SARS-CoV-2 occurred among 7 passengers, 5 of whom tested negative for SARS CoV2 prior to boarding, in aisle seats within a 5-row area of the plane. | 2 index cases were likely infected before boarding, 4 in-flight, and 1 while in quarantine upon arrival (Figure). | Methods: An investigation was conducted of in-flight transmission using data that included in-flight seating arrangements, symptom onset dates, and genomic data from cases on an 18-hour flight with a 2-hour refueling period that required a 14-day quarantine period at the destination. Limitations: The self-reported preflight negative tests were not described. | Implications: These findings support the need for pre-travel quarantine in addition to a negative test result to prevent in-transit transmission on long-haul flights. SN - 1080-6059 (Electronic); 1080-6040 (Linking) SP - 687-693 ST - Genomic Evidence of In-Flight Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Despite Predeparture Testing T2 - Emerg Infect Dis TI - Genomic Evidence of In-Flight Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Despite Predeparture Testing UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33400642 VL - 27 ID - 1411 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Infections with SARS-CoV-2 can progress toward multiple clinical outcomes, and the identification of factors associated with disease severity would represent a major advance to guide care and improve prognosis. We tested for associations between SARS-CoV-2 genomic variants from an international cohort of 2508 patients and mortality rates. Findings were validated in a second cohort. Phylogenetic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences revealed four well-resolved clades which had significantly different mortality rates, even after adjusting for patient demographic and geographic characteristics. We further identified ten single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the SARS-CoV-2 genome that were associated with patient mortality. Three SNPs remained associated with mortality in a generalized linear model (GLM) that also included patient age, sex, geographic region, and month of sample collection. Multiple SNPs were confirmed in the validation cohort. These SNPs represent targets to assess the mechanisms underlying COVID-19 disease severity and warrant straightforward validation in functional studies. AD - Department of Tropical Medicine, Vector-Borne and Infectious Disease Research Center, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA. | Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA. | Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA. AN - 33540576 AU - Dumonteil, E. | Fusco, D. | Drouin, A. | Herrera, C. C1 - 2021-02-19 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02192021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 2 DO - 10.3390/v13020227 DP - NLM ET - 2021/02/06 IS - 2 KW - Adult | Age Distribution | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | COVID-19/*mortality/*virology | Cohort Studies | Female | *Genome, Viral | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Phylogeny | *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide | SARS-CoV-2/*genetics | *covid-19 | *snp | *coronavirus | *genome | *pathogenesis L1 - internal-pdf://1422438909/Dumonteil-2021-Genomic Signatures of SARS-CoV-.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Dumonteil, Eric; Fusco, Dahlene; Drouin, Arnaud; Herrera, Claudia; eng; Startup Package and Physician Scientist Pipeline Program/Tulane University; Pilot Program/Tulane University; Department of Tropical Medicine Startup package/Tulane University; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Switzerland; Viruses. 2021 Feb 2;13(2). pii: v13020227. doi: 10.3390/v13020227. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Phylogenetic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences revealed 4 well-resolved clades. | Overall mortality was 5.7% and differed significantly between the clades ranging from 2.06% for Clade 1 to 11.6% for Clade 3 (Figure). | 3 previously undetected single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the SARS-CoV-2 genome were associated with patient mortality after adjusting for patient age, sex, geographic region, and month. | Methods: Phylogenetic analysis of 2,508 whole-genome sequences from SARS-CoV-2 virus selected from the GISAIDexternal icon database from December 2019−June 2020 and linked with metadata including disease severity and demographics. A phylogenetic tree was constructed from SNPs identified using Geneious 11. Generalized linear models were used to test for associations between mortality rates, viral clades, and co-variates. Limitations: Sequenced viral genomes are not a random sample of the global virus population and thus subject to selection bias; comorbidities were not included in the model. | Implications: The SARS-CoV-2 SNPs associated with mortality warrant further investigation to understand mechanisms underlying COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. SN - 1999-4915 (Electronic); 1999-4915 (Linking) ST - Genomic Signatures of SARS-CoV-2 Associated with Patient Mortality T2 - Viruses TI - Genomic Signatures of SARS-CoV-2 Associated with Patient Mortality UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33540576 VL - 13 ID - 1520 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Uniform access to SARS-CoV-2 testing is crucial for controlling the COVID-19 epidemic.1 Lack of testing can result in the epidemic spreading undetected2 and increase the risk of extensive local transmission. The USA has been slow to develop reliable diagnostic tests and, while there has been recent improvement in testing capabilities,3 large-scale testing remains a serious concern.Inequalities in geographic accessibility to healthcare in the USA have been documented to cause negative health outcomes for seasonal influenza transmission and other diseases.4 Further, travel time negatively impacts healthcare-seeking behaviour.5 The deployment of SARS-CoV-2 testing within existing medical infrastructure, while logistically efficient, may exacerbate this disparity in health outcomes6 and underestimate disease burden in disadvantaged populations. AD - Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. | Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. | Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. | Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA. | Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA. | Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. | Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA. | Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA. | Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. AN - 32412064 AU - Rader, Benjamin | Astley, Christina M. | Sy, Karla Therese L. | Sewalk, Kara | Hswen, Yulin | Brownstein, John S. | Kraemer, Moritz U. G. C1 - 2020-05-29 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052920_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 9 DO - 10.1093/jtm/taaa076 ET - 2020/05/16 IS - 7 KW - Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Clinical Laboratory Techniques/*methods | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis/epidemiology | Female | Health Services Accessibility/*statistics & numerical data | Healthcare Disparities/economics/*ethnology | Humans | Linear Models | Male | Pandemics/prevention & control/*statistics & numerical data | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis/epidemiology | Racism | Socioeconomic Factors | Time Factors | *Travel | United States | pandemic response | rural | surveillance | testing | travel-time | uninsured L1 - internal-pdf://0782481231/Rader-2020-Geographic access to United States.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Rader, Benjamin; Astley, Christina M; Sy, Karla Therese L; Sewalk, Kara; Hswen, Yulin; Brownstein, John S; Kraemer, Moritz U G; eng; K23 DK120899/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/; Multicenter Study; Review; England; J Travel Med. 2020 Nov 9;27(7). pii: 5837479. doi: 10.1093/jtm/taaa076. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Almost one-third of the US population resides in a county that has a median travel time of over 20 minutes to SARS-CoV-2 testing sites (Figure). | Median travel time is longer in counties with lower population density, a higher percentage of racial/ethnic minorities (i.e., not non-Hispanic white), and a higher percentage of persons with no health insurance. | Methods: A modeling analysis to assess associations between sociodemographic factors and median travel time to 6,236 SARS-CoV-2 testing locations, by county. Limitations: Non-geographic barriers to SARS-CoV-2 testing access (e.g., economic) were not examined. | Implications: Geographic access to SARS-CoV-2 testing sites varies substantially by county in the US, which might influence healthcare disparities and reported case estimates. SN - 1195-1982; 1708-8305 ST - Geographic access to United States SARS-CoV-2 testing sites highlights healthcare disparities and may bias transmission estimates T2 - J Travel Med TI - Geographic access to United States SARS-CoV-2 testing sites highlights healthcare disparities and may bias transmission estimates UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32412064 | https://escholarship.org/content/qt11m8c2zg/qt11m8c2zg.pdf?t=qfk1oe VL - 27 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 286 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed the importance of virus genome sequencing to guide public health interventions to control virus transmission and understand SARS-CoV-2 evolution. As of July 20th, 2021, >2 million SARS-CoV-2 genomes have been submitted to GISAID, 94% from high income and 6% from low and middle income countries. Here, we analyse the spatial and temporal heterogeneity in SARS-CoV-2 global genomic surveillance efforts. We report a comprehensive analysis of virus lineage diversity and genomic surveillance strategies adopted globally, and investigate their impact on the detection of known SARS-CoV-2 virus lineages and variants of concern. Our study provides a perspective on the global disparities surrounding SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance, their causes and consequences, and possible solutions to maximize the impact of pathogen genome sequencing for efforts on public health.One-Sentence Summary The causes, consequences and possible solutions for disparities in genomic surveillance observed in the COVID-19 pandemic.Competing Interest StatementNDG is an infectious diseases consultant for Tempus Labs. MAS receives grants and contracts from the National Institutes of Health, the US Food & Drug Administration, the US Department of Veterans Affairs and Janssen Research & Development. OGP has undertaken work for AstraZeneca on SARS-CoV-2 classification and genetic lineage nomenclature.Funding StatementInternal Fondsen KU Leuven/Internal Funds KU Leuven, Grant No. C14/18/094 (GB)Research Foundation, Flanders, “Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Vlaanderen�?G0E1420N, (GB)Research Foundation, Flanders, “Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Vlaanderen�? G098321N (GB)National Institutes of Health F31 AI154824 (GWH, MAS)National Institutes of Health R01 AI153044 (MAS)National Institutes of Health U19 AI135995 (MAS)Oxford Martin School, EUH2020 project MOOD (MUGK)Branco Weiss Fellowship (MUGK)Rockefeller Foundation (MUGK)Google.org (MUGK)Fast Grant from Emergent Ventures at the Mercatus Center at George Mason University (NDG)Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Contract # 75D30120C09570 (NDG)Oxford Martin School (OGP)Wellcome Trust (NRF)Royal Society Sir Henry Dale Fellowship 204311/Z/16/Z (NRF)Medical Research Council-Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) CADDE partnership award (MR/S0195/1 and FAPESP 18/14389-0) (http://caddecentre.org/) (NRF)NDG is an infectious diseases consultant for Tempus Labs. MAS receives grants and contracts from the National Institutes of Health, the US Food & Drug Administration, the US Department of Veterans Affairs and Janssen Research & Development. OGP has undertaken work for AstraZeneca on SARS-CoV-2 classification and genetic lineage nomenclature.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Not applicable.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData used in this study can be found in this GitHub repository: https://github.com/andersonbrito/paper_2021_metasurveillance AN - 34462754 AU - Brito, Anderson F. | Semenova, Elizaveta | Dudas, Gytis | Hassler, Gabriel W. | Kalinich, Chaney C. | Kraemer, Moritz U. G. | Hill, Sarah C. | Danish Covid-19 Genome, Consortium | Sabino, Ester C. | Pybus, Oliver G. | Dye, Christopher | Bhatt, Samir | Flaxamn, Seth | Suchard, Marc A. | Grubaugh, Nathan D. | Baele, Guy | Faria, Nuno R. C1 - 2021-09-10 C2 - PMC8404891 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09102021_covidupdate.html#anchor_Health%20Equity DA - Aug 26 DO - 10.1101/2021.08.21.21262393 ET - 2021/09/01 L1 - internal-pdf://1739655126/Brito-2021-Global disparities in SARS-CoV-2 ge.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Natural History | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Brito, Anderson F | Semenova, Elizaveta | Dudas, Gytis | Hassler, Gabriel W | Kalinich, Chaney C | Kraemer, Moritz U G | Hill, Sarah C | Sabino, Ester C | Pybus, Oliver G | Dye, Christopher | Bhatt, Samir | Flaxamn, Seth | Suchard, Marc A | Grubaugh, Nathan D | Baele, Guy | Faria, Nuno R | eng | WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom | F31 AI154824/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | R01 AI153044/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | U19 AI135995/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | Preprint | medRxiv. 2021 Aug 26. doi: 10.1101/2021.08.21.21262393. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) have sequenced SARS-CoV-2 viral genomes from <0.5% of their confirmed COVID-19 cases, whereas many high-income (HIC) countries have been able to sequence >5%. (Figure) | Some HIC performed near real-time surveillance (median turnaround time below 21 days), but turnaround times were longer in many LMIC (median 78 days). | Countries sequencing smaller percentages of cases and fewer SARS-CoV-2 viral genomes detected less lineage diversity and fewer variants. | Methods: Descriptive analysis of metadata from >2,400,000 consensus genome sequences deposited in the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data (GISAIDexternal icon) during the first 15 months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Genomic surveillance disparities were assessed by frequency of genome sequencing, turnaround time, and variant detection in HIC and LMIC. Limitations: Data from publicly accessible genomic databases only. | Implications: Genome sequencing is important to understand SARS-CoV-2 virus evolution and equitably guide public health interventions as new variants emerge. Enhancing capacity to perform genomic surveillance in all geographic regions, including LMIC, might improve global public health. SP - 2021.08.21.21262393 ST - Global disparities in SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance T2 - medRxiv TI - Global disparities in SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/08/26/2021.08.21.21262393.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/08/26/2021.08.21.21262393.full.pdf ID - 2299 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Emerging research suggests that the global prevalence of child and adolescent mental illness has increased considerably during COVID-19. However, substantial variability in prevalence rates have been reported across the literature.To ascertain more precise estimates of the global prevalence of child and adolescent clinically elevated depression and anxiety symptoms during COVID-19; to compare these rates with prepandemic estimates; and to examine whether demographic (eg, age, sex), geographical (ie, global region), or methodological (eg, pandemic data collection time point, informant of mental illness, study quality) factors explained variation in prevalence rates across studies.Four databases were searched (PsycInfo, Embase, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) from January 1, 2020, to February 16, 2021, and unpublished studies were searched in PsycArXiv on March 8, 2021, for studies reporting on child/adolescent depression and anxiety symptoms. The search strategy combined search terms from 3 themes: (1) mental illness (including depression and anxiety), (2) COVID-19, and (3) children and adolescents (age �?8 years). For PsycArXiv, the key terms COVID-19, mental health, and child/adolescent were used.Studies were included if they were published in English, had quantitative data, and reported prevalence of clinically elevated depression or anxiety in youth (age �?8 years).A total of 3094 nonduplicate titles/abstracts were retrieved, and 136 full-text articles were reviewed. Data were analyzed from March 8 to 22, 2021.Prevalence rates of clinically elevated depression and anxiety symptoms in youth.Random-effect meta-analyses were conducted. Twenty-nine studies including 80�?79 participants met full inclusion criteria. Pooled prevalence estimates of clinically elevated depression and anxiety symptoms were 25.2% (95% CI, 21.2%-29.7%) and 20.5% (95% CI, 17.2%-24.4%), respectively. Moderator analyses revealed that the prevalence of clinically elevated depression and anxiety symptoms were higher in studies collected later in the pandemic and in girls. Depression symptoms were higher in older children.Pooled estimates obtained in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic suggest that 1 in 4 youth globally are experiencing clinically elevated depression symptoms, while 1 in 5 youth are experiencing clinically elevated anxiety symptoms. These pooled estimates, which increased over time, are double of prepandemic estimates. An influx of mental health care utilization is expected, and allocation of resources to address child and adolescent mental health concerns are essential. AD - Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. | Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. AN - 34369987 AU - Racine, Nicole | McArthur, Brae Anne | Cooke, Jessica E. | Eirich, Rachel | Zhu, Jenney | Madigan, Sheri C1 - 2021-08-20 C2 - Natural History, Reinfection, and Health Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08202021_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 9 DO - 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2482 ET - 2021/08/10 L1 - internal-pdf://0839970597/Racine-2021-Global Prevalence of Depressive an.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Racine, Nicole | McArthur, Brae Anne | Cooke, Jessica E | Eirich, Rachel | Zhu, Jenney | Madigan, Sheri | eng | JAMA Pediatr. 2021 Aug 9. pii: 2782796. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2482. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In 29 studies including 80,879 youth, pooled prevalence of clinically elevated depressive symptoms was 25.2% (95% CI 21.2%-29.7%), and pooled prevalence of clinically elevated anxiety symptoms was 20.5% (95% CI 17.2%-24.4%). (Figure); Estimates ranged widely across studies (2%�?4% for depression and 2%�?0% for anxiety). | Prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms increased with each month of the pandemic, with increasing child age, and with higher proportion of females participating in the study. | Methods: Random-effect meta-analyses were conducted of studies published in English from January 1, 2020–February 16, 2021 containing prevalence rates of clinically elevated depression or anxiety in youth (aged �?8 years) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Quality of studies was assessed using a 5-item questionnaire. Limitations: Most studies were cross-sectional, limiting examination of associations over time. | Implications: Globally, the high prevalence of children and adolescents experiencing moderate or severe symptoms of depression (1 in 4 youth) or anxiety (1 in 5 youth) during the COVID-19 pandemic warrants attention to resource allocation for essential mental health services. SN - 2168-6203 ST - Global Prevalence of Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Children and Adolescents During COVID-19: A Meta-analysis T2 - JAMA Pediatr TI - Global Prevalence of Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Children and Adolescents During COVID-19: A Meta-analysis UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2482 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/articlepdf/2782796/jamapediatrics_racine_2021_oi_210043_1628106755.17245.pdf Y2 - 8/23/2021 ID - 2244 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Several coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines are currently in human trials. In June 2020, we surveyed 13,426 people in 19 countries to determine potential acceptance rates and factors influencing acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine. Of these, 71.5% of participants reported that they would be very or somewhat likely to take a COVID-19 vaccine, and 48.1% reported that they would accept their employer's recommendation to do so. Differences in acceptance rates ranged from almost 90% (in China) to less than 55% (in Russia). Respondents reporting higher levels of trust in information from government sources were more likely to accept a vaccine and take their employer's advice to do so. AD - Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. jeffrey.lazarus@isglobal.org. | City University of New York (CUNY) Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, New York NY, USA. | Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. | Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA. | London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom. | Emerson College, Boston, MA, USA. AN - 33082575 AU - Lazarus, J. V. | Ratzan, S. C. | Palayew, A. | Gostin, L. O. | Larson, H. J. | Rabin, K. | Kimball, S. | El-Mohandes, A. C1 - 2020-11-06 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/110620_covidupdate.html DA - Feb DO - 10.1038/s41591-020-1124-9 ET - 2020/10/22 IS - 2 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | COVID-19/*epidemiology/*immunology/virology | COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects/*immunology | Female | Humans | *Internationality | Male | Middle Aged | *Patient Acceptance of Health Care | Regression Analysis | SARS-CoV-2/immunology | *Surveys and Questionnaires | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://3598978941/Lazarus-2021-A global survey of potential acce.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Lazarus, Jeffrey V; Ratzan, Scott C; Palayew, Adam; Gostin, Lawrence O; Larson, Heidi J; Rabin, Kenneth; Kimball, Spencer; El-Mohandes, Ayman; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Nat Med. 2021 Feb;27(2):225-228. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-1124-9. Epub 2020 Oct 20. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A 2020 survey of >13,000 individuals in 19 countries showed that 71.5% of participants reported they would be very or somewhat likely to take a COVID-19 vaccine. SN - 1546-170X (Electronic); 1078-8956 (Linking) SP - 225-228 ST - A global survey of potential acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine T2 - Nat Med TI - A global survey of potential acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33082575 VL - 27 ID - 1193 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background We aimed to determine whether a 6-day course of intravenous methylprednisolone (MP) improves outcome in patients with SARS CoV-2 infection at risk of developing Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS).Methods Multicentric, partially randomized, preference, open-label trial, including adults with COVID-19 pneumonia, impaired gas exchange and biochemical evidence of hyper-inflammation. Patients were assigned to standard of care (SOC), or SOC plus intravenous MP [40mg/12h 3 days, then 20mg/12h 3 days]. The primary endpoint was a composite of death, admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) or requirement of non-invasive ventilation (NIV).Results We analyzed 85 patients (34, randomized to MP; 22, assigned to MP by clinician’s preference; 29, control group). Patients�?age (mean 68�u12 yr) was related to outcome. The use of MP was associated with a reduced risk of the composite endpoint in the intention-to-treat, age-stratified analysis (combined risk ratio -RR-0.55 [95% CI 0.33-0.91]; p=0.024). In the per-protocol analysis, RR was 0.11 (0.01-0.83) in patients aged 72 yr or less, 0.61 (0.32-1.17) in those over 72 yr, and 0.37 (0.19-0.74, p=0.0037) in the whole group after age-adjustment by stratification. The decrease in C-reactive protein levels was more pronounced in the MP group (p=0.0003). Hyperglycemia was more frequent in the MP group.Conclusions A short course of MP had a beneficial effect on the clinical outcome of severe COVID-19 pneumonia, decreasing the risk of the composite end point of admission to ICU, NIV or death.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Clinical TrialEudraCT number: 2020-001934-37Funding StatementNo specific fundingAuthor DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Comite de Etica en Investigacion con Medicamentos de CantabriaAll necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesRequest from authors AU - Corral-Gudino, Luis | Bahamonde, Alberto | Arnaiz-Revillas, Francisco | G�Qmez-Barquero, Julia | Abad�Ta-Otero, Jesica | Garc�Ta-Ibarbia, Carmen | Mora, V�Tctor | Cerezo-Hern֙ndez, Ana | Hern֙ndez, José L. | L�Qpez-Muñ�Tz, Graciela | Hern֙ndez-Blanco, Fernando | Cifri֙n, Jose M. | Olmos, Jose M. | Carrascosa, Miguel | Nieto, Luis | Fariñas, Mar�Ta Carmen | Riancho, José A. | Bahamonde, Alberto | Hern֙ndez-Blanco, Fernando | Buelta-Gonz֙lez, Cristina | Marcos-Mart�Tnez, Luis A. | Mart�Tnez-Vidal, Ana I. | Dosantos-Gallego, Pilar R. l | Pérez-Sagredo, Jesús | Sandomingo-Freire, Silvia | Muñumer-Bl֙zquez, Rebeca | Paredes-Mogollo, Antonio | Brague-Allegue, Elena | Carrascosa, Miguel | Garc�Ta-Rivero, Juan L. | Riancho, José A. | Olmos, José M. | Fariñas, Carmen | Cifrian, José M. | Garc�Ta-Ibarbia, Carmen | Hern֙ndez, Jose L. | Arnaiz-Revillas, Francisco | Mora, Victor | Nieto, Sara | Ruiz-Cubill֙n, Juan | Bermúdez, Arancha | Pardo, Javier | Amado, Carlos | Insunza, Andrés | Gil, Aritz | Diaz-Ter֙n, Teresa | Fayos, Marina | Zabaleta, Miguel A. | Parra, Juan J. | Corral-Gudino, Luis | G�Qmez-Barquero, Julia | Abad�Ta-Otero, Jesica | Cerezo-Hern֙ndez, Ana | L�Qpez-Muñ�Tz, Graciela | Ru�Tz-de-Temiño-de-la-Peña, Angela | Arroyo-Domingo, C. Ainhoa | Mena-Mart�Tn, Javier | Miramontes-Gonz֙lez, Pablo | Jiménez-Masa, Ana E. | Pastor-Mancisidor, Luis | Álvaro-de-Castro, Tan�Ta M. | Pérez-Panizo, Mar�Ta Cruz | Ru�Tz-Albi, Tom֙s | de-la-Colina-Rojo, C. Gema | Andrés-Calvo, Mar�Ta | Crespo-Sedano, Andrea | Morej�Qn-Huerta, Begoña | Briongos-Figuero, Laisa S. | Frutos-Arriba, Julio F. | Pag֙n-Buzo, Javier | Gabella-Mart�Tn, Miriam | Cobos-Siles, Marta | G�Qmez-Garc�Ta, Ana | Nieto, Luis C1 - 2020-06-26 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/062620_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.06.17.20133579 L1 - internal-pdf://0519983896/Corral-Gudino-2020-GLUCOCOVID_ A controlled tr.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Methylprednisolone treatment was associated with reduced risk of death, ICU admission, and non-invasive ventilation among adult COVID-19 patients at risk of ARDS, compared with standard of care (age-weighted, per-protocol risk ratio: 0.37, 95% CI 0.19-0.74). | Reduced risk was most pronounced among patients 72 years or younger (Figure). | Methods: Interim results from an open label, partially randomized trial in 5 Spanish hospitals, April-May 2020. Adult COVID-19 patients were treated with standard of care (n= 29) or standard of care plus methylprednisolone (n=56). Inclusion criteria included moderate to severe lung disease; patients on mechanical ventilation or in the ICU were excluded. Limitations: Small sample size (interim trial results); possible confounding due to physician preference for use of methylprednisolone; standard of care treatments may differ across providers and hospitals. | Implications: Interim trial results suggest methylprednisolone may have beneficial effects for adult patients with COVID-19 who are at risk of developing ARDS. Complete trial results are needed to confirm findings. SP - 2020.06.17.20133579 ST - GLUCOCOVID: A controlled trial of methylprednisolone in adults hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia T2 - medRxiv TI - GLUCOCOVID: A controlled trial of methylprednisolone in adults hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia TT - Published article: Methylprednisolone in adults hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2020/06/18/2020.06.17.20133579.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/06/18/2020.06.17.20133579.full.pdf ID - 437 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: Mortality in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and systemic hyperinflammation is high. We aimed to examine whether mavrilimumab, an anti-granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor-alpha monoclonal antibody, added to standard management, improves clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and systemic hyperinflammation. Methods: This single-centre prospective cohort study included patients aged 18 years or older who were admitted to San Raffaele Hospital (Milan, Italy) with severe COVID-19 pneumonia, hypoxia, and systemic hyperinflammation. Patients received a single intravenous dose (6 mg/kg) of mavrilimumab added to standard care given by the hospital at the time. The control group consisted of contemporaneous patients with similar baseline characteristics who received standard care at the same hospital. The main outcome was time to clinical improvement (defined as improvement of two or more points on the seven-point ordinal scale of clinical status). Other outcomes included proportion of patients achieving clinical improvement, survival, mechanical ventilation-free survival, and time to fever resolution. Adverse events were monitored daily. Findings: Between March 17 and April 15, 2020, 13 non-mechanically ventilated patients (median age 57 years [IQR 52-58], 12 [92%] men) received mavrilimumab and 26 patients (median age 60 [IQR 53-67], 17 [65%] men) in the control group received standard care. During the 28-day follow-up, no patients in the mavrilimumab group died, and seven (27%) patients in the control group died (p=0.086). At day 28, all patients in the mavrilimumab group and 17 (65%) patients in the control group showed clinical improvement (p=0.030), with earlier improvement in the mavrilimumab than in the control group (mean time to improvement 8 days [IQR 5 to 11] vs 19 days [11 to >28], p=0.0001). By day 28, one (8%) patient in the mavrilimumab group progressed to mechanical ventilation compared with nine (35%) patients in the control group who progressed to mechanical ventilation or died (p=0.14). By day 14, fever resolved in ten (91%) of 11 febrile patients in the mavrilimumab group, compared with 11 (61%) of 18 febrile patients in the control group (p=0.18); fever resolution was faster in mavrilimumab recipients versus controls (median time to resolution 1 day [IQR 1 to 2] vs 7 days [3 to >14], p=0.0093). Mavrilimumab was well tolerated, with no infusion reactions. Three (12%) patients in the control group developed infectious complications. Interpretation: Mavrilimumab treatment was associated with improved clinical outcomes compared with standard care in non-mechanically ventilated patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia and systemic hyperinflammation. Treatment was well tolerated. Confirmation of efficacy requires controlled testing. Funding: IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute. AD - Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy. | Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy. | Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy. | Internal Medicine and Transplant Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy. | Emergency Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy. | Internal Medicine, Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy. | General Medicine and Advanced Care Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy. | Department of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy. | Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy. | Department of Radiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy. | Kiniksa Pharmaceuticals, Lexington, MA, USA. | Translational Pulmonary Science Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA. AN - 32835256 AU - De Luca, G. | Cavalli, G. | Campochiaro, C. | Della-Torre, E. | Angelillo, P. | Tomelleri, A. | Boffini, N. | Tentori, S. | Mette, F. | Farina, N. | Rovere-Querini, P. | Ruggeri, A. | D'Aliberti, T. | Scarpellini, P. | Landoni, G. | De Cobelli, F. | Paolini, J. F. | Zangrillo, A. | Tresoldi, M. | Trapnell, B. C. | Ciceri, F. | Dagna, L. C1 - 2020-06-30 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/063020_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.1016/S2665-9913(20)30170-3 ET - 2020/08/25 IS - 8 L1 - internal-pdf://1175423292/De Luca-2020-GM-CSF blockade with mavrilimumab.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - De Luca, Giacomo; Cavalli, Giulio; Campochiaro, Corrado; Della-Torre, Emanuel; Angelillo, Piera; Tomelleri, Alessandro; Boffini, Nicola; Tentori, Stefano; Mette, Francesca; Farina, Nicola; Rovere-Querini, Patrizia; Ruggeri, Annalisa; D'Aliberti, Teresa; Scarpellini, Paolo; Landoni, Giovanni; De Cobelli, Francesco; Paolini, John F; Zangrillo, Alberto; Tresoldi, Moreno; Trapnell, Bruce C; Ciceri, Fabio; Dagna, Lorenzo; eng; R01 HL085453/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; R01 HL118342/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; England; Lancet Rheumatol. 2020 Aug;2(8):e465-e473. doi: 10.1016/S2665-9913(20)30170-3. Epub 2020 Jun 16. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Non-randomized patients with severe COVID-19 and hyperinflammation treated with mavrilimumab were likely to experience clinical improvement (100% vs. 65%) and that was faster (8 vs. 19 days) and to experience a shorter time to hospital discharge (10 vs. 20 days) than control patients (Figure 1A). | No mavrilimumab-treated patients died; 7 (27%) control patients died (p=0.09) (Figure 1B). | Methods: 39 non-intubated patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia and hyperinflammation (13 received IV mavrilimumab), March 17–April 15, 2020, Milan, Italy. Control patients (26) were eligible for, but not treated with mavrilimumab because of lack of available drug (24) or consent (2). Standard therapy included hydroxychloroquine, O2, �u azithromycin. Limitations: Non-randomized. | Implications of 3 studies (De Luca et al., Guaraldi et al., & Robilotti et al.): Monoclonal antibodies directed at alteration of the immune response may affect the course of COVID-19. Tocilizumab treatment may reduce the risk of mechanical ventilation or death in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. Mavrilimumab may improve outcomes in patients with severe COVID-19 and hyperinflammation. RCTs are needed to confirm these findings. Persons receiving ICIs for cancer treatment might be at elevated risk for severe COVID-19. SN - 2665-9913 (Electronic); 2665-9913 (Linking) SP - e465-e473 ST - GM-CSF blockade with mavrilimumab in severe COVID-19 pneumonia and systemic hyperinflammation: a single-centre, prospective cohort study T2 - Lancet Rheumatol TI - GM-CSF blockade with mavrilimumab in severe COVID-19 pneumonia and systemic hyperinflammation: a single-centre, prospective cohort study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32835256 VL - 2 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 467 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The president and all 50 governors have declared health emergencies to counteract the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). While researchers race to develop vaccines, officials are implementing physical distancing, including orders to stay at home, restricting travel, and closing nonessential businesses (see eFigure in the Supplement). To limit cross-border spread, more than a dozen states have issued mandatory quarantines for interstate travelers. Some models suggest physical distancing would have to persist for 3 months to mitigate the peak effects on health systems and could be required on an intermittent basis for 12 to 18 months. What legal powers do governments have? What is the role of the courts? How can public health be balanced with personal and economic rights? AD - O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, DC. | Washington College of Law, American University, Washington, DC. AN - 32239184 AU - Gostin, L. O. | Wiley, L. F. C1 - 2020-04-17 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/041720_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 2 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.5460 ET - 2020/04/03 IS - 21 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Civil Rights/legislation & jurisprudence | Commerce/*legislation & jurisprudence | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/prevention & control | Crowding | Economics | Emergencies/epidemiology | Federal Government | Government Regulation | Humans | Pandemics/prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/prevention & control | Public Health/*legislation & jurisprudence | Quarantine/*legislation & jurisprudence | SARS-CoV-2 | Schools/legislation & jurisprudence | State Government | Travel/*legislation & jurisprudence | United States | Vulnerable Populations/legislation & jurisprudence L1 - internal-pdf://1425474183/Gostin-2020-Governmental Public Health Powers.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Gostin, Lawrence O; Wiley, Lindsay F; eng; JAMA. 2020 Jun 2;323(21):2137-2138. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.5460. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Discusses the balance between public health objectives and individual rights in implementation of COVID-19 response activities in the United States. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 2137-2138 ST - Governmental Public Health Powers During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Stay-at-home Orders, Business Closures, and Travel Restrictions T2 - JAMA TI - Governmental Public Health Powers During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Stay-at-home Orders, Business Closures, and Travel Restrictions UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32239184 VL - 323 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 49 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine remains too low in the US as COVID-19 variant cases and hospitalizations continue to rise. Nudges that remove barriers and facilitate action can increase vaccine uptake. Many states, North Carolina included, have announced incentive programs to motivate COVID-19 vaccination, including lotteries for $1 million. However, these large but uncertain financial prizes benefit only a few lucky winners and do not broadly address access barriers to vaccination. In contrast, guaranteed small financial incentives can offset costs related to lost wages, transportation, and childcare. AD - Office of the Secretary, North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh. | Advanced Center for COVID-19 Related Disparities (ACCORD), Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, Durham. | Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill. | Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill. AN - 34694349 AU - Wong, Charlene A. | Pilkington, William | Doherty, Irene A. | Zhu, Ziliang | Gawande, Hattie | Kumar, Deepak | Brewer, Noel T. C1 - 2021-11-05 C2 - PMC8546614 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/11052021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - Oct 25 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.6170 ET - 2021/10/26 L1 - internal-pdf://3056170751/Wong-2021-Guaranteed Financial Incentives for.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Testing | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Wong, Charlene A | Pilkington, William | Doherty, Irene A | Zhu, Ziliang | Gawande, Hattie | Kumar, Deepak | Brewer, Noel T | eng | JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Oct 25. pii: 2785565. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.6170. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In 4 counties in North Carolina (April–June 2021), vaccine initiation declined less at sites offering $25 cash card incentives to vaccine recipients (n = 2,890) and drivers (n = 1,374), compared with other sites in the same counties (�?6.4% vs. �?1.1%, p <0.001) and the overall state (�?8.6%, p <0.001). Among those surveyed (n = 401), vaccine recipients who were Hispanic/Latino, Black or African American, or who had lower income were more likely to report that incentives were important for vaccine decision-making. SN - 2168-6106 ST - Guaranteed Financial Incentives for COVID-19 Vaccination: A Pilot Program in North Carolina T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - Guaranteed Financial Incentives for COVID-19 Vaccination: A Pilot Program in North Carolina UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.6170 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/articlepdf/2785565/jamainternal_wong_2021_ld_210056_1634937151.22182.pdf Y2 - 11/8/2021 ID - 2577 ER - TY - JOUR AD - IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy. | Istituto Ospedaliero Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy. | IRCCS C. Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy sabrina.ravaglia@mondino.it. | Azienda Ospedaliera SS. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy. | IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy. AN - 32302082 AU - Toscano, G. | Palmerini, F. | Ravaglia, S. | Ruiz, L. | Invernizzi, P. | Cuzzoni, M. G. | Franciotta, D. | Baldanti, F. | Daturi, R. | Postorino, P. | Cavallini, A. | Micieli, G. C1 - 2020-05-01 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050120_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 25 DO - 10.1056/NEJMc2009191 ET - 2020/04/18 IS - 26 KW - Aged | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*complications/therapy | Female | Guillain-Barre Syndrome/*etiology | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications/therapy | SARS-CoV-2 | Vital Capacity | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://0987157566/Toscano-2020-Guillain-Barre Syndrome Associate.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Variants | N1 - Toscano, Gianpaolo; Palmerini, Francesco; Ravaglia, Sabrina; Ruiz, Luigi; Invernizzi, Paolo; Cuzzoni, M Giovanna; Franciotta, Diego; Baldanti, Fausto; Daturi, Rossana; Postorino, Paolo; Cavallini, Anna; Micieli, Giuseppe; eng; Case Reports; Letter; N Engl J Med. 2020 Jun 25;382(26):2574-2576. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2009191. Epub 2020 Apr 17. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Case series describing the development of Guillain–Barré syndrome 5-10 days after onset of COVID-19 symptoms in 5 Italian patients from 3 hospitals in northern Italy. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 2574-2576 ST - Guillain-Barre Syndrome Associated with SARS-CoV-2 T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Guillain-Barre Syndrome Associated with SARS-CoV-2 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32302082 VL - 382 ID - 114 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A systematic review from 1 January to 30 June 2020 revealed 42 patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Single cases and small series were reported from 13 countries, the majority from Europe (79.4%) and especially from Italy (30.9%). SARS-CoV-2 infection was demonstrated by nasopharyngeal swab (85.7%) and serology (14.3%). Median time between COVID-19 and GBS onset in 36 patients was 11.5 days (IQR: 7.7-16). The most common clinical features were: limb weakness (76.2%), hypoareflexia (80.9 %), sensory disturbances (66.7 %) and facial palsy (38.1%). Dysautonomia occurred in 19%, respiratory failure in 33.3% and 40.5% of patients were admitted in intensive care unit. Most patients (71.4%) had the classical clinical presentation but virtually all GBS variants and subtypes were reported. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) albumin-cytological dissociation was found in 28/36 (77.8%) and PCR for SARS-CoV-2 was negative in 25/25 patients. Electrodiagnosis was demyelinating in 80.5% and levels 1 and 2 of Brighton criteria of diagnostic certainty, when applicable, were fulfilled in 94.5% patients. Antiganglioside antibodies were positive in only 1/22 patients. Treatments were intravenous immunoglobulin and/or plasma exchange (92.8%) with, at short-time follow-up, definite improvement or recovery in 62.1% of patients. One patient died. In conclusion, the most frequent phenotype of GBS in SARS-CoV-2 infection is the classical sensorimotor demyelinating GBS responding to the usual treatments. The time interval between infectious and neuropathic symptoms, absence of CSF pleocytosis and negative PCR support a postinfectious mechanism. The abundance of reports suggests a pathogenic link between SARS-CoV-2 infection and GBS but a case-control study is greatly needed. AD - Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy uncini@unich.it. | Department of Neurology, National Reference Center for "Rare Peripheral Neuropathies", CHU Dupuytren, Limoges, France. | Departments of Neurology and Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. AN - 32855289 AU - Uncini, A. | Vallat, J. M. | Jacobs, B. C. C1 - 2021-01-15 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01152021_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1136/jnnp-2020-324491 ET - 2020/08/29 IS - 10 KW - Adult | Aged | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*complications/diagnosis/therapy | Female | Guillain-Barre Syndrome/*diagnosis/therapy/*virology | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications/diagnosis/therapy | SARS-CoV-2 | Young Adult | *Guillain-Barre syndrome | *neurovirology | *systematic reviews L1 - internal-pdf://0199328688/Uncini-2020-Guillain-Barre syndrome in SARS-Co.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Uncini, Antonino; Vallat, Jean-Michel; Jacobs, Bart C; eng; Systematic Review; England; J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2020 Oct;91(10):1105-1110. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2020-324491. Epub 2020 Aug 27. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Guillain-Barre syndrome, which is responsive to usual treatments, presents as a post-infectious process in persons with SARS-CoV-2 infection suggesting a pathologic link. SN - 1468-330X (Electronic); 0022-3050 (Linking) SP - 1105-1110 ST - Guillain-Barre syndrome in SARS-CoV-2 infection: an instant systematic review of the first six months of pandemic T2 - J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry TI - Guillain-Barre syndrome in SARS-CoV-2 infection: an instant systematic review of the first six months of pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32855289 VL - 91 ID - 1404 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Kendall Regional Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA. | Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Kendall Regional Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA; University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA. | Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Kendall Regional Medical Center, Miami, FL, USA. Electronic address: Adel.Elkbuli@hcahealthcare.com. AN - 32444297 AU - Sutherland, M. | McKenney, M. | Elkbuli, A. C1 - 2020-05-19 C2 - COVID-19 and Violence CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051920_covidupdate.html DA - Jan DO - 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.05.006 ET - 2020/05/24 KW - Baltimore | COVID-19/*epidemiology | Chicago | Gun Violence/*trends | Humans | Los Angeles | New York City L1 - internal-pdf://2719871042/Sutherland-2021-Gun violence during COVID-19 p.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Sutherland, Mason; McKenney, Mark; Elkbuli, Adel; eng; Letter; Am J Emerg Med. 2021 Jan;39:225-226. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.05.006. Epub 2020 May 7. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Gun violence in New York, Chicago, and Baltimore has increased in 2020 compared to 2018 and 2019. SN - 1532-8171 (Electronic); 0735-6757 (Linking) SP - 225-226 ST - Gun violence during COVID-19 pandemic: Paradoxical trends in New York City, Chicago, Los Angeles and Baltimore T2 - Am J Emerg Med TI - Gun violence during COVID-19 pandemic: Paradoxical trends in New York City, Chicago, Los Angeles and Baltimore UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32444297 VL - 39 Y2 - 2021/05/12 ID - 214 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Haemodialysis (HD) patients are exposed to a high risk due to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. They are prone to acquiring the infection and are threatened by high mortality rates in case of infection. However, HD patients were not included in the efficacy trials of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Such efficacy data would have been critical because HD patients show decreased responses against various other vaccines and this could translate to the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines as well.We conducted a prospective cohort study that contained a group of 81 HD patients and 80 healthy controls. All of them had been vaccinated with the BioNTech/Pfizer mRNA vaccine (two doses, as per the manufacturer’s recommendation). The anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) antibody response was measured for all participants 21 days after the second dose. The groups were compared using univariate quantile regressions and a multivariate analysis. The adverse events (AEs) of the vaccination were assessed via a questionnaire. Finally, a correlation between the HBs-antibody response and the SARS-CoV-2 antibody response in the HD patients was established.The HD patients had significantly lower anti-SARS-CoV-2 S antibody titres than the control patients 21 days after vaccination (median was 171 U/mL for dialysis patients and 2500 U/mL for the controls). Further, the HD group presented fewer AEs than the control group. No correlation was found between the antibody response to previous Hepatitis B vaccination and that of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.HD patients present highly diminished SARS-CoV-2 S antibody titres compared with a cohort of controls. Therefore, they could be much less protected by SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccinations than expected. Further studies to test alternative vaccination schemes should be considered. AD - Mistelbach-Ganserndorf State Clinic, Institute for Medical-Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Mistelbach, Austria. | Department for Internal Medicine III-Nephrology and Diabetology, Mistelbach-Ganserndorf State Clinic, Mistelbach, Austria. | Department for Internal Medicine, Hainburg State Clinic, Hainburg, Austria. | MedUni Wien, Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems (Institute of Medical Statistics),Vienna, Austria. AN - 33999200 AU - Simon, Benedikt | Rubey, Harald | Treipl, Andreas | Gromann, Martin | Hemedi, Boris | Zehetmayer, Sonja | Kirsch, Bernhard C1 - 2021-05-28 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05282021_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 27 DO - 10.1093/ndt/gfab179 ET - 2021/05/18 IS - 9 KW - *SARS-CoV-2 | *antibodies | *dialysis | *vaccination L1 - internal-pdf://0877088027/Simon-2021-Haemodialysis patients show a highl.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Simon, Benedikt | Rubey, Harald | Treipl, Andreas | Gromann, Martin | Hemedi, Boris | Zehetmayer, Sonja | Kirsch, Bernhard | eng | England | Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2021 Aug 27;36(9):1709-1716. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfab179. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: 21 days after the second dose of Pfizer/BioNTech BNT126b2 vaccine, neutralizing antibody (Nab) titers were 14.6-fold lower in 81 hemodialysis patients compared with 80 healthy controls. 22 hemodialysis patients did not have detectable NAb at 3 weeks post-vaccination, but at 10 weeks 5 of these patients (among 21 with samples) had detectable NAb. SN - 0931-0509 SP - 1709-1716 ST - Haemodialysis patients show a highly diminished antibody response after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination compared with healthy controls T2 - Nephrol Dial Transplant TI - Haemodialysis patients show a highly diminished antibody response after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination compared with healthy controls UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfab179 VL - 36 Y2 - 6/29/2021 ID - 1796 ER - TY - JOUR AB - To ensure the safe operation of schools, workplaces, nursing homes, and other businesses during COVID-19 pandemic there is an urgent need to develop cost-effective public health strategies. Here we focus on the cruise industry which was hit early by the COVID-19 pandemic, with more than 40 cruise ships reporting COVID-19 infections. We apply mathematical modeling to assess the impact of testing strategies together with social distancing protocols on the spread of the novel coronavirus during ocean cruises using an individual-level stochastic model of the transmission dynamics of COVID-19. We model the contact network, the potential importation of cases arising during shore excursions, the temporal course of infectivity at the individual level, the effects of social distancing strategies, different testing scenarios characterized by the test’s sensitivity profile, and testing frequency. Our findings indicate that PCR testing at embarkation and daily testing of all individuals aboard, together with increased social distancing and other public health measures, should allow for rapid detection and isolation of COVID-19 infections and dramatically reducing the probability of onboard COVID-19 community spread. In contrast, relying only on PCR testing at embarkation would not be sufficient to avert outbreaks, even when implementing substantial levels of social distancing measures. AD - Department of Population Heath Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA. gchowell@gsu.edu. | Department of Population Heath Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA. | Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA. | Graduate School of Advanced Integrated Studies in Human Survivability, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Nakaadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan. | Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan. AN - 34326439 AU - Chowell, Gerardo | Dahal, Sushma | Bono, Raquel | Mizumoto, Kenji C1 - 2021-08-06 C2 - Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08062021_covidupdate.html DA - 2021/07/29 DO - 10.1038/s41598-021-95032-4 ET - 2021/07/31 IS - 1 KW - COVID-19/*prevention & control/transmission | Contact Tracing/*methods | Disease Outbreaks/*prevention & control | Humans | Models, Theoretical | Oceans and Seas | Pandemics/prevention & control | Physical Distancing | Public Health | Public Health Practice | Quarantine | SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification | Ships L1 - internal-pdf://1480666438/Chowell-2021-Harnessing testing strategies and.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Chowell, Gerardo | Dahal, Sushma | Bono, Raquel | Mizumoto, Kenji | eng | 2026797/NSF | 20H03940/Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI | JPMJJR2002/Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) J-RAPID | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. | England | Sci Rep. 2021 Jul 29;11(1):15482. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-95032-4. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Mathematical modeling suggests that SARS-CoV-2 transmission aboard cruise ships could be slowed by adding daily on-board testing to pre-embarkation PCR testing, social distancing, and other public health measures. SN - 2045-2322 SP - 15482 ST - Harnessing testing strategies and public health measures to avert COVID-19 outbreaks during ocean cruises T2 - Sci Rep TI - Harnessing testing strategies and public health measures to avert COVID-19 outbreaks during ocean cruises UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-95032-4 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8322151/pdf/41598_2021_Article_95032.pdf VL - 11 ID - 2194 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Cmaj. AN - 32958577 AU - Vogel, L. C1 - 2020-10-02 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100220_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 21 DO - 10.1503/cmaj.1095897 ET - 2020/09/23 IS - 38 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Child | Child Welfare/*statistics & numerical data | Communicable Disease Control/methods | Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control/*transmission | Humans | Pandemics/prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control/*transmission | Public Health | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://0513302833/Vogel-2020-Have we misjudged the role of child.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Vogel, Lauren; eng; Canada; CMAJ. 2020 Sep 21;192(38):E1102-E1103. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.1095897. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Discusses new evidence that children can play a larger role in spreading SARS-COV-2 than previously considered. SN - 1488-2329 (Electronic); 0820-3946 (Linking) SP - E1102-E1103 ST - Have we misjudged the role of children in spreading COVID-19? T2 - CMAJ TI - Have we misjudged the role of children in spreading COVID-19? UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32958577 VL - 192 ID - 986 ER - TY - JOUR AB - “This is weird,�?I told my colleague, describing my heart racing at 130 beats per minute when I woke up in the mornings. After recovering from a mild coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) illness, I was excited to return to work in the intensive care unit (ICU). But after a few days, I knew something was wrong. Having seen patients who recovered from mild COVID-19 illness subsequently deteriorate and require intubation, I worried about ending up like them. Working was the magical way to put these thoughts away; if I could be taking care of the patients with the most severe illness, then I could not be one of them. AD - Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York. AN - 32785639 AU - Shapiro, J. M. C1 - 2020-08-25 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082520_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 1 DO - 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.3247 ET - 2020/08/14 IS - 10 KW - *Attitude of Health Personnel | *covid-19 | Humans | New York City | Physicians/*psychology L1 - internal-pdf://2398830139/Shapiro-2020-Having Coronavirus Disease 2019 (.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Shapiro, Janet M; eng; JAMA Cardiol. 2020 Oct 1;5(10):1091. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.3247. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A brief perspective from a New York City ICU doctor who had COVID-19. SN - 2380-6591 (Electronic) SP - 1091 ST - Having Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) T2 - JAMA Cardiol TI - Having Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32785639 VL - 5 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 771 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging infectious disease of pandemic proportions. Healthcare workers in Singapore working in high-risk areas were mandated to wear personal protective equipment (PPE) such as N95 face mask and protective eyewear while attending to patients. OBJECTIVES: We sought to determine the risk factors associated with the development of de novo PPE-associated headaches as well as the perceived impact of these headaches on their personal health and work performance. The impact of COVID-19 on pre-existing headache disorders was also investigated. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study among healthcare workers at our tertiary institution who were working in high-risk hospital areas during COVID-19. All respondents completed a self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 158 healthcare workers participated in the study. Majority [126/158 (77.8%)] were aged 21-35 years. Participants included nurses [102/158 (64.6%)], doctors [51/158 (32.3%)], and paramedical staff [5/158 (3.2%)]. Pre-existing primary headache diagnosis was present in about a third [46/158 (29.1%)] of respondents. Those based at the emergency department had higher average daily duration of combined PPE exposure compared to those working in isolation wards [7.0 (SD 2.2) vs 5.2 (SD 2.4) hours, P < .0001] or medical ICU [7.0 (SD 2.2) vs 2.2 (SD 0.41) hours, P < .0001]. Out of 158 respondents, 128 (81.0%) respondents developed de novo PPE-associated headaches. A pre-existing primary headache diagnosis (OR = 4.20, 95% CI 1.48-15.40; P = .030) and combined PPE usage for >4 hours per day (OR 3.91, 95% CI 1.35-11.31; P = .012) were independently associated with de novo PPE-associated headaches. Since COVID-19 outbreak, 42/46 (91.3%) of respondents with pre-existing headache diagnosis either "agreed" or "strongly agreed" that the increased PPE usage had affected the control of their background headaches, which affected their level of work performance. CONCLUSION: Most healthcare workers develop de novo PPE-associated headaches or exacerbation of their pre-existing headache disorders. AD - Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore. | Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. | Department of Emergency Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore. AN - 32232837 AU - Ong, J. J. Y. | Bharatendu, C. | Goh, Y. | Tang, J. Z. Y. | Sooi, K. W. X. | Tan, Y. L. | Tan, B. Y. Q. | Teoh, H. L. | Ong, S. T. | Allen, D. M. | Sharma, V. K. C1 - 2020-05-12 C2 - PPE-related Injury and Discomfort CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051220_covidupdate.html DA - May DO - 10.1111/head.13811 ET - 2020/04/02 IS - 5 KW - Adult | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/*prevention & control | Cross-Sectional Studies | Female | Headache/*epidemiology | Health Personnel/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Male | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Personal Protective Equipment/*adverse effects | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/*prevention & control | Singapore/epidemiology | Surveys and Questionnaires | Young Adult | *n95 | *coronavirus disease | *coronavirus disease 2019 | *eyewear | *face mask | *goggles | *headache | *healthcare workers | *personal protection equipment (PPE) L1 - internal-pdf://0101056497/Ong-2020-Headaches Associated With Personal Pr.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Ong, Jonathan J Y; Bharatendu, Chandra; Goh, Yihui; Tang, Jonathan Z Y; Sooi, Kenneth W X; Tan, Yi Lin; Tan, Benjamin Y Q; Teoh, Hock-Luen; Ong, Shi T; Allen, David M; Sharma, Vijay K; eng; Headache. 2020 May;60(5):864-877. doi: 10.1111/head.13811. Epub 2020 Apr 12. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Healthcare workers (HCWs) used personal protective equipment (PPE), consisting of N95 respirators and eye protection (Figure 2), an average of 18.0 days per month, 5.7 hours a day. | 81% of HCWs reported PPE-associated headaches with discomfort in areas of contact with PPE. | Most described headache as bilateral pressure or heaviness within 60 minutes of putting on PPE, which resolved within 30 minutes of removing PPE. | One-quarter HCWs had associated migraine symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, light sensitivity, neck discomfort, or movement sensitivity. | Methods: Self-administered survey of 158 healthcare workers in Singapore during February 26–March 8, 2020. Limitations: Recall bias; pre-disposing factors, such as stress and sleep disturbance, may have contributed to headaches. | Implications of both studies (Dell’Era et al. & Ong et al.): Among healthcare workers, personal protective equipment can cause discomfort and injury, which may discourage proper use and decrease effectiveness. SN - 1526-4610 (Electronic); 0017-8748 (Linking) SP - 864-877 ST - Headaches Associated With Personal Protective Equipment - A Cross-Sectional Study Among Frontline Healthcare Workers During COVID-19 T2 - Headache TI - Headaches Associated With Personal Protective Equipment - A Cross-Sectional Study Among Frontline Healthcare Workers During COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32232837 VL - 60 ID - 171 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The COVID-19 pandemic has accounted for tens of thousands of deaths and ultimately will affect millions more people who will survive. There will be time to mourn the victims and care for the survivors. But it is also time to recognize and thank some of the heroes who have emerged so far.Li Wenliang, MD, Chinese ophthalmologist at Wuhan Central Hospital, who alerted Chinese authorities of a disease that resembled severe acute respiratory syndrome, was initially censored, and died 6 weeks later of COVID-19. AD - Dr Bauchner is Editor in Chief, and JAMA Network, and Mr Easley is Publisher, Periodical Publications, JAMA Network. AN - 32310289 AU - Bauchner, H. | Easley, T. J. | entire, editorial | publishing staff of, Jama | the, Jama Network C1 - 2020-04-24 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/042420_covidupdate.html DA - May 26 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.6197 ET - 2020/04/21 IS - 20 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus Infections | Global Health | *Health Personnel | Humans | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://3186115713/Bauchner-2020-Health Care Heroes of the COVID-.pdf LA - en N1 - Bauchner, Howard; Easley, Thomas J; eng; JAMA. 2020 May 26;323(20):2021. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.6197. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Journal editors salute millions of healthcare workers and recognize astute physician-leaders during COVID-19 pandemic worldwide. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 2021 ST - Health Care Heroes of the COVID-19 Pandemic T2 - JAMA TI - Health Care Heroes of the COVID-19 Pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32310289 VL - 323 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 75 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Office of Diversity, Inclusion, and Health Equity, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Medicine for the Greater Good, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA. | Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Armstrong Institute for Patient Safety and Quality, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. | Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Center for Diversity in Public Health Leadership Training, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA. | Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. | Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. | Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA. | Division of Neurosciences Critical Care, Departments of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. | Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. | Office of Diversity, Inclusion, and Health Equity, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Armstrong Institute for Patient Safety and Quality, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. Electronic address: sahill@jhmi.edu. AN - 32585137 AU - Galiatsatos, P. | Kachalia, A. | Belcher, H. M. E. | Hughes, M. T. | Kahn, J. | Rushton, C. H. | Suarez, J. I. | Biddison, L. D. | Golden, S. H. C1 - 2021-07-02 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/070220_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30277-0 DP - NLM ET - 2020/06/26 IS - 8 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Critical Care | Health Care Rationing | *Health Equity | Healthcare Disparities | Humans | *Organ Dysfunction Scores | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | *Resource Allocation | SARS-CoV-2 | *Triage | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://4035861995/Galiatsatos-2020-xsHealth equity and distribut.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | N1 - Galiatsatos, Panagis; Kachalia, Allen; Belcher, Harolyn M E; Hughes, Mark T; Kahn, Jeffrey; Rushton, Cynda H; Suarez, Jose I; Biddison, Lee Daugherty; Golden, Sherita H; eng; England; Lancet Respir Med. 2020 Aug;8(8):758-760. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30277-0. Epub 2020 Jun 22. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Objective scoring algorithms used to provide limited care resources need to be adapted to incorporate health equity principles before these types of algorithms are used to triage COVID-19 resources. SN - 2213-2619 (Electronic); 2213-2600 (Linking) SP - 758-760 ST - Health equity and distributive justice considerations in critical care resource allocation T2 - Lancet Respir Med TI - Health equity and distributive justice considerations in critical care resource allocation UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32585137 VL - 8 ID - 493 ER - TY - JOUR AB - This study aims to synthesize the literature on any disproportionate health risks or consequences of a COVID-19 infection for people with disabilities. Scoping review with a descriptive thematic analysis was carried out. Up to mid-September 2020, seven scientific databases and three preprint servers were searched to identify empirical or perspective papers. Snowballing searches and expert' consultations also took place. Two independent reviewers were used for the screenings and data extractions. Of 1027 references, 58 were included, 15 of which were empirical articles. The thematic analysis showed that: (1) People with disabilities living in residential or long-term care facilities were more likely to have greater infection rates; (2) Intersecting mediators of greater infection risks were multiple (e.g., lack of accessible information); (3) People with disabilities often face greater health problems when infected; and (4) Unethical disadvantages in the rationing of lifesaving and critical care can be experienced by people with disabilities. Conclusions: Beyond any health-related vulnerabilities (e.g., comorbidity rates), multiple yet modifiable environmental factors can provide disproportionate health risks and consequences of a COVID-19 infection for people with disabilities. Public health and policy measures must prevent or reduce modifiable environmental risks. AD - Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI), South Asia Centre for Disability Inclusive Development and Research (SACDIR), Indian Institute of Public Health-Hyderabad (IIPH-H), Hyderabad 500 033, India. | Department of Occupational Therapy, Byrdine F. Lewis College of Nursing and Health Professions, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA. | Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130, USA. | Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA. | Departments of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309-4452, USA. | IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48903 Bilbao, Spain. | Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain. | Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48903 Leioa, Spain. | Department of Clinical Psychology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, WA 98119, USA. | Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2196, USA. | Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM) & WHO Collaborating Centre for Health Workforce Policy and Planning, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, NOVA University of Lisbon, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal. | Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences: Sargent College, Boston University, MA 02215, USA. AN - 33923986 AU - Kamalakannan, S. | Bhattacharjya, S. | Bogdanova, Y. | Papadimitriou, C. | Arango-Lasprilla, J. C. | Bentley, J. | Jesus, T. S. | Refugee Empowerment Task Force International Networking Group Of The American Congress Of Rehabilitation, Medicine C1 - 2021-04-30 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04302021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 20 DO - 10.3390/ijerph18084348 ET - 2021/05/01 IS - 8 KW - *covid-19 | *Disabled Persons | Humans | SARS-CoV-2 | *health equity | *public health | *vulnerable populations L1 - internal-pdf://3736669893/Kamalakannan-2021-Health Risks and Consequence.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Kamalakannan, Sureshkumar; Bhattacharjya, Sutanuka; Bogdanova, Yelena; Papadimitriou, Christina; Arango-Lasprilla, Juan Carlos; Bentley, Jacob; Jesus, Tiago S; Refugee Empowerment Task Force International Networking Group Of The American Congress Of Rehabilitation Medicine; eng; Review; Switzerland; Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Apr 20;18(8). pii: ijerph18084348. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18084348. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Scopus review of 58 articles describing increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and health consequences among people with disabilities. SN - 1660-4601 (Electronic); 1660-4601 (Linking) SP - 4348 ST - Health Risks and Consequences of a COVID-19 Infection for People with Disabilities: Scoping Review and Descriptive Thematic Analysis T2 - Int J Environ Res Public Health TI - Health Risks and Consequences of a COVID-19 Infection for People with Disabilities: Scoping Review and Descriptive Thematic Analysis UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33923986 VL - 18 ID - 1708 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to capture perspectives of healthcare workers (HCWs) on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and infection prevention and control (IPAC) measures implemented during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey of HCWs. PARTICIPANTS: HCWs from the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. INTERVENTION: A self-administered survey was distributed to HCWs. We analyzed factors influencing HCW knowledge and self-reported use of personal protective equipment (PPE), concerns about contracting COVID-19 and acceptance of the recommended IPAC precautions for COVID-19. RESULTS: In total, 175 HCWs completed the survey between March 6 and March 10: 35 staff physicians (20%), 24 residents or fellows (14%), 72 nurses (41%), 14 respiratory therapists (8%), 14 administration staff (8%), and 14 other employees (8%). Most of the respondents were from the emergency department (n = 58, 33%) and the intensive care unit (n = 58, 33%). Only 86 respondents (50%) identified the correct donning order; only 60 (35%) identified the correct doffing order; but the majority (n = 113, 70%) indicated the need to wash their hands immediately prior to removal of their mask and eye protection. Also, 91 (54%) respondents felt comfortable with recommendations for droplet and/or contact precautions for routine care of patients with COVID-19. HCW occupation and concerns about contracting COVID-19 outside work were associated with nonacceptance of the recommendations (P = .016 and P = .036 respectively). CONCLUSION: As part of their pandemic response plans, healthcare institutions should have ongoing training for HCWs that focus on appropriate PPE doffing and discussions around modes of transmission of COVID-19. AD - Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. | Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. | London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom. | Occupational Health and Safety, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. AN - 32782038 AU - Piche-Renaud, P. P. | Groves, H. E. | Kitano, T. | Arnold, C. | Thomas, A. | Streitenberger, L. | Alexander, L. | Morris, S. K. | Science, M. C1 - 2020-09-15 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091520_covidupdate.html DA - Mar DB - Cambridge Core DO - 10.1017/ice.2020.415 DP - Cambridge University Press ET - 2020/08/13 IS - 3 KW - Adult | COVID-19/*prevention & control/transmission | Canada | Cross-Sectional Studies | Gloves, Protective | Guideline Adherence/*statistics & numerical data | *Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice | *Health Personnel | Hospitals, Pediatric | Humans | Infection Control/methods/standards | Middle Aged | Perception | *Personal Protective Equipment | Respiratory Protective Devices | Surveys and Questionnaires | Tertiary Care Centers L1 - internal-pdf://2754603564/Piche-Renaud-2021-Healthcare worker perception.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Piche-Renaud, Pierre-Philippe; Groves, Helen E; Kitano, Taito; Arnold, Callum; Thomas, Angela; Streitenberger, Laurie; Alexander, Laura; Morris, Shaun K; Science, Michelle; eng; Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2021 Mar;42(3):261-267. doi: 10.1017/ice.2020.415. Epub 2020 Aug 12. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In a survey of hospital-based healthcare workers (HCW): | Only 50% identified the correct donning order and 35% identified the correct doffing order of personal protective equipment (PPE). | Respondents were more concerned about COVID-19 exposure at work than outside of work. | Emergency department staff scored highest for concern about workplace exposure. | Administration staff scored highest for concern about exposure outside of work. | Methods: Self-administered questionnaire completed by 175 HCWs at a large children’s hospital in Canada between March 6 and 10, 2020. HCW knowledge and concerns regarding exposure and infection at and outside work were assessed and scored. Limitations: Convenience sample; results not generalizable; 18.4% response rate; HCW knowledge and perceptions during a limited period. | Implications: Routine training for all HCWs on appropriate PPE procedures in combination with updates on current COVID-19 knowledge may increase adherence with PPE recommendations. SN - 1559-6834 (Electronic); 0899-823X (Linking) SP - 261-267 ST - Healthcare worker perception of a global outbreak of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) and personal protective equipment: Survey of a pediatric tertiary-care hospital T2 - Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol TI - Healthcare worker perception of a global outbreak of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) and personal protective equipment: Survey of a pediatric tertiary-care hospital UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32782038 VL - 42 ID - 896 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Although clinical manifestations of coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) mainly consist of respiratory symptoms, a severe cardiovascular damage may occur. Moreover, previous studies reported a correlation of cardiovascular metabolic diseases with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and actually, many COVID-19 patients show comorbidities (systemic hypertension, cardio-cerebrovascular disease, and diabetes) and have a raised risk of death. The purpose of this review is to focus the cardiovascular effects of 2019-nCoV on the base of the most recent specific literature and previous learnings from SARS and MERS and analyze the potential role of echocardiography during the current critical period and short- and long-term follow-up. AD - Department of Medicine, Cardiology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy. | Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy. AN - 32885490 AU - Capotosto, L. | Nguyen, B. L. | Ciardi, M. R. | Mastroianni, C. | Vitarelli, A. C1 - 2020-09-15 C2 - Cardiovascular Disease Among Athletes Recovered from COVID-19 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091520_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1111/echo.14834 ET - 2020/09/05 IS - 9 KW - COVID-19/*complications/*physiopathology | Echocardiography/*methods | Heart/diagnostic imaging/physiopathology | Heart Diseases/*diagnostic imaging/*etiology/physiopathology | Humans | *covid-19 | *echocardiography | *heart disease L1 - internal-pdf://1239088267/Capotosto-2020-Heart, COVID-19, and echocardio.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Capotosto, Lidia; Nguyen, Bich Lien; Ciardi, Maria Rosaria; Mastroianni, Claudio; Vitarelli, Antonio; eng; Review; Echocardiography. 2020 Sep;37(9):1454-1464. doi: 10.1111/echo.14834. Epub 2020 Sep 4. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: review of the cardiovascular effects of COVID-19 SN - 1540-8175 (Electronic); 0742-2822 (Linking) SP - 1454-1464 ST - Heart, COVID-19, and echocardiography T2 - Echocardiography TI - Heart, COVID-19, and echocardiography UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32885490 VL - 37 ID - 899 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Herd immunity, also known as indirect protection, community immunity, or community protection, refers to the protection of susceptible individuals against an infection when a sufficiently large proportion of immune individuals exist in a population. In other words, herd immunity is the inability of infected individuals to propagate an epidemic outbreak due to lack of contact with sufficient numbers of susceptible individuals. It stems from the individual immunity that may be gained through natural infection or through vaccination. The term herd immunity was initially introduced more than a century ago. In the latter half of the 20th century, the use of the term became more prevalent with the expansion of immunization programs and the need for describing targets for immunization coverage, discussions on disease eradication, and cost-effectiveness analyses of vaccination programs. AD - Yale Institute for Global Health, New Haven, Connecticut. | Departments of Internal Medicine and Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale Schools of Medicine and Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut. | Section of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut. | Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut. | Yale School of Management, New Haven, Connecticut. AN - 33074293 AU - Omer, S. B. | Yildirim, I. | Forman, H. P. C1 - 2020-10-30 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/103020_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 24 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.20892 ET - 2020/10/20 IS - 20 KW - Adaptive Immunity | Basic Reproduction Number | COVID-19/*immunology/*prevention & control | Humans | *Immunity, Herd | *Pandemics L1 - internal-pdf://1649774641/Omer-2020-Herd Immunity and Implications for S.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Omer, Saad B; Yildirim, Inci; Forman, Howard P; eng; JAMA. 2020 Nov 24;324(20):2095-2096. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.20892. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Highly communicable pathogens have a large reproductive number (R0); therefore, a greater proportion of the population must be immune to decrease sustained transmission and achieve herd immunity (Figure). | Herd immunity threshold (~60% for SARS-CoV-2) in the US without vaccination would require 198 million infections (Figure). | With a 0.5% fatality rate, up to 1 million deaths could result. | Currently, it is estimated that <10% of the population has been infected based on antibody testing. | There is little precedent for achieving herd immunity without vaccination. | While a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine could help achieve herd immunity, effectiveness and potential coverage of a future vaccine are not yet known. | Methods: Discussion contextualizing herd immunity in relation to COVID-19 and other major communicable diseases. Limitations: Assumptions for herd immunity threshold for SARS-CoV-2 include no underlying population immunity and equal susceptibility and infectiousness for all individuals. | Implications: Without an effective vaccine that is widely available and broadly adopted, the US will likely not achieve protection against SARS-CoV-2 through herd immunity. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 2095-2096 ST - Herd Immunity and Implications for SARS-CoV-2 Control T2 - JAMA TI - Herd Immunity and Implications for SARS-CoV-2 Control UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33074293 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1149 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Leveraging nationally representative survey data on 443,680 respondents from January to March 2021, this study examines the temporal, spatial, and sociodemographic variations in COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the U.S. Findings reveal multidimensional determinants of vaccination intentions involving confidence, complacency, and circumspection factors. Using descriptive analyses and multilevel mixed-effects regression models, we find persistent partisan divide across states and significant racial disparities, with Blacks more likely to develop vaccine hesitancy due to confidence and circumspection than Whites. Vaccine hesitancy among Blacks declines dramatically across time but varies little across states, indicating new directions to effectively address inequalities in vaccination. Results also show nuanced gender differences, with women more likely to develop hesitancy due to circumspection and men more likely to have hesitancy due to complacency. Moreover, we find important intersection between race, gender, and education that calls for efforts to adequately address the concerns of the most vulnerable and disadvantaged groups. AD - Department of Educational Policy Studies, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA. | Department of Communication and Media, University of Michigan, USA. AN - 34414255 AU - Liu, Ran | Li, Gabriel Miao C1 - 2021-10-29 C2 - PMC8363184 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10292021_covidupdate.html#anchor_HealthEquity DA - 2021/09/01/ DO - 10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100896 ET - 2021/08/21 KW - Vaccine hesitancy | COVID-19 | Public health | Inequality | Race L1 - internal-pdf://3343509049/Liu-2021-Hesitancy in the time of coronavirus_.pdf LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Liu, Ran | Li, Gabriel Miao | eng | England | SSM Popul Health. 2021 Sep;15:100896. doi: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100896. Epub 2021 Aug 13. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In a large nationally representative household survey, overall vaccine hesitancy was higher among Black or African American persons and lower among Hispanic/Latino and Asian persons compared with White persons. | Vaccine hesitancy decreased most sharply among Black or African American persons (Figure 1). | Black or African American women reported more vaccine hesitancy than Black men (Figure 2). | Dimensions of hesitancy (confidence, circumspection, and complacency) differed by race, ethnicity, gender, and over time. | Methods: Descriptive and multilevel modeling of 6 rounds (weeks 22 to 27) of the U.S. Household Pulse survey (n = 443,680) conducted during January to March 2021. Limitations: Data collected when many respondents were not eligible for vaccination. | | Implications: Vaccination promotion strategies may need to be tailored to the concerns of specific populations to improve vaccine uptake. SN - 2352-8273 SP - 100896 ST - Hesitancy in the time of coronavirus: Temporal, spatial, and sociodemographic variations in COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy T2 - SSM Popul Health TI - Hesitancy in the time of coronavirus: Temporal, spatial, and sociodemographic variations in COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352827321001713 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8363184/pdf/main.pdf VL - 15 ID - 2563 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Heterologous prime-boost schedules with vector- and mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines are already administered, but immunological responses and elicited protection have not been reported.Methods We here analyzed a cohort of 26 individuals aged 25-46 (median 30.5) years that received a ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 prime followed by a BNT162b2 boost after an 8-week interval for reactogenicity, antibody responses and T cell reactivity.Results Self-reported solicited symptoms after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 prime were in line with previous reports and less severe after the BNT162b2 boost. Antibody titers increased significantly over time resulting in strong neutralization titers 2 weeks after the BNT162b2 boost. Neutralizing activity against the prevalent strain B.1.1.7 was 3.9-fold higher than in individuals receiving homologous BNT162b2 vaccination, only 2-fold reduced for variant of concern B.1.351, and similar for variant B.1.617. In addition, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells reacted to SARS-CoV-2 spike peptide stimulus 2 weeks after the full vaccination.Conclusions The heterologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 / BNT162b2 prime-boost vaccination regimen is not associated with serious adverse events and results in a potent humoral immune response and elicits T cell reactivity. Variants of concern B.1.1.7, B.1.351 and B.1.617 are potently neutralized by sera of all participants. These results suggest that this heterologous vaccination regimen is at least as immunogenic and protective as homologous vaccinations.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis project has received funding from the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, the German Research Foundation, the BMBF, the Robert Koch Institute, the Baden-Wuerttemberg Stiftung, the Ministry for Science, Research and the Arts of Baden-Wuerttemberg and the county of Lower Saxony.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:This study was approved by the ethics committee of Ulm university (99/21; 31/21).All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData is available upon request after positive peer-review evaluation. AU - Groß, Rüdiger | Zanoni, Michelle | Seidel, Alina | Conzelmann, Carina | Gilg, Andrea | Krnavek, Daniela | Erdemci-Evin, Sümeyye | Mayer, Benjamin | Hoffmann, Markus | Pöhlmann, Stefan | Beil, Alexandra | Kroschel, Joris | Jahrsdörfer, Bernd | Schrezenmeier, Hubert | Kirchhoff, Frank | Münch, Jan | Müller, Janis A. C1 - 2021-06-11 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06112021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.05.30.21257971 L1 - internal-pdf://3203717070/Groß-2021-Heterologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Compared with participants receiving 2 doses of the same vaccine, participants receiving a mixed vaccination regimen had higher neutralizing antibody titers against B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and B.1.617 variants (Figure). | 19/19 participants had CD4+ T-cell responses and 17/19 had CD8+ T-cell responses 2 weeks after mixed prime-boost vaccination. | Methods: A mixed COVID-19 vaccine schedule comprised of Oxford/AstraZeneca ChAdOx1 (dose 1 = prime) followed 8 weeks later with Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2 (dose 2 = boost) was compared to two doses of Pfizer/BioNTech in 26 adults aged 25�?6 years in Germany. B cell responses were measure in all participants and T cell responses in a subset of 19 participants. Limitations: Small sample size; limited to younger adults; did not compare different vaccination intervals. | Implications: Among healthy young adults, heterologous prime-boost vaccination resulted in high immunogenicity. These findings suggest a role for interchanging adenoviral and mRNA vaccines in areas of vaccine shortage. SP - 2021.05.30.21257971 ST - Heterologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2 prime-boost vaccination elicits potent neutralizing antibody responses and T cell reactivity T2 - medRxiv TI - Heterologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2 prime-boost vaccination elicits potent neutralizing antibody responses and T cell reactivity UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/06/01/2021.05.30.21257971.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/06/01/2021.05.30.21257971.full.pdf ID - 1828 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Umea University, Umea, Sweden. | Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. | Region Varmland, Karlstad, Sweden. | Umea University, Umea, Sweden mattias.forsell@umu.se. AN - 34260850 AU - Normark, Johan | Vikström, Linnea | Gwon, Yong-Dae | Persson, Ida-Lisa | Edin, Alicia | Björsell, Tove | Dernstedt, Andy | Christ, Wanda | Tevell, Staffan | Evander, Magnus | Klingström, Jonas | Ahlm, Clas | Forsell, Mattias C1 - 2021-07-23 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07232021_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 9 DO - 10.1056/NEJMc2110716 ET - 2021/07/15 IS - 11 KW - Adult | Antibodies, Neutralizing/*blood | Antibodies, Viral/blood | COVID-19/immunology/*prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects/*immunology | Clinical Studies as Topic | Humans | *Immunization, Secondary | *Immunogenicity, Vaccine | Middle Aged | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology L1 - internal-pdf://2426321123/Normark-2021-Heterologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Normark, Johan | Vikstrom, Linnea | Gwon, Yong-Dae | Persson, Ida-Lisa | Edin, Alicia | Bjorsell, Tove | Dernstedt, Andy | Christ, Wanda | Tevell, Staffan | Evander, Magnus | Klingstrom, Jonas | Ahlm, Clas | Forsell, Mattias | eng | 2020-05782/Vetenskapsradet | 2020-06235/Vetenskapsradet | VC-2020-0015/Science for Life Laboratory | 20200141/Center for Innovative Medicine | 2.1.6-849-20/Goteborgs Universitet | RV-938855/European Commission | Letter | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | N Engl J Med. 2021 Sep 9;385(11):1049-1051. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2110716. Epub 2021 Jul 14. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A dose of mRNA-1273 following, by 9 to 12 weeks, a primary dose of ChAdOx1 efficiently stimulated SARS-CoV-2 specific B-cell memory. Those receiving heterologous doses mounted significantly higher reciprocal neutralizing titers and had higher titers against B.1.351 than those receiving homologous doses (p <0.001). SN - 0028-4793 SP - 1049-1051 ST - Heterologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and mRNA-1273 Vaccination T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Heterologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and mRNA-1273 Vaccination UR - https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2110716 | https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMc2110716?articleTools=true VL - 385 Y2 - 2021/07/26 ID - 2132 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Oxford Vaccine Group, Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK. | Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK. | Oxford Vaccine Group, Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK. Electronic address: matthew.snape@paediatrics.ox.ac.uk. AN - 33991480 AU - Shaw, R. H. | Stuart, A. | Greenland, M. | Liu, X. | Van-Tam, J. S. N. | Snape, M. D. | Com, C. O. V. Study Group C1 - 2021-05-21 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05212021_covidupdate.html DA - May 12 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01115-6 ET - 2021/05/16 IS - 10289 KW - COVID-19/epidemiology/immunology/*prevention & control/virology | COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage/*adverse effects/*immunology | Cross Protection/immunology | Humans | Immunity, Heterologous | Immunization, Secondary/adverse effects/*methods | Immunogenicity, Vaccine | Mass Vaccination/adverse effects/*methods | SARS-CoV-2/immunology L1 - internal-pdf://3207692676/1-s2.0-S2665991321001041-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Shaw, Robert H; Stuart, Arabella; Greenland, Melanie; Liu, Xinxue; Van-Tam, Jonathan S Nguyen; Snape, Matthew D; eng; Letter; England; Lancet. 2021 May 12. pii: S0140-6736(21)01115-6. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01115-6. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Participants receiving 2 doses of different vaccines reported more systemic symptoms (e.g., chills, fatigue, feverishness, headache, malaise) than those who received 2 doses of the same vaccine (Figure). | Symptoms were short lived (generally �?8 hours); none required hospitalization due to symptoms. | Methods: Interim analysis from a UK multi-site, randomized trial comparing timing and safety of mixed COVID-19 vaccine schedules (Oxford/AstraZeneca ChAdOx1 vaccine and Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccine followed 28 days later with the other vaccine) among 461 participants (age �?0 years), February 2021. Frequency and severity of systemic symptoms after vaccination were identified. Limitations: Initial safety data in small study; restricted to older adults. | Implications: Mixing adenovirus-based and mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines increased non-severe systemic symptoms. SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 2043-2046 ST - Heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccination: initial reactogenicity data T2 - Lancet TI - Heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccination: initial reactogenicity data UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33991480 VL - 397 Y2 - 2021/05/24 ID - 1761 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background While Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) vaccines are highly effective, breakthrough infections are occurring. Booster vaccinations have recently received emergency use authorization (EUA) for certain populations but are restricted to homologous mRNA vaccines. We evaluated homologous and heterologous booster vaccination in persons who had received an EUA Covid-19 vaccine regimen.Methods In this phase 1/2 open-label clinical trial conducted at ten U.S. sites, adults who received one of three EUA Covid-19 vaccines at least 12 weeks prior to enrollment and had no reported history of SARS-CoV-2 infection received a booster injection with one of three vaccines (Moderna mRNA-1273 100-μg, Janssen Ad26.COV2.S 5×1010 virus particles, or Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 30-μg; nine combinations). The primary outcomes were safety, reactogenicity, and humoral immunogenicity on study days 15 and 29.Results 458 individuals were enrolled: 154 received mRNA-1273, 150 received Ad26.CoV2.S, and 154 received BNT162b2 booster vaccines. Reactogenicity was similar to that reported for the primary series. Injection site pain, malaise, headache, and myalgia occurred in more than half the participants. Booster vaccines increased the neutralizing activity against a D614G pseudovirus (4.2-76-fold) and binding antibody titers (4.6-56-fold) for all combinations; homologous boost increased neutralizing antibody titers 4.2-20-fold whereas heterologous boost increased titers 6.2-76-fold. Day 15 neutralizing and binding antibody titers varied by 28.7-fold and 20.9-fold, respectively, across the nine prime-boost combinations.Conclusion Homologous and heterologous booster vaccinations were well-tolerated and immunogenic in adults who completed a primary Covid-19 vaccine regimen at least 12 weeks earlier.(Funded by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04889209)Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Clinical TrialNCT04889209Funding StatementThe trial was sponsored and primarily funded by the Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Consortium through the National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), under award numbers UM1AI48372, UM1AI148373, UM1AI148450, UM1AI148452, UM1AI148573, UM1AI148574, UM1AI148575, UM1AI148576, UM1AI148684, UM1 AI148689 and with support from the NIAID Collaborative Influenza Vaccine Innovation Centers (CIVICs) contract 75N93019C00050 and NIH Vaccine Research Center.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Advarra Center for IRB IntelligenceI confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll available data produced in the present work are contained in the manuscript AN - 34671773 AU - Atmar, Robert L. | Lyke, Kirsten E. | Deming, Meagan E. | Jackson, Lisa A. | Branche, Angela R. | El Sahly, Hana M. | Rostad, Christina A. | Martin, Judith M. | Johnston, Christine | Rupp, Richard E. | Mulligan, Mark J. | Brady, Rebecca C. | Frenck, Robert W. | Bäcker, Mart�Tn | Kottkamp, Angelica C. | Babu, Tara M. | Rajakumar, Kumaravel | Edupuganti, Srilatha | Falsey, Ann R. | Posavad, Christine M. | Archer, Janet I. | Crandon, Sonja | Nayak, Seema U. | Szydlo, Daniel | Zemanek, Jillian | Islas, Clara P. Dominguez | Brown, Elizabeth R. | Suthar, Mehul S. | McElrath, M. Juliana | McDermott, Adrian B. | O’Connell, Sarah E. | Montefiori, David C. | Eaton, Amanda | Neuzil, Kathleen M. | Stephens, David S. | Roberts, Paul C. | Beigel, John H. | the, Dmid Study Group C1 - 2021-10-22 C2 - PMC8528081 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10222021_covidupdate.html#anchor_Vaccines DA - Oct 15 DO - 10.1101/2021.10.10.21264827 ET - 2021/10/22 L1 - internal-pdf://0070865863/Atmar-2021-Heterologous SARS-CoV-2 Booster Vac.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Atmar, Robert L | Lyke, Kirsten E | Deming, Meagan E | Jackson, Lisa A | Branche, Angela R | El Sahly, Hana M | Rostad, Christina A | Martin, Judith M | Johnston, Christine | Rupp, Richard E | Mulligan, Mark J | Brady, Rebecca C | Frenck, Robert W | Backer, Martin | Kottkamp, Angelica C | Babu, Tara M | Rajakumar, Kumaravel | Edupuganti, Srilatha | Dobryzynski, David | Posavad, Christine M | Archer, Janet I | Crandon, Sonja | Nayak, Seema U | Szydlo, Daniel | Zemanek, Jillian | Islas, Clara P Dominguez | Brown, Elizabeth R | Suthar, Mehul S | McElrath, M Juliana | McDermott, Adrian B | O'Connell, Sarah E | Montefiori, David C | Eaton, Amanda | Neuzil, Kathleen M | Stephens, David S | Roberts, Paul C | Beigel, John H | eng | Preprint | medRxiv. 2021 Oct 15. doi: 10.1101/2021.10.10.21264827. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Following homologous or heterologous booster vaccinations, reported reactions (injection site pain, malaise, headache, and myalgia) were similar to those reported after the primary vaccination series. | Booster vaccines, including heterologous mRNA vaccine boosters, increased neutralizing activity for all vaccine combinations (Figure). | Methods: In a phase 1/2 clinical trial at 10 U.S. sites, 458 persons who were vaccinated �?2 weeks prior with mRNA-1273 (Moderna), Ad26.COV2.S (Johnson & Johnson/Janssen), or BNT162b2 (Comirnaty, Pfizer/BioNTech) were given a booster vaccine of mRNA-1273 100 μg, Ad26.COV2.S 5×1010 virus particles, or BNT162b2 30 μg. Post-booster safety, reactogenicity, and immune response at 15 and 29 days were assessed. Limitations: Small sample size; non-randomized; brief follow-up period. | | Implications: Homologous and heterologous COVID-19 vaccine boosters appeared to be safe and stimulated immune responses. SP - 2021.10.10.21264827 ST - Heterologous SARS-CoV-2 Booster Vaccinations �?Preliminary Report T2 - medRxiv TI - Heterologous SARS-CoV-2 Booster Vaccinations �?Preliminary Report UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/10/13/2021.10.10.21264827.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/10/15/2021.10.10.21264827.full.pdf ID - 2524 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is the causative agent of the ongoing coronavirus disease pandemic. Initial estimates of the early dynamics of the outbreak in Wuhan, China, suggested a doubling time of the number of infected persons of 6-7 days and a basic reproductive number (R0) of 2.2-2.7. We collected extensive individual case reports across China and estimated key epidemiologic parameters, including the incubation period (4.2 days). We then designed 2 mathematical modeling approaches to infer the outbreak dynamics in Wuhan by using high-resolution domestic travel and infection data. Results show that the doubling time early in the epidemic in Wuhan was 2.3-3.3 days. Assuming a serial interval of 6-9 days, we calculated a median R0 value of 5.7 (95% CI 3.8-8.9). We further show that active surveillance, contact tracing, quarantine, and early strong social distancing efforts are needed to stop transmission of the virus. AN - 32255761 AU - Sanche, S. | Lin, Y. T. | Xu, C. | Romero-Severson, E. | Hengartner, N. | Ke, R. C1 - 2020-04-17 C2 - Modeling and Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/041720_covidupdate.html DA - Jul DO - 10.3201/eid2607.200282 ET - 2020/04/08 IS - 7 KW - Basic Reproduction Number | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | China/epidemiology | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/prevention & control/transmission | Disease Outbreaks | Humans | Models, Theoretical | Pandemics/prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/prevention & control/transmission | SARS-CoV-2 | Travel | *2019 novel coronavirus disease | *covid-19 | *China | *SARS-CoV-2 | *Wuhan | *modeling | *respiratory infections | *severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 | *transmission potential | *viruses | *zoonoses L1 - internal-pdf://3625654509/Sanche-2020-High Contagiousness and Rapid Spre.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Sanche, Steven; Lin, Yen Ting; Xu, Chonggang; Romero-Severson, Ethan; Hengartner, Nick; Ke, Ruian; eng; R01 AI135946/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Emerg Infect Dis. 2020 Jul;26(7):1470-1477. doi: 10.3201/eid2607.200282. Epub 2020 Jun 21. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In the early stages of the Wuhan COVID-19 outbreak, the estimated growth rate was 0.2-0.3 cases/day, corresponding to doubling time for cases of 2.3-3.3 days (Figure 1), and the median expected number of cases generated by one case (R0) was 5.7. | These estimates are double those previously reported in the literature. | One month into the Wuhan epidemic: | Time from symptom onset to hospitalization decreased from 5.5 to 1.5 days; Estimated incubation period was 4.2 days; To control the Chinese epidemic, herd-immunity must reach >82% to safely reduce robust nonpharmaceutical interventions and surveillance (Figure 2). | Methods: Using key epidemiologic parameters derived from a first-arrival model (based on high-resolution domestic travel data) and a case-count model (based on 140 case reports from within and outside Hubei province), the authors assessed R0 early in the Wuhan epidemic and the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI). Limitations: Likely nderestimated time from symptom onset to hospitalization given that most cases had severe symptoms. | Implications: COVID-19 appears to have spread much faster in Wuhan than initially estimated. SN - 1080-6059 (Electronic); 1080-6040 (Linking) SP - 1470-1477 ST - High Contagiousness and Rapid Spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 T2 - Emerg Infect Dis TI - High Contagiousness and Rapid Spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32255761 VL - 26 ID - 47 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Nursing staff turnover has long been considered an important indicator of nursing home quality. However, turnover has never been reported on the Nursing Home Compare website, likely because of the lack of adequate data. On July 1, 2016, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services began collecting auditable payroll-based daily staffing data for US nursing homes. We used 492 million nurse shifts from these data to calculate a novel turnover metric representing the percentage of hours of nursing staff care that turned over annually at each of 15,645 facilities. Mean and median annual turnover rates for total nursing staff were roughly 128 percent and 94 percent, respectively. Turnover rates were correlated with facility location, for-profit status, chain ownership, Medicaid patient census, and star ratings. Disseminating facilities' nursing staff turnover rates on Nursing Home Compare could provide important quality information for policy makers, payers, and consumers, and it may incentivize efforts to reduce turnover. AD - Ashvin Gandhi (ashvin.gandhi@anderson.ucla.edu) is an assistant professor at the University of California Los Angeles Anderson School of Management, in Los Angeles, California. | Huizi Yu is an undergraduate student at the University of California Los Angeles. | David C. Grabowski is a professor of health care policy at Harvard Medical School, in Boston, Massachusetts. AN - 33646872 AU - Gandhi, A. | Yu, H. | Grabowski, D. C. C1 - 2021-03-12 C2 - Protection in Healthcare and Non-Healthcare Work Settings CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03122021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar DO - 10.1377/hlthaff.2020.00957 ET - 2021/03/02 IS - 3 KW - Aged | Humans | Medicaid | *Medicare | Nursing Homes | *Nursing Staff | Personnel Turnover | Quality of Health Care | United States L1 - internal-pdf://2092516044/hlthaff.2020.00957.pdf LA - en N1 - Gandhi, Ashvin; Yu, Huizi; Grabowski, David C; eng; P01 AG032952/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; Health Aff (Millwood). 2021 Mar;40(3):384-391. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2020.00957. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Using Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services staffing data from 15,647 US nursing homes between October 2016 and March 2019, the authors estimated the average annual turnover rate was 128% with some facilities reaching 300%. High turnover rates have made it more difficult to implement strong infection controls during the pandemic. SN - 1544-5208 (Electronic); 0278-2715 (Linking) SP - 384-391 ST - High Nursing Staff Turnover In Nursing Homes Offers Important Quality Information T2 - Health Aff (Millwood) TI - High Nursing Staff Turnover In Nursing Homes Offers Important Quality Information UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33646872 VL - 40 ID - 1569 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Purpose To understand vaccine attitudes of Latinx parents highly impacted by COVID-19. Methods. In April 2021, we surveyed parents about their attitudes for COVID-19 vaccination of their children at a community-based outdoor testing/vaccination site serving predominantly low-income, Latinx persons in San Francisco.Results Among 1,033 parents (75% Latinx), 92% would “definitely�?or “probably�?vaccinate their children. Vaccine hesitancy was higher for younger children; concerns included side effects and impacts on fertility. Doctors and community organizations were noted as trusted sources of information, including among vaccine-hesitant parents.Conclusion Latinx parents accessing neighborhood-based COVID-19 testing/vaccination services are highly motivated to vaccinate their children for COVID-19.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis work was supported by University of California, San Francisco, the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, and the San Francisco Department of Public Health. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The study was conducted under a public health surveillance program reviewed by UCSF Committee on Human Research. Survey participants provided consent in their preferred language.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesDue to the nature of this research, participants of this study did not agree for their data to be shared publicly, so supporting data is not available. AU - Naso, Jamie | Rojas, Susy | Peng, James | Marquez, Carina | Contreras, Maria | Castellanos, Edgar | Rojas, Susana | Rubio, Luis | Jones, Diane | Jacobo, Jon | Black, Douglas | Tulier-Laiwa, Valerie | Martinez, Jacqueline | Chamie, Gabriel | Pilarowski, Genay | DeRisi, Joseph | Havlir, Diane | Petersen, Maya C1 - 2021-08-13 C2 - Health Equity CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08132021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.07.30.21261274 L1 - internal-pdf://3679568617/Naso-2021-High parental vaccine motivation at.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In April 2021, >90% of Latinx parents in San Francisco at a community-based vaccination/testing site (n = 1033) definitely or probably intended to vaccinate their children against COVID-19. Motivation to vaccinate “as soon as possible�?was higher for children aged 12�?8 years. Parents not motivated to vaccinate (n = 91) cited fear of immediate (n = 55) or long-term adverse effects (n = 37), fear of effects on fertility (n = 17), and belief that children are not at risk for severe disease (n = 7). SP - 2021.07.30.21261274 ST - High parental vaccine motivation at a neighborhood-based vaccine and testing site serving a predominantly Latinx community T2 - medRxiv TI - High parental vaccine motivation at a neighborhood-based vaccine and testing site serving a predominantly Latinx community UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/08/03/2021.07.30.21261274.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/08/03/2021.07.30.21261274.full.pdf ID - 2215 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVE: The COVID-19 pandemic is rapidly spreading worldwide, notably in Europe and North America where obesity is highly prevalent. The relation between obesity and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has not been fully documented. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study analyzed the relationship between clinical characteristics, including BMI, and the requirement for invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) in 124 consecutive patients admitted in intensive care for SARS-CoV-2 in a single French center. RESULTS: Obesity (BMI > 30) and severe obesity (BMI > 35) were present in 47.6% and 28.2% of cases, respectively. Overall, 85 patients (68.6%) required IMV. The proportion of patients who required IMV increased with BMI categories (P < 0.01, chi(2) test for trend), and it was greatest in patients with BMI > 35 (85.7%). In multivariate logistic regression, the need for IMV was significantly associated with male sex (P < 0.05) and BMI (P < 0.05), independent of age, diabetes, and hypertension. The odds ratio for IMV in patients with BMI > 35 versus patients with BMI < 25 was 7.36 (1.63-33.14; P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed a high frequency of obesity among patients admitted in intensive care for SARS-CoV-2. Disease severity increased with BMI. Obesity is a risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 severity, requiring increased attention to preventive measures in susceptible individuals. AD - Department of Intensive Care, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille, France. | University of Lille, Inserm, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille Pasteur Institute, U1190, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Lille, France. | Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, U2694 METRICS, University of Lille, Lille, France. | Integrated Center for Obesity, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lille, Lille, France. AN - 32271993 AU - Simonnet, A. | Chetboun, M. | Poissy, J. | Raverdy, V. | Noulette, J. | Duhamel, A. | Labreuche, J. | Mathieu, D. | Pattou, F. | Jourdain, M. | Licorn, | the Lille, Covid | Obesity study, group C1 - 2020-04-21 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/042120_covidupdate.html DA - Jul DO - 10.1002/oby.22831 ET - 2020/04/10 IS - 7 KW - Adult | Aged | *Betacoronavirus | Body Mass Index | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/complications/*therapy | Female | France/epidemiology | Hospitalization/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Obesity/*epidemiology/virology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/complications/*therapy | Prevalence | Respiration, Artificial/*statistics & numerical data | Retrospective Studies | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://2169239940/Simonnet-2020-High Prevalence of Obesity in Se.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Simonnet, Arthur; Chetboun, Mikael; Poissy, Julien; Raverdy, Violeta; Noulette, Jerome; Duhamel, Alain; Labreuche, Julien; Mathieu, Daniel; Pattou, Francois; Jourdain, Merce; eng; ANR-10-LABX-46/European Genomic Institute for Diabetes/International; FEDER 12003944/European Commission/International; FCA R15112EE/Foundation Coeur et Arteres/International; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Obesity (Silver Spring). 2020 Jul;28(7):1195-1199. doi: 10.1002/oby.22831. Epub 2020 Jun 10. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, higher body mass index (BMI) was associated with increased risk for invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) (figure). | Severely obese patients (BMI �?5) had 7-fold increased odds of requiring IMV compared with lower BMI patients after adjusting for age, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. | Methods: Cross sectional analysis of 124 consecutive patients admitted to intensive care with SARS-CoV-2 in a single French hospital during February 27 to April 5, 2020. BMI was categorized as lean (18.5 to <25kg/m2), overweight (25 to <30kg/m2), moderately obese (30 to <35kg/m2), or severely obese (>35kg/m2). Limitations: Did not control for pre-existing cardiovascular and pulmonary disease. | Implications: SARS-CoV-2 patients with higher BMIs are more likely to require invasive mechanical ventilation. SN - 1930-739X (Electronic); 1930-7381 (Linking) SP - 1195-1199 ST - High Prevalence of Obesity in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Requiring Invasive Mechanical Ventilation T2 - Obesity (Silver Spring) TI - High Prevalence of Obesity in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Requiring Invasive Mechanical Ventilation UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32271993 VL - 28 ID - 70 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVE: Significant morbidity and mortality have occurred in the USA, Europe, and Asia due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), whereas the numbers of infections and deaths in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have remained comparatively low. It has been hypothesized that exposure of the population in SSA to other coronaviruses prior to the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in some degree of cross-protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathogenesis. We evaluated this hypothesis by comparing SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive antibodies in pre-pandemic plasma samples collected from SSA and the USA. METHOD: Pre-COVID-19 pandemic plasma samples from SSA and the USA were collected and tested by immunofluorescence assay against the spike and nucleocapsid proteins of all known human coronaviruses (HCoVs). RESULTS: The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 serological cross-reactivity was significantly higher in samples from SSA compared with the USA. Most of these cross-reactive samples cross-recognized the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein and the spike proteins of other HCoVs. Nucleocapsid proteins from HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-229E were detected in most samples, thereby implicating prior exposure to these two HCoVs as the likely source of cross-reactive antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. CONCLUSION: The low incidences of SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease in SSA appear to be correlated with the pre-pandemic serological cross-recognition of HCoVs, which are substantially more prevalent in SSA than the USA. AD - Nebraska Center for Virology, Lincoln, NE, USA; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA. | Nebraska Center for Virology, Lincoln, NE, USA; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA; Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. | Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. | Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. | Dermatology and Venereology Section, University Teaching Hospitals, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia. | Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia. | Nebraska Center for Virology, Lincoln, NE, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA. | Nebraska Center for Virology, Lincoln, NE, USA; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA. Electronic address: cwood1@unl.edu. AN - 33176202 AU - Tso, F. Y. | Lidenge, S. J. | Pena, P. B. | Clegg, A. A. | Ngowi, J. R. | Mwaiselage, J. | Ngalamika, O. | Julius, P. | West, J. T. | Wood, C. C1 - 2020-12-08 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/120820_covidupdate.html DA - Jan DO - 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.10.104 ET - 2020/11/12 KW - Adult | Africa South of the Sahara/epidemiology | Antibodies, Viral/*blood | COVID-19/*blood/epidemiology/virology | Cross Reactions | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Nucleocapsid Proteins/immunology | Pandemics | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology | Young Adult | Covid-19 | Cross-reactivity | HCoV-229E | HCoV-NL63 | Human coronavirus | SARS-CoV-2 | Serology | Sub-Saharan Africa L1 - internal-pdf://2215905139/Tso-2021-High prevalence of pre-existing serol.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Tso, For Yue; Lidenge, Salum J; Pena, Phoebe B; Clegg, Ashley A; Ngowi, John R; Mwaiselage, Julius; Ngalamika, Owen; Julius, Peter; West, John T; Wood, Charles; eng; D43 TW001429/TW/FIC NIH HHS/; P20 GM103427/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/; K43 TW011095/TW/FIC NIH HHS/; U54 CA190155/CA/NCI NIH HHS/; K43 TW011418/TW/FIC NIH HHS/; U54 CA221204/CA/NCI NIH HHS/; D43 TW010354/TW/FIC NIH HHS/; Canada; Int J Infect Dis. 2021 Jan;102:577-583. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.10.104. Epub 2020 Nov 8. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies were detected in persons presumed uninfected with SARS-CoV-2 (Figure 1): | 16 (5.3%) of 302 archived specimens from adults. | 21 (43.8%) of 48 archived specimens from 1�?6-year-olds. | Unlike samples from SARS-CoV-2-uninfected persons which only had IgG, sera from infected persons was also positive for IgM and IgA. | Neutralizing activity was comparable in both groups (Figure 2). | Methods: SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was expressed on cell lines and incubated with sera from 170 COVID-19 patients, archived specimens collected during 2011-2018 from 302 SARS-CoV-2-uninfected adults and 48 SARS-CoV-2-uninfected children and adolescents in the UK. Antibody binding to spike protein and ability of patient sera to neutralize SARS-CoV-2 was assessed. Limitations: Small sample size and limited generalizability. | Implications for three studies (Ng et al., Tso et al. & Anderson et al.): Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 proteins are not uncommon in pre-pandemic samples, suggesting cross-reactivity from prior infection with seasonal coronaviruses. Ng et al. saw high pre-existing SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in children/adolescents with neutralizing activity, whereas Anderson et al. did not and showed 2 lines of evidence suggesting no impact of pre-existing immunity on SARS-CoV-2 infection or outcomes. The biological implications of these findings regarding existing protective immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection remains unclear. Cross-reactivity needs to be considered in designing and conducting serosurveys to assess the extent of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a population. SN - 1878-3511 (Electronic); 1201-9712 (Linking) SP - 577-583 ST - High prevalence of pre-existing serological cross-reactivity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in sub-Saharan Africa T2 - Int J Infect Dis TI - High prevalence of pre-existing serological cross-reactivity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in sub-Saharan Africa UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33176202 VL - 102 Y2 - 2021/05/14 ID - 1308 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVE: Serological testing is needed to investigate the extent of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from front-line essential workers to their household members. However, the requirement for serum/plasma limits serological testing to clinical settings where it is feasible to collect and process venous blood. To address this problem we developed a serological test for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies that requires only a single drop of finger stick capillary whole blood, collected in the home and dried on filter paper (dried blood spot, DBS). We describe assay performance and demonstrate its utility for remote sampling with results from a community-based study. METHODS: An ELISA to the receptor binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was optimized to quantify IgG antibodies in DBS. Samples were self-collected from a community sample of 232 participants enriched with health care workers, including 30 known COVID-19 cases and their household members. RESULTS: Among 30 individuals sharing a household with a virus-confirmed case of COVID-19, 80% were seropositive. Of 202 community individuals without prior confirmed acute COVID-19 diagnoses, 36% were seropositive. Of documented convalescent COVID-19 cases from the community, 29 of 30 (97%) were seropositive for IgG antibodies to the receptor binding domain. CONCLUSION: DBS ELISA provides a minimally-invasive alternative to venous blood collection. Early analysis suggests a high rate of transmission among household members. High rates of seroconversion were also noted following recovery from infection. Serological testing for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in DBS samples can facilitate seroprevalence assessment in community settings to address epidemiological questions, monitor duration of antibody responses, and assess if antibodies against the spike protein correlate with protection from reinfection. AD - Department of Anthropology and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America. | Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Child and Brain Development Program, Toronto, Canada. | Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America. | Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America. | Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America. | Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing and Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America. | Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America. AN - 32797108 AU - McDade, T. W. | McNally, E. M. | Zelikovich, A. S. | D'Aquila, R. | Mustanski, B. | Miller, A. | Vaught, L. A. | Reiser, N. L. | Bogdanovic, E. | Fallon, K. S. | Demonbreun, A. R. C1 - 2020-08-28 C2 - Laboratory Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082820_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0237833 ET - 2020/08/17 IS - 8 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Antibodies, Viral/blood | Betacoronavirus/*immunology | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis/*epidemiology/transmission/virology | *Dried Blood Spot Testing | Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay | *Family Characteristics | Female | *Health Personnel | Humans | Immunoglobulin G/blood | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis/*epidemiology/transmission/virology | SARS-CoV-2 | Seroepidemiologic Studies | Serologic Tests/*methods | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://1863994265/McDade-2020-High seroprevalence for SARS-CoV-2.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - McDade, Thomas W; McNally, Elizabeth M; Zelikovich, Aaron S; D'Aquila, Richard; Mustanski, Brian; Miller, Aaron; Vaught, Lauren A; Reiser, Nina L; Bogdanovic, Elena; Fallon, Katherine S; Demonbreun, Alexis R; eng; UL1 TR001422/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; PLoS One. 2020 Aug 14;15(8):e0237833. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237833. eCollection 2020. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; A self-collected Dried Blood Spot (DBS) IgG assay had high agreement (R2 = 0.99) with serum levels in RT-PCR-positive cases (p <0.001) (Figure). | Methods: Community sample of 232 adults from April 18 to May 20, 2020 who provided self-collected DBS finger stick samples and information on symptoms and SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis. FDA-approved immunoassay was adapted to measure IgG antibodies in DBS samples. Limitations: Unclear recruitment strategy; small numbers; potential selection bias; multiple sources of exposure of household members not assessed; assumptions of transmission and causality, however, most of these do not impact the analytic comparison between assays. | Implications: Self-collected DBS could be a useful tool to more easily assess community seroprevalence, increase COVID-19 serologic testing, and assess viral spread within populations. SN - 1932-6203 (Electronic); 1932-6203 (Linking) SP - e0237833 ST - High seroprevalence for SARS-CoV-2 among household members of essential workers detected using a dried blood spot assay T2 - PLoS One TI - High seroprevalence for SARS-CoV-2 among household members of essential workers detected using a dried blood spot assay UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32797108 VL - 15 ID - 779 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The clinical presentation of COVID-19 is very heterogeneous, ranging from asymptomatic to severe, which could lead to the need for mechanical ventilation or even death.We analyzed the serum levels of IL-6 in patients with COVID-19 diagnosis and its relationship with the severity of the disease, the need for mechanical ventilation and with patient mortality. We assessed IL-6 in a cohort of 50 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 pneumonia with different degrees of disease severity, and compared it with clinical and laboratory findings. We found higher levels of IL-6 in patients with more severe pneumonia according to CURB-65 scale (p = 0.001), with ICU mechanical ventilation requirements (p = 0.02), and who subsequently died (p = 0.003). Of the clinical and analytical parameters analyzed in the current study, the serum levels of IL-6 was the most effective predictor of disease severity. From the data obtained in ROC curve analysis, we defined a cut-off point for serum IL-6 levels of 35 pg/mL above which both the risk of mortality (OR = 20.00, 95 % CI 4.214-94-912, p = 0.0001) and ICU admission (OR = 12.750, 95 % CI 2,159-75,3,3, p = 0.005) were increased. Starting from blood IL-6 levels 27 out of 50 patients, with high levels and more severe symptoms, were treated with the IL-6 receptor antagonist Tocilizumab. IL-6 serum levels appear to be a useful prognostic biomarker in patients with a diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia. A cut-off point of 35 pg/mL could clearly differentiate patients a with more severe disease. AD - Immunology, Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real, Spain; Analisis Clinicos, Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real, Spain. | Immunology, Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real, Spain; Facultad de Medicina de Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Spain. | Analisis Clinicos, Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real, Spain. | Immunology, Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real, Spain; Facultad de Medicina de Ciudad Real, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Spain. Electronic address: jmurra@sescam.jccm.es. AN - 33075636 AU - Guirao, J. J. | Cabrera, C. M. | Jimenez, N. | Rincon, L. | Urra, J. M. C1 - 2020-10-30 C2 - IL-6 and Tocilizumab CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/103020_covidupdate.html DA - Dec DO - 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.10.006 ET - 2020/10/20 KW - Aged | Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/*administration & dosage | Biomarkers/blood | *COVID-19/blood/diagnosis/drug therapy/mortality | Female | Humans | Intensive Care Units | Interleukin-6/*blood | Male | Middle Aged | Patient Admission | Prognosis | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2/*metabolism | Severity of Illness Index | *COVID-19 pneumonia | *CURB-65 score | *ICU admission | *IL-6 serum levels | *Mortality | *Prognostic biomarkers L1 - internal-pdf://2681705762/Guirao-2020-High serum IL-6 values increase th.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Guirao, Jose J; Cabrera, Carmen M; Jimenez, Natalia; Rincon, Laura; Urra, Jose M; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Mol Immunol. 2020 Dec;128:64-68. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.10.006. Epub 2020 Oct 14. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; IL-6 serum concentrations above 35 pg/mL were associated with a higher risk of (Figure): | More severe pneumonia (OR = 4.47, 95% CI 1.15-17.45, p = 0.031). | Increased risk of mortality (OR = 20.00, 95% CI 4.21-94.91, p = 0.0001). | ICU admission (OR = 12.75, 95% CI 2.16-75.33, p = 0.005). | Of the 27 patients treated with tocilizumab, 8 (28%) died, while 6 (26%) of the 23 patients who were not treated with tocilizumab died. | Methods: Retrospective cohort study of 50 patients hospitalized with mild (n = 10), moderate (n = 34), or severe (n = 6) SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Spain, between April 1 and April 30, 2020. IL-6 serum concentrations were evaluated against clinical parameters to establish a predictive indicator of clinical outcomes. Some patients were given tocilizumab. Limitations: Small sample size; tocilizumab treatment not randomized. | Implications from Guirao et al., Hermine et al., Gupta et al., Stone et al., & Salvarini et al.: High serum concentrations of IL-6 are strongly associated with severe COVID-19 and serve as the biologic basis for early off-label use of tocilizumab for COVID-19. While the two cohort studies (Gupta & Hermine) did see a benefit of tocilizumab, the RCTs presented did not show that tocilizumab shortened the COVID-19 clinical course or decreased mortality (Stone & Salvarini). A commentary on these studies by Parr elaborates on the confounders associated with observational studies and why high-quality RCTs should guide decisions about tocilizumab use in COVID-19 patients. The studies presented here support current National Institutes of Health and Infectious Disease Society of America guidelines that do not recommend routine tocilizumab use for treatment of COVID-19. SN - 1872-9142 (Electronic); 0161-5890 (Linking) SP - 64-68 ST - High serum IL-6 values increase the risk of mortality and the severity of pneumonia in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 T2 - Mol Immunol TI - High serum IL-6 values increase the risk of mortality and the severity of pneumonia in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33075636 VL - 128 ID - 1156 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The rise of new SARS-CoV-2 variants worldwide requires global molecular surveillance strategies to support public health control. Early detection and evaluation of their associated risk of spreading within the population are pivotal. METHODS: Between April 2020 and February 2021, the UK Lighthouse Labs Network at Alderley Park tested more than eight million nose and throat swab samples for the presence of SARS-CoV-2, via PCR. The assay targeted three genomic regions of the virus: N, Orf1ab and S. Whole-genome next-generation sequencing was used to confirm positive PCR results. Positive results were mapped using the postal district origin of samples to allow real-time tracking of the spread of a new variant through the UK. FINDINGS: In mid-November 2020, the assay identified an increasing number of S gene negative, N and Orf1ab positive samples. Whole-genome sequencing demonstrated that the loss of S gene detection was due to the appearance of a SARS-CoV-2 lineage (B.1.1.7) designated as Variant of concern (VOC) 202012/01. By the beginning of January 2021, the new SARS-CoV-2 VOC comprised 70% of daily positive samples tested at Alderley Park and approximately 98% by the end of February 2021. INTERPRETATION: The timeline view identified the rapid spread of the new SARS-CoV-2 variant across England during the first three weeks of December. Coupling high-throughput diagnostics and molecular surveillance was pivotal to the early detection of the spread of this variant. The availability of real-time tracking of an emerging variant is an important new tool to inform decision-making authorities for risk mitigation. In a respiratory pandemic, a tool for the timely response to the emergence and spread of a novel variant is vital, even more so when a variant is associated with the enhanced transmission, as has occurred with VOC 202012/01. FUNDING: None. AD - Medicines Discovery Catapult, Lighthouse Labs Network, Alderley Park, Mereside, Alderley Edge, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom. | Department of Health and Social Care, 39 Victoria Street, London SW1H 0EU, United Kingdom. | Department of Health and Social Care, 39 Victoria Street, London SW1H 0EU, United Kingdom; The University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom. | Medicines Discovery Catapult, Lighthouse Labs Network, Alderley Park, Mereside, Alderley Edge, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom; Discovery Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Mereside, Alderley Edge, Cheshire SK10 4TG, United Kingdom. Electronic address: mark.wigglesworth@md.catapult.org.uk. AN - 34392145 AU - Gravagnuolo, Alfredo Maria | Faqih, Layla | Cronshaw, Cara | Wynn, Jackie | Klapper, Paul | Wigglesworth, Mark C1 - 2021-05-14 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05142021_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.2139/ssrn.3829660 ET - 2021/08/16 KW - COVID-19/*virology | England | High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/methods | Humans | Mutation/genetics | Pandemics/prevention & control | Risk Assessment | SARS-CoV-2/*genetics | Epidemiological investigation | Epidemiological surveillance | Mass Testing | Real-time tracking | Voc-202012/01,b.1.1.7 L1 - internal-pdf://3055593627/SSRN-id3829660.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Gravagnuolo, Alfredo Maria | Faqih, Layla | Cronshaw, Cara | Wynn, Jacquelyn | Klapper, Paul | Wigglesworth, Mark | eng | WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom | Netherlands | EBioMedicine. 2021 Aug;70:103540. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103540. Epub 2021 Aug 12. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In November 2020, a laboratory in England using real-time RT-PCR tests, began detecting virus strains (or variants) that were positive for nucleocapised (N) and Orf1b but negative for spike (S). The high throughput (80,000 tests per day) quickly identified this variant, B.1.1.7, that soon became the dominant strain in the UK. SN - 2352-3964 (Electronic) | 2352-3964 (Linking) SP - 103540 ST - High Throughput Diagnostics and Dynamic Risk Assessment of Variants of Concern T2 - SSRN TI - High Throughput Diagnostics and Dynamic Risk Assessment of Variants of Concern UR - https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3829660 VL - 70 ID - 1753 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 32504025 AU - Ledford, Heidi | Van Noorden, Richard C1 - 2020-06-16 C2 - Journal Retractions CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061620_covidupdate.html DA - Jun DO - 10.1038/d41586-020-01695-w ET - 2020/06/07 IS - 7811 KW - *Health care | *Medical research | *Research data | *SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://4276428625/d41586-020-01695-w.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Ledford, Heidi; Van Noorden, Richard; eng; News; England; Nature. 2020 Jun;582(7811):160. doi: 10.1038/d41586-020-01695-w. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Several high-profile retractions have brought attention to challenges posed by rapidly publishing scientific data during the coronavirus pandemic. SE - 160 SN - 0028-0836; 1476-4687 SP - 160-160 ST - High-profile coronavirus retractions raise concerns about data oversight T2 - Nature TI - High-profile coronavirus retractions raise concerns about data oversight UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32504025 VL - 582 ID - 387 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Indigenous populations have been disproportionally affected by COVID-19, particularly those in rural and remote locations. Their unique environments and risk factors demand an equally unique public health response. Our rural Native American community experienced one of the highest prevalence outbreaks in the world, and we developed an aggressive management strategy that appears to have had a considerable effect on mortality reduction. The results have implications far beyond pandemic response, and have reframed how our community addresses several complicated health challenges. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print October 14, 2021:e1–e3. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306472) AD - Myles J. Stone and Kristen H. Parker are with the US Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville, MD. Ryan M. Close, Christopher K. Jentoft, Katherine Pocock, April Twarkins, and James B. McAuley are with the Whiteriver Indian Hospital, Whiteriver, AZ. Gwendena Lee-Gatewood and J. T. Nashio are with the White Mountain Apache Tribe, Whiteriver, AZ. Brooke I. Grow is with the Johns Hopkins Center for American Indian Health, Whiteriver, AZ. AN - 34648378 AU - Twarkins, Myles J. Stone | Ryan M. Close | Christopher K. Jentoft | Katherine Pocock | Gwendena Lee-Gatewood | Brooke I. Grow | Kristen H. Parker | April C1 - 2021-10-29 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10292021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - Oct 14 DO - 10.2105/ajph.2021.306472 ET - 2021/10/15 L1 - internal-pdf://0965994009/ajph.2021.306472.pdf LB - Testing | Transmission | N1 - Stone, Myles J | Close, Ryan M | Jentoft, Christopher K | Pocock, Katherine | Lee-Gatewood, Gwendena | Grow, Brooke I | Parker, Kristen H | Twarkins, April | Nashio, J T | McAuley, James B | eng | Am J Public Health. 2021 Oct 14:e1-e3. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2021.306472. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In response to a large outbreak in a rural Native American community, officials augmented contact tracing, prioritized the highest-risk contacts for tracing, added immediate and home-based contact testing, and partnered with the tribal government to integrate public health outreach and direct medical care. These interventions contributed to a low community case fatality rate (CFR) (1.3% as of February 15, 2021), compared with all Native American persons in the state (3.2%) and the overall CFR for the state (1.9%). SN - 1541-0048 (Electronic) | 0090-0036 (Linking) SP - e1-e3 ST - High-Risk Outreach for COVID-19 Mortality Reduction in an Indigenous Community T2 - Am J Public Health Res TI - High-Risk Outreach for COVID-19 Mortality Reduction in an Indigenous Community UR - https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306472 ID - 2559 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Hematology, and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Medicine, Hematology, and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Medicine, Hematology, and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY. | Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Global Health and Emerging Pathogen Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address: ania.wajnberg@mountsinai.org. | Department of Medicine, Hematology, and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address: samir.parekh@mssm.edu. AN - 34242572 AU - Van Oekelen, Oliver | Gleason, Charles R. | Agte, Sarita | Srivastava, Komal | Beach, Katherine F. | Aleman, Adolfo | Kappes, Katerina | Banu, Radhika | Bermúdez-Gonz֙lez, Maria C. | Chernet, Rachel L. | Ferreri, Emily D. | Floda, Daniel L. | Firpo-Betancourt, Adolfo | Kleiner, Giulio | Russo, Kayla T. | Salimbangon, Ashley-Beathrese T. | Saksena, Miti S. | Shin, Amber A. | Matthews, Julia | Mendez, Wanni | Sominsky, Levy | Mulder, Lubbertus C. F. | Mendu, Rao | Mouhieddine, Tarek H. | Wang, Bo | Chari, Ajai | Cordon-Cardo, Carlos | Krammer, Florian | Jagannath, Sundar | Simon, Viviana | Wajnberg, Ania | Parekh, Samir C1 - 2021-07-09 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07092021_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 9 DO - 10.1016/j.ccell.2021.06.014 ET - 2021/07/10 IS - 8 KW - Antibody Formation | *covid-19 | Humans | *Multiple Myeloma/drug therapy/genetics | Rna | SARS-CoV-2 | Vaccination | *SARS-CoV-2 | *hematology | *multiple myeloma | *oncology | *vaccine | patent applications relating to SARS-CoV-2 serological assays and NDV-based | SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, and these list Florian Krammer as co-inventor. Viviana Simon | and Carlos Cordon-Cardo are listed on the serological assay patent application as | co-inventors. Mount Sinai has spun out a company, Kantaro, to market serological | tests for SARS-CoV-2. Florian Krammer has consulted for Merck and Pfizer (before | 2020) and is currently consulting for Seqirus and Avimex. The Krammer laboratory | is collaborating with Pfizer on animal models of SARS-CoV-2. Bo Wang reports | consulting fees for Sanofi Genzyme. Ajai Chari reports grants and personal fees | from Janssen, Bristol Myers Squibb (Celgene), Amgen, Seattle Genetics, and | Millennium Pharmaceuticals/Takeda and personal fees from Karyopharm, Sanofi, | Oncopeptides, Antengene, Glaxo Smith Kline, Secura Bio, Shattuck Labs, Genentech, | and Abbvie. Florian Krammer reports grants and personal fees from Pfizer and | personal fees from Seqirus and Avimex. Sundar Jagannath reports consulting fees | for Bristol Myers Squibb (Celgene), Janssen, Karyopharm Therapeutics, Legend | Biotech, Sanofi, and Takeda. Samir Parekh reports consulting fees from Foundation | Medicine and research funding from Bristol Myers Squibb (Celgene), Karyopharm, | and Amgen. Other authors report no relevant conflicts of interest. L1 - internal-pdf://1624917828/1-s2.0-S1535610821003366-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Van Oekelen, Oliver | Gleason, Charles R | Agte, Sarita | Srivastava, Komal | Beach, Katherine F | Aleman, Adolfo | Kappes, Katerina | Mouhieddine, Tarek H | Wang, Bo | Chari, Ajai | Cordon-Cardo, Carlos | Krammer, Florian | Jagannath, Sundar | Simon, Viviana | Wajnberg, Ania | Parekh, Samir | eng | 75N91019D00024/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ | U01 AI141990/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | HHSN272201400006C/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | R01 CA252222/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ | R01 CA244899/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ | 75N93019C00051/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | U01 AI150747/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | HHSN272201400008C/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | Letter | Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural | Comment | Cancer Cell. 2021 Aug 9;39(8):1028-1030. doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2021.06.014. Epub 2021 Jun 29. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 260 fully vaccinated multiple myeloma patients, 84.2% mounted measurable SARS-CoV-2 spike-binding IgG antibody levels at least 10 days after 2nd mRNA vaccine dose. The remaining patients were on anti-CD38 antibody-containing therapy (n = 24) or anti-BCMA bispecific antibody therapy (n = 13) at time of vaccination or had undergone anti-BCMA CAR-T therapy more than 3 months before vaccination (n = 4). SN - 1535-6108 SP - 1028-1030 ST - Highly variable SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody responses to two doses of COVID-19 RNA vaccination in patients with multiple myeloma T2 - Cancer Cell TI - Highly variable SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody responses to two doses of COVID-19 RNA vaccination in patients with multiple myeloma UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2021.06.014 VL - 39 Y2 - 2021/07/16 ID - 1960 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Introduction: Although many low-income families have experienced food insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic, rates have been particularly high among low-income Hispanic and immigrant households. Methods: The present study draws on data from an ongoing longitudinal study of low-income families and children in Tulsa, Oklahoma to examine food insecurity among English Language Learners (ELLs), all of whom were Hispanic and most of whom came from immigrant families. Results: Findings indicate that, although low-income ELL families were somewhat more likely to experience food insecurity than other low-income families before the pandemic, once COVID-19 erupted, they had 3 times the odds of experiencing food insecurity, even after controlling for prior risk factors and COVID-related income loss. Further, food-insecure ELLs were less likely to receive SNAP benefits than other food-insecure families. Discussion: Taken with other research, results suggest that because of concerns around immigration status, ELL families may have less access to critical benefits that have supported other families throughout the pandemic, such as SNAP and CARES Act stimulus checks. Thus, to meet the urgent needs of persistent food insecurity, aid should refocus on using rapid response systems with community ties, such as mutual aid organizations and school systems, to provide financial and monetary support to low-income ELL families. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved) AD - Partika, Anne: 303 White-Gravenor Hall, 3700 O St. NW, Washington, DC, US, 20057, ap1546@georgetown.edu AN - 34582224 AU - Partika, Anne | Johnson, Anna D. | Martin, Anne | Castle, Sherri C1 - 2021-10-15 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10152021_covidupdate.html#anchor_NaturalHistory DA - Sep 16 DO - 10.1037/fsh0000644 ET - 2021/09/29 KW - *English as Second Language | *Family | *Lower Income Level | *COVID-19 | *Food Insecurity | Immigration | Pandemics | Risk Factors | Latinos/Latinas L1 - internal-pdf://0529924759/2021-85858-001.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Partika, Anne | Johnson, Anna D | Martin, Anne | Castle, Sherri | eng | Heising-Simons Foundation | Foundation for Child Development | Spencer Foundation | National Institutes of Health National Institute of Child Health and Human Development | George Kaiser Family Foundation | University Strategic Organization Initiative at the University of Oklahoma | Fam Syst Health. 2021 Sep 16. pii: 2021-85858-001. doi: 10.1037/fsh0000644. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Food insecurity among English language learner (ELL) families increased from 41% before the COVID-19 pandemic to 66% during the pandemic. | Food insecurity was relatively unchanged (31% to 35%) among non-ELL families. | Among food insecure families during the pandemic, ELL families were less likely to use SNAP than non-ELL families (15% vs. 36%; p <0.001) but were more likely to use WIC (28% vs. 14%; p <0.05) and had similar use of school meals (59% vs. 62%). | Methods: Longitudinal study of 468 low-income Hispanic/Latino families whose children were in 1st grade in March 2020, Tulsa, Oklahoma. Food insecurity, based on a question from the USDA Household Food Security Scale, was examined at 3 timepoints (March 2019–June 2020) and compared by English language status of children. Use of WIC (Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children), SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program), and school meals were examined May–June 2020 only. Limitations: No information on immigration status; findings may not be generalizable. | | Implications: Food insecurity increased during the pandemic among families not proficient in English. Sufficient access to food may require improved uptake of resources, such as SNAP, and stable access to school meals. SN - 1939-0602(Electronic),1091-7527(Print) SP - No Pagination Specified-No Pagination Specified ST - Hispanic English language learner families and food insecurity during COVID-19: Risk factors and systems of food support T2 - Fam Syst Health TI - Hispanic English language learner families and food insecurity during COVID-19: Risk factors and systems of food support UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34582224 ID - 2492 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: Severe COVID-19 has a high mortality rate. Comprehensive pathological descriptions of COVID-19 are scarce and limited in scope. We aimed to describe the histopathological findings and viral tropism in patients who died of severe COVID-19. Methods: In this case series, patients were considered eligible if they were older than 18 years, with premortem diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and COVID-19 listed clinically as the direct cause of death. Between March 1 and April 30, 2020, full post-mortem examinations were done on nine patients with confirmed COVID-19, including sampling of all major organs. A limited autopsy was done on one additional patient. Histochemical and immunohistochemical analyses were done, and histopathological findings were reported by subspecialist pathologists. Viral quantitative RT-PCR analysis was done on tissue samples from a subset of patients. Findings: The median age at death of our cohort of ten patients was 73 years (IQR 52-79). Thrombotic features were observed in at least one major organ in all full autopsies, predominantly in the lung (eight [89%] of nine patients), heart (five [56%]), and kidney (four [44%]). Diffuse alveolar damage was the most consistent lung finding (all ten patients); however, organisation was noted in patients with a longer clinical course. We documented lymphocyte depletion (particularly CD8-positive T cells) in haematological organs and haemophagocytosis. Evidence of acute tubular injury was noted in all nine patients examined. Major unexpected findings were acute pancreatitis (two [22%] of nine patients), adrenal micro-infarction (three [33%]), pericarditis (two [22%]), disseminated mucormycosis (one [10%] of ten patients), aortic dissection (one [11%] of nine patients), and marantic endocarditis (one [11%]). Viral genomes were detected outside of the respiratory tract in four of five patients. The presence of subgenomic viral RNA transcripts provided evidence of active viral replication outside the respiratory tract in three of five patients. Interpretation: Our series supports clinical data showing that the four dominant interrelated pathological processes in severe COVID-19 are diffuse alveolar damage, thrombosis, haemophagocytosis, and immune cell depletion. Additionally, we report here several novel autopsy findings including pancreatitis, pericarditis, adrenal micro-infarction, secondary disseminated mucormycosis, and brain microglial activation, which require additional investigation to understand their role in COVID-19. Funding: Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council. AD - Department of Cellular Pathology, Northwest London Pathology, Imperial College London NHS Trust, London, UK. | Centre for Haematology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK. | Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK. | Department of Histopathology, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust and National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK. | Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK. | Department of Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK. | Department of Hepatology, Imperial College London NHS Trust, London, UK. | Renal and Transplant Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS, London, UK. | Department of Neuropathology, Kings College Hospital, London, UK. | Death Investigation Committee, Royal College of Pathologists, London, UK. | Nightingale NHS Hospital, London, UK. AN - 32844161 AU - Hanley, B. | Naresh, K. N. | Roufosse, C. | Nicholson, A. G. | Weir, J. | Cooke, G. S. | Thursz, M. | Manousou, P. | Corbett, R. | Goldin, R. | Al-Sarraj, S. | Abdolrasouli, A. | Swann, O. C. | Baillon, L. | Penn, R. | Barclay, W. S. | Viola, P. | Osborn, M. C1 - 2020-09-01 C2 - Post-Mortem Pathology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090120_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1016/S2666-5247(20)30115-4 ET - 2020/08/28 IS - 6 L1 - internal-pdf://1098198242/Hanley-2020-Histopathological findings and vir.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Hanley, Brian; Naresh, Kikkeri N; Roufosse, Candice; Nicholson, Andrew G; Weir, Justin; Cooke, Graham S; Thursz, Mark; Manousou, Pinelopi; Corbett, Richard; Goldin, Robert; Al-Sarraj, Safa; Abdolrasouli, Alireza; Swann, Olivia C; Baillon, Laury; Penn, Rebecca; Barclay, Wendy S; Viola, Patrizia; Osborn, Michael; eng; WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; RP-2016-07-012/DH_/Department of Health/United Kingdom; England; Lancet Microbe. 2020 Oct;1(6):e245-e253. doi: 10.1016/S2666-5247(20)30115-4. Epub 2020 Aug 20. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Multi-system injury in ten patients with severe disease: | 10/10 diffuse alveolar damage in lungs. | 9/10 chronic bronchiolitis. | 9/9 acute tubular injury in kidneys. | 8/9 microthrombi in vessels. | 7/8 CD8 T cell depletion in hilar lymph nodes. | 5/5 microglial activation and mild T-cell infiltrate in brain. | Unexpected findings included acute pancreatitis (2/9), adrenal micro-infarction (3/9), pericarditis (2/9). | Virus was detected outside of the respiratory tract in 4/5 patients. | Methods: Case series of post-mortem examinations of 10 decedents with severe COVID-19, March 1 to April 30, 2020, London, UK. Patients were aged 22 to 97 years, 70% were men. Limitations: Few individuals examined. | Implications for 3 studies (Hanley et al., Skok et al., & Dolhnikoff et al.): Although the lungs are the primary site of infection and injury, virus found outside of the lungs may be common in severe COVID-19 and be seen in all age groups. Injury as a result of tissue invasion or inflammatory response is likely. SN - 2666-5247 (Electronic); 2666-5247 (Linking) SP - e245-e253 ST - Histopathological findings and viral tropism in UK patients with severe fatal COVID-19: a post-mortem study T2 - Lancet Microbe TI - Histopathological findings and viral tropism in UK patients with severe fatal COVID-19: a post-mortem study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32844161 VL - 1 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 802 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is exacting a disproportionate toll on ethnic minority communities and magnifying existing disparities in health care access and treatment. To understand this crisis, physicians and public health researchers have searched history for insights, especially from a great outbreak approximately a century ago: the 1918 influenza pandemic. However, of the accounts examining the 1918 influenza pandemic and COVID-19, only a notable few discuss race. Yet, a rich, broader scholarship on race and epidemic disease as a "sampling device for social analysis" exists. This commentary examines the historical arc of the 1918 influenza pandemic, focusing on black Americans and showing the complex and sometimes surprising ways it operated, triggering particular responses both within a minority community and in wider racial, sociopolitical, and public health structures. This analysis reveals that critical structural inequities and health care gaps have historically contributed to and continue to compound disparate health outcomes among communities of color. Shifting from this context to the present, this article frames a discussion of racial health disparities through a resilience approach rather than a deficit approach and offers a blueprint for approaching the COVID-19 crisis and its afterlives through the lens of health equity. AD - The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Department of History of Medicine, and Johns Hopkins Center for Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (L.K.). | The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Johns Hopkins Center for Health Equity, Baltimore, Maryland (S.M.O.). | The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Center for Health Equity, and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland (L.A.C.). AN - 32501754 AU - Krishnan, L. | Ogunwole, S. M. | Cooper, L. A. C1 - 2020-06-16 C2 - Health Equity CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061620_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 15 DO - 10.7326/M20-2223 ET - 2020/06/06 IS - 6 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Continental Population Groups/*statistics & numerical data | Coronavirus Infections/*ethnology/*history | Health Services Accessibility | Health Status Disparities | Healthcare Disparities | History, 20th Century | History, 21st Century | Humans | Influenza, Human/*ethnology/*history | Pandemics/*history | Pneumonia, Viral/*ethnology/*history | SARS-CoV-2 | United States L1 - internal-pdf://3082464106/Krishnan-2020-Historical Insights on Coronavir.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Krishnan, Lakshmi; Ogunwole, S Michelle; Cooper, Lisa A; eng; Historical Article; Video-Audio Media; Ann Intern Med. 2020 Sep 15;173(6):474-481. doi: 10.7326/M20-2223. Epub 2020 Jun 5. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Historical recount reveals how critical structural inequities and healthcare gaps contributed to and continue to compound disparate health outcomes among communities of color. Proposes 5 strategies to advance health equity. SN - 1539-3704 (Electronic); 0003-4819 (Linking) SP - 474-481 ST - Historical Insights on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), the 1918 Influenza Pandemic, and Racial Disparities: Illuminating a Path Forward T2 - Ann Intern Med TI - Historical Insights on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), the 1918 Influenza Pandemic, and Racial Disparities: Illuminating a Path Forward UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32501754 VL - 173 ID - 390 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, and Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Electronic address: dsjones@harvard.edu. | MIT Anthropology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. AN - 32950081 AU - Jones, D. | Helmreich, S. C1 - 2020-09-29 C2 - Immunity CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/092920_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 19 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31924-3 ET - 2020/09/21 IS - 10254 KW - Abortion, Veterinary/history | Animals | Betacoronavirus/*immunology/isolation & purification | Covid-19 | Cattle | Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/*immunology/mortality/virology | Diphtheria/immunology | History, 20th Century | Humans | Immunity, Herd/*immunology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/*immunology/mortality/virology | SARS-CoV-2 | United Kingdom/epidemiology | United States/epidemiology | Veterinarians/history L1 - internal-pdf://0908872066/Jones-2020-A history of herd immunity.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Jones, David; Helmreich, Stefan; eng; Historical Article; England; Lancet. 2020 Sep 19;396(10254):810-811. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31924-3. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Provides a detailed look into how the term was coined and the history of the concept in public health. SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 810-811 ST - A history of herd immunity T2 - Lancet TI - A history of herd immunity UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32950081 VL - 396 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 964 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Belgium has a high burden of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), especially the region surrounding the Hospital East-Limburg, a tertiary care center. Infection prevention measures were instituted in the hospital beginning March 4, 2020, including testing and contact tracing of all symptomatic patients and staff, changes in hospital operations, and provision of personal protective equipment (PPE). The first case was detected March 13 (Figure 1). We investigated the prevalence of antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) among hospital staff. AD - Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Genk, Belgium. | Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. | University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. | Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium. AN - 32539107 AU - Steensels, D. | Oris, E. | Coninx, L. | Nuyens, D. | Delforge, M. L. | Vermeersch, P. | Heylen, L. C1 - 2020-06-26 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/062620_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 14 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.11160 ET - 2020/06/17 IS - 2 KW - Adult | Antibodies, Viral/*analysis | Belgium | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Clinical Laboratory Techniques/*statistics & numerical data | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Personnel, Hospital | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis | SARS-CoV-2 | Tertiary Care Centers/*organization & administration L1 - internal-pdf://0867097224/Steensels-2020-Hospital-Wide SARS-CoV-2 Antibo.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Steensels, Deborah; Oris, Els; Coninx, Laura; Nuyens, Dieter; Delforge, Marie-Luce; Vermeersch, Pieter; Heylen, Line; eng; JAMA. 2020 Jul 14;324(2):195-197. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.11160. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 6.4% of hospital staff had an antibody (IgG) response to SARS-CoV-2. | Exposure to a household contact with suspected COVID-19 was associated with presence of antibodies but exposure to a patient or coworker with diagnosed COVID-19 was not (Figure). | Anosmia (loss of smell) was the only symptom associated with presence of antibodies (Figure). | Methods: 3,056 staff were screened for antibodies to SARS-CoV-2; associations of demographic, clinical and exposure characteristics with presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG were examined. Limitations: Single-center study; some recent infections could have been missed since didn’t test for IgM antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. | Implications: Among hospital staff, community and/or household exposure to infection may confer greater risk for acquiring SARS-CoV-2 infection than exposure as a healthcare worker. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 195-197 ST - Hospital-Wide SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Screening in 3056 Staff in a Tertiary Center in Belgium T2 - JAMA TI - Hospital-Wide SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Screening in 3056 Staff in a Tertiary Center in Belgium UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32539107 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 430 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Juthani, Prerak V. | Gupta, Akash | Borges, Kelly A. | Price, Christina C. | Lee, Alfred I. | Won, Christine H. | Chun, Hyung J. C1 - 2021-09-17 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09172021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00558-2 L1 - internal-pdf://0347704440/PIIS1473309921005582.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 969 patients hospitalized with confirmed SARS-CoV-2, 14/54 (26%) of fully vaccinated patients were severely or critically ill (median age 80·5 years); 3 died. Among those with severe/critical disease, pre-existing comorbidities were overweight (n = 9), cardiovascular disease (n = 12), lung disease (n = 7), malignancy (n = 4), type 2 diabetes (n = 7), immunosuppressants (n = 4). 13/14 patients had been vaccinated with BNT162b2 (Comirnaty, Pfizer/BioNTech) at least 14 days before symptom onset or a positive SARS-CoV-2 test. SN - 1473-3099 ST - Hospitalisation among vaccine breakthrough COVID-19 infections T2 - Lancet Infect Dis TI - Hospitalisation among vaccine breakthrough COVID-19 infections UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00558-2 Y2 - 2021/09/20 ID - 2325 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Many reports on coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) have highlighted age- and sex-related differences in health outcomes. More information is needed about racial and ethnic differences in outcomes from Covid-19. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, we analyzed data from patients seen within an integrated-delivery health system (Ochsner Health) in Louisiana between March 1 and April 11, 2020, who tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes Covid-19) on qualitative polymerase-chain-reaction assay. The Ochsner Health population is 31% black non-Hispanic and 65% white non-Hispanic. The primary outcomes were hospitalization and in-hospital death. RESULTS: A total of 3626 patients tested positive, of whom 145 were excluded (84 had missing data on race or ethnic group, 9 were Hispanic, and 52 were Asian or of another race or ethnic group). Of the 3481 Covid-19-positive patients included in our analyses, 60.0% were female, 70.4% were black non-Hispanic, and 29.6% were white non-Hispanic. Black patients had higher prevalences of obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease than white patients. A total of 39.7% of Covid-19-positive patients (1382 patients) were hospitalized, 76.9% of whom were black. In multivariable analyses, black race, increasing age, a higher score on the Charlson Comorbidity Index (indicating a greater burden of illness), public insurance (Medicare or Medicaid), residence in a low-income area, and obesity were associated with increased odds of hospital admission. Among the 326 patients who died from Covid-19, 70.6% were black. In adjusted time-to-event analyses, variables that were associated with higher in-hospital mortality were increasing age and presentation with an elevated respiratory rate; elevated levels of venous lactate, creatinine, or procalcitonin; or low platelet or lymphocyte counts. However, black race was not independently associated with higher mortality (hazard ratio for death vs. white race, 0.89; 95% confidence interval, 0.68 to 1.17). CONCLUSIONS: In a large cohort in Louisiana, 76.9% of the patients who were hospitalized with Covid-19 and 70.6% of those who died were black, whereas blacks comprise only 31% of the Ochsner Health population. Black race was not associated with higher in-hospital mortality than white race, after adjustment for differences in sociodemographic and clinical characteristics on admission. AD - From the Ochsner Health Center for Outcomes and Health Services Research (E.G.P.-H., J.B., D.F.) and the University of Queensland Ochsner Clinical School (E.G.P.-H., L.S.) - both in New Orleans. AN - 32459916 AU - Price-Haywood, E. G. | Burton, J. | Fort, D. | Seoane, L. C1 - 2020-06-02 C2 - Racial Disparities CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060220_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 25 DO - 10.1056/NEJMsa2011686 ET - 2020/05/28 IS - 26 KW - Adult | African Americans/*statistics & numerical data | Aged | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Comorbidity | Coronavirus Infections/*ethnology/*mortality | European Continental Ancestry Group/*statistics & numerical data | Female | Hospital Mortality | Hospitalization | Humans | Louisiana | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*ethnology/*mortality | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 | Socioeconomic Factors L1 - internal-pdf://2886641819/Price-Haywood-2020-Hospitalization and Mortali.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Testing | N1 - Price-Haywood, Eboni G; Burton, Jeffrey; Fort, Daniel; Seoane, Leonardo; eng; Observational Study; N Engl J Med. 2020 Jun 25;382(26):2534-2543. doi: 10.1056/NEJMsa2011686. Epub 2020 May 27. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Non-Hispanic Black patients with COVID-19 were twice as likely to be hospitalized than non-Hispanic White patients after adjusting for age, sex, comorbidities, residence in a low-income area, insurance type, and obesity (Figure). | In-hospital mortality was not significantly different between non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White patients. | Methods: Retrospective cohort study of 3,481 confirmed COVID-19 patients attending the Ochsner Health system in Louisiana, USA, between March 1 and April 11, 2020. In-hospital deaths assessed through May 7, 2020. Limitations: One geographical area. | Implications for 2 studies (Azar et al. and Price-Haywood et al.): Non-Hispanic Black patients are more vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection and compromise a disproportionate fraction of deaths from COVID-19 than non-Hispanic White patients. COVID-19 illness may be more severe for non-Hispanic Black persons than non-Hispanic white persons; analyses must carefully control for other factors related to disease severity. Analyses are also needed that examine infection risk and illness severity among Hispanic, Asian, American Indian/Alaska Native and other racial or ethnic minority persons. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 2534-2543 ST - Hospitalization and Mortality among Black Patients and White Patients with Covid-19 T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Hospitalization and Mortality among Black Patients and White Patients with Covid-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32459916 VL - 382 ID - 297 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Concurrent with surges in hospitalizations for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), there has been evidence of decreased presentation for acute conditions, including myocardial infarction and stroke. We examined the frequency of hospitalization for all non–COVID-19-related conditions in a health system at an epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic. AD - Division of Healthcare Delivery Science, Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York. | Division of General Internal Medicine and Clinical Innovation, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York. | Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. | Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York. AN - 33104158 AU - Blecker, S. | Jones, S. A. | Petrilli, C. M. | Admon, A. J. | Weerahandi, H. | Francois, F. | Horwitz, L. I. C1 - 2020-11-03 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/110320_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 1 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.3978 ET - 2020/10/27 IS - 2 KW - *covid-19 | Chronic Disease | Critical Illness | Hospitalization | Hospitals | Humans | New York City | Prospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://1501636614/Blecker-2021-Hospitalizations for Chronic Dise.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Blecker, Saul; Jones, Simon A; Petrilli, Christopher M; Admon, Andrew J; Weerahandi, Himali; Francois, Fritz; Horwitz, Leora I; eng; F32 HL149337/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; L30 HL149016/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; Comment; JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Feb 1;181(2):269-271. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.3978. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Study found a substantial decrease in the number of non-COVID-19 related hospitalizations between March 22 to April 11, 2020. SN - 2168-6114 (Electronic); 2168-6106 (Linking) SP - 269-271 ST - Hospitalizations for Chronic Disease and Acute Conditions in the Time of COVID-19 T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - Hospitalizations for Chronic Disease and Acute Conditions in the Time of COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33104158 VL - 181 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1164 ER - TY - JOUR AD - College of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100083, China. | The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China. | Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, United States. AN - 32954242 AU - Chang, | Chen, Z. | Wang, F. S. | Xie, L. X. | Dela Cruz, C. S. | Sharma, L. | Qin, E. Q. C1 - 2020-09-25 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/092520_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100529 ET - 2020/09/22 L1 - internal-pdf://3168546216/Chang-2020-Host tolerance contributes to persi.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Chang, De; Chen, Zhu; Wang, Fu-Sheng; Xie, Li-Xin; Dela Cruz, Charles S; Sharma, Lokesh; Qin, En-Qiang; eng; England; EClinicalMedicine. 2020 Sep;26:100529. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100529. Epub 2020 Sep 15. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Brief report describing characteristics of three patients with persistent viral shedding for at least 50 days. SN - 2589-5370 (Electronic); 2589-5370 (Linking) SP - 100529 ST - Host tolerance contributes to persistent viral shedding in COVID-19 T2 - EClinicalMedicine TI - Host tolerance contributes to persistent viral shedding in COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32954242 VL - 26 ID - 942 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In-person schooling has proved contentious and difficult to study throughout the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Data from a massive online survey in the United States indicates an increased risk of COVID-19-related outcomes among respondents living with a child attending school in-person. School-based mitigation measures are associated with significant reductions in risk, particularly daily symptoms screens, teacher masking, and closure of extra-curricular activities. A positive association between in-person schooling and COVID-19 outcomes persists at low levels of mitigation, but when seven or more mitigation measures are reported, a significant relationship is no longer observed. Among teachers, working outside the home was associated with an increase in COVID-19-related outcomes, but this association is similar to other occupations (e.g., healthcare, office work). While in-person schooling is associated with household COVID-19 risk, this risk can likely be controlled with properly implemented school-based mitigation measures. AD - Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. justin@jhu.edu. | Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. | Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. | Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. | Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA. | Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. | Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. | Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. AN - 33927057 AU - Lessler, J. | Grabowski, M. K. | Grantz, K. H. | Badillo-Goicoechea, E. | Metcalf, C. J. E. | Lupton-Smith, C. | Azman, A. S. | Stuart, E. A. C1 - 2021-05-07 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05072021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 29 DO - 10.1126/science.abh2939 ET - 2021/05/01 IS - 6546 KW - Adolescent | COVID-19/epidemiology/*prevention & control/*transmission | Child | Child, Preschool | Communicable Disease Control | Family Characteristics | Humans | Masks | Physical Distancing | Risk Assessment | *School Teachers | *Schools | *Students | Surveys and Questionnaires | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://2612238384/Lessler-2021-Household COVID-19 risk and in-pe.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Lessler, Justin; Grabowski, M Kate; Grantz, Kyra H; Badillo-Goicoechea, Elena; Metcalf, C Jessica E; Lupton-Smith, Carly; Azman, Andrew S; Stuart, Elizabeth A; eng; Science. 2021 Apr 29. pii: science.abh2939. doi: 10.1126/science.abh2939. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Living with a child attending school full-time and in-person increased the odds of COVID-19-like illness (adjusted OR [aOR] 1.38, 95% CI 1.30-1.47), loss of taste or smell (aOR 1.21, 95% CI 1.16-1.27), and a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result within the previous 14 days (aOR 1.30, 95% CI 1.24-1.35) (Figure 1). | Similar but smaller associations were found for part-time schooling. | The strength of associations for full-time school increased with child’s grade. | Schools using multiple mitigation measures decreased the risk of COVID-19 outcomes most and risk was low with 7 or more mitigation measures (Figure 2). | Individual measures with the greatest protection were daily symptom screening, no extra-curricular activities, and masking. | Desk shields were associated with increased risk. | Methods: Social media-based survey of 2,142,887 U.S. adults between November 2020 and February 2021, weighted to adjust for non-response and coverage; analyses adjusted for county- and individual-level factors. COVID-19-like illness was self-reported fever of at least 100��F with cough, shortness of breath, or difficulty breathing. Limitations: Cross-sectional study based on self-report; weighting might not have fully addressed representativeness. | Implications: Implementation of risk-mitigation measures in a school setting may dramatically reduce risk for school children and the greater community. SN - 1095-9203 (Electronic); 0036-8075 (Linking) SP - eabh2939 ST - Household COVID-19 risk and in-person schooling T2 - Science TI - Household COVID-19 risk and in-person schooling UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33927057 VL - 372 ID - 1719 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Latino have had higher case counts, hospitalization rates and deaths during the COVID-19 pandemic nationally and in the state of California. Meanwhile, Latino vaccination rates remain lower than those of non-Hispanic Whites. COVID-19 vaccine nonintent, defined as intent not to vaccinate for COVID-19, among Latino individuals continues to be an issue in the state of California.Methods Families from three Latino longitudinal mother child cohorts previously recruited in the San Francisco Bay Area were surveyed telephonically from February to July 2021 to assess attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccination and prior vaccination, in general, for themselves and their children. Risk for vaccine nonintent was assessed using Mann-Whitney rank sum non-parametric test for continuous predictors and chi-squared tests for categorical ones.Results Three hundred and eighteen families were surveyed from the Telomere at Birth (TAB), Hispanic Eating and Nutrition (HEN) and Latino Eating and Diabetes Cohort (LEAD). Approximately 36% from TAB and 28% from HEN/LEAD indicated COVID-19 vaccine nonintent for themselves and/or their children. Risk factors for vaccine nonintent included lower maternal age (p=0.01), concern about vaccine side effects (p<0.01) and prior history of a household members being infected with COVID-19 (p<0.01) and indexes of household crowding including number of people sharing a bathroom (p=0.048). Vaccine intent was also associated with receiving vaccine input from friends (p=0.03), family (p<0.01) and/or coworkers (p=0.02) compared with those who were not planning on getting COVID-19 vaccination. It is possible that those with non-intent have received limited input from families, friends and/or coworkers.Discussion Latino families living in crowded living situations who may not have received any COVID-19 advice family, coworkers or friends are at particular risk for COVID-19 vaccine nonintent. Community based grassroots interventions that focus on trusted individuals with close ties to the community counseling about COVID-19 vaccination could help to boost vaccination rates in this population group.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis project was supported by the generosity of the Eric and Wendy Schmidt by recommendation of the Schmidt Futures program, through Covid Catalyst at the Center of Emerging and Neglected Diseases. Additional funding came from NIH NIDDK 080825 097458 as well as the Hellman Family Foundation and Allen Foundation and Marc and Lynn Benioff.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:UCSF IRBAll necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesDe-identified data will be released on request. AU - Wojcicki, Janet M. | Escobar, Milagro | Mendez, Andrea DeCastro | Martinez, Suzanna C1 - 2021-10-15 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10152021_covidupdate.html#anchor_NaturalHistory DO - 10.1101/2021.09.25.21264120 L1 - internal-pdf://0122421926/Wojcicki-2021-Household Density and Influences.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Natural History | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Intention to receive or having already received COVID-19 vaccination was reported by 80% (TAB study cohort) and 84.3% (HEN/LEAD combined cohorts) of mothers from Hispanic/Latino study cohorts. | Only 66.7% and 74.1%, respectively, reported intent to vaccinate their children. | Participants who planned to receive COVID-19 vaccines more often cited family and friends as influencing their vaccine decisions than those who did not plan to receive vaccines. | Methods: Telephone survey to assess COVID-19 vaccination intent among 318 Hispanic/Latino families from 3 existing family-based cohorts in San Francisco, February–June 2021. Limitations: Study may not be generalizable to other Hispanic/Latino persons in the United States; may not have measured other factors that may impact vaccine availability and acceptance. | | Implications: Social networks, including family and friends, may be important resources in efforts to increase vaccine uptake, especially among women and adolescents SP - 2021.09.25.21264120 ST - Household Density and Influences from Family and Friends Shape Vaccine Intent Among Latino Families in the San Francisco Bay Area T2 - medRxiv TI - Household Density and Influences from Family and Friends Shape Vaccine Intent Among Latino Families in the San Francisco Bay Area UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/09/27/2021.09.25.21264120.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/09/27/2021.09.25.21264120.full.pdf ID - 2494 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The role of children in household transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains uncertain. Here, we describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of children with COVID-19 in Catalonia (Spain) and investigate the dynamics of household transmission. METHODS: Prospective, observational, multicenter study performed during summer and school periods (1 July-31 October, 2020), in which epidemiological and clinical features, and viral transmission dynamics were analyzed in COVID-19 patients <16 years. A pediatric index case was established when a child was the first individual infected within a household. Secondary cases were defined when another household member tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 before the child. The secondary attack rate (SAR) was calculated, and logistic regression was used to assess associations between transmission risk factors and SARS-CoV-2 infections. RESULTS: The study included 1040 COVID-19 patients <16 years. Almost half (47.2%) were asymptomatic, 10.8% had comorbidities, and 2.6% required hospitalization. No deaths were reported. Viral transmission was common among household members (62.3%). More than 70% (756/1040) of pediatric cases were secondary to an adult, whereas 7.7% (80/1040) were index cases. The SAR was significantly lower in households with COVID-19 pediatric index cases during the school period relative to summer (p=0.02), and when compared to adults (p=0.006). No individual or environmental risk factors associated with the SAR were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Children are unlikely to cause household COVID-19 clusters or be major drivers of the pandemic even if attending school. Interventions aimed at children are expected to have a small impact on reducing SARS-CoV-2 transmission. AD - Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiencies Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain. | Equip Pediatria Territorial Alt Penedes-Garraf, Barcelona, Spain. | ABS Les Borges Blanques, Lleida, Spain. | Hospital d'Olot i Equip Pediatric Territorial Garrotxa i Ripolles (EPTGiR), Girona, Spain. | EAP Figueres, Alt Emporda, Girona, Spain. | Hospital Althaia Manresa, Barcelona, Spain. | Hospital Universitari del Mar, Barcelona, Spain. | EAP Ripollet, Barcelona, Spain. | Equip Territorial Pediatric Sabadell Nord, Barcelona, Spain. | EAP Vic Nord, Barcelona, Spain. | Hospital Universitari San Joan de Reus, Tarragona, Spain. | Hospital Universitari de Vic, Barcelona, Spain. | CAP Les Hortes, Barcelona, Spain. | EAP Horta, Barcelona, Spain. | Hospital Universitari Parc Tauli, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain. | Agencia de Qualitat i Avaluacio Sanitaria de Catalunya, AQuAS, Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain. | Centre Estudis Epidemiologics sobre les Infeccions de Transmissio Sexual i Sida de Catalunya (CEEISCAT), Departament de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya, Badalona, Spain. | Institut d'Investigacio Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain. | CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Spain. AN - 33709135 AU - Soriano-Arandes, A. | Gatell, A. | Serrano, P. | Biosca, M. | Campillo, F. | Capdevila, R. | Fabrega, A. | Lobato, Z. | Lopez, N. | Moreno, A. M. | Poblet, M. | Riera-Bosch, M. T. | Rius, N. | Ruiz, M. | Sanchez, A. | Valldeperez, C. | Vila, M. | Pineda, V. | Lazcano, U. | Diaz, Y. | Reyes-Uruena, J. | Soler-Palacin, P. | Copedi-Cat research group C1 - 2021-03-26 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03262021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 12 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciab228 ET - 2021/03/13 IS - 6 KW - SARS-CoV-2 | child | coronavirus | household | transmission L1 - internal-pdf://0004997680/Soriano-Arandes-2021-Household SARS-CoV-2 tran.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Soriano-Arandes, Antoni; Gatell, Anna; Serrano, Pepe; Biosca, Mireia; Campillo, Ferran; Capdevila, Ramon; Fabrega, Anna; Lobato, Zulema; Lopez, Nuria; Moreno, Ana M feminine; Poblet, Miriam; Riera-Bosch, Maria Teresa; Rius, Neus; Ruiz, Montserrat; Sanchez, Almudena; Valldeperez, Cinta; Vila, Monica; Pineda, Valenti; Lazcano, Uxue; Diaz, Yesika; Reyes-Uruena, Juliana; Soler-Palacin, Pere; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Mar 12. pii: 6168547. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab228. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; SARS-CoV-2 transmission occurred in 62% of household contacts. | 80 (7.7%) children were household index cases (Figure). | 756 (72%) pediatric COVID-19 cases were secondary to an adult case. | Secondary attack rate (SAR) was significantly lower in households with pediatric vs. adult index cases (59.0% vs. 67.6%, p = 0.006). | Among pediatric index cases, SAR was lower during the school period vs. the summer period (53.0% vs. 64.4%, p = 0.02). | Methods: Spanish prospective observational study of SARS-CoV-2 household transmission in children (<16 years) with COVID-19 (n = 1,040) and household contacts (n = 3,392); data were collected between July 1 and October 31, 2020. Index case was defined as first member of the household to develop symptoms or test positive for SARS-CoV-2. Two study periods were established, summertime (July 1–September 15) and school time (September 16–October 31). Limitations: Pediatric cases did not include children �?6 years; index case definition may lead to underestimation of contribution of asymptomatic individuals; findings may be dependent of variant distribution at time of study. | Implications: Children, whether symptomatic or not, do not greatly contribute to household clusters of infection and are unlikely to be major drivers of the pandemic even if attending school. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - e1261-e1269 ST - Household SARS-CoV-2 transmission and children: a network prospective study T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Household SARS-CoV-2 transmission and children: a network prospective study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33709135 VL - 73 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1619 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Although much of the public health effort to combat COVID-19 has focused on disease control strategies in public settings, transmission of SARS-CoV-2 within households remains an important problem. The nature and determinants of household transmission are poorly understood. METHODS: To address this gap, we gathered and analyzed data from 22 published and pre-published studies from 10 countries (20,291 household contacts) that were available through September 2, 2020. Our goal was to combine estimates of the SARS-CoV-2 household secondary attack rate (SAR) and explore variation in estimates of the household SAR. RESULTS: The overall pooled random-effects estimate of the household SAR was 17.1% (95% CI: 13.7-21.2%). In study-level, random-effects meta-regressions stratified by testing frequency (1 test, 2 tests, >2 tests), SAR estimates were 9.2% (95% CI: 6.7-12.3%), 17.5% (95% CI: 13.9-21.8%), and 21.3% (95% CI: 13.8-31.3%), respectively. Household SAR tended to be higher among older adult contacts and among contacts of symptomatic cases. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that SAR reported using a single follow-up test may be underestimated and that testing household contacts of COVID-19 cases on multiple occasions may increase the yield for identifying secondary cases. AD - Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. | Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. | Drug Policy Program, Center for Research and Teaching in Economics, Aguascalientes, Ags., Mexico. | Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. | Stanford Law School and Stanford Health Policy and the Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. | Center for Health Policy and the Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. AN - 33045075 AU - Fung, H. F. | Martinez, L. | Alarid-Escudero, F. | Salomon, J. A. | Studdert, D. M. | Andrews, J. R. | Goldhaber-Fiebert, J. D. | Sc-Cosmo Modeling Group C1 - 2020-10-23 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102320_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 12 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa1558 ET - 2020/10/13 IS - Suppl 2 KW - SARS-CoV-2 | household transmission | secondary attack | testing frequency L1 - internal-pdf://0706464316/Fung-2020-The household secondary attack rate.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Fung, Hannah F; Martinez, Leonardo; Alarid-Escudero, Fernando; Salomon, Joshua A; Studdert, David M; Andrews, Jason R; Goldhaber-Fiebert, Jeremy D; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Oct 12. pii: 5921151. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1558. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Pooled estimates of household secondary attack rate for SARS-CoV-2 was 17.1% (95% CI 13.7%-21.2%) with significant heterogeneity (I2, p<0.0001). | The secondary attack rate ranged from 3.9%�?6.4%. | Studies that tested contacts more frequently generated larger SARs; random-effects estimates stratified by testing frequency: | 1 test, 9.2% (95% CI 6.7%-12.3%). | 2 tests, 17.5% (95% CI 13.9%-21.8%). | >2 tests, 21.3% (95% CI 13.8%-31.3%). | Household secondary attack was higher among adult contacts and contacts of symptomatic cases. | Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 22 published and pre-published, non-peer reviewed studies from 10 countries of 20,000 household contacts through September 2020. Subgroup analyses were conducted using meta-regression to estimate secondary attack rate by contact characteristics and frequency of testing contacts, geographic region, and peer-review status. Limitations: Only one database of published studies was searched; authors did not account for household clustering; limited data on index cases who were young children. | Implications: Secondary attack rate reporting using one-time testing may underestimate number of cases among household contacts. More frequent testing of household contacts may increase yield of secondary cases. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - S138-S145 ST - The household secondary attack rate of SARS-CoV-2: A rapid review T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - The household secondary attack rate of SARS-CoV-2: A rapid review UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33045075 VL - 73 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1113 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Wuhan was the first epicentre of COVID-19 in the world, accounting for 80% of cases in China during the first wave. We aimed to assess household transmissibility of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and risk factors associated with infectivity and susceptibility to infection in Wuhan. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included the households of all laboratory-confirmed or clinically confirmed COVID-19 cases and laboratory-confirmed asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections identified by the Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention between Dec 2, 2019, and April 18, 2020. We defined households as groups of family members and close relatives who did not necessarily live at the same address and considered households that shared common contacts as epidemiologically linked. We used a statistical transmission model to estimate household secondary attack rates and to quantify risk factors associated with infectivity and susceptibility to infection, accounting for individual-level exposure history. We assessed how intervention policies affected the household reproductive number, defined as the mean number of household contacts a case can infect. FINDINGS: 27 101 households with 29 578 primary cases and 57 581 household contacts were identified. The secondary attack rate estimated with the transmission model was 15.6% (95% CI 15.2-16.0), assuming a mean incubation period of 5 days and a maximum infectious period of 22 days. Individuals aged 60 years or older were at a higher risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 than all other age groups. Infants aged 0-1 years were significantly more likely to be infected than children aged 2-5 years (odds ratio [OR] 2.20, 95% CI 1.40-3.44) and children aged 6-12 years (1.53, 1.01-2.34). Given the same exposure time, children and adolescents younger than 20 years of age were more likely to infect others than were adults aged 60 years or older (1.58, 1.28-1.95). Asymptomatic individuals were much less likely to infect others than were symptomatic cases (0.21, 0.14-0.31). Symptomatic cases were more likely to infect others before symptom onset than after (1.42, 1.30-1.55). After mass isolation of cases, quarantine of household contacts, and restriction of movement policies were implemented, household reproductive numbers declined by 52% among primary cases (from 0.25 [95% CI 0.24-0.26] to 0.12 [0.10-0.13]) and by 63% among secondary cases (from 0.17 [0.16-0.18] to 0.063 [0.057-0.070]). INTERPRETATION: Within households, children and adolescents were less susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection but were more infectious than older individuals. Presymptomatic cases were more infectious and individuals with asymptomatic infection less infectious than symptomatic cases. These findings have implications for devising interventions for blocking household transmission of SARS-CoV-2, such as timely vaccination of eligible children once resources become available. FUNDING: National Natural Science Foundation of China, Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, US National Institutes of Health, and US National Science Foundation. AD - Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, China. | School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. | Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professions & Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. | State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China. | Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. | Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. | Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. | Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professions & Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. Electronic address: yangyang@ufl.edu. | School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China. Electronic address: xust@hust.edu.cn. AN - 33476567 AU - Li, F. | Li, Y. Y. | Liu, M. J. | Fang, L. Q. | Dean, N. E. | Wong, G. W. K. | Yang, X. B. | Longini, I. | Halloran, M. E. | Wang, H. J. | Liu, P. L. | Pang, Y. H. | Yan, Y. Q. | Liu, S. | Xia, W. | Lu, X. X. | Liu, Q. | Yang, Y. | Xu, S. Q. C1 - 2021-01-29 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01292021_covidupdate.html DA - May DO - 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30981-6 ET - 2021/01/22 IS - 5 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Age Factors | Aged | COVID-19/etiology/*transmission | Child | Child, Preschool | China/epidemiology | Disease Susceptibility | Family Characteristics | Female | Humans | Infant | Infant, Newborn | Male | Middle Aged | Retrospective Studies | Risk Factors | *SARS-CoV-2 | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://2548076752/Li-2021-Household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 a.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Li, Fang; Li, Yuan-Yuan; Liu, Ming-Jin; Fang, Li-Qun; Dean, Natalie E; Wong, Gary W K; Yang, Xiao-Bing; Longini, Ira; Halloran, M Elizabeth; Wang, Huai-Ji; Liu, Pu-Lin; Pang, Yan-Hui; Yan, Ya-Qiong; Liu, Su; Xia, Wei; Lu, Xiao-Xia; Liu, Qi; Yang, Yang; Xu, Shun-Qing; eng; R01 AI116770/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; 2034364/US National Science Foundation; Observational Study; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. | Lancet Infect Dis. 2021 May;21(5):617-628. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30981-6. Epub 2021 Jan 18. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The estimated secondary attack rate for household transmission was 15.6% (95% CI 15.2-16.0). | Compared with adults �?0 years old, individuals <20 years old were 66-84% less susceptible to infection and 60% more likely to infect others. | Asymptomatic individuals were less infectious than symptomatic individuals (OR 0.21, 95% CI 0.14-0.31), and symptomatic individuals were more likely to infect others before symptom onset than after (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.30-1.55). | After the implementation of control measures (e.g., case isolation and quarantine of contacts) household reproductive numbers declined by 52% among primary cases and by 63% among secondary cases. | Methods: Retrospective cohort including 27,101 households of laboratory- or clinically-confirmed COVID-19 cases and laboratory-confirmed asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections in Wuhan, China identified between December 2, 2019, and April 18, 2020. Transmission model to estimate household secondary attack rates, assuming mean incubation and maximum infectious period of 5 and 22 days, respectively. Limitations: Asymptomatic infections may be underestimated; model assumed a long (up to 22 days) infectious period, some results may not be generalizable. | Implications: While children and adolescents were less susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, they were more infectious than older individuals. These findings warrant consideration when planning for school re-opening and developing interventions for reducing household transmission. | SN - 1474-4457 (Electronic); 1473-3099 (Linking) SP - 617-628 ST - Household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and risk factors for susceptibility and infectivity in Wuhan: a retrospective observational study T2 - Lancet Infect Dis TI - Household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and risk factors for susceptibility and infectivity in Wuhan: a retrospective observational study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33476567 VL - 21 Y2 - 2021/05/14 ID - 1460 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA pgz4@cdc.gov. | Georgia Department of Public Health, Atlanta, GA. | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. AN - 34289272 AU - Chu, Victoria T. | Yousaf, Anna R. | Chang, Karen | Schwartz, Noah G. | McDaniel, Clinton J. | Lee, Scott H. | Szablewski, Christine M. | Brown, Marie | Drenzek, Cherie L. | Dirlikov, Emilio | Rose, Dale A. | Villanueva, Julie | Fry, Alicia M. | Hall, Aron J. | Kirking, Hannah L. | Tate, Jacqueline E. | Lanzieri, Tatiana M. | Stewart, Rebekah J. C1 - 2021-07-30 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07302021_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 2 DO - 10.1056/NEJMc2031915 ET - 2021/07/22 IS - 10 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Asymptomatic Diseases | COVID-19/*transmission | Child | Family | Hospitalization | Humans | Logistic Models | Masks/statistics & numerical data | Physical Distancing | Retrospective Studies | Risk Factors | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://1245079329/Chu-2021-Household Transmission of SARS-CoV-2.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Chu, Victoria T | Yousaf, Anna R | Chang, Karen | Schwartz, Noah G | McDaniel, Clinton J | Lee, Scott H | Szablewski, Christine M | Brown, Marie | Drenzek, Cherie L | Dirlikov, Emilio | Rose, Dale A | Villanueva, Julie | Fry, Alicia M | Hall, Aron J | Kirking, Hannah L | Tate, Jacqueline E | Lanzieri, Tatiana M | Stewart, Rebekah J | eng | Letter | Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. | N Engl J Med. 2021 Sep 2;385(10):954-956. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2031915. Epub 2021 Jul 21. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission was decreased when the index case physically distanced (adjusted OR 0.4 95% CI 0.1-0.9) in the household. | 79% of household transmission cases were from index cases who became symptomatic after returning home. | Median time between index case symptoms and symptoms from household members emerging was 5 days. | Methods: Retrospective cohort study of household COVID-19 transmission from index patients (n = 224, 7�?9 years old) who contracted COVID-19 from an overnight camp outbreak in June 2020. There were 526 household contacts. Limitations: COVID-19 test results were self-reported, testing was voluntary, and many cases had not yet returned home when they first became symptomatic, likely underestimating actual household transmission. | Implications: Physical distancing can minimize household COVID-19 transmission from children. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic) | 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 954-956 ST - Household Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from Children and Adolescents T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Household Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from Children and Adolescents UR - https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2031915 | https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMc2031915?articleTools=true VL - 385 ID - 2175 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Although many viral respiratory illnesses are transmitted within households, the evidence base for SARS-CoV-2 is nascent. We sought to characterize SARS-CoV-2 transmission within US households and estimate the household secondary infection rate (SIR) to inform strategies to reduce transmission. METHODS: We recruited laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients and their household contacts in Utah and Wisconsin during March 22-April 25, 2020. We interviewed patients and all household contacts to obtain demographics and medical histories. At the initial household visit, 14 days later, and when a household contact became newly symptomatic, we collected respiratory swabs from patients and household contacts for testing by SARS-CoV-2 rRT-PCR and sera for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies testing by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We estimated SIR and odds ratios (OR) to assess risk factors for secondary infection, defined by a positive rRT-PCR or ELISA test. RESULTS: Thirty-two (55%) of 58 households had evidence of secondary infection among household contacts. The SIR was 29% (n = 55/188; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 23-36%) overall, 42% among children (<18 years) of the COVID-19 patient and 33% among spouses/partners. Household contacts to COVID-19 patients with immunocompromised conditions had increased odds of infection (OR: 15.9, 95% CI: 2.4-106.9). Household contacts who themselves had diabetes mellitus had increased odds of infection (OR: 7.1, 95% CI: 1.2-42.5). CONCLUSIONS: We found substantial evidence of secondary infections among household contacts. People with COVID-19, particularly those with immunocompromising conditions or those with household contacts with diabetes, should take care to promptly self-isolate to prevent household transmission. AD - COVID-19 Response Team, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. | Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. | Utah Department of Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. | Laboratory Leadership Service, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. | Salt Lake County Health Department, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. | Davis County Health Department, Clearfield, Utah, USA. | City of Milwaukee Health Department, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. | North Shore Health Department, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. | Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. AN - 33185244 AU - Lewis, N. M. | Chu, V. T. | Ye, D. | Conners, E. E. | Gharpure, R. | Laws, R. L. | Reses, H. E. | Freeman, B. D. | Fajans, M. | Rabold, E. M. | Dawson, P. | Buono, S. | Yin, S. | Owusu, D. | Wadhwa, A. | Pomeroy, M. | Yousaf, A. | Pevzner, E. | Njuguna, H. | Battey, K. A. | Tran, C. H. | Fields, V. L. | Salvatore, P. | O'Hegarty, M. | Vuong, J. | Chancey, R. | Gregory, C. | Banks, M. | Rispens, J. R. | Dietrich, E. | Marcenac, P. | Matanock, A. M. | Duca, L. | Binder, A. | Fox, G. | Lester, S. | Mills, L. | Gerber, S. I. | Watson, J. | Schumacher, A. | Pawloski, L. | Thornburg, N. J. | Hall, A. J. | Kiphibane, T. | Willardson, S. | Christensen, K. | Page, L. | Bhattacharyya, S. | Dasu, T. | Christiansen, A. | Pray, I. W. | Westergaard, R. P. | Dunn, A. C. | Tate, J. E. | Nabity, S. A. | Kirking, H. L. C1 - 2020-08-25 | 2020-10-20 C2 - Secondary Infections from Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in Different Settings CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082520_covidupdate.html | http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102020_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 16 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa1166 ET - 2020/11/14 KW - Covid-19 | SARS-CoV-2 | contact tracing | household | transmission L1 - internal-pdf://1303930516/Lewis-2020-Household Transmission of SARS-CoV-.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Lewis, Nathaniel M; Chu, Victoria T; Ye, Dongni; Conners, Erin E; Gharpure, Radhika; Laws, Rebecca L; Reses, Hannah E; Freeman, Brandi D; Fajans, Mark; Rabold, Elizabeth M; Dawson, Patrick; Buono, Sean; Yin, Sherry; Owusu, Daniel; Wadhwa, Ashutosh; Pomeroy, Mary; Yousaf, Anna; Pevzner, Eric; Njuguna, Henry; Battey, Katherine A; Tran, Cuc H; Fields, Victoria L; Salvatore, Phillip; O'Hegarty, Michelle; Vuong, Jeni; Chancey, Rebecca; Gregory, Christopher; Banks, Michelle; Rispens, Jared R; Dietrich, Elizabeth; Marcenac, Perrine; Matanock, Almea M; Duca, Lindsey; Binder, Allison; Fox, Garrett; Lester, Sandra; Mills, Lisa; Gerber, Susan I; Watson, John; Schumacher, Amy; Pawloski, Lucia; Thornburg, Natalie J; Hall, Aron J; Kiphibane, Tair; Willardson, Sarah; Christensen, Kim; Page, Lindsey; Bhattacharyya, Sanjib; Dasu, Trivikram; Christiansen, Ann; Pray, Ian W; Westergaard, Ryan P; Dunn, Angela C; Tate, Jacqueline E; Nabity, Scott A; Kirking, Hannah L; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Aug 16. pii: 5893024. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1166. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Secondary infection occurred in 32 (55%) of 58 households. | High overall secondary infection rate (SIR) among household contacts: 52 of 188 persons, (28%) (Figure). | SIR of 42% for children (<18 years) of the COVID-19 patient. | SIR of 33% for spouses/partners. | Household contacts with immunocompromised conditions had much higher risk of infection (odds ratio [OR]: 15.9 95% CI 2.4�?06.9) or diabetes mellitus (OR: 7.1 95% CI 1.2�?2.5). | Methods: Patients with lab-confirmed COVID-19 and contacts in 58 households in Utah and Wisconsin were interviewed March 22 to April 25, 2020. Respiratory swab testing for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR and blood for serology were collected from patients and household contacts at initial household visit, 14 days later, and if/when a person became symptomatic. SIR and OR were calculated to assess risk factors for secondary infection. Limitations: Did not account for other factors associated with infections; convenience sample. | Implications for both studies (Lewis et al. & Luo et al.): Settings with prolonged close proximity with others such as households may facilitate transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Risk of transmission may depend on closeness to a person with COVID-19. Measures to minimize transmission may be needed both in and out of the household, particularly if household members have chronic conditions such as immunocompromise or diabetes. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) ST - Household Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the United States T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Household Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the United States UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33185244 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 758 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Knowledge of transmission dynamics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 from adults to children in household settings is limited. We found an attack rate among 213 children in 137 households to be 6.1% in households with confirmed adult 2019 novel coronavirus disease index case(s). Transmission from adult to child occurred in only 5.2% of households. Young children <5 years old were at lowest risk of infection (1.3%). Children were most likely to be infected if the household index case was the mother. AD - Department of Pediatrics, Infectious Disease Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Imperial College London, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Electronic address: Yung.Chee.Fu@singhealth.com.sg. | Department of Pediatrics, Infectious Disease Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore. | Department of Pediatrics, Infectious Disease Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Imperial College London, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore. | Department of Pediatrics, Infectious Disease Service, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Imperial College London, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Emergency, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore. | Division of Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore. AN - 32634405 AU - Yung, C. F. | Kam, K. Q. | Chong, C. Y. | Nadua, K. D. | Li, J. | Tan, N. W. H. | Ganapathy, S. | Lee, K. P. | Ng, K. C. | Chan, Y. H. | Thoon, K. C. C1 - 2020-07-21 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072120_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.07.009 ET - 2020/07/08 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Age Distribution | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Child | Child, Preschool | Coronavirus Infections/*transmission | *Family Characteristics | Female | Humans | Infant | Infant, Newborn | Male | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*transmission | SARS-CoV-2 | children | household | transmission L1 - internal-pdf://3643252430/Yung-2020-Household Transmission of Severe Acu.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Yung, Chee Fu; Kam, Kai-Qian; Chong, Chia Yin; Nadua, Karen Donceras; Li, Jiahui; Tan, Natalie Woon Hui; Ganapathy, Sashikumar; Lee, Khai Pin; Ng, Kee Chong; Chan, Yoke Hwee; Thoon, Koh Cheng; eng; Case Reports; J Pediatr. 2020 Oct;225:249-251. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.07.009. Epub 2020 Jul 4. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Age-specific attack rates in children in households with confirmed COVID-19 in Singapore showed that children are most likely to be infected if the household index case was the mother. SN - 1097-6833 (Electronic); 0022-3476 (Linking) SP - 249-251 ST - Household Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 from Adults to Children T2 - J Pediatr TI - Household Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 from Adults to Children UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32634405 VL - 225 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 552 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 32488156 AU - Watson, Clare C1 - 2020-06-12 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061220_covidupdate.html DA - Jun DO - 10.1038/d41586-020-01573-5 ET - 2020/06/04 IS - 7810 KW - Africa/epidemiology | Betacoronavirus/*genetics/*isolation & purification | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Clinical Laboratory Techniques/statistics & numerical data | Contact Tracing/*methods | Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/epidemiology/*prevention & control/*virology | Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control | Genome, Viral/genetics | *Genomics | Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/diagnosis/epidemiology/virology | Humans | New Zealand/epidemiology | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis/epidemiology/*prevention & control/*virology | Public Health Surveillance | SARS-CoV-2 | Sequence Analysis, DNA | Travel | United Kingdom/epidemiology | Victoria/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://0995517264/d41586-020-01573-5.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Watson, Clare | eng | News | England | Nature. 2020 Jun;582(7810):19. doi: 10.1038/d41586-020-01573-5. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Genotyping SARS-CoV-2 sequences of infected persons alongside contact tracing can elicit information not captured through traditional contact tracing alone. SE - 19 SN - 0028-0836; 1476-4687 SP - 19-19 ST - How countries are using genomics to help avoid a second coronavirus wave T2 - Nature TI - How countries are using genomics to help avoid a second coronavirus wave UR - https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-01573-5 VL - 582 ID - 360 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Vaccine developers who have already reported promising phase III trial results against COVID-19 estimate that, between them, they can make sufficient doses for more than one-third of the world’s population by the end of 2021. But many people in low-income countries might have to wait until 2023 or 2024 for vaccination, according to estimates from the Duke Global Health Innovation Center in Durham, North Carolina. | Manufacturers have scaled back their short-term production estimates over time, says Rasmus Bech Hansen, chief executive of Airfinity, a life-sciences market analytics firm in London. But the makers of the three vaccines that seem closest to widespread distribution �?AstraZeneca, Pfizer and Moderna �?estimate a total production capacity of 5.3 billion doses for 2021, which could cover between 2.6 billion and 3.1 billion people, depending on whether AstraZeneca’s vaccine is administered in two doses or one and a half (see ‘Vaccine pre-orders�?. And a vaccine created at the Gamaleya National Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology in Moscow could cover another 500 million people per year outside Russia from 2021, says the Moscow-based Russia Direct Investment Fund, which is supporting its development. (It hasn’t disclosed capacity within Russia.); | Infographic: Vaccine pre-orders. Barchart showing number of pre-orders of leading COVID-19 vaccine candidates. | Source: data from Airfinity, up to 19 November / Nature tabulations. | Most of this capacity is already spoken for. The 27 member states of the European Union together with five other rich countries have pre-ordered about half of it (including options, written into their contracts, to order extra doses, and negotiations that have been disclosed but not yet finalized). These countries account for only around 13% of the global population. | If six other leading vaccine candidates are included, the total number of doses for which disclosed deals are in place rises to 7.4 billion, with expansion options or ongoing negotiations accounting for another 2.9 billion doses, according to Airfinity’s calculations. When these other vaccines are included, the total number of doses secured by the same five countries and the EU remains at around half of the total, because those wealthy enough to place bets on a number of candidates bought up broad portfolios of products early in the pandemic. | Counting up all vaccine deals per capita, Canada leads the pack, with nearly nine doses per person (see 'Best and worst supplied'). “Canada has done exactly what we would expect a high-income country to do, and they’ve done the right thing by their country,�?says Andrea Taylor at Duke. | But this also means that doses won't be distributed equitably. “Now that we are seeing really good results, everyone is feeling more optimistic. They are starting to make deals,�?says Taylor. “But it’s quite a scary picture at the minute, because so many countries are missing.�? | Infographic: Best and worst supplied. Barchart showing number of pre-ordered doses of COVID-19 vaccines per person by region. | Source: data from Airfinity, up to 19 November; | Local manufacturing deals are also likely to determine where the first shipments of vaccines go, says Bech Hansen. India, for example, has secured more than 2 billion doses of vaccine, in part by leveraging access to the manufacturing capabilities of the Serum Institute of India in Pune, the world’s largest vaccine maker. | This leaves dwindling short-term supplies for low- and middle-income countries. Most of these countries seem to be relying on contributions from COVAX, a joint fund for equitable distribution of COVID-19 vaccines led by Gavi, a funder of vaccines for low-income countries based in Geneva, Switzerland, the World Health Organization, and the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) in Oslo. It has secured an estimated 700 million vaccine doses so far and wants to provide 2 billion by the end of 2021, with the aim of providing coverage to at least 20% of the population of participating countries. More than 189 countries have signed up to COVAX, including wealthy economies that have joined to subsidize vaccine access. | Ultimately, countries with excess doses might donate these to COVAX. That’s not how the fund was intended to work, says Taylor; it doesn’t help with equitable distribution because high-income countries are likely to ensure their own vaccine needs are met before they pass on excess doses. "But I think that’s how things are going to play out,�?she says. | The prices of the vaccines also vary, and differ from deal to deal. AstraZeneca, based in Cambridge, UK, has said it will provide its vaccine at around US$3�? per dose, which is between five and ten times cheaper than the estimated prices of other leading candidates, such as those made by New York City-based Pfizer and Moderna in Cambridge, Massachusetts. AstraZeneca has pledged to provide the vaccine on a not-for-profit basis for the “duration of the pandemic�? and in perpetuity to low- and middle-income countries. Other firms have not made these commitments. AN - 33257891 AU - Mullard, A. C1 - 2020-12-15 C2 - Prevention CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/121520_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 30 DO - 10.1038/d41586-020-03370-6 ET - 2020/12/02 KW - SARS-CoV-2 | Vaccines LA - en LB - Vaccines | N1 - Mullard, Asher; eng; News; England; Nature. 2020 Nov 30. pii: 10.1038/d41586-020-03370-6. doi: 10.1038/d41586-020-03370-6. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Details pre-orders of the vaccines currently in trials and charts out doses per person ordered by countries worldwide. SN - 1476-4687 (Electronic); 0028-0836 (Linking) ST - How COVID vaccines are being divvied up around the world T2 - Nature TI - How COVID vaccines are being divvied up around the world UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33257891 | https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03370-6 ID - 1347 ER - TY - JOUR AB - COVID-19 has resulted in more than 120 million cases and 2.6 million deaths to date. Respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms are accompanied by short- and long-term neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPs) and long-term brain sequelae.Some patients present with anosmia, cognitive and attention deficits (ie, brain fog), new-onset anxiety, depression, psychosis, seizures, and even suicidal behavior. These present before, during, and after respiratory symptoms and are unrelated to respiratory insufficiency, suggesting independent brain damage. Follow-ups conducted in Germany and the United Kingdom found post–COVID-19 NPs in 20% to 70% of patients, even in young adults, and lasting months after respiratory symptoms resolved, suggesting brain involvement persists. AD - Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York. | Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York. | Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York. | Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri. | Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri. | Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri. AN - 33769431 AU - Boldrini, M. | Canoll, P. D. | Klein, R. S. C1 - 2021-04-02 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04022021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 26 DO - 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.0500 ET - 2021/03/27 IS - 6 KW - *Behavioral Symptoms/etiology/immunology/metabolism | *Brain Diseases/etiology/immunology/metabolism/virology | *COVID-19/complications/immunology/metabolism | *Endothelium, Vascular/immunology/metabolism/virology | Humans | *Inflammation/etiology/immunology/metabolism L1 - internal-pdf://0330959144/Boldrini-2021-How COVID-19 Affects the Brain.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Boldrini, Maura; Canoll, Peter D; Klein, Robyn S; eng; JAMA Psychiatry. 2021 Mar 26. pii: 2778090. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.0500. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In addition to respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms, COVID-19 can lead to short- and long-term neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPs), as well as long-term brain sequela; these symptoms are unrelated to respiratory insufficiency. Between 20%-70% of patients had post-COVID-19 NPs months after respiratory symptoms resolved. SN - 2168-6238 (Electronic); 2168-622X (Linking) SP - 682-683 ST - How COVID-19 Affects the Brain T2 - JAMA Psychiatry TI - How COVID-19 Affects the Brain UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33769431 VL - 78 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1629 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The newly emerging coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first reported in Wuhan, China, but has rapidly spread all over the world. Some COVID-19 patients encounter a severe symptom of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with high mortality. This high severity is dependent on a cytokine storm, most likely induced by the interleukin-6 (IL-6) amplifier, which is hyper-activation machinery that regulates the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) pathway and stimulated by the simultaneous activation of IL-6-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and NF-kappaB signaling in non-immune cells including alveolar epithelial cells and endothelial cells. We hypothesize that IL-6-STAT3 signaling is a promising therapeutic target for the cytokine storm in COVID-19, because IL-6 is a major STAT3 stimulator, particularly during inflammation. We herein review the pathogenic mechanism and potential therapeutic targets of ARDS in COVID-19 patients. AD - Molecular Psychoimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, 060-0815 Japan.grid.39158.360000 0001 2173 7691; Headquarters, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555 Japan.grid.482503.80000 0004 5900 003X AN - 33014208 AU - Hojyo, S. | Uchida, M. | Tanaka, K. | Hasebe, R. | Tanaka, Y. | Murakami, M. | Hirano, T. C1 - 2020-10-16 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/101620_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1186/s41232-020-00146-3 DP - NLM ET - 2020/10/06 L1 - internal-pdf://0444509752/Hojyo-2020-How COVID-19 induces cytokine storm.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Hojyo, Shintaro; Uchida, Mona; Tanaka, Kumiko; Hasebe, Rie; Tanaka, Yuki; Murakami, Masaaki; Hirano, Toshio; eng; Review; England; Inflamm Regen. 2020 Oct 1;40:37. doi: 10.1186/s41232-020-00146-3. eCollection 2020. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Describes a potential pathway in which initiation of an IL-6 amplification loop in non-immune cells drives immune hyperreactivity in COVID-19 patients. SN - 1880-9693 (Print); 1880-8190 (Linking) SP - 37 ST - How COVID-19 induces cytokine storm with high mortality T2 - Inflamm Regen TI - How COVID-19 induces cytokine storm with high mortality UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33014208 VL - 40 ID - 1056 ER - TY - JOUR AD - New York, USA. AN - 32423901 AU - Hsu, J. C1 - 2020-05-29 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052920_covidupdate.html DA - May 18 DO - 10.1136/bmj.m1983 ET - 2020/05/20 L1 - internal-pdf://1916345927/Hsu-2020-How covid-19 is accelerating the thre.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Hsu, Jeremy; eng; England; BMJ. 2020 May 18;369:m1983. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m1983. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Highlights the dangers in antibiotic misuse during treatment of COVID-19, which could increase antimicrobial resistance. SN - 1756-1833 (Electronic); 0959-8138 (Linking) SP - m1983 ST - How covid-19 is accelerating the threat of antimicrobial resistance T2 - BMJ TI - How covid-19 is accelerating the threat of antimicrobial resistance UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32423901 VL - 369 ID - 275 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Population-based literature suggest SARS-CoV-2 infection may disproportionately affect racial/ethnic minorities; however, patient-level observations of hospitalization outcomes by race/ethnicity are limited. The aim of this study was to characterize COVID-19-associated morbidity and in-hospital mortality by race/ethnicity. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of nine Massachusetts hospitals including all consecutive adult patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19. Measured outcomes were assessed and compared by patient-reported race/ethnicity, classified as White, Black, Latinx, Asian, or other. Students t-test, Fischer exact test, and multivariable regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: 379 patients (62.9+/-16.5 years; 55.7% men) with confirmed COVID-19 were included (49.9% White, 13.7% Black, 29.8% Latinx, 3.7% Asian), of which 376 (99.2%) were insured (34.3% private, 41.2% public, 23.8% public with supplement). Latinx patients were younger, had fewer cardiopulmonary disorders, were more likely to have obesity, more frequently reported fever and myalgia, and had lower D-dimer levels compared to White patients (p&0.05). On multivariable analysis controlling for age, gender, obesity, cardiopulmonary comorbidities, hypertension, and diabetes, no significant differences in in-hospital mortality, ICU admission, or mechanical ventilation by race/ethnicity were found. Diabetes was a significant predictor for mechanical ventilation (OR 1.89; 95% CI 1.11-3.23) while older age was a predictor of in-hospital mortality (OR 4.18; 95% CI 1.94-9.04). CONCLUSIONS: In this multi-center cohort of hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the largest health system in Massachusetts, there was no association between race/ethnicity and clinically relevant hospitalization outcomes, including in-hospital mortality, after controlling for key demographic/clinical characteristics. These findings serve to refute suggestions that certain races/ethnicities may be biologically predisposed to poorer COVID-19 outcomes. AD - Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy. Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA. | Department of Medicine. Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA. | Harvard Medical School. Boston, MA. | Division of Urological Surgery and Center for Surgery and Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. | Division of General Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA. | Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA. AN - 32827436 AU - McCarty, T. R. | Hathorn, K. E. | Redd, W. D. | Rodriguez, N. J. | Zhou, J. C. | Bazarbashi, A. N. | Njie, C. | Wong, D. | Trinh, Q. D. | Shen, L. | Stone, V. E. | Chan, W. W. C1 - 2020-09-01 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090120_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 22 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa1245 ET - 2020/08/23 KW - Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) | Healthcare Disparities | Race/Ethnicity | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) L1 - internal-pdf://0750806390/McCarty-2020-How Do Presenting Symptoms and Ou.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - McCarty, Thomas R; Hathorn, Kelly E; Redd, Walker D; Rodriguez, Nicolette J; Zhou, Joyce C; Bazarbashi, Ahmad Najdat; Njie, Cheikh; Wong, Danny; Trinh, Quoc-Dien; Shen, Lin; Stone, Valerie E; Chan, Walter W; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Aug 22. pii: 5896009. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1245. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In a retrospective analysis of adult patients in 9 hospitals with lab-confirmed COVID-19, no differences based on race/ethnicity were found in hospitalization outcomes, including in-hospital mortality. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) ST - How Do Presenting Symptoms and Outcomes Differ by Race/Ethnicity Among Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 Infection? Experience in Massachusetts T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - How Do Presenting Symptoms and Outcomes Differ by Race/Ethnicity Among Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 Infection? Experience in Massachusetts UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32827436 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 808 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Disruptions resulting from an epidemic might often appear to amount to chaos but, in reality, can be understood in a systematic way through the lens of “epidemic psychology�? According to Philip Strong, the founder of the sociological study of epidemic infectious diseases, not only is an epidemic biological; there is also the potential for three psycho-social epidemics: of fear, moralization, and action. This work empirically tests Strong’s model at scale by studying the use of language of 122M tweets related to the COVID-19 pandemic posted in the U.S. during the whole year of 2020. On Twitter, we identified three distinct phases. Each of them is characterized by different regimes of the three psycho-social epidemics. In the refusal phase, users refused to accept reality despite the increasing number of deaths in other countries. In the anger phase (started after the announcement of the first death in the country), users�?fear translated into anger about the looming feeling that things were about to change. Finally, in the acceptance phase, which began after the authorities imposed physical-distancing measures, users settled into a “new normal�?for their daily activities. Overall, refusal of accepting reality gradually died off as the year went on, while acceptance increasingly took hold. During 2020, as cases surged in waves, so did anger, re-emerging cyclically at each wave. Our real-time operationalization of Strong’s model is designed in a way that makes it possible to embed epidemic psychology into real-time models (e.g., epidemiological and mobility models). AU - Aiello, Luca Maria | Quercia, Daniele | Zhou, Ke | Constantinides, Marios | Šćepanović, Sanja | Joglekar, Sagar C1 - 2021-07-30 C2 - Social, Behavioral, and Communication Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07302021_covidupdate.html DA - 2021/07/23 DO - 10.1057/s41599-021-00861-3 IS - 1 L1 - internal-pdf://3104929660/Aiello-2021-How epidemic psychology works on T.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Language about the COVID-19 pandemic in US tweets between February 1 and December 31, 2020, mirrored the stages of grief (refusal, anger, and acceptance). In the anger phase, outrage was expressed primarily against foreigners, political opponents, and people who adopted behavioral mitigations (e.g. masking). The acceptance phase was dominated by grief and mourning at the loss of so many thousands of people. SN - 2662-9992 SP - 179 ST - How epidemic psychology works on Twitter: evolution of responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S T2 - Humanities and Social Sciences Communications TI - How epidemic psychology works on Twitter: evolution of responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S UR - https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-021-00861-3 | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-021-00861-3.pdf VL - 8 ID - 2172 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Objective: Specific comorbidities and old age create a greater vulnerability to severe Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19). While obesity seems to aggravate the course of disease, the actual impact of the BMI and the cutoff which increases illness severity are still under investigation. The aim of the study was to analyze whether the BMI represented a risk factor for respiratory failure, admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) and death. Research design and methods: A retrospective cohort study of 482 consecutive COVID-19 patients hospitalised between March 1 and April 20, 2020. Logistic regression analysis and Cox proportion Hazard models including demographic characteristics and comorbidities were carried out to predict the endpoints within 30 days from the onset of symptoms. Results: Of 482 patients, 104 (21.6%) had a BMI >/= 30 kg/m2. At logistic regression analysis, a BMI between 30 and 34.9 kg/m2 significantly increased the risk of respiratory failure (OR: 2.32; 95% CI: 1.31-4.09, P = 0.004) and admission to the ICU (OR: 4.96; 95% CI: 2.53-9.74, P < 0.001). A significantly higher risk of death was observed in patients with a BMI >/= 35 kg/m2 (OR: 12.1; 95% CI: 3.25-45.1, P < 0.001). Conclusions: Obesity is a strong, independent risk factor for respiratory failure, admission to the ICU and death among COVID-19 patients. A BMI >/= 30 kg/m2 identifies a population of patients at high risk for severe illness, whereas a BMI >/= 35 kg/m2 dramatically increases the risk of death. AD - Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, Sant'Orsola Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. | Centre for the Study and Research of Treatment for Morbid Obesity, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. | Unit of Endocrinology and Prevention and Care of Diabetes, Sant'Orsola Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. | Infectious Diseases Unit, Sant'Orsola Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. | Intensive Care Unit, Sant'Orsola Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. | Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy. AN - 32674071 AU - Rottoli, M. | Bernante, P. | Belvedere, A. | Balsamo, F. | Garelli, S. | Giannella, M. | Cascavilla, A. | Tedeschi, S. | Ianniruberto, S. | Rosselli Del Turco, E. | Tonetti, T. | Ranieri, V. M. | Poggioli, G. | Manzoli, L. | Pagotto, U. | Viale, P. | Bartoletti, M. C1 - 2020-07-17 C2 - Obesity Outcomes CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071720_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1530/EJE-20-0541 DP - NLM ET - 2020/07/17 IS - 4 KW - Adult | Aged | *Betacoronavirus | *Body Mass Index | Covid-19 | Comorbidity | Coronavirus Infections/complications/*epidemiology | Female | Hospitalization | Humans | Intensive Care Units | Italy/epidemiology | Logistic Models | Male | Middle Aged | Obesity/*epidemiology/virology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/complications/*epidemiology | Proportional Hazards Models | Respiratory Insufficiency/*epidemiology/virology | Retrospective Studies | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://2920585661/Rottoli-2020-How important is obesity as a ris.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Rottoli, Matteo; Bernante, Paolo; Belvedere, Angela; Balsamo, Francesca; Garelli, Silvia; Giannella, Maddalena; Cascavilla, Alessandra; Tedeschi, Sara; Ianniruberto, Stefano; Rosselli Del Turco, Elena; Tonetti, Tommaso; Ranieri, Vito Marco; Poggioli, Gilberto; Manzoli, Lamberto; Pagotto, Uberto; Viale, Pierluigi; Bartoletti, Michele; eng; Evaluation Study; England; Eur J Endocrinol. 2020 Oct;183(4):389-397. doi: 10.1530/EJE-20-0541. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Obesity (body mass index (BMI) �?0 kg/m2) significantly increased the risk of: | Respiratory failure (odds ratio [OR] 2.48, 95%CI 1.46-4.21; p = 0.001). | Admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) (OR 5.28, 95% CI 2.81-9.91; p <0.001). | Death (OR 2.35, 95% CI 1.17-4.75; p = 0.017). | Risk of death was significantly higher among patients with a BMI �?5 kg/m2 and patients with a BMI <20 kg/m2 (Figure); Methods: Retrospective cohort study of 482 consecutive COVID-19 patients, positive by RT-PCR, hospitalized during March 1-April 20, 2020 with BMI data available. Logistic regression analysis and Cox proportion Hazard models including demographic characteristics and comorbidities were carried out to predict the endpoints (onset of respiratory failure, admission to ICU and mortality) within 30 days of follow-up from symptom onset. Limitations: Not clear if weight was at time of admission or before symptom onset; participants from only one hospital; majority of patients are of Caucasian ethnicity. | Implications for 2 studies (Rottoli et al. & Goyal et al.): In two studies based on hospitalized populations from two countries with differing population social and demographic characteristics, BMI greater than “normal�?was associated with respiratory failure among COVID-19 patients. In both studies, as the level of BMI rose, the risk for mortality increased; this effect was more pronounced in Rottoli et al. Both studies found an association between underweight status and death. SN - 1479-683X (Electronic); 0804-4643 (Linking) SP - 389-397 ST - How important is obesity as a risk factor for respiratory failure, intensive care admission and death in hospitalised COVID-19 patients? Results from a single Italian centre T2 - Eur J Endocrinol TI - How important is obesity as a risk factor for respiratory failure, intensive care admission and death in hospitalised COVID-19 patients? Results from a single Italian centre UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32674071 VL - 183 ID - 540 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 32873974 AU - Viglione, G. C1 - 2020-09-22 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/092220_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1038/d41586-020-02497-w ET - 2020/09/03 IS - 7823 KW - Betacoronavirus/*pathogenicity | Covid-19 | *Cause of Death | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis/*mortality/virology | Databases, Factual | Humans | Influenza, Human/mortality | Internationality | Pandemics/*statistics & numerical data | Peru/epidemiology | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis/*mortality/virology | SARS-CoV-2 | South Africa/epidemiology | Time Factors | Uncertainty | United Kingdom/epidemiology | United States/epidemiology | Violence/statistics & numerical data | *Databases | *Epidemiology | *Research data | *SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://1913370756/d41586-020-02497-w.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Viglione, Giuliana; eng; England; Nature. 2020 Sep;585(7823):22-24. doi: 10.1038/d41586-020-02497-w. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Describes the impact of the pandemic on deaths in multiple countries and how it has overwhelmed death-registration systems. It highlights, with interesting graphics, how the true cost of the pandemic extends beyond deaths directly due to COVID-19. SN - 1476-4687 (Electronic); 0028-0836 (Linking) SP - 22-24 ST - How many people has the coronavirus killed? T2 - Nature TI - How many people has the coronavirus killed? UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32873974 VL - 585 ID - 931 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Reopening colleges and universities during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic poses a special challenge worldwide. Taiwan is one of the few countries where schools are functioning normally. To secure the safety of students and staff, the Ministry of Education in Taiwan established general guidelines for college campuses. The guidelines delineated creation of a task force at each university; school-based risk screening based on travel history, occupation, contacts, and clusters; measures on self-management of health and quarantine; general hygiene measures (including wearing masks indoors); principles on ventilation and sanitization; regulations on school assemblies; a process for reporting suspected cases; and policies on school closing and make-up classes. It also announced that a class should be suspended if 1 student or staff member in it tested positive and that a school should be closed for 14 days if it had 2 or more confirmed cases. As of 18 June 2020, there have been 7 confirmed cases in 6 Taiwanese universities since the start of the pandemic. One university was temporarily closed, adopted virtual classes, and quickly reopened after 14 days of contact tracing and quarantine of possible contacts. Taiwan's experience suggests that, under certain circumstances, safely reopening colleges and universities this fall may be feasible with a combination of strategies that include containment (access control with contact tracing and quarantine) and mitigation (hygiene, sanitation, ventilation, and social distancing) practices. AD - Health Center, College of Medicine and Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (S.C.). | Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (C.J.W.). | College of Social Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (A.C.S.). | College of Medicine and Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan (S.C.). AN - 32614638 AU - Cheng, Shao-Yi | Wang, Jason C. | Shen, Apil Chiung-Tao | Chang, Shan-Chwen C1 - 2020-07-14 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071420_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 20 DO - 10.7326/m20-2927 ET - 2020/07/03 IS - 8 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/*transmission | Disease Transmission, Infectious/*prevention & control | Humans | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/*transmission | Quarantine/*methods | SARS-CoV-2 | *Students | Taiwan/epidemiology | Universities/*statistics & numerical data L1 - internal-pdf://1220477706/m20-2927.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Cheng, Shao-Yi | Wang, C Jason | Shen, April Chiung-Tao | Chang, Shan-Chwen | eng | Review | Ann Intern Med. 2020 Oct 20;173(8):638-641. doi: 10.7326/M20-2927. Epub 2020 Jul 2. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Describes Taiwan’s successful experience with reopening colleges and universities, however, it also notes that Taiwan’s case numbers are lower than other countries and it is unknown if the strategies would be sufficient for other settings. SN - 1539-3704 (Electronic) | 0003-4819 (Linking) SP - 638-641 ST - How to Safely Reopen Colleges and Universities During COVID-19: Experiences From Taiwan T2 - Ann Intern Med TI - How to Safely Reopen Colleges and Universities During COVID-19: Experiences From Taiwan UR - https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/abs/10.7326/M20-2927 VL - 173 ID - 528 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, NICU, Milan, Italy. | Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy. AN - 32655580 AU - Morniroli, D. | Gianni, M. L. | Consales, A. | Pietrasanta, C. | Mosca, F. C1 - 2020-07-21 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072120_covidupdate.html DO - 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01480 DP - NLM ET - 2020/07/14 KW - Age Factors | Aging/metabolism | Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 | Betacoronavirus/*metabolism | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*metabolism/virology | Disease Susceptibility | Female | Host-Pathogen Interactions | Humans | Male | N-Acetylneuraminic Acid/*metabolism | Neuraminic Acids/*metabolism | Pandemics | Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism | Pneumonia, Viral/*metabolism/virology | Respiratory Mucosa/metabolism | SARS-CoV-2 | Sex Factors | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/*metabolism | human sialome | pathogen susceptibility | sialic acid | sialoquake | viral infection L1 - internal-pdf://4189176810/Morniroli-2020-Human Sialome and Coronavirus D.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Morniroli, Daniela; Gianni, Maria Lorella; Consales, Alessandra; Pietrasanta, Carlo; Mosca, Fabio; eng; Switzerland; Front Immunol. 2020 Jun 23;11:1480. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01480. eCollection 2020. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: An opinion piece describing how sialic acids could affect SARS-CoV-2 infection due to low selective-pressure. SN - 1664-3224 (Electronic); 1664-3224 (Linking) SP - 1480 ST - Human Sialome and Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic: An Understated Correlation? T2 - Front Immunol TI - Human Sialome and Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic: An Understated Correlation? UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32655580 VL - 11 ID - 555 ER - TY - JOUR AD - From the Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, and New York University School of Medicine, New York (E.M.C.); the MAVEN Project, San Francisco (L.B.L.); and Harvard Medical School, Boston (W.W.C.). AN - 32937061 AU - Cahan, E. M. | Levine, L. B. | Chin, W. W. C1 - 2020-09-29 C2 - Social Aspects CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/092920_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 29 DO - 10.1056/NEJMp2020962 DP - NLM ET - 2020/09/17 IS - 18 KW - Covid-19 | *Coronavirus Infections | Delivery of Health Care/*organization & administration | Government Regulation | *Health Personnel/legislation & jurisprudence | Humans | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral | Professional-Patient Relations | United States | *Volunteers/legislation & jurisprudence | *Workforce L1 - internal-pdf://2172935497/Cahan-2020-The Human Touch - Addressing Health.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Cahan, Eli M; Levine, Lisa B; Chin, William W; eng; N Engl J Med. 2020 Oct 29;383(18):e102. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2020962. Epub 2020 Sep 16. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Several strategies to improve and enhance the healthcare response including coordinating and deploying a volunteer workforce, and loosening state-level licensing restrictions for physicians and nonphysician providers. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - e102 ST - The Human Touch - Addressing Health Care's Workforce Problem amid the Pandemic T2 - N Engl J Med TI - The Human Touch - Addressing Health Care's Workforce Problem amid the Pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32937061 VL - 383 ID - 956 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Cerebral venous thrombosis was reported as a rare but serious adverse event in young and middle-aged vaccinees following immunization with AstraZeneca’s ChAdOx1-nCov-19 vaccine. As a consequence, several European governments recommended using this vaccine only in individuals older than 60 years leaving millions of ChAd primed individuals with the decision to either receive a second shot of ChAd or a heterologous boost with mRNA-based vaccines. However, such combinations have not been tested so far. We used Hannover Medical School’s COVID-19 Contact (CoCo) Study cohort of health care professionals (HCP) to monitor ChAd primed immune responses before and three weeks after booster with ChAd or BioNTech/Pfizer’s BNT162b2. Whilst both vaccines boosted prime-induced immunity, BNT induced significantly higher frequencies of Spike-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells and, in particular, high titers of neutralizing antibodies against the B.1.1.7, B.1.351 and the P.1 variants of concern of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2).Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis work was supported by the German Center for Infection Research TTU 01.938 (grant no 80018019238 to G.M.N.B and R.F) by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, (DFG, German Research Foundation) Excellence Strategy EXC 2155 RESIST to RF (Project ID39087428), by funds of the State of Lower Saxony (14-76103-184 CORONA-11/20) to RF, by funds of the BMBF (NaFoUniMedCovid19 FKZ: 01KX2021; Projects B-FAST) to RF and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Project 158989968 - SFB 900/3 (Projects B1 to RF).Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The study was approved by the Internal Review Board of Hannover Medical School (institutional review board no. 8973_BO-K_2020, amendment Dec 2020).All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThe data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. AU - Barros-Martins, Joana | Hammerschmidt, Swantje I. | Cossmann, Anne | Odak, Ivan | Stankov, Metodi V. | Ramos, Gema Morillas | Dopfer-Jablonka, Alexandra | Heidemann, Annika | Ritter, Christiane | Friedrichsen, Michaela | Schultze-Florey, Christian | Ravens, Inga | Willenzon, Stefanie | Bubke, Anja | Ristenpart, Jasmin | Janssen, Anika | Ssebyatika, George | Bernhardt, Günter | Münch, Jan | Hoffmann, Markus | Pöhlmann, Stefan | Krey, Thomas | Bo�Qnjak, Berislav | Förster, Reinhold | Behrens, Georg M. N. C1 - 2021-06-18 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06182021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.06.01.21258172 L1 - internal-pdf://0501859435/Barros-Martins-2021-Humoral and cellular immun.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 129 healthcare professionals primed with Oxford/AstraZeneca ChAdOx1, both ChAdOx1 (n = 32) and Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2 (n = 55) boosters induced higher immunity; BNT162b2 induced higher frequencies of spike-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells and neutralizing antibodies against the B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and the P.1 variants of SARS-CoV-2. SP - 2021.06.01.21258172 ST - Humoral and cellular immune response against SARS-CoV-2 variants following heterologous and homologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/BNT162b2 vaccination T2 - medRxiv TI - Humoral and cellular immune response against SARS-CoV-2 variants following heterologous and homologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/BNT162b2 vaccination TT - Published article: Immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants after heterologous and homologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/BNT162b2 vaccination UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/06/03/2021.06.01.21258172.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/06/03/2021.06.01.21258172.full.pdf ID - 1849 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Dialysis and kidney transplant patients are vulnerable populations for COVID-19 related disease and mortality. Methods We conducted a prospective study exploring the eight week time course of specific cellular (interferon-�� release assay and flow cytometry) or/and humoral immune responses (ELISA) to SARS-CoV-2 boost vaccination in more than 3100 participants including medical personnel, dialysis patients and kidney transplant recipients using mRNA vaccines BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273. Results SARS-CoV-2-vaccination induced seroconversion efficacy in dialysis patients was similar to medical personnel (> 95%), but markedly impaired in kidney transplant recipients (42%). T-cellular immunity largely mimicked humoral results. Major risk factors of seroconversion failure were immunosuppressive drug number and type (belatacept, MMF-MPA, calcineurin-inhibitors) as well as vaccine type (BNT162b2 mRNA). Seroconversion rates induced by mRNA-1273 compared to BNT162b2 vaccine were 97% to 88% (p < 0.001) in dialysis and 49% to 26% in transplant patients, respectively. Specific IgG directed against the new binding domain of the spike protein (RDB) were significantly higher in dialysis patients vaccinated by mRNA-1273 (95%) compared to BNT162b2 (85%, p < 0.001). Vaccination appeared safe and highly effective demonstrating an almost complete lack of symptomatic COVID-19 disease after boost vaccination as well as ceased disease incidences during third pandemic wave in dialysis patients. Conclusion Dialysis patients exhibit a remarkably high seroconversion rate of 95% after boost vaccination, while humoral response is impaired in the majority of transplant recipients. Immunosuppressive drug number and type as well as vaccine type (BNT162b2) are major determinants of seroconversion failure in both dialysis and transplant patients suggesting immune monitoring and adaption of vaccination protocols. AD - Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik III, Universitatsklinikum, Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universitat Dresden, Dresden, Germany. | KfH-Nierenzentrum Dresden, Dresden, Germany. | KfH-Nierenzentrum am Klinikum Chemnitz, Krankenhaus Kuchwald, Chemnitz, Germany. | Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. | KfH-Nierenzentrum am Klinikum St. Georg, Leipzig, Germany. | Dialysezenturm Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany. | Dialysepraxis Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. | Nephrologisches Zentrum Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany. | Dialyse- und Nierenambulanz Sebnitz, Sebnitz, Germany. | Nephrologisches Zentrum Zwickau, Zwickau, Germany. | PHV Dialysezentrum Dresden Friedrichstadt, Dresden, Germany. | Dialyse Heidenau, Heidenau, Germany. | Nephrocare GmbH Dobeln, Dobeln, Germany. | PHV Dialysezentrum Dresden-Johannstadt, Dresden, Germany. | Dialysezentrum Annaberg, Annaberg-Buchholz, Germany. | KfH-Nierenzentrum Grimma, Grimma, Germany. | KfH-Nierenzentrum Bischofswerda, Bischofswerda, Germany. | KfH-Nierenzentrum am Stadtischen Klinikum Gorlitz, Gorlitz, Germany. | KfH-Nierenzentrum Bautzen, Bautzen, Germany. | Via medis Nierenzentrum Dresden MVZ GmbH, Dresden, Germany. | KfH-Gesundheitszentrum Aue, Aue-Bad-Schlema, Germany. | ELBLAND Dialyse Grossenhain, Grossenhain, Germany. | Dialyse-Praxis Weisswasser, Weisswasser, Germany. | Nephrologisches Zentrum Hoyerswerda, Hoyerswerda, Germany. | KfH-Nierenzentrum am Vogtland Krankenhaus Plauen, Plauen, Germany. | Department of Nephrology und Rheumatology, Internal Medicine II, Martin-Luther-University Halle/Wittenberg, Halle, Germany. | Institut fur Transfusionsmedizin Plauen, DRK-Blutspendedienst Nord-Ost gemeinnutzige GmbH, Plauen, Germany. | National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany. | Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometry (IMB), Technische Universitat, Dresden, Germany. | Coordinating Centre for Clinical Trials, Dresden, Germany. | Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany. | Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Herne, Germany. | Institute for Transfusion Medicine, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service North-East, Dresden, Germany. | Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Transfusion Medicine, Technische Universitat, Dresden, Germany. | Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charite - Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitat Berlin, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, and Institute of Medical Immunology, Germany. AN - 34318288 AU - Stumpf, Julian | Siepmann, Torsten | Lindner, Tom | Karger, Claudia | Schwöbel, Jörg | Anders, Leona | Faulhaber-Walter, Robert | Schewe, Jens | Martin, Heike | Schirutschke, Holger | Barnett, Kerstin | Hüther, Jan | Müller, Petra | Langer, Torsten | Pluntke, Thilo | Anding-Rost, Kirsten | Meistring, Frank | Stehr, Thomas | Pietzonka, Annegret | Escher, Katja | Cerny, Simon | Rothe, Hansjörg | Pistrosch, Frank | Seidel, Harald | Paliege, Alexander | Beige, Joachim | Bast, Ingolf | Steglich, Anne | Gembardt, Florian | Kessel, Friederike | Kröger, Hannah | Arndt, Patrick | Sradnick, Jan | Frank, Kerstin | Klimova, Anna | Mauer, René | Grählert, Xina | Anft, Moritz | Blazquez-Navarro, Arturo | Westhoff, Timm H. | Stervbo, Ulrik | Tonn, Torsten | Babel, Nina | Hugo, Christian C1 - 2021-08-06 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08062021_covidupdate.html DA - 2021/07/23/ DO - 10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100178 ET - 2021/07/29 KW - epidemiology | COVID-19 | SARS-CoV-2 vaccination | mRNA-1273 | BNT162b2 | tozinameran | dialysis patients | kidney transplant recipients | medical personnel | humoral and cellular immune response | clinical decision-making | guidelines L1 - internal-pdf://2783419776/1-s2.0-S2666776221001551-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Stumpf, Julian | Siepmann, Torsten | Lindner, Tom | Karger, Claudia | Schwobel, Jorg | Anders, Leona | Faulhaber-Walter, Robert | Schewe, Jens | Martin, Heike | Schirutschke, Holger | Barnett, Kerstin | Huther, Jan | Muller, Petra | Langer, Torsten | Pluntke, Thilo | Anding-Rost, Kirsten | Meistring, Frank | Stehr, Thomas | Pietzonka, Annegret | Escher, Katja | Cerny, Simon | Rothe, Hansjorg | Pistrosch, Frank | Seidel, Harald | Paliege, Alexander | Beige, Joachim | Bast, Ingolf | Steglich, Anne | Gembardt, Florian | Kessel, Friederike | Kroger, Hannah | Arndt, Patrick | Sradnick, Jan | Frank, Kerstin | Klimova, Anna | Mauer, Rene | Grahlert, Xina | Anft, Moritz | Blazquez-Navarro, Arturo | Westhoff, Timm H | Stervbo, Ulrik | Tonn, Torsten | Babel, Nina | Hugo, Christian | eng | England | Lancet Reg Health Eur. 2021 Jul 23:100178. doi: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100178. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In a prospective study of mRNA-vaccinated patients in Germany, vaccination-induced seroconversion 8 weeks after 1st dose was markedly lower in kidney transplant recipients (42% of 368) compared with dialysis patients (95% of 1,256) or medical personnel (98% of 144). Seroconversion induced by mRNA-1273 vs. BNT162b2 vaccines, respectively, was 97% vs. 88% in dialysis patients; 49% vs. 26% in kidney transplant patients; and 99% vs. 97% in medical personnel. SN - 2666-7762 SP - 100178 ST - Humoral and cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in renal transplant versus dialysis patients: A prospective, multicenter observational study using mRNA-1273 or BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine T2 - Lancet Reg Health Eur TI - Humoral and cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in renal transplant versus dialysis patients: A prospective, multicenter observational study using mRNA-1273 or BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666776221001551 ID - 2206 ER - TY - JOUR AB - ABSTRACT Rationale and objective Patients with kidney failure requiring maintenance dialysis have a higher risk of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and worse clinical outcomes after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) than the general population. Therefore, immunization against SARS-CoV-2 with effective vaccines is an important component of health-maintenance strategies for these patients. This study evaluated the humoral and cellular responses to messenger RNA (mRNA) SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in this population. Study design Observational prospective, multi-center cohort study. Setting and participants Two hundred five patients treated at three dialysis units at the Hospital Cl�Tnic of Barcelona (Spain) were vaccinated from February 3 to April 4, 2021 and followed until April 23, 2021. Exposure Immunization with either the mRNA-1273 (Moderna) or BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine. Outcomes Seroconversion, defined as the detection of IgG antibodies to the receptor-binding domain of the S1 spike antigen of SARS-CoV-2 (anti–S1-RBD IgG), and the identification of activated CD4+ T cells 3 weeks after completing vaccination. Anti-S1-RBD IgG levels were also analyzed as a secondary outcome. Analytical approach Univariate and multivariable logistic and multiple linear regression models were used to evaluate the associations between vaccination and study outcomes. Results 97.7% of 175 vaccinated patients who were seronegative at baseline developed a response (humoral, cellular, or both). 95.4% of these patients seroconverted, while 62% of those tested for a cellular immunity had a positive response. Greater age and immunosuppressive treatment were associated with lower antibody levels. Limitations Mandatory vaccine administration by health authorities. Anti-S1-RBD IgG levels were reported up to 150 U/mL and cellular immune responses were characterized qualitatively. Antibody assay and cellular response assessment may not be comparable with previously published laboratory approaches. Conclusions Immunization with mRNA vaccines generated a humoral and cellular immune response in a high proportion of patients with kidney failure receiving maintenance dialysis. These findings as well as the high risk of infection and poor clinical outcomes among these patients make their vaccination a health priority. AD - Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. Electronic address: jjbroseta@clinic.cat. | Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. | Diverum Renal Services Haemodialysis Group, Barcelona, Spain. | Department of Microbiology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. | Department of Immunology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. | Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. AN - 34174364 AU - Broseta, José Jesús | Rodr�Tguez-Espinosa, Diana | Rodr�Tguez, Néstor | Mosquera, Mar�Ta del Mar | Marcos, Mar�Ta Ángeles | Egri, Natalia | Pascal, Mariona | Soruco, Erica | Bedini, José Luis | Bayés, Beatriu | Maduell, Francisco C1 - 2021-07-09 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07092021_covidupdate.html DA - 2021/06/24/ DO - 10.1053/j.ajkd.2021.06.002 ET - 2021/06/27 IS - 4 KW - Antibody response | immunogenicity | SARS-CoV-2 | COVID-19 | COVID-19 vaccines | mRNA vaccines | hemodialysis | end-stage renal disease (ESRD) | immunosuppression | seroconversion | humoral response | cellular response L1 - internal-pdf://3614010475/1-s2.0-S0272638621006892-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Broseta, Jose Jesus | Rodriguez-Espinosa, Diana | Rodriguez, Nestor | Mosquera, Maria Del Mar | Marcos, Maria Angeles | Egri, Natalia | Pascal, Mariona | Soruco, Erica | Bedini, Jose Luis | Bayes, Beatriu | Maduell, Francisco | eng | Am J Kidney Dis. 2021 Oct;78(4):571-581. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2021.06.002. Epub 2021 Jun 24. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 175 hemodialysis patients, 97.7% developed an immune response after full vaccination with an mRNA vaccine. Lower antibody levels were found in older age groups and in patients on immunosuppresive treatment (n = 10). SN - 0272-6386 SP - 571-581 ST - Humoral and Cellular Responses to mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines Administered to Hemodialysis Patients T2 - Am J Kidney Dis TI - Humoral and Cellular Responses to mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines Administered to Hemodialysis Patients UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272638621006892 VL - 78 ID - 1953 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Little is known about the nature and durability of the humoral immune response to infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). METHODS: We measured antibodies in serum samples from 30,576 persons in Iceland, using six assays (including two pan-immunoglobulin [pan-Ig] assays), and we determined that the appropriate measure of seropositivity was a positive result with both pan-Ig assays. We tested 2102 samples collected from 1237 persons up to 4 months after diagnosis by a quantitative polymerase-chain-reaction (qPCR) assay. We measured antibodies in 4222 quarantined persons who had been exposed to SARS-CoV-2 and in 23,452 persons not known to have been exposed. RESULTS: Of the 1797 persons who had recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection, 1107 of the 1215 who were tested (91.1%) were seropositive; antiviral antibody titers assayed by two pan-Ig assays increased during 2 months after diagnosis by qPCR and remained on a plateau for the remainder of the study. Of quarantined persons, 2.3% were seropositive; of those with unknown exposure, 0.3% were positive. We estimate that 0.9% of Icelanders were infected with SARS-CoV-2 and that the infection was fatal in 0.3%. We also estimate that 56% of all SARS-CoV-2 infections in Iceland had been diagnosed with qPCR, 14% had occurred in quarantined persons who had not been tested with qPCR (or who had not received a positive result, if tested), and 30% had occurred in persons outside quarantine and not tested with qPCR. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that antiviral antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 did not decline within 4 months after diagnosis. We estimate that the risk of death from infection was 0.3% and that 44% of persons infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Iceland were not diagnosed by qPCR. AD - From deCODE Genetics/Amgen (D.F.G., G.L.N., P.M., K.G., H.H., A.O.A., K. Bjarnadottir, B. Thorsteinsdottir, S.K., K. Birgisdottir, A.M.K., G.A.A., E.V.I., M.A., F.J., A.B.A., J.B., B.E., R.F., E.E.G., S.G., K.R.G., A.G., A.H., B.O.J., A.J., H.J., T.K., D.N.M., O.T.M., S.R., L.R., A.S., G. Sveinbjornsson, K.E.S., E.A.T., B. Thorbjornsson, J.S., G.M., G.G., U.T., I.J., P.S., K.S.), the School of Engineering and Natural Sciences (D.F.G., P.M.), the Department of Anthropology (A.H.), the BioMedical Center (K.G.K.), and the Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences (M.I.S., M.G., K.G.K., R.P., U.T., I.J., K.S.), University of Iceland, Internal Medicine and Rehabilitation Services (E.E., D.H., R.F.I., M.G., L.B.O., M.K., R.P.), the Division of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine (M.I.S.), and the Department of Clinical Microbiology (O.S.G., T.R.G., K.G.K., M.S.), Landspitali-the National University Hospital, and the Directorate of Health (G. Sigmundsdottir, M.T., K.S.J., A.M., T.G.), Reykjavik, and the Health Care Institution of South Iceland, Selfoss (S.H.K.) - all in Iceland. AN - 32871063 AU - Gudbjartsson, D. F. | Norddahl, G. L. | Melsted, P. | Gunnarsdottir, K. | Holm, H. | Eythorsson, E. | Arnthorsson, A. O. | Helgason, D. | Bjarnadottir, K. | Ingvarsson, R. F. | Thorsteinsdottir, B. | Kristjansdottir, S. | Birgisdottir, K. | Kristinsdottir, A. M. | Sigurdsson, M. I. | Arnadottir, G. A. | Ivarsdottir, E. V. | Andresdottir, M. | Jonsson, F. | Agustsdottir, A. B. | Berglund, J. | Eiriksdottir, B. | Fridriksdottir, R. | Gardarsdottir, E. E. | Gottfredsson, M. | Gretarsdottir, O. S. | Gudmundsdottir, S. | Gudmundsson, K. R. | Gunnarsdottir, T. R. | Gylfason, A. | Helgason, A. | Jensson, B. O. | Jonasdottir, A. | Jonsson, H. | Kristjansson, T. | Kristinsson, K. G. | Magnusdottir, D. N. | Magnusson, O. T. | Olafsdottir, L. B. | Rognvaldsson, S. | le Roux, L. | Sigmundsdottir, G. | Sigurdsson, A. | Sveinbjornsson, G. | Sveinsdottir, K. E. | Sveinsdottir, M. | Thorarensen, E. A. | Thorbjornsson, B. | Thordardottir, M. | Saemundsdottir, J. | Kristjansson, S. H. | Josefsdottir, K. S. | Masson, G. | Georgsson, G. | Kristjansson, M. | Moller, A. | Palsson, R. | Gudnason, T. | Thorsteinsdottir, U. | Jonsdottir, I. | Sulem, P. | Stefansson, K. C1 - 2020-09-11 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091120_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 29 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2026116 ET - 2020/09/02 IS - 18 KW - Adult | Aged | Antibodies, Viral/blood | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*immunology/mortality | Female | Humans | Iceland/epidemiology | *Immunity, Humoral | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*immunology/mortality | Polymerase Chain Reaction | Quarantine | SARS-CoV-2 | *Seroepidemiologic Studies L1 - internal-pdf://1846636956/Gudbjartsson-2020-Humoral Immune Response to S.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Gudbjartsson, Daniel F; Norddahl, Gudmundur L; Melsted, Pall; Gunnarsdottir, Kristbjorg; Holm, Hilma; Eythorsson, Elias; Arnthorsson, Asgeir O; Helgason, Dadi; Bjarnadottir, Kristbjorg; Ingvarsson, Ragnar F; Thorsteinsdottir, Brynja; Kristjansdottir, Steinunn; Birgisdottir, Kolbrun; Kristinsdottir, Anna M; Sigurdsson, Martin I; Arnadottir, Gudny A; Ivarsdottir, Erna V; Andresdottir, Margret; Jonsson, Frosti; Agustsdottir, Arna B; Berglund, Jonas; Eiriksdottir, Berglind; Fridriksdottir, Run; Gardarsdottir, Elisabet E; Gottfredsson, Magnus; Gretarsdottir, Olafia S; Gudmundsdottir, Steinunn; Gudmundsson, Kjartan R; Gunnarsdottir, Thora R; Gylfason, Arnaldur; Helgason, Agnar; Jensson, Brynjar O; Jonasdottir, Aslaug; Jonsson, Hakon; Kristjansson, Thordur; Kristinsson, Karl G; Magnusdottir, Droplaug N; Magnusson, Olafur T; Olafsdottir, Lovisa B; Rognvaldsson, Solvi; le Roux, Louise; Sigmundsdottir, Gudrun; Sigurdsson, Asgeir; Sveinbjornsson, Gardar; Sveinsdottir, Kristin E; Sveinsdottir, Maney; Thorarensen, Emil A; Thorbjornsson, Bjarni; Thordardottir, Marianna; Saemundsdottir, Jona; Kristjansson, S Hjortur; Josefsdottir, Kamilla S; Masson, Gisli; Georgsson, Gudmundur; Kristjansson, Mar; Moller, Alma; Palsson, Runolfur; Gudnason, Thorolfur; Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur; Jonsdottir, Ingileif; Sulem, Patrick; Stefansson, Kari; eng; N Engl J Med. 2020 Oct 29;383(18):1724-1734. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2026116. Epub 2020 Sep 1. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Estimated seroprevalence in Icelanders was 0.9% (95% CI 0.8-0.9), and the estimated infection fatality risk was 0.3% (95% CI 0.2-0.6). | 91.1% (95% CI 89.4-92.6) of 1,215 people who had recovered from infection had detectable antibodies to both nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S1) proteins (Figure). | 95.1% (95% CI 93.8-96.3) had detectable antibodies to at least one protein. | Antibody response was stable up to 4 months after infection (Figure). | Methods: Antibody serum testing in 30,576 people, Iceland, between February 18 and July 8, 2020. Specimens collected in 2017 served as negative controls. Seroprevalence estimates were weighted by region, sex and age. Limitations: Numbers of persons tested with SARS-CoV-2 were inconsistent in methods and article Figure 1 and Table 1; findings might not be externally generalizable. | Implications: Seroprevalence surveys may be useful to estimate prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in populations, as discussed in Alter et al., The power of antibody-based surveillanceexternal icon. Future research should examine the duration of detectable antibodies, risk of reinfection, and thereby potential serologic correlates of immunity. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 1724-1734 ST - Humoral Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 in Iceland T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Humoral Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 in Iceland UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32871063 VL - 383 ID - 873 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVES: The current novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 outbreak has caused an unprecedented demand on global adult critical care services. As adult patients have been disproportionately affected by the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, pediatric practitioners world-wide have stepped forward to support their adult colleagues. In general, standalone pediatric hospitals expanded their capacity to centralize pediatric critical care, decanting patients from other institutions. There are few units that ran a hybrid model, managing both adult and pediatric patients with the same PICU staff. In this report, we describe the hybrid model implemented at our respective institutions with shared experiences, pitfalls, challenges, and adjustments required in caring for both young and older patients. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Two PICUs in urban tertiary hospitals in London and New York. PATIENTS: Adult and pediatric patients admitted to the PICU in roughly a 6-week period during the coronavirus disease 2019 surge. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The PICU at King's College Hospital admitted 23 non-coronavirus disease adult patients, while whereas the PICU at Morgan Stanley's Children Hospital in New York admitted 46 adults, 30 of whom were coronavirus disease positive. The median age of adult patients at King's College Hospital was higher than those admitted in New York, 53 years (19-77 yr) and 24.4 years (18-52 yr), respectively. Catering to the different physical, emotional, and social needs of both children and adults by the same PICU team was challenging. One important consideration in both locations was the continued care of patients with severe non-coronavirus disease-related illnesses such as neurosurgical emergencies, trauma, and septic shock. Furthermore, retention of critical specialists such as transplant services allowed for nine and four solid organ transplants to occur in London and New York, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This hybrid model successfully allowed for the expansion into adult critical care while maintaining essential services for critically ill children. Simultaneous care of adults and children in the ICU can be sustained if healthcare professionals work collaboratively, show proactive insight into anticipated issues, and exhibit clear leadership. AD - Department of Child Health, Division of Pediatric Intensive Care, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom. | Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY. | New York-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, NY. | Division of Adult Critical Care, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom. AN - 33027239 AU - Deep, A. | Knight, P. | Kernie, S. G. | D'Silva, P. | Sobin, B. | Best, T. | Zorrilla, M. | Carson, L. | Zoica, B. | Ahn, D. C1 - 2020-10-20 C2 - Recommendations and Lessons Learned CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102020_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 1 DO - 10.1097/PCC.0000000000002584 ET - 2020/10/08 IS - 2 KW - Adult | *covid-19 | Child | Critical Care | Humans | Infant | Intensive Care Units, Pediatric | London/epidemiology | Middle Aged | New York | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 | Tertiary Care Centers | interest. L1 - internal-pdf://3261040337/A_Hybrid_Model_of_Pediatric_and_Adult_Critical.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Deep, Akash; Knight, Philip; Kernie, Steven G; D'Silva, Pam; Sobin, Brittany; Best, Thomas; Zorrilla, Maria; Carson, Lydia; Zoica, Bogdana; Ahn, Danielle; eng; Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2021 Feb 1;22(2):e125-e134. doi: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000002584. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Describes a hybrid intensive care model that enabled pediatric intensive care units to provide adult critical care while maintaining essential services for critically ill children. SN - 1529-7535 (Print); 1529-7535 (Linking) SP - e125-e134 ST - A Hybrid Model of Pediatric and Adult Critical Care During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Surge: The Experience of Two Tertiary Hospitals in London and New York T2 - Pediatr Crit Care Med TI - A Hybrid Model of Pediatric and Adult Critical Care During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Surge: The Experience of Two Tertiary Hospitals in London and New York UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33027239 VL - 22 ID - 1076 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The seasonality of respiratory diseases has been linked, among other factors, to low outdoor absolute humidity and low indoor relative humidity, which increase evaporation of water in the mucosal lining of the respiratory tract. We demonstrate that normal breathing results in an absorption-desorption cycle inside facemasks, in which supersaturated air is absorbed by the mask fibers during expiration, followed by evaporation during inspiration of dry environmental air. For double-layered cotton masks, which have considerable heat capacity, the temperature of inspired air rises above room temperature, and the effective increase in relative humidity can exceed 100%. We propose that the recently reported, disease-attenuating effect of generic facemasks is dominated by the strong humidity increase of inspired air. This elevated humidity promotes mucociliary clearance of pathogens from the lungs, both before and after an infection of the upper respiratory tract has occurred. Effective mucociliary clearance can delay and reduce infection of the lower respiratory tract, thus mitigating disease severity. This mode of action suggests that masks can benefit the wearer even after an infection in the upper respiratory tract has occurred, complementing the traditional function of masks to limit person-to-person disease transmission. This potential therapeutical use should be studied further. AD - Laboratory of Chemical Physics, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. | Laboratory of Chemical Physics, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. Electronic address: bax@nih.gov. AN - 33582134 AU - Courtney, J. M. | Bax, A. C1 - 2021-02-26 C2 - Protection in Healthcare and Non-Healthcare Work Settings CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02262021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 16 DO - 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.02.002 ET - 2021/02/15 IS - 6 KW - COVID-19/*pathology/*prevention & control/virology | Humans | Humidity | Masks/*virology | Respiratory System/*virology | SARS-CoV-2/physiology | *Severity of Illness Index L1 - internal-pdf://2476326044/Courtney-2021-Hydrating the respiratory tract_.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Courtney, Joseph M; Bax, Ad; eng; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural; Biophys J. 2021 Mar 16;120(6):994-1000. doi: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.02.002. Epub 2021 Feb 12. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Facemasks strongly increase the effective humidity of inhaled air which benefits the immune system by hydrating the respiratory epithelium and promoting muco-ciliary clearance of pathogens from the lungs, both before and after infection has occurred, and thus, mitigate disease severity. SN - 1542-0086 (Electronic); 0006-3495 (Linking) SP - 994-1000 ST - Hydrating the respiratory tract: An alternative explanation why masks lower severity of COVID-19 T2 - Biophys J TI - Hydrating the respiratory tract: An alternative explanation why masks lower severity of COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33582134 VL - 120 Y2 - 2021/05/17 ID - 1530 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Hydroxychloroquine is generally considered safe in pregnancy for the treatment of rheumatic conditions, but studies have been too small to evaluate teratogenicity. Quantifying the risk of congenital malformations associated with early pregnancy exposure to hydroxychloroquine is important in both the context of its ongoing use for rheumatological disorders and its potential future use for coronavirus disease 2019 prophylaxis, for which a number of clinical trials are ongoing despite initial trials for coronavirus disease 2019 treatment having been negative. Objective The study objective was to evaluate the risk of major congenital malformations associated with exposure to hydroxychloroquine during the first trimester of pregnancy, the period of organogenesis. Study Design We performed a population-based cohort study nested in the Medicaid Analytic eXtract (MAX, 2000�?014) and IBM MarketScan Research Database (MarketScan, 2003�?015). The source cohort included 2045 hydroxychloroquine-exposed pregnancies and 3,198,589 pregnancies not exposed to hydroxychloroquine continuously enrolled in their respective insurance program for 3 months before the last menstrual period through at least 1 month after delivery; infants were enrolled for at least 3 months after birth. We compared the risk of congenital malformations in women using hydroxychloroquine during the first trimester of pregnancy with that of those not using hydroxychloroquine, restricting the cohort to women with rheumatic disorders and using propensity score matching to control for indication, demographics, medical comorbidities, and concomitant medications (1867 hydroxychloroquine-exposed pregnancies and 19,080 pregnancies not exposed to hydroxychloroquine). The outcomes considered included major congenital malformations diagnosed during the first 90 days after delivery and specific malformation types for which there were at least 5 exposed events: oral cleft, cardiac, respiratory, gastrointestinal, genital, urinary, musculoskeletal, and limb defects. Results Overall, 54.8 per 1000 infants exposed to hydroxychloroquine were born with a major congenital malformation versus 35.3 per 1000 unexposed infants, corresponding to an unadjusted relative risk of 1.51 (95% confidence interval, 1.27�?.81). Patient characteristics were balanced in the restricted, propensity score–matched cohort. The adjusted relative risk was 1.26 (95% confidence interval, 1.04�?.54); it was 1.33 (95% confidence interval, 1.08�?.65) for a daily dose of �?00 mg and 0.95 (95% confidence interval, 0.60�?.50) for a daily dose of <400 mg. Among the different malformation groups considered, more substantial increases in the risk of oral clefts, respiratory anomalies, and urinary defects were observed, although estimates were imprecise. No pattern of malformation was identified. Conclusion Our findings suggest a small increase in the risk of malformations associated with first-trimester hydroxychloroquine use. For most patients with autoimmune rheumatic disorders, the benefits of treatment during pregnancy will likely outweigh this risk. If hydroxychloroquine were shown to be effective for coronavirus disease 2019 prophylaxis in ongoing trials, the risk of malformations would need to be balanced against such benefits. AD - Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. Electronic address: khuybrechts@bwh.harvard.edu. | Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. | Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. | Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. | Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. AN - 32961123 AU - Huybrechts, Krista F. | Bateman, Brian T. | Zhu, Yanmin | Straub, Loreen | Mogun, Helen | Kim, Seoyoung C. | Desai, Rishi J. | Hernandez-Diaz, Sonia C1 - 2020-10-09 C2 - Hydroxychloroquine CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100920_covidupdate.html DA - 2021/03/01/ DO - 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.09.007 ET - 2020/09/23 IS - 3 KW - coronavirus disease 2019 | hydroxychloroquine | malformations | pregnancy | rheumatic disorders | systemic lupus erythematosus L1 - internal-pdf://1348594191/1-s2.0-S0002937820310644-main.pdf LA - en LB - Vaccines | N1 - Huybrechts, Krista F | Bateman, Brian T | Zhu, Yanmin | Straub, Loreen | Mogun, Helen | Kim, Seoyoung C | Desai, Rishi J | Hernandez-Diaz, Sonia | eng | R01 DA044293/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ | R01 DA049822/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ | R01 HD097778/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ | R01 MH116194/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ | Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2021 Mar;224(3):290.e1-290.e22. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.09.007. Epub 2020 Sep 19. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 54.8 per 1,000 infants exposed to hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in the first trimester were born with a major congenital malformation compared with 35.3 per 1,000 unexposed infants, pooled unadjusted relative risk (RR) 1.51 (95% CI 1.27-1.81). | The adjusted RR (aRR) for congenital malformation in infants exposed to HCQ compared to unexposed infants was 1.26 (95% CI 1.04-1.54). | aRR was 1.33 (95% CI 1.08-1.65) for a daily HCQ dose �?00mg and aRR 0.95 (95% CI 0.60-1.50) for daily HCQ dose of <400mg. | Increased risk for oral cleft, RR 3.70 (95% CI 1.55-8.82) and urinary malformations, RR 2.21 (95% CI 1.26�?.86) in infants exposed to HCQ compared to unexposed infants. | Methods: Analysis of pregnancy cohorts from two large US national health insurance databases composed of 2,045 live-born births exposed to HCQ in the first trimester and 3,198,589 unexposed live-born births from 2000-2015. Exposure was based on filled HCQ prescription during first trimester of pregnancy. The analysis was controlled for many potential confounders including concurrent medical conditions and medications. Limitations: Included only women with live births; congenital diagnoses and HCQ exposure based on claim reports; did not include uninsured or self-insured women; race/ethnicity not provided. | Implications for 4 studies (RECOVERY Collaborative Group, Huybrechts et al., Gentry et al., & Abella et al.): HCQ is not effective for treatment of COVID-19 or prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The potential for congenital malformation may not be an acceptable level of risk for healthy women of childbearing age, especially as data to support HCQ use for treatment or prevention of COVID-19 are lacking. These additional data support previous data suggesting no role for HQC in the management of COVID-19 or prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection. SE - 290.e1 SN - 00029378 SP - 290.e1-290.e22 ST - Hydroxychloroquine early in pregnancy and risk of birth defects T2 - Am J Obstet Gynecol TI - Hydroxychloroquine early in pregnancy and risk of birth defects UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002937820310644 VL - 224 ID - 1015 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: No effective oral therapy exists for early coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether hydroxychloroquine could reduce COVID-19 severity in adult outpatients. DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial conducted from 22 March through 20 May 2020. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04308668). SETTING: Internet-based trial across the United States and Canada (40 states and 3 provinces). PARTICIPANTS: Symptomatic, nonhospitalized adults with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 or probable COVID-19 and high-risk exposure within 4 days of symptom onset. INTERVENTION: Oral hydroxychloroquine (800 mg once, followed by 600 mg in 6 to 8 hours, then 600 mg daily for 4 more days) or masked placebo. MEASUREMENTS: Symptoms and severity at baseline and then at days 3, 5, 10, and 14 using a 10-point visual analogue scale. The primary end point was change in overall symptom severity over 14 days. RESULTS: Of 491 patients randomly assigned to a group, 423 contributed primary end point data. Of these, 341 (81%) had laboratory-confirmed infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or epidemiologically linked exposure to a person with laboratory-confirmed infection; 56% (236 of 423) were enrolled within 1 day of symptoms starting. Change in symptom severity over 14 days did not differ between the hydroxychloroquine and placebo groups (difference in symptom severity: relative, 12%; absolute, -0.27 point [95% CI, -0.61 to 0.07 point]; P = 0.117). At 14 days, 24% (49 of 201) of participants receiving hydroxychloroquine had ongoing symptoms compared with 30% (59 of 194) receiving placebo (P = 0.21). Medication adverse effects occurred in 43% (92 of 212) of participants receiving hydroxychloroquine versus 22% (46 of 211) receiving placebo (P < 0.001). With placebo, 10 hospitalizations occurred (2 non-COVID-19-related), including 1 hospitalized death. With hydroxychloroquine, 4 hospitalizations occurred plus 1 nonhospitalized death (P = 0.29). LIMITATION: Only 58% of participants received SARS-CoV-2 testing because of severe U.S. testing shortages. CONCLUSION: Hydroxychloroquine did not substantially reduce symptom severity in outpatients with early, mild COVID-19. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: Private donors. AD - University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (C.P.S., K.A.P., N.W.E., A.S.B., M.A., S.M.L., D.A.W., E.C.O., M.F.P., M.R.N., A.A.N., K.H.H., R.R., D.R.B.). | Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (M.P.C., E.G.M., T.C.L.). | M Health Fairview Investigational Drug Service Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota (D.L.). | University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (S.A.L., L.J.M., G.D., R.Z.). | George & Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada (L.E.K.). | University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (I.S.S.). AN - 32673060 AU - Skipper, C. P. | Pastick, K. A. | Engen, N. W. | Bangdiwala, A. S. | Abassi, M. | Lofgren, S. M. | Williams, D. A. | Okafor, E. C. | Pullen, M. F. | Nicol, M. R. | Nascene, A. A. | Hullsiek, K. H. | Cheng, M. P. | Luke, D. | Lother, S. A. | MacKenzie, L. J. | Drobot, G. | Kelly, L. E. | Schwartz, I. S. | Zarychanski, R. | McDonald, E. G. | Lee, T. C. | Rajasingham, R. | Boulware, D. R. C1 - 2020-07-28 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072820_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 20 DO - 10.7326/M20-4207 DP - NLM ET - 2020/07/17 IS - 8 KW - Adult | Antimalarials/therapeutic use | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*drug therapy/epidemiology | Double-Blind Method | Female | Follow-Up Studies | Humans | Hydroxychloroquine/*therapeutic use | Male | Middle Aged | *Outpatients | *Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*drug therapy/epidemiology | Retrospective Studies | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | Time Factors L1 - internal-pdf://0050519827/Skipper-2020-Hydroxychloroquine in Nonhospital.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Skipper, Caleb P; Pastick, Katelyn A; Engen, Nicole W; Bangdiwala, Ananta S; Abassi, Mahsa; Lofgren, Sarah M; Williams, Darlisha A; Okafor, Elizabeth C; Pullen, Matthew F; Nicol, Melanie R; Nascene, Alanna A; Hullsiek, Kathy H; Cheng, Matthew P; Luke, Darlette; Lother, Sylvain A; MacKenzie, Lauren J; Drobot, Glen; Kelly, Lauren E; Schwartz, Ilan S; Zarychanski, Ryan; McDonald, Emily G; Lee, Todd C; Rajasingham, Radha; Boulware, David R; eng; R01 NS110519/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/; UL1 TR002494/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; K23 AI138851/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; U01 AI125003/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; T32 AI055433/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; L30 TW011500/TW/FIC NIH HHS/; K23 MH121220/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/; K08 AI134262/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Multicenter Study; Randomized Controlled Trial; Ann Intern Med. 2020 Oct 20;173(8):623-631. doi: 10.7326/M20-4207. Epub 2020 Jul 16. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Symptom severity during the 14 days after symptom onset did not differ between persons treated with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) vs. a placebo (p = 0.117) (Figure). | At 14 days, 24% HCQ-treated participants had ongoing symptoms compared with 30% receiving placebo (p = 0.21). | A significantly greater proportion HCQ-treated participants experienced adverse effects (43%) than did persons treated with placebo (22%) (p <0.001). | No differences in hospitalizations and deaths were found between study groups. | Methods: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 423 non-hospitalized participants with either laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 or COVID-19–compatible symptoms within 4 days of illness onset and an epidemiologic link to a contact with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19, March 22-May 20, 2020 in the United States and Canada. Symptom severity was assessed on a 10-point visual analogue scale where 0 indicated no symptoms and 10 indicated severe symptoms. Limitations: Underrepresented of African American persons; subjective symptom severity scale; not generalizable; due to US testing shortages, only 58% of participants received SARS-CoV-2 testing. | Implications: This study of outpatient treatment with HCQ provides additional evidence that this medication is not effective for treatment of COVID-19 and supports guidance that it should not be used at this time other than in the context of a clinical trial. SN - 1539-3704 (Electronic); 0003-4819 (Linking) SP - 623-631 ST - Hydroxychloroquine in Nonhospitalized Adults With Early COVID-19 : A Randomized Trial T2 - Ann Intern Med TI - Hydroxychloroquine in Nonhospitalized Adults With Early COVID-19 : A Randomized Trial UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32673060 VL - 173 ID - 599 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The complex decisions facing clinical teams caring for patients who are critically ill with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are compounded by the absence of proven treatment strategies. Lacking robust trial evidence, clinicians are forced to consider all options based on preclinical and small observational studies, often in heart-wrenching settings of patients who are deteriorating in the throes of severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, cytokine storm, and in many cases, cardiovascular complications.Among possible therapies, hydroxychloroquine has been advocated and even politicized as a promising therapy because of its anti-inflammatory and potential antiviral properties. The drug, known for its immunosuppressive and antimalarial effects, has risen to the top of many treatment algorithms alone or in combination with azithromycin. Hydroxychloroquine was first approved in 1955 by the US Food and Drug Administration and has been viewed as generally safe and well-tolerated in patients treated for chronic inflammatory conditions. However, hydroxychloroquine prolongs the QT interval because of blockade of inward cellular potassium current and has a known risk of proarrhythmia, especially in the setting of other drugs that also prolong the QT interval. Drug-induced QT prolongation has long been considered a surrogate for risk of drug-associated torsades de pointes. Although widely used, azithromycin has also been increasingly recognized for risks of QT interval prolongation and sudden death. Opinions vary regarding the optimal dose of hydroxychloroquine and stopping points based on corrected QT (QTc) prolongation. In patients with COVID-19, there may be greater risk tolerance among clinicians for QTc prolongation and toxicity in patients who are very sick, but at the same time, there may be an increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias because of electrolyte abnormalities, hypoxia, concomitant QT-prolonging medications, and underlying cardiovascular disease. The risk-benefit trade off of hydroxychloroquine may also depend on whether other drugs with unclear benefit (such as remdesivir and tocilizumab) are available as alternative therapies. AD - Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois. | Editor, JAMA Cardiology. | Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina. | Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. | Associate editor, JAMA Cardiology. | Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. | Center for Digital Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. | Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California. AN - 32936259 AU - Bonow, R. O. | Hernandez, A. F. | Turakhia, M. C1 - 2020-05-12 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051220_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 1 DO - 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1782 ET - 2020/09/17 IS - 9 KW - Azithromycin | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus | *Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy | Humans | Hydroxychloroquine | Intensive Care Units | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://0146803360/Bonow-2020-Hydroxychloroquine, Coronavirus Dis.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Bonow, Robert O; Hernandez, Adrian F; Turakhia, Mintu; eng; Editorial; Comment; JAMA Cardiol. 2020 Sep 1;5(9):986-987. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1782. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Highlights the potential risk of prolonged QT associated with widespread use of hydroxycholorquine with or without azithromycin. This editorial accompanied 2-article JAMA series: Mercuro et alexternal icon. and Bessi؈re et alexternal icon. SN - 2380-6591 (Electronic) SP - 986-987 ST - Hydroxychloroquine, Coronavirus Disease 2019, and QT Prolongation T2 - JAMA Cardiol TI - Hydroxychloroquine, Coronavirus Disease 2019, and QT Prolongation UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32936259 VL - 5 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 175 ER - TY - JOUR AD - South Thames Retrieval Service for Children, Evelina London Children's Hospital Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, London SE1 7EH, UK. Electronic address: shelley.riphagen@gstt.nhs.uk. | South Thames Retrieval Service for Children, Evelina London Children's Hospital Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, London SE1 7EH, UK. | Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, UK. AN - 32386565 AU - Riphagen, S. | Gomez, X. | Gonzalez-Martinez, C. | Wilkinson, N. | Theocharis, P. C1 - 2020-05-15 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051520_covidupdate.html DA - May 23 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31094-1 ET - 2020/05/11 IS - 10237 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Cardiovascular System | Child | *Coronavirus Infections | Humans | *Inflammation | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral | SARS-CoV-2 | *Shock L1 - internal-pdf://4160554786/Riphagen-2020-Hyperinflammatory shock in child.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Riphagen, Shelley; Gomez, Xabier; Gonzalez-Martinez, Carmen; Wilkinson, Nick; Theocharis, Paraskevi; eng; Letter; Comment; England; Lancet. 2020 May 23;395(10237):1607-1608. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31094-1. Epub 2020 May 7. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among 8 children with pediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome (PMIS) aged 4-14 years, none tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 while in the hospital, but 2 tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 via RT-PCR following discharge; all eventually were antibody positive, indicating previous infection. | Cases presented with persistent fever, rash, conjunctivitis, swelling, gastrointestinal symptoms, severe drop in blood pressure requiring treatment, and other clinical signs indicative of systemic inflammation. | Respiratory system involvement was minimal. | Cardiovascular complications dominated: | 7 had abnormalities of the heart vessels that put patients at risk of stroke or heart attack and required mechanical ventilation for cardiovascular stabilization. | 1 died of a stroke. | All were treated with immunoglobulin to reduce inflammation, antibiotics, and aspirin to limit risk of cardiovascular abnormalities. | Methods: During a 10-day period in April 2020, 8 pediatric cases presented to a UK hospital with PMIS. Authors describe clinical presentation of these cases. Limitations: Small case series; limited generalizability. | Implications: This is the first published report describing cases of PMIS among children with COVID-19. Patients with potential PMIS should be monitored to ensure early detection and prompt treatment. SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 1607-1608 ST - Hyperinflammatory shock in children during COVID-19 pandemic T2 - Lancet TI - Hyperinflammatory shock in children during COVID-19 pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32386565 VL - 395 Y2 - 2021/05/12 ID - 204 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance No therapy to date has been shown to improve survival for patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Ivermectin has been shown to inhibit the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro but clinical response has not been previously evaluated.Objective To determine whether Ivermectin is associated with lower mortality rate in patients hospitalized with COVID-19.Design and Setting Retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients hospitalized at four Broward Health hospitals in South Florida with confirmed SARS-CoV-2. Enrollment dates were March 15, 2020 through May 11, 2020. Follow up data for all outcomes was May 19, 2020.Participants 280 patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (mean age 59.6 years [standard deviation 17.9], 45.4% female), of whom 173 were treated with ivermectin and 107 were usual care were reviewed. 27 identified patients were not reviewed due to multiple admissions, lack of confirmed COVID results during hospitalization, age less than 18, pregnancy, or incarceration.Exposure Patients were categorized into two treatment groups based on whether they received at least one dose of ivermectin at any time during the hospitalization. Treatment decisions were at the discretion of the treating physicians. Severe pulmonary involvement at study entry was characterized as need for either FiO2 �?0%, or noninvasive or invasive mechanical ventilation.Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was all-cause in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included subgroup mortality in patients with severe pulmonary involvement and extubation rates for patients requiring invasive ventilation.Results Univariate analysis showed lower mortality in the ivermectin group (15.0% versus 25.2%, OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.29-0.96, P=.03). Mortality was also lower among 75 patients with severe pulmonary disease treated with ivermectin (38.8% vs 80.7%, OR 0.15, CI 0.05-0.47, P=.001), but there was no significant difference in successful extubation rates (36.1% vs 15.4%, OR 3.11 (0.88-11.00), p=.07). After adjustment for between-group differences and mortality risks, the mortality difference remained significant for the entire cohort (OR 0.27, CI 0.09-0.85, p=.03; HR 0.37, CI 0.19-0.71, p=.03).Conclusions and Relevance Ivermectin was associated with lower mortality during treatment of COVID-19, especially in patients who required higher inspired oxygen or ventilatory support. These findings should be further evaluated with randomized controlled trials.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Clinical Trialn/aFunding StatementNo funding.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Study was approved by the Broward Health IRBAll necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesDe-dentified data is available upon request and approval by the Broward Health IRB. AU - Rajter, Juliana Cepelowicz | Sherman, Michael S. | Fatteh, Naaz | Vogel, Fabio | Sacks, Jamie | Rajter, Jean-Jacques C1 - 2020-06-19 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061920_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.06.06.20124461 L1 - internal-pdf://3331179632/Rajter-2020-ICON (Ivermectin in COvid Nineteen.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among patients hospitalized with COVID-19, those treated with ivermectin were less likely to die than those treated with usual care (mortality: ivermectin 15%; usual care 25%; p=0.03) (Figure). | Mortality was lower among patients with severe pulmonary disease (mortality: ivermectin 39%; usual care 81%; p=0.001). | Methods: Observational cohort study of 280 adults hospitalized with COVID-19 between March 15 to May 11, 2020. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate association between ivermectin and mortality, compared to usual care (no treatment or treatment with azithromycin and/or hydroxychloroquine), adjusted for patient demographics, comorbidities, and concomitant treatments. Limitations: Convenience sample; residual and unmeasured confounding may bias results; timing, dose, frequency, and indication for ivermectin and usual care treatments poorly described and varied by patient; wide confidence intervals; biological mechanism to explain association unclear. | Implications: Preliminary data suggests ivermectin may reduce mortality among hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Rigorous observational studies and randomized clinical trials are needed. SP - 2020.06.06.20124461 ST - ICON (Ivermectin in COvid Nineteen) study: Use of Ivermectin is Associated with Lower Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with COVID19 T2 - medRxiv TI - ICON (Ivermectin in COvid Nineteen) study: Use of Ivermectin is Associated with Lower Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with COVID19 TT - Published article: Use of Ivermectin Is Associated With Lower Mortality in Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2020/06/10/2020.06.06.20124461.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/06/10/2020.06.06.20124461.full.pdf ID - 403 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVES: At the onset of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic in the United States, testing was limited to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-developed reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay. The urgent and massive demand for testing prompted swift development of assays to detect SARS-CoV-2. The objective of this study was to assess the accuracy of these newly developed tests. METHODS: The American Proficiency Institute sent 2 test samples to 346 clinical laboratories in order to assess the accuracy of SARS-CoV-2 assays. The positive sample, containing 5,175 viral copies/mL, was fully extractable with SARS-CoV-2 viral capsid protein and RNA. The negative sample, with 3,951 viral copies/mL, contained recombinant virus particles with sequences for targeting human RNAase P gene sequences. RESULTS: Of the laboratories submitting results, 97.4% (302/310) correctly detected the virus when present and 98.3% (296/301) correctly indicated when the virus was not present. Among incorrect results reported in this proficiency challenge, 76.9% (10/13) were likely related to clerical error. This accounts for 1.6% (10/611) of all reported results. CONCLUSIONS: Overall performance in this SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection challenge was excellent, providing confidence in the results of these new molecular tests and assurance for the clinical and public health decisions based on these test results. AD - American Proficiency Institute, Traverse City, MI. | Michigan State University College of Natural Science, East Lansing. AN - 32687172 AU - Edson, D. C. | Casey, D. L. | Harmer, S. E. | Downes, F. P. C1 - 2020-07-31 C2 - SARS-CoV-2 Detection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/073120_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 8 DO - 10.1093/ajcp/aqaa128 ET - 2020/07/21 IS - 4 KW - Betacoronavirus/genetics/*isolation & purification | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Clinical Laboratory Services/*standards | Clinical Laboratory Techniques/methods/*standards | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis | Humans | *Laboratory Proficiency Testing | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis | RNA, Viral/analysis/isolation & purification | SARS-CoV-2 | United States | *clia '88 | *Coronavirus | *Microbiology | *Molecular diagnostics | *Proficiency testing | *Quality | *SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://1631976434/Edson-2020-Identification of SARS-CoV-2 in a P.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Edson, Daniel C; Casey, Danielle L; Harmer, Susan E; Downes, Frances P; eng; England; Am J Clin Pathol. 2020 Sep 8;154(4):475-478. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/aqaa128. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Assesses accuracy of SARS-CoV-2 testing at 346 laboratories in the U.S. SN - 1943-7722 (Electronic); 0002-9173 (Linking) SP - 475-478 ST - Identification of SARS-CoV-2 in a Proficiency Testing Program T2 - Am J Clin Pathol TI - Identification of SARS-CoV-2 in a Proficiency Testing Program UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32687172 VL - 154 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 623 ER - TY - JOUR AB - It appears inevitable that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 will continue to spread. Although we still have limited information on the epidemiology of this virus, there have been multiple reports of superspreading events (SSEs), which are associated with both explosive growth early in an outbreak and sustained transmission in later stages. Although SSEs appear to be difficult to predict and therefore difficult to prevent, core public health actions can prevent and reduce the number and impact of SSEs. To prevent and control of SSEs, speed is essential. Prevention and mitigation of SSEs depends, first and foremost, on quickly recognizing and understanding these events, particularly within healthcare settings. Better understanding transmission dynamics associated with SSEs, identifying and mitigating high-risk settings, strict adherence to healthcare infection prevention and control measures, and timely implementation of nonpharmaceutical interventions can help prevent and control severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, as well as future infectious disease outbreaks. AN - 32187007 AU - Frieden, T. R. | Lee, C. T. C1 - 2020-06-02 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060220_covidupdate.html DA - Jun DO - 10.3201/eid2606.200495 ET - 2020/03/19 IS - 6 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Communicable Disease Control | Coronavirus Infections/*prevention & control/*transmission | Humans | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*prevention & control/*transmission | SARS-CoV-2 | *2019 novel coronavirus disease | *covid-19 | *SARS-CoV-2 | *SSEs | *behavioral factors | *coronavirus | *disease control | *environmental factors | *host factors | *outbreaks | *pathogen-specific factors | *respiratory infections | *response factors | *severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 | *superspreading events | *viruses | *zoonoses L1 - internal-pdf://3636848192/Frieden-2020-Identifying and Interrupting Supe.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Frieden, Thomas R; Lee, Christopher T; eng; Emerg Infect Dis. 2020 Jun;26(6):1059-1066. doi: 10.3201/eid2606.200495. Epub 2020 Jun 17. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Discussion of the drivers and prevention of superspreading events of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. SN - 1080-6059 (Electronic); 1080-6040 (Linking) SP - 1059-1066 ST - Identifying and Interrupting Superspreading Events-Implications for Control of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 T2 - Emerg Infect Dis TI - Identifying and Interrupting Superspreading Events-Implications for Control of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32187007 VL - 26 ID - 301 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, certain communities have been disproportionately exposed to detrimental health outcomes and socioeconomic injuries. Quantifying community needs is crucial for identifying testing and service deserts, effectively allocating resources, and informing funding and decision making. We have constructed research-driven metrics measuring the public health and economic impacts of COVID-19 on vulnerable populations. In this work we further examine and validate these indices by training supervised models to predict proxy outcomes and analyzing the feature importances to identify gaps in our original metric design. The indices analyzed in this work are unique among COVID-19 risk assessments due to their robust integration of disparate data sources. Together, they enable more effective responses to COVID-19 driven health inequities.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementAll work is supported by Community Insight and ImpactAuthor DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:We use only public source dataAll necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData is all taken from open source databases AU - Thais, Savannah | Leibowitz, Shaine | Gutierrez, Alejandra Rios | Passarelli, Alexandra | Santo, Stephanie | Shipp, Nora C1 - 2021-10-01 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10012021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1101/2021.09.19.21263805 L1 - internal-pdf://0752768163/Thais-2021-Identifying At-Risk Communities and.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In a validation study using open-source data to construct a model to describe communities at higher risk of COVID-19 and determine indicators for vulnerability during the COVID-19 pandemic, results suggest that prevalence of COVID-19 in a given area has more impact than prevalence of pre-existing co-morbidities. Childhood poverty, food insecurity, COVID-19 hospitalization rate, unemployment rate, and access to care were key indicators. SP - 2021.09.19.21263805 ST - Identifying At-Risk Communities and Key Vulnerability Indicators in the COVID-19 Pandemic T2 - medRxiv TI - Identifying At-Risk Communities and Key Vulnerability Indicators in the COVID-19 Pandemic UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/09/22/2021.09.19.21263805.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/09/22/2021.09.19.21263805.full.pdf ID - 2397 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection exported from mainland China could lead to self-sustained outbreaks in other countries. By February 2020, several countries were reporting imported SARS-CoV-2 cases. To contain the virus, early detection of imported SARS-CoV-2 cases is critical. We used air travel volume estimates from Wuhan, China, to international destinations and a generalized linear regression model to identify locations that could have undetected imported cases. Our model can be adjusted to account for exportation of cases from other locations as the virus spreads and more information on importations and transmission becomes available. Early detection and appropriate control measures can reduce the risk for transmission in all locations. AN - 32207679 AU - De Salazar, P. M. | Niehus, R. | Taylor, A. | Buckee, C. O. | Lipsitch, M. C1 - 2020-04-07 C2 - Modeling and Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/040720_covidupdate.html DA - Jul DO - 10.3201/eid2607.200250 ET - 2020/03/25 IS - 7 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | China/epidemiology | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/prevention & control/transmission | Humans | Linear Models | Pandemics/prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/prevention & control/transmission | SARS-CoV-2 | Travel | *2019 novel coronavirus disease | *covid-19 | *SARS-CoV-2 | *coronavirus | *outbreak | *pneumonia | *respiratory infections | *severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 | *travelers health | *viruses | *zoonoses L1 - internal-pdf://1640325956/De Salazar-2020-Identifying Locations with Pos.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - De Salazar, Pablo Martinez; Niehus, Rene; Taylor, Aimee; Buckee, Caroline O'Flaherty; Lipsitch, Marc; eng; R35 GM124715/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/; U54 GM088558/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Emerg Infect Dis. 2020 Jul;26(7):1465-1469. doi: 10.3201/eid2607.200250. Epub 2020 Jun 21. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Using daily air travel volumes from Wuhan, China, modelers found that some countries had fewer than expected imported-and-reported COVID-19 cases, whereas other countries had more than expected. | The authors calculated that for every 31 passengers arriving by air from Wuhan, one additional imported-and-reported case of a COVID-19 is expected. | Methods: Authors developed generalized linear regression models using surveillance capacity data, imported-and-reported COVID-19 cases, and daily air travel volumes from Wuhan, China. Imported-and-reported case counts for 149 locations were used to predict undetected imported cases. | Implications: This model suggests capacity to detect importation of COVID-19 varies. The model (available on GitHubexternal icon and modifiable) may help identify locations with limited capacity to detect imported COVID-19. SN - 1080-6059 (Electronic); 1080-6040 (Linking) SP - 1465-1469 ST - Identifying Locations with Possible Undetected Imported Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Cases by Using Importation Predictions T2 - Emerg Infect Dis TI - Identifying Locations with Possible Undetected Imported Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Cases by Using Importation Predictions UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32207679 VL - 26 ID - 22 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 32273621 AU - Khamsi, R. C1 - 2020-05-22 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052220_covidupdate.html DA - Apr DO - 10.1038/d41586-020-01063-8 ET - 2020/04/11 IS - 7805 KW - Covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | Child | Clinical Trials as Topic/economics | Coronavirus Infections/economics/epidemiology/immunology/*prevention & control | Developed Countries/economics | Drug Industry/economics | *Health Care Rationing/economics/organization & administration | *Health Resources/economics/organization & administration | Hoarding/prevention & control | Humans | Immunization, Secondary | International Cooperation | Investments | Pandemics/economics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/economics/epidemiology/immunology/*prevention & control | *Socioeconomic Factors | Strategic Stockpile | Time Factors | Tobacco/genetics/metabolism/virology | Vaccines, Subunit/supply & distribution | Vaccines, Synthetic/supply & distribution | Viral Vaccines/adverse effects/*economics/*supply & distribution | World Health Organization | *SARS-CoV-2 | *Vaccines L1 - internal-pdf://0173498487/d41586-020-01063-8.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Vaccines | N1 - Khamsi, Roxanne; eng; England; Nature. 2020 Apr;580(7805):578-580. doi: 10.1038/d41586-020-01063-8. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Vaccine production will struggle to meet the global demand by billions of people; distribution equity and the continuity of vaccine production for other infectious diseases should be considered now. SN - 1476-4687 (Electronic); 0028-0836 (Linking) SP - 578-580 ST - If a coronavirus vaccine arrives, can the world make enough? T2 - Nature TI - If a coronavirus vaccine arrives, can the world make enough? UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32273621 VL - 580 ID - 232 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background The Delta (B.1.617.2) SARS-CoV-2 variant became the predominant UK circulating strain in May 2021. Whether COVID-19 from Delta infection differs to infection with other variants in children is unknown.Methods Through the prospective COVID Symptom Study, 109,626 UK school-aged children were proxy-reported between December 28, 2020 and July 8, 2021. We selected all symptomatic children who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and were proxy-reported at least weekly, within two timeframes: December 28, 2020 to May 6, 2021 (Alpha (B.1.1.7) the main UK circulating variant); and May 26 to July 8, 2021 (Delta the main UK circulating variant). We assessed illness profiles (symptom prevalence, duration, and burden), hospital presentation, and presence of long (�?8 day) illness; and calculated odds ratios for symptoms presenting within the first 28 days of illness.Findings 694 (276 younger [5-11 years], 418 older [12-17 years]) symptomatic children tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 with Alpha infection and 706 (227 younger and 479 older) children with Delta infection. Median illness duration was short with either variant (overall cohort: 5 days (IQR 2�?.75) with Alpha, 5 days (IQR 2-9) with Delta). The seven most prevalent symptoms were common to both variants. Symptom burden over the first 28 days was slightly greater with Delta compared with Alpha infection (in younger children, 3 (IQR 2�?) with Alpha, 4 (IQR 2�?) with Delta; in older children 5 (IQR 3�?) with Alpha and 6 (IQR 3�?) with Delta infection in older children). The odds of several symptoms were higher with Delta than Alpha infection, including headache and fever. Few children presented to hospital, and long illness duration was uncommon, with either variant.Interpretation COVID-19 in UK school-aged children due to SARS-CoV-2 Delta strain B.1.617.2 resembles illness due to the Alpha variant B.1.1.7., with short duration and similar symptom burden.Funding ZOE Limited, UK Government Department of Health and Social Care, Wellcome Trust, UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, UK Research and Innovation London Medical Imaging & Artificial Intelligence Centre for Value Based Healthcare, UK National Institute for Health Research, UK Medical Research Council, British Heart Foundation and Alzheimer’s Society.Ethics Ethics approval was granted by KCL Ethics Committee (reference LRS-19/20-18210).Evidence before this study To identify existing evidence for differences in COVID-19 due to infection with Alpha (B.1.1.7) or Delta (B.1.617.2) SARS-CoV-2 variants, we searched PubMed for peer-reviewed articles and medRxiv for preprint publications between March 1, and September 17, 2021 using keywords (“SARS-CoV-2�?OR “COVID-19�? AND (children OR p?ediatric*) AND (“delta variant�?OR “B.1.617.2�?. We did not restrict our search by language. Of twenty published articles identified in PubMed, we found one case study describing disease presentation associated with Delta variant infection in a child. Another study examining the increase in hospitalization rates of paediatric cases in USA from August 1, 2020 to August 27, 2021 stated that “It is not known whether the B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant […] causes different clinical outcomes in children and adolescents compared with variants that circulated earlier.�?Four studies reported cases of transmission of the Delta variant in school and community contexts; and two discussed screening testing in school-aged children (thus not directly relevant to the research question here). Remaining papers did not target paediatric age specifically. We found no studies investigating differences in COVID-19 presentation (e.g., duration, burden, individual symptoms) in school-aged children either in the UK or world-wide.Added value of this study We describe and compare illness profiles in symptomatic UK school-aged children (aged 5�?7 years) with COVID-19 when either Alpha or Delta strains were the predominant circulating SARS-CoV-2 variant. Our data, collected through one of the largest UK citi en science epidemiological initiatives, show that symptom profile and illness duration of COVID-19 are broadly similar between the strains. Although there were slightly more symptoms with Delta than with Alpha, particularly in older children, this was offset by similar symptom duration (whether considered for symptoms individually or for illness overall). Our study adds quantitative information to the debate on whether there are meaningful clinical differences in COVID-19 due to Alpha vs. Delta variants; and contributes to the discussion regarding rationale for vaccinating children (particularly younger children) against SARS-CoV-2.Implications of all the available evidence Our data confirm that COVID-19 in UK school-aged children is usually of short duration and similar symptom burden, whether due to Delta or Alpha. Our data contribute to epidemiological surveillance from the wider UK population, and we capture common and generally mild paediatric presentations of COVID-19 that might be missed using clinician-based surveillance alone. Our data will also be useful for the vaccination debate.Competing Interest StatementTim D. Spector reports being a consultant for Zoe Limited, during the conduct of the study. Anna May, Christina Hu, Joan Capdevila Pujol, and Jonathan Wolf are employed at ZOE Limited, UK.Clinical TrialThis is not a clinical trialFunding StatementZOE Limited, UK Government Department of Health and Social Care, Wellcome Trust, UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, UK Research and Innovation London Medical Imaging & Artificial Intelligence Centre for Value Based Healthcare, UK National Institute for Health Research, UK Medical Research Council, British Heart Foundation and Alzheimers Society.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Ethics approval was granted by KCL Ethics Committee (reference LRS-19/20-18210).I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData collected in the ZOE COVID Study App can be shared with other health researchers through the UK National Health Service-funded Health Data Research UK and Secure Anonymised Information Linkage consortium, housed in the UK Secure Research Platform (Swansea, UK). Anonymised data are available to be shared with researchers according to their protocols in the public interest https://web.www.healthdatagateway.org/dataset/594cfe55-96e3-45ff-874c-2c0006eeb881. https://arxiv.org/abs/2011.00867 CIConfidence IntervalCOVID-19coronavirus disease 2019FDRFalse discovery rateIQRinter-quartile rangeKCLKing’s College LondonLFATLateral flow antigen testONSOffice for National Statistics (UK)PCRpolymerase chain reactionSARS-CoV-2severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2UKUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandUSAUnited States of AmericaWHOWorld Health Organization AU - Molteni, Erika | Sudre, Carole H. | Canas, Liane S. | Bhopal, Sunil S. | Hughes, Robert C. | Chen, Liyuan | Deng, Jie | Murray, Benjamin | Kerfoot, Eric | Antonelli, Michela | Graham, Mark | Kläser, Kerstin | May, Anna | Hu, Christina | Pujol, Joan Capdevila | Wolf, Jonathan | Hammers, Alexander | Spector, Tim D. | Ourselin, Sebastien | Modat, Marc | Steves, Claire J. | Absoud, Michael | Duncan, Emma L. C1 - 2021-10-15 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10152021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1101/2021.10.06.21264467 L1 - internal-pdf://1361707608/Molteni-2021-Illness characteristics of COVID-.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In a United Kingdom COVID-19 symptom study that compared 694 symptomatic children (aged 5─17 years) enrolled December 2020─May 2021 (Alpha [B.1.1.7] variant period) with 706 children enrolled May─July 2021 (Delta [B.1.617.2] variant period), the median number of symptoms was slightly higher during the Delta than the Alpha period (in younger children: 4 vs. 3; in older children: 6 vs. 5). The odds of headache, rhinorrhea, sore throat, dysosmia, fever, dizziness, chills or shivers, eye soreness, and hoarse voice were higher during the Delta period. The top 7 symptoms for each age group were common to both periods, and the median illness duration (5 days) was similar. SP - 2021.10.06.21264467 ST - Illness characteristics of COVID-19 in children infected with the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant T2 - medRxiv TI - Illness characteristics of COVID-19 in children infected with the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/10/07/2021.10.06.21264467.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/10/07/2021.10.06.21264467.full.pdf ID - 2482 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BackgroundIn children, SARS-CoV-2 infection is usually asymptomatic or causes a mild illness of short duration. Persistent illness has been reported; however, its prevalence and characteristics are unclear. We aimed to determine illness duration and characteristics in symptomatic UK school-aged children tested for SARS-CoV-2 using data from the COVID Symptom Study, one of the largest UK citizen participatory epidemiological studies to date. AU - Molteni, Erika | Sudre, Carole H. | Canas, Liane S. | Bhopal, Sunil S. | Hughes, Robert C. | Antonelli, Michela | Murray, Benjamin | Kläser, Kerstin | Kerfoot, Eric | Chen, Liyuan | Deng, Jie | Hu, Christina | Selvachandran, Somesh | Read, Kenneth | Capdevila Pujol, Joan | Hammers, Alexander | Spector, Tim D. | Ourselin, Sebastien | Steves, Claire J. | Modat, Marc | Absoud, Michael | Duncan, Emma L. C1 - 2021-08-13 C2 - Natural History, Reinfection, and Health Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08132021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1016/S2352-4642(21)00198-X IS - 10 L1 - internal-pdf://1918688209/1-s2.0-S235246422100198X-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Children aged 5�?7 years experienced median illness duration of 6 days (5 days in ages 5�?1 years; 7 days in ages 12�?7 years). Most common symptoms were headache (62.2%) and fatigue (55.0%). | Among children with symptoms lasting �?8 days (4.4%), most reported headache (77.9%) and sore throat (74.0%) early, anosmia (77.9%) later, and persistent fatigue (84.4%) during illness progression (Figure). Most symptoms resolved within 8 weeks. | Methods: In a prospective cohort study of 258,790 children in 4 countries in the United Kingdom, 1,734 children with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result during September 2020–February 2021 reported symptoms beginning 1 week before through 2 weeks after positive PCR or lateral flow antigen test result. Limitations: Voluntary participation in citizen science; adult proxy reporting of symptoms. | Implications: Although COVID-19 duration is usually short in children, some children experience prolonged illness. SE - 708 SN - 2352-4642 SP - 708-718 ST - Illness duration and symptom profile in symptomatic UK school-aged children tested for SARS-CoV-2 T2 - Lancet Child Adolesc Health TI - Illness duration and symptom profile in symptomatic UK school-aged children tested for SARS-CoV-2 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(21)00198-X VL - 5 Y2 - 2021/08/16 ID - 2216 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background An immune correlate of protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection is urgently needed.Methods We used an ongoing household cohort with an embedded transmission study that closely monitors participants regardless of symptom status. Real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were used to measure infections and seropositivity. Sequencing was performed to determine circulating strains of SARS-CoV-2. We investigated the protection associated with seropositivity resulting from prior infection, the anti-spike antibody titers needed for protection, and we compared the severity of first and second infections.Results In March 2021, 62.3% of the cohort was seropositive. After March 2021, gamma and delta variants predominated. Seropositivity was associated with 69.2% protection from any infection (95% CI: 60.7%-75.9%), with higher protection against moderate or severe infection (79.4%, 95% CI: 64.9%-87.9%). Anti-spike titers of 327 and 2,551 were associated with 50% and 80% protection from any infection; titers of 284 and 656 were sufficient for protection against moderate or severe disease. Second infections were less severe than first infections (Relative Risk (RR) of moderated or severe disease: 0.6, 95% CI: 0.38-0.98; RR of subclinical disease:1.9, 95% CI: 1.33-2.73).Conclusions Prior infection-induced immunity is protective against infection when predominantly gamma and delta SARS-CoV-2 circulated. The protective antibody titers presented may be useful for vaccine policy and control measures. While second infections were somewhat less severe, they were not as mild as ideal. A strategy involving vaccination will be needed to ease the burden of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.Competing Interest StatementAubree Gordon serves on an advisory board for Janssen. All other authors report no competing interests.Funding StatementThis work was supported by the National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases at the National Institute of Health [award no. R01 AI120997 to A.G., and contract no. HHSN272201400006C to A.G.], and a grant from Open Philanthropy.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:This study was approved by the institutional review boards at the Nicaraguan Ministry of Health and the University of Michigan (HUM00119145 and HUM00178355).I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesIndividual-level data may be shared with outside investigators following University of Michigan IRB approval. Please contact Aubree Gordon (gordonal@umich.edu) to arrange for data access. AN - 34845458 AU - Maier, Hannah E. | Balmaseda, Angel | Ojeda, Sergio | Cerpas, Cristiam | Sanchez, Nery | Plazaola, Miguel | van Bakel, Harm | Kubale, John | Lopez, Roger | Saborio, Saira | Barilla, Carlos | P. S. P. Study Group | Harris, Eva | Kuan, Guillermina | Gordon, Aubree C1 - 2021-12-03 C2 - PMC8629202 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/12032021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - Nov 24 DO - 10.1101/2021.11.23.21266767 ET - 2021/12/01 L1 - internal-pdf://3854866029/Maier-2021-An immune correlate of SARS-CoV-2 i.pdf LB - Natural History | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Maier, Hannah E | Balmaseda, Angel | Ojeda, Sergio | Cerpas, Cristiam | Sanchez, Nery | Plazaola, Miguel | van Bakel, Harm | Kubale, John | Lopez, Roger | Saborio, Saira | Barilla, Carlos | Harris, Eva | Kuan, Guillermina | Gordon, Aubree | eng | HHSN272201400006C/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | R01 AI120997/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | Preprint | medRxiv. 2021 Nov 24. doi: 10.1101/2021.11.23.21266767. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In a household cohort study in Nicaragua (n = 2,123), previous SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with 64.5% protection from re-infection during March–October 2021 (95% CI 56.4%-71.1%), 69.2% protection from symptomatic infection (95% CI 60.7%-75.9%), and 79.4% protection from moderate or severe infection (95% CI 64.9%-87.9%). Compared with first infections (n = 377), re-infections (n = 162) were less likely to be associated with moderate or severe disease (RR 0.6, 95% CI 0.38-0.98) and more likely to be associated with subclinical disease (RR 1.9, 95% CI 1.33-2.73). SP - 2021.11.23.21266767 ST - An immune correlate of SARS-CoV-2 infection and severity of reinfections T2 - medRxiv TI - An immune correlate of SARS-CoV-2 infection and severity of reinfections UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/11/24/2021.11.23.21266767.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/11/24/2021.11.23.21266767.full.pdf ID - 2667 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background In the Coronavirus Efficacy (COVE) trial, estimated mRNA-1273 vaccine efficacy against coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) was 94%. SARS-CoV-2 antibody measurements were assessed as correlates of COVID-19 risk and as correlates of protection.Methods Through case-cohort sampling, participants were selected for measurement of four serum antibody markers at Day 1 (first dose), Day 29 (second dose), and Day 57: IgG binding antibodies (bAbs) to Spike, bAbs to Spike receptor-binding domain (RBD), and 50% and 80% inhibitory dilution pseudovirus neutralizing antibody titers calibrated to the WHO International Standard (cID50 and cID80). Participants with no evidence of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection were included. Cox regression assessed in vaccine recipients the association of each Day 29 or 57 serologic marker with COVID-19 through 126 or 100 days of follow-up, respectively, adjusting for risk factors.Results Day 57 Spike IgG, RBD IgG, cID50, and cID80 neutralization levels were each inversely correlated with risk of COVID-19: hazard ratios 0.66 (95% CI 0.50, 0.88; p=0.005); 0.57 (0.40, 0.82; p=0.002); 0.42 (0.27, 0.65; p<0.001); 0.35 (0.20, 0.61; p<0.001) per 10-fold increase in marker level, respectively, multiplicity adjusted P-values 0.003-0.010. Results were similar for Day 29 markers (multiplicity adjusted P-values <0.001-0.003). For vaccine recipients with Day 57 reciprocal cID50 neutralization titers that were undetectable (<2.42), 100, or 1000, respectively, cumulative incidence of COVID-19 through 100 days post Day 57 was 0.030 (0.010, 0.093), 0.0056 (0.0039, 0.0080), and 0.0023 (0.0013, 0.0036). For vaccine recipients at these titer levels, respectively, vaccine efficacy was 50.8% (�?51.2, 83.0%), 90.7% (86.7, 93.6%), and 96.1% (94.0, 97.8%). Causal mediation analysis estimated that the proportion of vaccine efficacy mediated through Day 29 cID50 titer was 68.5% (58.5, 78.4%).Conclusions Binding and neutralizing antibodies correlated with COVID-19 risk and vaccine efficacy and likely have utility in predicting mRNA-1273 vaccine efficacy against COVID-19.Trial registration number COVE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04470427Competing Interest StatementAll authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form at http://www.icmje.org/downloads/coi_disclosure.docx and declare: P.B.G., D.C.M., Y.F., C.M., A.E., M.S.-K., Y.L., C.Y., B.B., L.v.d.L., H.M.E.S., L.R.B., M.B., C.F.K., L.C., and L.N.C. had support (in the form of grant payments to their institution) from the National Institutes of Health for the submitted work; R.A.K. had support (in the form of funds to the VRC to cover assay performance) from the National Institutes of Health for the submitted work; M.B., L.D.L.C., and C.F.K. had support (in the form of payments to their institution) from Moderna for the submitted work; W.D., H.Z., J.M., and R.P. are employed by Moderna Tx, Inc. and have stock and/or stock options in Moderna Tx, Inc. | L.R.B. declares support (in the form of grant payments to his institution) within the previous three years from the National Institutes of Health, the Wellcome Trust, and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and has served on NIAID-NIH SMCs within the previous three years; M.B. declares support (in the form of grant payments to her institution) within the previous three years from the National Institutes of Health and the Centers for Disease Control; C.F.K. declares support (in the form of grant payments to her institution) within the previous three years from the National Institutes of Health, the Centers for Disease Control, Humanigen, Novavax, Viiv, and Gilead, as well as payments from Medscape and from Clinical Care Options within the previous three years for educational events; K.M.N. declares support (in the form of grant payments to her institution) within the previous three years from GSK, Pfizer, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and PATH for vaccine research, as well as support (in the form of grant payments to her institution) within the previous three years from th National Institutes of Health for influenza vaccine research. All other authors declare no support from any organization for the submitted work; no financial relationships with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous three years, and no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.Clinical TrialCOVE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04470427Funding StatementSupported by Public Health Service Grant UM1 AI068635 to the HVTN Statistical Data and Management Center [SDMC], Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center [FHCRC] from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and by the Intramural Research Program of the NIAID. This work was also supported by Scientific Computing Infrastructure at Fred Hutch funded by ORIP grant S10OD028685. This project has been funded in whole or in part with Federal funds from the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, under Contract No. 75A50120C00034, and Moderna, Inc.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The mRNA-1273-P301 study is being conducted in accordance with the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use, Good Clinical Practice guidelines, and applicable government regulations. The Central Institutional Review Board approved the mRNA-1273-P301 protocol and the consent forms. All participants provided written informed consent before enrollment. Central IRB services for the mRNA-1273-P301 study were provided by Advarra, Inc., 6100 Merriweather Dr., Suite 600, Columbia, MD 21044.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAs the trial is ongoing, access to patient-level data and supporting clinical documents with qualified external researchers may be available upon request and subject to review once the trial is complete. AN - 34401888 AU - Gilbert, Peter B. | Montefiori, David C. | McDermott, Adrian | Fong, Youyi | Benkeser, David C. | Deng, Weiping | Zhou, Honghong | Houchens, Christopher R. | Martins, Karen | Jayashankar, Lakshmi | Castellino, Flora | Flach, Britta | Lin, Bob C. | O’Connell, Sarah | McDanal, Charlene | Eaton, Amanda | Sarzotti-Kelsoe, Marcella | Lu, Yiwen | Yu, Chenchen | Borate, Bhavesh | van der Laan, Lars W. P. | Hejazi, Nima | Huynh, Chuong | Miller, Jacqueline | El Sahly, Hana M. | Baden, Lindsey R. | Baron, Mira | De La Cruz, Luis | Gay, Cynthia | Kalams, Spyros | Kelley, Colleen F. | Kutner, Mark | Corey, Lawrence | Neuzil, Kathleen M. | Carpp, Lindsay N. | Pajon, Rolando | Follmann, Dean | Donis, Ruben O. | Koup, Richard A. | on behalf of the Immune, Assays | Moderna, Inc | Coronavirus Vaccine Prevention Network /Coronavirus, Efficacy | United States Government /Co, V. P. N. Biostatistics Teams C1 - 2021-08-20 C2 - Vaccines CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08202021_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 15 DO - 10.1101/2021.08.09.21261290 ET - 2021/08/18 L1 - internal-pdf://2542698465/Gilbert-2021-Immune Correlates Analysis of the.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - (CoVPN); (COVE); (USG) PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Multiple antibody markers (IgG binding antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and to receptor-binding domain, and 50% [ID50] and 80% [ID80] inhibitory dilution pseudovirus neutralizing antibody titers) were inversely correlated with COVID-19 risk, 4 months post-2nd mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccine dose. (Figure); At 4 months post 2nd dose, mRNA-1273 vaccine efficacy against symptomatic, laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 was 50.8% (95% CI -51.2%-83.0%), 90.7% (86.7%-93.6%), or 96.1% (94.0%-97.8%) when calibrated ID50 titers were undetectable, 100, or 1,000, respectively. | Methods: In the manufacturer’s COVE (coronavirus efficacy) phase 3 trial, adult participants were randomized to receive 2 doses of mRNA-1273 vaccine or placebo from July 27–October 23, 2020. In a case-cohort sample of vaccinated trial participants (n = 14,064), IgG binding antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and receptor-binding domain, ID50 and ID80 were measured on day 1 (dose 1), day 29 (dose 2), and day 57 post-vaccination. Correlates of risk for acute COVID-19 (symptomatic infection with positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test and no previous infection) and correlates of vaccine efficacy were determined up to 4 months post-vaccination. Limitations: Most cases were infected with Alpha (B.1.1.7) or a similar virus; correlates of protections against other variants cannot be inferred. | Implications: Reduced antibody levels might represent waning immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection. This report adds to a small number of studies suggesting that antibody titer-based correlates corresponding with levels of protection against SARS-CoV-2 can be determined. SP - 2021.08.09.21261290 ST - Immune Correlates Analysis of the mRNA-1273 COVID-19 Vaccine Efficacy Trial T2 - medRxiv TI - Immune Correlates Analysis of the mRNA-1273 COVID-19 Vaccine Efficacy Trial UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/08/12/2021.08.09.21261290.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/08/15/2021.08.09.21261290.full.pdf ID - 2234 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Rising breakthrough infections of coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in previously immunized individuals has raised concerns for a booster to combat suspected waning immunity and new variants. Participants immunized 6-8 months earlier with a primary series of two doses of 50 or 100 µg of mRNA-1273 were administered a booster injection of 50 µg of mRNA-1273. Neutralizing antibody levels against wild-type virus and the Delta variant at one month after the booster were 1.7-fold and 2.1-fold higher, respectively, than those 28 days post primary series second injection indicating an immune memory response. The reactogenicity after the booster dose was similar to that after the second dose in the primary series of two doses of mRNA-1273 (50 or 100 µg) with no serious adverse events reported in the one-month follow-up period. These results demonstrate that a booster injection of mRNA-1273 in previously immunized individuals stimulated an immune response greater than the primary vaccination series.Competing Interest StatementWenmei Huang, Ying Chang, Judy Oestreicher, Holly Legault, Biliana Nestorova, Bethany Girard, Rolando Pajon, Jacqueline M.Miller, Andrea Carfi, Darin K. Edwards, Rituparna Das, Brett Leav, and Roderick McPhee are employees of Moderna, Inc., and may hold stock/stock options in the company.Clinical TrialNCT04405076Funding StatementParts A and B of the phase 2 trial (mRNA-1273 P201 trial/open-label extension; NCT04405076) were supported in part with Federal funds from the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, under Contract No. 75A50120C00034, and Moderna, Inc.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The IRB was Advarra, Inc., Columbia, MD.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThe data supporting the findings of this study are available in this article and in its Supplementary Information. AU - Chu, Laurence | Montefiori, David | Huang, Wenmei | Nestorova, Biliana | Chang, Ying | Carfi, Andrea | Edwards, Darin K. | Oestreicher, Judy | Legault, Holly | Girard, Bethany | Pajon, Rolando | Miller, Jacqueline M. | Das, Rituparna | Leav, Brett | McPhee, Roderick C1 - 2021-10-15 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10152021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1101/2021.09.29.21264089 L1 - internal-pdf://0227017257/Chu-2021-Immune Memory Response After a Booste.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 344 trial participants fully immunized (mRNA-1273 vaccine) who received a 50 µg mRNA-1273 booster, booster-related side effects were similar to those after dose 2, and included arm pain, fatigue, headache, muscle/joint pain, and chills. Compared to dose 2 of the primary series, the booster raised neutralizing antibody levels, with a 2.1-fold increase against the Delta variant 4 weeks after the booster. SP - 2021.09.29.21264089 ST - Immune Memory Response After a Booster Injection of mRNA-1273 for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) T2 - medRxiv TI - Immune Memory Response After a Booster Injection of mRNA-1273 for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/10/01/2021.09.29.21264089.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/10/01/2021.09.29.21264089.full.pdf ID - 2476 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We are learning that the host response to SARS-CoV-2 infection is complex and highly dynamic. Effective initial host defense in the lung is associated with mild symptoms and disease resolution. Viral evasion of the immune response can lead to refractory alveolar damage, ineffective lung repair mechanisms, and systemic inflammation with associated organ dysfunction. The immune response in these patients is highly variable and can include moderate to severe systemic inflammation and/or marked systemic immune suppression. There is unlikely to be a "one size fits all" approach to immunomodulation in patients with COVID-19. We believe that a personalized, immunophenotype-driven approach to immunomodulation that may include anti-cytokine therapy in carefully selected patients and immunostimulatory therapies in others is the shortest path to success in the study and treatment of patients with critical illness due to COVID-19. AD - Division of Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA. | Partner Therapeutics, Lexington, MA. | Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore. AN - 32604407 AU - Hall, M. W. | Joshi, I. | Leal, L. | Ooi, E. E. C1 - 2020-07-10 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071020_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 1 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa904 ET - 2020/07/01 KW - Covid-19 | cytokine storm | immune modulation | immunoparalysis | inflammation L1 - internal-pdf://0491984226/Hall-2020-Immune modulation in COVID-19_ Strat.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Hall, Mark W; Joshi, Ila; Leal, Luis; Ooi, Eng Eong; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Jul 1. pii: 5865455. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa904. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Discussion of why a personalized, immunophenotype-driven approach to immunomodulation is important to explore. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) ST - Immune modulation in COVID-19: Strategic considerations for personalized therapeutic intervention T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Immune modulation in COVID-19: Strategic considerations for personalized therapeutic intervention UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32604407 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 501 ER - TY - JOUR AB - SARS-CoV-2 is evolving with mutations in the receptor binding domain (RBD) being of particular concern. It is important to know how much cross-protection is offered between strains following vaccination or infection. Here, we obtain serum and saliva samples from groups of vaccinated (Pfizer BNT-162b2), infected and uninfected individuals and characterize the antibody response to RBD mutant strains. Vaccinated individuals have a robust humoral response after the second dose and have high IgG antibody titers in the saliva. Antibody responses however show considerable differences in binding to RBD mutants of emerging variants of concern and substantial reduction in RBD binding and neutralization is observed against a patient-isolated South African variant. Taken together our data reinforce the importance of the second dose of Pfizer BNT-162b2 to acquire high levels of neutralizing antibodies and high antibody titers in saliva suggest that vaccinated individuals may have reduced transmission potential. Substantially reduced neutralization for the South African variant further highlights the importance of surveillance strategies to detect new variants and targeting these in future vaccines. AD - NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tubingen, Reutlingen, Germany. | Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology, University Hospital Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. | Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. | Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. | Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. | German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. | Signatope GmbH, Reutlingen, Germany. | Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. | Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. | Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, USA. | Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany. | TWINCORE GmbH, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture of the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany. | Institute for Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. | NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tubingen, Reutlingen, Germany. Ulrich.rothbauer@nmi.de. | Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. Ulrich.rothbauer@nmi.de. | Institute for Medical Virology and Epidemiology, University Hospital Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. Michael.Schindler@med.uni-tuebingen.de. | NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tubingen, Reutlingen, Germany. Nicole.schneiderhan@nmi.de. AN - 34035301 AU - Becker, Matthias | Dulovic, Alex | Junker, Daniel | Ruetalo, Natalia | Kaiser, Philipp D. | Pinilla, Yudi T. | Heinzel, Constanze | Haering, Julia | Traenkle, Bjoern | Wagner, Teresa R. | Layer, Mirjam | Mehrlaender, Martin | Mirakaj, Valbona | Held, Jana | Planatscher, Hannes | Schenke-Layland, Katja | Krause, Gérard | Strengert, Monika | Bakchoul, Tamam | Althaus, Karina | Fendel, Rolf | Kreidenweiss, Andrea | Koeppen, Michael | Rothbauer, Ulrich | Schindler, Michael | Schneiderhan-Marra, Nicole C1 - 2021-06-04 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06042021_covidupdate.html DA - 2021/05/25 DO - 10.1038/s41467-021-23473-6 ET - 2021/05/27 IS - 1 KW - Adult | Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood/*immunology | Antibodies, Viral/blood/*immunology | Antibody Formation | COVID-19/blood/*prevention & control | Female | Gene Expression | Humans | Immunoglobulin G/blood/immunology | Male | Middle Aged | Mutation | Neutralization Tests | Protein Binding | Protein Domains/genetics | Receptors, Coronavirus/metabolism | Recombinant Proteins | SARS-CoV-2/genetics/*immunology | Saliva/immunology/virology | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/*immunology | *Vaccination L1 - internal-pdf://3376988368/Becker-2021-Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vari.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Becker, Matthias | Dulovic, Alex | Junker, Daniel | Ruetalo, Natalia | Kaiser, Philipp D | Pinilla, Yudi T | Heinzel, Constanze | Haering, Julia | Traenkle, Bjoern | Wagner, Teresa R | Layer, Mirjam | Mehrlaender, Martin | Mirakaj, Valbona | Held, Jana | Planatscher, Hannes | Schenke-Layland, Katja | Krause, Gerard | Strengert, Monika | Bakchoul, Tamam | Althaus, Karina | Fendel, Rolf | Kreidenweiss, Andrea | Koeppen, Michael | Rothbauer, Ulrich | Schindler, Michael | Schneiderhan-Marra, Nicole | eng | DFG-KO 3884/5-1/Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation) | SO-96/Helmholtz Association | 101003480-CORESMA/EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020) | FKZ-3-4332.62-NMI-67/Ministerium fur Wirtschaft, Arbeit und Wohnungsbau Baden-Wurttemberg (Ministry of Economics, Labor and Housing of Baden-Wurttemberg) | FKZ-3-4332.62-NMI-68/Ministerium fur Wirtschaft, Arbeit und Wohnungsbau Baden-Wurttemberg (Ministry of Economics, Labor and Housing of Baden-Wurttemberg) | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | England | Nat Commun. 2021 May 25;12(1):3109. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-23473-6. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Sera from partially and fully vaccinated persons had lower antibody responses to the receptor binding domain (RBD) from the B.1.351 variant compared with RBD from the B.1.1.7 variant (Figure). | Sera from fully vaccinated individuals had normal antibody responses to RBD from the Cluster 5 and B.1.429 variants. | Fully vaccinated individuals had high IgG titers in saliva. | Methods: Sera and saliva antibody responses to 4 variants (B.1.1.7, B.1.351, Cluster 5, and B.1.429) were examined in infected (n = 35) and uninfected (n = 20) individuals and those vaccinated with Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2 (n = 25). Levels of IgG antibody to RBD and neutralization of RBD were determined an average of up to 17 days after vaccination. Limitations: Small sample size and limited follow-up time; saliva not tested against variants. | Implications: Although Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2 induces a robust antibody response to 3 circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants, the response to B.1.351 is reduced. High antibody titers in saliva suggest that vaccinated individuals might have reduced transmission potential. SN - 2041-1723 SP - 3109 ST - Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in vaccinated individuals T2 - Nat Commun TI - Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in vaccinated individuals UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23473-6 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8149389/pdf/41467_2021_Article_23473.pdf VL - 12 ID - 1806 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background A cluster of over a thousand infections with the SARS-CoV-2 delta variant was identified in a predominantly fully vaccinated population in Provincetown, Massachusetts in July 2021. Immune responses in breakthrough infections with the SARS-CoV-2 delta variant remain to be defined.Methods Humoral and cellular immune responses were assessed in 35 vaccinated individuals who were tested for SARS-CoV-2 in the Massachusetts Department of Public Health outbreak investigation.Results Vaccinated individuals who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 demonstrated substantially higher antibody responses than vaccinated individuals who tested negative for SARS-CoV-2, including 28-fold higher binding antibody titers and 34-fold higher neutralizing antibody titers against the SARS-CoV-2 delta variant. Vaccinated individuals who tested positive also showed 4.4-fold higher Spike-specific CD8+ T cell responses against the SARS-CoV-2 delta variant than vaccinated individuals who tested negative.Conclusions Fully vaccinated individuals developed robust anamnestic antibody and T cell responses following infection with the SARS-CoV-2 delta variant. These data suggest important immunologic benefits of vaccination in the context of breakthrough infections.Competing Interest StatementDHB is a co-inventor on provisional vaccine patents (63/121,482; 63/133,969; 63/135,182). The authors report no other conflict of interest.Funding StatementThe authors acknowledge NIH grant CA260476, the Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, the Massachusetts Consortium for Pathogen Readiness, and the Musk Foundation (D.H.B.). The authors also acknowledge the Reproductive Scientist Development Program from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development and Burroughs Wellcome Fund HD000849 (A.Y.C.)x.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) gave ethical approval for this work (#2021P000344)I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll data are available in the manuscript or the supplementary material. AN - 34704104 AU - Collier, Ai-ris Y. | Brown, Catherine M. | McMahan, Katherine | Yu, Jingyou | Liu, Jinyan | Jacob-Dolan, Catherine | Chandrashekar, Abishek | Tierney, Dylan | Ansel, Jessica L. | Rowe, Marjorie | Sellers, Daniel | Ahmad, Kunza | Aguayo, Ricardo | Anioke, Tochi | Gardner, Sarah | Siamatu, Mazuba | Bermudez Rivera, Lorraine | Hacker, Michele R. | Madoff, Lawrence C. | Barouch, Dan H. C1 - 2021-10-29 C2 - PMC8547536 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10292021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - Oct 20 DO - 10.1101/2021.10.18.21265113 ET - 2021/10/28 L1 - internal-pdf://3187598858/Collier-2021-Immune Responses in Fully Vaccina.pdf LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Collier, Ai-Ris Y | Brown, Catherine M | Mcmahan, Katherine | Yu, Jingyou | Liu, Jinyan | Jacob-Dolan, Catherine | Chandrashekar, Abishek | Tierney, Dylan | Ansel, Jessica L | Rowe, Marjorie | Sellers, Daniel | Ahmad, Kunza | Aguayo, Ricardo | Anioke, Tochi | Gardner, Sarah | Siamatu, Mazuba | Bermudez Rivera, Lorraine | Hacker, Michele R | Madoff, Lawrence C | Barouch, Dan H | eng | Preprint | medRxiv. 2021 Oct 20. doi: 10.1101/2021.10.18.21265113. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In 35 fully vaccinated adults, individuals with breakthrough infections (n = 14) had 20- to 30- fold higher receptor binding domain (RBD)-specific IgG titers against SARS-CoV-2 WA1/2020, Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), Delta (B.1.617.2), and Kappa (B.1.617.1) compared to those uninfected (n = 21). Neutralizing antibodies against variants were 13- to 73- fold higher. SP - 2021.10.18.21265113 ST - Immune Responses in Fully Vaccinated Individuals Following Breakthrough Infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant in Provincetown, Massachusetts T2 - medRxiv TI - Immune Responses in Fully Vaccinated Individuals Following Breakthrough Infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant in Provincetown, Massachusetts UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/10/20/2021.10.18.21265113.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/10/20/2021.10.18.21265113.full.pdf ID - 2558 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 have shown high efficacy, but immunocompromised participants were excluded from controlled clinical trials. We evaluated immune responses to the Pfizer/BioNTech mRNA vaccine in solid tumor patients (n=52) on active cytotoxic anti-cancer therapy. These responses were compared to a control cohort that also received the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine (n=50). Using live SARS-CoV-2 assays, neutralizing antibodies were detected in 67% and 80% of cancer patients after the first and second immunizations, respectively, with a 3-fold increase in median titers after the booster. Similar trends were observed in serum antibodies against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and S2 regions of Spike protein, and in IFN��+ Spike-specific T cells. The magnitude of each of these responses was diminished relative to the control cohort. We therefore quantified RBD- and Spike S1-specific memory B cell subsets as predictors of anamnestic responses to viral exposures or additional immunizations. After the second vaccination, Spike-specific plasma cell-biased memory B cells were observed in most cancer patients at levels similar to those of the control cohort after the first immunization. These data suggest that a third immunization might elevate antibody responses in cancer patients to levels seen in healthy individuals after the second dose. Trials should be conducted to test these predictions.Competing Interest StatementSana Biotechnology has licensed intellectual property of D.B. and Washington University in St. Louis. D.B. is a co-founder of Clade Therapeutics. B.J.L. has a financial interest in Cofactor Genomics, Inc. and Iron Horse Dx. P.C. receives research funding from Pfizer, BioAtla, Zentalis, Genentech, Eli-Lilly, Phoenix Molecular Designs, Amgen, Radius Pharmaceuticals, Carrick Therapeutics, and Angiochem and served on advisory boards for Novartis, Eli Lilly, Zentalis, Astra-Zeneca, Amgen, Bayer, Asthenex, Prosigna, Heron, Puma Biotechnology and Oncosec. R.T.S. receives research funding from Merck, Rafael Pharmaceuticals, ImmunoVaccine, Bayer, SeaGen, Exelixis, Pieris, LOXO Oncology, Novocure, NuCana, QED and has served as a consultant/advisor to Merck, Servier, Astra-Zeneca, EMD Serono, Taiho, QED, Incyte, Genentech, Basilea.Funding StatementThis work was supported by National Institutes of Health grants R01AI099108 and R01AI129945 (D.B.) and from University of Arizona funds.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:This protocol was approved by the University of Arizona Institutional Review Board and activated in January 2021.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesRaw data and statistical analysis code are available upon request to the corresponding authors. Figures 1-4 have associated raw data. Data will be made available without restrictions unless linked to identifiers in patient health information. AD - Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA. | Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA. | BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. | Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. | University of Arizona Genomics Core and the Arizona Research Labs, University of Arizona Genetics Core, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. | University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA. | Office of the Senior Vice-President for Health Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. AN - 34013289 AU - Shroff, Rachna T. | Chalasani, Pavani | Wei, Ran | Pennington, Daniel | Quirk, Grace | Schoenle, Marta V. | Uhrlaub, Jennifer L. | Ripperger, Tyler J. | Jergović, Mladen | Dalgai, Shelby | Wolf, Alexander | Hammad, Hytham | Carrier, Amy | Scott, Aaron J. | Nikolich-�augich, Janko | Worobey, Michael | Sprissler, Ryan | Dake, Michael | LaFleur, Bonnie J. | Bhattacharya, Deepta C1 - 2021-05-28 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05282021_covidupdate.html DA - May 14 DO - 10.1101/2021.05.13.21257129 ET - 2021/05/21 L1 - internal-pdf://1037595082/Shroff-2021-Immune Responses to COVID-19 mRNA.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Shroff, Rachna T | Chalasani, Pavani | Wei, Ran | Pennington, Daniel | Quirk, Grace | Schoenle, Marta V | Uhrlaub, Jennifer L | Ripperger, Tyler J | Jergovic, Mladen | Dalgai, Shelby | Wolf, Alexander | Hammad, Hytham | Carrier, Amy | Scott, Aaron J | Nikolich-Zugich, Janko | Worobey, Michael | Sprissler, Ryan | Dake, Michael | LaFleur, Bonnie J | Bhattacharya, Deepta | eng | R01 AI099108/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | R01 AI129945/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | Preprint | medRxiv. 2021 May 14. doi: 10.1101/2021.05.13.21257129. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: SARS-CoV-2 virus neutralization titers were lower in 52 cancer patients on active immunosuppressive therapy compared with 50 controls. Sera from 20% of cancer patients had no virus neutralization activity after the second dose of vaccine. SP - 2021.05.13.21257129 ST - Immune Responses to COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines in Patients with Solid Tumors on Active, Immunosuppressive Cancer Therapy T2 - medRxiv TI - Immune Responses to COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines in Patients with Solid Tumors on Active, Immunosuppressive Cancer Therapy UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/05/14/2021.05.13.21257129.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/05/14/2021.05.13.21257129.full.pdf ID - 1795 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Bearing a strong resemblance to the phenotypic and functional remodeling of the immune system that occurs during aging (termed immunesenescence), the immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is characterized by an expansion of inflammatory monocytes, functional exhaustion of lymphocytes, dysregulated myeloid responses and the presence of highly activated senescent T cells. Alongside advanced age, male gender and pre-existing co-morbidities [e.g., obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D)] are emerging as significant risk factors for COVID-19. Interestingly, immunesenescence is more profound in males when compared to females, whilst accelerated aging of the immune system, termed premature immunesenescence, has been described in obese subjects and T2D patients. Thus, as three distinct demographic groups with an increased susceptibility to COVID-19 share a common immune profile, could immunesenescence be a generic contributory factor in the development of severe COVID-19? Here, by focussing on three key aspects of an immune response, namely pathogen recognition, elimination and resolution, we address this question by discussing how immunesenescence may weaken or exacerbate the immune response to SARS-CoV-2. We also highlight how aspects of immunesenescence could render potential COVID-19 treatments less effective in older adults and draw attention to certain therapeutic options, which by reversing or circumventing certain features of immunesenescence may prove to be beneficial for the treatment of groups at high risk of severe COVID-19. AD - Medical Research Council-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom. | National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom. | National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Birmingham National Health Service Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom. AN - 33123152 AU - Hazeldine, J. | Lord, J. M. C1 - 2020-11-17 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/111720_covidupdate.html DO - 10.3389/fimmu.2020.573662 DP - NLM ET - 2020/10/31 KW - Aging/immunology | Betacoronavirus/immunology | Covid-19 | Cellular Senescence/*immunology | Coronavirus Infections/*immunology/*pathology | Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/immunology | Female | Humans | Male | Monocytes/immunology | Neutrophils/immunology | Obesity/immunology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*immunology/*pathology | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | T-Lymphocytes/immunology | *covid-19 | *SARS-Cov_2 | *aging | *immune dysfunction | *immunesenescence | *inflammaging L1 - internal-pdf://3317198797/Hazeldine-2020-Immunesenescence_ A Predisposin.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Hazeldine, Jon; Lord, Janet M; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review; Switzerland; Front Immunol. 2020 Oct 6;11:573662. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.573662. eCollection 2020. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: This article discusses the possibility that the gradual deterioration of the immune system brought on by age, could be a generic contributory factor to the development of severe COVID-19. SN - 1664-3224 (Electronic); 1664-3224 (Linking) SP - 573662 ST - Immunesenescence: A Predisposing Risk Factor for the Development of COVID-19? T2 - Front Immunol TI - Immunesenescence: A Predisposing Risk Factor for the Development of COVID-19? UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33123152 VL - 11 ID - 1246 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Information concerning the longevity of immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) following natural infection may have considerable implications for durability of immunity induced by vaccines. Here, we monitored the SARS-CoV-2 specific immune response in convalescent coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) patients up to 15 months after symptoms onset.Methods The levels of anti-spike and anti-receptor binding domain antibodies and neutralizing activities were tested in a total of 188 samples from 136 convalescent patients who experience mild to critical COVID-19. Specific memory B and T cell responses were measured in 76 peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples collected from 54 patients. Twenty-three vaccinated individuals were included for comparison.Findings Following a peak at day 15-28 post-infection, the IgG antibody response and plasma neutralizing titers gradually decreased over time but stabilized after 6 months. Plasma neutralizing activity against G614 was still detected in 87% of the patients at 6-15 months. Compared to G614, the median neutralizing titers against Beta, Gamma and Delta variants in plasma collected at early (15-103 days) and late (9-15 month) convalescence were 16- and 8-fold lower, respectively. SARS-CoV-2-specific memory B and T cells reached a peak at 3-6 months and persisted in the majority of patients up to 15 months although a significant decrease in specific T cells was observed between 6 and 15 months.Conclusion The data suggest that antiviral specific immunity especially memory B cells in COVID-19 convalescent patients is long-lasting, but some variants of concern, including the fast-spreading Delta variant, may at least partially escape the neutralizing activity of plasma antibodies.Funding EU-ATAC consortium, the Italian Ministry of Health, the Swedish Research Council, SciLifeLab, and KAW.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest. AU - Marcotte, Harold | Piralla, Antonio | Zuo, Fanglei | Du, Likun | Cassaniti, Irene | Wan, Hui | Kumagai-Braesh, Makiko | Andréll, Juni | Percivalle, Elena | Sammartino, Jos؈ Camilla | Wang, Yating | Vlachiotis, Stelios | Attevall, Janine | Bergami, Federica | Ferrari, Alessandro | Colaneri, Marta | Vecchia, Marco | Sambo, Margherita | Zuccaro, Valentina | Asperges, Erika | Bruno, Raffaele | Oggionni, Tiberio | Meloni, Federica | Abolhassanni, Hassan | Bertoglio, Federico | Schubert, Maren | Calzolai, Luigi | Varani, Luca | Hust, Michael | Xue, Yintong | Hammarström, Lennart | Baldanti, Fausto | Pan-Hammarström, Qiang C1 - 2021-10-22 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10222021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1101/2021.10.08.463699 L1 - internal-pdf://4279784376/Marcotte-2021-Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 up to 15.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In serum from 136 COVID-19 patients (98 from Italy, 38 from Sweden), IgG antibodies were found 6�?5 months after natural infection in 68% (anti-RBD [n = 30/44]) and 73% (anti-S [n = 32/44]) of patients. Lower antibody levels were associated with milder disease. Neutralizing antibodies were lower against variants of concern than against wild type. SARS-CoV-2 memory B and T cells were present in >95% of patients 6�?5 months after infection. SP - 2021.10.08.463699 ST - Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 up to 15 months after infection T2 - bioRxiv TI - Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 up to 15 months after infection UR - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2021/10/11/2021.10.08.463699.abstract | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2021/10/11/2021.10.08.463699.full.pdf ID - 2522 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Neutralizing antibodies are key determinants of protection from future infection, yet well-validated high-throughput assays for measuring titers of SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies are not generally available. Here we describe the development and validation of IMMUNO-COV�?v2.0 a scalable surrogate virus assay, which titrates antibodies that block infection of Vero-ACE2 cells by a luciferase-encoding vesicular stomatitis virus displaying SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins (VSV-SARS2-Fluc). Antibody titers, calculated using a standard curve consisting of stepped concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 spike monoclonal antibody, correlated closely (p < 0.0001) with titers obtained from a gold-standard PRNT50% assay performed using a clinical isolate of SARS-CoV-2. IMMUNO-COV�?v2.0 was comprehensively validated using data acquired from 242 assay runs performed over seven days by five analysts, utilizing two separate virus lots, and 176 blood samples. Assay performance was acceptable for clinical use in human serum and plasma based on parameters including linearity, dynamic range, limit of blank and limit of detection, dilutional linearity and parallelism, precision, clinical agreement, matrix equivalence, clinical specificity and sensitivity, and robustness. Sufficient VSV-SARS2-Fluc virus reagent has been banked to test 5 million clinical samples. Notably, a significant drop in IMMUNO-COV�?v2.0 neutralizing antibody titers was observed over a six-month period in people recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Together, our results demonstrate the feasibility and utility of IMMUNO-COV�?v2.0 for measuring SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies in vaccinated individuals and those recovering from natural infections. Such monitoring can be used to better understand what levels of neutralizing antibodies are required for protection from SARS-CoV-2, and what booster dosing schedules are needed to sustain vaccine-induced immunity.Competing Interest StatementVyriad, Imanis Life Sciences, and Regeneron are collaborating in the commercial development of this assay. Most coauthors of this manuscript are employees of at least one of the above organizations as noted in the author affiliations. SJR and KWP are co-founding scientists, officers, and stockholders both in Vyriad and Imanis Life Sciences.Clinical TrialOur study is NOT a clinical trial or interventional study. It is an IRB approved minimal risk biospecimen collection study. Therefore we have not and do not intend to register the study.Funding StatementFunding for this project was provided by Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. as part of an ongoing collaboration with Vyriad, Inc., and by NIH grant AI120942 to SCW.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:A clinical protocol to collect blood samples for assay validation was reviewed and approved by Western IRB on April 1, 2020 (study ID: VYR-COV-001). Samples were obtained with informed consent and the protocol was conducted under ICH-GCP and all applicable sections of the Code of Federal Regulations.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesA final validation summary including all the data generated as part of assay validation is in preparation. It will be disclosed to regulatory authorities and posted on public registries, as required. AU - Vandergaast, Rianna | Carey, Timothy | Reiter, Samantha | Lathrum, Chase | Lech, Patrycja | Gnanadurai, Clement | Haselton, Michelle | Buehler, Jason | Narjari, Riya | Schnebeck, Luke | Roesler, Anne | Sevola, Kara | Suksanpaisan, Lukkana | Bexon, Alice | Naik, Shruthi | Brunton, Bethany | Weaver, Scott C. | Rafael, Grace | Tran, Sheryl | Baum, Alina | Kyratsous, Christos A. | Peng, Kah Whye | Russell, Stephen J. C1 - 2021-03-05 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03052021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.02.16.21251653 L1 - internal-pdf://2570141475/Vandergaast-2021-IMMUNO-COV�?v2.0_ Development.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: IMMUNO-COV v.2.0 was developed and validated as a scalable, high-throughput assay that makes clinical determination of neutralizing antibodies feasible. SP - 2021.02.16.21251653 ST - IMMUNO-COV�?v2.0: Development and Validation of a High-Throughput Clinical Assay for Measuring SARS-CoV-2-Neutralizing Antibody Titers T2 - medRxiv TI - IMMUNO-COV�?v2.0: Development and Validation of a High-Throughput Clinical Assay for Measuring SARS-CoV-2-Neutralizing Antibody Titers TT - Published article: IMMUNO-COV v2.0: Development and Validation of a High-Throughput Clinical Assay for Measuring SARS-CoV-2-Neutralizing Antibody Titers UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/02/19/2021.02.16.21251653.full.pdf ID - 1556 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BackgroundTo date, no immunological data on COVID-19 heterologous vaccination schedules in humans have been reported. We assessed the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of BNT162b2 (Comirnaty, BioNTech, Mainz, Germany) administered as second dose in participants primed with ChAdOx1-S (Vaxzevria, AstraZeneca, Oxford, UK). AD - Servicio de Farmacologia Clinica, Departamento de Farmacologia y Terapeutica, Facultad de Medicina, Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. | Laboratorio de Serologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. | Hospital Universitario de Cruces, Biocruces Bizkaia HRI, UPV/EHU, OSAKIDETZA, CIBERDEM, CIBERER, Endo-ERN, Barakaldo-Bilbao, Spain. | Servicio de Medicina Preventiva y Epidemiologia, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. | Unidad de Inmunopatologia del SIDA, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. | Servicio de Medicina Preventiva y Epidemiologia, Servicio de Farmacologia Clinica, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. | Servicio de Farmacologia Clinica, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, IdISSC, Departamento de Farmacologia y Toxicologia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. | Laboratorio de Referencia en Inmunologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. | Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre, CIBER de Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. | Unidad de Soporte a la Investigacion Clinica, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Servicio de Farmacologia Clinica, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. | Departmento de Farmacologia, Terapeutica y Toxicologia, Servicio de Farmacologia Clinica, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. | Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. | Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, and Evaluation and Promotion of Research, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: cbelda@isciii.es. | Servicio de Farmacologia Clinica, Departamento de Farmacologia y Terapeutica, Facultad de Medicina, Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: jesus.frias@uam.es. AN - 34181880 AU - Borobia, Alberto M. | Carcas, Antonio J. | Pérez-Olmeda, Mayte | Castaño, Luis | Bertran, Mar�Ta Jesús | Garc�Ta-Pérez, Javier | Campins, Magdalena | Portolés, Antonio | Gonz֙lez-Pérez, Mar�Ta | Garc�Ta Morales, Mar�Ta Teresa | Arana-Arri, Eunate | Aldea, Marta | D�Tez-Fuertes, Francisco | Fuentes, Inmaculada | Ascaso, Ana | Lora, David | Imaz-Ayo, Natale | Bar�Qn-Mira, Lourdes E. | Agust�T, Antonia | Pérez-Ingidua, Carla | G�Qmez de la C֙mara, Agust�Tn | Arribas, José Ram�Qn | Ochando, Jordi | Alcam�T, José | Belda-Iniesta, Crist�Qbal | Fr�Tas, Jesús | Mart�Tnez de Soto, Luc�Ta | Rodr�Tguez Mariblanca, Amelia | D�Taz Garc�Ta, Luc�Ta | Ram�Trez Garc�Ta, Elena | Seco Meseguer, Enrique | Stewart Balb֙s, Stefan Mark | Mar�Tn Cand�Qn, Alicia | Garc�Ta Garc�Ta, Irene | Urroz Elizalde, Mikel | Monserrat Villatoro, Jaime | de la Rosa, Paula | Sanz Garc�Ta, Marta | L�Qpez Crespo, Cristina | Maule�Qn Mart�Tnez, Vega | de Madariaga Castell, Raquel | Vit�Qn Vara, Laura | Garc�Ta Rodr�Tguez, Julio | Buño, Antonio | L�Qpez Granados, Eduardo | C֙mara, Carmen | Rey Cuevas, Esther | Ayllon Garc�Ta, Pilar | Jiménez Gonz֙lez, Mar�Ta | Hern֙ndez Rubio, Victoria | Moraga Alapont, Paloma | S֙nchez, Amparo | Prieto, Roc�To | Llorente G�Qmez, Silvia | Miragall Roig, Cristina | Aparicio Marlasca, Marina | de la Calle, Fernando | Arsuaga, Marta | Duque, Blanca | Meijide, Susana | Garc�Ta de Vicuña, Aitor | Santorcuato, Ana | Exp�Qsito, Iraide | de Benito, Sara | Andia, Joseba | Castillo, Cristina | Irurzun, Esther | Camino, Jesús | Temprano, Mikel | Goikoetxea, Josune | Bustinza, Alazne | Larrea, Maialen | Gallego, Mikel | Garc�Ta-V֙zquez, Dolores | de la Hoz, Ana Belén | Pérez-Nanclares, Gustavo | Pérez-Guzm֙n, Est�Tbaliz | Idoyaga, Eneko | Lamela, Adriana | Oteo, Jesús | Castillo de la Osa, Mar�Ta | Hern֙ndez Gutiérrez, Lourdes | Andrés Galv֙n, Mar�Ta Elena | Calonge, Esther | Andrés Galv֙n, Mar�Ta Elena | Bermejo, Mercedes | de la Torre-Tarazona, Erick Humberto | Cascajero, Almudena | Fedele, Giovanni | Perea, Concepci�Qn | Cervera, Isabel | Bodega-Mayor, Irene | Montes-Casado, Mar�Ta | Portolés, Pilar | Baranda, Jana | Granés, Laura | Lazaar, Sulayman | Herranz, Sara | Mellado, Mar�Ta Eug؈nia | Tortajada, Marta | Malet, Montserrat | Quesada, Sebastiana | Vilella, Anna | Llupià, Anna | Olivé, Victoria | Trilla, Antoni | G�Qmez, Begoña | Gonz֙lez, Elisenda | Romero, Sheila | G֙mez, Francisco Javier | Casals, Cristina | Burunat, Laura | Castell�Q, Juan José | Fern֙ndez, Patricia | Bedini, Josep Llu�Ts | Vila, Jordi | Aguilar, Carla | Altadill, Carmen | Armadans, Lluis | Borras-Bermejo, Blanca | Calonge, Julia | Camacho, Lina | Feliu, Anna | Gili, Gisela | Llorente, Cesar | Mart�Tnez-G�Qmez, Xavier | Otero-Romero, Susana | Palacio, Esther | Parés, Oleguer | Pin�Qs, Laia | Plaza, Aitana | Riera, Judith | Rodrigo-Pend֙s, José Angel | Sans, Carla | Santos, José | Torres, Gloria | Torrens, Margarita | Uriona, Sonia | Ballarin Alins, Elena | Pérez Esquirol, Eulàlia | Vendrell Bosch, Lourdes | Laredo Velasco, Leonor | Uribe L�Qpez, Diana | Gonz֙lez Rojano, Esperanza | S֙nchez-Craviotto, Manuel | Rivas Paterna, Ana Belén | Hern֙n-G�Qmez, Teresa Iglesias | Rodr�Tguez Gal֙n, Natalia | Gil Mar�Tn, José Antonio | Álvarez-Morales, Ver�Qnica | Navalpotro, Ana Belén | Jiménez-Santamar�Ta, M. Dolores | Card�Qs, M. Carmen | Hermoso, Elena | Garc�Ta-Arenillas, Mar | Pérez Mac�Tas, Natalia | Domingo Fern֙ndez, Alexandra | L�Qpez Picado, Amanda | Quiñones, Jorge Mario | Deidda, Nicoletta | Garc�Ta-Franco, Ana | Torvisco, José Mar�Ta C1 - 2021-07-02 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07022021_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 10 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01420-3 ET - 2021/06/29 IS - 10295 KW - Adolescent | Adult | COVID-19/epidemiology/*immunology/*prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/*immunology | Female | Humans | *Immunization, Secondary | Immunogenicity, Vaccine/*immunology | Male | Middle Aged | Spain/epidemiology | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/*drug effects/immunology | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://0056085801/1-s2.0-S0140673621014203-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Borobia, Alberto M | Carcas, Antonio J | Perez-Olmeda, Mayte | Castano, Luis | Bertran, Maria Jesus | Garcia-Perez, Javier | Campins, Magdalena | Portoles, Antonio | Gonzalez-Perez, Maria | Garcia Morales, Maria Teresa | Arana-Arri, Eunate | Aldea, Marta | Diez-Fuertes, Francisco | Fuentes, Inmaculada | Ascaso, Ana | Lora, David | Imaz-Ayo, Natale | Baron-Mira, Lourdes E | Agusti, Antonia | Perez-Ingidua, Carla | Gomez de la Camara, Agustin | Arribas, Jose Ramon | Ochando, Jordi | Alcami, Jose | Belda-Iniesta, Cristobal | Frias, Jesus | eng | Clinical Trial, Phase II | Multicenter Study | Randomized Controlled Trial | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | England | Lancet. 2021 Jul 10;398(10295):121-130. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01420-3. Epub 2021 Jun 25. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; By day 14 post-heterologous COVID-19 vaccination: | SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain antibodies (anti-RBD) titers increased from 71.46 BAU/mL to 7,756.68 BAU/mL. | Trimeric spike protein antibody titers increased from 98.40 BAU/mL to 3,684.87 BAU/mL. | Neutralizing antibody capacity was high (NT50>1:300 and <1:1,000) or very high (NT50>1:1,000). | All humoral immune responses were significantly higher than those of the controls (p<0·0001) (Figure). | No serious adverse events were reported. | Methods: Phase 2, open-label, randomized, controlled trial conducted in 5 Spanish hospitals. Adults aged 18�?0 years who received a prime ChAdOx1 (AstraZeneca/Oxford) dose 8�?2 weeks prior to enrollment were randomly assigned (2:1) to receive either a single dose of BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech, n = 441) or no vaccine (control group, n = 222). Immune response and antibody neutralization capacity (n = 198) were determined up to 14 days after BNT162b2 dose. 7-day reactogenicity was also determined. Limitations: No control group completing the homologous ChAdOx1 regimen. | Implications: The use of an mRNA vaccine as a 2nd dose in a heterologous scheme may increase the immune response obtained after an initial dose of ChAdOx1, without serious adverse events. SN - 0140-6736 SP - 121-130 ST - Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of BNT162b2 booster in ChAdOx1-S-primed participants (CombiVacS): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled, phase 2 trial T2 - Lancet TI - Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of BNT162b2 booster in ChAdOx1-S-primed participants (CombiVacS): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled, phase 2 trial UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01420-3 VL - 398 Y2 - 2021/07/16 ID - 1929 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: This is the first randomised controlled trial for assessment of the immunogenicity and safety of a candidate non-replicating adenovirus type-5 (Ad5)-vectored COVID-19 vaccine, aiming to determine an appropriate dose of the candidate vaccine for an efficacy study. METHODS: This randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial of the Ad5-vectored COVID-19 vaccine was done in a single centre in Wuhan, China. Healthy adults aged 18 years or older, who were HIV-negative and previous severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection-free, were eligible to participate and were randomly assigned to receive the vaccine at a dose of 1 x 10(11) viral particles per mL or 5 x 10(10) viral particles per mL, or placebo. Investigators allocated participants at a ratio of 2:1:1 to receive a single injection intramuscularly in the arm. The randomisation list (block size 4) was generated by an independent statistician. Participants, investigators, and staff undertaking laboratory analyses were masked to group allocation. The primary endpoints for immunogenicity were the geometric mean titres (GMTs) of specific ELISA antibody responses to the receptor binding domain (RBD) and neutralising antibody responses at day 28. The primary endpoint for safety evaluation was the incidence of adverse reactions within 14 days. All recruited participants who received at least one dose were included in the primary and safety analyses. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04341389. FINDINGS: 603 volunteers were recruited and screened for eligibility between April 11 and 16, 2020. 508 eligible participants (50% male; mean age 39.7 years, SD 12.5) consented to participate in the trial and were randomly assigned to receive the vaccine (1 x 10(11) viral particles n=253; 5 x 10(10) viral particles n=129) or placebo (n=126). In the 1 x 10(11) and 5 x 10(10) viral particles dose groups, the RBD-specific ELISA antibodies peaked at 656.5 (95% CI 575.2-749.2) and 571.0 (467.6-697.3), with seroconversion rates at 96% (95% CI 93-98) and 97% (92-99), respectively, at day 28. Both doses of the vaccine induced significant neutralising antibody responses to live SARS-CoV-2, with GMTs of 19.5 (95% CI 16.8-22.7) and 18.3 (14.4-23.3) in participants receiving 1 x 10(11) and 5 x 10(10) viral particles, respectively. Specific interferon gamma enzyme-linked immunospot assay responses post vaccination were observed in 227 (90%, 95% CI 85-93) of 253 and 113 (88%, 81-92) of 129 participants in the 1 x 10(11) and 5 x 10(10) viral particles dose groups, respectively. Solicited adverse reactions were reported by 183 (72%) of 253 and 96 (74%) of 129 participants in the 1 x 10(11) and 5 x 10(10) viral particles dose groups, respectively. Severe adverse reactions were reported by 24 (9%) participants in the 1 x 10(11) viral particles dose group and one (1%) participant in the 5 x 10(10) viral particles dose group. No serious adverse reactions were documented. INTERPRETATION: The Ad5-vectored COVID-19 vaccine at 5 x 10(10) viral particles is safe, and induced significant immune responses in the majority of recipients after a single immunisation. FUNDING: National Key R&D Programme of China, National Science and Technology Major Project, and CanSino Biologics. AD - NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China. Electronic address: jszfc@vip.sina.com. | Hubei Provincial Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China. | National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Dongcheng, Beijing, China. | Clinical Trial Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China. | Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, China. | Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China. | NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China. | CanSino Biologics, Tianjin, China. | Shanghai Canming Medical Technology, Shanghai, China. | Clinical Trial Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China. Electronic address: wangxinghuan@whu.edu.cn. | Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China. Electronic address: cw0226@foxmail.com. AN - 32702299 AU - Zhu, F. C. | Guan, X. H. | Li, Y. H. | Huang, J. Y. | Jiang, T. | Hou, L. H. | Li, J. X. | Yang, B. F. | Wang, L. | Wang, W. J. | Wu, S. P. | Wang, Z. | Wu, X. H. | Xu, J. J. | Zhang, Z. | Jia, S. Y. | Wang, B. S. | Hu, Y. | Liu, J. J. | Zhang, J. | Qian, X. A. | Li, Q. | Pan, H. X. | Jiang, H. D. | Deng, P. | Gou, J. B. | Wang, X. W. | Wang, X. H. | Chen, W. C1 - 2020-07-24 C2 - Vaccine Development CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072420_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 15 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31605-6 ET - 2020/07/24 IS - 10249 KW - Adenoviridae | Adolescent | Adult | Age Factors | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood | Antibodies, Viral/blood | Betacoronavirus/*immunology | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | China | Coronavirus Infections/immunology/*prevention & control | Double-Blind Method | Female | Genetic Vectors | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*prevention & control | SARS-CoV-2 | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology | T-Lymphocytes/immunology | Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage/*adverse effects/*immunology | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://4006297881/Zhu-2020-Immunogenicity and safety of a recomb.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Zhu, Feng-Cai; Guan, Xu-Hua; Li, Yu-Hua; Huang, Jian-Ying; Jiang, Tao; Hou, Li-Hua; Li, Jing-Xin; Yang, Bei-Fang; Wang, Ling; Wang, Wen-Juan; Wu, Shi-Po; Wang, Zhao; Wu, Xiao-Hong; Xu, Jun-Jie; Zhang, Zhe; Jia, Si-Yue; Wang, Bu-Sen; Hu, Yi; Liu, Jing-Jing; Zhang, Jun; Qian, Xiao-Ai; Li, Qiong; Pan, Hong-Xing; Jiang, Hu-Dachuan; Deng, Peng; Gou, Jin-Bo; Wang, Xue-Wen; Wang, Xing-Huan; Chen, Wei; eng; MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; Clinical Trial, Phase II; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Lancet. 2020 Aug 15;396(10249):479-488. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31605-6. Epub 2020 Jul 20. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; At day 28, receptor binding domain (RBD)-specific antibodies developed in 96% and 97% of volunteers in the higher and lower vaccine dose arms, respectively. | Both doses of the vaccine induced significant neutralizing antibody responses. | The most common reported systemic reactions in the lower and higher dose groups were fatigue, (reported by 42% and 34%, respectively), fever (32% and 16%, respectively) and headache, (28% and 29% respectively). | 9% of participants receiving the higher dose had severe (grade 3) adverse reactions (AEs); this incidence was significantly higher than that among persons receiving the lower dose vaccine (p = 0.0011) or placebo (p = 0.0004) with fever as the most commonly reported grade 3 AE. | Methods: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial of the Ad5-vectored COVID-19 vaccine in a single center in Wuhan, China, between April 11 and16, 2020. HIV-negative adults aged 18 years or older and SARS-CoV-2 infection-free were assigned to receive a single injection intramuscularly in the arm. 253 participants received 1×1011 viral particles/ml, 129 received 5×1010 viral particles/ml and 126 received placebo. Endpoints were safety at 14 days, antibody to RBD and neutralizing antibody responses at day 28. Limitations: Trial started before the full analysis of data from the phase 1 study was available, and that may have resulted in lack of power to show differences between groups; single site so baseline anti-Ad5 immunity in participants may not be representative of other locations and superior immunogenicity may be seen in a population with lower pre-existing anti-Ad5 immunity; no children in the study; data reported only until 28 days of after vaccination. | Implications for 2 studies (Fogelatti et al. & Zhu et al.): Limitations notwithstanding, vaccine products in both trials were safe and resulted in neutralizing antibodies at 28 days. Boosting for the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (Fogelatti et al.) increased antibody responses. Results support ongoing current Phase 3 efficacy trials. SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 479-488 ST - Immunogenicity and safety of a recombinant adenovirus type-5-vectored COVID-19 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18 years or older: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial T2 - Lancet TI - Immunogenicity and safety of a recombinant adenovirus type-5-vectored COVID-19 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18 years or older: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32702299 VL - 396 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 582 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Immunocompromised individuals have been excluded from studies of SARS-CoV-2 messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines. In such patients, the immune response to vaccination may be blunted. To better understand the immunogenicity of mRNA vaccines in immunocompromised individuals, we quantified the humoral response to the first dose in solid organ transplant recipients. AD - Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. | Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. | Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. AN - 33720292 AU - Boyarsky, B. J. | Werbel, W. A. | Avery, R. K. | Tobian, A. A. R. | Massie, A. B. | Segev, D. L. | Garonzik-Wang, J. M. C1 - 2021-04-09 C2 - COVID-19 Vaccines in Immunocompromised People CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04092021_covidupdate.html DA - May 4 DO - 10.1001/jama.2021.4385 ET - 2021/03/16 IS - 17 KW - Adult | Aged | Antibodies, Viral/*blood | COVID-19/immunology/*prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/*immunology | Female | Humans | Immunoenzyme Techniques | *Immunogenicity, Vaccine | Male | Middle Aged | Organ Transplantation | Prospective Studies | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/*immunology | *Transplant Recipients | Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology L1 - internal-pdf://2664444475/Boyarsky-2021-Immunogenicity of a Single Dose.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Boyarsky, Brian J; Werbel, William A; Avery, Robin K; Tobian, Aaron A R; Massie, Allan B; Segev, Dorry L; Garonzik-Wang, Jacqueline M; eng; F32 DK124941/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/; K01 DK101677/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/; K23 DK115908/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/; K24 AI144954/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; JAMA. 2021 May 4;325(17):1784-1786. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.4385. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Only 17% (95% CI 14%-21%) of solid organ transplant recipients had antibody responses to one SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine dose. | Antibody responses were more likely after the mRNA-1273 (adjusted incidence rate ratio [aIRR] 2.15 [95% CI 1.29-3.57]) compared to the BNT162b2 vaccine. | Compared to other patients, older patients (>60 years; aIRR 0.83 [95% CI 0.73-0.93]) and patients on anti–metabolite immunosuppression therapies (aIRR 0.22 [95% CI 0.15-0.34]) were less likely to develop responses. | Methods: Antispike protein antibody responses in 436 solid organ transplant recipients were assessed at a median of 20 days after the first dose of BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273. Limitations: Responses after the second vaccine dose and correlation of antibody responses to protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection are unknown. | Implications for both studies (Boyarsky et al. A. and B.): Solid organ transplant recipients and patients receiving specific immunosuppressive therapies, including antimetabolites and rituximab, might have reduced antibody responses to one dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine compared to the general population. Further research is needed to determine whether people with immunosuppressive conditions or receiving specific immunotherapies would benefit from additional doses of COVID-19 vaccines or re-vaccination at a certain interval. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1784-1786 ST - Immunogenicity of a Single Dose of SARS-CoV-2 Messenger RNA Vaccine in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients T2 - JAMA TI - Immunogenicity of a Single Dose of SARS-CoV-2 Messenger RNA Vaccine in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33720292 VL - 325 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1658 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The Ad26.COV2.S vaccine1�? has demonstrated clinical efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19, including against the B.1.351 variant that is partially resistant to neutralizing antibodies1. However, the immunogenicity of this vaccine in humans against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern remains unclear. Here we report humoral and cellular immune responses from 20 Ad26.COV2.S vaccinated individuals from the COV1001 phase 1/2 clinical trial2 against the original SARS-CoV-2 strain WA1/2020 as well as against the B.1.1.7, CAL.20C, P.1., and B.1.351 variants of concern. Ad26.COV2.S induced median pseudovirus neutralizing antibody titers that were 5.0- and 3.3-fold lower against the B.1.351 and P.1 variants, respectively, as compared with WA1/2020 on day 71 following vaccination. Median binding antibody titers were 2.9- and 2.7-fold lower against the B.1.351 and P.1 variants, respectively, as compared with WA1/2020. Antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis, complement deposition, and NK cell activation responses were largely preserved against the B.1.351 variant. CD8 and CD4 T cell responses, including central and effector memory responses, were comparable among the WA1/2020, B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, and CAL.20C variants. These data show that neutralizing antibody responses induced by Ad26.COV2.S were reduced against the B.1.351 and P.1 variants, but functional non-neutralizing antibody responses and T cell responses were largely preserved against SARS-CoV-2 variants. These findings have implications for vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. AU - Alter, Galit | Yu, Jingyou | Liu, Jinyan | Chandrashekar, Abishek | Borducchi, Erica N. | Tostanoski, Lisa H. | McMahan, Katherine | Jacob-Dolan, Catherine | Martinez, David R. | Chang, Aiquan | Anioke, Tochi | Lifton, Michelle | Nkolola, Joseph | Stephenson, Kathryn E. | Atyeo, Caroline | Shin, Sally | Fields, Paul | Kaplan, Ian | Robins, Harlan | Amanat, Fatima | Krammer, Florian | Baric, Ralph S. | Le Gars, Mathieu | Sadoff, Jerald | de Groot, Anne Marit | Heerwegh, Dirk | Struyf, Frank | Douoguih, Macaya | van Hoof, Johan | Schuitemaker, Hanneke | Barouch, Dan H. C1 - 2021-06-18 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06182021_covidupdate.html DA - 2021/06/09 DO - 10.1038/s41586-021-03681-2 IS - 7871 L1 - internal-pdf://2022817048/Alter-2021-Immunogenicity of Ad26.COV2.S vacci.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Neutralizing antibodies produced in response to a single dose of Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) Ad26.COV2.S vaccine were 5.0- and 3.3-fold lower for B.1.351 and P.1, respectively, than for WA1/2020. | CD8 and CD4 T cell responses were comparable for WA1/2020, B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, and CAL.20C when assessed 57 and 85 days post vaccination (Figure). | Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1/2 trial (n = 20) to assess antibody and cellular responses against the SARS-CoV-2 (WA1/2020 strain, B.1.351, B.1.1.7, P.1 and CAL.20C variants) after Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) Ad26.COV2.S vaccination. Antibody responses were assessed 57 and 71 days post vaccination and cellular immune responses were assessed 57 and 85 days post vaccination. Limitations: Small sample size. | Implications: Neutralizing antibody responses elicited by Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) Ad26.COV2.S were reduced against the B.1.351 and P.1 variants, but other functional antibody and T-cell responses were largely preserved against these variants. SE - 268 SN - 1476-4687 SP - 268-272 ST - Immunogenicity of Ad26.COV2.S vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variants in humans T2 - Nature TI - Immunogenicity of Ad26.COV2.S vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variants in humans UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03681-2 | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03681-2_reference.pdf VL - 596 ID - 1843 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background The emergence of strains of SARS-CoV-2 exhibiting increase viral fitness and immune escape potential, such as the Delta variant (B.1.617.2), raises concerns in immunocompromised patients. To what extent Delta evades vaccine-induced immunity in immunocompromised individuals with systemic inflammatory diseases remains unclear.Methods We conducted a prospective study in patients with systemic inflammatory diseases (cases) and controls receiving two doses of BNT162b2. Primary end points were anti-spike antibodies levels and cross-neutralization of Alpha and Delta variants after BNT162b2 vaccine. Secondary end points were T-cell responses, breakthrough infections and safety.Results Sixty-four cases and 21 controls not previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 were analyzed. Kinetics of anti-spike IgG and IgA after BNT162b2 vaccine showed lower and delayed induction in cases, more pronounced with rituximab. Administration of two doses of BNT162b2 generated a neutralizing response against Alpha and Delta in 100% of controls, while sera from only one of rituximab-treated patients neutralized Alpha (5%) and none Delta. Other therapeutic regimens induced a partial neutralizing activity against Alpha, even lower against Delta. All controls and cases except those treated with methotrexate mounted a SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cell response. Methotrexate abrogated T-cell responses after one dose and dramatically impaired T-cell responses after 2 doses of BNT162b2.Conclusions Rituximab and methotrexate differentially impact the immunogenicity of BNT162b2, by impairing B-cell and T-cell responses, respectively. Delta fully escapes the humoral response of individuals treated with rituximab. These findings support efforts to improve BNT162b2 immunogenicity in immunocompromised individuals (Funded by the Fonds IMMUNOV; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04870411).Competing Interest StatementTB, IS and OS are coinventors on provisional patent no US 63/020,063 entitled: S-Flow: a FACS-based assay for serological analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, submitted by Institut Pasteur.Clinical TrialNCT04870411Funding Statement-This study was supported by the Fonds IMMUNOV, for Innovation in Immunopathology. Work in OS lab is funded by Institut Pasteur, Urgence COVID-19 Fundraising Campaign of Institut Pasteur, Fondation pour la Recherche Medicale, ANRS, the Vaccine Research Institute (ANR-10-LABX-77), Labex IBEID (ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), ANR/FRM Flash Covid PROTEO-SARS-CoV-2 and IDISCOVR. DP is supported by the Vaccine Research Institute"Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The prospective COVADIS study (NCT04870411) was conducted in patients with systemic inflammatory diseases managed in the Internal Medicine department from Cochin Hospital, University of Paris (Paris, France). Authority for Health, considering either their immunocompromised status or their occupational exposure risk. Ethics approval was obtained by Comite de Protection des Personnes Nord-Ouest II. Cases and controls provided written informed consent.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll data are availabl by sending email to Pf Benjamin Terrier: benjamin.terrier{at}aphp.fr AU - Hadjadj, Jérome | Planas, Delphine | Ouedrani, Amani | Buffier, Solene | Delage, Laure | Nguyen, Yann | Bruel, Timothée | Stolzenberg, Marie-Claude | Staropoli, Isabelle | Ermak, Natalia | Macraigne, Laure | Morbieu, Caroline | Henriquez, Soledad | Veyer, David | Péré, Hél؈ne | Casadevall, Marion | Mouthon, Luc | Rieux-Laucat, Frédéric | Chatenoud, Lucienne | Schwartz, Olivier | Terrier, Benjamin C1 - 2021-08-20 C2 - Vaccines CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08202021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.08.08.21261766 L1 - internal-pdf://3340545260/Hadjadj-2021-Immunogenicity of BNT162b2 vaccin.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In a prospective study of patients with systemic inflammatory disease (n = 64) receiving immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory medications (rituximab, methotrexate, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, or other), administration of 2 doses of BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) vaccine generated a neutralizing response against both Alpha and Delta in 100% of controls (n = 21), but not all cases. Rituximab and methotrexate might impact immunogenicity of BNT162b2 by impairing B cell and T cell responses, respectively. SP - 2021.08.08.21261766 ST - Immunogenicity of BNT162b2 vaccine Against the Alpha and Delta Variants in Immunocompromised Patients T2 - medRxiv TI - Immunogenicity of BNT162b2 vaccine Against the Alpha and Delta Variants in Immunocompromised Patients UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/08/09/2021.08.08.21261766.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/08/09/2021.08.08.21261766.full.pdf ID - 2235 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Pregnant women are at increased risk of morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 but have been excluded from the phase 3 COVID-19 vaccine trials. Data on vaccine safety and immunogenicity in these populations are therefore limited. Objective: To evaluate the immunogenicity of COVID-19 messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines in pregnant and lactating women, including against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Design, Setting, and Participants: An exploratory, descriptive, prospective cohort study enrolled 103 women who received a COVID-19 vaccine from December 2020 through March 2021 and 28 women who had confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection from April 2020 through March 2021 (the last follow-up date was March 26, 2021). This study enrolled 30 pregnant, 16 lactating, and 57 neither pregnant nor lactating women who received either the mRNA-1273 (Moderna) or BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) COVID-19 vaccines and 22 pregnant and 6 nonpregnant unvaccinated women with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Main Outcomes and Measures: SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain binding, neutralizing, and functional nonneutralizing antibody responses from pregnant, lactating, and nonpregnant women were assessed following vaccination. Spike-specific T-cell responses were evaluated using IFN-gamma enzyme-linked immunospot and multiparameter intracellular cytokine-staining assays. Humoral and cellular immune responses were determined against the original SARS-CoV-2 USA-WA1/2020 strain as well as against the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants. Results: This study enrolled 103 women aged 18 to 45 years (66% non-Hispanic White) who received a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. After the second vaccine dose, fever was reported in 4 pregnant women (14%; SD, 6%), 7 lactating women (44%; SD, 12%), and 27 nonpregnant women (52%; SD, 7%). Binding, neutralizing, and functional nonneutralizing antibody responses as well as CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses were present in pregnant, lactating, and nonpregnant women following vaccination. Binding and neutralizing antibodies were also observed in infant cord blood and breast milk. Binding and neutralizing antibody titers against the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants of concern were reduced, but T-cell responses were preserved against viral variants. Conclusion and Relevance: In this exploratory analysis of a convenience sample, receipt of a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine was immunogenic in pregnant women, and vaccine-elicited antibodies were transported to infant cord blood and breast milk. Pregnant and nonpregnant women who were vaccinated developed cross-reactive antibody responses and T-cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. AD - Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts. | Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. | Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts. | Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts. | SeromYx Systems Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts. | Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts. AN - 33983379 AU - Collier, A. Y. | McMahan, K. | Yu, J. | Tostanoski, L. H. | Aguayo, R. | Ansel, J. | Chandrashekar, A. | Patel, S. | Apraku Bondzie, E. | Sellers, D. | Barrett, J. | Sanborn, O. | Wan, H. | Chang, A. | Anioke, T. | Nkolola, J. | Bradshaw, C. | Jacob-Dolan, C. | Feldman, J. | Gebre, M. | Borducchi, E. N. | Liu, J. | Schmidt, A. G. | Suscovich, T. | Linde, C. | Alter, G. | Hacker, M. R. | Barouch, D. H. C1 - 2021-05-21 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05212021_covidupdate.html DA - May 13 DO - 10.1001/jama.2021.7563 ET - 2021/05/14 IS - 23 KW - Adult | Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood | Antibodies, Viral/*blood | COVID-19/*immunology | COVID-19 Vaccines/*immunology | Cross Reactions/immunology | Female | Fetal Blood/*immunology | Humans | Immunoassay | *Immunogenicity, Vaccine | Lactation | Leukocytes, Mononuclear/physiology | Middle Aged | Milk, Human/*immunology | Pregnancy/immunology | Prospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology | T-Lymphocytes/immunology | Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://3282093742/Collier-2021-Immunogenicity of COVID-19 mRNA V.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Collier, Ai-Ris Y; McMahan, Katherine; Yu, Jingyou; Tostanoski, Lisa H; Aguayo, Ricardo; Ansel, Jessica; Chandrashekar, Abishek; Patel, Shivani; Apraku Bondzie, Esther; Sellers, Daniel; Barrett, Julia; Sanborn, Owen; Wan, Huahua; Chang, Aiquan; Anioke, Tochi; Nkolola, Joseph; Bradshaw, Connor; Jacob-Dolan, Catherine; Feldman, Jared; Gebre, Makda; Borducchi, Erica N; Liu, Jinyan; Schmidt, Aaron G; Suscovich, Todd; Linde, Caitlyn; Alter, Galit; Hacker, Michele R; Barouch, Dan H; eng; JAMA. 2021 May 13. pii: 2780202. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.7563. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; mRNA vaccines induced similar levels of B cell (antibody) and T cell responses in pregnant, lactating, and non-pregnant women (Figure). | Neutralizing antibody titers against the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants were reduced in all groups, but T-cell responses were preserved (Figure). | Binding and neutralizing antibodies were also found in infant cord blood and breast milk following vaccination of pregnant and lactating women. | Methods: Exploratory, prospective cohort study measuring T cell and B cell responses in pregnant (n = 30), lactating (n = 16), or non-pregnant/non-lactating (n = 57) women who received an mRNA vaccine between December 2020 and March 2021 and unvaccinated women (22 pregnant and 6 non-pregnant) who had confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection between April 2020 and March 2021. Limitations: Small convenience sample. | Implications: Pregnant and lactating women have strong immune responses to mRNA vaccines that also recognize known SARS-CoV-2 variants. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 2370-2380 ST - Immunogenicity of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines in Pregnant and Lactating Women T2 - JAMA TI - Immunogenicity of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines in Pregnant and Lactating Women UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33983379 VL - 325 Y2 - 5/24/2021 ID - 1762 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Objectives Immunocompromised patients were excluded from COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials. The objectives of the study were to measure antibody responses, levels, and neutralization capability after COVID-19 vaccination among immunocompromised patients and compare these variables to those of immunocompetent healthcare workers.Methods This is an interim analysis of an ongoing observational, prospective cohort study which launched on April 14, 2021 across Western Pennsylvania. Participants were healthy healthcare workers (HCW) and immunocompromised patients who had completed their COVID-19 vaccination series. Individuals with a history of COVID-19 were not eligible. Serum was collected to measure for the presence of IgG against the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein using a semi-quantitative assay; antibody levels were available for comparisons. A quasi-random subset of patients was selected for pseudovirus neutralization assays. Seropositivity with 95% Clopper-Pearson exact confidence intervals and distribution of antibody levels were measured. To identify risk factors for seronegativity, clinical characteristics were univariately compared between antibody reactive and non-reactive individuals within the immunocompromised group.Results 107 HCW and 489 immunocompromised patients were enrolled. Compared to HCWs, seropositivity was significantly lower (p<.001) among immunocompromised patients with Solid organ transplant (SOT), autoimmune, hematological malignancies, and solid tumors (HCW=98.1%; SOT=37.2%; autoimmune=83.8%; hematological malignancies=54.7%; and solid tumor=82.4%, p < 0.05). Over 94% of patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus were seropositive. Among seropositive patients, antibody levels were much lower among SOT (4.5 [2.1,13.1], p=.020). Neutralization titers tightly correlated with antibody levels (Spearman r = 0.91, p < 0.0001).Conclusion Our findings demonstrate the heterogeneity of the humoral immune response to COVID-19 vaccines based on underlying immunosuppressive condition and highlight an urgent need to optimize and individualize COVID-19 prevention in these patients. These findings also have implications on public health guidance, particularly given revised Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations permitting vaccinated individuals to abandon masking and social distancing in most settings. Future studies are warranted to determine assessment of cellular immunity, longitudinal measurement of immune responses, and the safety and efficacy of revaccination.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementResearch reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number K23AI154546. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The study was approved by the University of Pittsburgh Institutional Review Board (Study ID: 21030056/HCC 21-032) and was granted ethical approval by the UPMC Quality Improvement Review Committee, the ethics, regulatory, and legal oversight body for protecting patient/participant rights, confidentiality, consent (including waiver of consent), and the analysis and dissemination of deidentified data within th UPMC system.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if osting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData is not available from this ongoing study. AU - Haidar, Ghady | Agha, Mounzer | Lukanski, Amy | Linstrum, Kelsey | Troyan, Rachel | Bilderback, Andrew | Rothenberger, Scott | McMahon, Deborah K. | Crandall, Melissa | Enick, P. Nathan | Sobolewksi, Michelle | Collins, Kevin | Schwartz, Marc B. | Dueker, Jeffrey M. | Silveira, Fernanda P. | Keebler, Mary E. | Humar, Abhinav | Luketich, James D. | Morrell, Matthew R. | Pilewski, Joseph M. | McDyer, John F. | Pappu, Bhanu | Ferris, Robert L. | Marks, Stanley M. | Klamar-Blain, Cynthia | Parikh, Urvi M. | Heaps, Amy | Kip, Paula L. | Wells, Alan | Minnier, Tami | Angus, Derek | Mellors, John W. C1 - 2021-07-09 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07092021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.06.28.21259576 L1 - internal-pdf://1576266432/Haidar-2021-Immunogenicity of COVID-19 Vaccina.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: After full SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, 37.2% of 183 solid organ transplant (SOT) patients, 54.7% of 75 hematological malignancies patients, 83.6% of 160 autoimmune disease patients, and 82.4% of 34 solid tumor patients were seropositive, significantly lower than the 98.1% of 107 healthcare worker controls; over 94% of 37 HIV patients were seropositive after vaccination. Among seropositive individuals, antibody levels were lower in SOT patients than healthy controls. SP - 2021.06.28.21259576 ST - Immunogenicity of COVID-19 Vaccination in Immunocompromised Patients: An Observational, Prospective Cohort Study Interim Analysis T2 - medRxiv TI - Immunogenicity of COVID-19 Vaccination in Immunocompromised Patients: An Observational, Prospective Cohort Study Interim Analysis UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/06/30/2021.06.28.21259576.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/06/30/2021.06.28.21259576.full.pdf ID - 1958 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Understanding variation in immunogenicity may help rationalize use of existing SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.Methods We compared immune responses in ambulatory adults vaccinated with mRNA-1273, BNT-162b2 or Ad26.COV2.S in Massachusetts, USA between February and May 2021. Control groups were pre-pandemic controls (n=1220) and individuals without (n=112) or with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection (n=130) sampled in mid-2020. We measured total anti-spike IgG/M/A antibodies (Roche Elecsys Anti-SARS-COV-2 S assay), anti-receptor-binding-domain (RBD) antibodies; neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus; and T-cell responses.Findings In individuals with prior infection, all vaccines were associated with higher antibody concentrations and neutralization than those in convalescent individuals, even after a single dose. In individuals without prior infection, a single dose of either mRNA vaccine yielded comparable concentrations and neutralization to convalescent unvaccinated individuals, and Ad26.COV2.S yielded lower antibody concentrations and neutralization titers. The second dose of either mRNA vaccine boosted responses. At a median of 24 days after vaccination, two of 21 (9.5%) Ad26.COV2.S recipients had a neutralization titer higher than pre-pandemic controls; repeat sampling at a median 66 days after vaccination found most (11/15 (73%) remained negative. Antibody concentrations and neutralization titers increased similarly after the first dose of either vaccine, and even further in recipients of a second dose of vaccine. T-cell responses were higher in mRNA1273 and BNT162b2 than Ad26.COV2.S recipients.Interpretation SARS-CoV-2 vaccines vary significantly in immunogenicity in individuals without prior infection. If confirmed in effectiveness studies, public health policy may need to be tailored to each vaccine, or even individual responses.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementD.J.G., M.C.P., and M.N.P. were supported by the VIC Innovation fund. A.J.I. and this study were supported by the Lambertus Family Foundation. G.D.G. is supported by a Burroughs Wellcome Career Award in Medical Sciences. A.B.B. was supported by the National Institutes for Drug Abuse (NIDA) Avenir New Innovator Award DP2DA040254, the MGH Transformative Scholars Program as well as funding from the Charles H. Hood FoundationAuthor DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Use of human samples was approved by Partners Institutional Review Board (protocol 2020P001081 and 2020P002274).All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesPrimary data is not available per the limited consent obtained from patients. Summary data are available by writing to the authors AU - Naranbhai, Vivek | Garcia-Beltran, Wilfredo F. | Mairena, Cristhian Berrios | Thierauf, Julia C. | Chang, Christina C. | Kirkpatrick, Grace | Onozato, Maristela L. | Cheng, Ju | Denis, Kerri J. St | Lam, Evan C. | Kaseke, Clarety | Tano-Menka, Rhoda | Yang, Diane | Pavlovic, Maia | Yang, Wendy | Kui, Alexander | Miller, Tyler E. | Astudillo, Michael G. | Cahill, Jennifer E. | Dighe, Anand S. | Gregory, David J. | Poznansky, Mark C. | Gaiha, Gaurav D. | Balazs, Alejandro B. | Iafrate, A. John C1 - 2021-07-30 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07302021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.07.18.21260732 L1 - internal-pdf://3968494892/Naranbhai-2021-Immunogenicity of mRNA-1273, BN.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In adults earlier infected with SARS-CoV-2, 1 dose of mRNA-1273 (n = 5), BNT162b2 (n = 7) or Ad26.COV2.S (n = 14) were equally immunogenic. | In infection naïve adults, single dose Ad26.COV2.S (n = 22) induced significantly lower neutralizing antibody than did 1 dose of mRNA-1273 (n = 30) or BNT162b2 ( n = 21); the gap widened after 2 doses of mRNA (Figure A). | At a median of 66 days (~ 9 weeks) post vaccination, 73% (11/15) of Ad26.COV2.S recipients remained negative for neutralizing antibody. | Ad26.COV2.S induced fewer T cell responses (96 SFU) compared to mRNA-1273 (564 SFU) or BNT162b2 (398 SFU) (Figure B). | Methods: Immune response was measured in sera from healthy adults from Massachusetts vaccinated between February and March 2021 with either BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech, 1 dose n = 28, 2 doses n = 54), mRNA-1273 (Moderna, 1 dose n = 35, 2 doses n = 62), or Ad26.COV2.S (Johnson & Johnson/Janssen, 1 dose n = 36), stratified by previous SARS-CoV-2 infection . Viral neutralization was performed using the Wuhan isolate of SARS-CoV-2. Limitations: Small sample size. | Implications: A single dose Ad26.COV2.S appears to be less immunogenic than mRNA vaccination in people without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection; among individuals with prior infection, vaccination conferred higher antibody concentration and neutralization titers regardless of which vaccine was administered. SP - 2021.07.18.21260732 ST - Immunogenicity of mRNA-1273, BNT162b2 and Ad26.COV2.S COVID-19 vaccines T2 - medRxiv TI - Immunogenicity of mRNA-1273, BNT162b2 and Ad26.COV2.S COVID-19 vaccines UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/07/22/2021.07.18.21260732.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/07/22/2021.07.18.21260732.full.pdf ID - 2180 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: Patients receiving maintenance dialysis represent a high risk, immune-compromised population with 15-25% COVID mortality rate who were unrepresented in clinical trials evaluated for mRNA vaccines' emergency use authorization. Method: All patients receiving maintenance dialysis that received two doses of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines with antibody test results drawn >/=14 days after the second dose, as documented in the electronic health record through March 18, 2021 were included. We report seroresponse based on levels of immunoglobulin-G against the receptor binding domain of the S1 subunit of SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen (seropositive >/=2) using FDA-approved semi-quantitative chemiluminescent assay (ADVIA Centaur(R) XP/XPT COV2G). Results: Among 186 dialysis patients from 32 clinics in 8 states tested 23+/-8 days after receiving 2 vaccine doses, mean age was 68+/-12 years, with 47% women, 21% Black, 26% residents in long-term care facilities and 97% undergoing in-center hemodialysis. Overall seropositive rate was 165/186 (88.7%) with 70% at maximum titer and with no significant difference in seropositivity between BNT162b2/Pfizer (N=148) and mRNA-1273/Moderna (N=18) vaccines (88.1% vs. 94.4%, p=0.42). Among patients with COVID-19 history, seropositive rate was 38/38 (100%) with 97% at maximum titer. Conclusion: Most patients receiving maintenance dialysis were seropositive after two doses of BNT162b2/Pfizer or mRNA-1273/Moderna vaccine. Early evidence suggests that vaccinated dialysis patients with prior COVID-19 develop robust antibody response. These results support an equitable and aggressive vaccination strategy for eligible dialysis patients, regardless of age, sex, race, ethnicity, or disability, to prevent the extremely high morbidity and mortality associated with COVID-19 in this high risk population. Significance: In this retrospective observational evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine response defined by detectable levels of immunoglobulin-G against the receptor binding domain of the S1 subunit of SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen of >/=2 in serum of patients receiving maintenance dialysis, 165/186 (88.7%) were found to be seropositive (with 70% at maximum titer) at least 14 days after completing the second dose. No significant differences were observed by race or other subgroup or by vaccine manufacturer. Therefore, an equitable and aggressive vaccination strategy for all eligible maintenance dialysis patients, regardless of age, sex, race, ethnicity, or disability, is warranted to prevent the extremely high morbidity and mortality associated with COVID-19 in this high risk population. AN - 33880482 AU - Lacson, E. | Argyropoulos, C. P. | Manley, H. J. | Aweh, G. | Chin, A. I. | Salman, L. H. | Hsu, C. M. | Johnson, D. S. | Weiner, D. E. C1 - 2021-04-23 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04232021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 13 DO - 10.1101/2021.04.08.21254779 ET - 2021/04/22 L1 - internal-pdf://4161484839/Lacson-2021-Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 Vacci.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Lacson, Eduardo; Argyropoulos, Christos P; Manley, Harold J; Aweh, Gideon; Chin, Andrew I; Salman, Loay H; Hsu, Caroline M; Johnson, Doug S; Weiner, Daniel E; eng; Preprint; medRxiv. 2021 Apr 13. doi: 10.1101/2021.04.08.21254779. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: The majority of dialysis patients (165/186; 88.7%) developed detectable antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen after completing vaccination, suggesting this population is responsive to vaccination. SP - 2021.04.08.21254779 ST - Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Dialysis T2 - medRxiv TI - Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Dialysis UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33880482 ID - 1683 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Extension of the interval between vaccine doses for the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine was introduced in the UK to accelerate population coverage with a single dose. At this time, trial data was lacking, and we addressed this in a study of UK healthcare workers. The first vaccine dose induced protection from infection from the circulating alpha (B.1.1.7) variant over several weeks. In a sub-study of 589 individuals, we show that this single dose induces SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses and a sustained B and T cell response to spike protein. NAb levels were higher after the extended dosing interval (6-14 weeks) compared to the conventional 3-4 week regimen, accompanied by enrichment of CD4+ T cells expressing IL2. Prior SARS-CoV-2 infection amplified and accelerated the response. These data on dynamic cellular and humoral responses indicate that extension of the dosing interval is an effective, immunogenic protocol. AU - Payne, Rebecca P. | Longet, Stephanie | Austin, James A. | Skelly, Donal T. | Dejnirattisai, Wanwisa | Adele, Sandra | Meardon, Naomi | Faustini, Sian | Al-Taei, Saly | Moore, Shona C. | Tipton, Tom | Hering, Luisa M. | Angyal, Adrienn | Brown, Rebecca | Nicols, Alexander R. | Gillson, Natalie | Dobson, Susan L. | Amini, Ali | Supasa, Piyada | Cross, Andrew | Bridges-Webb, Alice | Reyes, Laura Silva | Linder, Aline | Sandhar, Gurjinder | Kilby, Jonathan A. | Tyerman, Jessica K. | Altmann, Thomas | Hornsby, Hailey | Whitham, Rachel | Phillips, Eloise | Malone, Tom | Hargreaves, Alexander | Shields, Adrian | Saei, Ayoub | Foulkes, Sarah | Stafford, Lizzie | Johnson, Sile | Wootton, Daniel G. | Conlon, Christopher P. | Jeffery, Katie | Matthews, Philippa C. | Frater, John | Deeks, Alexandra S. | Pollard, Andrew J. | Brown, Anthony | Rowland-Jones, Sarah L. | Mongkolsapaya, Juthathip | Barnes, Eleanor | Hopkins, Susan | Hall, Victoria | Dold, Christina | Duncan, Christopher J. A. | Richter, Alex | Carroll, Miles | Screaton, Gavin | de Silva, Thushan I. | Turtle, Lance | Klenerman, Paul | Dunachie, Susanna C1 - 2021-10-29 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10292021_covidupdate.html#anchor_Vaccines DO - 10.1016/j.cell.2021.10.011 L1 - internal-pdf://0690939355/PIIS0092867421012216.pdf LB - Natural History | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among healthcare workers vaccinated with BNT162b2 (Comirnaty, Pfizer/BioNTech) and without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers against variants of concern were higher after a “long�?(6�?4 weeks) vs. “short�?(2�? weeks) interval between doses (Figure). | At 4 weeks after the 2nd dose, NAb titers were 2�?-fold higher and memory B cells were 7-fold higher after a “long�?interval series. | NAb levels did not differ by dose interval in previously infected persons. | Methods: Prospective cohort study of healthcare workers who received BNT162b2, United Kingdom, December 9, 2020–May 23, 2021. A small subset was longitudinally assessed for antibody, B cell, and T cell responses. Limitations: Only BNT162b2 studied; small sample size; immunologic indicators of protection from infection or disease are not yet established. | | Implications: Longer durations between 1st and 2nd doses of an mRNA primary series might enhance post-vaccination immune responses in those who have not been previously infected. SN - 0092-8674 ST - Immunogenicity of standard and extended dosing intervals of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine T2 - Cell TI - Immunogenicity of standard and extended dosing intervals of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2021.10.011 Y2 - 2021/11/02 ID - 2552 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Summary Background Haematological malignancies and their treatments are likely to affect SARS-CoV-2 vaccine efficacy. We aimed to evaluate serological response to BNT162b2 vaccine in patients with haematological malignancies by type of treatment. Methods Our national prospective cohort study was done in Lithuania and assessed serological response to one and two BNT162b2 (Comirnaty, Pfizer-BioNTech) vaccine doses in healthy health-care workers and in patients with haematological malignancies. Eligible participants were aged 18 years or older, had received both vaccine doses, and had available biobanked blood samples from before vaccination and after the second dose. Biobanked samples and health data were obtained from Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos Biobank. Abbott Architect SARS-CoV-2 IgG Quant II chemiluminescent microparticle assay was used to quantify serum anti-SARS-CoV-2-S1 IgG antibody (anti-S1 IgG antibody) concentrations 0�?0 days before the first BNT162b2 vaccine, on the day of second immunisation (around day 21), and 7 to 21 days after the second immunisation. Adverse events were assessed by a standardised questionnaire. Breakthrough infections were characterised clinically and by SARS-CoV-2 genotyping whenever possible. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04871165. Findings Between Jan 8 and April 21, 2021, 885 participants with haematological malignancies were included in the study. 857 patients were anti-S1 IgG seronegative at timepoint 0 and constituted the main analysis cohort. The age-matched comparison was made between 315 patients with haematological malignancies who were aged 18�?0 years and 67 healthy health-care workers in the same age group. Patients aged 18�?0 years with haematological malignancies had lower median anti-S1 IgG antibody responses after two BNT162b2 vaccine doses than did health-care workers of the same age group (median 6961 AU/mL [IQR 1292�?0�?72] vs 21�?95 AU/mL [14�?31�?3�?53]; p<0·0001). Compared with untreated patients with haematological malignancies (n=53; median 5761 AU/mL [629�?6�?41]), patients actively treated with Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors (BTKIs; n=44; 0 AU/mL [0�?]; p<0·0001), ruxolitinib (n=16; 10 AU/mL [0�?5]; p<0·0001), venetoclax (n=10; 4 AU/mL [0�?218]; p=0·0005), or anti-CD20 antibody therapy (n=87; 17 AU/mL [1�?319]; p<0·0001) showed particularly poor anti-S1 IgG antibody responses following two BNT162b2 doses. Patients being treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (n=41; 10�?37 AU/mL [IQR 2335�?9�?88]) or patients who received autologous haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT; n=192; 6203 AU/mL [1451�?6�?34]) or allogeneic HSCT (n=122; 6304 AU/mL [1120�?6�?13]) were among the subgroups with the highest numerical responses. Nine SARS-CoV-2 infections and three COVID-19 deaths were observed among fully vaccinated patients with haematological malignancies. Interpretation Patients with haematological malignancies mount blunted and heterogeneous antibody responses to the full course of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination. Patients who are actively treated with BTKIs, ruxolitinib, venetoclax, or anti-CD20 antibody therapies seem to be the most negatively affected and might be left unprotected from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Breakthrough severe SARS-CoV-2 infections in fully vaccinated patients with haematological malignancies emphasise the importance of ongoing strict adherence to non-pharmacological interventions and household vaccination while SARS-CoV-2 is circulating in the community. Funding Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos. Translation For the Lithuanian translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section. AD - Hematology, Oncology and Transfusion Medicine Center, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania. Electronic address: kazimieras.maneikis@santa.lt. | Hematology, Oncology and Transfusion Medicine Center, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania. | Hematology, Oncology and Transfusion Medicine Center, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania. | Department of Haematology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS trust, Cambridge, UK; Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK. AN - 34224668 AU - Maneikis, Kazimieras | Šablauskas, Karolis | Ringelevičiūtė, Ugnė | Vaitekėnaitė, Vilmantė | Čekauskienė, Rita | Kryžauskaitė, Lina | Naumovas, Daniel | Banys, Valdas | Pečeliūnas, Valdas | Beinortas, Tumas | Gri�Qkevičius, Laimonas C1 - 2021-07-16 C2 - COVID-19 Vaccines in Cancer Patients CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07162021_covidupdate.html DA - 2021/07/02/ DO - 10.1016/S2352-3026(21)00169-1 ET - 2021/07/06 IS - 8 KW - Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Antibodies, Viral/*immunology | COVID-19/epidemiology/*immunology/prevention & control/virology | COVID-19 Vaccines/*immunology | Female | Hematologic Neoplasms/blood/complications/*immunology/virology | Humans | Immunogenicity, Vaccine/*immunology | Lithuania/epidemiology | Male | Middle Aged | Prospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology L1 - internal-pdf://2787719286/1-s2.0-S2352302621001691-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Maneikis, Kazimieras | Sablauskas, Karolis | Ringeleviciute, Ugne | Vaitekenaite, Vilmante | Cekauskiene, Rita | Kryzauskaite, Lina | Naumovas, Daniel | Banys, Valdas | Peceliunas, Valdas | Beinortas, Tumas | Griskevicius, Laimonas | eng | England | Lancet Haematol. 2021 Aug;8(8):e583-e592. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3026(21)00169-1. Epub 2021 Jul 2. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The neutralizing antibody (Ab) response of individuals receiving 2 doses of BNT162b2 (Comirnaty, Pfizer-BioNTech) while undergoing treatment for hematological malignancies was significantly lower than that of healthy controls (Figure). | Active treatment with Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors, ruxolitinib, venetoclax, or anti-CD20 Ab therapy most inhibited vaccine response. | Excepting anti-CD20 therapy, vaccination >6 months post-treatment matched controls; >12 months produced best response for anti-CD20. | Methods: A prospective cohort study of serologic response to BNT162b2 in 885 patients (age 18�?0 years) with hematological malignancies; 67 healthcare worker controls were compared to a subgroup of 315 patients. Anti-S1 IgG antibodies were measured at least 10 days before 1st vaccine dose and 7�?1 days following 2nd dose for all participants. Limitations: small number of participants in some subgroups; study did not account for the disease duration of patients. | Implications from Goshen-Lago et al. and Maneikis et al.: Among cancer patients, immunogenicity and seropositivity was low after a single dose of BNT162b2, higher seropositvity was achieved following a 2nd vaccine dose but immunogenicity remained lower than healthy controls and was even lower among those on certain treatments such as anti-CD20. Nonpharmaceutical interventions in addition to vaccination likely will play an important role in protecting immunocompromised populations. SN - 2352-3026 SP - e583-e592 ST - Immunogenicity of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA vaccine and early clinical outcomes in patients with haematological malignancies in Lithuania: a national prospective cohort study T2 - Lancet Haematol TI - Immunogenicity of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA vaccine and early clinical outcomes in patients with haematological malignancies in Lithuania: a national prospective cohort study UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352302621001691 VL - 8 ID - 1983 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We are currently faced with the question of how the severity of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may change in the years ahead. Our analysis of immunological and epidemiological data on endemic human coronaviruses (HCoVs) shows that infection-blocking immunity wanes rapidly but that disease-reducing immunity is long-lived. Our model, incorporating these components of immunity, recapitulates both the current severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the benign nature of HCoVs, suggesting that once the endemic phase is reached and primary exposure is in childhood, SARS-CoV-2 may be no more virulent than the common cold. We predict a different outcome for an emergent coronavirus that causes severe disease in children. These results reinforce the importance of behavioral containment during pandemic vaccine rollout, while prompting us to evaluate scenarios for continuing vaccination in the endemic phase. AD - Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. jslavin@emory.edu. | Department of Biology and Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. | Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. AN - 33436525 AU - Lavine, J. S. | Bjornstad, O. N. | Antia, R. C1 - 2021-01-22 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01222021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 12 DO - 10.1126/science.abe6522 ET - 2021/01/14 IS - 6530 KW - Adaptive Immunity | Adolescent | Adult | Age Distribution | Antibodies, Viral/blood/immunology | COVID-19/*epidemiology/*immunology/prevention & control/transmission | COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology | Child | Child, Preschool | Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology | Coronavirus/immunology | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/immunology/mortality | *Endemic Diseases/prevention & control | Epidemics | Humans | Immunoglobulin G/blood | Immunoglobulin M/blood | Infant | Reinfection | SARS-CoV-2/immunology/pathogenicity | Seroepidemiologic Studies | Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/epidemiology | Severity of Illness Index L1 - internal-pdf://1965075902/Lavine-2021-Immunological characteristics gove.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Lavine, Jennie S; Bjornstad, Ottar N; Antia, Rustom; eng; U01 AI144616/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; U01 AI150747/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; U01 HL139483/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Science. 2021 Feb 12;371(6530):741-745. doi: 10.1126/science.abe6522. Epub 2021 Jan 12. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; As COVID-19 becomes endemic and the primary exposure is in childhood, SARS-CoV-2 may be no more virulent that the common cold. | Ongoing need for mass vaccination will depend on the age-dependent infection fatality ratio (IFR) (Figure). | Methods: Modelling, incorporating susceptibility, pathology, and infectivity, to explore the changes in the transmission and severity of disease as COVID-19 becomes endemic. Limitations: Assumes immunity characteristics of all human coronavirus are similar and that the current pandemic is due to emergence into an immunologically naïve population. | Implications: Once endemic, mild disease in childhood might preclude the need for mass vaccination. These data should be interpreted with caution as there is still much to learn about the duration of immune memory and protective immunity to natural SARS-CoV-2 infection and in response to vaccines (See Sette et al.pdf iconexternal icon for review of current knowledge on this topic). SN - 1095-9203 (Electronic); 0036-8075 (Linking) SP - 741-745 ST - Immunological characteristics govern the transition of COVID-19 to endemicity T2 - Science TI - Immunological characteristics govern the transition of COVID-19 to endemicity UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33436525 VL - 371 ID - 1429 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A proportion of patients surviving acute COVID-19 infection develop post-COVID syndrome (long COVID) encompassing physical and neuropsychiatric symptoms lasting longer than 12 weeks. Here we studied a prospective cohort of individuals with long COVID (the ADAPT study) compared to age/gender matched subjects without long COVID, healthy donors and individuals infected with other non-SARS CoV2 human coronaviruses (the ADAPT-C study). We found an elevated diffuse serum inflammatory cytokine profile in symptomatic long COVID subjects that was maintained at 8 months post-infection and was not observed in asymptomatic COVID-19 survivors. This inflammatory profile consisted of 15 cytokines that positively correlated; revealing an apparent diffuse, potentially coordinated, low level up regulation of a spectrum of immune and inflammatory mediators. In addition, we found an absence of subsets of un-activated naїve T and B cells in peripheral blood of long COVID subjects, that did not reconstitute over time. In contrast, individual serum cytokines from the interferon I and III classes, T cell activation markers and plasma ACE2, while elevated in the serum of people previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 were not further elevated in subjects with long COVID symptoms. This work defines immunological parameters associated with long COVID and suggests future opportunities to prevention and treatment.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Clinical TrialACTRN12620000554965Funding StatementWe appreciate grant support from the St Vincents Clinic Foundation - the Curran Foundation, the Rapid Response Research Fund (UNSW) - the Medical Research Futures Fund (Australia) - NHMRC programme grant APP 1055214 (LMB) - Medical Research Future Fund award GNT 1175865 - - Austin Medical Research Foundation Grant - the Victorian Government - MRFF Award (2005544) - NHMRC program grant (1149990) - NHMRC Fellowships 1136322 and 1123673Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:- The ADAPT study was approved by the St Vincents Hospital Research Ethics Committee (2020/ETH00964) and is a registered trial (ACTRN12620000554965) - ADAPT-C sub study was approved by the same committee (2020/ETH01429) - All data were stored using REDCap electronic data capture tools - Unexposed healthy donors were recruited through St Vincents Hospital and was approved by St Vincents Hospital Research Ethics Committee (HREC/13/SVH/145) - The University of Melbourne unexposed donors were approved by Medicine and Dentistry HESC-Study ID 2056689. All participants gave written informed consent.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesSource data files will be uploaded upon submission to intended journal AU - Phetsouphanh, Chansavath | Darley, David | Howe, Anette | Munier, C. Mee Ling | Patel, Sheila K. | Juno, Jenifer A. | Burrell, Louise M. | Kent, Stephen J. | Dore, Gregory J. | Kelleher, Anthony D. | Matthews, Gail C1 - 2021-06-11 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06112021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.06.01.21257759 L1 - internal-pdf://3656906619/Phetsouphanh-2021-Immunological dysfunction pe.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A prospective cohort of 31 persons in Australia with long COVID following asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection showed elevated serum levels of 15 proinflammatory mediators (cytokines and chemokines) that were not observed in COVID-19 survivors without long COVID or persons recovered from other coronavirus or viral infections. SP - 2021.06.01.21257759 ST - Immunological dysfunction persists for 8 months following initial mild-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection T2 - medRxiv TI - Immunological dysfunction persists for 8 months following initial mild-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/06/03/2021.06.01.21257759.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/06/03/2021.06.01.21257759.full.pdf ID - 1829 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Understanding immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 is critical for improving diagnostics and vaccines, and for assessing the likely future course of the COVID-19 pandemic. We analyzed multiple compartments of circulating immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 in 254 samples from 188 COVID-19 cases, including 43 samples at >/= 6 months post-infection. IgG to the Spike protein was relatively stable over 6+ months. Spike-specific memory B cells were more abundant at 6 months than at 1 month post symptom onset. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 (+) T cells and CD8 (+) T cells declined with a half-life of 3-5 months. By studying antibody, memory B cell, CD4 (+) T cell, and CD8 (+) T cell memory to SARS-CoV-2 in an integrated manner, we observed that each component of SARS-CoV-2 immune memory exhibited distinct kinetics. AD - Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. | Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. | Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. | Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA. | The Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA. AN - 33442687 AU - Dan, J. M. | Mateus, J. | Kato, Y. | Hastie, K. M. | Yu, E. D. | Faliti, C. E. | Grifoni, A. | Ramirez, S. I. | Haupt, S. | Frazier, A. | Nakao, C. | Rayaprolu, V. | Rawlings, S. A. | Peters, B. | Krammer, F. | Simon, V. | Saphire, E. O. | Smith, D. M. | Weiskopf, D. | Sette, A. | Crotty, S. C1 - 2020-12-08 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/120820_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 18 DO - 10.1101/2020.11.15.383323 ET - 2021/01/15 L1 - internal-pdf://0265630018/Dan-2020-Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 as.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Dan, Jennifer M; Mateus, Jose; Kato, Yu; Hastie, Kathryn M; Yu, Esther Dawen; Faliti, Caterina E; Grifoni, Alba; Ramirez, Sydney I; Haupt, Sonya; Frazier, April; Nakao, Catherine; Rayaprolu, Vamseedhar; Rawlings, Stephen A; Peters, Bjoern; Krammer, Florian; Simon, Viviana; Saphire, Erica Ollmann; Smith, Davey M; Weiskopf, Daniela; Sette, Alessandro; Crotty, Shane; eng; HHSN272201400008C/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; U01 CA260541/CA/NCI NIH HHS/; T32 AI007384/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; 75N93019C00051/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; K08 AI135078/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; U19 AI142742/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; U01 AI141995/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; T32 AI007036/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Preprint; bioRxiv. 2020 Dec 18. doi: 10.1101/2020.11.15.383323. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and virus neutralization were detected in samples from COVID-19 patients up to 6 months post-symptom onset (PSO), although antibody levels decreased over time. | Memory B cells were detected in most patients for up to 6 months PSO. | 61% (30/49) of patients had detectable circulating SARS-CoV-2 memory CD8+ T cells 20-50 days PSO compared with 50% (9/18) at >6 months PSO (Figure). | SARS-CoV-2 CD8+ T cells declined with an estimated half-life of 166 days. | 94% (46/49) of patients had SARS-CoV-2 memory CD4+ T cells at 20-50 days PSO compared with 89% (16/18) at >6 months PSO (Figure). | SARS-CoV-2 memory CD4+ T cells declined with an estimated half-life of 96 days. | Methods: Blood samples from 185 individuals with COVID-19 obtained 6 and 240 days PSO were tested for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and neutralization and evaluated for percentage of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells. Limitations: Measurement at three time points is optimal to understand long-term kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 immune responses, however there was only one sample per patient studied. | Implications: CD8+ and CD4+ T cells specific for SARS-CoV-2 are generally long-lived, for well over six months, although fewer patients had detectable CD8+ T cells compared with CD4+ T cells. SP - 2020.11.15.383323 ST - Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to eight months after infection T2 - bioRxiv TI - Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to eight months after infection TT - Published article: Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8 months after infection UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33442687 ID - 1295 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is typically very mild and often asymptomatic in children. A complication is the rare multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with COVID-19, presenting 4-6 weeks after infection as high fever, organ dysfunction, and strongly elevated markers of inflammation. The pathogenesis is unclear but has overlapping features with Kawasaki disease suggestive of vasculitis and a likely autoimmune etiology. We apply systems-level analyses of blood immune cells, cytokines, and autoantibodies in healthy children, children with Kawasaki disease enrolled prior to COVID-19, children infected with SARS-CoV-2, and children presenting with MIS-C. We find that the inflammatory response in MIS-C differs from the cytokine storm of severe acute COVID-19, shares several features with Kawasaki disease, but also differs from this condition with respect to T cell subsets, interleukin (IL)-17A, and biomarkers associated with arterial damage. Finally, autoantibody profiling suggests multiple autoantibodies that could be involved in the pathogenesis of MIS-C. AD - Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17165, Sweden. | Research Unit of Congenital and Perinatal Infections, Bambino Gesu Children's Hospital, Rome 00165, Italy; Chair of Pediatrics, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome 00133, Italy. | Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden. | Research Unit of Congenital and Perinatal Infections, Bambino Gesu Children's Hospital, Rome 00165, Italy. | Research Unit of Congenital and Perinatal Infections, Bambino Gesu Children's Hospital, Rome 00165, Italy; Academic Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesu Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome 00165, Italy. | Center for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 14186, Sweden. | Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden; Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University and Department of Clinical Genetics, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala 75185, Sweden. | Academic Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesu Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome 00165, Italy. | Chair of Pediatrics, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome 00133, Italy; Academic Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesu Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome 00165, Italy. | Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden; Science for life Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75237, Sweden. Electronic address: nils.landegren@ki.se. | Research Unit of Congenital and Perinatal Infections, Bambino Gesu Children's Hospital, Rome 00165, Italy; Chair of Pediatrics, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome 00133, Italy. Electronic address: paolo.palma@opbg.net. | Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Women's and Children Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17165, Sweden; Pediatric Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 17164, Sweden. Electronic address: petter.brodin@ki.se. AN - 32966765 AU - Consiglio, C. R. | Cotugno, N. | Sardh, F. | Pou, C. | Amodio, D. | Rodriguez, L. | Tan, Z. | Zicari, S. | Ruggiero, A. | Pascucci, G. R. | Santilli, V. | Campbell, T. | Bryceson, Y. | Eriksson, D. | Wang, J. | Marchesi, A. | Lakshmikanth, T. | Campana, A. | Villani, A. | Rossi, P. | Cactus Study Team | Landegren, N. | Palma, P. | Brodin, P. C1 - 2020-09-18 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091820_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 12 DO - 10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.016 ET - 2020/09/24 IS - 4 KW - Autoantibodies/blood | Betacoronavirus/isolation & purification | Covid-19 | Child | Child, Preschool | Coronavirus Infections/complications/*pathology/virology | Cytokines/metabolism | Female | Humans | Immunity, Humoral | Infant | Male | Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome/complications/immunology/pathology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/complications/*pathology/virology | Principal Component Analysis | Proteome/analysis | SARS-CoV-2 | Severity of Illness Index | Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/etiology/immunology/*pathology | T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology/immunology/metabolism | *covid-19 | *il-17a | *Kawasaki disease | *mis-c | *SARS-CoV-2 | *autoantibodies | *hyperinflammation in children | *multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children | *systems immunology | Cytodelics AB (Stockholm, Sweden). P.B. is an advisor Scailyte AG (Switzerland). L1 - internal-pdf://1646700042/Consiglio-2020-The Immunology of Multisystem I.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Consiglio, Camila Rosat; Cotugno, Nicola; Sardh, Fabian; Pou, Christian; Amodio, Donato; Rodriguez, Lucie; Tan, Ziyang; Zicari, Sonia; Ruggiero, Alessandra; Pascucci, Giuseppe Rubens; Santilli, Veronica; Campbell, Tessa; Bryceson, Yenan; Eriksson, Daniel; Wang, Jun; Marchesi, Alessandra; Lakshmikanth, Tadepally; Campana, Andrea; Villani, Alberto; Rossi, Paolo; Landegren, Nils; Palma, Paolo; Brodin, Petter; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Cell. 2020 Nov 12;183(4):968-981.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.016. Epub 2020 Sep 6. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Description and comparison of the immune response for MIS-C versus Kawasaki disease, including differences for biomarkers to aid in diagnosis. SN - 1097-4172 (Electronic); 0092-8674 (Linking) SP - 968-981 e7 ST - The Immunology of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children with COVID-19 T2 - Cell TI - The Immunology of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children with COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32966765 VL - 183 ID - 908 ER - TY - JOUR AD - From the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children's National Hospital and Research Institute, and George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC. AN - 34133878 AU - DeBiasi, Roberta L. C1 - 2021-06-25 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06252021_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 1 DO - 10.1056/NEJMe2108276 ET - 2021/06/17 IS - 1 KW - *Biological Products | *Glucocorticoids/therapeutic use | Humans | Immunoglobulins, Intravenous | Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use | Immunotherapy L1 - internal-pdf://2896504147/DeBiasi-2021-Immunotherapy for MIS-C �?IVIG, G.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - DeBiasi, Roberta L | eng | Editorial | Comment | N Engl J Med. 2021 Jul 1;385(1):74-75. doi: 10.1056/NEJMe2108276. Epub 2021 Jun 16. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: outlines several possible explanations for these disparate results [in risk of cardiovascular dysfunction presented in Son et al. and McArdle et al.]. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic) | 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 74-75 ST - Immunotherapy for MIS-C �?IVIG, Glucocorticoids, and Biologics T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Immunotherapy for MIS-C �?IVIG, Glucocorticoids, and Biologics UR - https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe2108276 | https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMe2108276?articleTools=true VL - 385 ID - 1868 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BackgroundFollowing the emergency use authorisation of the Pfizer?BioNTech mRNA COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b2 (international non-proprietary name tozinameran) in Israel, the Ministry of Health (MoH) launched a campaign to immunise the 6·5 million residents of Israel aged 16 years and older. We estimated the real-world effectiveness of two doses of BNT162b2 against a range of SARS-CoV-2 outcomes and to evaluate the nationwide public-health impact following the widespread introduction of the vaccine. AU - Haas, Eric J. | Angulo, Frederick J. | McLaughlin, John M. | Anis, Emilia | Singer, Shepherd R. | Khan, Farid | Brooks, Nati | Smaja, Meir | Mircus, Gabriel | Pan, Kaijie | Southern, Jo | Swerdlow, David L. | Jodar, Luis | Levy, Yeheskel | Alroy-Preis, Sharon C1 - 2021-05-14 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05142021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00947-8 IS - 10287 L1 - internal-pdf://1195290903/Haas-2021-Impact and effectiveness of mRNA BNT.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Based on Israeli national data between January 24 and April 3, 2021, vaccine effectiveness 7 days after the 2nd dose of the Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccine was 95.3% (95% CI 94.9%-95.7%) against infection, 91.5% (95% CI 90.7%-92.2%) against asymptomatic infection, 97.2% (95% CI 96.8%-97.5%) against hospitalization, and 96.7% (95% CI 96.0%-97.3%) against death; during this time frame, the dominant SARS-CoV-2 strain was B.1.1.7. SE - 1819 SN - 01406736 SP - 1819-1829 ST - Impact and effectiveness of mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19 cases, hospitalisations, and deaths following a nationwide vaccination campaign in Israel: an observational study using national surveillance data T2 - Lancet TI - Impact and effectiveness of mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19 cases, hospitalisations, and deaths following a nationwide vaccination campaign in Israel: an observational study using national surveillance data UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00947-8 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8099315/pdf/main.pdf VL - 397 Y2 - 2021/05/17 ID - 1746 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether people who think they have had COVID-19 are less likely to report engaging with lockdown measures compared with those who think they have not had COVID-19. DESIGN: On-line cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Data were collected between 20th and 22nd April 2020. PARTICIPANTS: 6149 participants living in the UK aged 18 years or over. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Perceived immunity to COVID-19, self-reported adherence to social distancing measures (going out for essential shopping, nonessential shopping, and meeting up with friends/family; total out-of-home activity), worry about COVID-19 and perceived risk of COVID-19 to oneself and people in the UK. Knowledge that cough and high temperature / fever are the main symptoms of COVID-19. We used logistic regression analyses and one-way ANOVAs to investigate associations between believing you had had COVID-19 and binary and continuous outcomes respectively. RESULTS: In this sample, 1493 people (24.3%) thought they had had COVID-19 but only 245 (4.0%) reported having received a positive test result. Reported test results were often incongruent with participants' belief that they had had COVID-19. People who believed that they had had COVID-19 were: more likely to agree that they had some immunity to COVID-19; less likely to report adhering to lockdown measures; less worried about COVID-19; and less likely to know that cough and high temperature / fever are two of the most common symptoms of COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: At the time of data collection, the percentage of people in the UK who thought they had already had COVID-19 was about twice the estimated infection rate. Those who believed they had had COVID-19 were more likely to report leaving home. This may contribute to transmission of the virus. Clear communications to this growing group are needed to explain why protective measures continue to be important and to encourage sustained adherence. AD - King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom. | NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emergency Preparedness and Response, London, United Kingdom. | Behavioural Insights Team, London, United Kingdom. | Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom. | Behaviour and Health Research Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. AN - 33147219 AU - Smith, L. E. | Mottershaw, A. L. | Egan, M. | Waller, J. | Marteau, T. M. | Rubin, G. J. C1 - 2020-11-24 C2 - Impact of Beliefs, Attitudes, and Perceptions on COVID-19 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/112420_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0240399 ET - 2020/11/05 IS - 11 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Anxiety | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/*psychology | Cough/psychology | Cross-Sectional Studies | Culture | Female | Fever/psychology | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | *Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/*psychology | Psychological Distance | Self Report | Social Isolation/psychology | United Kingdom/epidemiology | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://1653979606/Smith-2020-The impact of believing you have ha.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Smith, Louise E; Mottershaw, Abigail L; Egan, Mark; Waller, Jo; Marteau, Theresa M; Rubin, G James; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; PLoS One. 2020 Nov 4;15(11):e0240399. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240399. eCollection 2020. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 1,493 respondents (24.3%) thought they had had COVID-19. | 575 (9.4%) respondents reported being tested, of whom 245 (42.6%) reported a positive result. | Of 330 people who tested negative, 187 (56.7%) still believed they previously had COVID-19. | Respondents who believed they previously had COVID-19 were more likely to believe they were immune to SARS-CoV-2 infection (42.9% vs. 10.7%) and less likely to adhere to mitigation measures (Figure). | Methods: Cross-sectional online survey of 6,149 adults �?8 years between April 20 and 22, 2020. Respondents reported if they thought they had COVID-19, if they had been tested (and if so, what was the test result), and what mitigation measures they observed. Limitations: Data from April 2020 might not represent later attitudes or behavior; study conducted prior to widespread testing. | Implications for 2 studies (Kasting et al. & Smith et al.): Messages that appropriately emphasize the potential health consequences of infection and how becoming infected is not inevitable should be targeted to those who are younger, more politically moderate or conservative, and male. Uncertainties surrounding immunity, and the importance of continuing to practice NPIs in the face of these uncertainties, should also be addressed. SN - 1932-6203 (Electronic); 1932-6203 (Linking) SP - e0240399 ST - The impact of believing you have had COVID-19 on self-reported behaviour: Cross-sectional survey T2 - PLoS One TI - The impact of believing you have had COVID-19 on self-reported behaviour: Cross-sectional survey UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33147219 VL - 15 ID - 1253 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with mutations in major neutralizing antibody-binding sites can affect humoral immunity induced by infection or vaccination1�?. We analysed the development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody and T cell responses in previously infected (recovered) or uninfected (naive) individuals that received mRNA vaccines to SARS-CoV-2. While previously infected individuals sustained higher antibody titres than uninfected individuals post-vaccination, the latter reached comparable levels of neutralization responses to the ancestral strain after the second vaccine dose. T cell activation markers measured upon spike or nucleocapsid peptide in vitro stimulation showed a progressive increase after vaccination. Comprehensive analysis of plasma neutralization using 16 authentic isolates of distinct locally circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants revealed a range of reduction in the neutralization capacity associated with specific mutations in the spike gene: lineages with E484K and N501Y/T (e.g., B.1.351 and P.1) had the greatest reduction, followed by lineages with L452R (e.g., B.1.617.2). While both groups retained neutralization capacity against all variants, plasma from previously infected vaccinated individuals displayed overall better neutralization capacity when compared to plasma from uninfected individuals that also received two vaccine doses, pointing to vaccine boosters as a relevant future strategy to alleviate the impact of emerging variants on antibody neutralizing activity. AD - Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. | Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA. | Department of Pediatric, Section of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. | Yale Institute for Global Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. | Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. | Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. | Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. | Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. akiko.iwasaki@yale.edu. | Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA. akiko.iwasaki@yale.edu. AN - 34634791 AU - Lucas, Carolina | Vogels, Chantal B. F. | Yildirim, Inci | Rothman, Jessica E. | Lu, Peiwen | Monteiro, Valter | Gelhausen, Jeff R. | Campbell, Melissa | Silva, Julio | Tabachikova, Alexandra | Peña-Hernandez, Mario A. | Muenker, M. Catherine | Breban, Mallery I. | Fauver, Joseph R. | Mohanty, Subhasis | Huang, Jiefang | Pearson, Claire | Muyombwe, Anthony | Downing, Randy | Razeq, Jafar | Petrone, Mary | Ott, Isabel | Watkins, Anne | Kalinich, Chaney | Alpert, Tara | Brito, Anderson | Earnest, Rebecca | Murphy, Steven | Neal, Caleb | Laszlo, Eva | Altajar, Ahmad | Tikhonova, Irina | Castaldi, Christopher | Mane, Shrikant | Bilguvar, Kaya | Kerantzas, Nicholas | Ferguson, David | Schulz, Wade | Landry, Marie | Peaper, David | Shaw, Albert C. | Ko, Albert I. | Omer, Saad B. | Grubaugh, Nathan D. | Iwasaki, Akiko | Yale, Sars-CoV-Genomic Surveillance Initiative C1 - 2021-10-29 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10292021_covidupdate.html#anchor_Vaccines DA - 2021/10/11 DO - 10.1038/s41586-021-04085-y ET - 2021/10/12 L1 - internal-pdf://4035700202/Lucas-2021-Impact of circulating SARS-CoV-2 va.pdf LB - Natural History | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Lucas, Carolina | Vogels, Chantal B F | Yildirim, Inci | Rothman, Jessica E | Lu, Peiwen | Monteiro, Valter | Gelhausen, Jeff R | Campbell, Melissa | Silva, Julio | Tabachikova, Alexandra | Pena-Hernandez, Mario A | Muenker, M Catherine | Breban, Mallery I | Fauver, Joseph R | Mohanty, Subhasis | Huang, Jiefang | Shaw, Albert C | Ko, Albert I | Omer, Saad B | Grubaugh, Nathan D | Iwasaki, Akiko | eng | England | Nature. 2021 Oct 11. pii: 10.1038/s41586-021-04085-y. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-04085-y. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In persons who received an mRNA vaccine, specific mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 spike gene were associated with reduced antibody neutralization capacity compared to the ancestral strain. | Having both E484K and N501Y/T mutations (e.g., Beta [B.1.351] and Gamma [P.1] variants) decreased neutralization capacity 4.6�?.0-fold. | Having the L452R mutation (e.g., Delta [B.1.617.2]) decreased neutralization capacity 2.5�?.1-fold. | Overall neutralization capacity was higher in previously infected vaccinated individuals than in uninfected (naïve) vaccinated individuals, but both groups retained neutralization capacity against all variants (Figure). | T cell activation markers measured by in vitro stimulation progressively increased after vaccination. | Methods: Serostudy of isolates from the Yale SARS-CoV-2 Genomic Surveillance program and clinical specimens from vaccinated healthcare workers (15 previously infected and 17 naïve), November 2020–January 2021. Immune responses to the SARS-CoV-2 ancestral strain, variants of concern/interest, and select lineages with key spike gene mutations were assessed. Limitations: Small sample size; immunologic indicators of protection from infection or disease are not yet established. | | Implications: Post-vaccination neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 variants appear to be diminished but still provide neutralization capacity in fully vaccinated persons. COVID-19 vaccination remains critical. SN - 1476-4687 ST - Impact of circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants on mRNA vaccine-induced immunity T2 - Nature TI - Impact of circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants on mRNA vaccine-induced immunity UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04085-y | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04085-y_reference.pdf ID - 2553 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: Mask usage remains low across many parts of the world during the COVID- 19 pandemic, and strategies to increase mask-wearing remain untested. Our objectives were to identify strategies that can persistently increase mask-wearing and assess the impact of increasing mask-wearing on symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections. | Methods: We conducted a cluster-randomized trial of community-level mask promotion in rural Bangladesh from November 2020 to April 2021 (N=600 villages, N=342,126 adults). We cross-randomized mask promotion strategies at the village and household level, including cloth vs. surgical masks. All intervention arms received free masks, information on the importance of masking, role modeling by community leaders, and in-person reminders for 8 weeks. The control group did not receive any interventions. Neither participants nor field staff were blinded to intervention assignment. Outcomes included symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence (primary) and prevalence of proper mask-wearing, physical distancing, and symptoms consistent with COVID-19 (secondary). Mask-wearing and physical distancing were assessed through direct observation at least weekly at mosques, markets, the main entrance roads to villages, and tea stalls. At 5 and 9 weeks follow-up, we surveyed all reachable participants about COVID-related symptoms. Blood samples collected at 10-12 weeks of follow-up for symptomatic individuals were analyzed for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies. | Results: There were 178,288 individuals in the intervention group and 163,838 individuals in the control group. The intervention increased proper mask-wearing from 13.3% in control villages (N=806,547 observations) to 42.3% in treatment villages (N=797,715 observations) (adjusted percentage point difference = 0.29 [0.27, 0.31]). This tripling of mask usage was sustained during the intervention period and two weeks after. Physical distancing increased from 24.1% in control villages to 29.2% in treatment villages (adjusted percentage point difference = 0.05 [0.04, 0.06]). After 5 months, the impact of the intervention faded, but mask-wearing remained 10 percentage points higher in the intervention group. | The proportion of individuals with COVID-like symptoms was 7.62% (N=13,273) in the intervention arm and 8.62% (N=13,893) in the control arm. Blood samples were collected from N=10,952 consenting, symptomatic individuals. Adjusting for baseline covariates, the intervention reduced symptomatic seroprevalence by 9.3% (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) = 0.91 [0.82, 1.00]; control prevalence 0.76%; treatment prevalence 0.68%). In villages randomized to surgical masks (n = 200), the relative reduction was 11.2% overall (aPR = 0.89 [0.78, 1.00]) and 34.7% among individuals 60+ (aPR = 0.65 [0.46, 0.85]). No adverse events were reported. | Conclusions: Our intervention demonstrates a scalable and effective method to promote mask adoption and reduce symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections. AU - Abaluck, Jason | Kwong, Laura H. | Styczynski, Ashley | Haque, Ashraful | Kabir, Md. Alamgir | Bates-Jeffries, | Ellen | Crawford, Emily | Benjamin-Chung, Jade | Benhachmi, Salim | Raihan, Shabib | Rahman, Shadman | Zaman, Neeti | Winch, Peter J. | Hossain, Md. Maqsud | Reza, Hasan Mahmud | Luby, Stephen P. | Mobarak, | Ahmed Mushfiq | All Jaber, Abdulla | Gulshan Momen, Shawkee | Laz Bani, Faika | Rahman, Aura | Saiha | Huq, Tahrima C1 - 2021-09-10 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09102021_covidupdate.html#anchor_PreventionStrategies IS - 1086 L1 - internal-pdf://4051699607/The Impact of Community Masking on COVID-19_ A.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; A randomized trial of surgical or cloth mask distribution, role-modeling, and active mask promotion tripled mask use to 42.3% in intervention villages (N = 797,715 observations) from 13.3% in comparison villages (N = 806,547 observations). | In villages receiving mask interventions, symptomatic seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 was reduced by 9.3% relative to comparison villages. | In villages randomized to receive surgical masks, symptomatic seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 was significantly lower (relative reduction 11.2% overall). | Changes were sustained for at least 2 weeks. No adverse events were reported during the study period. | Methods: In a large cluster-randomized trial in rural Bangladesh (N = 600 villages, N = 342,126 adults), intervention villages received free surgical or cloth masks, information on the importance of mask use, role modeling by community leaders, and in-person reminders for 8 weeks during November 2020–April 2021. Comparison villages did not receive any interventions. Participants were surveyed for COVID-related symptoms (weeks 5 and 9). Blood specimens from symptomatic individuals were tested for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (weeks 10�?2). Limitations: Study could not identify specific mechanisms for how mask interventions worked to reduce infections; conducted prior to emergence of the Delta variant. | Implications: A well-designed cluster-randomized trial found that even modest increases in community use of masks, particularly surgical masks, might effectively reduce symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections (COVID-19). ST - The Impact of Community Masking on COVID-19: A Cluster-Randomized Trial in Bangladesh T2 - Discussion Papers: Yale University TI - The Impact of Community Masking on COVID-19: A Cluster-Randomized Trial in Bangladesh UR - https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/egcenter-discussion-paper-series/1086 ID - 2285 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The severity of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is associated with various comorbidities. However, no studies have yet demonstrated the potential risk of respiratory failure and mortality in COVID-19 patients with pre-existing asthma. We selected 7272 adult COVID-19 patients from the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment COVID-19 database for this nationwide retrospective cohort study. Among these, 686 patients with asthma were assessed by their severities and evaluated by the clinical outcome of COVID-19 compared to patients without asthma. Of 7272 adult COVID-19 patients, 686 with asthma and 6586 without asthma were compared. Asthma was not a significant risk factor for respiratory failure or mortality among all COVID-19 patients (odds ratio [OR] = 0.99, P = 0.997 and OR = 1.06, P = 0.759) after adjusting for age, sex, and the Charlson comorbidity score. However, a history of acute exacerbation (OR = 2.63, P = 0.043) was significant risk factors for death among COVID-19 patients with asthma. Asthma is not a risk factor for poor prognosis of COVID-19. However, asthma patients who had any experience of acute exacerbation in the previous year before COVID-19 showed higher COVID-19-related mortality, especially in case of old age and male sex. AD - Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea. | Department of Research and Analysis, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea. | Department of Biostatistics and Computing, Yonsei University Graduate School, Seoul, Republic of Korea. | Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. stopyes@yuhs.ac. | Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea. parksc@nhimc.or.kr. AN - 33311519 AU - Lee, S. C. | Son, K. J. | Han, C. H. | Jung, J. Y. | Park, S. C. C1 - 2021-02-12 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02122021_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 11 DO - 10.1038/s41598-020-77791-8 ET - 2020/12/15 IS - 1 KW - Adult | Aged | Asthma/*mortality/therapy | COVID-19/*mortality/therapy | Comorbidity | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Republic of Korea/epidemiology | Respiratory Insufficiency/*mortality/therapy | Retrospective Studies | Risk Factors | *SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://2718817478/Lee-2020-Impact of comorbid asthma on severity.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Lee, Sang Chul; Son, Kang Ju; Han, Chang Hoon; Jung, Ji Ye; Park, Seon Cheol; eng; 2019R1F1A1061841/National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant/International; Clinical Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Sci Rep. 2020 Dec 11;10(1):21805. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-77791-8. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In a retrospective cohort study of 7,272 adults with COVID-19, asthma was not a risk factor for poor prognosis, however, among those with asthma [686 (9.4%)] age, male sex, and acute asthma exacerbation in the previous year were significant risk factors for death. SN - 2045-2322 (Electronic); 2045-2322 (Linking) SP - 21805 ST - Impact of comorbid asthma on severity of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) T2 - Sci Rep TI - Impact of comorbid asthma on severity of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33311519 VL - 10 ID - 1489 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Community Prevention and Care Services Department, National Agency for the Control of AIDS (NACA), Abuja, Nigeria toladelet@gmail.com. | Community Prevention and Care Services Department, National Agency for the Control of AIDS (NACA), Abuja, Nigeria. | Infectious Diseases and Health Systems Department, FHI 360, Abuja, Nigeria. | Duke Center for Policy Impact in Global Health, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. AN - 32434777 AU - Oladele, T. T. | Olakunde, B. O. | Oladele, E. A. | Ogbuoji, O. | Yamey, G. C1 - 2020-06-02 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060220_covidupdate.html DA - May DO - 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002718 ET - 2020/05/22 IS - 5 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus Infections | *Financing, Government | HIV Infections/*economics | Health Expenditures | Humans | Insurance, Health | Nigeria | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral | Private Sector | Public Health/*economics | SARS-CoV-2 | *aids | *health economics | *health policy | *health systems evaluation | *public health | the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation on the transition of middle-income countries | from development assistance for health | in this work they partner with research | institutions in Nigeria. L1 - internal-pdf://3524067830/Oladele-2020-The impact of COVID-19 on HIV fin.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Oladele, Tolulope Tokunyori; Olakunde, Babayemi Oluwaseun; Oladele, Edward Adekola; Ogbuoji, Osondu; Yamey, Gavin; eng; England; BMJ Glob Health. 2020 May;5(5). pii: bmjgh-2020-002718. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002718. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Describes the impact of COVID-19 on the Nigerian economy and on HIV funding; proposes 6 proactive steps to ensure sustainability of the HIV response. SN - 2059-7908 (Print); 2059-7908 (Linking) SP - e002718 ST - The impact of COVID-19 on HIV financing in Nigeria: a call for proactive measures T2 - BMJ Glob Health TI - The impact of COVID-19 on HIV financing in Nigeria: a call for proactive measures UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32434777 VL - 5 ID - 304 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A global pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) resulted in restrictions to daily living for Canadians, including social distancing and closure of city and provincial recreation facilities, national parks and playgrounds. The objective of this study was to assess how these preemptive measures impacted physical activity behaviour and well-being of Canadians. An online survey was utilized to measure participant physical activity behavior, nature exposure, well-being and anxiety levels. Results indicate that while 40.5% of inactive individuals became less active, only 22.4% of active individuals became less active. Comparatively, 33% of inactive individuals became more active while 40.3% of active individuals became more active. There were significant differences in well-being outcomes in the inactive population between those who were more active, the same or less active (p < 0.001) but this was not seen in the active population. Inactive participants who spent more time engaged in outdoor physical activity had lower anxiety than those who spent less time in outdoor physical activity. Public health measures differentially affected Canadians who were active and inactive and physical activity was strongly associated with well-being outcomes in inactive individuals. This suggests that health promoting measures directed towards inactive individuals may be essential to improving well-being. AD - Faculty of Health Sciences, Kinesiology Chilliwack campus at CEP, University of the Fraser Valley, 45190 Chilliwack, BC, Canada. AN - 32486380 AU - Lesser, I. A. | Nienhuis, C. P. C1 - 2020-06-12 C2 - Lockdowns and School Closures CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061220_covidupdate.html DA - May 31 DO - 10.3390/ijerph17113899 ET - 2020/06/04 IS - 11 KW - Adult | Age Factors | Aged | Anxiety/epidemiology | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Canada/epidemiology | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Exercise/*physiology/*psychology | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | Public Health | Quality of Life | Residence Characteristics | SARS-CoV-2 | Sex Factors | *Social Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) | anxiety | lifestyle restrictions | physical activity | well-being L1 - internal-pdf://2225800123/Lesser-2020-The Impact of COVID-19 on Physical.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Lesser, Iris A; Nienhuis, Carl P; eng; Switzerland; Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 May 31;17(11). pii: ijerph17113899. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17113899. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: An evaluation of the effect of COVID-19 restrictions on the physical activity level and well-being of Canadians. SN - 1660-4601 (Electronic); 1660-4601 (Linking) SP - 3899 ST - The Impact of COVID-19 on Physical Activity Behavior and Well-Being of Canadians T2 - Int J Environ Res Public Health TI - The Impact of COVID-19 on Physical Activity Behavior and Well-Being of Canadians UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32486380 VL - 17 ID - 355 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on maternal and newborn health is unclear. We aimed to evaluate the association between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection during pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies with comparison data on SARS-CoV-2 infection and severity of COVID-19 during pregnancy. We searched for eligible studies in MEDLINE, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, medRxiv and Cochrane databases up to Jan. 29, 2021, using Medical Subject Headings terms and keywords for "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 OR SARS-CoV-2 OR coronavirus disease 2019 OR COVID-19" AND "pregnancy." We evaluated the methodologic quality of all included studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Our primary outcomes were preeclampsia and preterm birth. Secondary outcomes included stillbirth, gestational diabetes and other pregnancy outcomes. We calculated summary odds ratios (ORs) or weighted mean differences with 95% confidence intervals (CI) using random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS: We included 42 studies involving 438 548 people who were pregnant. Compared with no SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy, COVID-19 was associated with preeclampsia (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.73), preterm birth (OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.38 to 2.39) and stillbirth (OR 2.11, 95% CI 1.14 to 3.90). Compared with mild COVID-19, severe COVID-19 was strongly associated with preeclampsia (OR 4.16, 95% CI 1.55 to 11.15), preterm birth (OR 4.29, 95% CI 2.41 to 7.63), gestational diabetes (OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.09 to 3.64) and low birth weight (OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.14 to 3.12). INTERPRETATION: COVID-19 may be associated with increased risks of preeclampsia, preterm birth and other adverse pregnancy outcomes. AD - Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wei), Centre hospitalier universitaire Sainte-Justine; Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (Auger), School of Public Health, Universite de Montreal; Bureau d'information et d'etudes en sante des populations (Wei, Bilodeau-Bertrand, Auger), Institut national de sante publique du Quebec, Montreal, Que. | Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research (Liu), Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ont. | Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Wei), Centre hospitalier universitaire Sainte-Justine; Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine (Auger), School of Public Health, Universite de Montreal; Bureau d'information et d'etudes en sante des populations (Wei, Bilodeau-Bertrand, Auger), Institut national de sante publique du Quebec, Montreal, Que. | Centre for Surveillance and Applied Research (Liu), Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ont. nathalie.auger@inspq.qc.ca. AN - 33741725 AU - Wei, S. Q. | Bilodeau-Bertrand, M. | Liu, S. | Auger, N. C1 - 2021-04-02 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04022021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 19 DO - 10.1503/cmaj.202604 ET - 2021/03/21 IS - 16 KW - COVID-19/complications/*epidemiology | Diabetes, Gestational/epidemiology | Female | Humans | Infant, Low Birth Weight | Infant, Newborn | Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical | Observational Studies as Topic | Pre-Eclampsia/*epidemiology | Pregnancy | Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/*epidemiology | Pregnancy Outcome/*epidemiology | Premature Birth/*epidemiology | *SARS-CoV-2 | Stillbirth/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://2167033188/Wei-2021-The impact of COVID-19 on pregnancy o.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Wei, Shu Qin; Bilodeau-Bertrand, Marianne; Liu, Shiliang; Auger, Nathalie; eng; Meta-Analysis; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Systematic Review; Canada; CMAJ. 2021 Apr 19;193(16):E540-E548. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.202604. Epub 2021 Mar 19. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: COVID-19 may be associated with increased risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes including preeclampsia and preterm birth. SN - 1488-2329 (Electronic); 0820-3946 (Linking) SP - E540-E548 ST - The impact of COVID-19 on pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis T2 - CMAJ TI - The impact of COVID-19 on pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33741725 VL - 193 ID - 1624 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Achieving high levels of hand hygiene compliance of health care personnel has been an ongoing challenge. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hand hygiene performance (HHP) rates in acute care hospitals. METHODS: HHP rates were estimated using an automated hand hygiene monitoring system installed in 74 adult inpatient units in 7 hospitals and 10 pediatric inpatient units in 2 children's hospitals. A segmented regression model was used to estimate the trajectory of HHP rates in the 10 weeks leading up to a COVID-19-related milestone event (eg, school closures) and for 10 weeks after. RESULTS: Three effects emerged, all of which were significant at P < .01. Average HHP rates increased from 46% to 56% in the months preceding pandemic-related school closures. This was followed by a 6% upward shift at the time school closures occurred. HHP rates remained over 60% for 4 weeks before declining to 54% at the end of the study period. CONCLUSIONS: Data from an automated hand hygiene monitoring system indicated that HHP shifted in multiple directions during the early stages of the pandemic. We discuss possible reasons why HHP first increased as the pandemic began and then decreased as it progressed. AD - Clinical Educator, Healthcare, GOJO Industries, Akron, OH. Electronic address: MooreL@gojo.com. | GOJO Industries, Akron, OH. | Hygiene Sciences & Public Health Advancements Vice President, GOJO Industries, Akron, OH. AN - 32818577 AU - Moore, L. D. | Robbins, G. | Quinn, J. | Arbogast, J. W. C1 - 2020-09-01 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090120_covidupdate.html DA - Jan DO - 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.08.021 DP - NLM ET - 2020/08/21 IS - 1 KW - Automation | COVID-19/*epidemiology/prevention & control | Guideline Adherence/*trends | Hand Disinfection/standards/*trends | Hand Hygiene/standards/trends | Hand Sanitizers | *Health Personnel | Hospitals | Humans | Infection Control/standards/*trends | SARS-CoV-2 | Soaps | United States/epidemiology | *Automated hand hygiene monitoring | *Electronic compliance monitoring | *Hand hygiene | *Hand hygiene compliance | *Hand hygiene monitoring | *Pandemic L1 - internal-pdf://1974372167/Moore-2021-The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Moore, Lori D; Robbins, Greg; Quinn, Jeff; Arbogast, James W; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Am J Infect Control. 2021 Jan;49(1):30-33. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.08.021. Epub 2020 Aug 18. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Average hospital hand hygiene performance (HHP) rates (Figure): | Increased from 46% to 56% during 10 weeks before COVID-19-related school closures. | Peaked at 64% at two weeks after school closures. | Declined to 54% at 10 weeks after school closures. | Methods: HHP in 84 inpatient units (74 adult, 10 pediatric) of 9 US hospitals between January 5 and May 23, 2020 was measured to examine whether HHP changed among healthcare workers during a pandemic. HHP rate was defined as proportion of times a nearby hand sanitizing dispenser was used when a patient room door was used. Segmented regression model examined changes in weekly HHP rates during pre- and post-COVID-19-related school closure (during week of March 15). The week of school closure was selected as the midpoint for analysis for all hospitals as a proxy for community-level responses to the emerging pandemic. Limitations: Only inpatient units included; measure of HHP included both healthcare workers and visitors, which may represent different groups for intervention. | Implications: Low HHP rates may contribute to transmission, and in this case initial increases in HHP were not sustained. Efforts to improve and maintain hand hygiene compliance, particularly in healthcare settings, are urgently needed. SN - 1527-3296 (Electronic); 0196-6553 (Linking) SP - 30-33 ST - The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on hand hygiene performance in hospitals T2 - Am J Infect Control TI - The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on hand hygiene performance in hospitals UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32818577 VL - 49 ID - 814 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: In countries with declining numbers of confirmed cases of COVID-19, lockdown measures are gradually being lifted. However, even if most physical distancing measures are continued, other public health measures will be needed to control the epidemic. Contact tracing via conventional methods or mobile app technology is central to control strategies during de-escalation of physical distancing. We aimed to identify key factors for a contact tracing strategy to be successful. METHODS: We evaluated the impact of timeliness and completeness in various steps of a contact tracing strategy using a stochastic mathematical model with explicit time delays between time of infection and symptom onset, and between symptom onset, diagnosis by testing, and isolation (testing delay). The model also includes tracing of close contacts (eg, household members) and casual contacts, followed by testing regardless of symptoms and isolation if testing positive, with different tracing delays and coverages. We computed effective reproduction numbers of a contact tracing strategy (RCTS) for a population with physical distancing measures and various scenarios for isolation of index cases and tracing and quarantine of their contacts. FINDINGS: For the most optimistic scenario (testing and tracing delays of 0 days and tracing coverage of 100%), and assuming that around 40% of transmissions occur before symptom onset, the model predicts that the estimated effective reproduction number of 1.2 (with physical distancing only) will be reduced to 0.8 (95% CI 0.7-0.9) by adding contact tracing. The model also shows that a similar reduction can be achieved when testing and tracing coverage is reduced to 80% (RCTS 0.8, 95% CI 0.7-1.0). A testing delay of more than 1 day requires the tracing delay to be at most 1 day or tracing coverage to be at least 80% to keep RCTS below 1. With a testing delay of 3 days or longer, even the most efficient strategy cannot reach RCTS values below 1. The effect of minimising tracing delay (eg, with app-based technology) declines with decreasing coverage of app use, but app-based tracing alone remains more effective than conventional tracing alone even with 20% coverage, reducing the reproduction number by 17.6% compared with 2.5%. The proportion of onward transmissions per index case that can be prevented depends on testing and tracing delays, and given a 0-day tracing delay, ranges from up to 79.9% with a 0-day testing delay to 41.8% with a 3-day testing delay and 4.9% with a 7-day testing delay. INTERPRETATION: In our model, minimising testing delay had the largest impact on reducing onward transmissions. Optimising testing and tracing coverage and minimising tracing delays, for instance with app-based technology, further enhanced contact tracing effectiveness, with the potential to prevent up to 80% of all transmissions. Access to testing should therefore be optimised, and mobile app technology might reduce delays in the contact tracing process and optimise contact tracing coverage. FUNDING: ZonMw, Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, and EU Horizon 2020 RECOVER. AD - Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands. Electronic address: m.e.e.kretzschmar@umcutrecht.nl. | Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; BioISI-Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal. | Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; University Medical Center and Mathematical Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands. | Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands. | Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. | Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands; Department of Medical Microbiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands. AN - 32682487 AU - Kretzschmar, M. E. | Rozhnova, G. | Bootsma, M. C. J. | van Boven, M. | van de Wijgert, Jhhm | Bonten, M. J. M. C1 - 2020-07-28 C2 - Modeling and Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072820_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30157-2 ET - 2020/07/20 IS - 8 KW - Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Clinical Laboratory Techniques/*statistics & numerical data | Contact Tracing/*methods | Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/epidemiology/*prevention & control/transmission | Humans | Mobile Applications | Models, Theoretical | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/*prevention & control/transmission | Public Health Practice | Quarantine | Time Factors L1 - internal-pdf://0969198642/1-s2.0-S2468266720301572-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Kretzschmar, Mirjam E; Rozhnova, Ganna; Bootsma, Martin C J; van Boven, Michiel; van de Wijgert, Janneke H H M; Bonten, Marc J M; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Lancet Public Health. 2020 Aug;5(8):e452-e459. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30157-2. Epub 2020 Jul 16. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Reducing testing delay is the most important factor in preventing the spread of SARS-CoV-2. | Optimizing testing and contract tracing coverage and minimizing contract tracing delays with app-based technology enhanced contact tracing effectiveness, with the potential to prevent 80% of transmissions. | If testing were delayed by �? days after symptom development, even the most effective contact tracing strategies would not sufficiently reduce the spread of the virus and result in R0 (reproduction number) >1 (Figure). | Methods: Mathematical modelling to evaluate the impact of testing delays (time between symptom development and receipt of test result) and contact tracing delays and coverage (including use of mobile app technology) on reducing the SARS-CoV-2 transmission by generating R0 (the number of individuals infected by a single infected person) for various scenarios. Limitations: Modelling did not consider age structure of population. | Implications: Reducing delays in testing individuals for SARS-CoV-2 is critical for a successful contact tracing strategy in containing the virus. The use of mobile app technology could enhance the speed and effectiveness of contact tracing. SN - 2468-2667 (Electronic) SP - e452-e459 ST - Impact of delays on effectiveness of contact tracing strategies for COVID-19: a modelling study T2 - Lancet Public Health TI - Impact of delays on effectiveness of contact tracing strategies for COVID-19: a modelling study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32682487 VL - 5 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 598 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BackgroundImpact of the Delta variant and vaccination on SARS-CoV-2 transmission remains unclear. In Singapore, quarantine of all close contacts, including entry and exit PCR testing, provided the opportunity to determine risk of infection by the Delta variant compared to other variants, vaccine efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 acquisition, symptomatic or severe COVID-19, and risk factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 acquisition and symptomatic disease. AN - 34746899 AU - Ng, Oon Tek | Koh, Vanessa | Chiew, Calvin J. | Marimuthu, Kalisvar | Thevasagayam, Natascha May | Mak, Tze Minn | Chua, Joon Kiat | Ong, Shannen Si Hui | Lim, Yong Kai | Ferdous, Zannatul | Johari, Alifa Khairunnisa bte | Chen, Mark I. Cheng | Maurer-Stroh, Sebastian | Cui, Lin | Lin, Raymond Tzer Pin | Tan, Kelvin Bryan | Cook, Alex R. | Leo, Prof Yee-Sin | Lee, Prof Vernon J. M. C1 - 2021-11-15 C2 - PMC8560026 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/11152021_covidupdate.html#anchor_Transmission DO - 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100299 L1 - internal-pdf://1162847876/PIIS266660652100208X.pdf LB - Natural History | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The household secondary attack rate among unvaccinated contacts exposed to the SARS-CoV-2 Delta (B.1.617.2) variant was 25.8% compared with 12.9% among contacts exposed to other variants (RR 2.01, 95% bootstrap CI [BCI] 1.24-3.84). | Among fully vaccinated Delta-exposed contacts, vaccine effectiveness against infection, symptomatic disease, and severe disease was 56.4% (95% BCI 32.6%-75.8%), 64.1% (95% BCI 37.8%-85.4%), and 100%, respectively. | Among index cases, older age was associated with increased risk of secondary transmission (aOR 1.20 per decade, 95% robust CI [RCI] 1.03-1.39), but vaccination status was not (aOR 0.73, 95% RCI 0.38-1.40). | Methods: Retrospective cohort study in Singapore (September 2020–May 2021) determined secondary attack rates by variant type and vaccination status (n = 1,024 household contacts linked to 301 PCR-confirmed index cases). Limitations: Infection of contacts from non-household sources cannot be excluded; pre-symptomatic (when interviewed) persons may have been misclassified as asymptomatic; unable to adjust for comorbidities. | | Implications: Delta variant appears more transmissible among household contacts than other variants. Vaccination might not prevent individuals with breakthrough Delta variant infection from transmitting SARS-CoV-2 to their household contacts, but prior vaccination of exposed household contacts appeared to lower their risk of becoming infected. SE - 100299 SN - 2666-6065 ST - Impact of Delta Variant and Vaccination on SARS-CoV-2 Secondary Attack Rate Among Household Close Contacts T2 - Lancet Reg Health West Pac TI - Impact of Delta Variant and Vaccination on SARS-CoV-2 Secondary Attack Rate Among Household Close Contacts UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100299 VL - 17 Y2 - 2021/11/22 ID - 2626 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Objective We aim to determine the impact of steroid use in COVID-19 pneumonia in-hospital mortality.Design We performed a single-centre retrospective cohort study.Setting A University hospital in Madrid, Spain, during March 2020.Participants Patients admitted with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia.Exposures Patients treated with steroids were compared to patients not treated with steroids. A propensity-score for steroid treatment was developed. Different steroid regimens were also compared, and adjusted with a second propensity score.Main Outcomes and Measures To determine the role of steroids in in-hospital mortality, univariable and multivariable analyses were performed, and adjusted including the propensity score as a covariate. Survival times were compared using a log-rank test.Results During the study period, 463 out of 848 hospitalized patients with COVID19 pneumonia fulfilled inclusion criteria. Among them, 396 (46.7%) consecutive patients were treated with steroids and 67 patients were assigned to the control cohort. Global mortality was 15.1%. Median time to steroid treatment from symptom onset was 10 days (IQR 8 to13). In-hospital mortality was lower in patients treated with steroids than in controls (13.9% [55/396] versus 23.9% [16/67], OR 0.51 [0.27 to 0.96], p= 0.044). Steroid treatment reduced mortality by 41.8% relative to no steroid treatment (RRR 0,42 [0.048 to 0.65). Initial treatment with 1 mg/kg/day of methylprednisolone (or equivalent) versus steroid pulses was not associated with in-hospital mortality (13.5% [42/310] versus 15.1% [13/86], OR 0.880 [0.449-1.726], p=0.710).Conclusions Our results show that survival of patients with SARS-CoV2 pneumonia is higher in patients treated with glucocorticoids than in those not treated. In-hospital mortality was not different between initial regimens of 1 mg/kg/day of methylprednisolone or equivalent and glucocorticoid pulses. These results support the use of glucocorticoids in SARS-CoV2 infection.Summary We investigated in-hospital mortality of patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in a large series of patients treated with steroids compared to controls, and adjusted using a propensity score. Our results show a beneficial impact of steroid treatment in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Clinical Protocols http://www.encepp.eu/encepp/studySearch.htm Funding StatementThe study did not receive any funding.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Institutional Review Board (CEIm) at Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda (BRA COR 2020 03), and a waiver for the informed consent was granted. The study complied with the provisions in EU and Spanish legislation on data protection and the Declaration of Helsinki 2013.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAfter publication, the data will be made available to others on reasonable requests to the corresponding authors. A proposal with a detailed description of study objectives and statistical analysis plan will be needed for evaluation of the reasonability of requests. Additional materials m ght also be required during the process of evaluation. De-identified participant data will be provided after approval from the principal researchers of the Hospital Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda. ABBREVIATIONSSARS-CoVsevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirusCOVID-19coronavirus disease 2019Steroidsglucocorticoids or corticoidsOROdds ratioMERS-CoVMiddle east respiratory syndrome coronavirusPaO2/FiO2arterial oxygen tension/inspiratory oxygen fractionCTcomputed tomographyARDSacute respiratory distress syndromeCRPC-reactive proteinPEEPpositive end expiratory pressureSDstandard deviationCIconfidence intervalPSMpropensity-score matchingRRRrelative risk reductionNNTnumber necessary to treatHRhazard ratioIQRinterquartile rangeCOPDchronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseLDHLactate dehydrogenaseSpO2plasma oxygen saturationICUIntensive care Unit AD - Infectious Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana, Madrid, Spain anafcruz999@gmail.com. | Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana, Madrid, Spain. | Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana, Madrid, Spain. | Pharmacy Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana, Madrid, Spain. | Infectious Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana, Madrid, Spain. | Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. AN - 32571831 AU - Fern֙ndez Cruz, Ana | Ruiz-Antor֙n, Belén | G�Qmez, Ana Muñoz | Sancho L�Qpez, Ar֙nzazu | S֙nchez, Patricia Mills | Soto, Gustavo Adolfo Centeno | Alonso, Silvia Blanco | Garachana, Laura Javaloyes | G�Qmez, Amy Gal֙n | Alijo, Ángela Valencia | Irusta, Javier G�Qmez | Payares-Herrera, Concepci�Qn | Torre, Ignacio Morr֙s | Chica, Enrique S֙nchez | de Cepeda, Laura Delgado Téllez | D�Taz, Alejandro Callejas | Ramos Mart�Tnez, Antonio | Rubio, Elena Múñez | Avendaño-Sol֙, Cristina C1 - 2020-06-05 C2 - Steroid Therapy CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060520_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 20 DO - 10.1101/2020.05.22.20110544 ET - 2020/06/24 IS - 9 KW - Aged | Antiviral Agents/*therapeutic use | Azithromycin/*therapeutic use | Betacoronavirus/*drug effects/immunology/pathogenicity | Covid-19 | Cardiovascular Diseases/drug therapy/immunology/mortality/virology | Comorbidity | Coronavirus Infections/*drug therapy/immunology/mortality/virology | Diabetes Mellitus/drug therapy/immunology/mortality/virology | Drug Administration Schedule | Drug Combinations | Drug Therapy, Combination | Dyslipidemias/drug therapy/immunology/mortality/virology | Female | Hospitals, University | Humans | Hydroxychloroquine/*therapeutic use | Intensive Care Units | Interferons/*therapeutic use | Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data | Lopinavir/*therapeutic use | Male | Methylprednisolone/*therapeutic use | Middle Aged | Neoplasms/drug therapy/immunology/mortality/virology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*drug therapy/immunology/mortality/virology | Retrospective Studies | Ritonavir/*therapeutic use | SARS-CoV-2 | Survival Analysis | *covid-19 | *mortality | *steroids L1 - internal-pdf://0014983298/Fern֙ndez Cruz-2020-IMPACT OF GLUCOCORTICOID T.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Fernandez-Cruz, Ana | Ruiz-Antoran, Belen | Munoz-Gomez, Ana | Sancho-Lopez, Aranzazu | Mills-Sanchez, Patricia | Centeno-Soto, Gustavo Adolfo | Blanco-Alonso, Silvia | Javaloyes-Garachana, Laura | Galan-Gomez, Amy | Valencia-Alijo, Angela | Gomez-Irusta, Javier | Payares-Herrera, Concepcion | Morras-Torre, Ignacio | Sanchez-Chica, Enrique | Delgado-Tellez-de-Cepeda, Laura | Callejas-Diaz, Alejandro | Ramos-Martinez, Antonio | Munez-Rubio, Elena | Avendano-Sola, Cristina | eng | Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020 Aug 20;64(9). pii: AAC.01168-20. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01168-20. Print 2020 Aug 20. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Steroid use in COVID-19 patients with ARDS and/or a hyperinflammatory syndrome was associated with lower in-hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] and 95% CI: 0.51 [0.27,0.96]) and increased survival 30 days after treatment initiation (Figure). | Differences in steroid dosing (initial single dose regimen vs. steroid pulses [2-4 intermittent steroid infusions]) did not impact in-hospital mortality (aOR and 95% CI: 0.88 [0.45,1.73]). | Methods: Retrospective cohort study in Spain of 463 persons diagnosed with COVID-19 pneumonia, combined with ARDS and/or hyperinflammatory syndrome (396 receiving steroids; 67 controls). In-hospital mortality and survival probability assessed through multivariable logistic regression, with examination of impact of different doses on mortality. Limitations: Differences in baseline characteristics between treatment and control groups, short follow-up period, single center study. | Implications: This study and an earlier study presented in a previous Science Update by Fadel et al. (Early short course corticosteroids in hospitalized patients with COVID-19, CIDexternal icon) on the association of steroid use with decreased likelihood of ICU admission, ventilation and death contribute to evidence on the benefits of steroid use in COVID-19 patients with moderate to severe disease. Optimal steroid treatment timing, duration, and dosing still need to be determined, ideally through randomized clinical trials. SN - 1098-6596 (Electronic) | 0066-4804 (Linking) SP - 2020.05.22.20110544 ST - IMPACT OF GLUCOCORTICOID TREATMENT IN SARS-COV-2 INFECTION MORTALITY: A RETROSPECTIVE CONTROLLED COHORT STUDY T2 - medRxiv TI - IMPACT OF GLUCOCORTICOID TREATMENT IN SARS-COV-2 INFECTION MORTALITY: A RETROSPECTIVE CONTROLLED COHORT STUDY TT - Published article: A Retrospective Controlled Cohort Study of the Impact of Glucocorticoid Treatment in SARS-CoV-2 Infection Mortality UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2020/05/26/2020.05.22.20110544.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/05/26/2020.05.22.20110544.full.pdf VL - 64 ID - 1882 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVES: A hasty reopening has led to a resurgence of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the United States (US). We aimed to quantify the impact of several public health measures including non-medical mask-wearing, shelter-in-place, and detection of silent infections to help inform COVID-19 mitigation strategies. METHODS: We extended a previously established agent-based disease transmission model and parameterized it with estimates of COVID-19 characteristics and US population demographics. We implemented non-medical mask-wearing, shelter-in-place, and case isolation as control measures, and quantified their impact on reducing the attack rate and adverse clinical outcomes. RESULTS: We found that non-medical mask-wearing by 75% of the population reduced infections, hospitalizations, and deaths by 37.7% (interquartile range (IQR): 36.1-39.4%), 44.2% (IQR: 42.9-45.8%), and 47.2% (IQR: 45.5-48.7%), respectively, in the absence of a shelter-in-place strategy. Sheltering individuals aged 50 to 64 years of age was the most efficient strategy, decreasing attack rate, hospitalizations, and deaths by over 82% when combined with mask-wearing. Outbreak control was achieved in the simulated scenarios and the attack rate was reduced to below 1% when at least 33% of silent pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic infections were identified and isolated. CONCLUSIONS: Mask-wearing, even with the use of non-medical masks, has a substantial impact on outbreak control. A judicious implementation of shelter-in-place strategies remains an important public health intervention amid ongoing outbreaks. AD - Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8 Canada. Electronic address: kevink.zhang@mail.utoronto.ca. | Institute of Mathematics, Statistics and Scientific Computing, University of Campinas, Campinas SP, Brazil. | Agent-Based Modelling Laboratory, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3 Canada. | Center for Infectious Disease Modeling and Analysis (CIDMA), Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA. AN - 33039614 AU - Zhang, K. | Vilches, T. N. | Tariq, M. | Galvani, A. P. | Moghadas, S. M. C1 - 2020-10-23 C2 - Modeling and Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102320_covidupdate.html DA - Dec DO - 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.10.002 ET - 2020/10/12 KW - COVID-19/*epidemiology/*prevention & control/therapy/virology | Disease Outbreaks | *Emergency Shelter | Hospitalization | Humans | Incidence | *Masks | Pandemics/prevention & control | Public Health | SARS-CoV-2/physiology | United States/epidemiology | Covid-19 | Isolation | Mask-wearing | Shelter-in-place L1 - internal-pdf://2746090880/Zhang-2020-The impact of mask-wearing and shel.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Zhang, Kevin; Vilches, Thomas N; Tariq, Mehreen; Galvani, Alison P; Moghadas, Seyed M; eng; Canada; Int J Infect Dis. 2020 Dec;101:334-341. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.10.002. Epub 2020 Oct 9. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Face mask-wearing by 75% of the US population, in absence of other control measures, flattened the projected incidence curve and reduced: | Infections by 37% (IQR 36.1%�?9.4%) (Figure 1). | Hospitalizations by 44.2% (IQR 42.9%�?5.8%) (Figure 2). | Deaths by 47.2% (IQR 45.5%�?8.7%) (Figure 2). | The combination of face mask-wearing and targeted shelter-in-place for those aged 50�?4 was the most efficient strategy, decreasing attack rate, hospitalizations, and deaths by over 82%. | Identifying at least 33% of pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic infections can achieve epidemic control when there is 75% face mask-wearing and implementation of targeted shelter-in-place. | Methods: Transmission model to look at effects of face mask wearing, shelter-in-place, and case isolation on the SARS-CoV-2 attack rate and outcomes in the US. Limitations: Assumption of 20% mask efficacy may be conservative; limited sensitivity analyses; population immunity assumption of 5% may not reflect waning immunity. | Implications: Face mask-wearing alone, even non-medical grade masks, could have a substantial impact on outbreak control. When combined with targeted shelter-in-place recommendations and with testing and contact tracing efforts, epidemic control could be achievable. SN - 1878-3511 (Electronic); 1201-9712 (Linking) SP - 334-341 ST - The impact of mask-wearing and shelter-in-place on COVID-19 outbreaks in the United States T2 - Int J Infect Dis TI - The impact of mask-wearing and shelter-in-place on COVID-19 outbreaks in the United States UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33039614 VL - 101 ID - 1108 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Excess death estimates quantify the full impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Widely reported U.S. excess death estimates have not accounted for recent population changes, especially increases in the population older than 65 years. OBJECTIVE: To estimate excess deaths in the United States in 2020, after accounting for population changes. DESIGN: Surveillance study. SETTING: United States, March to August 2020. PARTICIPANTS: All decedents. MEASUREMENTS: Age-specific excess deaths in the United States from 1 March to 31 August 2020 compared with 2015 to 2019 were estimated, after changes in population size and age were taken into account, by using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention provisional death data and U.S. Census Bureau population estimates. Cause-specific excess deaths were estimated by month and age. RESULTS: From March through August 2020, 1 671 400 deaths were registered in the United States, including 173 300 COVID-19 deaths. An average of 1 370 000 deaths were reported over the same months during 2015 to 2019, for a crude excess of 301 400 deaths (128 100 non-COVID-19 deaths). However, the 2020 U.S. population includes 5.04 million more persons aged 65 years and older than the average population in 2015 to 2019 (a 10% increase). After population changes were taken into account, an estimated 217 900 excess deaths occurred from March through August 2020 (173 300 COVID-19 and 44 600 non-COVID-19 deaths). Most excess non-COVID-19 deaths occurred in April, July, and August, and 34 900 (78%) were in persons aged 25 to 64 years. Diabetes, Alzheimer disease, and heart disease caused the most non-COVID-19 excess deaths. LIMITATION: Provisional death data are underestimated because of reporting delays. CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in an estimated 218 000 excess deaths in the United States between March and August 2020, and 80% of those deaths had COVID-19 as the underlying cause. Accounting for population changes substantially reduced the excess non-COVID-19 death estimates, providing important information for guiding future clinical and public health interventions. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: National Cancer Institute. AD - National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland (M.S.S., J.S.A., M.G., P.S.A., N.D.F., A.B.D.). AN - 33316174 AU - Shiels, M. S. | Almeida, J. S. | Garcia-Closas, M. | Albert, P. S. | Freedman, N. D. | de Gonzalez, A. B. C1 - 2020-12-22 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/122220_covidupdate.html DA - Apr DO - 10.7326/M20-7385 DP - NLM ET - 2020/12/15 IS - 4 KW - Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | *Aging | COVID-19/*mortality | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Mortality/*trends | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*mortality/virology | *Population Growth | Population Surveillance | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://0235425453/Shiels-2021-Impact of Population Growth and Ag.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | N1 - Shiels, Meredith S; Almeida, Jonas S; Garcia-Closas, Montserrat; Albert, Paul S; Freedman, Neal D; de Gonzalez, Amy Berrington; eng; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural; Ann Intern Med. 2021 Apr;174(4):437-443. doi: 10.7326/M20-7385. Epub 2020 Dec 15. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; There were 1,671,400 US deaths from March to August 2020, compared with an average 1,370,000 deaths reported during the same months from 2015-2019. | Of these crude excess 301,400 deaths, 173,300 (57%) were related to COVID-19. | After adjusting for changes in population structure, there were an estimated 217,900 excess deaths from March through August 2020, with 173,300 (80%) related to COVID-19 (Figure). | Diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, and heart disease caused the most non-COVID-19 excess deaths. | Methods: Age-specific excess deaths in the US from March through August 2020 compared with 2015 to 2019 were estimated, accounting for changes in population size and age, using provisional CDC data, Underlying Cause of Death data, and U.S. Census Bureau population estimatesexternal icon. Expected deaths were the number of deaths that would have occurred in 2020 if age-specific death rates were the same as in 2015 to 2019. Limitations: Provisional data are incomplete due to reporting lags, and excess deaths are likely underestimates. | Implications for both studies (Faust et al. & Shiels et al.): After age adjustment, the majority of overall excess deaths in the U.S. in 2020 are related to COVID-19, which has impacted younger age groups as well. SN - 1539-3704 (Electronic); 0003-4819 (Linking) SP - 437-443 ST - Impact of Population Growth and Aging on Estimates of Excess U.S. Deaths During the COVID-19 Pandemic, March to August 2020 T2 - Ann Intern Med TI - Impact of Population Growth and Aging on Estimates of Excess U.S. Deaths During the COVID-19 Pandemic, March to August 2020 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33316174 VL - 174 ID - 1377 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Waning serum antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 have sparked discussions about long-term immunity and need for vaccine boosters. We examined SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG antibodies in a longitudinal cohort, comparing antibody decay in individuals who received an mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, with and without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. We completed a longitudinal cohort of healthcare workers (HWs) between June 2020 and September 2021. HWs were included if they had a serum sample collected after SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or a serum sample collected �?14 days after second dose of an mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Linear regression models adjusting for vaccine type, age, and sex were used to compare post-vaccination antibody levels between 1) HWs with and without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and 2) HWs with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection �?90 days and > 90 days prior to first vaccine. Serum was collected from 98 HWs after SARS-CoV-2 infection and before vaccine, and 1960 HWs �?14 days following second vaccine dose. Serum spike antibody levels were higher after vaccination than after natural infection. Compared to SARS-CoV-2 naïve individuals, those with prior infection maintained higher post-vaccination mean spike IgG values at 1, 3, and 6 months, after adjusting for age, sex, and vaccine type. Individuals with PCR-confirmed infection > 90 days before vaccination had higher post-vaccination antibody levels than individuals infected �?90 days before vaccination. Individuals with three exposures to spike protein maintain the highest antibody levels particularly when first and second exposures were greater than 90 days apart. A booster dose provides a third exposure and may similarly induce a more durable antibody response.Competing Interest StatementA.M. reports grant support from Merck for work unrelated to this study. Other authors report no conflicts.Funding StatementResearch reported in this publication was supported in part by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) under award number K24AI141580 (A.M.) and the generosity of the collective community of donors to the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Johns Hopkins Health System for Covid-19 research. Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Ethical approval was obtained from the Johns Hopkins University Institutional Review Board.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData are being analyzed as part of an ongoing cohort study. Data will be made available by request at the completion of the cohort study. AU - Zhong, Diana | Xiao, Shaoming | Debes, Amanda K. | Egbert, Emily R. | Caturegli, Patrizio | Colantuoni, Elizabeth | Milstone, Aaron M. C1 - 2021-10-01 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10012021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1101/2021.09.16.21263576 L1 - internal-pdf://0058021090/Zhong-2021-Impact of prior SARS-CoV-2 infectio.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: From June–September 2021, healthcare workers (HCWs) who received 2 doses of an mRNA vaccine (n = 1,960) had higher serum spike IgG antibody levels than HCWs with natural infection (n = 98). Serum IgG antibody values were 14%, 19%, and 56% higher for those infected with SARS-CoV-2 prior to vaccination (n = 73) than naïve HCWs (n = 1,887) at 1, 3, and 6 months after vaccination, respectively. HCWs infected >90 days before vaccination (n = 32) had 10% higher IgG levels than those infected < 90 days before vaccination (n = 41). SP - 2021.09.16.21263576 ST - Impact of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection on post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG antibodies in a longitudinal cohort of healthcare workers T2 - medRxiv TI - Impact of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection on post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG antibodies in a longitudinal cohort of healthcare workers UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/09/22/2021.09.16.21263576.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/09/22/2021.09.16.21263576.full.pdf ID - 2408 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Recent serological investigations imply waning immune responses following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, but prior infection may impact the breadth and duration of vaccine immune responses.Methods Using longitudinally collected blood samples from the COMMUNITY study, we determined binding (WHO BAU/ml) and neutralizing antibody titers against ten SARS-CoV-2 variants over seven months following BNT162b2 in healthcare workers with (n=111) and without (n=298) confirmed prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. A smaller group with (n=47) and without (n=61) confirmed prior SARS-CoV-2 infection receiving ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 was followed for three months.Results Vaccination (BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) following SARS-CoV-2 infection resulted in higher wild-type BAU/ml geometric mean titers (GMTs) at all sampling time points when compared to SARS-CoV-2 naïve vaccinees (all p<0.001). GMTs were 1875 BAU/ml in convalescent and 981 BAU/ml in naïve BNT162b2 vaccinees 6 weeks post vaccination. 29 weeks post vaccination, GMTs had decreased to 524 BAU/ml in convalescent and 148 BAU/ml in naïve vaccinees. GMT differences between convalescents and naïve following ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 mirrored those after BNT162b2, but the titers were 4.5-fold lower following ChAdOx1 ncov-19 as compared to those after BNT162b2 (p<0.001). Finally, at all time points, neutralizing antibody titers against all ten tested SARS-CoV-2 variants were at least 2 respectively 3-fold higher in SARS-CoV-2 recovered as compared to naïve vaccinees following BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, respectively (all p<0.001).Conclusions These findings of substantially more robust serological responses to vaccine after natural infection imply that prior infection may be taken into consideration when planning booster doses and design of current and future SARS-CoV-2 vaccine programs.Competing Interest StatementSoH has participated on AstraZeneca COVID-19 SCG Virtual Advisory Board. Otherwise, the authors declare no competing interests.Funding StatementThis work was funded by Jonas & Christina af Jochnick foundation; Lundblad family foundation; Region Stockholm; Knut and Alice Wallenberg foundation; Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab); Erling-Persson family foundation; CIMED and the Swedish Research Council. The funders above had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The study is approved by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (dnr 2020-01653) and written informed consent was obtained from all study participants.I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThe anonymized datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available fr m the corresponding author on reasonable request. AU - Havervall, Sebastian | Marking, Ulrika | Greilert-Norin, Nina | Gordon, Max | Ng, Henry | Christ, Wanda | Blom, Kim | Phillipson, Mia | Nilsson, Peter | Hober, Sophia | Klingström, Jonas | Mangsbo, Sara | Åberg, Mikael | Thålin, Charlotte C1 - 2021-10-29 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10292021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1101/2021.10.16.21264948 L1 - internal-pdf://2100225546/2021.10.16.21264948v1.full.pdf LB - Natural History | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 517 healthcare workers in Sweden (April 2020–July 2021), vaccination (BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1) of persons with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection resulted in higher neutralizing antibodies for at least 3�? months compared with SARS-CoV-2 naïve vaccinees (all timepoints p<0.001). Neutralizing antibodies against variants of concern (e.g., Alpha [B.1.1.7], Delta [B.1.617.2]) were 2- to 3-fold higher in vaccinees with prior SARS-COV-2 infection compared to naïve vaccinees. SP - 2021.10.16.21264948 ST - Impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on longitudinal vaccine immune responses T2 - medRxiv TI - Impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on longitudinal vaccine immune responses UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/10/19/2021.10.16.21264948.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.10.16.21264948v1 ID - 2557 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Christian Hospital and Northwest Healthcare, St. Louis, MO. Electronic address: Kathleen.mcmullen@bjc.org. | Mount Sinai Morningside, New York City, NY. | St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO. AN - 32621857 AU - McMullen, K. M. | Smith, B. A. | Rebmann, T. C1 - 2020-07-14 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071420_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.06.209 ET - 2020/07/06 IS - 11 KW - Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/transmission/virology | Cross Infection/*epidemiology/transmission/virology | Disease Transmission, Infectious/*statistics & numerical data | Female | Hospitals/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/transmission/virology | SARS-CoV-2 | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://1534416392/McMullen-2020-Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on hospital.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - McMullen, Kathleen M; Smith, Barbara A; Rebmann, Terri; eng; Am J Infect Control. 2020 Nov;48(11):1409-1411. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.06.209. Epub 2020 Jul 2. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Reviews the impact of waived reporting requirements for healthcare-associated infections through June 2020 by describing observed increases in central line-associated blood stream infections, catheter-associated urinary tract infections, surgical site infections, and Clostridioides difficile infections in hospitals in New York City, NY and St. Louis, MO. SN - 1527-3296 (Electronic); 0196-6553 (Linking) SP - 1409-1411 ST - Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on hospital acquired infection rates in the United States: Predictions and early results T2 - Am J Infect Control TI - Impact of SARS-CoV-2 on hospital acquired infection rates in the United States: Predictions and early results UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32621857 VL - 48 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 529 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Pre-Delta, vaccination reduced transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from individuals infected despite vaccination, potentially via reducing viral loads. While vaccination still lowers the risk of infection, similar viral loads in vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals infected with Delta question how much vaccination prevents onward transmission.Methods We performed a retrospective observational cohort study of contacts of SARS-CoV-2-infected index cases using contact testing data from England. We used multivariable logistic regression to investigate the impact of index case and contact vaccination on transmission, and how this varies with Alpha and Delta variants (classified using S-gene detection/calendar trends) and time since second vaccination.Results 51,798/139,164(37.2%) contacts tested were PCR-positive. Two doses of BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 vaccines in Alpha variant index cases independently reduced PCR-positivity in contacts (aOR, adjusted odds ratio vs. unvaccinated=0.18[95%CI 0.12-0.29] and 0.37[0.22-0.63] respectively). The Delta variant attenuated vaccine-associated reductions in transmission: two BNT162b2 doses reduced Delta transmission (aOR=0.35[0.26-0.48]), more than ChAdOx1 (aOR=0.64[0.57-0.72]; heterogeneity p<0.001). Variation in viral load (Ct values) explained only a modest proportion of vaccine-associated transmission reductions. Transmission reductions declined over time since second vaccination, for Delta reaching similar levels to unvaccinated individuals by 12 weeks for ChAdOx1 and attenuating substantially for BNT162b2. Protection from vaccination in contacts also declined in the 3 months after second vaccination.Conclusions Vaccination reduces transmission of Delta, but by less than the Alpha variant. The impact of vaccination decreased over time. Factors other than PCR-measured viral load are important in vaccine-associated transmission reductions. Booster vaccinations may help control transmission together with preventing infections.Competing Interest StatementDWE declares lecture fees from Gilead outside the submitted work. No other author has a conflict of interest to declare.Funding StatementThis study was funded by the UK Government's Department of Health and Social Care. This work was supported by the National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at Oxford University in partnership with Public Health England (PHE) (NIHR200915), and the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the National Institute for Health Research, the Department of Health or Public Health England. DWE is a Robertson Foundation Fellow and an NIHR Oxford BRC Senior Fellow. ASW is an NIHR Senior Investigator.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The study was performed as public health surveillance and NHS Test and Trace program quality assurance, under Section 251 of the NHS Act 2006 with approvals from Public Health England (PHE), the Department of Health and Social Care and NHS Test and Trace. PHE's Research Ethics and Governance Group (PHE's Research Ethics Committee) reviewed the study protocol and confirmed compliance with all regulatory requirements. As no regulatory or ethical issues were identified, it was agreed that full ethical review was not needed, and the protocol was approved.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and th trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesApplications to use the data in this study can be made to NHS Digital's Data Access Request Service, please see https://digital.nhs.uk/services/data-access-request-service-dars for more details. AU - Eyre, David W. | Taylor, Donald | Purver, Mark | Chapman, David | Fowler, Tom | Pouwels, Koen B. | Walker, A. Sarah | Peto, Tim E. A. C1 - 2021-10-08 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10082021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1101/2021.09.28.21264260 L1 - internal-pdf://3649572438/Eyre-2021-The impact of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In a cohort study in England (January–July 2021), 2 doses of ChAdOx1 or BNT162b2 vaccine among SARS-CoV-2 infected persons (index cases, n = 95,716) or their contacts (n = 139,164) reduced transmission of the infection. Both vaccines were more effective against the Alpha than the Delta variant; however, the odds of reducing transmission of Delta was greater for BNT162b2 (aOR 0.35, 95% CI 0.26-0.48) than for ChAdOx1 (aOR 0.64, 95% CI 0.57-0.72). After 12 weeks, vaccine protection declined to levels similar to unvaccinated persons for ChAdOx1, and was attenuated for BNT162b2. SP - 2021.09.28.21264260 ST - The impact of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination on Alpha & Delta variant transmission T2 - medRxiv TI - The impact of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination on Alpha & Delta variant transmission UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/09/29/2021.09.28.21264260.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/09/29/2021.09.28.21264260.full.pdf ID - 2446 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) frequently require mechanical ventilation and have high mortality rates, but the impact of viral burden on these outcomes is unknown. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 from March 30 to April 30, 2020 at two hospitals in New York City. SARS-CoV-2 viral load was assessed using cycle threshold (Ct) values from a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay applied to nasopharyngeal swab samples. We compared patient characteristics and outcomes among patients with high, medium, and low admission viral loads and assessed whether viral load was independently associated with risk of intubation and in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: We evaluated 678 patients with COVID-19. Higher viral load was associated with increased age, comorbidities, smoking status, and recent chemotherapy. In-hospital mortality was 35.0% with a high viral load (Ct<25; n=220), 17.6% with a medium viral load (Ct 25-30; n=216), and 6.2% with a low viral load (Ct>30; n=242; P<0.001). The risk of intubation was also higher in patients with a high viral load (29.1%), compared to those with a medium (20.8%) or low viral load (14.9%; P<0.001). High viral load was independently associated with mortality (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 6.05; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.92-12.52; P<0.001) and intubation (aOR 2.73; 95% CI: 1.68-4.44; P<0.001) in multivariate models. CONCLUSIONS: Admission SARS-CoV-2 viral load among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 independently correlates with the risk of intubation and in-hospital mortality. Providing this information to clinicians could potentially be used to guide patient care. AD - NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY. | Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY. | Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY. | Department of Emergency Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY. AN - 32603425 AU - Magleby, R. | Westblade, L. F. | Trzebucki, A. | Simon, M. S. | Rajan, M. | Park, J. | Goyal, P. | Safford, M. M. | Satlin, M. J. C1 - 2020-07-10 C2 - Baseline Viral Load and Clinical Outcomes CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071020_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 30 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa851 DP - NLM ET - 2020/07/01 KW - Coronavirus Disease 2019 | Hospitalized Patients | Outcomes | SARS-CoV-2 | Viral load L1 - internal-pdf://3196064840/Magleby-2020-Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load o.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Magleby, Reed; Westblade, Lars F; Trzebucki, Alex; Simon, Matthew S; Rajan, Mangala; Park, Joel; Goyal, Parag; Safford, Monika M; Satlin, Michael J; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Jun 30. pii: 5865363. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa851. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Compared with having low viral load at admission, high viral load was independently associated with: | In-hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 6.05; 95% CI: 2.92-12.52). | Intubation and mechanical ventilation (aOR 2.73; 95% CI: 1.68-4.44) (Figure). | Methods: Retrospective cohort study of 678 COVID-19 patients. SARS-CoV-2 viral load determined by Ct values from RT-PCR testing of NP swab at admission and categorized as high (Ct<25; n=220), medium (Ct 25-30; n=216), and low (Ct>30; n=242). Logistic regression adjusted for age, race, comorbidities, and clinical characteristics to examine the association of baseline viral load with in-hospital mortality and intubation. Limitations: Single NP swab at admission; retrospective data collection; only in-hospital mortality captured. | Implications for 2 studies (Magleby et al & Zacharioudakis et al): SARS-CoV-2 viral load (reported as Ct values) may be a clinical marker to identify patients at high risk for adverse outcomes. Antiviral treatments that decrease viral load by inhibiting viral replication could improve outcomes. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) ST - Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load on Risk of Intubation and Mortality Among Hospitalized Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load on Risk of Intubation and Mortality Among Hospitalized Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32603425 ID - 510 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is leading to social (physical) distancing policies worldwide, including in the USA. Some of the first actions taken by governments are the closing of schools. The evidence that mandatory school closures reduce the number of cases and, ultimately, mortality comes from experience with influenza or from models that do not include the effect of school closure on the health-care labour force. The potential benefits from school closures need to be weighed against costs of health-care worker absenteeism associated with additional child-care obligations. In this study, we aimed to measure child-care obligations for US health-care workers arising from school closures when these are used as a social distancing measure. We then assessed how important the contribution of health-care workers would have to be in reducing mortality for their absenteeism due to child-care obligations to undo the benefits of school closures in reducing the number of cases. METHODS: For this modelling analysis, we used data from the monthly releases of the US Current Population Survey to characterise the family structure and probable within-household child-care options of US health-care workers. We accounted for the occupation within the health-care sector, state, and household structure to identify the segments of the health-care workforce that are most exposed to child-care obligations from school closures. We used these estimates to identify the critical level at which the importance of health-care labour supply in increasing the survival probability of a patient with COVID-19 would undo the benefits of school closures and ultimately increase cumulative mortality. FINDINGS: Between January, 2018, and January, 2020, the US Current Population Survey included information on more than 3.1 million individuals across 1.3 million households. We found that the US health-care sector has some of the highest child-care obligations in the USA, with 28.8% (95% CI 28.5-29.1) of the health-care workforce needing to provide care for children aged 3-12 years. Assuming non-working adults or a sibling aged 13 years or older can provide child care, 15.0% (14.8-15.2) of the health-care workforce would still be in need of child care during a school closure. We observed substantial variation within the health-care system. We estimated that, combined with reasonable parameters for COVID-19 such as a 15.0% case reduction from school closings and 2.0% baseline mortality rate, a 15.0% decrease in the health-care labour force would need to decrease the survival probability per percent health-care worker lost by 17.6% for a school closure to increase cumulative mortality. Our model estimates that if the infection mortality rate of COVID-19 increases from 2.00% to 2.35% when the health-care workforce declines by 15.0%, school closures could lead to a greater number of deaths than they prevent. INTERPRETATION: School closures come with many trade-offs, and can create unintended child-care obligations. Our results suggest that the potential contagion prevention from school closures needs to be carefully weighted with the potential loss of health-care workers from the standpoint of reducing cumulative mortality due to COVID-19, in the absence of mitigating measures. FUNDING: None. AD - Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA. | School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. Electronic address: eli.fenichel@yale.edu. AN - 32251626 AU - Bayham, J. | Fenichel, E. P. C1 - 2020-04-14 C2 - Modeling CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/041420_covidupdate.html DA - May DO - 10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30082-7 DP - NLM ET - 2020/04/07 IS - 5 KW - *Absenteeism | Covid-19 | Child | Child Care | Coronavirus Infections/*mortality/*prevention & control | Health Workforce/*organization & administration | Humans | Models, Theoretical | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*mortality/*prevention & control | Schools/*organization & administration | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://0378224184/Bayham-2020-Impact of school closures for COVI.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Bayham, Jude; Fenichel, Eli P; eng; England; Lancet Public Health. 2020 May;5(5):e271-e278. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30082-7. Epub 2020 Apr 3. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 15% of US healthcare workers (HCWs) have unmet childcare needs due to school closures (Figure 1); Certain specialties (e.g., nurse practitioners, physician’s assistants, and diagnostic technologists/technicians) have greatest unmet childcare needs. | Modelers predicted that school closures might increase net COVID-19 mortality if mortality rates increase from 2% to 2.3% and HCW with unmet childcare needs cannot go to work (Figure 2). | Methods: Mathematical model to explore how school closures and associated childcare burden could affect national COVID-19 net mortality. Assumptions: Model assumed childcare remains available for children 0�? years. Limitations: Mortality estimates were based on limited empirical evidence; relatively small adjustments in parameters might lead to different conclusions. | Implications: Offering childcare resources for HCWs might help offset potential negative effects of school closures (e.g., mortality), particularly in states with greatest HCW childcare needs. SN - 2468-2667 (Electronic) SP - e271-e278 ST - Impact of school closures for COVID-19 on the US health-care workforce and net mortality: a modelling study T2 - Lancet Public Health TI - Impact of school closures for COVID-19 on the US health-care workforce and net mortality: a modelling study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32251626 VL - 5 ID - 36 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The role that traditional and hybrid in-person schooling modes contribute to the community incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections relative to fully remote schooling is unknown. We conducted an event study using a retrospective nationwide cohort evaluating the effect of school mode on SARS-CoV-2 cases during the 12 weeks after school opening (July–September 2020, before the Delta variant was predominant), stratified by US Census region. After controlling for case rate trends before school start, state-level mitigation measures and community activity level, SARS-CoV-2 incidence rates were not statistically different in counties with in-person learning versus remote school modes in most regions of the United States. In the South, there was a significant and sustained increase in cases per week among counties that opened in a hybrid or traditional mode versus remote, with weekly effects ranging from 9.8 (95% confidence interval (CI)�?�?.7�?6.1) to 21.3 (95% CI�?�?.9�?2.7) additional cases per 100,000 persons, driven by increasing cases among 0�? year olds and adults. Schools can reopen for in-person learning without substantially increasing community case rates of SARS-CoV-2; however, the impacts are variable. Additional studies are needed to elucidate the underlying reasons for the observed regional differences more fully. AD - Systems Science and Industrial Engineering Department, Binghamton University, State University of New York, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA. | Brown University Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs, Providence, RI, USA. | Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston, MA, USA. | VA Boston Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research (CHOIR), Boston, MA, USA. | Department of Pharmacotherapy, University of Utah College of Pharmacy, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. | Matheson Center for Health Care Studies, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. | Center for Access & Delivery Research and Evaluation, Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA. | Carver College of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA. | IDEAS Center, Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. | Division of Epidemiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. | VA Boston Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research (CHOIR), Boston, MA, USA. westyn.branch-elliman@va.gov. | VA Boston Healthcare System, Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston, MA, USA. westyn.branch-elliman@va.gov. | Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. westyn.branch-elliman@va.gov. AN - 34707317 AU - Ertem, Zeynep | Schechter-Perkins, Elissa M. | Oster, Emily | van den Berg, Polly | Epshtein, Isabella | Chaiyakunapruk, Nathorn | Wilson, Fernando A. | Perencevich, Eli | Pettey, Warren B. P. | Branch-Elliman, Westyn | Nelson, Richard E. C1 - 2021-11-05 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/11052021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - 2021/10/27 DO - 10.1038/s41591-021-01563-8 ET - 2021/10/29 L1 - internal-pdf://0562263838/Ertem-2021-The impact of school opening model.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Ertem, Zeynep | Schechter-Perkins, Elissa M | Oster, Emily | van den Berg, Polly | Epshtein, Isabella | Chaiyakunapruk, Nathorn | Wilson, Fernando A | Perencevich, Eli | Pettey, Warren B P | Branch-Elliman, Westyn | Nelson, Richard E | eng | 1K12HL138049-01/U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) | Nat Med. 2021 Oct 27. pii: 10.1038/s41591-021-01563-8. doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01563-8. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In the U.S. Midwest and Northeast regions, county-level incidence of SARS-CoV-2 did not vary with school mode (virtual, hybrid, or traditional) based on data from 895 school districts in 459 counties in the pre-Delta period (July–December 2020). In the South, weekly cases increased in counties with hybrid or traditional learning compared with virtual (9.8 to 21.3 additional cases per 100,000 persons); in the West, higher cases were found in hybrid models. SN - 1546-170X ST - The impact of school opening model on SARS-CoV-2 community incidence and mortality T2 - Nat Med TI - The impact of school opening model on SARS-CoV-2 community incidence and mortality UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01563-8 | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-021-01563-8.pdf ID - 2581 ER - TY - JOUR AB - This retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted in four community hospitals in Los Angeles County, California. The assumption of this study was, coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) contributed to the increase in healthcare workers compliance with infection prevention measures. IP initiatives fostered among HCWs have increased awareness of effective hand washing, cleaning equipment after use and appropriate personal protective equipment use which has subsequently decreased healthcare acquired infections with multidrug-resistant organisms. AD - Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Avanti Hospitals, El Segundo, CA. Electronic address: Jennifercoleip@gmail.com. | Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA. AN - 33011335 AU - Cole, J. | Barnard, E. C1 - 2020-10-16 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/101620_covidupdate.html DA - May DO - 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.09.013 ET - 2020/10/05 IS - 5 KW - Adult | COVID-19/epidemiology/*prevention & control/transmission | Cross-Sectional Studies | Disease Transmission, Infectious/*prevention & control | Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial | Female | Guideline Adherence/*statistics & numerical data | *Hand Disinfection | Health Personnel/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | *Infection Control/methods/statistics & numerical data | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics/prevention & control | *Personal Protective Equipment | *Practice Guidelines as Topic | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 | Universal Precautions | *covid-19 | *Hand washing L1 - internal-pdf://0387030128/Cole-2021-The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Cole, Jennifer; Barnard, Emily; eng; Am J Infect Control. 2021 May;49(5):653-654. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.09.013. Epub 2020 Oct 2. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 25% increase in hand sanitizer and hand soap use among health care personnel in the second quarter (Q2) of 2020 compared to the first quarter (Q1). | 35% decrease in hospital-acquired multidrug resistant infection rates from 0.3/1,000 person-days in Q1 to 0.2/1,000 person-days in Q2, (p = 0.03); specifically: | 80% decrease in vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus. | 41% decrease in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. | 21% decrease in extended-spectrum beta-lactamase Enterobacteriaceae; Methods: Analysis of multidrug resistant infections diagnosed in hospital patients �? days following admission based on isolates from urine, blood, wound, and sputum specimens in four hospitals in Los Angeles County during the first six months of 2020. Limitations: demographics of patients and frequencies of type of specimens not included. | Implications: Increased awareness and use of basic infection control practices by health care providers, including effective hand hygiene, can reduce hospital-acquired and other healthcare-associated infections. SN - 1527-3296 (Electronic); 0196-6553 (Linking) SP - 653-654 ST - The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare acquired infections with multidrug resistant organisms T2 - Am J Infect Control TI - The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare acquired infections with multidrug resistant organisms UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33011335 VL - 49 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 1051 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Several vaccines are now clinically available under emergency use authorization in the United States and have demonstrated efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19. The impact of vaccines on asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection is largely unknown. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of consecutive, asymptomatic adult patients (n = 39,156) within a large United States healthcare system who underwent 48,333 pre-procedural SARS-CoV-2 molecular screening tests between December 17, 2020 and February 8, 2021. The primary exposure of interest was vaccination with at least one dose of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. The primary outcome was relative risk of a positive SARS-CoV-2 molecular test among those asymptomatic persons who had received at least one dose of vaccine, as compared to persons who had not received vaccine during the same time period. Relative risk was adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, patient residence relative to the hospital (local vs. non-local), healthcare system regions, and repeated screenings among patients using mixed effects log-binomial regression. RESULTS: Positive molecular tests in asymptomatic individuals were reported in 42 (1.4%) of 3,006 tests performed on vaccinated patients and 1,436 (3.2%) of 45,327 tests performed on unvaccinated patients (RR=0.44 95% CI: 0.33-0.60; p<.0001). Compared to unvaccinated patients, the risk of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection was lower among those >10 days after 1 st dose (RR=0.21; 95% CI: 0.12-0.37; p<.0001) and >0 days after 2 nd dose (RR=0.20; 95% CI: 0.09-0.44; p<.0001) in the adjusted analysis. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 vaccination with an mRNA-based vaccine showed a significant association with a reduced risk of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection as measured during pre-procedural molecular screening. The results of this study demonstrate the impact of the vaccines on reduction in asymptomatic infections supplementing the randomized trial results on symptomatic patients. AD - Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. | Department of Quality, Experience, and Affordability, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA. | Division of Health Care Delivery Research, Robert D. and Patricia E, Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA. | Division of Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. | Division of Preventive, Occupational Medicine, and Aerospace Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. | Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. AN - 33704435 AU - Tande, A. J. | Pollock, B. D. | Shah, N. D. | Farrugia, G. | Virk, A. | Swift, M. | Breeher, L. | Binnicker, M. | Berbari, E. F. C1 - 2021-03-26 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03262021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 10 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciab229 ET - 2021/03/12 KW - Asymptomatic | Covid-19 | SARS-CoV-2 | vaccination L1 - internal-pdf://0937778193/Tande-2021-Impact of the COVID-19 Vaccine on A.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Tande, Aaron J; Pollock, Benjamin D; Shah, Nilay D; Farrugia, Gianrico; Virk, Abinash; Swift, Melanie; Breeher, Laura; Binnicker, Matthew; Berbari, Elie F; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Mar 10. pii: 6167855. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab229. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Vaccinated persons had a 65% reduction in risk for asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection during a pre-procedure screening compared to unvaccinated patients (adjusted relative risk [aRR] = 0.35, 95% CI 0.26-0.47). | Vaccinated persons had an 80% reduction in risk for asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection after either (1) testing >10 days post first dose (aRR = 0.21, 95% CI 0.12-0.37) or (2) testing after 2 doses (aRR = 0.20, 95% CI 0.09-0.44) of mRNA vaccine, compared to unvaccinated persons. | Methods: Retrospective cohort study of consecutive, adult patients (N = 39,156) asymptomatic for COVID-19 within a large US healthcare system who underwent pre-procedural SARS-CoV-2 screening between December 17, 2020, and February 8, 2021. Primary exposure was vaccination with at least one dose of Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna vaccine prior to screening (median time from first dose to screening = 16 days). Adjusted relative risk (aRR) of positive SARS-CoV-2 molecular test was calculated adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and patient residence in Health Referral Region (local vs. non-local). Limitations: Unmeasured confounding among vaccinated individuals; generalizability may be limited as study participants were largely non-Hispanic white and <65 years; no longitudinal follow-up on symptom status post-procedure. | Implications: This study provides real-world evidence of a decrease in asymptomatic infection after vaccination with a mRNA vaccine and should be considered in developing post-vaccination policy recommendations. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) ST - Impact of the COVID-19 Vaccine on Asymptomatic Infection Among Patients Undergoing Pre-Procedural COVID-19 Molecular Screening T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Impact of the COVID-19 Vaccine on Asymptomatic Infection Among Patients Undergoing Pre-Procedural COVID-19 Molecular Screening UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33704435 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1620 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: With a unique influenza season occurring in the midst of a pandemic, there is interest in assessing the role of the influenza vaccine in COVID-19 susceptibility and severity. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, patients receiving a laboratory test for COVID-19 were identified. The primary outcome was comparison of positive COVID-19 testing in those who received the influenza vaccine versus those who did not. Secondary end points in patients testing positive for COVID-19 included mortality, need for hospitalization, length of stay, need for intensive care, and mechanical ventilation. RESULTS: A total of 27,201 patients received laboratory testing for COVID-19. The odds of testing positive for COVID-19 was reduced in patients who received an influenza vaccine compared to those who did not (odds ratio 0.76, 95% CI 0.68-0.86; P < .001). Vaccinated patients testing positive for COVID-19 were less likely to require hospitalization (odds ratio, 0.58, 95% CI 0.46-0.73; P < .001), or mechanical ventilation (odds ratio, 0.45, 95% CI 0.27-0.78; P = .004) and had a shorter hospital length of stay (risk ratio, 0.76, 95% CI 0.65-0.89; P < .001). CONCLUSION: Influenza vaccination is associated with decreased positive COVID-19 testing and improved clinical outcomes and should be promoted to reduce the burden of COVID-19. AD - University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI. | Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI. Electronic address: acarmel@med.umich.edu. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Infection Prevention and Epidemiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI. | Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI. AN - 33631305 AU - Conlon, A. | Ashur, C. | Washer, L. | Eagle, K. A. | Hofmann Bowman, M. A. C1 - 2021-04-02 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04022021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 22 DO - 10.1016/j.ajic.2021.02.012 ET - 2021/02/26 IS - 6 KW - Covid-19 | Influenza vaccination L1 - internal-pdf://2659956991/Conlon-2021-Impact of the influenza vaccine on.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Conlon, Anna; Ashur, Carmel; Washer, Laraine; Eagle, Kim A; Hofmann Bowman, Marion A; eng; Am J Infect Control. 2021 Feb 22. pii: S0196-6553(21)00089-4. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2021.02.012. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Influenza vaccination, in this study within the Michigan Medicine healthcare system, was associated with reduced odds of testing positive for COVID-19 (aOR = 0.76, 95% CI 0.68-0.86) and improved clinical outcomes. (Figure). SN - 1527-3296 (Electronic); 0196-6553 (Linking) SP - 694-700 ST - Impact of the influenza vaccine on COVID-19 infection rates and severity T2 - Am J Infect Control TI - Impact of the influenza vaccine on COVID-19 infection rates and severity UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33631305 VL - 49 ID - 1623 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Harris, Ross J | Hall, Jennifer A | Zaidi, Asad | Andrews, Nick J | Dunbar, J Kevin | Dabrera, Gavin C1 - 2021-05-07 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05072021_covidupdate.html L1 - internal-pdf://0422447325/Impact of vaccination on household transmissio.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Likelihood of household (HH) transmission was 40-50% lower for HHs in which the index case was vaccinated �?1 days prior to a positive SARS-CoV-2 test compared with HHs with an unvaccinated index case. | Effects were similar for Oxford-AstraZeneca (adjusted OR [aOR] = 0.53, 95% CI 0.43-0.63) and Pfizer-BioNTech (aOR = 0.51, 95% CI 0.44-0.59) vaccines. | Methods: The cohort included 365,447 households with a laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 case �?6 years of age diagnosed January 4, 2021 through February 29, 2021. Contacts (n = 1,018,842) were followed up for 14 days. Secondary cases were identified from the same HH as index cases based on a positive SARS-CoV-2 test 2�?4 days after the index case was diagnosed. Limitations: Asymptomatic cases were not identified; some secondary cases may have been co-index cases. | Implications: Real-world data from a cross-section of the population show receipt of at least 1 dose of either the Oxford-AstraZeneca or Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine reduces risk of SARS-CoV-2 household transmission. ST - Impact of vaccination on household transmission of SARS-COV-2 in England T2 - Preprints TI - Impact of vaccination on household transmission of SARS-COV-2 in England TT - Published article: Effect of Vaccination on Household Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in England UR - https://khub.net/documents/135939561/390853656/Impact+of+vaccination+on+household+transmission+of+SARS-COV-2+in+England.pdf/35bf4bb1-6ade-d3eb-a39e-9c9b25a8122a?t=1619601878136 ID - 1721 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The aim of our study was to elucidate if SARS-CoV-2 viral load on admission, measured by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) cycle threshold (Ct) value on nasopharyngeal samples, was a marker of disease severity. All hospitalized adult patients with a diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection by rRT-PCR performed on a nasopharingeal sample from March 1 to March 18 in our institution were included. The study population was divided according to the Ct value obtained upon admission in patients with high viral load (Ct < 25), intermediate viral load (Ct: 25-30) and low viral load (Ct > 30). Demographic, clinical and laboratory variables of the different groups were analyzed to assess the influence of viral load on the development of respiratory failure during admission. Overall, 455 sequential patients were included. The median Ct value was 28 (IQR: 24-32). One hundred and thirty patients (28.6%) had a high viral load, 175 (38.5%) an intermediate viral load and 150 (33%) a low viral load. Advanced age, male sex, presence of cardiovascular disease and laboratory markers such as lactate dehydrogenase, lymphocyte count and C-reactive protein, as well as a high viral load on admission, were predictive of respiratory failure. A Ct value < 25 was associated with a higher risk of respiratory failure during admission (OR: 2.99, 95%IC: 1.57-5.69). SARS-CoV-2 viral load, measured through the Ct value on admission, is a valuable tool to predict the development of respiratory failure in COVID-19 inpatients. AD - Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario ''12 de Octubre'', Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Hospital ''12 de Octubre'' (imas12), Madrid, Spain. cristinacalle10@hotmail.com. | Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario ''12 de Octubre'', Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Hospital ''12 de Octubre'' (imas12), Madrid, Spain. | Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. | Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario ''12 de Octubre'', Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Hospital ''12 de Octubre'' (imas12), Madrid, Spain. AN - 33409832 AU - de la Calle, C. | Lalueza, A. | Mancheno-Losa, M. | Maestro-de la Calle, G. | Lora-Tamayo, J. | Arrieta, E. | Garcia-Reyne, A. | Losada, I. | de Miguel, B. | Diaz-Simon, R. | Lopez-Medrano, F. | Fernandez-Ruiz, M. | Carretero, O. | San Juan, R. | Aguado, J. M. | Lumbreras, C. C1 - 2021-01-22 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01222021_covidupdate.html DA - Jun DO - 10.1007/s10096-020-04150-w ET - 2021/01/08 IS - 6 KW - Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | COVID-19/*complications/diagnosis | COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing | Female | Hospitalization | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Nasopharynx/virology | Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction | Respiratory Insufficiency/*virology | *Viral Load L1 - internal-pdf://0701119179/de la Calle-2021-Impact of viral load at admis.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Testing | N1 - de la Calle, Cristina; Lalueza, Antonio; Mancheno-Losa, Mikel; Maestro-de la Calle, Guillermo; Lora-Tamayo, Jaime; Arrieta, Estibaliz; Garcia-Reyne, Ana; Losada, Irene; de Miguel, Borja; Diaz-Simon, Raquel; Lopez-Medrano, Francisco; Fernandez-Ruiz, Mario; Carretero, Octavio; San Juan, Rafael; Aguado, Jose Maria; Lumbreras, Carlos; eng; COV20/00181/Instituto de Salud Carlos III; CM19/00226/Instituto de Salud Carlos III; CP 18/00073/Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Germany; Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2021 Jun;40(6):1209-1216. doi: 10.1007/s10096-020-04150-w. Epub 2021 Jan 7. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among 455 hospitalized patients, 161 (35.4%) developed respiratory failure after a median of 9 days (IQR 6�?1) (Figure). | High viral load (Ct value <25) was associated with a higher risk of respiratory failure (OR 2.99, 95% CI 1.57-5.69) and in-hospital mortality (OR 2.04, 95%CI 1.44-4.00). | Methods: Retrospective cohort study involving medical record review was conducted among adults with RT-PCR confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection at 1 hospital in Spain from March 1 to March 18, 2020. NP swabs were collected for RT-PCR testing with Ct value determination. Limitations: Single-center; RT-PCR does not distinguish between viable and non-viable virus. | Implications: SARS-CoV-2 viral load may predict disease severity among hospitalized COVID-19 patients. SN - 1435-4373 (Electronic); 0934-9723 (Linking) SP - 1209-1216 ST - Impact of viral load at admission on the development of respiratory failure in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection T2 - Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis TI - Impact of viral load at admission on the development of respiratory failure in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33409832 VL - 40 ID - 1437 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Substandard use of N95 masks, sometimes combined with dry heat decontamination, lacks safety data. We evaluated the impact of these practices on the fitness of N95 masks. This is a non-human subject research conducted from July to October 2020. 155 masks were used by 12 healthcare workers during 10-hour shifts. Masks were collected at the end of the shift and if the number of donnings/doffings was less than five (‘modified extended use�? ME) or whenever this number reached five (‘limited reuse�? LR), per the recommendation of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Masks that passed an Occupational Safety and Health Administration qualitative fit test underwent a cycle (30 min, 75��C) of dry heat decontamination. After use, 84% (95% CI 77% to 90%) of the masks fit the users, 85% (95% CI 73% to 93%) in ME and 83% (95% CI 73% to 90%) in LR. After dry heat, 86% of the fitted masks (95% CI 78% to 91%) still fit, 93% (95% CI 80% to 98%) in ME and 82% (95% CI 70% to 89%) in LR. If a fit test was not done before decontamination, 72% (95% CI 64% to 79%) of the masks would fit, 79% (95% CI 66% to 88%) in ME and 68% (95% CI 57% to 77%) in LR. Common substandard use preserves fitness of N95 masks up to 85%. One cycle of dry heat decontamination preserves fitness of N95 masks up to 93% when donned/doffed less than five times and fitness is ensured before decontamination. If a fit test is not performed beforehand, dry heat decontamination cannot preserve the fitness of used N95 masks above 80%.All data relevant to the study are included in the article or uploaded as supplemental information. All data were de-identified. Data storage and processing were done using Excel documents and saved in a secure folder in Columbia Basin Health Association company folders, with access only granted to MZ and JA. AD - Medical Department, Columbia Basin Health Association, Othello, Washington, USA zedzha@gmail.com. | Medical Department, Columbia Basin Health Association, Othello, Washington, USA. | Chemistry Department, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA. | Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. AN - 34518316 AU - Zha, Mengyi | Alsarraj, Jude | Bunch, Brandon | Venzon, David C1 - 2021-09-24 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09242021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - Sep 13 DO - 10.1136/jim-2021-001908 ET - 2021/09/15 KW - Covid-19 L1 - internal-pdf://2739131404/Zha-2021-Impact on the fitness of N95 masks wi.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Zha, Mengyi | Alsarraj, Jude | Bunch, Brandon | Venzon, David | eng | England | J Investig Med. 2021 Sep 13. pii: jim-2021-001908. doi: 10.1136/jim-2021-001908. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A study on the impact of substandard use of N95 masks (3M9211 brand) with dry heat decontamination (30 min at 750C of high velocity hot air) determined that limited reuse and modified extended use, when carefully enforced, can preserve the fitness of N95 masks up to 85%. The frequency of mask donning/doffing during a work shift and whether a fit test is performed before decontamination both impact the extended preservation of mask fitness. SN - 1708-8267 (Electronic) | 1081-5589 (Linking) SP - jim-2021-001908 ST - Impact on the fitness of N95 masks with extended use/limited reuse and dry heat decontamination T2 - J Investig Med TI - Impact on the fitness of N95 masks with extended use/limited reuse and dry heat decontamination UR - https://jim.bmj.com/content/jim/early/2021/09/07/jim-2021-001908.full.pdf ID - 2368 ER - TY - JOUR AD - International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, DC, USA. | Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore MD, USA. | Micronutrient Forum, Washington, DC 20005-3915, USA. Electronic address: saskia.osendarp@micronutrientforum.org. | Burnett Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. | World Bank, Washington DC, USA. | Results for Development (R4D), Washington, DC, USA. | Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN), Geneva, Switzerland. AN - 32730743 AU - Headey, D. | Heidkamp, R. | Osendarp, S. | Ruel, M. | Scott, N. | Black, R. | Shekar, M. | Bouis, H. | Flory, A. | Haddad, L. | Walker, N. | Standing Together for Nutrition, consortium C1 - 2020-08-07 C2 - Vertical Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/080720_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 22 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31647-0 ET - 2020/07/31 IS - 10250 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Child | *Child Nutrition Disorders | *Coronavirus Infections | Humans | *Malnutrition | Nutritional Status | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://2302141128/Headey-2020-Impacts of COVID-19 on childhood m.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Headey, Derek; Heidkamp, Rebecca; Osendarp, Saskia; Ruel, Marie; Scott, Nick; Black, Robert; Shekar, Meera; Bouis, Howarth; Flory, Augustin; Haddad, Lawrence; Walker, Neff; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Comment; England; Lancet. 2020 Aug 22;396(10250):519-521. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31647-0. Epub 2020 Jul 27. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Concludes placental infection is possible, but rare. SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 519-521 ST - Impacts of COVID-19 on childhood malnutrition and nutrition-related mortality T2 - Lancet TI - Impacts of COVID-19 on childhood malnutrition and nutrition-related mortality UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32730743 VL - 396 ID - 669 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Novel mRNA-based vaccines have been proven powerful tools to combat the global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV2 with BNT162b2 efficiently protecting individuals from COVID-19 across a broad age range. Still, it remains largely unknown how renal insufficiency and immunosuppressive medication affect development of vaccine induced immunity. We therefore comprehensively analyzed humoral and cellular responses in kidney transplant recipients after prime-boost vaccination with BNT162b2. As opposed to all healthy vaccinees and the majority of hemodialysis patients, only 4/39 and 1/39 transplanted individuals showed IgA and IgG seroconversion at day 8�u1 after booster immunization with minor changes until day 23�u5, respectively. Although most transplanted patients mounted spike-specific T helper cell responses, frequencies were significantly reduced compared to controls and dialysis patients, accompanied by a broad impairment in effector cytokine production, memory differentiation and activation-related signatures. Spike-specific CD8+ T cell responses were less abundant than their CD4+ counterparts in healthy controls and hemodialysis patients and almost undetectable in transplant patients. Signs of alloreactivity promoted by BNT162b2 were not documented within the observation period. In summary, our data strongly suggest revised vaccination approaches in immunosuppressed patients, including individual immune monitoring for protection of this vulnerable group at risk to develop severe COVID-19.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementWe thank the Charite Universitaetsmedizin Benjamin Franklin Flow Cytometry Core Facility (M. Fernandes and A. Branco) supported by DFG Instrument Grants (INST 335/597-1 FUGG, INST 335/777-1 FUGG). The study was supported by a grant from the Sonnenfeldstiftung, Berlin, Germany to Arne Sattler and Katja Kotsch and DFG grants (KO 2270/7-1, KO-2270/4-1) to Katja Kotsch. Eva Schrezenmeier is participant in the BIH-Charite Clinician Scientist Program funded by the Charite-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin and the Berlin Institute of Health and received further support (BCOVIT, 01KI20161) from the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). Oliver Hoelsken was supported by the Heidelberg Bioscience International Graduate School MD/PhD program, Heidelberg University, Germany. Hubert Schrezenmeier received funding from the Ministry for Science, Research and Arts of Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany and the European Commission (HORIZON2020 Project SUPPORT-E, no. 101015756). Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of the Charite-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin (EA4/188/20), Universitaetsmedizin Greifswald (BB 019/21), and Sachsen-Anhalt (EA7/21) and carried out in compliance with its guidelines. All participants gave written informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThe data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request. AU - Sattler, Arne | Schrezenmeier, Eva | Weber, Ulrike | Potekhin, Alexander | Bachmann, Friederike | Budde, Klemens | Storz, Elena | Proß, Vanessa | Bergmann, Yasmin | Thole, Linda | Tizian, Caroline | Hölsken, Oliver | Diefenbach, Andreas | Schrezenmeier, Hubert | Jahrsdörfer, Bernd | Zemojtel, Tomasz | Jechow, Katharina | Conrad, Christian | Lukassen, Sören | Stauch, Diana | Lachmann, Nils | Choi, Mira | Halleck, Fabian | Kotsch, Katja C1 - 2021-04-16 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04162021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.04.06.21254963 L1 - internal-pdf://2158973932/Sattler-2021-Impaired Humoral and Cellular Imm.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Humoral and cellular responses to vaccination were much lower in kidney transplant recipients compared with healthy vaccinees and hemodialysis patients, suggesting a possible need for revised vaccination approaches in immunosuppressed patients. SP - 2021.04.06.21254963 ST - Impaired Humoral and Cellular Immunity after SARS-CoV2 BNT162b2 (Tozinameran) Prime-Boost Vaccination in Kidney Transplant Recipients T2 - medRxiv TI - Impaired Humoral and Cellular Immunity after SARS-CoV2 BNT162b2 (Tozinameran) Prime-Boost Vaccination in Kidney Transplant Recipients TT - Published article: Impaired humoral and cellular immunity after SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 (tozinameran) prime-boost vaccination in kidney transplant recipients UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/04/07/2021.04.06.21254963.full.pdf ID - 1666 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic tests (Ag-RDTs) can complement molecular diagnostics for COVID-19. The recommended temperature for storage of SARS-CoV-2 Ag-RDTs ranges between 2-30 degrees C. In the global South, mean temperatures can exceed 30 degrees C. In the global North, Ag-RDTs are often used in external testing facilities at low ambient temperatures. We assessed analytical sensitivity and specificity of eleven commercially-available SARS-CoV-2 Ag-RDTs using different storage and operational temperatures, including short- or long-term storage and operation at recommended temperatures or at either 2-4 degrees C or at 37 degrees C. The limits of detection of SARS-CoV-2 Ag-RDTs under recommended conditions ranged from 1.0x10(6)- 5.5x10(7) genome copies/mL of infectious SARS-CoV-2 cell culture supernatant. Despite long-term storage at recommended conditions, 10 min pre-incubation of Ag-RDTs and testing at 37 degrees C resulted in about ten-fold reduced sensitivity for five out of 11 SARS-CoV-2 Ag-RDTs, including both Ag-RDTs currently listed for emergency use by the World Health Organization. After 3 weeks of storage at 37 degrees C, eight of the 11 SARS-CoV-2 Ag-RDTs exhibited about ten-fold reduced sensitivity. Specificity of SARS-CoV-2 Ag-RDTs using cell culture supernatant from common respiratory viruses was not affected by storage and testing at 37 degrees C, whereas false-positive results occurred at outside temperatures of 2-4 degrees C for two out of six tested Ag-RDTs, again including an Ag-RDT recommended by the WHO. In summary, elevated temperatures impair sensitivity, whereas low temperatures impair specificity of SARS-CoV-2 Ag-RDTs. Consequences may include false-negative test results at clinically relevant virus concentrations compatible with transmission and false-positive results entailing unwarranted quarantine assignments. Storage and operation of SARS-CoV-2 Ag-RDTs at recommended conditions is essential for successful usage during the pandemic. AD - Institute of Virology, Charite-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitat Berlin, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany. | Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Geneva, Switzerland. | Institute of Virology, Charite-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitat Berlin, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Associated Partner Charite-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany. | Institute of Virology, Charite-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitat Berlin, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Associated Partner Charite-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: felix.drexler@charite.de. AN - 33773413 AU - Haage, V. | Ferreira de Oliveira-Filho, E. | Moreira-Soto, A. | Kuhne, A. | Fischer, C. | Sacks, J. A. | Corman, V. M. | Muller, M. A. | Drosten, C. | Drexler, J. F. C1 - 2021-03-26 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03262021_covidupdate.html DA - May DO - 10.1016/j.jcv.2021.104796 ET - 2021/03/28 KW - COVID-19/*diagnosis | *COVID-19 Serological Testing | Cold Temperature/adverse effects | *Diagnostic Tests, Routine | False Negative Reactions | False Positive Reactions | Hot Temperature/adverse effects | Humans | *Reagent Kits, Diagnostic | Sensitivity and Specificity | *Rapid antigen test | *SARS-CoV-2 | *Sensitivity | *Specificity | *Temperature stability | *Tropics | *Winter L1 - internal-pdf://2707331135/Haage-2021-Impaired performance of SARS-CoV-2.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Haage, Verena; Ferreira de Oliveira-Filho, Edmilson; Moreira-Soto, Andres; Kuhne, Arne; Fischer, Carlo; Sacks, Jilian A; Corman, Victor Max; Muller, Marcel A; Drosten, Christian; Drexler, Jan Felix; eng; Evaluation Study; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Netherlands; J Clin Virol. 2021 May;138:104796. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2021.104796. Epub 2021 Mar 16. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: When exposed to elevated temperatures, even short term, the sensitivity of currently available SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen-detecting tests (Ag- RDT) is comprised, while exposure to low temperatures limits specificity. Recommended temperatures should always be maintained. SN - 1873-5967 (Electronic); 1386-6532 (Linking) SP - 104796 ST - Impaired performance of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic tests at elevated and low temperatures T2 - J Clin Virol TI - Impaired performance of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic tests at elevated and low temperatures UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33773413 VL - 138 ID - 1609 ER - TY - JOUR AB - What is already known about this topic?SARS-CoV2 testing is a key component of a multi-layered mitigation strategy to enable safe return to in-person school for the K-12 population. However, costs, logistics, and uncertainty about effectiveness are potential barriers to implementation.What is added by this report?Over three months, 259,726 individual swabs were tested across 50,636 pools from 582 schools. Pool positivity rate was 0.8%; 98.1% of pools tested negative and 0.3% inconclusive, and 0.8% of pools submitted could not be tested. In reflex testing, 92.5% of fully deconvoluted pools with N1 or N2 target Ct �?0 yielded a positive individual using the BinaxNOW antigen rapid diagnostic test (Ag RDT) performed 1-3 days later. With sufficient staffing support and low pool positivity rates, pooled sample collection and reflex testing were feasible for schools.What are the implications for public health practice?Screening testing for K-12 students and staff is achievable at scale and at low cost with a scheme that incorporates in-school pooling, RT-PCR primary testing, and Ag RDT reflex/deconvolution testing. Staffing support is a key factor for program success.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis project was supported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act of 2020 within Project E: Emerging Infections ELC Reopening Schools (Grant #6 NU50CK000518-02-06) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) as part of a financial assistance award totaling $205M. The contents are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official views of, nor an endorsement by, CDC/HHS or the U.S. Government. The work at the Broad Institute was funded, in part, by the NIBIB RADx Advanced Technology Program and the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Massachusetts Department of Public Health IRB reviewed and approved the work (and considered it not human subjects research).All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThe work here represents summary data from the implementation of testing. No individual level patient data is made available as part of this work. AU - Pollock, Nira R. | Berlin, David | Smole, Sandra C. | Madoff, Lawrence C. | Henderson, Kelsey | Larsen, Elizabeth | Hay, Jeremiah | Gabriel, Stacey | Gawande, Atul A. | Lennon, Niall J. C1 - 2021-05-14 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05142021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.05.03.21256560 L1 - internal-pdf://3198921891/Pollock-2021-Implementation of SARS-CoV2 Scree.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Between January 4 and April 9, 2021, 0.8% of school-based pooled tests using nasal swabs (50,636 pools with an average 7 swabs per pool) were RT-PCR-positive; of 80 positive pools for which each individual in the pool was tested, 74 (92.5%) had an individual positive using the BinaxNow antigen test. SP - 2021.05.03.21256560 ST - Implementation of SARS-CoV2 Screening in K-12 Schools using In-School Pooled Molecular Testing and Deconvolution by Rapid Antigen Test T2 - medRxiv TI - Implementation of SARS-CoV2 Screening in K-12 Schools using In-School Pooled Molecular Testing and Deconvolution by Rapid Antigen Test TT - Published article: Implementation of SARS-CoV2 Screening in K-12 Schools using In-School Pooled Molecular Testing and Deconvolution by Rapid Antigen Test UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/05/05/2021.05.03.21256560.full.pdf ID - 1745 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal. Electronic address: nosorio@med.uminho.pt. | Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal. AN - 32473662 AU - Osorio, N. S. | Correia-Neves, M. C1 - 2020-06-09 C2 - Laboratory Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060920_covidupdate.html DA - Feb DO - 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30435-7 DP - NLM ET - 2020/06/01 IS - 2 KW - COVID-19/*diagnosis/*virology | *Evolution, Molecular | Genome, Viral | Humans | Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/methods/standards | RNA, Viral | *Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods/standards | SARS-CoV-2/*genetics | Sensitivity and Specificity L1 - internal-pdf://3745391168/Osorio-2021-Implication of SARS-CoV-2 evolutio.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Osorio, Nuno Sampaio; Correia-Neves, Margarida; eng; Letter; Lancet Infect Dis. 2021 Feb;21(2):166-167. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30435-7. Epub 2020 May 28. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; SARS-CoV-2 is evolving. Phylogenetic sequencing of a selection of SARS-CoV-2 samples found that 79% of the viral genomic RNA sequences targeted by the primers used in current RT-qPCR diagnostic assays had undergone some extent of mutation in at least one viral sample. | The RNA sequence to which one such primer (China CDC_N_F) binds had undergone mutation in a substantial number of viral genome isolates (Figure, bar farthest left). | Mutations of RNA sequences targeted by the other primers were infrequent in the viruses that were examined (Figure). | Methods: Genomic analyses of 1,825 SARS-CoV-2 sequences collected from 24 countries and deposited in the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) database (as of March 31, 2020). Sequences were aligned to the SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan reference strain. Genetic mutations were determined for 33 primer binding sites along the SARS-CoV-2 genome used in RT-qPCR assays. Limitations: Potential errors in sequences submitted to GISAID. | Implications: Emerging viral mutations may render the primers used in some diagnostic assays ineffective and cause false-negative test results. Careful genomic surveillance and continued optimization of RT-qPCR primers are necessary to maintain high quality SARS-CoV-2 detection in the United States and worldwide. SN - 1474-4457 (Electronic); 1473-3099 (Linking) SP - 166-167 ST - Implication of SARS-CoV-2 evolution in the sensitivity of RT-qPCR diagnostic assays T2 - Lancet Infect Dis TI - Implication of SARS-CoV-2 evolution in the sensitivity of RT-qPCR diagnostic assays UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32473662 VL - 21 ID - 334 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Maestral International, Minneapolis, MN, USA. | School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. | Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, UK. Electronic address: edmund.sonuga-barke@kcl.ac.uk. AN - 32330432 AU - Goldman, P. S. | van Ijzendoorn, M. H. | Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. | Lancet Institutional Care Reform Commission, Group C1 - 2020-05-01 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050120_covidupdate.html DA - Jun DO - 10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30130-9 ET - 2020/04/25 IS - 6 KW - Covid-19 | Child | *Child Welfare | *Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology | *Deinstitutionalization/standards | Humans | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology | *Residential Facilities/standards L1 - internal-pdf://2323330862/Goldman-2020-The implications of COVID-19 for.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | N1 - Goldman, Philip S; van Ijzendoorn, Marinus H; Sonuga-Barke, Edmund J S; eng; Letter; England; Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020 Jun;4(6):e12. doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30130-9. Epub 2020 Apr 21. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: The closing of residential institutions for children due to COVID-19 places them at risk when they are sent back to their communities or caregivers without proper support. SN - 2352-4650 (Electronic); 2352-4642 (Linking) SP - e12 ST - The implications of COVID-19 for the care of children living in residential institutions T2 - Lancet Child Adolesc Health TI - The implications of COVID-19 for the care of children living in residential institutions UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32330432 VL - 4 Y2 - 2021/05/12 ID - 108 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Men present more frequently with severe manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and are at higher risk for death. The underlying mechanisms for these differences between female and male individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are insufficiently understood. However, studies from other viral infections have shown that females can mount stronger immune responses against viruses than males. Emerging knowledge on the basic biological pathways that underlie differences in immune responses between women and men needs to be incorporated into research efforts on SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and pathology to identify targets for therapeutic interventions aimed at enhancing antiviral immune function and lung airway resilience while reducing pathogenic inflammation in COVID-19. AD - Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany. Electronic address: madeleine.bunders@leibniz-hpi.de. | Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany; Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany. Electronic address: m.altfeld@uke.de. AN - 32853545 AU - Bunders, M. J. | Altfeld, M. C1 - 2020-08-28 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082820_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 15 DO - 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.08.003 ET - 2020/08/28 IS - 3 KW - Betacoronavirus/*immunology | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*immunology | Female | Humans | Immunity, Innate/*immunology | Male | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*immunology | SARS-CoV-2 | *Sex Characteristics | *covid-19 | *SARS-CoV-2 | *immune responses | *sex differences | *tissue regeneration L1 - internal-pdf://1705825028/Bunders-2020-Implications of Sex Differences i.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Bunders, Madeleine J; Altfeld, Marcus; eng; Review; Immunity. 2020 Sep 15;53(3):487-495. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.08.003. Epub 2020 Aug 17. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Differences in immunity between men and women that might lead to more severe SARS-CoV-2 infections in men. SN - 1097-4180 (Electronic); 1074-7613 (Linking) SP - 487-495 ST - Implications of Sex Differences in Immunity for SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis and Design of Therapeutic Interventions T2 - Immunity TI - Implications of Sex Differences in Immunity for SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis and Design of Therapeutic Interventions UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32853545 VL - 53 ID - 784 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In early 2020 many countries closed schools to mitigate the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Since then, governments have sought to relax the closures, engendering a need to understand associated risks. Using address records, we construct a network of schools in England connected through pupils who share households. We evaluate the risk of transmission between schools under different reopening scenarios. We show that whilst reopening select year-groups causes low risk of large-scale transmission, reopening secondary schools could result in outbreaks affecting up to 2.5 million households if unmitigated, highlighting the importance of careful monitoring and within-school infection control to avoid further school closures or other restrictions. AD - Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. james.munday@lshtm.ac.uk. | Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. james.munday@lshtm.ac.uk. | Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. | Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. | Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. | National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands. | Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands. AN - 33782396 AU - Munday, J. D. | Sherratt, K. | Meakin, S. | Endo, A. | Pearson, C. A. B. | Hellewell, J. | Abbott, S. | Bosse, N. I. | Cmmid Covid- Working Group | Atkins, K. E. | Wallinga, J. | Edmunds, W. J. | van Hoek, A. J. | Funk, S. C1 - 2021-04-16 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04162021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 29 DO - 10.1038/s41467-021-22213-0 ET - 2021/03/31 IS - 1 KW - Adolescent | COVID-19/epidemiology/*transmission/virology | Child | Child, Preschool | Disease Transmission, Infectious/prevention & control | England/epidemiology | *Family Characteristics | Humans | Pandemics | Risk Assessment | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification | Schools/*organization & administration/statistics & numerical data L1 - internal-pdf://3674435037/Munday-2021-Implications of the school-househo.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Munday, James D; Sherratt, Katharine; Meakin, Sophie; Endo, Akira; Pearson, Carl A B; Hellewell, Joel; Abbott, Sam; Bosse, Nikos I; Atkins, Katherine E; Wallinga, Jacco; Edmunds, W John; van Hoek, Albert Jan; Funk, Sebastian; eng; 210758/Z/18/Z/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; 221303/Z/20/Z/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; NIHR200929/DH_/Department of Health/United Kingdom; PR-OD-1017-20002/DH_/Department of Health/United Kingdom; MC_PC_19065/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; BB/M009513/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom; MR/S003975/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; 16/136/46/DH_/Department of Health/United Kingdom; 16/137/109/DH_/Department of Health/United Kingdom; MR/N013638/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; MR/P014658/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; 206250/Z/17/Z/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; 206471/Z/17/Z/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; 208812/Z/17/Z/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; HPRU-2012-10096/DH_/Department of Health/United Kingdom; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. | England; Nat Commun. 2021 Mar 29;12(1):1942. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-22213-0. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Scenario 1 (Reception and Years 1 and 6) had the lowest estimated probability (1-10%) for a school infecting another school and put the fewest number of households at risk (Figure). | Scenario 6 (opening secondary schools only) had the highest estimated probability (25%) of infecting multiple schools and affected the most households. | When the network only included pupils from certain years, the expected number of schools infected by others in the network decreased. | Methods: Household addresses of school children were used to identify a network of 21,583 schools attended by 4.6 million primary school and 3.4 million secondary school children. Scenarios based on opening different age-based school levels were created (e.g., Reception [ages 4�?], Year 1 [ages 5-6] through Year 12 [ages 16-17]). Probability of transmission between school pairs was estimated in a transmission probability network for each reopening scenario. Limitations: Model does not account for additional mitigation strategies; assumes a well-mixed (homogenous) contact network within each school and no presence of immunity. | Implications: Risk posed by reopening secondary schools differs from the risk posed by reopening primary schools due to the connectivity and potential transmission networks between schools. Reopening strategies should consider cross-school transmission potential. SN - 2041-1723 (Electronic); 2041-1723 (Linking) SP - 1942 ST - Implications of the school-household network structure on SARS-CoV-2 transmission under school reopening strategies in England T2 - Nat Commun TI - Implications of the school-household network structure on SARS-CoV-2 transmission under school reopening strategies in England UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33782396 VL - 12 ID - 1680 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Pediatric patients are excluded from most coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) therapeutic trials. We outline a rationale for the inclusion of children in COVID-19 therapeutic trials, which enabled us to include children of all ages in a therapeutic COVID-19 trial at our institution. AD - Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA. | Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine and NYU Langone Vaccine Center, New York, New York, USA. | Department of Population Health, Division of Bioethics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA. | Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA. AN - 32459832 AU - Raabe, V. N. | Lighter, J. | Caplan, A. L. | Ratner, A. J. C1 - 2020-06-05 C2 - Vaccine Development and Cliniacl Trials CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060520_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 15 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa656 ET - 2020/05/28 IS - 12 KW - Adolescent | *COVID-19/drug therapy/therapy | Child | *Clinical Trials as Topic | *Coronavirus Infections | Humans | Immunization, Passive | SARS-CoV-2 | United States | *covid-19 | *SARS-CoV-2 | *clinical trial | *ethics | *pediatrics L1 - internal-pdf://1550536335/Raabe-2020-Importance of Pediatric Inclusion i.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Vaccines | N1 - Raabe, Vanessa N; Lighter, Jennifer; Caplan, Arthur L; Ratner, Adam J; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Dec 15;71(12):3248-3249. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa656. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Authors urge researchers to include pediatric patients in COVID-19 therapeutic trials as they may have clinical presentations and medication responses that differ from adults. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - 3248-3249 ST - Importance of Pediatric Inclusion in COVID-19 Therapeutic Trials T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Importance of Pediatric Inclusion in COVID-19 Therapeutic Trials UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32459832 VL - 71 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 329 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Death certificate data are used to monitor local, regional, and national mortality trends to improve public health and public safety. Accurate death certification related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is vital to understand the extent and progression of the pandemic. Death certificate data can inform the public and policy makers on the progress of the COVID-19 pandemic and provide important information about who is dying, where they are from, and what were their associated medical conditions. Public health mortality data are only as good as the quality of the death certificates, but proper death certification has been a long-standing challenge in the US. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted shortcomings that may compromise an accurate count of COVID-19 deaths. AD - Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, State of Connecticut, Farmington. | Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut. AN - 32520302 AU - Gill, J. R. | DeJoseph, M. E. C1 - 2020-06-19 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061920_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 7 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.9536 ET - 2020/06/11 IS - 1 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Cause of Death | Coronavirus Infections/*mortality | *Death Certificates | Humans | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*mortality | SARS-CoV-2 | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://3786876909/Gill-2020-The Importance of Proper Death Certi.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Gill, James R; DeJoseph, Maura E; eng; JAMA. 2020 Jul 7;324(1):27-28. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.9536. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Discussion of the importance of listing underlying medical disease and contributing comorbidities on death certificates during the COVID-19 pandemic. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 27-28 ST - The Importance of Proper Death Certification During the COVID-19 Pandemic T2 - JAMA TI - The Importance of Proper Death Certification During the COVID-19 Pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32520302 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 402 ER - TY - JOUR AB - SARS-CoV-2 testing is critical for monitoring case counts, early detection and containment of infection, clinical management, and surveillance of variants. However, community-based data on the access, uptake, and barriers to testing have been lacking.We conducted serial cross-sectional online surveys covering demographics, COVID-19 symptoms, and experiences around SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic testing to characterize the SARS-CoV-2 testing cascade and associated barriers across 10 US states (California, Florida, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Texas, and Wisconsin), between July 2020 to February 2021.In February 2021, across 10 US states, 11% (895) of respondents reported wanting a diagnostic test in the prior 2 weeks, 63% of whom got tested with limited variability across states. Almost all (97%) who got tested received their results; 56% received their results within 2 days. In MD, FL, and IL where serial data were available at four time points, 56% were tested the same day they wanted/needed a test in February 2021 compared to 28% in July 2020, and 45% received results the same day as opposed to 17% in July 2020. Wanting a test was significantly more common among younger, non-white respondents and participants with a history of symptoms or exposure. Logistical challenges including not knowing where to go were the most frequently cited barriers.There were significant improvements in access and turnaround times across US states; yet barriers to testing remained consistent across states underscoring the importance of a continued focus on testing, even amidst mass vaccination campaigns. AD - Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America. | Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America. | Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America. | Department of Biology and the Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America. AN - 34374758 AU - Clipman, Steven J | Wesolowski, Amy | Mehta, Shruti H | Cobey, Sarah | Cummings, Derek A T | Solomon, Sunil S C1 - 2021-08-20 C2 - Testing CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08202021_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 10 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciab683 ET - 2021/08/11 KW - Covid-19 | barriers | testing | trends | wait times L1 - internal-pdf://0553875488/Clipman-2021-Improvements in SARS-CoV-2 Testin.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Clipman, Steven J | Wesolowski, Amy | Mehta, Shruti H | Cobey, Sarah | Cummings, Derek A T | Solomon, Sunil S | eng | Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Aug 10. pii: 6347429. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab683. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In February 2021, 11% of survey participants reported wanting a SARS-CoV-2 test in the prior 2 weeks. | 63% of participants who wanted a SARS-CoV-2 test reported receiving one. | Among participants not tested, the most commonly reported barriers were not knowing where to go (27%), not having time (20%), and not having a doctor’s order for a test (16%). | In 3 states with baseline data from July 2020, access to testing improved significantly by February 2021, with increases in the number of participants reporting receiving a test if they wanted one (from 52% to 62%), same day test availability (from 28% to 56%), and same day test results (from 17% to 45%) (Figure). | Not knowing where to go (32% to 23%) remained the most common barrier to testing. | Methods: Adults (aged �?8 years) in 10 U.S. states were asked about SARS-CoV-2 testing experiences using serial cross-sectional online surveys sent at 4 different times: July 2020 (wave 2, n = 3,009), September–October 2020 (wave 3, n = 3,074), December 2020 (wave 4, n = 7,905), and February 2021 (wave 5, n = 8,029). People in Florida, Illinois, and Maryland were surveyed during all 4 waves, and people in California, Massachusetts, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Texas, and Wisconsin were surveyed only during waves 4 and 5. Limitations: Access to testing might be overestimated among volunteers for online surveys. | Implications: In several U.S. states, access to SARS-CoV-2 testing and turnaround times for results improved over the past year. Ongoing efforts are needed to further reduce barriers to testing. SN - 1058-4838 ST - Improvements in SARS-CoV-2 Testing Cascade in the US: Data from Serial Cross-sectional Assessments T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Improvements in SARS-CoV-2 Testing Cascade in the US: Data from Serial Cross-sectional Assessments UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab683 Y2 - 8/23/2021 ID - 2231 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVES: To measure temporal trends in survival over time in people with severe coronavirus disease 2019 requiring critical care (high dependency unit or ICU) management, and to assess whether temporal variation in mortality was explained by changes in patient demographics and comorbidity burden over time. DESIGN: Retrospective observational cohort; based on data reported to the COVID-19 Hospitalisation in England Surveillance System. The primary outcome was in-hospital 30-day all-cause mortality. Unadjusted survival was estimated by calendar week of admission, and Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate adjusted survival, controlling for age, sex, ethnicity, major comorbidities, and geographical region. SETTING: One hundred eight English critical care units. PATIENTS: All adult (18 yr +) coronavirus disease 2019 specific critical care admissions between March 1, 2020, and June 27, 2020. INTERVENTIONS: Not applicable. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Twenty-one thousand eighty-two critical care patients (high dependency unit n = 15,367; ICU n = 5,715) were included. Unadjusted survival at 30 days was lowest for people admitted in late March in both high dependency unit (71.6% survival) and ICU (58.0% survival). By the end of June, survival had improved to 92.7% in high dependency unit and 80.4% in ICU. Improvements in survival remained after adjustment for patient characteristics (age, sex, ethnicity, and major comorbidities) and geographical region. CONCLUSIONS: There has been a substantial improvement in survival amongst people admitted to critical care with coronavirus disease 2019 in England, with markedly higher survival rates in people admitted in May and June compared with those admitted in March and April. Our analysis suggests this improvement is not due to temporal changes in the age, sex, ethnicity, or major comorbidity burden of admitted patients. AD - Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom. | The Alan Turing Institute, London, United Kingdom. | Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom. | King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, United Kingdom. AN - 33105150 AU - Dennis, J. M. | McGovern, A. P. | Vollmer, S. J. | Mateen, B. A. C1 - 2020-11-24 C2 - COVID-19 Mortality CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/112420_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 1 DO - 10.1097/CCM.0000000000004747 ET - 2020/10/27 IS - 2 KW - Adult | Aged | COVID-19/*mortality/therapy | Cohort Studies | Critical Care/*statistics & numerical data | Critical Illness/*mortality/therapy | England | Female | Humans | Intensive Care Units | Male | Middle Aged | Retrospective Studies | Risk Assessment | Risk Factors | Survival Rate | Survivors/*statistics & numerical data L1 - internal-pdf://3853667681/Dennis-2021-Improving Survival of Critical Car.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Dennis, John M; McGovern, Andrew P; Vollmer, Sebastian J; Mateen, Bilal A; eng; Observational Study; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Crit Care Med. 2021 Feb 1;49(2):209-214. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000004747. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Unadjusted estimates of survival were lowest in early March 2020 (Figure). | 71.6% in high dependency unit (HDU). | 58.0% in ICU. | After the week of March 29, 2020, survival improved per week by: | 12.7% in HDU patients (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.87, 95% CI 0.86-0.89). | 8.9% in ICU patients (aHR 0.91, 95% CI 0.89-0.93). | Methods: Retrospective cohort study among 21,082 adults �?8 years with severe COVID-19 admitted to HDU or ICU in England, between March 1 and June 27, 2020. The primary outcome was in-hospital 30-day all-cause mortality. Survival was estimated controlling for age, sex, ethnicity, major comorbidities, and geographical region. Limitations: Reporting delays may have led to incomplete ascertainment of death in more recent weeks, although all eligible patients had a minimum of 30 days follow-up. | Implications from 2 studies (Dennis et al. & Horwitz et al.): Improved survival of patients with COVID-19 over time was seen in the United States and England and was also described by Oke et alexternal icon in a study in Germany. Ledford, Hexternal icon suggests this may be due to improvement in patient management, timing of admission to critical care units, change in hospital capacity, improved understanding of disease progression, and expanded use of steroids. SN - 1530-0293 (Electronic); 0090-3493 (Linking) SP - 209-214 ST - Improving Survival of Critical Care Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in England: A National Cohort Study, March to June 2020 T2 - Crit Care Med TI - Improving Survival of Critical Care Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in England: A National Cohort Study, March to June 2020 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33105150 VL - 49 ID - 1269 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Large-scale coronavirus testing continues to lag and a vaccine could be at least one year away. But in the battle against world pandemic a rapidly expanding brigade of robots is answering an urgent call of duty: surface disinfection. | A mobile robot cleans a hospital room. | A UVD robot disinfects a room at the ABANO hospital in Northern Italy. UVD ROBOTS; They're rolling in by the hundreds and not just into hospitals and nursing homes but across a wide spectrum of public spaces, including government buildings, offices, hotels, airports and universities. Administrators of all stripes, desperate to keep people safe, are looking to a global robotics industry that has been quick to respond. | Denmark's UVD Robots, a leader in fully autonomous ultraviolet-light-disinfection robots, shipped hundreds of them to China in February and hundreds more throughout Europe in March. A much smaller number have arrived in the U.S. but several hundred more are on the way, said UVD Robots' CEO Per Juul Nielsen, speaking by telephone April 15. | ; "Hospitals around the world are waking up to autonomous disinfection," Nielsen said. "We can't build these robots fast enough."; | In San Antonio, Texas, Xenex, another leading provider of UV-light-zapping germicidal robots, has shipped hundreds of their LightStrike bots around the world, including to nearly 70 Veterans Administration hospitals in the U.S. and to ten sites run by the U.S. Department of Defense, Xenex CEO Morris Miller told CNBC earlier this week. | ; Healthcare-sector suppliers like UVD, Xenex and others still are a long way from being able to meet exploding global demand for automated disinfection solutions but it's not just specialized service robots riding into battle. AU - Blake, Rich C1 - 2020-05-29 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052920_covidupdate.html LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Robots are fighting the spread of COVID-19, too: A healthcare-sector supplier in Texas has sent UV-light-zapping germicidal robots around the world, including to U.S. hospitals. ST - In Coronavirus Fight, Robots Report For Disinfection Duty T2 - Forbes TI - In Coronavirus Fight, Robots Report For Disinfection Duty UR - https://www.forbes.com/sites/richblake1/2020/04/17/in-covid-19-fight-robots-report-for-disinfection-duty/?sh=386953d32ada ID - 1878 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Five years ago, Neurology Today told the story of a bankrupt health care system in Greece, ravaged by a series of economic austerity measures. Overcrowded and understaffed public hospitals, profound prescription shortages, severe limitations on testing and treatments, and long waits for neurology residency training slots had crippled neurologic care. Additionally, the percentage of elderly in the country is second only to Italy and it had the fewest intensive care beds in Europe. So when we checked back to see how the global health crisis had impacted the country, we were surprised to see that in fact Greece has become noteworthy for defying the odds. | In a population of 10.72 million, Greece has had a total of 2,716 COVID-19 cases and 151 deaths to date. What's more, at press time, relatively few people required intensive care, not a single physician on the front line has died, and there have been no COVID-related nursing home deaths. | Neurology Today asked neurologists practicing in Greece to describe the actions taken to stave off the spread of coronavirus and to speculate as to why they worked so successfully. | Early, Decisive Action by Governmental and Health Authorities; The first known COVID-19 patient was diagnosed in Thessaloniki, Greece on February 26. One day later, the government cancelled the annual Carnival celebration, its version of Mardi Gras. Schools and universities were closed on March 10, and on March 13, cafes, restaurants, libraries, and museums were shuttered. | ADVERTISEMENT; | “Within three weeks of the first documented case, all cultural and commercial enterprises were shut down as were sports facilities and areas of religious worship; cities or villages with gradually increasing numbers of COVID-19 cases were strictly quarantined,�?Antonios Kerasnoudis, MD, PhD, senior consultant neurologist in the outpatient department for multiple sclerosis and neuroimmunological disorders at St. Luke's Hospital in Thessaloniki, told Neurology Today. | “Greece has a centralized state administration system, which unlike Italy, facilitates the decisions taken at the top state level with expeditious implementation at regional and local levels,�?explained Paraskevi Sakka, MD, PhD, chair of the Athens Alzheimer Association, and director of Hygeia Hospital Memory Clinic in Athens. “Before the first case was even diagnosed, we had already begun examining people and isolating them,�?she added. | Full Compliance by the Public; “Visits to supermarkets, pharmacies, physicians or banks were allowed only once a day, and the vast majority of citizens showed remarkable discipline and stayed home,�?Dr. Kerasnoudis said. People needed to send an SMS text to 13033 requesting permission to leave the house, the reason, name and home address, and had to wait for a reply before venturing out, otherwise risking a fine. | “The compliance with the plan was driven by many factors including strict implementation from the government, witnessing the frightening experience from Italy and other European countries, and by the realization that no matter how well-prepared the health care system is, our ability to tackle the virus is, in reality, quite limited,�?said Nikolaos Scarmeas, MD, MS, PhD, associate professor of neurology at Columbia University, and professor of neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, located in the city with most of the cases. | Trained Experts Are Primary Sources on Science; “An unprecedented media campaign was launched by the Ministry of Health in Greece,�?Konstantinos Charalampopoulos MD, consultant neurologist at 216 Military Hospital of Alexandroupolis, said. “The public was well-informed and thus persuaded to implement preventive measures enduring not only social distancing and isolation but new financial hardships from an economy that came to a standstill,�?he explained. | The government designated an infectious disease specialist, Sotirios Tsiodras, MD, MSc, PhD, FIDSA, as its communications liaison for the health crisis, and he gave daily press conferences to inform and update the nation about the course of the pandemic. Described as a soft-spoken, Harvard-trained professor by Dr. Sakka and others, he led a committee of 25 infectious diseases specialists. “Greeks appreciated Prof. Tsiodras' calm manner, his knowledge of the matter, his dedication to the nation's nursing staff, and his deep respect for victims,�?Dr. Kerasnoudis said. | Konstantinos Vadikolias, MD, professor of neurology at Democritus University of Thrace, and general secretary of the board of directors of the Hellenic Neurologic Society, agreed that the daily official press conference about COVID-19 on the national television channel (ERT.gr) were instrumental in gaining public acceptance. | “The director of the Scientific Committee of the Ministry of Health informed the public about the number of new cases, deaths and ICU patients and answered questions from journalists, while the ministry of civil protection announced the governmental measures,�?he said. Almost all television stations in the country broadcast these 30-minute presentations, he added. | “Personally, I believe that this type of information was a crucial step; it came directly from the scientists who have gained considerable credibility with the public, and as a result, it was easier for people to understand the severity of the situation and to follow the strict regulations such as the lockdown, school closure and sudden pause of most of the commercial activity,�?Dr. Vadikolias continued. | Protection of Hospitalized Patients; “Guidelines for hospital visits were sent by the government in order to ensure the protection of hospitalized patients belonging to vulnerable groups and doctors and nurses on the front lines,�?said Dr. Kerasnoudis, “and external visits were not allowed, except by special permission.�? | “Although initially many health care professionals had to purchase their own personal protective equipment (PPE), later, masks, eye goggles, and face shields were provided to the front line from universities, institutions and private donors, free-of-charge, thanks to 3D printing technology,�?Dr. Kerasnoudis added. | Specific hospitals were designated as COVID hospitals and affected patients were sent there. “Greece managed to almost double the number of its ICU beds,�?said Dr. Sakka, adding, “Doctors, nurses and other health care professionals had the time and means to act in an organized and safe way.�? | “The health care system never reached its capacity nor even came close to it; only about a quarter of the available ICU beds were used, and medical visits at all settings decreased substantially,�?said Dr. Scarmeas. | Figure; “Guidelines for hospital visits were sent by the government in order to ensure the protection of hospitalized patients belonging to vulnerable groups and doctors and nurses on the front lines, and external visits were not allowed, except by special permission.”—DR. ANTONIOS KERASNOUDIS; Figure; “Greece managed to almost double the number of its ICU beds. Doctors, nurses, and other health care professionals had the time and means to act in an organized and safe way.”—DR. PARASKEVI SAKKA; Lessons Learned; “The impact of lessons learned during the ten-year economic crisis helped increase efficiency and decrease misuse of available resources,�?Dr. Charalampopoulos said. | The decade of hardship also primed the medical community for meticulous supply chain management. “There was strict central organization of practice and supply flow, and PPE proved to be in adequate supply,�?said Dr. Sakka. “Greece had only recently exited a prolonged period of economic crisis, and coronavirus will no doubt make things difficult again,�?predicted Dr. Sakka, adding that the costs to an economy so dependent on tourism have already been high. | Certainly, Greece's economy this year is expected to be severely damaged by the COVID-19 pandemic and the counter measures taken to limit its spread, according to the European Commission's Spring 2020 Economic Forecast released on May 6. The forecast provided a dismal economic picture for Greece in 2020, as it says the nation's GDP is expected to contract by 9.7 percent this year �?the highest out of all EU countries �?and its unemployment rate may reach 19.9 percent, up from 17.3 percent in 2019. | “The Greek state announced a package of measures to support the economy, businesses and employees, including a suspension of tax and social security obligations by corporations ordered to close, as long as they did not dismiss any workers; an 800 Euro stipend and four-month suspension of March tax payment for employees of suspended businesses and freelance professional affected; and the reduction of the value-added tax (VAT) from 24 percent to 6 percent on pharmaceutical products such as PPE and antiseptics,�?said Dr. Kerasnoudis. “Unfortunately, these measures are still under discussion.�? | Homonoia and Empathy Reigned; Traditional Greek concepts, based on ancient mythology, include Homonoia (Greek Оμ�Q�^оι��), representing concord, unanimity, and oneness of mind, and Empathy (Ancient Greek εμπ�Sθει��), the ability to understand and share the feelings of another. | “These traits have always been the ideological cornerstones of the Greek nation, especially during historically difficult times,�?Dr. Kerasnoudis remarked. The Ancient Greek philosopher, Aristotle, once taught his student, Alexander the Great, that Homonoia resembles friendship, and this kind of solidarity always leads to a successful common achievement. The Ancient Greek teacher of rhetoric, Isocrates, referred often to Homonoia and Empathy as the basis for pan-Hellenic unity, and I think we did our best to keep our longstanding tradition of these concepts alive,�?Dr. Kerasnoudis said. | Similarly, the televised pandemic update reports by Dr. Tsiodras have often been followed by remarks of unity and compassion from the infectious diseases doctor. The Washington Post recently likened them to sermons and reported that the humanity struck a chord with many Greek citizens. | “Guidelines for hospital visits were sent by the government in order to ensure the protection of hospitalized patients belonging to vulnerable groups and doctors and nurses on the front lines, and external visits were not allowed, except by special permission.�? | —DR. ANTONIOS KERASNOUDIS; | Figure; “The key to success, if any—because we dont know the end yet—was the fact that for this difficult period, human life comes first, no matter how great the cost might be.”—DR. KONSTANTINOS VADIKOLIAS; “The key to success, if any—because we don't know the end yet—was the fact that for this difficult period, human life comes first, no matter how great the cost might be,�?Dr. Vadikolias said. | Link Up for More Information; �?Avitzur O. Greece's austerity easures cripple neurologists—in public and private practice. https://bit.ly/NT-Greece. AU - Avitzur, Orly C1 - 2020-06-16 C2 - Success Stories CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061620_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1097/01.NT.0000672388.08286.27 IS - 11 LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Neurologists practicing in Greece describe actions taken to stave off the spread of coronavirus and speculate why they worked. SE - 1,14 SN - 1533-7006 SP - 1-22 ST - In Greece, COVID-19 Numbers Are Very Low. Neurologists Explain Why T2 - NeurologyToday TI - In Greece, COVID-19 Numbers Are Very Low. Neurologists Explain Why UR - https://journals.lww.com/neurotodayonline/Fulltext/2020/06040/In_Greece,_COVID_19_Numbers_Are_Very_Low_.5.aspx VL - 20 ID - 391 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 33521723 AU - Balakrishnan, V. S. C1 - 2020-09-22 C2 - COVID-19 and Influenza CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/092220_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1016/S2666-5247(20)30130-0 ET - 2021/02/02 IS - 5 L1 - internal-pdf://2974296811/Balakrishnan-2020-In preparation for a COVID-1.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Balakrishnan, Vijay Shankar; eng; England; Lancet Microbe. 2020 Sep;1(5):e199. doi: 10.1016/S2666-5247(20)30130-0. Epub 2020 Sep 7. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Strategies for dealing with COVID-19 and influenza as the Northern Hemisphere enters flu season by increasing testing for seasonal respiratory infections and strengthening influenza vaccination programs. SN - 2666-5247 (Electronic); 2666-5247 (Linking) SP - e199 ST - In preparation for a COVID-19-influenza double epidemic T2 - Lancet Microbe TI - In preparation for a COVID-19-influenza double epidemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33521723 VL - 1 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 925 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Baystate Health, Springfield, MA. AN - 32302080 AU - Artenstein, A. W. C1 - 2020-04-24 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/042420_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 30 DO - 10.1056/NEJMc2010025 ET - 2020/04/18 IS - 18 KW - Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*prevention & control | Equipment and Supplies, Hospital | Federal Government | Government Regulation | Infection Control/*instrumentation | Masks/supply & distribution | Massachusetts | *Materials Management, Hospital | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Personal Protective Equipment/*supply & distribution | Pneumonia, Viral/*prevention & control | United States | Ventilators, Mechanical/*supply & distribution L1 - internal-pdf://2913228481/Artenstein-2020-In Pursuit of PPE.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | N1 - Artenstein, Andrew W; eng; Letter; N Engl J Med. 2020 Apr 30;382(18):e46. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2010025. Epub 2020 Apr 17. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Department of Homeland Security and FBI involved in attempted seizure of PPE shipment purchased by Massachusetts hospital. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - e46 ST - In Pursuit of PPE T2 - N Engl J Med TI - In Pursuit of PPE UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32302080 VL - 382 ID - 74 ER - TY - JOUR AB - INTRODUCTION: Based on current knowledge, the SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted via droplet, aerosols and smear infection. Due to a confirmed high virus load in the upper respiratory tract of COVID-19 patients, there is a potential risk of infection for health care professionals when performing surgical procedures in this area. The aim of this study was the semi-quantitative comparison of ENT-typical interventions in the head and neck area with regard to particle and aerosol generation. These data can potentially contribute to a better risk assessment of aerogenic SARS-CoV-2-transmission caused by medical procedures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: As a model, a test chamber was created to examine various typical surgical interventions on porcine soft and hard tissues. Simultaneously, particle and aerosol release were recorded and semi-quantitatively evaluated time-dependently. Five typical surgical intervention techniques (mechanical stress with a passive instrument with and without suction, CO2 laser treatment, drilling and bipolar electrocoagulation) were examined and compared regarding resulting particle release. RESULTS: Neither aerosols nor particles could be detected during mechanical manipulation with and without suction. The use of laser technique showed considerable formation of aerosol. During drilling, mainly solid tissue particles were scattered into the environment (18.2 +/- 15.7 particles/cm(2)/min). The strongest particle release was determined during electrocoagulation (77.2 +/- 30.4 particles/cm(2)/min). The difference in particle release between electrocoagulation and drilling was significant (p < 0.05), while particle diameter was comparable. In addition, relevant amounts of aerosol were released during electrocoagulation (79.6% of the maximum flue gas emission during laser treatment). DISCUSSION: Our results demonstrated clear differences comparing surgical model interventions. In contrast to sole mechanical stress with passive instruments, all active instruments (laser, drilling and electrocoagulation) released particles and aerosols. Assuming that particle and aerosol exposure is clinically correlated to the risk of SARS-CoV-2-transmission from the patient to the physician, a potential risk for health care professionals for infection cannot be excluded. Especially electrocautery is frequently used for emergency treatment, e.g., nose bleeding. The use of this technique may, therefore, be considered particularly critical in potentially infectious patients. Alternative methods may be given preference and personal protective equipment should be used consequently. AD - Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany. | Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany. martin.leinung@kgu.de. AN - 32895799 AU - Guderian, D. B. | Loth, A. G. | Weiss, R. | Diensthuber, M. | Stover, T. | Leinung, M. C1 - 2020-09-18 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091820_covidupdate.html DA - Apr DO - 10.1007/s00405-020-06330-y ET - 2020/09/09 IS - 4 KW - Aerosols/*adverse effects | Animals | COVID-19/*prevention & control/*transmission/virology | *Electrocoagulation | Humans | Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional/*prevention & control | *Laser Therapy | Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures/*adverse effects/methods/standards | Pandemics | SARS-CoV-2 | Swine | Aerosol | Airborne infection | Particle L1 - internal-pdf://0743888168/Guderian-2021-In vitro comparison of surgical.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Guderian, Daniela B; Loth, Andreas G; Weiss, Roxanne; Diensthuber, Marc; Stover, Timo; Leinung, Martin; eng; Germany; Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2021 Apr;278(4):1237-1245. doi: 10.1007/s00405-020-06330-y. Epub 2020 Sep 7. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Aerosol analysis of ENT procedures found that certain activities, such as drilling, laser ablation, and electrocauterization generated aerosols. SN - 1434-4726 (Electronic); 0937-4477 (Linking) SP - 1237-1245 ST - In vitro comparison of surgical techniques in times of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: electrocautery generates more droplets and aerosol than laser surgery or drilling T2 - Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol TI - In vitro comparison of surgical techniques in times of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: electrocautery generates more droplets and aerosol than laser surgery or drilling UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32895799 VL - 278 ID - 906 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Research is needed to demonstrate the efficacy of nasal povidone-iodine (PVP-I) against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Objective: To evaluate the in vitro efficacy of PVP-I nasal antiseptic for the inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 at clinically significant contact times of 15 and 30 seconds. Interventions: The SARS-CoV-2, USA-WA1/2020 strain, virus stock was tested against nasal antiseptic solutions consisting of aqueous PVP-I as the sole active ingredient. Povidone-iodine was tested at diluted concentrations of 0.5%, 1.25%, and 2.5% and compared with controls. The test solutions and virus were incubated at mean (SD) room temperature of 22 (2) degrees C for time periods of 15 and 30 seconds. Design and Setting: This controlled in vitro laboratory research study used 3 different concentrations of study solution and ethanol, 70%, as a positive control on test media infected with SARS-CoV-2. Test media without virus were added to 2 tubes of the compounds to serve as toxicity and neutralization controls. Ethanol, 70%, was tested in parallel as a positive control and water only as a negative control. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary study outcome measurement was the log reduction value after 15 seconds and 30 seconds of given treatment. Surviving virus from each sample was quantified by standard end point dilution assay, and the log reduction value of each compound was compared with the negative (water) control. Results: Povidone-iodine nasal antiseptics at concentrations (0.5%, 1.25%, and 2.5%) completely inactivated SARS-CoV-2 within 15 seconds of contact as measured by log reduction value of greater than 3 log10 of the 50% cell culture infectious dose of the virus. The ethanol, 70%, positive control did not completely inactivate SARS-CoV-2 after 15 seconds of contact. The nasal antiseptics tested performed better than the standard positive control routinely used for in vitro assessment of anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents at a contact time of 15 seconds. No cytotoxic effects on cells were observed after contact with each of the nasal antiseptics tested. Conclusions and Relevance: Povidone-iodine nasal antiseptic solutions at concentrations as low as 0.5% rapidly inactivate SARS-CoV-2 at contact times as short as 15 seconds. Intranasal use of PVP-I has demonstrated safety at concentrations of 1.25% and below and may play an adjunctive role in mitigating viral transmission beyond personal protective equipment. AD - University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington. | ProHealth, Ear, Nose and Throat, Farmington, Connecticut. | Veloce BioPharma, Fort Lauderdale, Florida. | The Institute for Antiviral Research at Utah State University, Logan. | Ocean Ophthalmology, Miami, Florida. AN - 32940656 AU - Frank, S. | Brown, S. M. | Capriotti, J. A. | Westover, J. B. | Pelletier, J. S. | Tessema, B. C1 - 2020-09-29 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/092920_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 1 DO - 10.1001/jamaoto.2020.3053 ET - 2020/09/18 IS - 11 KW - Administration, Intranasal | Anti-Infective Agents, Local/*administration & dosage | COVID-19/transmission/virology | Dose-Response Relationship, Drug | Humans | Infection Control/*methods | Nose/*virology | Povidone-Iodine/*administration & dosage | SARS-CoV-2/*drug effects L1 - internal-pdf://2532690179/Frank-2020-In Vitro Efficacy of a Povidone-Iod.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Frank, Samantha; Brown, Seth M; Capriotti, Joseph A; Westover, Jonna B; Pelletier, Jesse S; Tessema, Belachew; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020 Nov 1;146(11):1054-1058. doi: 10.1001/jamaoto.2020.3053. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Povidone-iodine nasal antiseptic (PVP-I) inactivated SARS-CoV-2 within 15 seconds in vitro (Table). | Methods: Controlled in vitro study of SARS-CoV-2 virus tested against 3 concentrations of PVP-I (0.5%, 1.25%, and 2.5%) for 15 seconds and 30 seconds. Limitations: in vitro study; safety and efficacy of intranasal PVP-I not known. | Implications: Nasal decontaminants have been advocated as a way to sterilize the nasal cavity in persons with SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as for prophylaxis in exposed persons to reduce transmission and to diminish the severity of disease. These early results demonstrate effectiveness of PVP-I against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. More comprehensive studies should be undertaken to examine the safety and potential in vivo effectiveness of PVP-I as a possible measure to mitigate viral transmission. SE - 1054 SN - 2168-619X (Electronic); 2168-6181 (Linking) SP - 1054-1058 ST - In Vitro Efficacy of a Povidone-Iodine Nasal Antiseptic for Rapid Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 T2 - JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg TI - In Vitro Efficacy of a Povidone-Iodine Nasal Antiseptic for Rapid Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32940656 VL - 146 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 969 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In-flight transmission of SARS-CoV had previously been demonstrated during the symptomatic but not asymptomatic phase of illness. In 2003, up to 22 transmissions occurred on a single flight from a single index case;1 conversely, several other carefully studied flights resulted in no transmission. SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that shares 86% homology with SARS -CoV, differs in having both significant transmission from pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic persons as well as secondary cases that may remain asymptomatic even with a 14-day follow-up period. At the same time, cases secondary to in-flight transmission may be detected in as few as 3 days post-flight. As timing is so critical, the burden of absolute proof for ascertaining in-flight transmission risk is high. A possible secondary case, who presents with COVID-19 symptoms, or is detected as an asymptomatic person with a positive COVID-19 PCR several days after arriving at their destination, could have been infected: (i) in the days before departure from the flight origination point; (ii) en-route to the airport; (iii) while at the airport; (iv) on the flight or even (v) on/after arrival at the destination airport. AD - Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA. | Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, Bloomsbury, London WC1E 7HT, UK. | Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Seminarstrasse 2, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany. AN - 32975554 AU - Freedman, D. O. | Wilder-Smith, A. C1 - 2020-10-27 C2 - Travel CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102720_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 23 DO - 10.1093/jtm/taaa178 ET - 2020/09/26 IS - 8 KW - Air Travel/*statistics & numerical data | *COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control/transmission | COVID-19 Testing/methods/statistics & numerical data | *Disease Transmission, Infectious/prevention & control/statistics & numerical | data | Humans | Infection Control/instrumentation/methods | *Masks/standards/statistics & numerical data | Risk Assessment | SARS-CoV-2/*isolation & purification | *Travel Medicine/methods/standards/statistics & numerical data L1 - internal-pdf://0991190351/Freedman-2020-In-flight transmission of SARS-C.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Freedman, David O; Wilder-Smith, Annelies; eng; England; J Travel Med. 2020 Dec 23;27(8). pii: 5910636. doi: 10.1093/jtm/taaa178. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Review summarizing all peer-reviewed or public health publications of flights with likely, possible or unproven in-flight SARS-CoV-2 transmission. SN - 1708-8305 (Electronic); 1195-1982 (Linking) ST - In-flight transmission of SARS-CoV-2: a review of the attack rates and available data on the efficacy of face masks T2 - J Travel Med TI - In-flight transmission of SARS-CoV-2: a review of the attack rates and available data on the efficacy of face masks UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32975554 VL - 27 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1126 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Because of the importance of schools to childhood development, the relationship between in-person schooling and COVID-19 risk has been one of the most important questions of the COVID-19 pandemic. Previous work using data from the United States in winter 2020-21 showed that in-person schooling carried some risk for household members, and that mitigation measures reduced this risk. However, in-person schooling behavior and the COVID-19 landscape changed radically over the 2021 spring semester. Here we use data from a massive online survey to characterize changes in in-person schooling behavior and associated risks over that period. We find a significant increase in the frequency of in-person schooling and a reduction in mitigation, and that in-person schooling is associated with increased reporting of COVID-19 outcomes, even among vaccinated individuals (though the absolute risk among the vaccinated is greatly reduced). Moreover, vaccinated teachers working outside the home were less likely to report COVID-19-related outcomes than unvaccinated teachers reporting no work outside the home. Adequate mitigation measures appear to eliminate the excess risk associated with in person schooling.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis work was supported by the Johns Hopkins University Discovery Award (to E.B.G. and E.A.S.), the Johns Hopkins University COVID-19 Modeling and Policy Hub Award (to E.B.G. and E.A.S.), and the Department of Health and Human Services (to J.L. and M.K.G.).Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:This study involves only openly available human data, which can be obtained from: https://cmu-delphi.github.io/delphi-epidata/.I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll data produced in the present work are contained in the manuscript AU - Wiens, Kirsten E. | Smith, Claire P. | Badillo-Goicoechea, Elena | Grantz, Kyra H. | Grabowski, M. Kate | Azman, Andrew S. | Stuart, Elizabeth A. | Lessler, Justin C1 - 2021-11-05 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/11052021_covidupdate.html#anchor_TransmissionRisks DO - 10.1101/2021.10.20.21265293 L1 - internal-pdf://2361095966/Wiens-2021-In-person schooling and associated.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; During January–June 2021, full-time in-person schooling was associated with increased odds of COVID-19-like illness (CLI) (aOR 1.32, 95% CI 1.25-1.40) and a positive SARS-CoV-2 test (aOR 1.32, 95% CI 1.27-1.38) compared with no in-person schooling. | The associations between in-person schooling and CLI or positive SARS-CoV-2 test results decreased as the number of school-based mitigation measures implemented increased. | Teacher masking appeared to be the most protective school-based mitigation measure, followed by daily symptom screens, student masking, and restricted entry (Figure). | Methods: Weighted analyses of US COVID-19 Trends and Impact Survey (CTIS) data, administered with Facebook using 2-stage sampling (n = 1,082,733 respondents living with school-aged children). Survey elicited demographics, COVID-19 symptoms, test results, vaccination, and schooling for any children in the household. Primary outcomes included CLI, loss of taste and/or smell, and positive test results in the past 24 hours. Limitations: Data were self-reported and subject to recall bias; unclear validity of respondents�?description of school policies and adherence to mitigation strategies; CLI is subjective; may not be representative of U.S. population. | | Implications: School-based mitigation measures appear to reduce transmission risk associated with in-person schooling and are important steps for protection of the health of students and school staff. SP - 2021.10.20.21265293 ST - In-person schooling and associated COVID-19 risk in the United States over Spring Semester 2021 T2 - medRxiv TI - In-person schooling and associated COVID-19 risk in the United States over Spring Semester 2021 UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/10/23/2021.10.20.21265293.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/10/23/2021.10.20.21265293.full.pdf ID - 2583 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In North America and Europe, the Fall 2020 school term has coincided with the beginning of the second wave of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, sparking a heated debate about the role of in-person schooling for community transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This issue has immediate policy relevance for deciding how to operate schools safely as the pandemic unfolds, new variants of SARS-CoV-2 are circulating, and immunization coverage remains low. We contribute to this debate by presenting data on trends in COVID-19 weekly incidence among school-aged children 0-19 years old vis-à-vis other age groups during Fall 2020 in Canada’s three largest cities: Montréal, Toronto and Calgary. We interpret these trends in light of the different back-to-school policies and other public health measures implemented in the three cities over the observation period.KEY POINTSSchool closures are an effective measure to reduce the overall incidence of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Nonetheless, there is a general consensus that the decision to close schools to control the spread of COVID-19 should be used as last resort because of the negative impact on children’s development and mental health, and since they are less likely to have severe COVID-19 outcomes than adults.Existing evidence highlights the importance of adopting appropriate mitigation strategies for limiting COVID-19 community spread when returning to in-person schooling. To understand the association between in-person schooling and COVID-19 transmission given different mitigation strategies, especially universal masking and distance learning, we compare how the second wave of COVID-19 has affected school-aged children age 0-19 years old vis-à-vis other age groups in Montréal, Toronto and Calgary during Fall 2020.The case of Montréal attests to the negative consequences of not implementing recommended migration strategies when reopening schools, even when public health measures such as gatherings restrictions are in place to maintain low levels of community transmission. On the contrary, school measures adopted in Toronto (optional distance learning and masking mandates), have limited the role of COVID-19 transmission among school-aged children for overall community transmission. In Calgary, this effect has been smaller, likely because public health measures to limit COVID-19 community spread were not introduced until early December 2020.Our findings have immediate policy relevance for deciding how to operate schools safely as the pandemic unfolds, new variants of SARS-CoV-2 are circulating, and immunization coverage remains low.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementNo funding to declare.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:No IRB was necessary because the analysis exploited publicly-available data.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesOfficial counts of COVID-19 cases (defined as positive real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain) by age were obtained from provincial reporting juris ictions. For Montreal, they were extracted from aggregate counts of COVID-19 cases released in weekly reports by the Direction regionale de sante publique. For Toronto and Calgary, individual-level case report data were available from, respectively, Ontario Health and Alberta Health. https://santemontreal.qc.ca/fileadmin/fichiers/Campagnes/coronavirus/situation-montreal/rapports-etat-evaluation-montreal/COVID19-Situation-Montreal-Arrondissements-VillesLiees.pdf https://www.alberta.ca/covid-19-alberta-data.aspx AU - Bignami-van Assche, Simona | Boujija, Yacine | Fisman, David | Sandberg, John C1 - 2021-04-02 | 2021-04-09 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04022021_covidupdate.html | http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04092021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.03.21.21254064 L1 - internal-pdf://0255756507/Bignami-van Ass-2021-In-person schooling and C.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: support implementing precautions, including physical distancing and face coverings, when opening schools. SP - 2021.03.21.21254064 ST - In-person schooling and COVID-19 transmission in Canada’s three largest cities T2 - medRxiv TI - In-person schooling and COVID-19 transmission in Canada’s three largest cities UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/03/23/2021.03.21.21254064.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/03/23/2021.03.21.21254064.full.pdf ID - 1908 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: In an effort to mitigate the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), North Carolina closed prekindergarten through grade 12 public schools to in-person instruction on March 14, 2020. On July 15, 2020, North Carolina's governor announced schools could open via remote learning or a hybrid model that combined in-person and remote instruction. In August 2020, 56 of 115 North Carolina school districts joined The ABC Science Collaborative (ABCs) to implement public health measures to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission and share lessons learned. We describe secondary transmission of SARS-CoV-2 within participating school districts during the first 9 weeks of in-person instruction in the 2020-2021 academic year. METHODS: From August 15, 2020 to October 23, 2020, 11 of 56 school districts participating in ABCs were open for in-person instruction for all 9 weeks of the first quarter and agreed to track incidence and secondary transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Local health department staff adjudicated secondary transmission. Superintendents met weekly with ABCs faculty to share lessons learned and develop prevention methods. RESULTS: Over 9 weeks, 11 participating school districts had >90 000 students and staff attend school in person. Among these students and staff, 773 community-acquired SARS-CoV-2 infections were documented by molecular testing. Through contact tracing, health department staff determined an additional 32 infections were acquired within schools. No instances of child-to-adult transmission of SARS-CoV-2 were reported within schools. CONCLUSIONS: In the first 9 weeks of in-person instruction in North Carolina schools, we found extremely limited within-school secondary transmission of SARS-CoV-2, as determined by contact tracing. AD - Duke Clinical Research Institute and. | Departments of Pediatrics and. | The ABC Science Collaborative. | Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; and. | Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; and. | Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. | Duke Clinical Research Institute and danny.benjamin@duke.edu. AN - 33419869 AU - Zimmerman, K. O. | Akinboyo, I. C. | Brookhart, M. A. | Boutzoukas, A. E. | McGann, K. A. | Smith, M. J. | Maradiaga Panayotti, G. | Armstrong, S. C. | Bristow, H. | Parker, D. | Zadrozny, S. | Weber, D. J. | Benjamin, D. K., Jr. | Abc Science, Collaborative C1 - 2021-01-22 C2 - Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01222021_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 8 DO - 10.1542/peds.2020-048090 ET - 2021/01/10 IS - 4 KW - Adolescent | COVID-19/*epidemiology/prevention & control/*transmission | Child | Child, Preschool | Cohort Studies | *Education, Distance | Humans | Incidence | North Carolina/epidemiology | *Schools L1 - internal-pdf://2868229080/Zimmerman-2021-Incidence and Secondary Transmi.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Zimmerman, Kanecia O; Akinboyo, Ibukunoluwa C; Brookhart, M Alan; Boutzoukas, Angelique E; McGann, Kathleen A; Smith, Michael J; Maradiaga Panayotti, Gabriela; Armstrong, Sarah C; Bristow, Helen; Parker, Donna; Zadrozny, Sabrina; Weber, David J; Benjamin, Daniel K Jr; eng; HHSN275201000003C/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/; HHSN275201000003I/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/; U24 TR001608/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; Pediatrics. 2021 Jan 8. pii: peds.2020-048090. doi: 10.1542/peds.2020-048090. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Within-school secondary transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection was extremely rare during 9 weeks of in-person instruction in 11 North Carolina school districts. SN - 1098-4275 (Electronic); 0031-4005 (Linking) SP - e2020048090 ST - Incidence and Secondary Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Schools T2 - Pediatrics TI - Incidence and Secondary Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Schools UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33419869 VL - 147 ID - 1438 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a pandemic on March 11, 2020. SARS CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, has shown the ability to become aerosolized with a potential airborne route of transmission. Dentists and dental hygienists are listed as two of the occupations in a nonhospital setting with the greatest risk of contracting the SARS-CoV-2 virus, as routine dental procedures involve aerosol generation. In a statement on interim guidance, WHO recommended that all routine dental procedures be delayed until COVID-19 transmission rates decrease from community transmission to cluster cases and until the risk of transmission in a dental office can be studied and evaluated. This prospective study involves 2,810 patients treated over a 6-month period (March 15 to September 15, 2020) in three different dental offices by two dentists and three hygienists during and shortly after the height of the pandemic in New York. By utilizing screening questionnaires, performing enhanced infection control, and having appropriate personal protective equipment, these dental offices were able to record no transmission of COVID-19 to the dental healthcare workers or patients during the study. In addition, 69% of the patients treated in these dental offices were recorded as having one or more high-risk comorbidities related to COVID-19 severity. AN - 33151191 AU - Froum, S. H. | Froum, S. J. C1 - 2020-12-01 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/120120_covidupdate.html DA - Nov/Dec DO - 10.11607/prd.5455 DP - NLM ET - 2020/11/06 IS - 6 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus Infections | *Dental Offices | Humans | Incidence | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral | Prospective Studies | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://3715420098/33151191.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Froum, Scott H; Froum, Stuart J; eng; Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2020 Nov/Dec;40(6):853-859. doi: 10.11607/prd.5455. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; No occupationally-acquired infections were identified among staff involved in care of 2,810 patients that often included aerosol-generating procedures. | No patients reported COVID-19 symptoms two weeks after having an aerosol-generating dental procedure, suggesting no transmission from office staff to patients. | Methods: Retrospective study in three different dental offices between March 15 to September 15, 2020 in New York using enhanced infection control measures. All patients were contacted two weeks post-procedure to determine whether they experienced any COVID-19 symptoms. Three staff members contracted COVID-19 during the study period while furloughed; a family member was the source of infection for all three. Limitations: Small study sample; patients may have been asymptomatically infected. | Implications: Enhanced infection control standard operating procedures appears to mitigate risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in dental settings even when aerosol-generating dental procedures take place. SN - 1945-3388 (Electronic); 0198-7569 (Linking) SP - 853-859 ST - Incidence of COVID-19 Virus Transmission in Three Dental Offices: A 6-Month Retrospective Study T2 - Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent TI - Incidence of COVID-19 Virus Transmission in Three Dental Offices: A 6-Month Retrospective Study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33151191 VL - 40 ID - 1286 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital General de Elche and Universidad Miguel, Hernandez, Camino de la Almazara 11, 03203 Elche, Alicante, Spain. Electronic address: marmasiac@gmail.com. | Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital General de Elche and Universidad Miguel, Hernandez, Camino de la Almazara 11, 03203 Elche, Alicante, Spain. | Microbiology Service, Hospital General de Elche, Cami de la Almazara S/N, 03203, Elche, Alicante, Spain. AN - 33794262 AU - Masia, M. | Padilla, S. | Galiana, A. | Fernandez-Gonzalez, M. | Gutierrez, F. C1 - 2021-04-16 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04162021_covidupdate.html DA - Jun DO - 10.1016/j.jinf.2021.03.020 ET - 2021/04/02 IS - 6 KW - *covid-19 | Humans | Incidence | Longitudinal Studies | Recurrence | Reinfection | *SARS-CoV-2 | *Antibody response | *Recurrence | *Reinfection L1 - internal-pdf://0556503238/Masia-2021-Incidence of delayed asymptomatic C.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Masia, Mar; Padilla, Sergio; Galiana, Antonio; Fernandez-Gonzalez, Marta; Gutierrez, Felix; eng; Letter; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Comment; England; J Infect. 2021 Jun;82(6):276-316. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2021.03.020. Epub 2021 Mar 29. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 5 COVID-19 patients who tested RT-PCR positive >90 days since first diagnosis, asymptomatic recurrent positivity occurred but did not necessarily represent a new infection. SN - 1532-2742 (Electronic); 0163-4453 (Linking) SP - 276-316 ST - Incidence of delayed asymptomatic COVID-19 recurrences in a 6-month longitudinal study T2 - J Infect TI - Incidence of delayed asymptomatic COVID-19 recurrences in a 6-month longitudinal study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33794262 VL - 82 ID - 1669 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Introduction: The incidence of acute myocardial injury (AMI) among Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19)-infected patients remain unclear. We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to further explore the incidence AMI in these patients. Methods: We comprehensively searched the MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane databases from their inception to August 2020. The included studies were prospective or retrospective cohort studies that reported the event rate of AMI in COVID-19 patients. Data from each study were combined using random-effects to calculate the pooled incidence with 95% confidence intervals. Results: We identified twenty-seven studies consisting of 8971 hospitalized COVID-19-infected patients. The study demonstrated that 20.0% (95% CI 16.1-23.8% with substantial heterogeneity (I(2) = 94.9%)) of hospitalized COVID-19 patients had AMI. In addition, our meta-regression suggested that older age, male and comorbidities were associated with a higher risk of AMI. Conclusion: The incidence of COVID-19-related myocardial injury ranges from 16.1-23.8%. Further larger studies are anticipated, as the pandemic is still ongoing. AD - Department of Medicine, University of Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. | Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. | Division of Cardiac Electrophysiology, University of Michigan Health Care, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. | Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. | Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. | Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. AN - 33120956 AU - Prasitlumkum, N. | Chokesuwattanaskul, R. | Thongprayoon, C. | Bathini, T. | Vallabhajosyula, S. | Cheungpasitporn, W. C1 - 2020-11-17 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/111720_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 27 DO - 10.3390/diseases8040040 ET - 2020/10/31 IS - 4 KW - Covid-19 | coronavirus | meta-analysis | myocardial injury | systematic review L1 - internal-pdf://1548077493/Prasitlumkum-2020-Incidence of Myocardial Inju.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Prasitlumkum, Narut; Chokesuwattanaskul, Ronpichai; Thongprayoon, Charat; Bathini, Tarun; Vallabhajosyula, Saraschandra; Cheungpasitporn, Wisit; eng; Switzerland; Diseases. 2020 Oct 27;8(4). pii: diseases8040040. doi: 10.3390/diseases8040040. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A review of 27 studies found that COVID-19-related myocardial injury ranges from 16.1%�?3.8%. SN - 2079-9721 (Print); 2079-9721 (Linking) SP - 40 ST - Incidence of Myocardial Injury in COVID-19-Infected Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis T2 - Diseases TI - Incidence of Myocardial Injury in COVID-19-Infected Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33120956 VL - 8 ID - 1235 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Some patients are avoiding essential care for fear of contracting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in hospitals. There are few data, however, on the risk of acquiring COVID-19 in US hospitals. Objective: To assess the incidence of COVID-19 among patients hospitalized at a large US academic medical center in the 12 weeks after the first inpatient case was identified. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study included all patients admitted to Brigham and Women's Hospital (Boston, Massachusetts) between March 7 and May 30, 2020. Follow-up occurred through June 17, 2020. Medical records for all patients who first tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on hospital day 3 or later or within 14 days of discharge were reviewed. Exposures: A comprehensive infection control program was implemented that included dedicated COVID-19 units with airborne infection isolation rooms, personal protective equipment in accordance with US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations, personal protective equipment donning and doffing monitors, universal masking, restriction of visitors, and liberal RT-PCR testing of symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Main Outcomes and Measures: Whether infection was community or hospital acquired based on timing of tests, clinical course, and exposures. Results: Over the 12-week period, 9149 patients (mean [SD] age, 46.1 [26.4] years; median [IQR] age, 51 years [30-67 years]; 5243 female [57.3%]) were admitted to the hospital, for whom 7394 SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR tests were performed; 697 COVID-19 cases were confirmed, translating into 8656 days of COVID-19-related care. Twelve of the 697 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 (1.7%) first tested positive on hospital day 3 or later (median, 4 days; range, 3-15 days). Of these, only 1 case was deemed to be hospital acquired, most likely from a presymptomatic spouse who was visiting daily and diagnosed with COVID-19 before visitor restrictions and masking were implemented. Among 8370 patients with non-COVID-19-related hospitalizations discharged through June 17, 11 (0.1%) tested positive within 14 days (median time to diagnosis, 6 days; range, 1-14 days). Only 1 case was deemed likely to be hospital acquired, albeit with no known exposures. Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study of patients in a large academic medical center with rigorous infection control measures, nosocomial COVID-19 was rare during the height of the pandemic in the region. These findings may inform practices in other institutions and provide reassurance to patients concerned about contracting COVID-19 in hospitals. AD - Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. | Infection Control Department, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. | Department of Quality and Safety, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. | Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. AN - 32902653 AU - Rhee, C. | Baker, M. | Vaidya, V. | Tucker, R. | Resnick, A. | Morris, C. A. | Klompas, M. | C. D. C. Prevention Epicenters Program C1 - 2020-09-18 C2 - Healthcare Setting Associated COVID-19 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091820_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.20498 ET - 2020/09/10 IS - 9 KW - *Academic Medical Centers | Adult | Aged | Betacoronavirus | Boston/epidemiology | Covid-19 | Coronavirus | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/etiology/virology | Cross Infection/*epidemiology/virology | Female | *Hospitalization | Humans | Incidence | Infection Control/methods | Male | Middle Aged | *Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/etiology/virology | Risk Assessment | SARS-CoV-2 | Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome | Visitors to Patients | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://3327724379/Rhee-2020-Incidence of Nosocomial COVID-19 in.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Rhee, Chanu; Baker, Meghan; Vaidya, Vineeta; Tucker, Robert; Resnick, Andrew; Morris, Charles A; Klompas, Michael; eng; U54 CK000484/CK/NCEZID CDC HHS/; K08 HS025008/HS/AHRQ HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Sep 1;3(9):e2020498. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.20498. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 12/697 (1.7%) hospitalized patients tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection after admission. | Only 1 patient acquired SARS-CoV-2 infection while hospitalized through exposure to a visiting asymptomatically infected spouse. | 11/8,370 (0.1%) patients tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection within 14 days of discharge. | In one person, infection was likely hospital-acquired. | Methods: Cohort study among all 9,149 patients admitted to Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, MA, between March 7 and May 30, 2020. SARS-CoV-2 infection was determined by positive RT-PCR. Test timing, clinical course, and exposure history were used to classify cases as having community- or hospital-acquired SARS-CoV-2 infection. Limitations: Testing practices changed during the study period; asymptomatic cases might not have sought testing after discharge; those who may have sought testing more than 14 days after discharge and cases diagnosed outside the hospital catchment area were not captured; the hospital did not exceed surge capacity during the study period. | Implications for 3 studies (Shields et al., Lentz et al. & Rhee et al.): Healthcare settings present risks for SARS-CoV-2 infection to both healthcare personnel and patients. Healthcare personnel face different risks based on occupation and afterwork activities. With comprehensive infection control programs, risk of nosocomial and healthcare-associated SARS-CoV-2 infection among patients and staff, respectively, can be minimized even in the context of high-risk procedures and settings. SE - e2020498 SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e2020498 ST - Incidence of Nosocomial COVID-19 in Patients Hospitalized at a Large US Academic Medical Center T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Incidence of Nosocomial COVID-19 in Patients Hospitalized at a Large US Academic Medical Center UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32902653 VL - 3 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 913 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BackgroundSARS-CoV-2 infection represents a major challenge for long-term care facilities (LTCFs) and many residents and staff are seropositive following persistent outbreaks. We aimed to investigate the association between the SARS-CoV-2 antibody status at baseline and subsequent infection in this population. AD - UCL Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK. | UCL Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK. | Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. | Public Health England, London, UK. | Four Seasons Healthcare Group, Wilmslow, UK. | Palantir Technologies UK, London, UK. | Department of Health and Social Care, London, UK. | UCL Institute of Epidemiology and Healthcare, University College London, London, UK. | Health Data Research UK, London, UK. AN - 34104901 AU - Krutikov, Maria | Palmer, Tom | Tut, Gokhan | Fuller, Chris | Shrotri, Madhumita | Williams, Haydn | Davies, Daniel | Irwin-Singer, Aidan | Robson, James | Hayward, Andrew | Moss, Paul | Copas, Andrew | Shallcross, Laura C1 - 2021-06-18 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06182021_covidupdate.html DA - Jun DO - 10.1016/S2666-7568(21)00093-3 ET - 2021/06/10 IS - 6 L1 - internal-pdf://2115488202/Krutikov-2021-Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infectio.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Krutikov, Maria | Palmer, Tom | Tut, Gokhan | Fuller, Chris | Shrotri, Madhumita | Williams, Haydn | Davies, Daniel | Irwin-Singer, Aidan | Robson, James | Hayward, Andrew | Moss, Paul | Copas, Andrew | Shallcross, Laura | eng | WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom | England | Lancet Healthy Longev. 2021 Jun;2(6):e362-e370. doi: 10.1016/S2666-7568(21)00093-3. Epub 2021 Jun 3. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were detected at baseline in 29% of staff and 33% of residents of long-term care facilities (LTCF). | Compared to those antibody-negative at baseline, risk for PCR-positive infection was significantly lower among staff (adjusted hazards ratio [aHR] 0.39, 95% CI 0.19-0.82) and residents (aHR 0.15, 95% CI 0.05-0.44) who were antibody-positive. | After vaccination roll-out, the proportion of residents and staff testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 declined more rapidly than before vaccination (Figure). | At 10 months follow-up only 14 (2%) PCR-positive reinfections were identified among staff and residents who were antibody-positive at baseline; none required hospitalization. | Methods: Prospective cohort study of risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection by baseline antibody status among 1,429 staff and 682 residents of LTCFs in England between October 1, 2020 and February 1, 2021. HR for PCR-positive infection were estimated by baseline antibody status, stratified by LTCF, and adjusted for age and sex. Limitations: Small sample size; did not evaluate comorbidities. | Implications: Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 were associated with reduced reinfection risk in LTCF staff and residents; natural immunity coupled with vaccination may afford long-term protection against infection in this vulnerable population. SN - 2666-7568 SP - e362-e370 ST - Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection according to baseline antibody status in staff and residents of 100 long-term care facilities (VIVALDI): a prospective cohort study T2 - Lancet Healthy Longev TI - Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection according to baseline antibody status in staff and residents of 100 long-term care facilities (VIVALDI): a prospective cohort study UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-7568(21)00093-3 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8175048/pdf/main.pdf VL - 2 Y2 - 2021/06/29 ID - 1844 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Understanding the relative risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection across occupations can inform guidance to protect workers and communities. Less is known about infection risk for first responders and other essential workers than for health care personnel.To compare the prevaccination incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among first responders and other essential workers with incidence among health care personnel.This was a prospective cohort study of health care personnel, first responders, and other essential workers in Arizona from July 20, 2020, to March 14, 2021. Participants were seronegative at enrollment, had frequent direct contact with others at work, worked at least 20 hours per week, and submitted weekly nasal swab specimens for real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis. Data analyses were performed from April 19, 2021, to June 4, 2021.Occupation was the primary exposure of interest. Confounders assessed were sociodemographic characteristics, health status, community exposure, and work exposure.Crude incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection was defined as the sum of first positive SARS-CoV-2 infections in participants divided by person-weeks at risk. Negative binomial regression was used to model SARS-CoV-2 infection by occupation to estimate unadjusted and adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs). The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) method was used to generate a parsimonious multivariable model.The study cohort comprised 1766 Arizona workers (mean age [SD], 43.8 [11.1] years; 1093 [61.9%] female; 401 [22.7%] were Hispanic and 1530 [86.6%] were White individuals) of whom 44.2% were health care personnel, 22.4% first responders, and 33.4% other essential workers. The cohort was followed up for 23�?93 person-weeks. Crude incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection was 6.7, 13.2, and 7.4 per 1000 person-weeks at risk for health care personnel, first responders, and other essential workers, respectively. In unadjusted models, first responders had twice the incidence of infection as health care personnel (IRRs, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.44-2.79). While attenuated, this risk remained elevated in adjusted LASSO-optimized models (IRR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.07-2.38). Risk of infection among other essential workers was no different than for health care personnel in unadjusted or adjusted models.This prospective cohort study found that first responders had a higher incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection than health care personnel, even after adjusting for potential confounding factors. Given their frequent contact with each other and with the public and their high rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the safety challenges for first responders warrant greater public health attention and research. AU - Ellingson, Katherine D. | Gerald, Joe K. | Sun, Xiaoxiao | Hollister, James | Lutrick, Karen | Parker, Joel | Rivers, Patrick | Beitel, Shawn C. | Baccam, Zoe | Lamberte, Julie Mayo | Grant, Lauren | Kim, Elizabeth | Bhattarai, Rachana | Komatsu, Kenneth | Meece, Jennifer | Kutty, Preeta K. | Thompson, Mark G. | Burgess, Jefferey L. C1 - 2021-10-29 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10292021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1001/jamahealthforum.2021.3318 IS - 10 L1 - internal-pdf://2660689355/Ellingson-2021-Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 Infecti.pdf LB - Natural History | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In a prospective cohort of 1,766 unvaccinated seronegative workers tested weekly during July 2020–March 2021, first responders had a significantly higher incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection than healthcare personnel (IRR 2.01, 95% CI 1.44-2.79), even after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and underlying health and exposure indicators (aIRR 1.60, 95% CI 1.07-2.38). Incidence was highest among correctional officers and non-fire emergency medical service workers. SE - e213318 SN - 2689-0186 SP - e213318-e213318 ST - Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Health Care Personnel, First Responders, and Other Essential Workers During a Prevaccination COVID-19 Surge in Arizona T2 - JAMA Health Forum TI - Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Health Care Personnel, First Responders, and Other Essential Workers During a Prevaccination COVID-19 Surge in Arizona UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamahealthforum.2021.3318 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama-health-forum/articlepdf/2785400/ellingson_2021_oi_210052_1634319406.87639.pdf VL - 2 Y2 - 11/2/2021 ID - 2548 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in severe psychological, social, and economic stress in people's lives. It is not known whether the stress of the pandemic is associated with an increase in the incidence of stress cardiomyopathy. Objective: To determine the incidence and outcomes of stress cardiomyopathy during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with before the pandemic. Design, Setting, and Participants: This retrospective cohort study at cardiac catheterization laboratories with primary percutaneous coronary intervention capability at 2 hospitals in the Cleveland Clinic health system in Northeast Ohio examined the incidence of stress cardiomyopathy (also known as Takotsubo syndrome) in patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome who underwent coronary arteriography. Patients presenting during the COVID-19 pandemic, between March 1 and April 30, 2020, were compared with 4 control groups of patients with acute coronary syndrome presenting prior to the pandemic across 4 distinct timelines: March to April 2018, January to February 2019, March to April 2019, and January to February 2020. Data were analyzed in May 2020. Exposures: Patients were divided into 5 groups based on the date of their clinical presentation in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic. Main Outcomes and Measures: Incidence of stress cardiomyopathy. Results: Among 1914 patient presenting with acute coronary syndrome, 1656 patients (median [interquartile range] age, 67 [59-74]; 1094 [66.1%] men) presented during the pre-COVID-19 period (390 patients in March-April 2018, 309 patients in January-February 2019, 679 patients in March-April 2019, and 278 patients in January-February 2020), and 258 patients (median [interquartile range] age, 67 [57-75]; 175 [67.8%] men) presented during the COVID-19 pandemic period (ie, March-April 2020). There was a significant increase in the incidence of stress cardiomyopathy during the COVID-19 period, with a total of 20 patients with stress cardiomyopathy (incidence proportion, 7.8%), compared with prepandemic timelines, which ranged from 5 to 12 patients with stress cardiomyopathy (incidence proportion range, 1.5%-1.8%). The rate ratio comparing the COVID-19 pandemic period to the combined prepandemic period was 4.58 (95% CI, 4.11-5.11; P < .001). All patients during the COVID-19 pandemic had negative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction test results for COVID-19. Patients with stress cardiomyopathy during the COVID-19 pandemic had a longer median (interquartile range) hospital length of stay compared with those hospitalized in the prepandemic period (COVID-19 period: 8 [6-9] days; March-April 2018: 4 [3-4] days; January-February 2019: 5 [3-6] days; March-April 2019: 4 [4-8] days; January-February: 5 [4-5] days; P = .006). There were no significant differences between the COVID-19 period and the overall pre-COVID-19 period in mortality (1 patient [5.0%] vs 1 patient [3.6%], respectively; P = .81) or 30-day rehospitalization (4 patients [22.2%] vs 6 patients [21.4%], respectively; P = .90). Conclusions and Relevance: This study found that there was a significant increase in the incidence of stress cardiomyopathy during the COVID-19 pandemic when compared with prepandemic periods. AD - Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Akron General, Akron, Ohio. | Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio. | Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Department, Cleveland Clinic Akron General, Akron, Ohio. | Department of Critical Care Medicine, St John's Medical College Hospital, Bengaluru, India. | Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio. | Department of Hospital Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio. | Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. AN - 32644140 AU - Jabri, A. | Kalra, A. | Kumar, A. | Alameh, A. | Adroja, S. | Bashir, H. | Nowacki, A. S. | Shah, R. | Khubber, S. | Kanaa, N. A. | Hedrick, D. P. | Sleik, K. M. | Mehta, N. | Chung, M. K. | Khot, U. N. | Kapadia, S. R. | Puri, R. | Reed, G. W. C1 - 2020-07-21 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072120_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.14780 ET - 2020/07/10 IS - 7 KW - Acute Coronary Syndrome/*epidemiology | Aged | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Cohort Studies | Comorbidity | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Female | Humans | Incidence | Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data | Male | Middle Aged | Ohio/epidemiology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 | Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy/*epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://0227051353/Jabri-2020-Incidence of Stress Cardiomyopathy.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Jabri, Ahmad; Kalra, Ankur; Kumar, Ashish; Alameh, Anas; Adroja, Shubham; Bashir, Hanad; Nowacki, Amy S; Shah, Rohan; Khubber, Shameer; Kanaa'N, Anmar; Hedrick, David P; Sleik, Khaled M; Mehta, Neil; Chung, Mina K; Khot, Umesh N; Kapadia, Samir R; Puri, Rishi; Reed, Grant W; eng; JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Jul 1;3(7):e2014780. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.14780. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among the 1,914 COVID-19-negative patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), there was a significant increase in the incidence of stress cardiomyopathy during the COVID-19 period (Figure). | The incidence of stress cardiomyopathy was 7.8% during the COVID-19 period compared with 1.5%-1.8% during the pre-pandemic period (Figure). | The rate ratio comparing the COVID-19 pandemic period with the pre-pandemic period was 4.58 (95% CI 4.11-5.11; p <0.001). | Patients with stress cardiomyopathy during the COVID-19 pandemic had a longer median hospital length of stay compared with those hospitalized in the pre-pandemic period. | Methods: A retrospective cohort study of incidence of stress cardiomyopathy patients presenting between March and April 2020 compared with 4 control groups with ACS during the pre-pandemic period. Stress cardiomyopathy was diagnosed in accordance with the international Takotsubo syndrome diagnostic criteria. Limitations: Not generalizable. | Implications: With an increase incidence of stress cardiomyopathy during the COVID-19 pandemic, public health interventions may be needed to address associated psychological, social, and economic stress. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e2014780 ST - Incidence of Stress Cardiomyopathy During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Incidence of Stress Cardiomyopathy During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32644140 VL - 3 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 560 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Infection with the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has been associated with a hypercoagulable state. Emerging data from China and Europe have consistently shown an increased incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE). We aimed to identify the VTE incidence and early predictors of VTE at our high-volume tertiary care center. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study of 147 patients who had been admitted to Temple University Hospital with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from April 1, 2020 to April 27, 2020. We first identified the VTE (pulmonary embolism [PE] and deep vein thrombosis [DVT]) incidence in our cohort. The VTE and no-VTE groups were compared by univariable analysis for demographics, comorbidities, laboratory data, and treatment outcomes. Subsequently, multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the early predictors of VTE. RESULTS: The 147 patients (20.9% of all admissions) admitted to a designated COVID-19 unit at Temple University Hospital with a high clinical suspicion of acute VTE had undergone testing for VTE using computed tomography pulmonary angiography and/or extremity venous duplex ultrasonography. The overall incidence of VTE was 17% (25 of 147). Of the 25 patients, 16 had had acute PE, 14 had had acute DVT, and 5 had had both PE and DVT. The need for invasive mechanical ventilation (adjusted odds ratio, 3.19; 95% confidence interval, 1.07-9.55) and the admission D-dimer level >/=1500 ng/mL (adjusted odds ratio, 3.55; 95% confidence interval, 1.29-9.78) were independent markers associated with VTE. The all-cause mortality in the VTE group was greater than that in the non-VTE group (48% vs 22%; P = .007). CONCLUSIONS: Our study represents one of the earliest reported from the United States on the incidence rate of VTE in patients with COVID-19. Patients with a high clinical suspicion and the identified risk factors (invasive mechanical ventilation, admission D-dimer level >/=1500 ng/mL) should be considered for early VTE testing. We did not screen all patients admitted for VTE; therefore, the true incidence of VTE could have been underestimated. Our findings require confirmation in future prospective studies. AD - Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa. Electronic address: parth.rali@tuhs.temple.edu. | Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa. | Division of Vascular Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa. | Department of Clinical Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa. | Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa. | Department of Radiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa. | Section of Cardiology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa. | Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa. AN - 32979557 AU - Rali, P. | O'Corragain, O. | Oresanya, L. | Yu, D. | Sheriff, O. | Weiss, R. | Myers, C. | Desai, P. | Ali, N. | Stack, A. | Bromberg, M. | Lubitz, A. L. | Panaro, J. | Bashir, R. | Lakhter, V. | Caricchio, R. | Gupta, R. | Dass, C. | Maruti, K. | Lu, X. | Rao, A. K. | Cohen, G. | Criner, G. J. | Choi, E. T. | Temple University, Covid-Research Group C1 - 2020-10-09 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100920_covidupdate.html DA - May DO - 10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.09.006 ET - 2020/09/27 IS - 3 KW - *COVID-19/blood/complications/epidemiology | Computed Tomography Angiography/methods | Female | Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products/*analysis | Humans | Incidence | Male | Middle Aged | Philadelphia/epidemiology | Prognosis | *Pulmonary Embolism/diagnosis/epidemiology/etiology | Respiration, Artificial/*methods | Retrospective Studies | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | Thrombophilia/blood/diagnosis/etiology | Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex/methods | *Venous Thrombosis/diagnosis/epidemiology/etiology | *covid-19 vte | *COVID-19 coagulopathy | *Hypercoagulable state in COVID-19 L1 - internal-pdf://1412768069/Rali-2021-Incidence of venous thromboembolism.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Rali, Parth; O'Corragain, Oisin; Oresanya, Lawrence; Yu, Daohai; Sheriff, Omar; Weiss, Robert; Myers, Catherine; Desai, Parag; Ali, Nadia; Stack, Anthony; Bromberg, Michael; Lubitz, Andrea L; Panaro, Joseph; Bashir, Riyaz; Lakhter, Vladimir; Caricchio, Roberto; Gupta, Rohit; Dass, Chandra; Maruti, Kumaran; Lu, Xiaoning; Rao, A Koneti; Cohen, Gary; Criner, Gerard J; Choi, Eric T; eng; J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord. 2021 May;9(3):585-591.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2020.09.006. Epub 2020 Oct 5. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Reports on the incidence rate of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in COVID-19 patients and notes a higher all-cause mortality for COVID-19 patients with VTE than in those without VTE. SN - 2213-3348 (Electronic) SP - 585-591 e2 ST - Incidence of venous thromboembolism in coronavirus disease 2019: An experience from a single large academic center T2 - J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord TI - Incidence of venous thromboembolism in coronavirus disease 2019: An experience from a single large academic center UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32979557 VL - 9 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 1018 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI elizabeth_white@brown.edu. | Genesis HealthCare, Kennett Square, PA. | Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI. | Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI. AN - 34010526 AU - White, Elizabeth M. | Yang, Xiaofei | Blackman, Carolyn | Feifer, Richard A. | Gravenstein, Stefan | Mor, Vincent C1 - 2021-05-28 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05282021_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 29 DO - 10.1056/NEJMc2104849 ET - 2021/05/20 IS - 5 KW - Asymptomatic Infections/epidemiology | COVID-19/*epidemiology/prevention & control | *COVID-19 Vaccines | Health Personnel | Humans | Incidence | *Nursing Homes | United States/epidemiology | Vaccination | Vaccines, Synthetic L1 - internal-pdf://1473141572/White-2021-Incident SARS-CoV-2 Infection among.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - White, Elizabeth M | Yang, Xiaofei | Blackman, Carolyn | Feifer, Richard A | Gravenstein, Stefan | Mor, Vincent | eng | P01 AG027296/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ | U54 AG063546/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ | Letter | N Engl J Med. 2021 Jul 29;385(5):474-476. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2104849. Epub 2021 May 19. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection decreased among all residents within 42 days of first vaccination clinic (Figure). | Among residents receiving 1 vaccine dose, SARS-CoV-2 incidence fell from 4.5% up to 14 days after vaccination to 1.4% at >14 days post-vaccination. | Among residents receiving both vaccine doses, incidence fell from 1.0% up to 14 days after the second dose to 0.3% at >14 days post vaccination. | Among unvaccinated residents, incidence fell from 4.3% up to 14 days after the vaccination clinic to 0.3% at >42 days after the vaccination clinic. | Methods: Electronic health record data were used to determine the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection through March 31, 2021 among vaccinated and unvaccinated residents of 280 nursing homes in 21 states. As of February 15, 2021, 18,242 residents received at least one dose of mRNA vaccine and 13,048 received the second dose. 3,990 residents were unvaccinated. Residents were tested every 3 to 7 days if there were confirmed cases in the facility or if they had any new symptoms or potential exposure. Limitations: Local area infection rates might affect observed incidence; no report of the vaccination status of the nursing home staff. | Implications: SARS-CoV-2 vaccination might provide protection against infection for vaccinated residents that extends to unvaccinated nursing home residents as well. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic) | 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 474-476 ST - Incident SARS-CoV-2 Infection among mRNA-Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Nursing Home Residents T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Incident SARS-CoV-2 Infection among mRNA-Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Nursing Home Residents UR - https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2104849 | https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMc2104849?articleTools=true VL - 385 ID - 1787 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The Research Letter, “Comparison of Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Asymptomatic vs Symptomatic Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China,�?published on May 27, 2020, incorrectly reported statistical tests in the Methods section and findings in the Table. The correct tests are as follows: “�? analysis was conducted to compare the distributions of categorical variables (ie, sex, baseline liver injury, fluctuated results of SARS-CoV-2 test, and death) between asymptomatic and symptomatic patients. Continuous variables (ie, age, duration of viral shedding, duration of lung recovery, maximum difference of CD4 lymphocytes during treatment, and CD4 lymphocyte count during recovery) were compared using t tests.�?The findings have been corrected in the Table and are similar to the originally reported comparisons, and the statistical results continue to indicate P�?lt;�?01. This article has been corrected. AN - 32589226 C1 - 2020-06-12 C2 - PMC7320296 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061220_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.14310 ET - 2020/06/27 IS - 6 L1 - internal-pdf://3013401372/2020-Incorrect Reporting of Statistical Tests.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - eng | Published Erratum | JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Jun 1;3(6):e2014310. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.14310. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Correction to Comparison of clinical characteristics of patients with asymptomatic vs symptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, Chinaexternal icon. Yang et al. JAMA Network Open(May 27, 2020) SN - 2574-3805 SP - e2014310-e2014310 ST - Incorrect Reporting of Statistical Tests T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Incorrect Reporting of Statistical Tests UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.14310 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/articlepdf/2767671/2020_cx_200038.pdf VL - 3 Y2 - 7/7/2021 ID - 1883 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Social distancing (SD) measures aimed at curbing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 remain an important public health intervention. Little is known about the collateral impact of reduced mobility on the risk of other communicable diseases. We used differences in dengue case counts pre- and post implementation of SD measures and exploited heterogeneity in SD treatment effects among different age groups in Singapore to identify the spillover effects of SD measures. SD policy caused an increase of over 37.2% in dengue cases from baseline. Additional measures to preemptively mitigate the risk of other communicable diseases must be considered before the implementation/reimplementation of SARS-CoV-2 SD measures. AD - Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore. | Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. | Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. | Environmental Health Institute, National Environmental Agency, Singapore, Singapore. AN - 33000172 AU - Lim, J. T. | Chew, L. Z. X. | Choo, E. L. W. | Dickens, B. S. L. | Ong, J. | Aik, J. | Ng, L. C. | Cook, A. R. C1 - 2020-10-13 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/101320_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 13 DO - 10.1093/infdis/jiaa619 ET - 2020/10/02 IS - 3 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | COVID-19/epidemiology/*transmission/virology | Child | Child, Preschool | Dengue/epidemiology/*transmission/virology | Humans | Middle Aged | *Physical Distancing | Public Health | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification | Singapore/epidemiology | Young Adult | *SARS-CoV-2 | *dengue | *interventions | *natural experiment L1 - internal-pdf://3569761297/Lim-2021-Increased Dengue Transmissions in Sin.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Lim, Jue Tao; Chew, Lawrence Zheng Xiong; Choo, Esther Li Wen; Dickens, Borame Sue Lee; Ong, Janet; Aik, Joel; Ng, Lee Ching; Cook, Alex R; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; J Infect Dis. 2021 Feb 13;223(3):399-402. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa619. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Dengue case counts increased approximately 100% among persons aged 5�?5 years, after implementation of strictly enforced social distancing (SD) (Figure). | 37.2% (95% CI 19.9%-49.8%), of the increase in dengue cases was attributable to implementation of SD. | Methods: Weekly dengue case counts (2003 through June 1, 2020) were compared before and after implementation of SD policies in Singapore that began April 7, 2020. Case counts were compared between persons aged 5�?5 years (treatment group, persons least likely to be home during the day before SD) and persons <5 and >65 years (control group, more likely to be home during the day). The analysis controlled for time trends, seasonality, year fixed effects, temperature and humidity. Limitations: Cross-immunity between dengue serotypes was not accounted for as a potential confounder. | Implications: Because mosquito breeding grounds are concentrated in residential areas in Singapore, increased time spent at home during the implementation of COVID-19 SD potentially resulted in increased exposure to mosquito vectors, and, consequently to increased dengue risk. Measures to mitigate risk of dengue transmission should be considered when implementing SD in dengue-endemic countries. SN - 1537-6613 (Electronic); 0022-1899 (Linking) SP - 399-402 ST - Increased Dengue Transmissions in Singapore Attributable to SARS-CoV-2 Social Distancing Measures T2 - J Infect Dis TI - Increased Dengue Transmissions in Singapore Attributable to SARS-CoV-2 Social Distancing Measures UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33000172 VL - 223 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 1029 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Public health measures were instituted to reduce COVID-19 spread. A decrease in total emergency department volume followed, but the impact on injury is unknown. With lockdown and social distancing potentially increasing domicile discord, we hypothesized that intentional injury increased during COVID-19, driven primarily by an increase in penetrating trauma. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective review of acute adult patient care in an urban Level I trauma center assessed injury patterns. Presenting patient characteristics and diagnoses from 6 weeks pre to 10 weeks post statewide stay-at-home orders (March 16, 2020) were compared, as well as with 2015-2019. Subsets were defined by intentionality (intentional vs nonintentional) and mechanism of injury (blunt vs penetrating). Fisher exact and Wilcoxon tests were used to compare proportions and means. RESULTS: There were 357 trauma patients that presented pre stay-at-home order and 480 that presented post stay-at-home order. Pre and post groups demonstrated differences in sex (35.6% vs 27.9% female; p = 0.02), age (47.4 +/- 22.1 years vs 42 +/- 20.3 years; p = 0.009), and race (1.4% vs 2.3% Asian; 63.3% vs 68.3% Black; 30.5% vs 22.3% White; and 4.8% vs 7.1% other; p = 0.03). Post stay-at-home order mechanism of injury revealed more intentional injury (p = 0.0008). Decreases in nonintentional trauma after adoption of social isolation paralleled declines in daily emergency department visits. Compared with earlier years, 2020 demonstrated a significantly greater proportion of intentional violent injury during the peripandemic months, especially from firearms. CONCLUSIONS: Unprecedented social isolation policies to address COVID-19 were associated with increased intentional injury, especially gun violence. Meanwhile, emergency department and nonintentional trauma visits decreased. Pandemic-related public health measures should embrace intentional injury prevention and management strategies. AD - Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. | Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. | Division of Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care and Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, Penn Presbyterian Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA. | Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Division of Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care and Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, Penn Presbyterian Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA. Electronic address: jose.pascual@pennmedicine.upenn.edu. AN - 33166665 AU - Abdallah, H. O. | Zhao, C. | Kaufman, E. | Hatchimonji, J. | Swendiman, R. A. | Kaplan, L. J. | Seamon, M. | Schwab, C. W. | Pascual, J. L. C1 - 2020-11-24 C2 - Injury CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/112420_covidupdate.html DA - Feb DO - 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2020.09.028 ET - 2020/11/10 IS - 2 KW - Adult | COVID-19/*epidemiology | Female | *Firearms | Humans | Incidence | Male | Middle Aged | *Pandemics | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 | Trauma Centers | United States/epidemiology | Urban Population/*statistics & numerical data | Wounds, Gunshot/*epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://1330614154/Abdallah-2021-Increased Firearm Injury During.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Abdallah, Hatem O; Zhao, Cindy; Kaufman, Elinore; Hatchimonji, Justin; Swendiman, Robert A; Kaplan, Lewis J; Seamon, Mark; Schwab, C William; Pascual, Jose L; eng; J Am Coll Surg. 2021 Feb;232(2):159-168.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2020.09.028. Epub 2020 Nov 6. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Reporting from an urban trauma center showed decreased unintentional injuries and increased intentional injuries following stay-at-home orders (SAHO). SN - 1879-1190 (Electronic); 1072-7515 (Linking) SP - 159-168 e3 ST - Increased Firearm Injury During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Hidden Urban Burden T2 - J Am Coll Surg TI - Increased Firearm Injury During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Hidden Urban Burden UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33166665 VL - 232 Y2 - 2021/05/14 ID - 1274 ER - TY - JOUR AB - VOC 202012/01, a SARS-CoV-2 variant first detected in the United Kingdom in September 2020, has spread to multiple countries worldwide. Several studies have established that this novel variant is more transmissible than preexisting variants of SARS-CoV-2, but have not identified whether the new variant leads to any change in disease severity. We analyse a large database of SARS-CoV-2 community test results and COVID-19 deaths for England, representing approximately 47% of all SARS-CoV-2 community tests and 7% of COVID-19 deaths in England from 1 September 2020 to 22 January 2021. Fortuitously, these SARS-CoV-2 tests can identify VOC 202012/01 because mutations in this lineage prevent PCR amplification of the spike gene target (S gene target failure, SGTF). We estimate that the hazard of death among SGTF cases is 30% (95% CI 9�?6%) higher than among non-SGTF cases after adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, deprivation level, care home residence, local authority of residence and date of test. In absolute terms, this increased hazard of death corresponds to the risk of death for a male aged 55�?9 increasing from 0.56% to 0.73% (95% CI 0.60�?.86%) over the 28 days following a positive SARS-CoV-2 test in the community. Correcting for misclassification of SGTF, we estimate a 35% (12�?4%) higher hazard of death associated with VOC 202012/01. Our analysis suggests that VOC 202012/01 is not only more transmissible than preexisting SARS-CoV-2 variants but may also cause more severe illness.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementFunding statement NGD: UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) Research England; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Immunisation (NIHR200929); UK Medical Research Council (MC_PC_19065). CIJ: Global Challenges Research Fund project 'RECAP' managed through Research Councils UK and the Economic and Social Research Council (ES/P010873/1). WJE: European Commission (EpiPose 101003688), National Institutes of Health Research (NIHR200908). NPJ: National Institutes of Health / National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI148127). KDO: Royal Society-Wellcome Trust Sir Henry Dale Fellowship 218554/Z/19/Z. RHK: UKRI Future Leaders Fellowship (MR/S017968/1).Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Approved by the Observational / Interventions Research Ethics Committee at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (reference number 24020).All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAnalysis code will be released at https://github.com/nicholasdavies/cfrvoc. Analysis data are held by Public Health England. An anonymised data set which will be released with the code is in preparation. AD - Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. | Department of Medical Statistics, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. | Centre for Statistical Methodology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. AN - 33564794 AU - Davies, Nicholas G. | Jarvis, Christopher I. | Edmunds, W. John | Jewell, Nicholas P. | Diaz-Ordaz, Karla | Keogh, Ruth H. C1 - 2021-02-12 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02122021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 5 DO - 10.1101/2021.02.01.21250959 ET - 2021/02/11 L1 - internal-pdf://1833689479/Davies-2021-Increased hazard of death in commu.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Davies, Nicholas G | Jarvis, Christopher I | Edmunds, W John | Jewell, Nicholas P | Diaz-Ordaz, Karla | Keogh, Ruth H | eng | MC_PC_19065/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom | MR/S017968/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom | R01 AI148127/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | Preprint | medRxiv. 2021 Mar 5. doi: 10.1101/2021.02.01.21250959. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: found a 30% increase in 28-day mortality with B.1.1.7. | SP - 2021.02.01.21250959 ST - Increased hazard of death in community-tested cases of SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern 202012/01 T2 - medRxiv TI - Increased hazard of death in community-tested cases of SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern 202012/01 TT - Published article: Increased mortality in community-tested cases of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/02/03/2021.02.01.21250959.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/03/05/2021.02.01.21250959.full.pdf ID - 1897 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Objectives To establish whether there is any change in mortality associated with infection of a new variant of SARS-CoV-2 (VOC-202012/1), first detected in UK in December 2020, compared to that associated with infection with circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants.Design Matched cohort study. Cases are matched by age, gender, ethnicity, index of multiple deprivation, lower tier local authority region, and sample date of positive specimen, and differing only by detectability of the spike protein gene using the TaqPath assay - a proxy measure of VOC-202012/1 infection.Setting United Kingdom, Pillar 2 COVID-19 testing centres using the taqPath assay.Participants 54,773 pairs of participants testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 in Pillar 2 between 1st October 2020 and 29th January 2021.Main outcome measures - Death within 28 days of first positive SARS-CoV-2 test.Results There is a high probability that the risk of mortality is increased by infection with VOC-202012/01 (p <0.001). The mortality hazard ratio associated with infection with VOC-202012/1 compared to infection with previously circulating variants is 1.7 (95% CI 1.3 - 2.2) in patients who have tested positive for COVID-19 in the community. In this comparatively low risk group, this represents an increase of deaths from 1.8 in 1000 to 3.1 in 1000 detected cases.Conclusions If this finding is generalisable to other populations, VOC-202012/1 infections have the potential to cause substantial additional mortality over and previously circulating variants. Healthcare capacity planning, national and international control policies are all impacted by this finding, with increased mortality lending weight to the argument that further coordinated and stringent measures are justified to reduce deaths from SARS-CoV-2.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementFunding: RC and KTA gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the EPSRC via grants EP/N014391/1, EP/T017856/1, and NHS England, Global Digital Exemplar programme. LDanon and KTA gratefully acknowledge the financial support of The Alan Turing Institute under the EPSRC grant EP/N510129/1. LDanon, RC and EBP are supported by MRC (MC/PC/19067) . JMR acknowledges support from EPSRC (EP/N014499/1) and MRC (MR/S004793/1, MR/V028456/1). EBP was partly supported by the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation at University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England (PHE). LDanon, EBP, JMR and LDyson are further supported by MRC (MR/V038613/1) and LDanon by EPSRC EP/V051555/1. LDyson also received support through the MRC through the COVID-19 Rapid Response Rolling Call (grant number MR/V009761/1).Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The data were supplied from the SGSS database and death reports after anonymisation under strict data protection protocols agreed between the University of Exeter and Public Health England. The ethics of the use of these data for these purposes was agreed by Public Health England with the Governments SPI-M(O) / SAGE committees. The research was assessed as not needing NHS Research Ethics Committee review. All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Networ research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThe data are available on request and appropriate data sharing agreement from Public Health England. Code for the analysis is available at doi: 10.5281/zenodo.4501299 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4501299 AU - Challen, Robert | Brooks-Pollock, Ellen | Read, Jonathan M. | Dyson, Louise | Tsaneva-Atanasova, Krasimira | Danon, Leon C1 - 2021-03-05 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03052021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.02.09.21250937 L1 - internal-pdf://1385133335/Challen-2021-Increased hazard of mortality in.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: The SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 (identified by Public Health England as VOC-202012/1) is associated with a higher risk of mortality (hazard ratio 1.7 [95% CI 1.3-2.2]) compared to the wild-type lineage. SP - 2021.02.09.21250937 ST - Increased hazard of mortality in cases compatible with SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern 202012/1 - a matched cohort study T2 - medRxiv TI - Increased hazard of mortality in cases compatible with SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern 202012/1 - a matched cohort study TT - Published article: Risk of mortality in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern 202012/1: matched cohort study UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/02/19/2021.02.09.21250937.full.pdf | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/03/05/2021.02.09.21250937.full.pdf ID - 1549 ER - TY - JOUR AB - IMPORTANCE Higher secondary attack rates related to variant of concern (VOC) index cases have been reported, but have not been explored within households, which continue to be an important source of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmissionOBJECTIVE To compare secondary attack rates in households with VOC versus non-VOC index cases.DESIGN A retrospective cohort study of household index cases reported from February 7 �?27, 2021. A propensity-score matched cohort was derived to calculate adjusted estimates.SETTING Ontario, Canada.PARTICIPANTS A population-based cohort of all private households with index cases. We excluded cases in congregate settings, as well as households with one individual or with >1 case with the same earliest symptom onset date.EXPOSURE VOC status, defined as either individuals confirmed as B.1.1.7 using whole genome sequencing or those that screened positive for the N501Y mutation using real-time PCR.MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURE Household secondary attack rate, defined as the number of household secondary cases that occurred 1-14 days after the index case divided by the total number of household secondary contacts.RESULTS We included 1,259 index VOC and non-VOC cases in the propensity score-matched analysis. The secondary attack rate for VOC index cases in this matched cohort was 1.31 times higher than non-VOC index cases (RR=1.31, 95%CI 1.14-1.49), similar to the unadjusted estimate. In stratified analyses, the higher secondary attack rate for VOC compared to non-VOC index cases was accentuated for asymptomatic index cases (RR=1.91, 95% CI 0.96-3.80) and presymptomatic cases (RR=3.41, 95%CI 1.13-10.26)CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study provides strong evidence of increased transmissibility in households due to VOCs and suggests that asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic transmission may be of particular importance for VOCs. Our study suggests that more aggressive public health measures will be needed to control VOCs and that ongoing research is needed to understand mechanisms of VOC transmissibility to curb their associated morbidity and mortality.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis study was supported by Public Health Ontario.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:This study was approved by Public Health Ontario's Research Ethics Board.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData sharing requests should be directed to Public Health Ontario. AD - Health Protection, Public Health Ontario, 661 University Ave., Floor 17, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada. | Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College St., Room 500, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M7, Canada. | Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Ave., Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Ave., Room B1 03, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada. | Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, 6 Queen's Park Cres. W, Floor 3, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H2, Canada. | Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, 155 College St., Suite 425, Toronto, ON, M5T 3M6, Canada. | Knowledge Services, Public Health Ontario, 480 University Ave., Suite 300, Toronto, ON, M5G 1V2, Canada. AN - 34105720 AU - Buchan, Sarah A. | Tibebu, Semra | Daneman, Nick | Whelan, Michael | Vanniyasingam, Thuva | Murti, Michelle | Brown, Kevin A. C1 - 2021-04-16 C2 - Secondary Household Attack Rates CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04162021_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 9 DO - 10.1101/2021.03.31.21254502 ET - 2021/06/10 KW - Covid-19 | SARS-CoV-2 | household | transmission | variants of concern L1 - internal-pdf://4130695153/Buchan-2021-Increased household secondary atta.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Buchan, Sarah A | Tibebu, Semra | Daneman, Nick | Whelan, Michael | Vanniyasingam, Thuva | Murti, Michelle | Brown, Kevin A | eng | Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Jun 9. pii: 6295404. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab496. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Across demographic categories, the secondary attack rate for variant of concern (VOC) (25.9%) index cases was consistently higher than for non-VOC (20.5%, p<0.01) index cases. | In a matched cohort, the secondary attack rate for VOC index cases was 1.31 times higher than non-VOC index cases (aRR = 1.31, 95%CI 1.14-1.49). | The higher secondary attack rate for VOC compared to non-VOC index cases was observed for asymptomatic (aRR = 1.91, 95% CI 0.96-3.80) and presymptomatic (aRR = 3.41, 95%CI 1.13-10.26) cases. | Methods: Index cases with VOC (n = 1318) reported from February 7 �?27, 2021 were 1:1 matched to non-VOC index cases. VOC index cases were confirmed for B.1.1.7 using whole genome sequencing or screened positive for the N501Y mutation using real-time PCR. Secondary household attack rates were the number of household cases that occurred 1-14 days after the index case divided by the number of household contacts. Limitations: Potential misclassification of secondary cases as index cases; small samples in some subgroups. | Implications for both studies (Buchan et al. and Peng et al.): Higher secondary attack rates related to VOCs contribute to increased cases of COVID-19. Increased transmissibility is not necessarily associated with viral load or presence of symptoms. Enhanced genomic surveillance paired with other mitigation and response capacity are important to identify and understand the clinical implications of new variants. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic) | 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - 2021.03.31.21254502 ST - Increased household secondary attacks rates with Variant of Concern SARS-CoV-2 index cases T2 - medRxiv TI - Increased household secondary attacks rates with Variant of Concern SARS-CoV-2 index cases TT - Published article: Increased household secondary attacks rates with Variant of Concern SARS-CoV-2 index cases UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/04/05/2021.03.31.21254502.full.pdf ID - 1674 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background A high number of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia who had barotrauma related to invasive mechanical ventilation at the authors' institution were observed. Purpose To determine if the rate of barotrauma in patients with COVID-19 infection was greater than in other patients requiring invasive mechanical ventilation at the authors' institution. Materials and Methods In this retrospective study, clinical and imaging data of patients seen between March 1, 2020, and April 6, 2020, who tested positive for COVID-19 and experienced barotrauma associated with invasive mechanical ventilation, were compared with patients without COVID-19 infection during the same period. Historical comparison was made to barotrauma rates of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome from February 1, 2016, to February 1, 2020, at the authors' institution. Comparison of patient groups was performed using categoric or continuous statistical testing as appropriate, with multivariable regression analysis. Patient survival was assessed using Kaplan-Meier curves analysis. Results A total of 601 patients with COVID-19 infection underwent invasive mechanical ventilation (mean age, 63 years +/- 15 [standard deviation]; 71% men). Of the total, there were 89 (15%) patients with one or more barotrauma events for a total of 145 barotrauma events (24% overall events) (95% confidence interval [CI]: 21%, 28%). During the same period, 196 patients without COVID-19 infection (mean age, 64 years +/- 19; 52% men) with invasive mechanical ventilation had one barotrauma event (0.5%; 95% CI: 0%, 3%; P < .001 vs the group with COVID-19 infection). Of 285 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome on invasive mechanical ventilation during the previous 4 years (mean age, 68 years +/- 17; 60% men), 28 patients (10%) had 31 barotrauma events, with an overall barotrauma rate of 11% (95% CI: 8%, 15%; P < .001 vs the group with COVID-19 infection). Barotrauma is an independent risk factor for death in COVID-19 (odds ratio = 2.2; P = .03) and is associated with a longer hospital stay (odds ratio = 0.92; P < .001). Conclusion Patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and invasive mechanical ventilation had a higher rate of barotrauma than patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome and patients without COVID-19 infection. (c) RSNA, 2020 Online supplemental material is available for this article. AD - From the Departments of Radiology (G.M., C.Z., L.A., M.W., D.M.M., W.H.M.) and Pathology (K.M.T.), Grossman School of Medicine (N.R.), NYU Langone Health, 660 First Ave, Suite 311, New York, NY 10016. AN - 32614258 AU - McGuinness, G. | Zhan, C. | Rosenberg, N. | Azour, L. | Wickstrom, M. | Mason, D. M. | Thomas, K. M. | Moore, W. H. C1 - 2020-07-14 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071420_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1148/radiol.2020202352 ET - 2020/07/03 IS - 2 KW - Aged | Barotrauma/*epidemiology | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Causality | Comorbidity | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/*therapy | Female | Humans | Incidence | Male | Middle Aged | New York/epidemiology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/*therapy | Respiration, Artificial/adverse effects/*methods/*statistics & numerical data | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://1545900661/McGuinness-2020-Increased Incidence of Barotra.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - McGuinness, Georgeann; Zhan, Chenyang; Rosenberg, Noah; Azour, Lea; Wickstrom, Maj; Mason, Derek M; Thomas, Kristen M; Moore, William H; eng; Radiology. 2020 Nov;297(2):E252-E262. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2020202352. Epub 2020 Jul 2. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Proportion with of patients with barotrauma (lung injury as a result of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV)) among COVID-19 vs. non-COVID-19 patients, 15% vs 0.5%, respectively. | In a historical cohort of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), the proportion with barotrauma was 10%. | Methods: A retrospective analysis of barotrauma between March 1 and April 6, 2020 among COVID-19 patients receiving IMV compared with patients without COVID-9 receiving IMV. Historical comparisons with ARDS patients February 2016-February 2020. Limitations: Potential bias from the selection of control cohort and confounding effects from pandemic health care situation. | Implications: Healthcare providers need to be aware of the increased risk of barotrauma during management of patients with COVID-19 receiving IMV. SN - 1527-1315 (Electronic); 0033-8419 (Linking) SP - E252-E262 ST - Increased Incidence of Barotrauma in Patients with COVID-19 on Invasive Mechanical Ventilation T2 - Radiology TI - Increased Incidence of Barotrauma in Patients with COVID-19 on Invasive Mechanical Ventilation UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32614258 VL - 297 ID - 516 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Experts agree that reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing is critical in controlling coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but decision makers disagree on how much testing is optimal. Controlling for interventions and ecological factors, we used linear regression to quantify testing's impact on COVID-19's average reproduction number, which represents transmissibility, in 173 countries and territories (which account for 99 percent of the world's COVID-19 cases) during March-June 2020. Among interventions, PCR testing had the greatest influence: a tenfold increase in the ratio of tests to new cases reported reduced the average reproduction number by 9 percent across a range of testing levels. Our results imply that mobility reductions (for example, shelter-in-place orders) were less effective in developing countries than in developed countries. Our results help explain how some nations achieved near-elimination of COVID-19 and the failure of lockdowns to slow COVID-19 in others. Our findings suggest that the testing benchmarks used by the World Health Organization and other entities are insufficient for COVID-19 control. Increased testing and isolation may represent the most effective, least costly alternative in terms of money, economic growth, and human life for controlling COVID-19. AD - Ravindra Prasan Rannan-Eliya (ravi@ihp.lk) is executive director of the Institute for Health Policy, in Colombo, Sri Lanka. | Nilmini Wijemunige is a research associate at the Institute for Health Policy. | J. R. N. A. Gunawardana is a research assistant at the Institute for Health Policy. | Sarasi N. Amarasinghe is a research associate at the Institute for Health Policy. | Ishwari Sivagnanam is a research associate at the Institute for Health Policy. | Sachini Fonseka is a research assistant at the Institute for Health Policy. | Yasodhara Kapuge is a clinical researcher at the Institute for Health Policy. | Chathurani P. Sigera is a research officer at the Institute for Health Policy. AN - 33264048 AU - Rannan-Eliya, R. P. | Wijemunige, N. | Gunawardana, Jrna | Amarasinghe, S. N. | Sivagnanam, I. | Fonseka, S. | Kapuge, Y. | Sigera, C. P. C1 - 2020-12-22 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/122220_covidupdate.html DA - Jan DO - 10.1377/hlthaff.2020.01409 ET - 2020/12/03 IS - 1 KW - Basic Reproduction Number/statistics & numerical data | *COVID-19/diagnosis/transmission | COVID-19 Testing/*statistics & numerical data | *Communicable Disease Control | Developed Countries | Developing Countries | Global Health | Humans | Physical Distancing | Polymerase Chain Reaction/*statistics & numerical data | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://4100084444/hlthaff.2020.01409.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Rannan-Eliya, Ravindra Prasan; Wijemunige, Nilmini; Gunawardana, J R N A; Amarasinghe, Sarasi N; Sivagnanam, Ishwari; Fonseka, Sachini; Kapuge, Yasodhara; Sigera, Chathurani P; eng; Health Aff (Millwood). 2021 Jan;40(1):70-81. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2020.01409. Epub 2020 Dec 2. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: RT-PCR testing intensity, defined as test-to-case ratio, was the most influential and significant (p <10-16) intervention to decrease the average reproduction number of SARS-CoV-2. SN - 1544-5208 (Electronic); 0278-2715 (Linking) SP - 70-81 ST - Increased Intensity Of PCR Testing Reduced COVID-19 Transmission Within Countries During The First Pandemic Wave T2 - Health Aff (Millwood) TI - Increased Intensity Of PCR Testing Reduced COVID-19 Transmission Within Countries During The First Pandemic Wave UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33264048 VL - 40 ID - 1354 ER - TY - JOUR AB - SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7, a variant that was first detected in the UK in September 2020(1), has spread to multiple countries worldwide. Several studies have established that B.1.1.7 is more transmissible than pre-existing variants, but have not identified whether it leads to any change in disease severity(2). Here we analyse a dataset that links 2,245,263 positive SARS-CoV-2 community tests and 17,452 deaths associated with COVID-19 in England from 1 November 2020 to 14 February 2021. For 1,146,534 (51%) of these tests, the presence or absence of B.1.1.7 can be identified because mutations in this lineage prevent PCR amplification of the spike (S) gene target (known as S gene target failure (SGTF)(1)). On the basis of 4,945 deaths with known SGTF status, we estimate that the hazard of death associated with SGTF is 55% (95% confidence interval, 39-72%) higher than in cases without SGTF after adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, deprivation, residence in a care home, the local authority of residence and test date. This corresponds to the absolute risk of death for a 55-69-year-old man increasing from 0.6% to 0.9% (95% confidence interval, 0.8-1.0%) within 28 days of a positive test in the community. Correcting for misclassification of SGTF and missingness in SGTF status, we estimate that the hazard of death associated with B.1.1.7 is 61% (42-82%) higher than with pre-existing variants. Our analysis suggests that B.1.1.7 is not only more transmissible than pre-existing SARS-CoV-2 variants, but may also cause more severe illness. AD - Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. nicholas.davies@lshtm.ac.uk. | Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. | Department of Medical Statistics, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. | Centre for Statistical Methodology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. AN - 33723411 AU - Davies, N. G. | Jarvis, C. I. | Cmmid Covid- Working Group | Edmunds, W. J. | Jewell, N. P. | Diaz-Ordaz, K. | Keogh, R. H. C1 - 2021-03-26 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03262021_covidupdate.html DA - May DO - 10.1038/s41586-021-03426-1 ET - 2021/03/17 IS - 7858 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | COVID-19/*mortality/*virology | Child | Child, Preschool | England/epidemiology | Ethnic Groups | Evolution, Molecular | Female | Homes for the Aged | Humans | Infant | Male | Middle Aged | *Phylogeny | Proportional Hazards Models | Risk Assessment | SARS-CoV-2/*classification/genetics/isolation & purification/*pathogenicity | Survival Analysis | Time Factors | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://1625342353/Davies-2021-Increased mortality in community-t.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Davies, Nicholas G; Jarvis, Christopher I; Edmunds, W John; Jewell, Nicholas P; Diaz-Ordaz, Karla; Keogh, Ruth H; eng; R01 AI148127/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; 218554/Z/19/Z/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Nature. 2021 May;593(7858):270-274. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03426-1. Epub 2021 Mar 15. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Prevalence of spike gene target failure (SGTF), associated with B.1.1.7 infection, increased steeply over time, from 5.8% in November 2020 to 94.3% in February 2021 (Figure panel a). | 1.1.7 is associated with increased mortality compared to other SARS-CoV-2 variants (hazard ratio = 1.61, 95% CI 1.42-1.82), after correcting for missing data/misclassification of SGTF weighting). (Figure panels b, c); Methods: Analysis of a dataset containing 2,245,263 positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR tests and 17,642 COVID-19 deaths from community-based testing in England between September 1, 2020 and February 14, 2021. Identification of the B.1.1.7 variant in infected individuals was confirmed by spike gene target failure status (SGTF). Absolute mortality risks and hazard of death were calculated after confirmation of SGTF status in numerous demographic subsets. Limitations: Could not completely assess SGTF status within study population; non-random sample. | Implications for both studies (Davies et al. and Grint et al.): Both studies were consistent with Challen et alexternal icon., regarding the magnitude (~60%�?0%) of the increased risk of mortality associated with the B.1.1.7 variant compared with other SARS-CoV-2 lineages such as the wild type. Other analyses indicating increased transmissibility of B.1.1.7 as well as the increasing spread of B.1.1.7 within the US highlight the need for rapid implementation of vaccination and continued implementation of non-pharmaceutical mitigation measures. SN - 1476-4687 (Electronic); 0028-0836 (Linking) SP - 270-274 ST - Increased mortality in community-tested cases of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 T2 - Nature TI - Increased mortality in community-tested cases of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33723411 VL - 593 ID - 1618 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Individuals with substance use disorders (SUDs) are at increased risk for COVID-19 infection and for adverse outcomes of the infection. Though vaccines are highly effective against COVID-19, their effectiveness in individuals with SUDs might be curtailed by compromised immune status and a greater likelihood of exposures, added to the waning vaccine immunity and the new SARS-CoV-2 variants. In a population-based cohort study, we assessed the risk, time trends, outcomes and disparities of COVID-19 breakthrough infection in fully vaccinated SUD patients starting 14 days after completion of vaccination. The study included 579,372 individuals (30,183 with a diagnosis of SUD and 549,189 without such a diagnosis) who were fully vaccinated between December 2020 and August 2021, and had not contracted COVID-19 infection prior to vaccination. We used the TriNetX Analytics network platform to access de-identified electronic health records from 63 health care organizations in the US. Among SUD patients, the risk for breakthrough infection ranged from 6.8% for tobacco use disorder to 7.8% for cannabis use disorder, all significantly higher than the 3.6% in non-SUD population (p<0.001). Breakthrough infection risk remained significantly higher after controlling for demographics (age, gender, ethnicity) and vaccine types for all SUD subtypes, except for tobacco use disorder, and was highest for cocaine and cannabis use disorders (hazard ratio, HR=2.06, 95% CI: 1.30-3.25 for cocaine; HR=1.92, 95% CI: 1.39-2.66 for cannabis). When we matched SUD and non-SUD individuals for lifetime comorbidities and adverse socioeconomic determinants of health, the risk for breakthrough infection no longer differed between these populations, except for patients with cannabis use disorder, who remained at increased risk (HR=1.55, 95% CI: 1.22-1.99). The risk for breakthrough infection was higher in SUD patients who received the Pfizer than the Moderna vaccine (HR=1.49, 95% CI: 1.31-1.69). In the vaccinated SUD population, the risk for hospitalization was 22.5% for the breakthrough cohort and 1.6% for the non-breakthrough cohort (risk ratio, RR=14.4, 95% CI: 10.19-20.42), while the risk for death was 1.7% and 0.5% respectively (RR=3.5, 95% CI: 1.74-7.05). No significant age, gender and ethnic disparities for breakthrough infection were observed in vaccinated SUD patients. These data suggest that fully vaccinated SUD individuals are at higher risk for breakthrough COVID-19 infection, and this is largely due to their higher prevalence of comorbidities and adverse socioeconomic determinants of health compared with non-SUD individuals. The high frequency of comorbidities in SUD patients is also likely to contribute to their high rates of hospitalization and death following breakthrough infection. AD - Center for Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA. | Center for Community Health Integration, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA. | National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. AN - 34612005 AU - Wang, Lindsey | Wang, QuanQiu | Davis, Pamela B. | Volkow, Nora D. | Xu, Rong C1 - 2021-10-22 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10222021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - 2021/10/05 DO - 10.1002/wps.20921 ET - 2021/10/07 IS - n/a KW - Substance use disorders | COVID-19 breakthrough infection | vaccination | cannabis use disorder | cocaine use disorder | comorbidities | socioeconomic determinants of health L1 - internal-pdf://3645723638/Wang-2021-Increased risk for COVID-19 breakthr.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | M3 - https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20921 N1 - https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20921 PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Breakthrough infections were more likely among people with substance use disorders (N = 30,183) compared to those without (N = 549,189) among fully vaccinated peoples in a U.S. population-based study using electronic health records. People with substance use disorders who used cocaine (HR = 2.06; 95% CI 1.30-3.25) or cannabis (HR = 1.92; 95% CI 1.39-2.66) had the highest risks for breakthrough infections after controlling for age, gender, ethnicity, and vaccine type. There was a higher prevalence of comorbidities and adverse socioeconomic determinants among those with substance use disorders. SN - 1723-8617 ST - Increased risk for COVID-19 breakthrough infection in fully vaccinated patients with substance use disorders in the United States between December 2020 and August 2021 T2 - World Psychiatry TI - Increased risk for COVID-19 breakthrough infection in fully vaccinated patients with substance use disorders in the United States between December 2020 and August 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20921 | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/wps.20921?download=true VL - n/a Y2 - 2021/10/25 ID - 2529 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Objective To examine whether SARS-CoV-2 reinfection risk has changed through time in South Africa, in the context of the emergence of the Beta, Delta, and Omicron variantsDesign Retrospective analysis of routine epidemiological surveillance dataSetting Line list data on SARS-CoV-2 with specimen receipt dates between 04 March 2020 and 27 November 2021, collected through South Africa’s National Notifiable Medical Conditions Surveillance SystemParticipants 2,796,982 individuals with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 who had a positive test result at least 90 days prior to 27 November 2021. Individuals having sequential positive tests at least 90 days apart were considered to have suspected reinfections.Main outcome measures Incidence of suspected reinfections through time; comparison of reinfection rates to the expectation under a null model (approach 1); empirical estimates of the time-varying hazards of infection and reinfection throughout the epidemic (approach 2)Results 35,670 suspected reinfections were identified among 2,796,982 individuals with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 who had a positive test result at least 90 days prior to 27 November 2021. The number of reinfections observed through the end of the third wave was consistent with the null model of no change in reinfection risk (approach 1). Although increases in the hazard of primary infection were observed following the introduction of both the Beta and Delta variants, no corresponding increase was observed in the reinfection hazard (approach 2). Contrary to expectation, the estimated hazard ratio for reinfection versus primary infection was lower during waves driven by the Beta and Delta variants than for the first wave (relative hazard ratio for wave 2 versus wave 1: 0.75 (CI95: 0.59�?.97); for wave 3 versus wave 1: 0.71 (CI95: 0.56�?.92)). In contrast, the recent spread of the Omicron variant has been associated with a decrease in the hazard coefficient for primary infection and an increase in reinfection hazard coefficient. The estimated hazard ratio for reinfection versus primary infection for the period from 1 November 2021 to 27 November 2021 versus wave 1 was 2.39 (CI95: 1.88�?.11).Conclusion Population-level evidence suggests that the Omicron variant is associated with substantial ability to evade immunity from prior infection. In contrast, there is no population-wide epidemiological evidence of immune escape associated with the Beta or Delta variants. This finding has important implications for public health planning, particularly in countries like South Africa with high rates of immunity from prior infection. Urgent questions remain regarding whether Omicron is also able to evade vaccine-induced immunity and the potential implications of reduced immunity to infection on protection against severe disease and death.Box 1What is already known on this topicWhat is already known on this topicPrior infection with SARS-CoV-2 is estimated to provide at least an 80% reduction in infection risk (1,2).Laboratory-based studies indicate reduced neutralization by convalescent serum for the Beta and Delta variants relative to wild type virus (3�?); however, the impact of these reductions on risk of reinfection is not known, and laboratory assessments of Omicron are still underway.What this study addsWhat this study addsWe provide two methods for monitoring reinfection trends to identify signatures of changes in reinfection risk.We find no evidence of increased reinfection risk associated with circulation of Beta or Delta variants compared to the ancestral strain in routine epidemiological data from South Africa.In contrast, we find clear, population-level evidence to suggest substantial immune evasion by the Omicron variant.One sentence summary Analysis of routine surveillance data from South Africa suggests that, in contrast to the Beta and Delta, the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 demonstrates substantial population-level evidence for evasion of immunity from prior infection.Competing Interest StatementAll authors have completed the ICMJE uniform isclosure form. CC and AvG have received funding from Sanofi Pasteur in the past 36 months. JRCP and KM serve on the Ministerial Advisory Committee on COVID-19 of the South African National Department of Health. The authors have declared no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.Funding StatementThis work was supported by the South African Department of Science and Innovation and the National Research Foundation and the Wellcome Trust (grant number 221003/Z/20/Z) in collaboration with the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, United Kingdom.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:This study has received ethical clearance from University of the Witwatersrand (Clearance certificate number M210752, formerly M160667) and approval under reciprocal review from Stellenbosch University (Project ID 19330, Ethics Reference Number N20/11/074_RECIP_WITS_M160667_COVID-19).I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData and code will be made available at https://github.com/jrcpulliam/reinfections. The following data are included in the repository: - Counts of reinfections and primary infections by province, age group (5-year bands), and sex (M, F, U) - Daily time series of primary infections and suspected reinfections by specimen receipt date (national) - Model output: posterior samples from the MCMC fitting procedure and simulation results Requests for additional data must be made in writing to the National Institute for Communicable Diseases, South Africa. https://github.com/jrcpulliam/reinfections AU - Pulliam, Juliet R. C. | van Schalkwyk, Cari | Govender, Nevashan | von Gottberg, Anne | Cohen, Cheryl | Groome, Michelle J. | Dushoff, Jonathan | Mlisana, Koleka | Moultrie, Harry C1 - 2021-12-10 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/12102021_covidupdate.html#anchor_Variants DO - 10.1101/2021.11.11.21266068 L1 - internal-pdf://0980542844/Pulliam-2021-Increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 rein.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Compared with the 1st SARS-CoV-2 wave, the estimated ratio of reinfection hazard to primary infection hazard was lower during wave 2 (Beta [1.351]) (hazard ratio [HR] 0.75, 95% CI 0.59-0.97) and wave 3 (Delta [B.167.2]) (HR 0.71, 95% CI 0.56-0.92), but higher during November 1�?7, 2021 (HR 2.39, 95% CI 1.88-3.11), coincident with the emergence of the Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant (Figure). | Methods: Retrospective study of reinfection among 2,796,982 persons in South Africa with laboratory-confirmed positive SARS-CoV-2 tests collected through a national surveillance system from March 4, 2020–November 27, 2021. Risk of primary infection, reinfection (sequential positive RT-PCR or antigen tests �?90 days apart), and relative hazard of reinfection vs. primary infection were calculated. Limitations: Vaccination status of reinfected individuals was not known; detection rates may vary across time and by characteristics related to access to testing; hazard ratio only uses 2nd infection as reinfections; model does not account for potential of waning immunity; antigen testing may be under-reported in the data set. | | Implications: The Omicron variant appears to increase the risk of reinfection, suggesting it might have increased ability to evade immunity from prior infection. More research is needed to determine if similar results are seen for vaccine-induced immunity. SP - 2021.11.11.21266068 ST - Increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection associated with emergence of the Omicron variant in South Africa T2 - medRxiv TI - Increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection associated with emergence of the Omicron variant in South Africa UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/12/02/2021.11.11.21266068.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/12/02/2021.11.11.21266068.full.pdf ID - 2699 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: There is increasing concern that persistent infection of SARS-CoV-2 within immunocompromised hosts could serve as a reservoir for mutation accumulation and subsequent emergence of novel strains with the potential to evade immune responses. METHODS: We describe three patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who were persistently positive for SARS-CoV-2 by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Viral viability from longitudinally-collected specimens was assessed. Whole-genome sequencing and serological studies were performed to measure viral evolution and evidence of immune escape. FINDINGS: We found compelling evidence of ongoing replication and infectivity for up to 162 days from initial positive by subgenomic RNA, single-stranded RNA, and viral culture analysis. Our results reveal a broad spectrum of infectivity, host immune responses, and accumulation of mutations, some with the potential for immune escape. INTERPRETATION: Our results highlight the potential need to reassess infection control precautions in the management and care of immunocompromised patients. Routine surveillance of mutations and evaluation of their potential impact on viral transmission and immune escape should be considered. AD - Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States. | Department of Pathology, Westchester Medical Center/New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States. | Department of Pediatrics, Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States. | Department of Pediatrics, Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Cancer and Blood Disorder Institute, Transplant and Cellular Therapy Section, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, CA, United States. | Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States. | W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States. | Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford, CA, United States. | Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States. | Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States. | Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States. | Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States. Electronic address: jdienbard@chla.usc.edu. AN - 33915337 AU - Truong, T. T. | Ryutov, A. | Pandey, U. | Yee, R. | Goldberg, L. | Bhojwani, D. | Aguayo-Hiraldo, P. | Pinsky, B. A. | Pekosz, A. | Shen, L. | Boyd, S. D. | Wirz, O. F. | Roltgen, K. | Bootwalla, M. | Maglinte, D. T. | Ostrow, D. | Ruble, D. | Han, J. H. | Biegel, J. A. | Li, M. | Huang, C. | Sahoo, M. K. | Pannaraj, P. S. | O'Gorman, M. | Judkins, A. R. | Gai, X. | Dien Bard, J. C1 - 2021-05-07 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05072021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 26 DO - 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103355 ET - 2021/04/30 KW - SARS-CoV-2 | case report | immunocompromised | pediatric | persistent infection | variants | and Novartis on topics unrelated to this study. S.D.B., and K.R. have filed | provisional patent applications related to serological tests for SARS-CoV-2 | antibodies. All other authors have no competing interests. L1 - internal-pdf://1230238935/Truong-2021-Increased viral variants in childr.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Truong, Thao T; Ryutov, Alex; Pandey, Utsav; Yee, Rebecca; Goldberg, Lior; Bhojwani, Deepa; Aguayo-Hiraldo, Paibel; Pinsky, Benjamin A; Pekosz, Andrew; Shen, Lishuang; Boyd, Scott D; Wirz, Oliver F; Roltgen, Katharina; Bootwalla, Moiz; Maglinte, Dennis T; Ostrow, Dejerianne; Ruble, David; Han, Jennifer H; Biegel, Jaclyn A; Li, Maggie; Huang, ChunHong; Sahoo, Malaya K; Pannaraj, Pia S; O'Gorman, Maurice; Judkins, Alexander R; Gai, Xiaowu; Dien Bard, Jennifer; eng; Netherlands; EBioMedicine. 2021 Apr 26;67:103355. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103355. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Genomic sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 strains in 3 patients with lymphoblastic leukemia had evidence of persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection; 2 patients with weak anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses were infection positive for >100 days and showed evidence of escape variants. SN - 2352-3964 (Electronic); 2352-3964 (Linking) SP - 103355 ST - Increased viral variants in children and young adults with impaired humoral immunity and persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection: A consecutive case series T2 - EBioMedicine TI - Increased viral variants in children and young adults with impaired humoral immunity and persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection: A consecutive case series UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33915337 VL - 67 ID - 1734 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has currently become a major global public health problem. The prevalence of COVID-19 has increased rapidly worldwide. Because there is no effective COVID-19 vaccine available yet, it is increasingly important to understand the average incubation period of severe acute respiratory syndrome novel coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19, to design appropriate preventive and control strategies. Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis was designed to estimate the pooled average incubation period of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Methods: We conducted a systematic electronic web-based search of online databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, and the World Health Organization Hinari portal. We included peer-reviewed research studies written in the English language on the incubation period of SARS-CoV-2 using pre-defined quality and inclusion criteria. STATA version 15 statistical software was used to analyze the data. Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal quality assessment tool for observational studies was utilized to evaluate the included studies. We extracted relevant data and presented in a tabular form. The I (2) test was used to assess heterogeneity across studies. Funnel plot asymmetry and Egger tests were used to check for publication bias. The final effect size was determined by applying a random-effects model. Results: Our search identified 206 studies, amongst which 18 studies, representing 22,595 participants were included in the final analysis. The pooled average incubation period of SARS-CoV-2 was 5.7 days (95% CI, 5.1-6.4). Subgroup analyses by geographic location showed that the pooled average incubation period of SARS-CoV-2 was 6.1 days (95% CI, 5.34-6.94) in China and 4.54 (95% CI, 3.9-5.2) in other countries (Singapore, South Korea, and globally). Conclusions: The pooled average incubation period of SARS-CoV-2 was about 6 days. The longest incubation period was observed in China. Global health initiatives as well as local health planners should consider this average incubation period when designing optimal prevention and control strategies for SARS-CoV-2. (Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2020; 81:XXX-XXX). AD - Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. | Department of Community Health, Alkan Health Science, Business, and Technology College, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. | Department of Nursing, School of Health Science, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. | Department of Statistics, College of Natural and Computational Science, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia. AN - 33071295 AU - Wassie, G. T. | Azene, A. G. | Bantie, G. M. | Dessie, G. | Aragaw, A. M. C1 - 2020-11-06 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/110620_covidupdate.html DA - 2020/01/01/ DO - 10.1016/j.curtheres.2020.100607 ET - 2020/10/20 KW - Covid-19 | SARS-CoV-2 | incubation period | meta-analysis | systematic review L1 - internal-pdf://1018747893/Wassie-2020-Incubation Period of Severe Acute.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Wassie, Gizachew Tadesse; Azene, Abebaw Gedef; Bantie, Getasew Mulat; Dessie, Getenet; Aragaw, Abiba Mihret; eng; Review; Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2020;93:100607. doi: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2020.100607. Epub 2020 Oct 11. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The pooled estimate of the mean incubation period of SARS-CoV-2 was 5.7 days (95% CI 5.1-6.4) with significant heterogeneity (I2, p <0.05) (Figure). | Mean study-level incubation period ranged from 1.8 to 12.8 days (Figure). | The pooled mean incubation period of SARS-CoV-2 stratified by geographic location was: | China (14 studies): 6.1 days (95% CI 5.3-6.9); Other countries (4 studies): 4.5 days (95% CI 3.9-5.2); Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 18 studies published through May 2020 with 22,595 participants looked at incubation period for SARS-CoV-2. The majority of studies (72%) were rated as having a low risk of bias. Limitations: Short time period of study publication with 14 studies from China. | Implications: Public health policy makers should consider the incubation period when designing optimal prevention and control strategies such as quarantine periods for SARS-CoV-2. SN - 0011-393X (Print); 0011-393X (Linking) SP - 100607 ST - Incubation Period of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Novel Coronavirus 2 that Causes Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis T2 - Curr Ther Res Clin Exp TI - Incubation Period of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Novel Coronavirus 2 that Causes Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33071295 VL - 93 ID - 1185 ER - TY - JOUR AD - c/o The Lancet, London, UK. | Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA. Electronic address: chooe@ohsu.edu. AN - 32505246 AU - Curtice, K. | Choo, E. C1 - 2020-06-16 C2 - Health Equity CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061620_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 6 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31242-3 ET - 2020/06/09 IS - 10239 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Humans | *Indigenous Peoples | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | SARS-CoV-2 | *Vulnerable Populations L1 - internal-pdf://1396092486/1-s2.0-S0140673620312423-main.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Curtice, Kaitlin; Choo, Esther; eng; England; Lancet. 2020 Jun 6;395(10239):1753. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31242-3. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Perspective on impact of COVID-19 on indigenous populations and ways to address the issue. SE - 1753 SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 1753 ST - Indigenous populations: left behind in the COVID-19 response T2 - Lancet TI - Indigenous populations: left behind in the COVID-19 response UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32505246 VL - 395 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 389 ER - TY - JOUR AB - This paper studies the direct and indirect effectiveness of Covid-19 vaccines among vaccinated healthcare workers and their unvaccinated adult household members in a mass vaccine program in Finland.Methods We used national databases that record all polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections and mRNA-based (BNT162b2 by Pfizer-BioNTech or mRNA-1273 by Moderna) vaccine doses administered in Finland since the beginning of the epidemic. These data were merged with administrative full population datasets that include information on each person’s occupation and unique identifiers for spouses living in the same household. To estimate the direct and indirect effectiveness of mRNA-based vaccines in a household setting, we compared the cumulative incidence of PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections between vaccinated and unvaccinated healthcare workers as well as between their unvaccinated spouses.Findings Our estimates imply indirect effectiveness of 8.7% (95% CI: -28.9 to 35.4) two weeks and 42.9% (95% CI: 22.3 to 58.1) 10 weeks after the first dose. The effectiveness estimates for unvaccinated household members are substantial, but smaller than the direct effect and occur more gradually among unvaccinated household members than among vaccinated individuals.Interpretation Our results suggest that mRNA-based vaccines do not only prevent SARS-CoV-2 infections among vaccinated individuals but lead to a substantial reduction in infections among unvaccinated household members. The results are consistent with the notion that mRNA-based vaccines affect susceptibility in vaccinated individuals and prevent transmission from vaccinated to unvaccinated individuals.Competing Interest StatementDr. Kortelainen declares grant to his employer, but no personal support or financial relationship, from Pfizer during the conduct of the study. Other authors have no conflict of interest to declare.Funding StatementThis research was supported by the InFLAMES and INVEST Flagship Programmes of the Academy of Finland. Dr. Kortelainen declares grant to his employer, but no personal support or financial relationship, from Pfizer during the conduct of the study. Other authors have no conflict of interest to declare.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The final data provided to the authors was de-identified. The research does not constitute human subjects research. Ethical approval was waived by the Institutional Review Board of the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (IRB: 00007085).All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThis paper uses administrative health care and employment data maintained by the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and Statistics Finland. Health care data is regulated under the Act on the Secondary Use of Health and Social Data (552/2019) and can be obtained by sending a direct request to the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (https://thl.fi/en). The Finnish Longitudinal Employer-Employee Data (FOLK) can be obtained by sending a direct request to Statistics Finland (https://www.stat.fi). The authors are willing to assist in mak ng data access requests. AU - Salo, Jussipekka | Hägg, Milla | Kortelainen, Mika | Leino, Tuija | Saxell, Tanja | Siikanen, Markku | Sääksvuori, Lauri C1 - 2021-06-11 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06112021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.05.27.21257896 L1 - internal-pdf://0689645866/Salo-2021-The indirect effect of mRNA-based Co.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; After 1 dose of mRNA vaccine, effectiveness increased over time for both vaccinated individuals and their unvaccinated spouses (Figure). | Among vaccinated individuals, the relative risk reduction was 26.8% (95% CI 7.5%-42.1%) 2 weeks later and 69.0% (95% CI 59.2%-76.3%) 10 weeks later. | Among unvaccinated spouses, the relative risk reduction was 8.7% (95% CI -28.9%-35.4%) 2 weeks later and 42.9% (95% CI 22.3%-58.1%) 10 weeks later. | Methods: Data from a mass vaccination program in Finland between December 2020 and March 24, 2021 looking at the effectiveness of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines in reducing the cumulative risk of infection among vaccinated healthcare workers (n = 95,138) and their unvaccinated spouses (n = 52,766). Effectiveness estimates were reported by follow-up week after receiving the first dose. Limitations: The extent of contact of spouses with SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals is unclear. | Implications: mRNA-based vaccines not only prevent SARS-CoV-2 infections among vaccinated individuals but lead to a substantial reduction in infections among unvaccinated household members. SP - 2021.05.27.21257896 ST - The indirect effect of mRNA-based Covid-19 vaccination on unvaccinated household members T2 - medRxiv TI - The indirect effect of mRNA-based Covid-19 vaccination on unvaccinated household members UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/05/28/2021.05.27.21257896.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/05/28/2021.05.27.21257896.full.pdf ID - 1827 ER - TY - JOUR AB - It is essential to understand where and how severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is transmitted. Case reports were extracted from the local Municipal Health Commissions of 320 prefectural municipalities in China (not including Hubei Province). We identified all outbreaks involving three or more cases and reviewed the major characteristics of the enclosed spaces in which the outbreaks were reported and their associated indoor environmental aspects. Three hundred and eighteen outbreaks with three or more cases were identified, comprising a total of 1245 confirmed cases in 120 prefectural cities. Among the identified outbreaks, 53.8% involved three cases, 26.4% involved four cases, and only 1.6% involved ten or more cases. Home-based outbreaks were the dominant category (254 of 318 outbreaks; 79.9%), followed by transport-based outbreaks (108; 34.0%), and many outbreaks occurred in more than one category of venue. All identified outbreaks of three or more cases occurred in indoor environments, which confirm that sharing indoor spaces with one or more infected persons is a major SARS-CoV-2 infection risk. AD - School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China. | Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. | School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. | School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. AN - 33131151 AU - Qian, H. | Miao, T. | Liu, L. | Zheng, X. | Luo, D. | Li, Y. C1 - 2020-11-17 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/111720_covidupdate.html DA - May DO - 10.1111/ina.12766 ET - 2020/11/02 IS - 3 KW - Air Microbiology | Air Pollution, Indoor/*analysis | Built Environment | COVID-19/*transmission | China/epidemiology | Disease Outbreaks/*statistics & numerical data | Disease Transmission, Infectious/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | *SARS-CoV-2 | *covid-19 | *crowding | *indoor environments | *indoor hygiene | *outbreak L1 - internal-pdf://0136037165/Qian-2021-Indoor transmission of SARS-CoV-2.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Qian, Hua; Miao, Te; Liu, Li; Zheng, Xiaohong; Luo, Danting; Li, Yuguo; eng; 17202719/Research Grants Council of Hong Kong; C7025-16G/Research Grants Council of Hong Kong; 41977370/National Natural Science Foundation of China; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Indoor Air. 2021 May;31(3):639-645. doi: 10.1111/ina.12766. Epub 2020 Nov 20. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Investigation from China of 318 outbreaks with �? cases from January 4 to February 11, 2020, showed no outbreaks attributed to outdoor settings and only 1.6% with �?0 cases. SN - 1600-0668 (Electronic); 0905-6947 (Linking) SP - 639-645 ST - Indoor transmission of SARS-CoV-2 T2 - Indoor Air TI - Indoor transmission of SARS-CoV-2 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33131151 VL - 31 ID - 1234 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Worksites with on-site operations have experienced coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreaks. We analyzed data for 698 nonresidential, nonhealthcare worksite COVID-19 outbreaks investigated in Los Angeles County, California, USA, during March 19, 2020‒September 30, 2020, by using North American Industry Classification System sectors and subsectors. Nearly 60% of these outbreaks occurred in 3 sectors: manufacturing (n = 184, 26.4%), retail trade (n = 137, 19.6%), and transportation and warehousing (n = 73, 10.5%). The largest number of outbreaks and largest number and highest incidence rate of outbreak-associated cases occurred in manufacturing. Furthermore, 7 of the 10 industry subsectors with the highest incidence rates were within manufacturing. Approximately 70% of outbreak-associated case-patients reported Hispanic ethnicity. Facilities employing more on-site staff had larger and longer outbreaks. Identification of highly affected industry sectors and subsectors is necessary for targeted public health planning, outreach, and response, including ensuring vaccine access, to reduce burden of COVID-19 in vulnerable workers. AN - 33979564 AU - Contreras, Zuelma | Ngo, Van | Pulido, Marifi | Washburn, Faith | Meschyan, Gayane | Gluck, Fruma | Kuguru, Karen | Reporter, Roshan | Curley, Condessa | Civen, Rachel | Terashita, Dawn | Balter, Sharon | Halai, Umme-Aiman C1 - 2021-05-28 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05282021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.3201/eid2707.210425 ET - 2021/05/13 IS - 7 KW - coronavirus disease | COVID-19 | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 | SARS-CoV-2 | respiratory infections | workplace | incidence | industry sectors | manufacturing�T retail trade | transportation and warehousing | outbreaks | public health | food safety | zoonoses | Los Angeles County | United States L1 - internal-pdf://3726599589/Contreras-2021-Industry Sectors Highly Affecte.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Contreras, Zuelma | Ngo, Van | Pulido, Marifi | Washburn, Faith | Meschyan, Gayane | Gluck, Fruma | Kuguru, Karen | Reporter, Roshan | Curley, Condessa | Civen, Rachel | Terashita, Dawn | Balter, Sharon | Halai, Umme-Aiman | eng | Review | Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(7):1769-1775. doi: 10.3201/eid2707.210425. Epub 2021 May 12. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Nearly 60% of 698 nonhealthcare worksite COVID-19 outbreaks occurred in 3 sectors: manufacturing (26.4%), retail trade (19.6%), and transportation and warehousing (10.5%). Outbreaks were larger and longer in facilities with more on-site staff. SN - 1080-6059 SP - 1769 ST - Industry Sectors Highly Affected by Worksite Outbreaks of Coronavirus Disease, Los Angeles County, California, USA, March 19–September 30, 2020 T2 - Emerg Infect Dis TI - Industry Sectors Highly Affected by Worksite Outbreaks of Coronavirus Disease, Los Angeles County, California, USA, March 19–September 30, 2020 UR - https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/27/7/21-0425_article | https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/27/7/pdfs/21-0425.pdf VL - 27 ID - 1792 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Sacarny, Adam | Daw, Jamie R. C1 - 2021-09-17 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09172021_covidupdate.html#anchor_Health%20Equity DO - 10.1001/jamahealthforum.2021.2415 IS - 9 L1 - internal-pdf://2270596263/Sacarny-2021-Inequities in COVID-19 Vaccinatio.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; As of April 2021, the mean COVID-19 vaccination rate (�? dose) across neighborhoods in the 9 largest US cities was 42.3% (Interquartile range 27.6%-59.7%). | Higher vaccination rates were observed in neighborhoods with a higher proportion of White and Asian people, and with socioeconomic advantages by income and 4-year college completion rates. | A 10% increase in the neighborhood vaccination rate was associated with 25 fewer COVID-19 deaths/100,000 population (P�?�?001) (Figure). | Methods: Ecologic study of COVID-19 vaccination and cumulative death rates in 1,127 neighborhoods in 9 large US cities and surrounding counties (New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, Phoenix, Philadelphia, San Antonio, San Diego, Dallas) using data obtained from health department websites and the American Community Survey. Neighborhoods (except in Los Angeles) were defined by zip codes. Limitations: Possible inaccuracies in vaccination and death reporting data; vaccine supply and vaccination eligibility during the study period was not considered; findings not generalizable to all US cities. | Implications: During the first five months of vaccine availability, inequities in vaccination were observed in neighborhoods in large cities across the U.S. Increasing uptake of vaccination in neighborhoods that have been marginalized is important to decrease morbidity and mortality of COVID-19. | Note: Adapted from Sacarny et al. Association between neighborhood historical (cumulative) COVID-19 death rate and vaccination rate (December 2020–April 2021). The line of best fit controls for city and is weighted by total population. β is the slope coefficient with robust SE reported in parentheses. Licensed under CC BY. SE - e212415 SN - 2689-0186 SP - e212415-e212415 ST - Inequities in COVID-19 Vaccination Rates in the 9 Largest US Cities T2 - JAMA Health Forum TI - Inequities in COVID-19 Vaccination Rates in the 9 Largest US Cities UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamahealthforum.2021.2415 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama-health-forum/articlepdf/2783876/sacarny_2021_ld_210015_1630352216.07972.pdf VL - 2 Y2 - 9/20/2021 ID - 2330 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Infant outcomes after maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection are not well-described. In a prospective U.S. registry of 263 infants born to mothers testing positive or negative for SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-2 status was not associated with birth weight, difficulty breathing, apnea or upper or lower respiratory infection through 8 weeks of age. AD - University of California San Francisco. | University of California Los Angeles. | Thomas Jefferson University. | National Birth Equity Collaborative. | Emory University. AN - 32947612 AU - Flaherman, V. J. | Afshar, Y. | Boscardin, J. | Keller, R. L. | Mardy, A. | Prahl, M. K. | Phillips, C. | Asiodu, I. V. | Berghella, W. V. | Chambers, B. D. | Crear-Perry, J. | Jamieson, D. J. | Jacoby, V. L. | Gaw, S. L. C1 - 2020-09-29 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/092920_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 18 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa1411 ET - 2020/09/19 KW - Covid-19 | Newborn | Pregnancy | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://2369065146/Flaherman-2020-Infant Outcomes Following Mater.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Flaherman, Valerie J; Afshar, Yalda; Boscardin, John; Keller, Roberta L; Mardy, Anne; Prahl, Mary K; Phillips, Carolyn; Asiodu, Ifeyinwa V; Berghella, W Vincenzo; Chambers, Brittany D; Crear-Perry, Joia; Jamieson, Denise J; Jacoby, Vanessa L; Gaw, Stephanie L; eng; K08 AI141728/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Sep 18. pii: 5908705. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1411. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In this US study, preterm birth, ICU admission, and respiratory disease did not differ between infants born to mothers testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 and those born to mothers testing negative. | No pneumonia or lower respiratory tract infection was reported through 6 �?8 weeks of age. | Infants born to mothers who first tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 �?4 days prior to delivery were more likely admitted to the ICU (26% vs 12%; p = 0.04) and born earlier (mean 37.5 vs 39 weeks gestation, p = 0.0009) compared with infants born to mothers who tested positive >14 days prior to delivery. | 6 �?8 weeks postpartum, the estimated incidence of a positive infant SARS-CoV-2 test was 1.1% (95% CI: 0.1 �?4.0). | Methods: Early findings from the PRIORITYexternal icon prospective study among 179 mothers who had a positive test for SARS-CoV-2 and 84 mothers who had a negative test. Data were collected at enrollment, after birth, and at 6 �?8 weeks after delivery. Limitations: May not be representative of all US pregnancies; some associations may reflect hospital practices rather than clinical status; infant testing for SARS-CoV-2 was incomplete. | Implications: Infants born to mothers infected with SARS-CoV-2 generally do well in the first 6 �?8 weeks after birth. Further large-scale studies like PRIORITY need to assess long-term infant and maternal outcomes. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) ST - Infant Outcomes Following Maternal Infection with SARS-CoV-2: First Report from the PRIORITY Study T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Infant Outcomes Following Maternal Infection with SARS-CoV-2: First Report from the PRIORITY Study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32947612 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 966 ER - TY - JOUR AB - There is a paucity of reports on the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection in infants, since most studies have grouped infants with older children. We analyzed the viral loads of 45,318 SARS-CoV-2-positive nasopharyngeal swab samples obtained in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Infants younger than 6 months old presented higher viral loads than any other age group. Children older than 6 months showed significantly lower viral loads, similar to those founds in adults. This observation raises new questions regarding the role of infants in the spreading of SARS-CoV-2 infection. AD - Universidad de Buenos Aires - Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina. AN - 34850028 AU - Ochoa, Valeria | Erra D�Taz, Fernando | Ramirez, Ezequiel | Fentini, Mar�Ta Clara | Carobene, Mauricio | Geffner, Jorge | Arruvito, Lourdes | Remes Lenicov, Federico | on behalf of the, Inbirs Covid-study group C1 - 2021-12-03 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/12032021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - Nov 24 DO - 10.1093/infdis/jiab577 ET - 2021/12/02 KW - Covid-19 | SARS-CoV-2 | children | viral load L1 - internal-pdf://0956143228/Ochoa-2021-Infants younger than 6 months old i.pdf LB - Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Ochoa, Valeria | Erra Diaz, Fernando | Ramirez, Ezequiel | Fentini, Maria Clara | Carobene, Mauricio | Geffner, Jorge | Arruvito, Lourdes | Remes Lenicov, Federico | eng | J Infect Dis. 2021 Nov 24. pii: 6438522. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiab577. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 45,318 SARS-CoV-2-positive nasopharyngeal swab specimens obtained in Argentina, higher SARS-CoV-2 viral loads were suggested by lower Ct values. Infants age <6 months had the lowest median Ct (20.77, IQR 18.1-26.87) compared with any other age group, including adults (p <0.001). Median Ct was 6�?0 cycles lower among infants age <6 months than among infants ages 7�?2 months (30.12, IQR 22.01-34.56), children ages 1�? years (30.46, IQR 22.34-34.69), or children ages 5�? years (26.58, IQR 22.34-33.8). SN - 0022-1899 SP - jiab577 ST - Infants younger than 6 months old infected by SARS-CoV-2 show the highest respiratory viral loads T2 - J Infect Dis TI - Infants younger than 6 months old infected by SARS-CoV-2 show the highest respiratory viral loads UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiab577 Y2 - 12/6/2021 ID - 2669 ER - TY - JOUR AB - SARS-CoV-2 has caused a devastating global pandemic. The recent emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants that are less sensitive to neutralization by convalescent sera or vaccine-induced neutralizing antibody responses has raised concerns. A second wave of SARS-CoV-2 infections in India is leading to the expansion of SARS-CoV-2 variants. The B.1.617.1 variant has rapidly spread throughout India and to several countries throughout the world. In this study, using a live virus assay, we describe the neutralizing antibody response to the B.1.617.1 variant in serum from infected and vaccinated individuals. We found that the B.1.617.1 variant is 6.8-fold more resistant to neutralization by sera from COVID-19 convalescent and Moderna and Pfizer vaccinated individuals. Despite this, a majority of the sera from convalescent individuals and all sera from vaccinated individuals were still able to neutralize the B.1.617.1 variant. This suggests that protective immunity by the mRNA vaccines tested here are likely retained against the B.1.617.1 variant. As the B.1.617.1 variant continues to evolve, it will be important to monitor how additional mutations within the spike impact antibody resistance, viral transmission and vaccine efficacy. AN - 34013272 AU - Edara, V. V. | Lai, L. | Sahoo, M. K. | Floyd, K. | Sibai, M. | Solis, D. | Flowers, M. W. | Hussaini, L. | Ciric, C. R. | Bechnack, S. | Stephens, K. | Mokhtari, E. B. | Mudvari, P. | Creanga, A. | Pegu, A. | Derrien-Colemyn, A. | Henry, A. R. | Gagne, M. | Graham, B. S. | Wrammert, J. | Douek, D. C. | Boritz, E. | Pinsky, B. A. | Suthar, M. S. C1 - 2021-05-21 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05212021_covidupdate.html DA - May 10 DO - 10.1101/2021.05.09.443299 ET - 2021/05/21 L1 - internal-pdf://3966292895/Edara-2021-Infection and vaccine-induced neutr.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Edara, Venkata-Viswanadh; Lai, Lilin; Sahoo, Malaya K; Floyd, Katharine; Sibai, Mamdouh; Solis, Daniel; Flowers, Maria W; Hussaini, Laila; Ciric, Caroline Rose; Bechnack, Sarah; Stephens, Kathy; Mokhtari, Elham Bayat; Mudvari, Prakriti; Creanga, Adrian; Pegu, Amarendra; Derrien-Colemyn, Alexandrine; Henry, Amy R; Gagne, Matthew; Graham, Barney S; Wrammert, Jens; Douek, Daniel C; Boritz, Eli; Pinsky, Benjamin A; Suthar, Mehul S; eng; Preprint; bioRxiv. 2021 May 10. doi: 10.1101/2021.05.09.443299. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Sera from 100% of persons vaccinated with mRNA vaccines were able to neutralize the B.1.617.1 SARS-CoV-2 variant. | Compared with wild-type (WA1) SARS-CoV-2, B.617.1 was 6.5�?-fold less susceptible to neutralization by sera from convalescent and vaccinated individuals (Figure). | Most sera (19/24) from convalescent patients were able to neutralize the B.1.617.1 variant (Figure). | Methods: A live virus neutralization test was used to compare the titer of neutralizing antibody to wild-type (WA1) SARS-CoV-2 and the B.1.617.1 variant in sera from three cohorts: individuals 31�?1 days after COVID-19 symptom onset (n = 24), Moderna mRNA-1273-vaccinated individuals (35�?1 days post-2nd dose, n = 15), and Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2-vaccinated individuals (7�?7 days post-2nd dose, n = 10). Limitation: Small sample sizes within each cohort. | Implications: The Moderna mRNA-1273 and Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA vaccines likely provide protective immunity against the B.1.617.1 variant, which has spread rapidly throughout India and to several other countries. SP - 2021.05.09.443299 ST - Infection and vaccine-induced neutralizing antibody responses to the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.1 variant T2 - bioRxiv TI - Infection and vaccine-induced neutralizing antibody responses to the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.1 variant TT - Published article: Infection and Vaccine-Induced Neutralizing-Antibody Responses to the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617 Variants UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34013272 ID - 1768 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first detected in Wuhan in December 2019 and caused coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)(1,2). In 2003, the closely related SARS-CoV had been detected in domestic cats and a dog(3). However, little is known about the susceptibility of domestic pet mammals to SARS-CoV-2. Here, using PCR with reverse transcription, serology, sequencing the viral genome and virus isolation, we show that 2 out of 15 dogs from households with confirmed human cases of COVID-19 in Hong Kong were found to be infected with SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in five nasal swabs collected over a 13-day period from a 17-year-old neutered male Pomeranian. A 2.5-year-old male German shepherd was positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA on two occasions and virus was isolated from nasal and oral swabs. Antibody responses were detected in both dogs using plaque-reduction-neutralization assays. Viral genetic sequences of viruses from the two dogs were identical to the virus detected in the respective human cases. The dogs remained asymptomatic during quarantine. The evidence suggests that these are instances of human-to-animal transmission of SARS-CoV-2. It is unclear whether infected dogs can transmit the virus to other animals or back to humans. AD - Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Government of the Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China. | Asia Pacific Veterinary Information Services, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. | Public Health Laboratory Centre, Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Government of the Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China. | School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China. | School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China. malik@hku.hk. | HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China. malik@hku.hk. AN - 32408337 AU - Sit, T. H. C. | Brackman, C. J. | Ip, S. M. | Tam, K. W. S. | Law, P. Y. T. | To, E. M. W. | Yu, V. Y. T. | Sims, L. D. | Tsang, D. N. C. | Chu, D. K. W. | Perera, Rapm | Poon, L. L. M. | Peiris, M. C1 - 2020-05-22 C2 - Transmission: Household Pets CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052220_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1038/s41586-020-2334-5 ET - 2020/05/15 IS - 7831 KW - Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 | Animals | Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology | Antibodies, Viral/immunology | Betacoronavirus/genetics/*isolation & purification | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/*transmission/*veterinary/virology | Dog Diseases/*transmission/*virology | Dogs | Female | Hong Kong/epidemiology | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics/*veterinary | Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism | Phylogeny | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/*transmission/*veterinary/virology | Receptors, Virus/metabolism | SARS-CoV-2 | Time Factors | Zoonoses/*transmission/*virology L1 - internal-pdf://0134757642/Sit-2020-Infection of dogs with SARS-CoV-2.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Sit, Thomas H C; Brackman, Christopher J; Ip, Sin Ming; Tam, Karina W S; Law, Pierra Y T; To, Esther M W; Yu, Veronica Y T; Sims, Leslie D; Tsang, Dominic N C; Chu, Daniel K W; Perera, Ranawaka A P M; Poon, Leo L M; Peiris, Malik; eng; HHSN272201400006C/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; England; Nature. 2020 Oct;586(7831):776-778. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2334-5. Epub 2020 May 14. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In households with confirmed human cases of COVID-19, two dogs tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR and serology; virus was isolated from one of the dogs. | Only one infected dog had known pre-existing conditions, including chronic kidney disease and systemic and pulmonary hypertension. | Both dogs showed no signs of COVID-19. | A dog that lived with one of the infected dogs did not test positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. | Viral genome sequencing results were identical for the dogs and their respective owners. | Methods: The Hong Kong Department of Agriculture quarantined 15 dogs and 7 cats from 15 households with confirmed human COVID-19 cases and tested respiratory, blood, and fecal samples for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR, serology, viral genome sequencing, and viral isolation. | Implications (Sit et al. & Halfman et al.): SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted from humans to dogs, but dog-to-dog or dog-to-human virus transmission is uncertain. In contrast, cat-to-cat transmission has been documented, while cat-to-human transmission is uncertain. Cats and dogs may not show signs of illness and infection might only be identified through testing. SN - 1476-4687 (Electronic); 0028-0836 (Linking) SP - 776-778 ST - Infection of dogs with SARS-CoV-2 T2 - Nature TI - Infection of dogs with SARS-CoV-2 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32408337 VL - 586 ID - 223 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: Israel recently initiated a rapid nationwide COVID-19 vaccination campaign to immunize persons �?6 years of age and used exclusively Pfizer–BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine according to schedule (two doses, 21 days apart). We provide the first estimates of the number of COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and deaths averted by a nationwide vaccination campaign. | ; Methods: We used national surveillance data from the first 112 days (Dec 20, 2020 �?Apr 10, 2021) of Israel’s vaccination campaign to estimate averted burden of four outcomes: SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19-related hospitalizations, severe or critical hospitalizations, and deaths. The direct effects of the immunization program were estimated for all susceptible individuals (i.e., no previous evidence of laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection) who were at least partially vaccinated (defined as receipt of at least one dose with �?4 days after the first dose). Cases averted were estimated based on cumulative daily, age-specific rate differences comparing rates among unvaccinated to those who were at least partially vaccinated for each of the four outcomes and the (age-specific) size of the susceptible population and proportion that was at least partially vaccinated. | ; Findings: Through Apr 10, 2021, we estimated that Israel’s vaccination campaign averted 158,665 (95% uncertainty range: 115,899�?01,431) SARS-CoV-2 infections, 24,597 (6,622�?2,571) hospitalizations, 17,432 (3,065�?1,799) severe and critical hospitalizations, and 5,533 (-1,146�?2,213) deaths. Of these, 66% of hospitalizations and 91% of deaths averted were among those �?5 years of age. Seventy-three percent of SARS-CoV-2 infections and 79% of COVID-19-related hospitalizations and deaths averted stemmed from the protective effects in fully vaccinated persons. | ; Interpretations: Without vaccination, Israel would have likely experienced triple the number of hospitalizations and deaths compared to what actually occurred during their largest wave of SARS-CoV-2 to date, which would have likely overwhelmed the healthcare system. Indirect effects and long-term benefits of the program, which could be substantial, were not included in these estimates and warrant future research. | ; Funding: None. | Declaration of Interest: John McLaughlin, Frederick Angulo, Farid Khan, Gabriel Mircus, Kaijie Pan, Jo Southern, David Swerdlow, and Luis Jodar hold stock and stock options in Pfizer Inc. Marc Lipsitch has provided advice on COVID-19 free of charge to Janssen, Astra-Zeneca, Pfizer, and COVAXX (United Biomedical), as well as to the nonprofit One Day Sooner and has received consulting income or honoraria from Merck, Bristol Meyers Squibb, and Sanofi, and institutional research support from Pfizer. All other authors report no conflicts. AU - Haas, Eric J. | McLaughlin, John M. | Khan, Farid | Angulo, Frederick J. | Anis, Emilia | Lipsitch, Marc | Singer, Shepherd R. | Mircus, Gabriel | Brooks, Nati | Smaja, Meir | Pan, Kaijie | Southern, Jo | Swerdlow, David L. | Jodar, Luis | Levy, Yeheskel | Alroy-Preis, Sharon | McLaughlin, John M. | Khan, Farid | Angulo, Frederick J. | Anis, Emilia | Lipsitch, Marc | Singer, Shepherd R. | Mircus, Gabriel | Brooks, Nati | Smaja, Meir | Pan, Kaijie | Southern, Jo | Swerdlow, David L. | Jodar, Luis | Levy, Yeheskel | Alroy-Preis, Sharon C1 - 2021-05-28 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05282021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.2139/ssrn.3845367 KW - COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, cases averted, impact, hospitalizations, deaths, Israel, model, public health, pandemic L1 - internal-pdf://4075337287/SSRN-id3845367.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: National surveillance data from December 20, 2020 to April 10, 2021 showed that vaccination averted an estimated 158,665 (95% uncertainty range [UR] 115,899�?01,431) SARS-CoV-2 infections, 24,597 (95% UR 6,622�?2,571) hospitalizations, 17,432 (95% UR 3,065�?1,799) severe and critical hospitalizations, and 5,533 (95% UR -1,146�?2,213) deaths (note that for deaths, uncertainty range includes 0). SN - 1556-5068 ST - Infections, Hospitalizations, and Deaths Averted Via Direct Effects of the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in a Nationwide Vaccination Campaign, Israel T2 - SSRN TI - Infections, Hospitalizations, and Deaths Averted Via Direct Effects of the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in a Nationwide Vaccination Campaign, Israel UR - https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3845367 ID - 1798 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Psychiatry, BKL Walawalkar Rural Medical College, Ratnagiri 415606, Maharashtra, India. Electronic address: ramdas_ransing123@yahoo.co.in. | Department of Social and Community Health, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. | Psychiatric Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, Catanzaro 88100, Italy. | Department of Psychiatry, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. | Faculty of Medicine, Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany. | Department of Clinical Neurosciences/DIMSC, School of Medicine, Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona 60126, Italy; Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Herts AL109AB, UK. | Unit for Social and Community Psychiatry, WHO Collaborating Centre for Mental Health Services Development, Queen Mary University of London, London E138SP, UK; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Hospital de Magalhaes Lemos, Porto, Portugal. | Kabir Medical College,Gandhara Univeristy, Peshawar, Pakistan. | Addictions Services (SerD), Department of Territorial Assistance, ASL Teramo, Teramo, Italy. | Hospital and University Clinical Service of Kosovo, Community Based Mental Health Center and House for Integration, Prizren, Kosovo. | Department of Psychiatry, MMU Medical College, Kumarhatti, Solan 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India. | Department of Psychiatry, BKL Walawalkar Rural Medical College, Ratnagiri 415606, Maharashtra, India. | Department of Psychiatry, American University of Beirut, Bliss Street, PO Box: 11-0236, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon. | EIDemerdash Teaching Hospital, Ain Shams University, Egypt. | Razi Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis 1068, Tunisia. | Mental Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran. | Helwan Mental Health Hospital, Extension of Mansour St., behind Kbretaj Helwan Club, Helwan, 25562198 Cairo, Egypt. | Fidmag Research Foundation, Hermanas Hospitalarias, Barcelona 08830, Spain; Hospital Benito Menni CASM, Hermanas Hospitalarias, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona 08035, Spain; Medicine and Traslational Research Doctorate Programme, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. | Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, One Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA. | Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, East West Road, Alakahia, PMB 6173, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. AN - 32731007 AU - Ransing, R. | Ramalho, R. | de Filippis, R. | Ojeahere, M. I. | Karaliuniene, R. | Orsolini, L. | Pinto da Costa, M. | Ullah, I. | Grandinetti, P. | Gashi Bytyci, D. | Grigo, O. | Mhamunkar, A. | El Hayek, S. | Essam, L. | Larnaout, A. | Shalbafan, M. | Nofal, M. | Soler-Vidal, J. | Pereira-Sanchez, V. | Adiukwu, F. C1 - 2020-08-07 C2 - COVID-19 Across the World CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/080720_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.033 ET - 2020/07/31 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus Infections | Disease Outbreaks | Ethnic Groups | Fear | Humans | Occupations | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral | SARS-CoV-2 | Sex Factors | *Social Discrimination | *Social Stigma L1 - internal-pdf://3063776427/Ransing-2020-Infectious disease outbreak relat.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Ransing, Ramdas; Ramalho, Rodrigo; de Filippis, Renato; Ojeahere, Margaret Isioma; Karaliuniene, Ruta; Orsolini, Laura; Pinto da Costa, Mariana; Ullah, Irfan; Grandinetti, Paolo; Gashi Bytyci, Drita; Grigo, Omityah; Mhamunkar, Aman; El Hayek, Samer; Essam, Lamiaa; Larnaout, Amine; Shalbafan, Mohammadreza; Nofal, Marwa; Soler-Vidal, Joan; Pereira-Sanchez, Victor; Adiukwu, Frances; eng; Review; Netherlands; Brain Behav Immun. 2020 Oct;89:555-558. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.033. Epub 2020 Jul 27. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Describes COVID-19-related stigma and stigmatization across 13 countries, including stigma aimed at chronically marginalized populations. SN - 1090-2139 (Electronic); 0889-1591 (Linking) SP - 555-558 ST - Infectious disease outbreak related stigma and discrimination during the COVID-19 pandemic: Drivers, facilitators, manifestations, and outcomes across the world T2 - Brain Behav Immun TI - Infectious disease outbreak related stigma and discrimination during the COVID-19 pandemic: Drivers, facilitators, manifestations, and outcomes across the world UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32731007 VL - 89 ID - 661 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: To estimate the infectious period of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in older adults with underlying conditions, we assessed duration of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptoms, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) positivity, and culture positivity among nursing home residents. Methods: We enrolled residents within 15 days of their first positive SARS-CoV-2 test (diagnosis) at an Arkansas facility from July 7 to 15, 2020 and instead them for 42 days. Every 3 days for 21 days and then weekly, we assessed COVID-19 symptoms, collected specimens (oropharyngeal, anterior nares, and saliva), and reviewed medical charts. Blood for serology was collected on days 0, 6, 12, 21, and 42. Infectivity was defined by positive culture. Duration of culture positivity was compared with duration of COVID-19 symptoms and RT-PCR positivity. Data were summarized using measures of central tendency, frequencies, and proportions. Results: We enrolled 17 of 39 (44%) eligible residents. Median participant age was 82 years (range, 58-97 years). All had >/=3 underlying conditions. Median duration of RT-PCR positivity was 22 days (interquartile range [IQR], 8-31 days) from diagnosis; median duration of symptoms was 42 days (IQR, 28-49 days). Of 9 (53%) participants with any culture-positive specimens, 1 (11%) severely immunocompromised participant remained culture-positive 19 days from diagnosis; 8 of 9 (89%) were culture-positive /=1 blood specimen; all participants were culture-negative before seroconversion. Conclusions: Duration of infectivity was considerably shorter than duration of symptoms and RT-PCR positivity. Severe immunocompromise may prolong SARS-CoV-2 infectivity. Seroconversion indicated noninfectivity in this cohort. AD - COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. | Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA. | Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. AN - 33723510 AU - Surie, D. | Huang, J. Y. | Brown, A. C. | Gable, P. | Biedron, C. | Gilbert, S. E. | Garner, K. | Bollinger, S. | Gulley, T. | Haney, T. | Lyons, A. K. | Beshearse, E. | Gregory, C. J. | Sabour, S. | Clemmons, N. S. | James, A. E. | Tamin, A. | Reese, N. | Perry-Dow, K. A. | Brown, R. | Harcourt, J. L. | Campbell, D. | Houston, H. | Chakravorty, R. | Paulick, A. | Whitaker, B. | Murdoch, J. | Spicer, L. | Stumpf, M. M. | Mills, L. | Coughlin, M. M. | Higdem, P. | Rasheed, M. A. U. | Lonsway, D. | Bhatnagar, A. | Kothari, A. | Anderson, K. | Thornburg, N. J. | Breaker, E. | Adamczyk, M. | McAllister, G. A. | Halpin, A. L. | Seely, K. A. | Patil, N. | McDonald, L. C. | Kutty, P. K. C1 - 2021-02-12 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02122021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar DO - 10.1093/ofid/ofab048 ET - 2021/03/17 IS - 3 KW - Covid-19 | Rt-pcr | SARS-CoV-2 | infectivity | nursing homes L1 - internal-pdf://3742365773/Surie-2021-Infectious Period of Severe Acute R.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Surie, Diya; Huang, Jennifer Y; Brown, Allison C; Gable, Paige; Biedron, Caitlin; Gilbert, Sarah E; Garner, Kelley; Bollinger, Susan; Gulley, Trent; Haney, Tafarra; Lyons, Amanda K; Beshearse, Elizabeth; Gregory, Christopher J; Sabour, Sarah; Clemmons, Nakia S; James, Allison E; Tamin, Azaibi; Reese, Natashia; Perry-Dow, K Allison; Brown, Robin; Harcourt, Jennifer L; Campbell, Davina; Houston, Hollis; Chakravorty, Rohan; Paulick, Ashley; Whitaker, Brett; Murdoch, Jordan; Spicer, Lori; Stumpf, Megan M; Mills, Lisa; Coughlin, Melissa M; Higdem, Pamela; Rasheed, Mohammad Ata Ur; Lonsway, David; Bhatnagar, Amelia; Kothari, Atul; Anderson, Karen; Thornburg, Natalie J; Breaker, Erin; Adamczyk, Michelle; McAllister, Gillian A; Halpin, Alison L; Seely, Kathryn A; Patil, Naveen; McDonald, L Clifford; Kutty, Preeta K; eng; Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021 Jan 30;8(3):ofab048. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofab048. eCollection 2021 Mar. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A prospective study of 17 residents at a long term-care facility in Arkansas with median age of 82 years, including one severely immunocompromised person, found that the duration of infectivity was shorter than both duration of symptoms and RT-PCR positivity. SN - 2328-8957 (Print); 2328-8957 (Linking) SP - ofab048 ST - Infectious Period of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in 17 Nursing Home Residents-Arkansas, June-August 2020 T2 - Open Forum Infect Dis TI - Infectious Period of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in 17 Nursing Home Residents-Arkansas, June-August 2020 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33723510 VL - 8 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1483 ER - TY - JOUR AB - SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology implicates airborne transmission; aerosol infectiousness and impacts of masks and variants on aerosol shedding are not well understood.We recruited COVID-19 cases to give blood, saliva, mid-turbinate and fomite (phone) swabs, and 30-minute breath samples while vocalizing into a Gesundheit-II, with and without masks at up to two visits two days apart. We quantified and sequenced viral RNA, cultured virus, and assayed sera for anti-spike and anti-receptor binding domain antibodies.We enrolled 49 seronegative cases (mean days post onset 3.8 �u2.1), May 2020 through April 2021. We detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in 45% of fine (�? µm), 31% of coarse (>5 µm) aerosols, and 65% of fomite samples overall and in all samples from four alpha-variant cases. Masks reduced viral RNA by 48% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3 to 72%) in fine and by 77% (95% CI, 51 to 89%) in coarse aerosols; cloth and surgical masks were not significantly different. The alpha variant was associated with a 43-fold (95% CI, 6.6 to 280-fold) increase in fine aerosol viral RNA, compared with earlier viruses, that remained a significant 18-fold (95% CI, 3.4 to 92-fold) increase adjusting for viral RNA in saliva, swabs, and other potential confounders. Two fine aerosol samples, collected while participants wore masks, were culture-positive.SARS-CoV-2 is evolving toward more efficient aerosol generation and loose-fitting masks provide significant but only modest source control. Therefore, until vaccination rates are very high, continued layered controls and tight-fitting masks and respirators will be necessary. AD - Public Health Aerobiology and Biomarker Laboratory, Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland, USA. | Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland, USA. | Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. | Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA. | Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore. | Department of Computer Science, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA. | Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. AN - 34519774 AU - Adenaiye, Oluwasanmi O | Lai, Jianyu | de Mesquita, P Jacob Bueno | Hong, Filbert | Youssefi, Somayeh | German, Jennifer | Tai, S-H Sheldon | Albert, Barbara | Schanz, Maria | Weston, Stuart | Hang, Jun | Fung, Christian | Chung, Hye Kyung | Coleman, Kristen K | Sapoval, Nicolae | Treangen, Todd | Berry, Irina Maljkovic | Mullins, Kristin | Frieman, Matthew | Ma, Tianzhou | Milton, Donald K | for the University of Maryland StopCOVID Research Group C1 - 2021-09-24 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09242021_covidupdate.html#anchor_PreventionStrategies DA - Sep 14 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciab797 ET - 2021/09/15 KW - SARS-CoV-2 | SARS-CoV-2 variants | airborne infection | exhaled breath aerosol | face masks L1 - internal-pdf://0273142811/Adenaiye-2021-Infectious SARS-CoV-2 in Exhaled.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Adenaiye, Oluwasanmi O | Lai, Jianyu | de Mesquita, P Jacob Bueno | Hong, Filbert | Youssefi, Somayeh | German, Jennifer | Tai, S-H Sheldon | Albert, Barbara | Schanz, Maria | Weston, Stuart | Hang, Jun | Fung, Christian | Chung, Hye Kyung | Coleman, Kristen K | Sapoval, Nicolae | Treangen, Todd | Berry, Irina Maljkovic | Mullins, Kristin | Frieman, Matthew | Ma, Tianzhou | Milton, Donald K | eng | Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Sep 14. pii: 6370149. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab797. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among 45 participant cases with mild infection, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in all respiratory (mid-turbinate) swabs, 99% of saliva, 49% of fomite (cell phone swabs), 19% of coarse (>5 µm), and 31% of fine aerosol (�? µm) samples. | Among 4 additional Alpha (B.1.1.7) variant cases, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in all respiratory, saliva, fomite, and aerosol samples. | Alpha variant samples had higher viral RNA concentrations than other samples. | Face masks (cloth or surgical) reduced exhaled viral RNA by 48% (95% CI 3%-72%) in fine aerosols and by 77% (95% CI 51%-89%) in coarse aerosols (Figure 1). | There was no difference in reduction of viral RNA between cloth and surgical masks. | Mask performance was not significantly different for Alpha variant infections than for other infections. | Methods: Quantitative SARS-CoV-2 RNA measured from respiratory swabs, saliva, and aerosols from participants with q-RT-PCR-positive saliva samples, recently diagnosed infections, and positive contacts. To test mask effectiveness, participants provided paired breath samples at 2 visits, 2 days apart, first while wearing a mask and then without (May 2020–April 2021). Limitations: Cases were mild or asymptomatic and may not represent viral shedding during the most infective phase; quality of masks varied; study done before emergence of the Delta (B.1617.2) variant. | | Implications: Face masks effectively reduced aerosol viral shedding of Alpha variant infections. With suboptimal vaccination rates in many U.S. locations, tight-fitting face masks are an important mitigation strategy for COVID-19, especially with the emergence of more infectious SARS-CoV-2 variant strains. SN - 1058-4838 ST - Infectious SARS-CoV-2 in Exhaled Aerosols and Efficacy of Masks During Early Mild Infection T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Infectious SARS-CoV-2 in Exhaled Aerosols and Efficacy of Masks During Early Mild Infection UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab797 Y2 - 9/27/2021 ID - 2372 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 was isolated from feces of a patient in China with coronavirus disease who died. Confirmation of infectious virus in feces affirms the potential for fecal-oral or fecal-respiratory transmission and warrants further study. AN - 32421494 AU - Xiao, F. | Sun, J. | Xu, Y. | Li, F. | Huang, X. | Li, H. | Zhao, J. | Huang, J. | Zhao, J. C1 - 2020-06-02 C2 - SARS-CoV-2 in Stool CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060220_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.3201/eid2608.200681 ET - 2020/05/19 IS - 8 KW - Aged | Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis | Betacoronavirus/genetics/immunology/*pathogenicity | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Clinical Laboratory Techniques/methods | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis/physiopathology/therapy/virology | Cough/diagnosis/physiopathology | Fatal Outcome | Feces/*virology | Fever/diagnosis/physiopathology | Humans | Male | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis/physiopathology/therapy/virology | RNA, Viral/*genetics/immunology | Respiration, Artificial | SARS-CoV-2 | Tomography, X-Ray Computed | Viral Load | *covid-19 | *SARS-CoV-2 | *coronavirus | *coronavirus disease | *feces | *respiratory infections | *severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 | *transmission | *virus isolation | *viruses | *zoonoses L1 - internal-pdf://1169470714/Xiao-2020-Infectious SARS-CoV-2 in Feces of Pa.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Xiao, Fei; Sun, Jing; Xu, Yonghao; Li, Fang; Huang, Xiaofang; Li, Heying; Zhao, Jingxian; Huang, Jicheng; Zhao, Jincun; eng; Case Reports; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Emerg Infect Dis. 2020 Aug;26(8):1920-1922. doi: 10.3201/eid2608.200681. Epub 2020 May 18. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Stool samples from 12 of 28 patients (43%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. | Live SARS-CoV-2 virus was isolated from the stool of a 78-year old with severe COVID-19 disease who later died. | For this patient, viral RNA load was consistently higher in stool samples compared with respiratory samples 17 to 28 days after symptoms onset (Figure). | Methods: Stool specimens from 28 patients were tested for SARS-CoV-2 RNA by quantitative RT-PCR. Isolation of SARS-CoV-2 virus using Vero E6 cells (derived from green monkey kidneys) was attempted from 3 of the viral RNA-positive patients. Viral load was assessed for serial stool samples as well NP and OP samples taken from 1 patient during a 10-day period. Limitations: Convenience sample; viral load information available for only 1 patient; no information on the immune status or other clinical history of the patient from whom virus was cultured; detection of viral RNA does not indicate presence of live infectious virus. | Implications of 4 studies (Lamers et al., Wolf et al., Xiao et al., Zhang et al.): SARS-CoV-2 can replicate in human intestinal cells and viral RNA can be detected in stool, often at higher levels and for longer periods of time than in respiratory specimens. However, detection of RNA does not necessarily mean that live, intact virus is present and can cause infection. The cases of live virus isolation described here occur in the backdrop of extensive data from other coronavirus specialty labs that have consistently been unable to isolate live virus from stool samples (e.g. Wölfel et. al., 2020external icon). It is uncertain whether there are factors such as weakened immune function that may lead to shedding of live virus in feces. Based on available evidence, stool appears to pose a very low risk for spread of SARS-CoV-2. SE - 1920 SN - 1080-6059 (Electronic); 1080-6040 (Linking) SP - 1920-1922 ST - Infectious SARS-CoV-2 in Feces of Patient with Severe COVID-19 T2 - Emerg Infect Dis TI - Infectious SARS-CoV-2 in Feces of Patient with Severe COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32421494 VL - 26 ID - 292 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first identified in late 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China and spread globally in months, sparking worldwide concern. However, it is unclear whether super-spreading events occurred during the early outbreak phase, as has been observed for other emerging viruses. Here, we analyse 208 publicly available SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences collected during the early outbreak phase. We combine phylogenetic analysis with Bayesian inference under an epidemiological model to trace person-to-person transmission. The dispersion parameter of the offspring distribution in the inferred transmission chain was estimated to be 0.23 (95% CI: 0.13-0.38), indicating there are individuals who directly infected a disproportionately large number of people. Our results showed that super-spreading events played an important role in the early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak. AD - CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. | School of Life Sciences and Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK. | Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China. | Departement de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Universite Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada. | University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China. | CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. beeyh@im.ac.cn. | University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China. beeyh@im.ac.cn. | Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518112, China. beeyh@im.ac.cn. AN - 33024095 AU - Wang, L. | Didelot, X. | Yang, J. | Wong, G. | Shi, Y. | Liu, W. | Gao, G. F. | Bi, Y. C1 - 2020-10-16 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/101620_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 6 DO - 10.1038/s41467-020-18836-4 ET - 2020/10/08 IS - 1 KW - Bayes Theorem | Betacoronavirus/classification/genetics | Covid-19 | China/epidemiology | Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/*transmission/virology | *Disease Outbreaks | Humans | Pandemics | Phylogeny | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/*transmission/virology | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://2145147885/Wang-2020-Inference of person-to-person transm.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Wang, Liang; Didelot, Xavier; Yang, Jing; Wong, Gary; Shi, Yi; Liu, Wenjun; Gao, George F; Bi, Yuhai; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Nat Commun. 2020 Oct 6;11(1):5006. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-18836-4. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Phylogenetic analysis of early transmission in Wuhan, China, with identification of super spreader events. SN - 2041-1723 (Electronic); 2041-1723 (Linking) SP - 5006 ST - Inference of person-to-person transmission of COVID-19 reveals hidden super-spreading events during the early outbreak phase T2 - Nat Commun TI - Inference of person-to-person transmission of COVID-19 reveals hidden super-spreading events during the early outbreak phase UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33024095 VL - 11 ID - 1061 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The COVID-19 pandemic continues to ravage the world, with the United States being highly affected. A vaccine provides the best hope for a permanent solution to controlling the pandemic. However, to be effective, a vaccine must be accepted and used by a large majority of the population. The aim of this study was to understand the attitudes towards and obstacles facing vaccination with a potential COVID-19 vaccine. To measure these attitudes a survey was administered to 316 respondents across the United States by a survey corporation. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the relationships of several factors with attitudes toward potential COVID-19 vaccination. Prior vaccine usage and attitudes predicted attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccination. Assessment of the severity of COVID-19 for the United States was also predictive. Approximately 68% of all respondents were supportive of being vaccinated for COVID-19, but side effects, efficacy and length of testing remained concerns. Longer testing, increased efficacy and development in the United States were significantly associated with increased vaccine acceptance. Messages promoting COVID-19 vaccination should seek to alleviate the concerns of those who are already vaccine-hesitant. Messaging directed at the benefits of vaccination for the United States as a country would address the second predictive factor. Enough time should be taken to allay concerns about both short- and long-term side effects before a vaccine is released. AD - Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA. | Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA. AN - 33022917 AU - Pogue, Kendall | Jensen, Jamie L. | Stancil, Carter K. | Ferguson, Daniel G. | Hughes, Savannah J. | Mello, Emily J. | Burgess, Ryan | Berges, Bradford K. | Quaye, Abraham | Poole, Brian D. C1 - 2020-10-16 C2 - Vaccine Development CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/101620_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 3 DO - 10.3390/vaccines8040582 ET - 2020/10/08 IS - 4 KW - Covid-19 | SARS-CoV-2 | vaccine attitudes | vaccine development | vaccine hesitancy | design of the study | in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data | in | the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results. L1 - internal-pdf://0565426527/Pogue-2020-Influences on Attitudes Regarding P.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Pogue, Kendall | Jensen, Jamie L | Stancil, Carter K | Ferguson, Daniel G | Hughes, Savannah J | Mello, Emily J | Burgess, Ryan | Berges, Bradford K | Quaye, Abraham | Poole, Brian D | eng | Switzerland | Vaccines (Basel). 2020 Oct 3;8(4). pii: vaccines8040582. doi: 10.3390/vaccines8040582. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 69% of respondents indicated they were open to receiving a COVID-19 vaccine. | Positive attitudes towards a COVID-19 vaccine were higher if the vaccine spent longer in clinical testing, had high efficacy, and was developed in the US. | Respondents who are current on vaccines recommended by their physician, whose children are current on vaccines, and who perceive that COVID-19 is an important problem in the US were more likely to indicate that they would take a COVID-19 vaccine. | COVID-19 vaccine attitudes were unrelated to understanding of vaccines, demographics, COVID-19 knowledge, and number of people known with COVID-19 diagnosis. | Methods: Anonymous online survey on attitudes and behaviors related to potential COVID-19 vaccine in 316 respondents selected by age, race, and sex to reflect US population. Factor analysis and structural equation modeling were used. Limitations: Survey questions were not piloted or tested for understandability; vaccine history was self-reported; attitudes and beliefs are likely to evolve as more information about investigational vaccines emerge. | Implications for 2 studies (Pogue et al. & Goldman et al.): In both surveys, people already willing to vaccinate themselves or their child were more accepting of an accelerated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, suggesting that motivation for COVID-19 vaccines may be driven by attitudes about vaccines in general more than control of the pandemic. Public health messaging around what “Fast Track�?means may help quell some fears, but overall vaccine messaging will be needed to reap the full benefits of a COVID-19 vaccine, fast-tracked or not. SN - 2076-393X SP - 582 ST - Influences on Attitudes Regarding Potential COVID-19 Vaccination in the United States T2 - Vaccines TI - Influences on Attitudes Regarding Potential COVID-19 Vaccination in the United States UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/8/4/582 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7711655/pdf/vaccines-08-00582.pdf VL - 8 ID - 1062 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Medical Department, Queens Park Rangers FC, London, UK seanocearmaide@gmail.com. | Medical Department, Queens Park Rangers FC, London, UK. | Football Players Worlwide, FIFPro, Hoofddorp, Netherlands. | Amsterdam UMC, Univ of Amsterdam, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands. | University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom. | Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom. | Medical Department, Burnley Football Club, Burnley, United Kingdom. | FIFA, Zurich, Switzerland. AN - 32788295 AU - Carmody, S. | Ahmad, I. | Gouttebarge, V. | Malhotra, A. | Glover, D. | Massey, A. C1 - 2020-08-25 C2 - New Tools for Policy and Practice CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082520_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102693 ET - 2020/08/14 IS - 22 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*prevention & control/*transmission | Humans | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*prevention & control/*transmission | Risk Assessment | SARS-CoV-2 | *Soccer | Sports Medicine/*methods | *elite performance | *football | *health | *illness | *infection | from sporting organisations as per author affiliations. L1 - internal-pdf://2449448994/Carmody-2020-Infographic. Football-specific st.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Carmody, Sean; Ahmad, Imtiaz; Gouttebarge, Vincent; Malhotra, Aneil; Glover, Danny; Massey, Andrew; eng; England; Br J Sports Med. 2020 Nov;54(22):1362-1364. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102693. Epub 2020 Aug 11. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Infographics on strategies to reduce the risk of SARS CoV-2 transmission during soccer-related play. Could be relevant to other field sports. SN - 1473-0480 (Electronic); 0306-3674 (Linking) SP - 1362-1364 ST - Infographic. Football-specific strategies to reduce COVID-19 transmission T2 - Br J Sports Med TI - Infographic. Football-specific strategies to reduce COVID-19 transmission UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32788295 VL - 54 ID - 763 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Patients with severe COVID-19 have a hyperinflammatory immune response suggestive of macrophage activation. Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) regulates macrophage signaling and activation. Acalabrutinib, a selective BTK inhibitor, was administered off-label to 19 patients hospitalized with severe COVID-19 (11 on supplemental oxygen; 8 on mechanical ventilation), 18 of whom had increasing oxygen requirements at baseline. Over a 10-14 day treatment course, acalabrutinib improved oxygenation in a majority of patients, often within 1-3 days, and had no discernable toxicity. Measures of inflammation - C-reactive protein and IL-6 - normalized quickly in most patients, as did lymphopenia, in correlation with improved oxygenation. At the end of acalabrutinib treatment, 8/11 (72.7%) patients in the supplemental oxygen cohort had been discharged on room air, and 4/8 (50%) patients in the mechanical ventilation cohort had been successfully extubated, with 2/8 (25%) discharged on room air. Ex vivo analysis revealed significantly elevated BTK activity, as evidenced by autophosphorylation, and increased IL-6 production in blood monocytes from patients with severe COVID-19 compared with blood monocytes from healthy volunteers. These results suggest that targeting excessive host inflammation with a BTK inhibitor is a therapeutic strategy in severe COVID-19 and has led to a confirmatory international prospective randomized controlled clinical trial. AD - Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD; Willamette Valley Cancer Institute and Research Center, US Oncology, Eugene, OR; Hematology-Oncology Department, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD; John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack Meridian and School of Medicine at Seton Hall, NJ; Rocky Mountain Cancer Center, US Oncology, Colorado Springs, CO; Department of Emergency Medicine, Penrose-St. Francis Health Services, Colorado Springs, CO; US Acute Care Solutions, Canton, OH; Department of Medicine, St. Peter's Hospital and US Oncology, Albany, NY; Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD; Acerta Pharma, South San Francisco, CA; Biometric Research Branch, Division of Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA AstraZeneca, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD. | Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD; Willamette Valley Cancer Institute and Research Center, US Oncology, Eugene, OR; Hematology-Oncology Department, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD; John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack Meridian and School of Medicine at Seton Hall, NJ; Rocky Mountain Cancer Center, US Oncology, Colorado Springs, CO; Department of Emergency Medicine, Penrose-St. Francis Health Services, Colorado Springs, CO; US Acute Care Solutions, Canton, OH; Department of Medicine, St. Peter's Hospital and US Oncology, Albany, NY; Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD; Acerta Pharma, South San Francisco, CA; Biometric Research Branch, Division of Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA AstraZeneca, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD wilsonw@mail.nih.gov. AN - 32503877 AU - Roschewski, M. | Lionakis, M. S. | Sharman, J. P. | Roswarski, J. | Goy, A. | Monticelli, M. A. | Roshon, M. | Wrzesinski, S. H. | Desai, J. V. | Zarakas, M. A. | Collen, J. | Rose, K. | Hamdy, A. | Izumi, R. | Wright, G. W. | Chung, K. K. | Baselga, J. | Staudt, L. M. | Wilson, W. H. C1 - 2020-06-19 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061920_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 5 DO - 10.1126/sciimmunol.abd0110 ET - 2020/06/07 IS - 48 KW - Agammaglobulinaemia Tyrosine Kinase/*antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Benzamides/*pharmacology/*therapeutic use | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*drug therapy/virology | Critical Illness | Female | Follow-Up Studies | Humans | Inflammation/drug therapy/virology | Interleukin-6/metabolism | Male | Middle Aged | Monocytes/metabolism | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*drug therapy/virology | Prospective Studies | Pyrazines/*pharmacology/*therapeutic use | Respiration, Artificial | SARS-CoV-2 | Treatment Outcome L1 - internal-pdf://1253674490/Roschewski-2020-Inhibition of Bruton tyrosine.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Roschewski, Mark; Lionakis, Michail S; Sharman, Jeff P; Roswarski, Joseph; Goy, Andre; Monticelli, M Andrew; Roshon, Michael; Wrzesinski, Stephen H; Desai, Jigar V; Zarakas, Marissa A; Collen, Jacob; Rose, Keith; Hamdy, Ahmed; Izumi, Raquel; Wright, George W; Chung, Kevin K; Baselga, Jose; Staudt, Louis M; Wilson, Wyndham H; eng; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural; Sci Immunol. 2020 Jun 5;5(48). pii: 5/48/eabd0110. doi: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abd0110. Epub 2020 Jun 5. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among patients with severe COVID-19 disease treated with acalabrutinib (BTK inhibitor), levels of C-reactive protein (an inflammatory marker) normalized and oxygen uptake improved in most patients (Figure). | After treatment, COVID-19 disease did not reoccur in patients who could breathe independently. | Methods: Prospective clinical study of 19 severely ill COVID-19 patients with hypoxia (low blood oxygen) and evidence of inflammation and/or lymphopenia (reduced levels of lymphocytes) who received off-label acalabrutinib for 10-14 days to reduce inflammation associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Limitations: Small sample size; absence of control group. | Implications: BTK inhibitors represent a promising therapeutic option to control the hyperinflammation with severe COVID-19 disease. Optimal treatment timing and specificity of the inhibitor to target innate immune cells needs to be further studied in larger controlled clinical trials to ensure treatment does not interfere with B cell activation and development of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. SN - 2470-9468 (Electronic); 2470-9468 (Linking) SP - eabd0110 ST - Inhibition of Bruton tyrosine kinase in patients with severe COVID-19 T2 - Sci Immunol TI - Inhibition of Bruton tyrosine kinase in patients with severe COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32503877 VL - 5 ID - 406 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVE: To develop and test a new reusable, sterilisable N95 filtering facepiece respirator (FFR)-comparable face mask, known as the Injection Molded Autoclavable, Scalable, Conformable (iMASC) system, given the dire need for personal protective equipment within healthcare settings during the COVID-19 pandemic. DESIGN: Single-arm feasibility study. SETTING: Emergency department and outpatient oncology clinic. PARTICIPANTS: Healthcare workers who have previously undergone N95 fit testing. INTERVENTIONS: Fit testing of new iMASC system. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcome is success of fit testing using an Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)-approved testing method, and secondary outcomes are user experience with fit, breathability and filter replacement. RESULTS: Twenty-four subjects were recruited to undergo fit testing, and the average age of subjects was 41 years (range of 21-65 years) with an average body mass index of 26.5 kg/m(2). The breakdown of participants by profession was 46% nurses (n=11), 21% attending physicians (n=5), 21% resident physicians (n=5) and 12% technicians (n=3). Of these participants, four did not perform the fit testing due to the inability to detect saccharin solution on premask placement sensitivity test, lack of time and inability to place mask over hair. All participants (n=20) who performed the fit test were successfully fitted for the iMASC system using an OSHA-approved testing method. User experience with the iMASC system, as evaluated using a Likert scale with a score of 1 indicating excellent and a score of 5 indicating very poor, demonstrated an average fit score of 1.75, breathability of 1.6, and ease of replacing the filter on the mask was scored on average as 2.05. CONCLUSIONS: The iMASC system was shown to successfully fit multiple different face sizes and shapes using an OSHA-approved testing method. These data support further certification testing needed for use in the healthcare setting. AD - Harvard Radiation Oncology Program, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. | David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. | Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. | Department of Emergency Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. | Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. | Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA cgt20@mit.edu ctraverso@bwh.harvard.edu. AN - 32641368 AU - Byrne, J. D. | Wentworth, A. J. | Chai, P. R. | Huang, H. W. | Babaee, S. | Li, C. | Becker, S. L. | Tov, C. | Min, S. | Traverso, G. C1 - 2020-08-07 C2 - Face Masks CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/080720_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 7 DO - 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039120 ET - 2020/07/10 IS - 7 KW - Adult | Aged | Allied Health Personnel | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*prevention & control/transmission | *Equipment Design | Equipment Reuse | Feasibility Studies | Female | Humans | Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional/*prevention & control | Male | Middle Aged | Nurses | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Physicians | Pneumonia, Viral/*prevention & control/transmission | Prospective Studies | *Respiratory Protective Devices | SARS-CoV-2 | *Silicone Elastomers | Sterilization | Young Adult | *public health | *respiratory infections | *respiratory medicine (see thoracic medicine) L1 - internal-pdf://1756937957/Byrne-2020-Injection Molded Autoclavable, Scal.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Byrne, James D; Wentworth, Adam J; Chai, Peter R; Huang, Hen-Wei; Babaee, Sahab; Li, Canchen; Becker, Sarah L; Tov, Caitlynn; Min, Seokkee; Traverso, Giovanni; eng; K23 DA044874/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; BMJ Open. 2020 Jul 7;10(7):e039120. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039120. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Describes fit and user experience for a reusable, sterilizable N95 filtering facepiece respirator-type face mask. SN - 2044-6055 (Electronic); 2044-6055 (Linking) SP - e039120 ST - Injection Molded Autoclavable, Scalable, Conformable (iMASC) system for aerosol-based protection: a prospective single-arm feasibility study T2 - BMJ Open TI - Injection Molded Autoclavable, Scalable, Conformable (iMASC) system for aerosol-based protection: a prospective single-arm feasibility study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32641368 VL - 10 ID - 668 ER - TY - JOUR AD - From the Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital (S.D.A., B.D.S.), the Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health (B.D.S.), and Harvard Medical School (S.D.A., B.D.S.) - all in Boston. AN - 32813967 AU - Agarwal, S. D. | Sommers, B. D. C1 - 2020-09-01 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090120_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 22 DO - 10.1056/NEJMp2023312 ET - 2020/08/20 IS - 17 KW - Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*economics | Economic Recession | Humans | Insurance, Health | *Medically Uninsured | Pandemics/*economics | *Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act | Pneumonia, Viral/*economics | *Unemployment | United States L1 - internal-pdf://1944002775/Agarwal-2020-Insurance Coverage after Job Loss.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Agarwal, Sumit D; Sommers, Benjamin D; eng; N Engl J Med. 2020 Oct 22;383(17):1603-1606. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2023312. Epub 2020 Aug 19. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Unlike in prior economic downturns, very little association between job losses and health coverage has occurred in 2020, due to expanded options for health insurance unrelated to employment. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 1603-1606 ST - Insurance Coverage after Job Loss - The Importance of the ACA during the Covid-Associated Recession T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Insurance Coverage after Job Loss - The Importance of the ACA during the Covid-Associated Recession UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32813967 VL - 383 ID - 804 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Considering medical and economic burden of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a high COVID-19 vaccination coverage among health care workers (HCWs) is an urgent need.Objective To estimate the intention of HCWs to accept COVID-19 vaccination and to find out related factors.Design We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines for this study.Data sources We searched PubMed, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, CINAHL and medRxiv from January 1, 2020 to December 02, 2020.Methods The heterogeneity between results was very high and thus we applied a random effect model to estimate pooled effects. We performed subgroup and meta-regression analysis to identify possible resources of heterogeneity.Results Eleven studies, including 8847 HCWs met the inclusion criteria. The overall proportion of HCWs that intent to accept COVID-19 vaccination was 55.9% (95% CI: 43.6-67.9%) with a wide range among studies from 27.7% to 81.5%. Intention of HCWs to accept COVID-19 vaccination was higher in studies with moderate quality and in studies that were conducted in Europe. The following factors were associated with increased HCWs�?willingness to get vaccinated against COVID-19: male gender, older age, physician profession, fewer work experience, comorbidity among HCWs, seasonal influenza vaccination, stronger vaccine confidence, positive attitude towards a COVID-19 vaccine, fear about COVID-19, individual perceived risk about COVID-19, and contact with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 patients.Conclusions HCWs represent a high-risk group for SARS-CoV-2 infection. The reluctance or refusal of HCWs to vaccinate against COVID-19 could diminish the trust of individuals and trigger a ripple effect in the general public. Since vaccination is a complex behavior, understanding the way that HCWs take the decision to accept or not COVID-19 vaccination will give us the opportunity to develop the appropriate interventions to increase COVID-19 vaccination uptake. Knowledge of the factors that affect intention of HWCs to accept COVID-19 vaccination is limited and there is an urgent need for further and more valid studies.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementNone to declareAuthor DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:No IRB/oversight body has to approve the study since it is a reviewAll necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData will be available after request AU - Galanis, Petros A. | Vraka, Irene | Fragkou, Despoina | Bilali, Angeliki | Kaitelidou, Daphne C1 - 2020-12-22 C2 - Social, Behavioral, and Communication Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/122220_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.12.08.20246041 L1 - internal-pdf://4101460129/Galanis-2020-Intention of health care workers.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Of 8,847 healthcare workers (HCWs) surveyed across 11 studies, 5,354 (55.9%) indicated they intended to accept vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. | Physicians reported greater vaccine acceptance (OR range: 1.59�?.76) in 5 studies compared to other healthcare professionals, such as nurses, paramedical staff, and pharmacists. | Methods: A meta-analysis of 11 studies that examined HCW intentions for vaccination. Eligible studies occurred between February and October 2020 in China, Democratic Republic of Congo, France, Greece, Hong Kong, Malta, Zambia, and the US. Limitations: HCWs may overstate acceptance because of social expectations; all studies were convenience samples; time trends not explored. | ; Combined implications for two summaries (Robinson et al. & Galanis et al.): Targeted messages, including towards healthcare workers, will be needed to improve acceptance of vaccines. SP - 2020.12.08.20246041 ST - Intention of health care workers to accept COVID-19 vaccination and related factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis T2 - medRxiv TI - Intention of health care workers to accept COVID-19 vaccination and related factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/12/11/2020.12.08.20246041.full.pdf ID - 1365 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Almost one year has passed since the appearance of SARS-CoV-2, causing the COVID-19 pandemic. The number of confirmed SARS-Cov-2 cases worldwide has now reached �?2 million, with 2 million reported deaths (https://covid19.who.int). Nearly 400,000 SARS-Cov-2 genomes were sequenced from COVID-19 samples and added to public resources such as GISAID (https://gisaid.org). With the vaccines becoming available or entering trials (https://covid19.trackvaccines.org), it is vital to keep track of mutations in the genome of SARS-CoV-2, especially in the Spike protein’s Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) region, which could have a potential impact on disease severity and treatment strategies.1�? In the wake of a recent increase in cases with a potentially more infective RBD mutation (N501Y) in the United Kingdom, countries worldwide are concerned about the spread of this or similar variants. Impressive sampling and timely increase in sequencing efforts related to COVID-19 in the United Kingdom (UK) helped detect and monitor the spread of the new N501Y variant. Similar sequencing efforts are needed in other countries for timely tracking of this or different variants. To track geographic sequencing efforts and mutations, with a particular focus on RBD region of the Spike protein, we present our daily updated COVID-19 virus Mutation Tracker system, see https://www.cbrc.kaust.edu.sa/covmt.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis work is supported by King Abdulaziz City of Science and Technology (KACST) grant for COVID-19 research, number 0004-002-01-20-5.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:NAAll necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll SARS-CoV-2 isolate sequence data are obtained from GISAID (gisaid.org) and our daily updated mutation tracking analysis is available at CovMT website: https://www.cbrc.kaust.edu.sa/covmt https://www.cbrc.kaust.edu.sa/covmt AU - Alam, Intikhab | Radovanovic, Aleksandar | Incitti, Roberto | Kamau, Allan | Alarawi, Muhammad | Azhar, Esam I. | Gojobori, Takashi C1 - 2021-02-05 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02052021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.01.22.21249716 L1 - internal-pdf://3388792897/Alam-2021-An interactive COVID-19 virus Mutati.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: As new SARS-CoV-2 variants emerge with increased transmissibility and potential immune escape, it is important to monitor sequencing efforts and evolution of mutations. These authors developed a global mutation trackerexternal icon that is updated daily and includes clinical data. SP - 2021.01.22.21249716 ST - An interactive COVID-19 virus Mutation Tracker (CovMT) with a particular focus on critical mutations in the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) region of the Spike protein T2 - medRxiv TI - An interactive COVID-19 virus Mutation Tracker (CovMT) with a particular focus on critical mutations in the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) region of the Spike protein TT - Published article: CovMT: an interactive SARS-CoV-2 mutation tracker, with a focus on critical variants UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/01/25/2021.01.22.21249716.full.pdf ID - 1466 ER - TY - JOUR AD - UCL Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK. | The Vaccine Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK. | The Vaccine Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK; Vaccines & Immunity Theme, MRC Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia. | The Vaccine Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK. Electronic address: edward.parker@lshtm.ac.uk. AN - 33667404 AU - Shrotri, M. | Swinnen, T. | Kampmann, B. | Parker, E. P. K. C1 - 2021-03-12 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03122021_covidupdate.html DA - May DO - 10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00043-7 ET - 2021/03/06 IS - 5 KW - *COVID-19 Vaccines | *Drug Development | Humans | *Internet | *User-Computer Interface L1 - internal-pdf://3818113768/Shrotri-2021-An interactive website tracking C.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Shrotri, Madhumita; Swinnen, Tui; Kampmann, Beate; Parker, Edward P K; eng; Letter; England; Lancet Glob Health. 2021 May;9(5):e590-e592. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00043-7. Epub 2021 Mar 2. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: An online, interactive vaccine tracker hosted by the Vaccine Centre (Vac) at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (London, UK) that collates up-to-date information on all COVID-19 vaccine candidates from inception through deployment. SN - 2214-109X (Electronic); 2214-109X (Linking) SP - e590-e592 ST - An interactive website tracking COVID-19 vaccine development T2 - Lancet Glob Health TI - An interactive website tracking COVID-19 vaccine development UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33667404 VL - 9 Y2 - 2021/05/17 ID - 1564 ER - TY - JOUR AB - This paper relates to data from the Wellcome Sanger Institute, UK, regarding Covid-19 genomic surveillance. We use a simple model to give point estimates of the effective reproduction numbers of the B.1.617.2 and B.1.1.7 lineages in England, from sequenced data as at 15 May 2021. Comparison with the estimated reproduction number of B.1.1.7 enables an estimate of the increased transmissibility of B.1.617.2. We conclude that it is almost certain that there is increased transmissibility that will rapidly lead to B.1.617.2 becoming the prevailing variant in the UK. The derived estimates of increased transmissibility have uncertainty relating to the actual distribution of the generation interval, but they do point, under present conditions of vaccination coverage and NPIs, to exponential growth of positive cases.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementNo external fundingAuthor DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Data available in public domain and is not subject to IRB or ethics committee approval. I confirm I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelinesAll necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThe data used for the analysis are in the public domain, as listed [1] and [2] in the references and with links shown here: https://covid19.sanger.ac.uk/lineages/raw?show=B.1.617.2%2CB.1.1.7&colorBy=p&lineage=B.1.617.2&area=overview&latitude=50.161569&longitude=-2.591175&zoom=4.33&date=2021-05-22 https://coronavirus.data.gov.uk/details/cases?areaType=nation&areaName=England AU - Dagpunar, John C1 - 2021-06-18 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06182021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.06.03.21258293 L1 - internal-pdf://2401557608/Dagpunar-2021-Interim estimates of increased t.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Models based on COVID-19 data in England found that reproduction numbers were higher for B.1.617.2 (1.17�?.51) compared to B.1.1.7 (0.703�?.820), and B.1.617.2 showed increased transmissibility (43�?15%) over the study period. Weekly growth rates were positive (increasing) for B.1.617.2 and negative (decreasing) for B.1.1.7. SP - 2021.06.03.21258293 ST - Interim estimates of increased transmissibility, growth rate, and reproduction number of the Covid-19 B.1.617.2 variant of concern in the United Kingdom T2 - medRxiv TI - Interim estimates of increased transmissibility, growth rate, and reproduction number of the Covid-19 B.1.617.2 variant of concern in the United Kingdom UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/06/03/2021.06.03.21258293.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/06/03/2021.06.03.21258293.full.pdf ID - 1846 ER - TY - JOUR AD - University of Chicago, IL (D.P.E.). | American Heart Association, Dallas, TX (C.S., R.E.L.). | Mid America Heart Institute and the University of Missouri-Kansas City (P.S.C.). | Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (D.L.A., S.G.). | University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (K.A.). | Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra Northwell, Hempstead, NY (L.B.B.). | The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine (R.A.B., V.M.N., A.A.T.). | Minneapolis Heart Institute, Healthcare Delivery Innovation Center, MN (S.M.B.). | Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada (S.C.B.). | Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (A.C.). | University of Oklahoma, Norman (M.E.). | Emergency & Critical Care Trainings, San Juan, Puerto Rico (G.E.F.). | St. Joseph Mercy, Ann Arbor, MI (A.H.). | Global Newborn and Child Health American Academy of Pediatrics, Itasca, IL (B.D.K.-R.). | Stanford University, CA (H.C.L.). | University of Texas at Arlington (M.E.M.). | University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R.M.M.). | The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus (A.R.P.). | Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (M.A.R.P.). | Medical City Children's Hospital, Dallas, TX (T.T.R.). | Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA (B.W.). | Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY (D.S.W.). | NYU School of Medicine, New York (C.M.Z.). AN - 32270695 AU - Edelson, D. P. | Sasson, C. | Chan, P. S. | Atkins, D. L. | Aziz, K. | Becker, L. B. | Berg, R. A. | Bradley, S. M. | Brooks, S. C. | Cheng, A. | Escobedo, M. | Flores, G. E. | Girotra, S. | Hsu, A. | Kamath-Rayne, B. D. | Lee, H. C. | Lehotsky, R. E. | Mancini, M. E. | Merchant, R. M. | Nadkarni, V. M. | Panchal, A. R. | Peberdy, M. A. R. | Raymond, T. T. | Walsh, B. | Wang, D. S. | Zelop, C. M. | Topjian, A. A. | American Heart Association, E. C. C. Interim Covid Guidance Authors C1 - 2020-04-28 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/042820_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 23 DO - 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047463 DP - NLM ET - 2020/04/10 IS - 25 KW - Adult | Algorithms | American Heart Association | Betacoronavirus/isolation & purification | Covid-19 | *Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation | Child | Consensus | Coronavirus Infections/*pathology/virology | Emergency Medical Services | *Guidelines as Topic | Humans | Infant, Newborn | Pandemics | Personal Protective Equipment | Pneumonia, Viral/*pathology/virology | Risk | SARS-CoV-2 | United States L1 - internal-pdf://1554410260/Edelson-2020-Interim Guidance for Basic and Ad.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Edelson, Dana P; Sasson, Comilla; Chan, Paul S; Atkins, Dianne L; Aziz, Khalid; Becker, Lance B; Berg, Robert A; Bradley, Steven M; Brooks, Steven C; Cheng, Adam; Escobedo, Marilyn; Flores, Gustavo E; Girotra, Saket; Hsu, Antony; Kamath-Rayne, Beena D; Lee, Henry C; Lehotsky, Rebecca E; Mancini, Mary E; Merchant, Raina M; Nadkarni, Vinay M; Panchal, Ashish R; Peberdy, Mary Ann R; Raymond, Tia T; Walsh, Brian; Wang, David S; Zelop, Carolyn M; Topjian, Alexis A; eng; Circulation. 2020 Jun 23;141(25):e933-e943. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047463. Epub 2020 Apr 9. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: American Health Association recommends all rescuers should don PPE, limit personnel in the room, and consider substituting mechanical for manual chest compression. SN - 1524-4539 (Electronic); 0009-7322 (Linking) SP - e933-e943 ST - Interim Guidance for Basic and Advanced Life Support in Adults, Children, and Neonates With Suspected or Confirmed COVID-19: From the Emergency Cardiovascular Care Committee and Get With The Guidelines-Resuscitation Adult and Pediatric Task Forces of the American Heart Association T2 - Circulation TI - Interim Guidance for Basic and Advanced Life Support in Adults, Children, and Neonates With Suspected or Confirmed COVID-19: From the Emergency Cardiovascular Care Committee and Get With The Guidelines-Resuscitation Adult and Pediatric Task Forces of the American Heart Association UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32270695 VL - 141 ID - 96 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Efficacious vaccines are urgently needed to contain the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). A candidate vaccine, Ad26.COV2.S, is a recombinant, replication-incompetent adenovirus serotype 26 (Ad26) vector encoding a full-length and stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. METHODS: In this multicenter, placebo-controlled, phase 1-2a trial, we randomly assigned healthy adults between the ages of 18 and 55 years (cohort 1) and those 65 years of age or older (cohort 3) to receive the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine at a dose of 5x10(10) viral particles (low dose) or 1x10(11) viral particles (high dose) per milliliter or placebo in a single-dose or two-dose schedule. Longer-term data comparing a single-dose regimen with a two-dose regimen are being collected in cohort 2; those results are not reported here. The primary end points were the safety and reactogenicity of each dose schedule. RESULTS: After the administration of the first vaccine dose in 805 participants in cohorts 1 and 3 and after the second dose in cohort 1, the most frequent solicited adverse events were fatigue, headache, myalgia, and injection-site pain. The most frequent systemic adverse event was fever. Systemic adverse events were less common in cohort 3 than in cohort 1 and in those who received the low vaccine dose than in those who received the high dose. Reactogenicity was lower after the second dose. Neutralizing-antibody titers against wild-type virus were detected in 90% or more of all participants on day 29 after the first vaccine dose (geometric mean titer [GMT], 212 to 354), regardless of vaccine dose or age group, and reached 96% by day 57 with a further increase in titers (GMT, 288 to 488) in cohort 1a. Titers remained stable until at least day 71. A second dose provided an increase in the titer by a factor of 2.6 to 2.9 (GMT, 827 to 1266). Spike-binding antibody responses were similar to neutralizing-antibody responses. On day 15, CD4+ T-cell responses were detected in 76 to 83% of the participants in cohort 1 and in 60 to 67% of those in cohort 3, with a clear skewing toward type 1 helper T cells. CD8+ T-cell responses were robust overall but lower in cohort 3. CONCLUSIONS: The safety and immunogenicity profiles of Ad26.COV2.S support further development of this vaccine candidate. (Funded by Johnson & Johnson and the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority of the Department of Health and Human Services; COV1001 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04436276.). AD - From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, M.L.G., G. Shukarev, A.M.G., J. Stoop, S.T., E.C., G. Scheper, J. Hendriks, M.D., J.V.H., H.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse (D.H., C.T., F.S.), Janssen Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Merksem (W.V.D.), the Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Gent (I.L.-R.), SGS Life Sciences (P.-J.B.) and the Center for the Evaluation of Vaccination, University of Antwerp (P.V.D.), Antwerp, and the Center for Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven (J. de Hoon) - all in Belgium; Optimal Research, Melbourne, FL (M.K.); the Alliance for Multispecialty Research, Knoxville, TN (W.S.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (K.E.S., D.H.B.); and the Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (S.C.D.R., K.W.C., M.J.M.). AN - 33440088 AU - Sadoff, J. | Le Gars, M. | Shukarev, G. | Heerwegh, D. | Truyers, C. | de Groot, A. M. | Stoop, J. | Tete, S. | Van Damme, W. | Leroux-Roels, I. | Berghmans, P. J. | Kimmel, M. | Van Damme, P. | de Hoon, J. | Smith, W. | Stephenson, K. E. | De Rosa, S. C. | Cohen, K. W. | McElrath, M. J. | Cormier, E. | Scheper, G. | Barouch, D. H. | Hendriks, J. | Struyf, F. | Douoguih, M. | Van Hoof, J. | Schuitemaker, H. C1 - 2021-01-22 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01222021_covidupdate.html DA - May 13 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2034201 ET - 2021/01/14 IS - 19 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood | Antibodies, Viral/*blood | CD4 Lymphocyte Count | CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism | CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism | COVID-19/immunology/*prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*immunology | Cohort Studies | Double-Blind Method | Humans | *Immunogenicity, Vaccine | Male | Middle Aged | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://0372418202/Sadoff-2021-Interim Results of a Phase 1-2a Tr.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Sadoff, Jerald; Le Gars, Mathieu; Shukarev, Georgi; Heerwegh, Dirk; Truyers, Carla; de Groot, Anne M; Stoop, Jeroen; Tete, Sarah; Van Damme, Wim; Leroux-Roels, Isabel; Berghmans, Pieter-Jan; Kimmel, Murray; Van Damme, Pierre; de Hoon, Jan; Smith, William; Stephenson, Kathryn E; De Rosa, Stephen C; Cohen, Kristen W; McElrath, M Juliana; Cormier, Emmanuel; Scheper, Gert; Barouch, Dan H; Hendriks, Jenny; Struyf, Frank; Douoguih, Macaya; Van Hoof, Johan; Schuitemaker, Hanneke; eng; HHS0100201700018C/US/ /; Clinical Trial, Phase I; Clinical Trial, Phase II; Multicenter Study; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; N Engl J Med. 2021 May 13;384(19):1824-1835. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2034201. Epub 2021 Jan 13. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: This multicenter, placebo-controlled, phase 1-2 trial of 805 participants found that Ad26.COV2.S vaccine is safe and immunogenic among adults. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 1824-1835 ST - Interim Results of a Phase 1-2a Trial of Ad26.COV2.S Covid-19 Vaccine T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Interim Results of a Phase 1-2a Trial of Ad26.COV2.S Covid-19 Vaccine UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33440088 VL - 384 ID - 1423 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: Mortality of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and systemic inflammation is high. In areas of pandemic outbreak, the number of patients can exceed maximum capacity of intensive care units (ICUs), and, thus, these individuals often receive non-invasive ventilation outside of the ICU. Effective treatments for this population are needed urgently. Anakinra is a recombinant interleukin-1 receptor antagonist that might be beneficial in this patient population. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study at the San Raffaele Hospital in Milan, Italy. We included consecutive patients (aged >/=18 years) with COVID-19, moderate-to-severe ARDS, and hyperinflammation (defined as serum C-reactive protein >/=100 mg/L, ferritin >/=900 ng/mL, or both) who were managed with non-invasive ventilation outside of the ICU and who received standard treatment of 200 mg hydroxychloroquine twice a day orally and 400 mg lopinavir with 100 mg ritonavir twice a day orally. We compared survival, mechanical ventilation-free survival, changes in C-reactive protein, respiratory function, and clinical status in a cohort of patients who received additional treatment with anakinra (either 5 mg/kg twice a day intravenously [high dose] or 100 mg twice a day subcutaneously [low dose]) with a retrospective cohort of patients who did not receive anakinra (referred to as the standard treatment group). All outcomes were assessed at 21 days. This study is part of the COVID-19 Biobank study, which is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04318366. Findings: Between March 17 and March 27, 2020, 29 patients received high-dose intravenous anakinra, non-invasive ventilation, and standard treatment. Between March 10 and March 17, 2020, 16 patients received non-invasive ventilation and standard treatment only and comprised the comparison group for this study. A further seven patients received low-dose subcutaneous anakinra in addition to non-invasive ventilation and standard treatment; however, anakinra treatment was interrupted after 7 days because of a paucity of effects on serum C-reactive protein and clinical status. At 21 days, treatment with high-dose anakinra was associated with reductions in serum C-reactive protein and progressive improvements in respiratory function in 21 (72%) of 29 patients; five (17%) patients were on mechanical ventilation and three (10%) died. In the standard treatment group, eight (50%) of 16 patients showed respiratory improvement at 21 days; one (6%) patient was on mechanical ventilation and seven (44%) died. At 21 days, survival was 90% in the high-dose anakinra group and 56% in the standard treatment group (p=0.009). Mechanical ventilation-free survival was 72% in the anakinra group versus 50% in the standard treatment group (p=0.15). Bacteraemia occurred in four (14%) of 29 patients receiving high-dose anakinra and two (13%) of 16 patients receiving standard treatment. Discontinuation of anakinra was not followed by inflammatory relapses. Interpretation: In this retrospective cohort study of patients with COVID-19 and ARDS managed with non-invasive ventilation outside of the ICU, treatment with high-dose anakinra was safe and associated with clinical improvement in 72% of patients. Confirmation of efficacy will require controlled trials. Funding: None. AD - Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy. | Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy, and Rare Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy. | Department of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy. | Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy. | Internal Medicine, Diabetes, and Endocrinology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy. | General Medicine and Advanced Care Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy. | Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy. AN - 32501454 AU - Cavalli, G. | De Luca, G. | Campochiaro, C. | Della-Torre, E. | Ripa, M. | Canetti, D. | Oltolini, C. | Castiglioni, B. | Tassan Din, C. | Boffini, N. | Tomelleri, A. | Farina, N. | Ruggeri, A. | Rovere-Querini, P. | Di Lucca, G. | Martinenghi, S. | Scotti, R. | Tresoldi, M. | Ciceri, F. | Landoni, G. | Zangrillo, A. | Scarpellini, P. | Dagna, L. C1 - 2020-05-15 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051520_covidupdate.html DA - Jun DO - 10.1016/S2665-9913(20)30127-2 ET - 2020/06/06 IS - 6 L1 - internal-pdf://0445012941/Cavalli-2020-Interleukin-1 blockade with high-.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Cavalli, Giulio; De Luca, Giacomo; Campochiaro, Corrado; Della-Torre, Emanuel; Ripa, Marco; Canetti, Diana; Oltolini, Chiara; Castiglioni, Barbara; Tassan Din, Chiara; Boffini, Nicola; Tomelleri, Alessandro; Farina, Nicola; Ruggeri, Annalisa; Rovere-Querini, Patrizia; Di Lucca, Giuseppe; Martinenghi, Sabina; Scotti, Raffaella; Tresoldi, Moreno; Ciceri, Fabio; Landoni, Giovanni; Zangrillo, Alberto; Scarpellini, Paolo; Dagna, Lorenzo; eng; England; Lancet Rheumatol. 2020 Jun;2(6):e325-e331. doi: 10.1016/S2665-9913(20)30127-2. Epub 2020 May 7. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Patients who received a high dose of anakinra (an interleukin-1 receptor blocker) were more likely than those who received standard treatment to: | Have improved respiratory function (72% vs 50%, respectively). | Survive (90% vs 56%, respectively; p = 0.009) (Figure 1). | C-reactive protein levels (a marker of hyperinflammation) decreased over time among patients who received anakinra, but not among those who received standard treatment (Figure 2). | No difference in adverse events occurred between patients who did and did not receive anakinra treatment. | Methods: During March 2020, authors conducted a retrospective cohort study among 45 hospitalized COVID-19 adult patients in Italy who had moderate to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome and hyperinflammation (defined by serum C-reactive protein �?00 mg/L, ferritin �?00 ng/mL, or both), and were being managed with non-invasive ventilation outside the ICU. Outcomes were assessed among 16 patients who received standard treatment (200 mg hydroxychloroquine and 400 mg lopinavir with 100 mg ritonavir twice a day orally), and 29 patients who received standard treatment plus a high dose of anakinra (5 mg/kg twice a day intravenously until clinical improvement or an adverse event was recorded). Improvements in respiratory function, survival, and changes in C-reactive protein levels were compared between treatment groups for up to 21 days. Adverse events were also compared between groups. Limitations: Small convenience sample; long-term outcomes not assessed. | Implications: Anakinra, which blocks the inteleukin-1 receptor, may be effective and safe to treat hyperinflammation among COVID-19 patients. Larger randomized clinical trials are needed to confirm this finding. SN - 2665-9913 (Electronic); 2665-9913 (Linking) SP - e325-e331 ST - Interleukin-1 blockade with high-dose anakinra in patients with COVID-19, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and hyperinflammation: a retrospective cohort study T2 - Lancet Rheumatol TI - Interleukin-1 blockade with high-dose anakinra in patients with COVID-19, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and hyperinflammation: a retrospective cohort study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32501454 VL - 2 Y2 - 2021/05/12 ID - 200 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Widespread uptake of COVID-19 vaccines will be essential to extinguishing the COVID-19 pandemic. Vaccines have been developed in unprecedented time and hesitancy towards vaccination among the general population is unclear.Methods Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies using large nationally representative samples (n�?000) to examine the percentage of the population intending to vaccinate, unsure, or intending to refuse a COVID-19 vaccine when available. Generic inverse meta-analysis and meta-regression were used to pool estimates and examine time trends. PubMed, Scopus and pre-printer servers were searched from January-November, 2020. Registered on PROSPERO (CRD42020223132).Findings Twenty-eight nationally representative samples (n = 58,656) from 13 countries indicate that as the pandemic has progressed, the percentage of people intending to vaccinate and refuse vaccination have been decreasing and increasing respectively. Pooled data from surveys conducted during June-October suggest that 60% (95% CI: 49% to 69%) intend to vaccinate and 20% (95% CI: 13% to 29%) intend to refuse vaccination, although intentions vary substantially between samples and countries (I2 > 90%). Being female, younger, of lower income or education level and belonging to an ethnic minority group were consistently associated with being less likely to intend to vaccinate. Findings were consistent across higher vs. lower quality studies.Interpretation Intentions to be vaccinated when a COVID-19 vaccine becomes available have been declining globally and there is an urgent need to address social inequalities in vaccine hesitancy and promote widespread uptake of vaccines as they become available.Funding N/AEvidence before this study We searched PubMed, Scopus and pre-print servers for manuscripts from January to November, 2020, reporting on studies examining intentions to be vaccinated against COVID-19 in large nationally representative samples (N�?000). No language restrictions were applied. Search terms were [(COVID OR coronavirus OR SARS-COV-2) AND (Vaccine OR Vaccination) AND (Inten* OR willing* OR attitud* OR hypothetical)]. From 792 articles, we identified 20 eligible articles reporting on 28 nationally representative samples.Added value of this study This is the first systematic study and meta-analysis to estimate the proportion of the global population willing to be vaccinated against vs. intending to refuse a vaccine when COVID-19 vaccines become available and how this trend has changed over time, using large and nationally representative samples. Results indicate that COVID-19 vaccination intentions vary substantially across countries, the percentage of the population intending to be vaccinated has declined across countries as the pandemic has progressed (March-May estimate: 79%, June-October estimate: 60%) and a growing number report intending to refuse a vaccine, when available (March-May estimate: 12%, June-October estimate: 20%). There is consistent socio-demographic patterning of vaccination intentions; being female, younger, of lower income or education level and belonging to an ethnic minority group are associated with a reduced likelihood of intending to be vaccinated when a vaccine become available.Implications of all the available evidence Intentions to vaccinate against COVID-19 among the general public when a vaccine becomes available have been declining and this will limit the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination programmes. Findings highlight the need to improve public acceptability, trust and concern over the safety and benefit of COVID-19 vaccines and target vaccine uptake in disadvantaged groups who have already been disproportionately affected by the pandemic.Competing Interest StatementAll authors report no conflicts of interest. ER has previously received funding from the American Beverage Association and Unilever for projects unrelated to the present research.Funding StatementRole of the funding source. There was no funding source for this study.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethica guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:N/A - systematic reviewAll necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesStudy data files and analysis code are openly available on the Open Science Framework; https://osf.io/hj4ds/ https://osf.io/hj4ds/ AU - Robinson, Eric | Jones, Andrew | Lesser, India | Daly, Michael C1 - 2020-12-22 C2 - Social, Behavioral, and Communication Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/122220_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.12.01.20241729 L1 - internal-pdf://2552129959/Robinson-2020-International estimates of inten.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Vaccines | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The general populations of 13 countries became less likely to vaccinate against SARS-CoV-2 from March to October 2020 (Figure). | From March to May 2020, 79% of respondents intended to vaccinate and 12% intended to refuse. | From June to October 2020, 60% of respondents intended to vaccinate and 20% intended to refuse. | In the US, females, younger groups, people with lower income or education levels, and members of minority communities were less likely to vaccinate against SARS-CoV-2. | Methods: Nationally representative surveys including a question about intention or willingness to vaccinate were selected from databases for a systematic meta-analysis. 28 eligible articles from January to November 2020 captured 58,656 respondents from 13 countries. Limitations: Results largely relevant for North American and European populations. | Combined implications for two summaries (Robinson et al. & Galanis et al.): Targeted messages, including towards healthcare workers, will be needed to improve acceptance of vaccines. SP - 2020.12.01.20241729 ST - International estimates of intended uptake and refusal of COVID-19 vaccines: A rapid systematic review and meta-analysis of large nationally representative samples T2 - medRxiv TI - International estimates of intended uptake and refusal of COVID-19 vaccines: A rapid systematic review and meta-analysis of large nationally representative samples TT - Published article: International estimates of intended uptake and refusal of COVID-19 vaccines: A rapid systematic review and meta-analysis of large nationally representative samples UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/12/03/2020.12.01.20241729.full.pdf ID - 1366 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to affect much of the world. Knowledge of diagnostic tests for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is still evolving, and a clear understanding of the nature of the tests and interpretation of their findings is important. This Viewpoint describes how to interpret 2 types of diagnostic tests commonly in use for SARS-CoV-2 infections—reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and IgM and IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)—and how the results may vary over time (Figure). AD - Department of Microbiology, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, India. | Department of Microbiology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan. AN - 32374370 AU - Sethuraman, N. | Jeremiah, S. S. | Ryo, A. C1 - 2020-05-15 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051520_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 9 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.8259 ET - 2020/05/07 IS - 22 KW - Antibodies, Viral/*blood | Betacoronavirus/genetics/immunology/*isolation & purification | Biomarkers/blood | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | *Clinical Laboratory Techniques | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis/virology | Humans | Immunoglobulin G/blood | Immunoglobulin M/blood | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis/virology | RNA, Viral/*analysis | Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://3106362709/Sethuraman-2020-Interpreting Diagnostic Tests.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Sethuraman, Nandini; Jeremiah, Sundararaj Stanleyraj; Ryo, Akihide; eng; JAMA. 2020 Jun 9;323(22):2249-2251. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.8259. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Describes the two types of diagnostic tests used for SARS-CoV-2 infections—reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR, detects viral RNA), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA, detects antibodies and nucleocapsid antigen). See figure below that depicts one group’s estimation of the dynamics of infection and the human immune response based on current knowledge (nucleocapsid antigen detection not depicted). SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 2249-2251 ST - Interpreting Diagnostic Tests for SARS-CoV-2 T2 - JAMA TI - Interpreting Diagnostic Tests for SARS-CoV-2 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32374370 VL - 323 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 195 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Effective risk communication during the COVID-19 pandemic is critical for encouraging appropriate public health behaviors. One way that the public is informed about COVID-19 numbers is through reports of daily new cases. However, presenting daily cases has the potential to lead to a dynamic reasoning bias that stems from intuitive misunderstandings of accumulation. Previous work in system dynamics shows that even highly educated individuals with training in science and math misunderstand basic concepts of accumulation. In the context of COVID-19, relying on the single cue of daily new cases can lead to relaxed attitudes about the risk of COVID-19 when daily new cases begin to decline. This situation is at the very point when risk is highest because even though daily new cases have declined, the active number of cases are highest because they have been accumulating over time. In an experiment with young adults from the USA and Canada (N�?�?51), we confirm that individuals fail to understand accumulation regarding COVID-19, have less concern regarding COVID-19, and decrease endorsement for public health measures as new cases decline but when active cases are at the highest point. Moreover, we experimentally manipulate different dynamic data visualizations and show that presenting data highlighting active cases and minimizing new cases led to increased concern and increased endorsement for COVID-19 health measures compared to a control condition highlighting daily cases. These results hold regardless of country, political affiliation, and individual differences in decision making. This study has implications for communicating the risks of contracting COVID-19 and future public health issues. AD - Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA. jharman@lsu.edu. | Haskayne School of Business, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. | Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada. AN - 34341415 AU - Harman, Jason L. | Weinhardt, Justin M. | Beck, James W. | Mai, Ivy C1 - 2021-08-13 C2 - Social, Behavioral, and Communication Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08132021_covidupdate.html DA - 2021/08/02 DO - 10.1038/s41598-021-95134-z ET - 2021/08/04 IS - 1 KW - Bias | COVID-19/*epidemiology/*prevention & control | *Clinical Decision-Making | Humans | *Pandemics | Perception | Public Health | *SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://1699201972/Harman-2021-Interpreting time-series COVID dat.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Harman, Jason L | Weinhardt, Justin M | Beck, James W | Mai, Ivy | eng | England | Sci Rep. 2021 Aug 2;11(1):15585. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-95134-z. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In an experiment designed to assess risk perception biases, U.S. and Canadian university students (n = 551) randomly assigned to view 1 of 4 different simulated data visualizations representing COVID-19 cases in their own city were asked to rate their own risk of COVID-19 in each of 9 weeks. Participants who were shown both total active and daily case counts with graphs assessed their risk more accurately than participants shown daily cases only and not accumulated cases. Students who perceived lower risk were less supportive of public health behaviors. SN - 2045-2322 SP - 15585 ST - Interpreting time-series COVID data: reasoning biases, risk perception, and support for public health measures T2 - Sci Rep TI - Interpreting time-series COVID data: reasoning biases, risk perception, and support for public health measures UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-95134-z | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8329148/pdf/41598_2021_Article_95134.pdf VL - 11 ID - 2217 ER - TY - JOUR AB - SARS-CoV-2 spread has proven to be especially difficult to mitigate in high risk settings, including nursing homes, cruises, prisons and various industrial settings. Among industrial settings, meat processing facilities in the United States have experienced particularly challenging outbreaks. We have sequenced SARS-CoV-2 whole viral genomes from individuals testing positive in an integrated regional healthcare system serving 21 counties in southwestern Wisconsin, northeastern Iowa and southeastern Minnesota, providing an overview of SARS-CoV-2 introduction and spread in a region spanning multiple jurisdictions with differing mitigation policies. While most viral introductions we detected were contained with only minor transmission chains, a striking exception was an outbreak associated with a meatpacking plant in Postville, IA. In this case, a single viral introduction led to unrestrained spread within the facility, affecting many staff and members of their households. Importantly, by surveilling viral sequences from the surrounding counties, we have documented the spread of this SARS-CoV-2 substrain from this epicenter to individuals in 13 cities in 7 counties in Iowa, Wisconsin and Minnesota, a region spanning 185 square miles. This study highlights the regional public health consequences of failures to rapidly act to mitigate viral spread in a single industrial setting.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis work was supported by the Gundersen Medical Foundation. No external funding was received.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Gundersen Health System Institutional Review Board (#2-20-03-008; PI: Kenny)All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesConsensus sequence data on all viral substrains has been submitted to GISAID. https://www.gisaid.org/ AU - Richmond, Craig S. | Sabin, Arick P. | Jobe, Dean A. | Lovrich, Steven D. | Kenny, Paraic A. C1 - 2020-06-23 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/062320_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.06.08.20125534 L1 - internal-pdf://2080539389/Richmond-2020-Interregional SARS-CoV-2 spread.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Phylogenetic analysis suggests SARS-CoV-2 introduction from northeastern US into Postville, Iowa meatpacking plant in early March. | Virus spread to plant workers and their households within 2 weeks. | Outbreak spread to individuals in 13 cities in 7 counties in Iowa, Wisconsin and Minnesota (spanning 185 square miles) by mid-May. | Methods: Retrospective next-generation sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of complete viral genomes from NP swabs from 67 COVID-19 patients in Iowa (including from meatpacking plant), Wisconsin, and Minnesota, between March and May 2020. Limitations: Small sample size, spread may be under-estimated. | Implications: Phylogenetic analysis can identify transmission chains and spur public health response if available in real-time. Without rapid action and regional coordination, SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks in meatpacking plants may spread widely. SP - 2020.06.08.20125534 ST - Interregional SARS-CoV-2 spread from a single introduction outbreak in a meat-packing plant in northeast Iowa T2 - medRxiv TI - Interregional SARS-CoV-2 spread from a single introduction outbreak in a meat-packing plant in northeast Iowa UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2020/06/12/2020.06.08.20125534.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/06/12/2020.06.08.20125534.full.pdf ID - 424 ER - TY - JOUR AB - To the Editor—Yeoh et al reported the dramatic impact of public health measures introduced during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) detections in Western Australian (WA) children [1]. Here, we present data from ongoing local prospective surveillance. Following the end of winter, there has been a persistent absence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 community transmission and no increase in influenza detections. Limited physical distancing measures have remained in place, with largely no restrictions on gathering sizes and no mandate for wearing masks [2]. Schools have remained open. Strict quarantine for overseas arrivals has been maintained, with a persistent marked decrease in visitor numbers compared with previous numbers [3]. Border restrictions for travelers from other states within Australia have been reduced as of 14 November 2020, with quarantine not required for travelers from states with no community severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 transmission [4]. AD - Infectious Diseases Department, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Australia. | Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria. | Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine WA, Perth, Australia. | Department of General Paediatrics, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Australia. | Department of General Paediatrics, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Australia. | Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia. | Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia. | School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia. AN - 33594407 AU - Foley, D. A. | Yeoh, D. K. | Minney-Smith, C. A. | Martin, A. C. | Mace, A. O. | Sikazwe, C. T. | Le, H. | Levy, A. | Moore, H. C. | Blyth, C. C. C1 - 2021-03-19 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03192021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 17 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa1906 ET - 2021/02/18 L1 - internal-pdf://4168732806/Foley-2021-The Interseasonal Resurgence of Res.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Foley, David A; Yeoh, Daniel K; Minney-Smith, Cara A; Martin, Andrew C; Mace, Ariel O; Sikazwe, Chisha T; Le, Huong; Levy, Avram; Moore, Hannah C; Blyth, Christopher C; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Feb 17. pii: 6140790. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1906. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 in 15 extremely old, frail, long-term care facility patients were detectable after 60 days from time of diagnosis, suggesting that persons of extreme old age may be protected if re-exposed to the same variant. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) ST - The Interseasonal Resurgence of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Australian Children Following the Reduction of Coronavirus Disease 2019-Related Public Health Measures T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - The Interseasonal Resurgence of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Australian Children Following the Reduction of Coronavirus Disease 2019-Related Public Health Measures UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33594407 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1592 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. | Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. | Department of Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York, USA. | Center for Health Innovation and Outcomes Research, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA. AN - 32762601 AU - Louisias, M. | Marrast, L. C1 - 2020-08-18 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/081820_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1089/jwh.2020.8677 ET - 2020/08/09 IS - 9 KW - African Americans/*psychology | African Continental Ancestry Group | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/ethnology/*psychology | Female | Humans | Mothers/*psychology | Pandemics | Physicians/*psychology | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/ethnology/*psychology | *Racism | SARS-CoV-2 | Socioeconomic Factors L1 - internal-pdf://1051701452/Louisias-2020-Intersectional Identity and Raci.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Louisias, Margee; Marrast, Lyndonna; eng; L30 HL143781/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; R01 LM012836/LM/NLM NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2020 Sep;29(9):1148-1149. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2020.8677. Epub 2020 Aug 6. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Offers strategies Black women physicians can use to cope with multiple sources of stress during the pandemic. SN - 1931-843X (Electronic); 1540-9996 (Linking) SP - 1148-1149 ST - Intersectional Identity and Racial Inequality During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Perspectives of Black Physician Mothers T2 - J Womens Health (Larchmt) TI - Intersectional Identity and Racial Inequality During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Perspectives of Black Physician Mothers UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32762601 VL - 29 ID - 719 ER - TY - JOUR AB - COVID-19, caused by the novel coronavirus strain SARS-CoV-2 that emerged in late 2019, has resulted in a global pandemic. COVID-19 was initially believed to occur less frequently in children with relatively mild disease. However, severe disease and varied presentations have been reported in infected children, one of such being intussusception. There have only been three reported cases of intussusception in the pediatric population infected with COVID-19. In this paper, we will discuss the management and treatment of a novel fourth case of COVID-19-associated intussusception. This case is the first reported in the USA and suggests that COVID-19 may be implicated in the development of intussusception. Pediatricians should consider the possibility of intussusception when a child with COVID-19 presents with abdominal pain. AD - Department of Radiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA. | Department of Radiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA. accamach@UTMB.EDU. | School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA. | Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA. | Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA. AN - 33025218 AU - Bazuaye-Ekwuyasi, E. A. | Camacho, A. C. | Saenz Rios, F. | Torck, A. | Choi, W. J. | Aigbivbalu, E. E. | Mehdi, M. Q. | Shelton, K. J. | Radhakrishnan, G. L. | Radhakrishnan, R. S. | Swischuk, L. E. C1 - 2020-10-16 C2 - Clinical Complications and Sequelae CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/101620_covidupdate.html DA - Dec DO - 10.1007/s10140-020-01860-8 ET - 2020/10/08 IS - 6 KW - Abdominal Pain | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*complications | Diagnosis, Differential | Humans | Infant | Intussusception/*diagnostic imaging/therapy/*virology | Male | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications | SARS-CoV-2 | United States | Coronavirus | Intussusception | Pediatrics L1 - internal-pdf://3153032623/Bazuaye-Ekwuyas-2020-Intussusception in a chil.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Bazuaye-Ekwuyasi, Eseosa Amy; Camacho, Alvin C; Saenz Rios, Florentino; Torck, Andrew; Choi, Woongsoon John; Aigbivbalu, Ebelosele E; Mehdi, Mohammed Q; Shelton, Kyle J; Radhakrishnan, Geetha L; Radhakrishnan, Ravi S; Swischuk, Leonard E; eng; Case Reports; Emerg Radiol. 2020 Dec;27(6):761-764. doi: 10.1007/s10140-020-01860-8. Epub 2020 Oct 6. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: The fourth case overall and first seen in the US of a child with COVID-19-related intestinal obstruction. SN - 1438-1435 (Electronic); 1070-3004 (Linking) SP - 761-764 ST - Intussusception in a child with COVID-19 in the USA T2 - Emerg Radiol TI - Intussusception in a child with COVID-19 in the USA UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33025218 VL - 27 ID - 1049 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A century ago, the 1918 influenza pandemic changed the world, when one-third of the world’s population became infected and >50 million people died. By examining lung tissue samples preserved in paraffin blocks, Morens and colleagues from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases found only out 80 years later that in fact the majority of deaths in the 1918 influenza pandemic resulted not from viral pneumonia, but from secondary bacterial pneumonia caused by common upper respiratory tract bacteria [1]. Now we are facing another devastating worldwide pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with to date >24 million individuals infected and a mortality rate >3%. Although superinfections were rarely reported in the beginning of the current pandemic, they are now on the rise, particularly reports about secondary fungal disease. AD - Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States. | Clinical and Translational Fungal-Working Group, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States. | Section of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine and Division of Pulmonology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria. AN - 32887998 AU - Hoenigl, M. C1 - 2020-09-15 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091520_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 5 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa1342 ET - 2020/09/06 KW - Aspergillus | Capa | COVID-associated pulmonary aspergillosis | Candida | beta-D-glucan | galactomannan L1 - internal-pdf://3159570253/Hoenigl-2020-Invasive Fungal Disease Complicat.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Hoenigl, Martin; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Sep 5. pii: 5901729. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1342. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: these results [in White et al.] point to a need for trials to evaluate antifungal prophylaxis in COVID-19 patients. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) ST - Invasive Fungal Disease complicating COVID-19: when it rains it pours T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Invasive Fungal Disease complicating COVID-19: when it rains it pours UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32887998 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 897 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections have been reported in fully vaccinated individuals, in spite of the high efficacy of the currently available vaccines, proven in trials and real-world studies. Several variants of concern (VOC) have been proffered to be associated with breakthrough infections following immunization. In this study, we investigated 378 breakthrough infections recorded between January and July 2021 and compared the distribution of SARS-CoV-2 genotypes identified in 225 fully vaccinated individuals to the frequency of circulating community lineages in the region of South Limburg (The Netherlands) in a week-by-week comparison. Although the proportion of breakthrough infections was relatively low and stable when the Alpha variant was predominant, the rapid emergence of the Delta variant lead to a strong increase in breakthrough infections, with a higher relative proportion of individuals vaccinated with Oxford-AstraZeneca or J&J/Janssen being infected compared to those immunized with mRNA-based vaccines. A significant difference in median age was observed when comparing fully vaccinated individuals with severe symptoms (83 years) to asymptomatic cases (46.5 years) or individuals with mild-to-moderate symptoms (42 years). There was no association between SARS-CoV-2 genotype or vaccine type and disease symptoms. Interestingly, symptomatic individuals harbored significantly higher SARS-CoV-2 loads than asymptomatic vaccinated individuals and breakthrough infections caused by the Delta variant are associated with increased viral loads compared to those caused by the Alpha variant. Altogether, these results indicate that the emergence of the Delta variant might have lowered the efficiency of particular vaccine types to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infections and that, although rare, the elderly are particularly at risk of becoming severely infected as the consequence of a breakthrough infection.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis study did not receive any funding.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The Medical Review Ethics Committee of the Maastricht UMC+ confirmed that the Medical Research Involving Human Subjects Act (WMO) does not apply to the above mentioned study and that an official approval of this study by the committee is not required (METC reference number 2021-2838).I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll data produced in the present study are available upon reasonable request to the authors. SARS-CoV-2 whole genome sequences were deposited in the GISAID database. AU - Dingemans, Jozef | van der Veer, Brian M. J. W. | Gorgels, Koen M. F. | Hackert, Volker | Hensels, Audrey Y. J. | den Heijer, Casper D. J. | Hoebe, Christian J. P. A. | Savelkoul, Paul H. M. | van Alphen, Lieke B. C1 - 2021-12-10 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/12102021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1101/2021.11.22.21266676 L1 - internal-pdf://3790464334/Dingemans-2021-Investigating SARS-CoV-2 breakt.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among fully vaccinated adults in the Netherlands during January–July 2021, SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections (n = 378) were most common among individuals vaccinated with ChAdOx1 (0.89%) followed by Ad26.COV2.S (0.46%) and mRNA vaccines (0.14%). Ct values were significantly lower (suggesting higher levels of viral RNA detected) (p<0.01) for breakthrough infections caused by the Delta variant (Ct value = 17) compared with Alpha variant (Ct value = 22). There was no association between SARS-CoV-2 genotype or vaccine type and disease severity. SP - 2021.11.22.21266676 ST - Investigating SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections per variant and vaccine type T2 - medRxiv TI - Investigating SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections per variant and vaccine type UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/11/24/2021.11.22.21266676.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/11/24/2021.11.22.21266676.full.pdf ID - 2692 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: In December, 2019, the newly identified severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, China, causing COVID-19, a respiratory disease presenting with fever, cough, and often pneumonia. WHO has set the strategic objective to interrupt spread of SARS-CoV-2 worldwide. An outbreak in Bavaria, Germany, starting at the end of January, 2020, provided the opportunity to study transmission events, incubation period, and secondary attack rates. METHODS: A case was defined as a person with SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by RT-PCR. Case interviews were done to describe timing of onset and nature of symptoms and to identify and classify contacts as high risk (had cumulative face-to-face contact with a confirmed case for >/=15 min, direct contact with secretions or body fluids of a patient with confirmed COVID-19, or, in the case of health-care workers, had worked within 2 m of a patient with confirmed COVID-19 without personal protective equipment) or low risk (all other contacts). High-risk contacts were ordered to stay at home in quarantine for 14 days and were actively followed up and monitored for symptoms, and low-risk contacts were tested upon self-reporting of symptoms. We defined fever and cough as specific symptoms, and defined a prodromal phase as the presence of non-specific symptoms for at least 1 day before the onset of specific symptoms. Whole genome sequencing was used to confirm epidemiological links and clarify transmission events where contact histories were ambiguous; integration with epidemiological data enabled precise reconstruction of exposure events and incubation periods. Secondary attack rates were calculated as the number of cases divided by the number of contacts, using Fisher's exact test for the 95% CIs. FINDINGS: Patient 0 was a Chinese resident who visited Germany for professional reasons. 16 subsequent cases, often with mild and non-specific symptoms, emerged in four transmission generations. Signature mutations in the viral genome occurred upon foundation of generation 2, as well as in one case pertaining to generation 4. The median incubation period was 4.0 days (IQR 2.3-4.3) and the median serial interval was 4.0 days (3.0-5.0). Transmission events were likely to have occurred presymptomatically for one case (possibly five more), at the day of symptom onset for four cases (possibly five more), and the remainder after the day of symptom onset or unknown. One or two cases resulted from contact with a case during the prodromal phase. Secondary attack rates were 75.0% (95% CI 19.0-99.0; three of four people) among members of a household cluster in common isolation, 10.0% (1.2-32.0; two of 20) among household contacts only together until isolation of the patient, and 5.1% (2.6-8.9; 11 of 217) among non-household, high-risk contacts. INTERPRETATION: Although patients in our study presented with predominately mild, non-specific symptoms, infectiousness before or on the day of symptom onset was substantial. Additionally, the incubation period was often very short and false-negative tests occurred. These results suggest that although the outbreak was controlled, successful long-term and global containment of COVID-19 could be difficult to achieve. FUNDING: All authors are employed and all expenses covered by governmental, federal state, or other publicly funded institutions. AD - Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany; Institute of Social Medicine and Health Systems Research, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany. Electronic address: merle.boehmer@lgl.bayern.de. | Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany. | Institute of Virology, Charite University Medicine, Berlin, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Munich and Associated Partner Site Charite, Berlin, Germany. | Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany. | Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany; Postgraduate Training for Applied Epidemiology, Berlin, Germany; ECDC Fellowship Programme, Field Epidemiology Path, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden. | Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany; ECDC Fellowship Programme, Field Epidemiology Path, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden. | Postgraduate Training for Applied Epidemiology, Berlin, Germany; ECDC Fellowship Programme, Field Epidemiology Path, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden. | Institute of Virology, Charite University Medicine, Berlin, Germany. | German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Munich and Associated Partner Site Charite, Berlin, Germany; Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany. | German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Munich and Associated Partner Site Charite, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Virology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany. | Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany; Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany. | Institute of Virology, Charite University Medicine, Berlin, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Munich and Associated Partner Site Charite, Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: christian.drosten@charite.de. AN - 32422201 AU - Bohmer, M. M. | Buchholz, U. | Corman, V. M. | Hoch, M. | Katz, K. | Marosevic, D. V. | Bohm, S. | Woudenberg, T. | Ackermann, N. | Konrad, R. | Eberle, U. | Treis, B. | Dangel, A. | Bengs, K. | Fingerle, V. | Berger, A. | Hormansdorfer, S. | Ippisch, S. | Wicklein, B. | Grahl, A. | Portner, K. | Muller, N. | Zeitlmann, N. | Boender, T. S. | Cai, W. | Reich, A. | An der Heiden, M. | Rexroth, U. | Hamouda, O. | Schneider, J. | Veith, T. | Muhlemann, B. | Wolfel, R. | Antwerpen, M. | Walter, M. | Protzer, U. | Liebl, B. | Haas, W. | Sing, A. | Drosten, C. | Zapf, A. C1 - 2020-04-14 C2 - PMC7228725 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/041420_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30314-5 ET - 2020/05/19 IS - 8 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Betacoronavirus/classification/genetics/*isolation & purification | Covid-19 | Child | Child, Preschool | China | Communicable Diseases, Imported/epidemiology/pathology/*transmission/virology | Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/*transmission | *Disease Outbreaks | *Disease Transmission, Infectious | Germany/epidemiology | Humans | Interviews as Topic | Middle Aged | Mutation | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/*transmission | RNA, Viral/genetics | Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction | Risk Assessment | SARS-CoV-2 | Travel | *Travel-Related Illness | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://2182554260/Bohmer-2020-Investigation of a COVID-19 outbre.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Bohmer, Merle M; Buchholz, Udo; Corman, Victor M; Hoch, Martin; Katz, Katharina; Marosevic, Durdica V; Bohm, Stefanie; Woudenberg, Tom; Ackermann, Nikolaus; Konrad, Regina; Eberle, Ute; Treis, Bianca; Dangel, Alexandra; Bengs, Katja; Fingerle, Volker; Berger, Anja; Hormansdorfer, Stefan; Ippisch, Siegfried; Wicklein, Bernd; Grahl, Andreas; Portner, Kirsten; Muller, Nadine; Zeitlmann, Nadine; Boender, T Sonia; Cai, Wei; Reich, Andreas; An der Heiden, Maria; Rexroth, Ute; Hamouda, Osamah; Schneider, Julia; Veith, Talitha; Muhlemann, Barbara; Wolfel, Roman; Antwerpen, Markus; Walter, Mathias; Protzer, Ulrike; Liebl, Bernhard; Haas, Walter; Sing, Andreas; Drosten, Christian; Zapf, Andreas; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Aug;20(8):920-928. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30314-5. Epub 2020 May 15. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; A visitor from China with COVID-19 initiated a chain of transmission over four transmission generations in Germany; median incubation period was 4 days (range: 1�? days). | 8 of 16 diagnosed were infected during time that the source was pre-symptomatic or during the very earliest onset of symptoms. | Attack rates were highest in family clusters and diminished with decreasing contact (Figure). | Methods: Outbreak investigation with contact tracing and interviews in Bavaria, Germany. Cases were confirmed by RT-PCR; whole genome sequencing verified epidemiological links. Researchers calculated attack rates among monitored contacts. Limitations: Focused exclusively on human-to-human and not indirect (e.g., fomite) transmission. | Implications: Contact tracing can provide insights into human-to-human chains of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Half of transmission events likely occurred before, or on the day of, symptom onset. Attack rates decreased with decreasing contact. | Note: Adapted from Böhmer et al. Error bars represent 95% CIs. High-risk contacts included: face-to-face interaction with a COVID-19 patient (15 min, cumulative); direct contact with COVID-19 patient’s bodily fluid; interaction within 2-meters of a COVID-19 patient without PPE (healthcare worker). All other contacts were considered low risk. Used by permission from authors and SSRN. SN - 1474-4457 (Electronic); 1473-3099 (Linking) SP - 920-928 ST - Investigation of a COVID-19 outbreak in Germany resulting from a single travel-associated primary case: a case series T2 - Lancet Infect Dis TI - Investigation of a COVID-19 outbreak in Germany resulting from a single travel-associated primary case: a case series UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32422201 VL - 20 ID - 2246 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA. AN - 32551880 AU - Wozniak, R. J. | Nixon, D. F. | Marston, J. L. C1 - 2020-06-30 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/063020_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1089/apc.2020.0118 ET - 2020/06/20 IS - 9 KW - Adult | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus Infections | Female | Gender Identity | *Hormone Replacement Therapy/adverse effects | Humans | Male | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral | SARS-CoV-2 | *Transgender Persons L1 - internal-pdf://0674797689/Wozniak-2020-Involvement of Cisgender and Tran.pdf LA - en N1 - Wozniak, Robert J; Nixon, Douglas F; Marston, Jez L; eng; Letter; AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2020 Sep;34(9):367-368. doi: 10.1089/apc.2020.0118. Epub 2020 Jun 17. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A call to include transgender persons in COVID-19 research initiatives and data collection. SN - 1557-7449 (Electronic); 1087-2914 (Linking) SP - 367-368 ST - Involvement of Cisgender and Transgender Individuals in Studies on the Impact of Hormonal Therapy on COVID-19 T2 - AIDS Patient Care STDS TI - Involvement of Cisgender and Transgender Individuals in Studies on the Impact of Hormonal Therapy on COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32551880 VL - 34 ID - 459 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In its most severe form, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), leads to a life-threatening pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The mortality rate from COVID-19 ARDS can approach 40% to 50%. Although the mechanisms of COVID-19–induced lung injury are still being elucidated, the term cytokine storm has become synonymous with its pathophysiology, both in scientific publications and the media. Absent convincing data of their effectiveness in COVID-19, drugs such as tocilizumab and sarilumab, which are monoclonal antibodies targeting interleukin (IL)-6 activity, are being used to treat patients; trials of these agents typically cite the cytokine storm as their rationale (NCT04306705, NCT04322773). A critical evaluation of the term cytokine storm and its relevance to COVID-19 is warranted. AD - Division of Pulmonary, Department of Medicine, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine; University of California, San Francisco. | Department of Anesthesia; University of California, San Francisco. | Cardiovascular Research Institute; University of California, San Francisco. AN - 32602883 AU - Sinha, P. | Matthay, M. A. | Calfee, C. S. C1 - 2020-07-10 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071020_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 1 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.3313 ET - 2020/07/01 IS - 9 KW - Betacoronavirus/physiology | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus Infections/complications/immunology/physiopathology | *Cytokine Release Syndrome/diagnosis/immunology/therapy | Humans | Immunity, Innate/drug effects/physiology | Immunologic Factors/immunology/pharmacology | *Interleukin-6/analysis/antagonists & inhibitors/immunology | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral/complications/immunology/pathology/physiopathology | SARS-CoV-2 | Terminology as Topic L1 - internal-pdf://2518657040/Sinha-2020-Is a _Cytokine Storm_ Relevant to C.pdf LA - en N1 - Sinha, Pratik; Matthay, Michael A; Calfee, Carolyn S; eng; R35 HL140026/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; T32 GM008440/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/; Editorial; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Sep 1;180(9):1152-1154. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.3313. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Editorial provides a critical evaluation of the term cytokine storm, its relevance to COVID-19, and why the term may be misleading. SN - 2168-6114 (Electronic); 2168-6106 (Linking) SP - 1152-1154 ST - Is a "Cytokine Storm" Relevant to COVID-19? T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - Is a "Cytokine Storm" Relevant to COVID-19? UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32602883 VL - 180 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 503 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Preclinical Department, Royal College of Medicine Perak (UniKL RCMP), Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh, Malaysia. | Infectious Diseases Laboratory, YRG Centre for AIDS Research and Education, Chennai, India. | Infection Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India. | Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States. | Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States. | Central Research Facility, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India. AN - 33101320 AU - Vignesh, R. | Shankar, E. M. | Velu, V. | Thyagarajan, S. P. C1 - 2020-11-03 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/110320_covidupdate.html DO - 10.3389/fimmu.2020.586781 DP - NLM ET - 2020/10/27 KW - Betacoronavirus/*immunology | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | Coronavirus Infections/*immunology/*prevention & control | Humans | Immunity, Herd/*immunology | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*immunology/*prevention & control | SARS-CoV-2 | Viral Vaccines/*immunology | *coronavirus disease 2019 | *herd immunity | *seroprevalence | *severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 | *vaccines L1 - internal-pdf://3855676854/Vignesh-2020-Is Herd Immunity Against SARS-CoV.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Vignesh, Ramachandran; Shankar, Esaki M; Velu, Vijayakumar; Thyagarajan, Sadras Panchatcharam; eng; P51 OD011132/OD/NIH HHS/; P30 AI050409/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Switzerland; Front Immunol. 2020 Sep 30;11:586781. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.586781. eCollection 2020. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Authors discuss a variety of elements that factor into whether populations reach herd immunity thresholds and argue that the most practical way to achieve this is through vaccination. SN - 1664-3224 (Electronic); 1664-3224 (Linking) SP - 586781 ST - Is Herd Immunity Against SARS-CoV-2 a Silver Lining? T2 - Front Immunol TI - Is Herd Immunity Against SARS-CoV-2 a Silver Lining? UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33101320 VL - 11 ID - 1181 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has disproportionately affected racial minorities in the United States resulting in higher rates of infection, hospitalization, and death. With a limited supply after the initial approval of a safe and effective vaccine, difficult legal and ethical choices will have to be made on priority access for individuals.The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) has recommended prioritization of racial minorities who are “worse off�?socioeconomically and epidemiologically. The World Health Organization (WHO) similarly cautioned that “colorblind�?allocation frameworks could perpetuate or exacerbate existing injustices. Both NASEM and WHO urge policy makers to allocate vaccines in ways that reduce unjust health disparities. The ethics and legality of race-based policies in the United States have been fraught with controversy. This Viewpoint considers how COVID-19 vaccine priority allocations could be implemented ethically and legally. AD - Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. | O'Neill Institute for National & Global Health Law, Georgetown University, Washington, DC. | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts. AN - 33052391 AU - Schmidt, H. | Gostin, L. O. | Williams, M. A. C1 - 2020-10-23 C2 - COVID-19 and Health Disparities CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102320_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 24 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.20571 ET - 2020/10/15 IS - 20 KW - COVID-19/*prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/*administration & dosage | *Continental Population Groups | Health Care Rationing/ethics | Health Priorities/ethics | Health Status Disparities | Humans | *Minority Groups | Pandemics | Vaccination/*ethics L1 - internal-pdf://2152175377/Schmidt-2020-Is It Lawful and Ethical to Prior.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Vaccines | N1 - Schmidt, Harald; Gostin, Lawrence O; Williams, Michelle A; eng; JAMA. 2020 Nov 24;324(20):2023-2024. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.20571. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Several agencies �?including WHO and the National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine �?have warned that a “colorblind�?allocation of limited vaccine would perpetuate disparities. This viewpoint lays out the ethical and legal case for prioritizing racial and ethnic minorities for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in the US. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 2023-2024 ST - Is It Lawful and Ethical to Prioritize Racial Minorities for COVID-19 Vaccines? T2 - JAMA TI - Is It Lawful and Ethical to Prioritize Racial Minorities for COVID-19 Vaccines? UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33052391 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1100 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: There is a worldwide shortage of medical-grade face masks. Donning masks can play an important role in curbing the spread of SARS-CoV-2. AIM: To conclude whether there is an effective mask for the population to wear in public that could easily be made during a medical face mask shortage using readily available materials. METHODS: We determined the effectiveness of readily available materials and models for making a face mask. The outcomes were compared with N95/FFP2/KN95 masks that entered the Netherlands in April-May 2020. Masks were tested to determine whether they filtered a minimum of 35% of 0.3-mum particles, are hydrophobic, seal on the face, are breathable, and can be washed. FINDINGS: Fourteen of the 25 (combinations of) materials filtered at least 35% of 0.3-mum particles. Four of the materials proved hydrophobic, all commercially manufactured filters. Two models sealed the face. Twenty-two of the 25 materials were breathable at <0.7 mbar. None of the hydrophobic materials stayed intact after washing. CONCLUSIONS: It would be possible to reduce the reproduction rate of SARS-CoV-2 from 2.4 to below one if 39% of the population would wear a mask made from ePM(1) 85% commercially manufactured filter fabric and in a duckbill form. This mask performs better than 80% of the imported N95/FFP2/KN95 masks and provides a better fit than a surgical mask. Two layers of quilt fabric with a household paper towel as filter is also a viable choice for protecting the user and the environment. AD - Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; The Municipal Public Health Service Rotterdam-Rijnmond, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Electronic address: g.teesing@rotterdam.nl. | Delft University of Technology, Department of BioMechanical Engineering, Delft, the Netherlands; Van Straten Medical, De Meern, the Netherlands. | Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Franciscus Gasthuis en Vlietland, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. | Delft University of Technology, Department of BioMechanical Engineering, Delft, the Netherlands. AN - 32763333 AU - Teesing, G. R. | van Straten, B. | de Man, P. | Horeman-Franse, T. C1 - 2020-08-18 C2 - Face Masks CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/081820_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.07.024 ET - 2020/08/09 IS - 2 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*prevention & control | Equipment Design/*standards | *Guidelines as Topic | Humans | Masks/*standards | Netherlands | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*prevention & control | Respiratory Protective Devices/*standards | SARS-CoV-2 | Textiles/*standards | Cloth | Filter | Merv | Surgical mask | ePM1 L1 - internal-pdf://2340639323/1-s2.0-S0195670120303558-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Teesing, G R; van Straten, B; de Man, P; Horeman-Franse, T; eng; Comparative Study; England; J Hosp Infect. 2020 Oct;106(2):246-253. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.07.024. Epub 2020 Aug 5. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Masks made at home from commercially manufactured filter fabric, in duckbill form, perform better than many N95/FFP2/KN95 masks. SE - 246 SN - 1532-2939 (Electronic); 0195-6701 (Linking) SP - 246-253 ST - Is there an adequate alternative to commercially manufactured face masks? A comparison of various materials and forms T2 - J Hosp Infect TI - Is there an adequate alternative to commercially manufactured face masks? A comparison of various materials and forms UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32763333 VL - 106 ID - 724 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Published online ahead-of-print May 19, 2020. Dr. Metz is from University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah; email: torri.metz@hsc.utah.edu. AN - 32433452 AU - Metz, T. D. C1 - 2020-05-29 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052920_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.1097/AOG.0000000000003972 ET - 2020/05/21 IS - 2 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Humans | *Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | Pregnancy | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://2214864062/Is_Universal_Testing_for_Severe_Acute_Respirat.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Metz, Torri D; eng; Editorial; Comment; Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Aug;136(2):227-228. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000003972. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Decisions regarding universal testing need to be made in the context of local COVID-19 prevalence. SN - 1873-233X (Electronic); 0029-7844 (Linking) SP - 227-228 ST - Is Universal Testing for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Needed on All Labor and Delivery Units? T2 - Obstet Gynecol TI - Is Universal Testing for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Needed on All Labor and Delivery Units? UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32433452 VL - 136 ID - 276 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Zhang, Yong | Chen, Cao | Zhu, Shuangli | Shu, Chang | Wang, Dongyan | Song, Jingdong | Song, Yang | Zhen, Wei | Feng, Zijian | Wu, Guizhen | Xu, Jun | Xu, Wenbo C1 - 2020-06-02 C2 - SARS-CoV-2 in Stool CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060220_covidupdate.html DO - 10.46234/ccdcw2020.033 IS - 8 L1 - internal-pdf://2072099995/Zhang-2020-Isolation of 2019-nCoV from a Stool.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Live SARS-CoV-2 virus was visualized by electron microscopy from a culture inoculated with stool of a person with severe COVID-19 disease 15 days after symptoms onset. | Methods: SARS-CoV-2 virus was visualized from a stool specimen using Vero E6 cells at China CDC laboratory. Limitations: Virus isolated from a single specimen; viral culture methods (e.g., serial passage) inadequately described; medical history and underlying conditions (e.g., immunocompromise) not reported. | Implications of 4 studies (Lamers et al., Wolf et al., Xiao et al., Zhang et al.): SARS-CoV-2 can replicate in human intestinal cells and viral RNA can be detected in stool, often at higher levels and for longer periods of time than in respiratory specimens. However, detection of RNA does not necessarily mean that live, intact virus is present and can cause infection. The cases of live virus isolation described here occur in the backdrop of extensive data from other coronavirus specialty labs that have consistently been unable to isolate live virus from stool samples (e.g. Wölfel et. al., 2020external icon). It is uncertain whether there are factors such as weakened immune function that may lead to shedding of live virus in feces. Based on available evidence, stool appears to pose a very low risk for spread of SARS-CoV-2. SE - 123 SN - 2096-7071 SP - 123-124 ST - Isolation of 2019-nCoV from a Stool Specimen of a Laboratory-Confirmed Case of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) T2 - China CDC Weekly TI - Isolation of 2019-nCoV from a Stool Specimen of a Laboratory-Confirmed Case of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) UR - http://weekly.chinacdc.cn//article/id/ffa97a96-db2a-4715-9dfb-ef662660e89d | http://weekly.chinacdc.cn/en/article/pdf/preview/10.46234/ccdcw2020.033 VL - 2 ID - 293 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We appeal to the medical community and to the relevant national and international bodies to recognize the potential for airborne spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). There is significant potential for inhalation exposure to viruses in microscopic respiratory droplets (microdroplets) at short to medium distances (up to several meters, or room scale), and we are advocating for the use of preventive measures to mitigate this route of airborne transmission.Studies by the signatories and other scientists have demonstrated beyond any reasonable doubt that viruses are released during exhalation, talking, and coughing in microdroplets small enough to remain aloft in air and pose a risk of exposure at distances beyond 1�? m from an infected individual ([1�?]). For example, at typical indoor air velocities [5], a 5-μm droplet will travel tens of meters, much greater than the scale of a typical room, while settling from a height of 1.5 m to the floor. Several retrospective studies conducted after the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1) epidemic demonstrated that airborne transmission was the most likely mechanism explaining the spatial pattern of infections [6]. Retrospective analysis has shown the same for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [7�?0]. In particular, a study in their review of records from a Chinese restaurant observed no evidence of direct or indirect contact between the 3 parties [10]. In their review of video records from the restaurant, they observed no evidence of direct or indirect contact between the 3 parties. Many studies conducted on the spread of other viruses, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) [11], Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) [8], and influenza [2, 4], show that viable airborne viruses can be exhaled [2] and/or detected in the indoor environment of infected patients [11, 12]. This poses the risk that people sharing such environments can potentially inhale these viruses, resulting in infection and disease. There is every reason to expect that SARS-CoV-2 behaves similarly, and that transmission via airborne microdroplets [10, 13] is an important pathway. Viral RNA associated with droplets <5 μm has been detected in air [14], and the virus has been shown to maintain infectivity in droplets of this size [9]. Other viruses have been shown to survive equally well, if not better, in aerosols compared to droplets on a surface [15]. AD - International Laboratory for Air Quality and Heath, WHO Collaborating Centre, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia. | Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, Maryland, USA. AN - 32628269 AU - Morawska, L. | Milton, D. K. C1 - 2020-07-14 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071420_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 3 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa939 ET - 2020/07/07 IS - 9 KW - Air Microbiology | Air Pollutants/*analysis | COVID-19/prevention & control/*transmission | Disease Transmission, Infectious/*prevention & control | Humans | Inhalation Exposure/*analysis | *SARS-CoV-2 | *covid-19 | *SARS-CoV-2 virus | *airborne infection spread | *airborne transmission | *coronavirus L1 - internal-pdf://2004988591/Morawska-2020-It Is Time to Address Airborne T.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Morawska, Lidia; Milton, Donald K; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Dec 3;71(9):2311-2313. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa939. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Letter highlighting the need to recognize the potential of airborne spread of COVID-19. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - 2311-2313 ST - It Is Time to Address Airborne Transmission of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - It Is Time to Address Airborne Transmission of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32628269 VL - 71 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 524 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We analyze data from the Fall 2020 pandemic response efforts at the University of Colorado Boulder (USA), where more than 72,500 saliva samples were tested for SARS-CoV-2 using quantitative RT-PCR. All samples were collected from individuals who reported no symptoms associated with COVID-19 on the day of collection. From these, 1,405 positive cases were identified. The distribution of viral loads within these asymptomatic individuals was indistinguishable from what has been previously reported in symptomatic individuals. Regardless of symptomatic status, approximately 50% of individuals who test positive for SARS-CoV-2 seem to be in non-infectious phases of the disease, based on having low viral loads in a range from which live virus has rarely been isolated. We find that, at any given time, just 2% of individuals carry 90% of the virions circulating within communities, serving as viral "super-carriers" and possibly also super-spreaders. AD - BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA. | Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA. | Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA. | Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA. | Interdisciplinary Quantitative Biology Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA. | Wardenburg Health Center, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA. | Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA. | Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80303, USA. AN - 33688663 AU - Yang, Q. | Saldi, T. K. | Lasda, E. | Decker, C. J. | Paige, C. L. | Muhlrad, D. | Gonzales, P. K. | Fink, M. R. | Tat, K. L. | Hager, C. R. | Davis, J. C. | Ozeroff, C. D. | Meyerson, N. R. | Clark, S. K. | Fattor, W. T. | Gilchrist, A. R. | Barbachano-Guerrero, A. | Worden-Sapper, E. R. | Wu, S. S. | Brisson, G. R. | McQueen, M. B. | Dowell, R. D. | Leinwand, L. | Parker, R. | Sawyer, S. L. C1 - 2021-03-12 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03122021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 5 DO - 10.1101/2021.03.01.21252250 DP - NLM ET - 2021/03/11 L1 - internal-pdf://0309071106/Yang-2021-Just 2%25 of SARS-CoV-2-positive indiv.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Yang, Qing; Saldi, Tassa K; Lasda, Erika; Decker, Carolyn J; Paige, Camille L; Muhlrad, Denise; Gonzales, Patrick K; Fink, Morgan R; Tat, Kimngan L; Hager, Cole R; Davis, Jack C; Ozeroff, Christopher D; Meyerson, Nicholas R; Clark, Stephen K; Fattor, Will T; Gilchrist, Alison R; Barbachano-Guerrero, Arturo; Worden-Sapper, Emma R; Wu, Sharon S; Brisson, Gloria R; McQueen, Matthew B; Dowell, Robin D; Leinwand, Leslie; Parker, Roy; Sawyer, Sara L; eng; DP1 DA046108/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/; R01 GM029090/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/; Preprint; medRxiv. 2021 Mar 5. doi: 10.1101/2021.03.01.21252250. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Regardless of symptoms, ~50% of positive SARS-CoV-2 individuals appeared to be non-infectious and had low viral loads. The concentration of the majority of the virus was in a small fraction of the population who serve as ‘super-spreaders�? ST - Just 2% of SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals carry 90% of the virus circulating in communities T2 - medRxiv TI - Just 2% of SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals carry 90% of the virus circulating in communities TT - Published article: Just 2% of SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals carry 90% of the virus circulating in communities UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33688663 ID - 1566 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVES: To describe the characteristics of children and adolescents affected by an outbreak of Kawasaki-like multisystem inflammatory syndrome and to evaluate a potential temporal association with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: General paediatric department of a university hospital in Paris, France. PARTICIPANTS: 21 children and adolescents (aged 96%) against SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, the magnitude of IgG responses to S14P5, S21P2 and N4P5 were strongly associated with disease severity. INTERPRETATION: IgG responses to the peptide epitopes can serve as useful indicators for the degree of immunopathology in COVID-19 patients, and function as higly specific and sensitive sero-immunosurveillance tools for recent or past SARS-CoV-2 infections. The flexibility of these epitopes to be used alone or in combination will allow for the development of improved point-of-care-tests (POCTs). FUNDING: Biomedical Research Council (BMRC), the A*ccelerate GAP-funded project (ACCL/19-GAP064-R20H-H) from Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), and National Medical Research Council (NMRC) COVID-19 Research fund (COVID19RF-001) and CCGSFPOR20002. ATR is supported by the Singapore International Graduate Award (SINGA), A*STAR. AD - Infectious Diseases Horizontal Technology Centre (ID HTC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #04-06, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Laboratory of Microbial Immunity, Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #04-06, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore. | Infectious Diseases Horizontal Technology Centre (ID HTC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #04-06, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Infectious Diseases Horizontal Technology Centre (ID HTC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #04-06, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore. | Laboratory of Microbial Immunity, Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #04-06, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore. | Infectious Diseases Horizontal Technology Centre (ID HTC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #04-06, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Laboratory of Microbial Immunity, Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #04-06, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. | National Centre for Infectious Diseases, 16 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308442, Singapore; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore. | Infectious Diseases Horizontal Technology Centre (ID HTC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #04-06, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Laboratory of Microbial Immunity, Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #04-06, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. | National Centre for Infectious Diseases, 16 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308442, Singapore; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, 12 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117549, Singapore. | Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, 31 Third Hospital Ave, Singapore 168753, Singapore; Emerging Infectious Disease Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857, Singapore. | National Centre for Infectious Diseases, 16 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308442, Singapore; Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074, Singapore. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Ng Teng Fong Hospital, 1 Jurong East Street 21, Singapore 609606, Singapore. | Department of Infectious Diseases, Changi General Hospital, 2 Simei Street 3, Singapore 529889, Singapore. | Alexandra Hospital, 378 Alexandra Road, Singapore 159964, Singapore. | National Centre for Infectious Diseases, 16 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308442, Singapore; Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore 308232, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, 10 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore. | Infectious Diseases Horizontal Technology Centre (ID HTC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #04-06, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Laboratory of Microbial Immunity, Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos #04-06, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; National Institute of Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom. Electronic address: lisa_ng@immunol.a-star.edu.sg. AN - 32711254 AU - Amrun, S. N. | Lee, C. Y. | Lee, B. | Fong, S. W. | Young, B. E. | Chee, R. S. | Yeo, N. K. | Torres-Ruesta, A. | Carissimo, G. | Poh, C. M. | Chang, Z. W. | Tay, M. Z. | Chan, Y. H. | Chen, M. I. | Low, J. G. | Tambyah, P. A. | Kalimuddin, S. | Pada, S. | Tan, S. Y. | Sun, L. J. | Leo, Y. S. | Lye, D. C. | Renia, L. | Ng, L. F. P. C1 - 2020-08-07 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/080720_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102911 ET - 2020/07/28 KW - Adult | B-Lymphocytes/*immunology | Biomarkers/blood | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/blood/*diagnosis/immunology | Epitopes/blood/*immunology | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Nucleocapsid Proteins/*immunology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/blood/*diagnosis/immunology | Serologic Tests/methods | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/*immunology | Biomarkers | Epitopes | Patients | SARS-CoV-2 | technology disclosure on the identified peptides with the patent application | number 10202002981P. All other authors declare no conflicts. L1 - internal-pdf://2959877690/Amrun-2020-Linear B-cell epitopes in the spike.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Amrun, Siti Naqiah; Lee, Cheryl Yi-Pin; Lee, Bernett; Fong, Siew-Wai; Young, Barnaby Edward; Chee, Rhonda Sin-Ling; Yeo, Nicholas Kim-Wah; Torres-Ruesta, Anthony; Carissimo, Guillaume; Poh, Chek Meng; Chang, Zi Wei; Tay, Matthew Zirui; Chan, Yi-Hao; Chen, Mark I-Cheng; Low, Jenny Guek-Hong; Tambyah, Paul A; Kalimuddin, Shirin; Pada, Surinder; Tan, Seow-Yen; Sun, Louisa Jin; Leo, Yee-Sin; Lye, David C; Renia, Laurent; Ng, Lisa F P; eng; Netherlands; EBioMedicine. 2020 Aug;58:102911. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102911. Epub 2020 Jul 22. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Describes 4 immunodominant linear-B cell epitopes from pooled plasma samples from PCR-positive COVID-19 patients to inform development of point of care tests. SN - 2352-3964 (Electronic); 2352-3964 (Linking) SP - 102911 ST - Linear B-cell epitopes in the spike and nucleocapsid proteins as markers of SARS-CoV-2 exposure and disease severity T2 - EBioMedicine TI - Linear B-cell epitopes in the spike and nucleocapsid proteins as markers of SARS-CoV-2 exposure and disease severity UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32711254 VL - 58 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 665 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Lack of high-quality multilingual resources can contribute to disparities in the availability of medical and public health information. The COVID-19 pandemic has required rapid dissemination of essential guidance to diverse audiences and therefore provides an ideal context in which to study linguistic fairness in the U.S. Here we report a cross-sectional study of official non-English information about COVID-19 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration, and the health departments of all 50 U.S. states. We find that multilingual information is limited in many states, such that almost half of all individuals not proficient in English or Spanish lack access to state-specific COVID-19 guidance in their primary language. Although Spanish-language information is widely available, we show using automated readability formulas that most materials do not follow standard recommendations for clear communication in medicine and public health. In combination, our results provide a snapshot of linguistic unfairness across the U.S. and highlight an urgent need for the creation of plain language, multilingual resources about COVID-19.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementD.E.B. was supported by a Harvard Data Science Fellowship and the HSE University Basic Research Program, funded by the Russian Academic Excellence Project "5-100." A.M.G. was supported by CONICET; ANID, FONDECYT Regular (grant numbers 1210176 and 1210195); and Programa Interdisciplinario de Investigaci�Qn Experimental en Comunicaci�Qn y Cognici�Qn (PIIECC), Facultad de Humanidades, USACH. J.P.D. was supported by a Harvard Data Science Fellowship and a CoronaVirus Facts Alliance Grant from the Poynter Institute.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The research did not involve human subjects, and no IRB review was required.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData is available from the corresponding authors on request. AU - Blasi, Dami֙n E. | Mishra, Vishala | Garc�Ta, Adolfo M. | Dexter, Joseph P. C1 - 2021-10-08 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10082021_covidupdate.html#anchor_HealthEquity DO - 10.1101/2021.09.27.21264211 L1 - internal-pdf://2976517718/Blasi-2021-Linguistic fairness in the U.S._ Th.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Testing | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among 51 jurisdictional English-language websites, 30 (59%) included automated translation; 29 (57%) provided links to CDC’s multilingual COVID-19 web resources. | Foreign language material about COVID-19 available on CDC, FDA, and state websites often exceeded the recommended maximum 8th-grade reading level (Figure). | Methods: Health department websites for all 50 states and Washington D.C. were reviewed for non-English information about COVID-19, March 1�?, 2021. Spanish language web pages from CDC, FDA, and 12 state health departments were analyzed for readability with multiple measures. Limitations: Readability measures may not fully reflect reading comprehension levels. | | Implications: Greater emphasis on availability of non-English language information, especially when written in plain language, may improve dissemination of health information about COVID-19. SP - 2021.09.27.21264211 ST - Linguistic fairness in the U.S.: The case of multilingual public health information about COVID-19 T2 - medRxiv TI - Linguistic fairness in the U.S.: The case of multilingual public health information about COVID-19 UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/09/29/2021.09.27.21264211.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/09/29/2021.09.27.21264211.full.pdf ID - 2444 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy. | AGRES Onlus, Massina di Cislago, Italy. | Centro di Psicologia e Analisi Transazionale, Milano, Italy. | Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, Universita di Pavia, Pavia, Italy. AN - 32903863 AU - Provenzi, Livio | Baroffio, Elisa | Ligabue, Susanna | Borgatti, Renato C1 - 2020-09-15 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091520_covidupdate.html DO - 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00817 DP - NLM ET - 2020/09/10 KW - Covid-19 | child | emergency | emotion regulation | meaning making | pandemic | parent L1 - internal-pdf://3798354926/Provenzi-2020-The Little Professor and the Vir.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Provenzi, Livio; Baroffio, Elisa; Ligabue, Susanna; Borgatti, Renato; eng; Switzerland; Front Psychiatry. 2020 Aug 13;11:817. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00817. eCollection 2020. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Children’s explanations and interpretations of events are heavily influenced by those around them. It may be useful for parents and teachers to give children the tools they need to create good explanations to minimize risk of stress and anxiety during and after the pandemic. SN - 1664-0640 SP - 817 ST - The Little Professor and the Virus: Scaffolding Children’s Meaning Making During the COVID-19 Emergency T2 - Front Psychiatry TI - The Little Professor and the Virus: Scaffolding Children’s Meaning Making During the COVID-19 Emergency UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32903863 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7438921/pdf/fpsyt-11-00817.pdf VL - 11 ID - 892 ER - TY - JOUR AB - As severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection spreads globally, dermatologists are recognizing a variety of cutaneous manifestations in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). A recent Spanish report categorized skin findings in 375 patients with suspected and confirmed COVID-19, including livedoid and necrotic eruptions, which were noted in patients with more severe disease. The authors suggested that these skin manifestations may be associated with occlusive vascular disease. AD - Department of Dermatology, NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical College, New York. | Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical College, New York. | Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical College, New York. AN - 32756881 AU - Droesch, C. | Do, M. H. | DeSancho, M. | Lee, E. J. | Magro, C. | Harp, J. C1 - 2020-08-14 C2 - Risk Factors and Vulnerabilities CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08142020_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 1 DO - 10.1001/jamadermatol.2020.2800 ET - 2020/08/07 IS - 9 KW - Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Blood Coagulation Disorders/*diagnosis/virology | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*complications | Humans | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications | Purpura/*diagnosis/virology | Severity of Illness Index | Skin Diseases, Vascular/*diagnosis/virology L1 - internal-pdf://2129216234/Droesch-2020-Livedoid and Purpuric Skin Erupti.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Droesch, Caren; Do, Mytrang Hoang; DeSancho, Maria; Lee, Eun-Ju; Magro, Cynthia; Harp, Joanna; eng; JAMA Dermatol. 2020 Sep 1;156(9):1-3. doi: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2020.2800. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Describes 4 patients with severe COVID-19 and acute respiratory distress syndrome requiring intubation; patients had skin findings of acral fixed livedo racemosa and retiform purpura. SN - 2168-6084 (Electronic); 2168-6068 (Linking) SP - 1-3 ST - Livedoid and Purpuric Skin Eruptions Associated With Coagulopathy in Severe COVID-19 T2 - JAMA Dermatol TI - Livedoid and Purpuric Skin Eruptions Associated With Coagulopathy in Severe COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32756881 VL - 156 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 695 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Internal Medicine, University of Campania 'L. Vanvitelli' and Units of, Napoli, Italy. | Infectious and Transplant Medicine, AORN Ospedali dei Colli-Monaldi Hospital, Napoli, Italy. | Pharmacy, AORN Ospedali dei Colli-Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy. | Intensive Care, AORN Ospedali dei Colli-Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy. | Internal Medicine, University of Campania 'L. Vanvitelli' and Units of, Napoli, Italy. emanuele.durante@unicampania.it. | Infectious and Transplant Medicine, AORN Ospedali dei Colli-Monaldi Hospital, Napoli, Italy. emanuele.durante@unicampania.it. AN - 32725454 AU - Zampino, R. | Mele, F. | Florio, L. L. | Bertolino, L. | Andini, R. | Galdo, M. | De Rosa, R. | Corcione, A. | Durante-Mangoni, E. C1 - 2020-08-11 C2 - Diagnostic and Clinical Issues CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/081120_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1007/s12072-020-10077-3 ET - 2020/07/30 IS - 5 KW - Adenosine Monophosphate/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*analogs & | derivatives | Administration, Intravenous/methods | Adult | Aged | Alanine/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*analogs & derivatives | Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage/adverse effects | Betacoronavirus/drug effects/isolation & purification | Covid-19 | *Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/diagnosis/prevention & control | Compassionate Use Trials | *Coronavirus Infections/blood/diagnosis/drug therapy/epidemiology | Critical Illness/*therapy | Dose-Response Relationship, Drug | Drug Monitoring/methods | Humans | Italy/epidemiology | Liver Function Tests/*methods | Male | Middle Aged | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral/blood/diagnosis/drug therapy/epidemiology | SARS-CoV-2 | Treatment Outcome L1 - internal-pdf://2258460335/Zampino-2020-Liver injury in remdesivir-treate.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Zampino, Rosa; Mele, Ferruccio; Florio, Letizia Lucia; Bertolino, Lorenzo; Andini, Roberto; Galdo, Maria; De Rosa, Rosanna; Corcione, Antonio; Durante-Mangoni, Emanuele; eng; Letter; Hepatol Int. 2020 Sep;14(5):881-883. doi: 10.1007/s12072-020-10077-3. Epub 2020 Jul 28. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Remdesivir caused hepatocellular injury in 5 COVID-19 patients without prior liver disease. SN - 1936-0541 (Electronic); 1936-0533 (Linking) SP - 881-883 ST - Liver injury in remdesivir-treated COVID-19 patients T2 - Hepatol Int TI - Liver injury in remdesivir-treated COVID-19 patients UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32725454 VL - 14 ID - 689 ER - TY - JOUR AB - This paper examines whether compliance with COVID-19 mitigation measures is motivated by wanting to save lives or save the economy (or both), and which implications this carries to fight the pandemic. National representative samples were collected from 24 countries (N = 25,435). The main predictors were (1) perceived risk to contract coronavirus, (2) perceived risk to suffer economic losses due to coronavirus, and (3) their interaction effect. Individual and country-level variables were added as covariates in multilevel regression models. We examined compliance with various preventive health behaviors and support for strict containment policies. Results show that perceived economic risk consistently predicted mitigation behavior and policy support-and its effects were positive. Perceived health risk had mixed effects. Only two significant interactions between health and economic risk were identified-both positive. AD - Department of Psychology, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO BOX 129188, Saadiyat Island, UAE. cfn1@nyu.edu. | Department of Psychology, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO BOX 129188, Saadiyat Island, UAE. | University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA. | University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. | University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. | University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece. | International Islamic University Malaysia, Gombak, Malaysia. | Pristine University, Pristine, Kosovo. | Ankara Science University, Ankara, Turkey. | Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru. | University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan. | Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey. | De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines. | Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand. | Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea. | Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland. | Eotvos Lorand University (ELTE), Budapest, Hungary. | University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia. | Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kiev, Ukraine. | Leuphana University Luneburg, Luneburg, Germany. | Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy. | University of Kent, Canterbury, UK. | Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania. | Duke University, Durham, USA. | Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain. | Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland. | University Setif 2, Setif, Algeria. | University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. | Menoufia University, Al Minufiyah, Egypt. | Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia. | National Chung-Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan. | University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia. | University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia. | Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Singapore. | HCMC University of Education, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. | Independent Researcher, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan. | University of Maryland, College Park, USA. | Durham University, Durham, UK. | Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia. | University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. | Universite Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France. | University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK. | Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA. | Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria. | University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain. | University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan. | Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Rasht, Iran. | National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia. | NUCB Business School, Nagoya, Japan. | University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy. | Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany. | University of Siena, Siena, Italy. | University of Exeter, Exeter, UK. | International Islamic Academy of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan. | New York University Shanghai, Shanghai, China. | King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. | California State University, East Bay, Hayward, USA. | Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan. | Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands. | Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. | University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia. | Lingnan University, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong. | Imperial College London, London, UK. | Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile. AN - 33958617 AU - Nisa, C. F. | Belanger, J. J. | Faller, D. G. | Buttrick, N. R. | Mierau, J. O. | Austin, M. M. K. | Schumpe, B. M. | Sasin, E. M. | Agostini, M. | Gutzkow, B. | Kreienkamp, J. | Abakoumkin, G. | Abdul Khaiyom, J. H. | Ahmedi, V. | Akkas, H. | Almenara, C. A. | Atta, M. | Bagci, S. C. | Basel, S. | Kida, E. B. | Bernardo, A. B. I. | Chobthamkit, P. | Choi, H. S. | Cristea, M. | Csaba, S. | Damnjanovic, K. | Danyliuk, I. | Dash, A. | Di Santo, D. | Douglas, K. M. | Enea, V. | Fitzsimons, G. | Gheorghiu, A. | Gomez, A. | Grzymala-Moszczynska, J. | Hamaidia, A. | Han, Q. | Helmy, M. | Hudiyana, J. | Jeronimus, B. F. | Jiang, D. Y. | Jovanovic, V. | Kamenov, Z. | Kende, A. | Keng, S. L. | Kieu, T. T. T. | Koc, Y. | Kovyazina, K. | Kozytska, I. | Krause, J. | Kruglanski, A. W. | Kurapov, A. | Kutlaca, M. | Lantos, N. A. | Lemay, E. P., Jr. | Lesmana, C. B. J. | Louis, W. R. | Lueders, A. | Malik, N. I. | Martinez, A. | McCabe, K. O. | Mehulic, J. | Milla, M. N. | Mohammed, I. | Molinario, E. | Moyano, M. | Muhammad, H. | Mula, S. | Muluk, H. | Myroniuk, S. | Najafi, R. | Nyul, B. | O'Keefe, P. A. | Osuna, J. J. O. | Osin, E. N. | Park, J. | Pica, G. | Pierro, A. | Rees, J. | Reitsema, A. M. | Resta, E. | Rullo, M. | Ryan, M. K. | Samekin, A. | Santtila, P. | Selim, H. A. | Stanton, M. V. | Sultana, S. | Sutton, R. M. | Tseliou, E. | Utsugi, A. | van Breen, J. A. | Van Lissa, C. J. | Van Veen, K. | vanDellen, M. R. | Vazquez, A. | Wollast, R. | Yeung, V. W. | Zand, S. | Zezelj, I. L. | Zheng, B. | Zick, A. | Zuniga, C. | Leander, N. P. C1 - 2021-05-14 C2 - Social, Behavioral, and Communication Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05142021_covidupdate.html DA - May 6 DO - 10.1038/s41598-021-88314-4 ET - 2021/05/08 IS - 1 KW - *COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control | Communicable Disease Control | *Employment | Health Behavior | Health Status | Humans | Pandemics/prevention & control | Perception | Risk | SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification | Work L1 - internal-pdf://0705482152/Nisa-2021-Lives versus Livelihoods_ Perceived.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Nisa, Claudia F; Belanger, Jocelyn J; Faller, Daiane G; Buttrick, Nicholas R; Mierau, Jochen O; Austin, Maura M K; Schumpe, Birga M; Sasin, Edyta M; Agostini, Maximilian; Gutzkow, Ben; Kreienkamp, Jannis; Abakoumkin, Georgios; Abdul Khaiyom, Jamilah Hanum; Ahmedi, Vjollca; Akkas, Handan; Almenara, Carlos A; Atta, Mohsin; Bagci, Sabahat Cigdem; Basel, Sima; Kida, Edona Berisha; Bernardo, Allan B I; Chobthamkit, Phatthanakit; Choi, Hoon-Seok; Cristea, Mioara; Csaba, Sara; Damnjanovic, Kaja; Danyliuk, Ivan; Dash, Arobindu; Di Santo, Daniela; Douglas, Karen M; Enea, Violeta; Fitzsimons, Gavan; Gheorghiu, Alexandra; Gomez, Angel; Grzymala-Moszczynska, Joanna; Hamaidia, Ali; Han, Qing; Helmy, Mai; Hudiyana, Joevarian; Jeronimus, Bertus F; Jiang, Ding-Yu; Jovanovic, Veljko; Kamenov, Zeljka; Kende, Anna; Keng, Shian-Ling; Kieu, Tra Thi Thanh; Koc, Yasin; Kovyazina, Kamila; Kozytska, Inna; Krause, Joshua; Kruglanski, Arie W; Kurapov, Anton; Kutlaca, Maja; Lantos, Nora Anna; Lemay, Edward P Jr; Lesmana, Cokorda Bagus Jaya; Louis, Winnifred R; Lueders, Adrian; Malik, Najma Iqbal; Martinez, Anton; McCabe, Kira O; Mehulic, Jasmina; Milla, Mirra Noor; Mohammed, Idris; Molinario, Erica; Moyano, Manuel; Muhammad, Hayat; Mula, Silvana; Muluk, Hamdi; Myroniuk, Solomiia; Najafi, Reza; Nyul, Boglarka; O'Keefe, Paul A; Osuna, Jose Javier Olivas; Osin, Evgeny N; Park, Joonha; Pica, Gennaro; Pierro, Antonio; Rees, Jonas; Reitsema, Anne Margit; Resta, Elena; Rullo, Marika; Ryan, Michelle K; Samekin, Adil; Santtila, Pekka; Selim, Heyla A; Stanton, Michael Vicente; Sultana, Samiah; Sutton, Robbie M; Tseliou, Eleftheria; Utsugi, Akira; van Breen, Jolien Anne; Van Lissa, Caspar J; Van Veen, Kees; vanDellen, Michelle R; Vazquez, Alexandra; Wollast, Robin; Yeung, Victoria Wai-Lan; Zand, Somayeh; Zezelj, Iris Lav; Zheng, Bang; Zick, Andreas; Zuniga, Claudia; Leander, N Pontus; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Sci Rep. 2021 May 6;11(1):9669. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-88314-4. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Respondents in countries surveyed early in the COVID-19 pandemic expected economic risks to be greater than health risks (all paired t tests: p <0.01) (Figure). | This pattern was consistent across all age, sex, education, employment, financial, and political subgroups. | Perceived economic risk was inversely associated with practicing risk mitigation and supporting strict containment policies. | Perceived health risk associated with support for mandatory vaccination and quarantine only. | Methods: Online cross-sectional surveys with national proportional (by sex and age) quota sampling from 24 countries (N = 22,561), April 10, 2020 to May 11, 2020. Limitations: Internet convenience panels; data from early in pandemic. | Implications: Public messaging may be more effective if delivering the message that COVID-19 mitigation measures will reduce (further) economic and job losses. SN - 2045-2322 (Electronic); 2045-2322 (Linking) SP - 9669 ST - Lives versus Livelihoods? Perceived economic risk has a stronger association with support for COVID-19 preventive measures than perceived health risk T2 - Sci Rep TI - Lives versus Livelihoods? Perceived economic risk has a stronger association with support for COVID-19 preventive measures than perceived health risk UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33958617 VL - 11 ID - 1755 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In indoor environments with limited ventilation, recirculating portable air filtration (PAF) units may reduce COVID-19 infection risk via not only the direct aerosol route (i.e., inhalation) but also via an indirect aerosol route (i.e., contact with the surface where particles deposited). We systematically investigated the impact of PAF units in a mock classroom, as a supplement to background ventilation, on localized and whole-room surface deposition and particle concentration. Fluorescently tagged particles with a volumetric mean diameter near two micrometers were continuously introduced into the classroom environment via a breathing simulator with a prescibed inhalation-exhalation waveform. Deposition velocities were inferred on >50 horizontal and vertical surfaces throughout the classroom, while aerosol concentrations were spatially monitored via optical particle spectrometry. Results revealed a particle decay rate consistent with expectations based upon the reported clean air delivery rates of the PAF units. Additionally, the PAF units reduced peak concentrations by a factor of around 2.5 compared to the highest concentrations observed and led to a statistically significant reduction in deposition velocities for horizontal surfaces >2.5 m from the aerosol source. Our results not only confirm PAF units can reduce particle concentrations but also demonstrate that they may lead to reduced particle deposition throughout an indoor environment when properly positioned.Practical ImplicationsPortable air filtration units should be prioritized in classrooms as part of a multi-layed strategy to mitigate potentially infectious particle transmission by direct aerosol transmission via inhalation and indirect aerosol transmission via particle deposition to surfaces and later contact with said surfaces.When placing portable air filtration unit(s) within a classrom space, one should consider the airflow field within the classroom, the characteristic operational mode (heating vs. cooling) of the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system, the predominantly occupied areas of the classroom, and interference with the regular teaching and learning activities.Competing Interest StatementDelos Living, LLC. currently markets and sells the Intellipure Compact portable air filtration unit used during the current study. The Well Living Lab was founded as a collaboration between Delos Living, LLC. and Mayo Clinic. Delos employs Drs. Zachary C. Pope and Meng Kong as well as Mr. Linhao Li but are assigned to the Well Living Lab which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Delos. However, Delos Living, LLC. had no input on the study design, data collection, data analysis, or publication of this study. The other authors, Professor Christopher J. Hogan, Jr., Ms. Stephanie Eilts, and Dr. Li Li have no conflicts of interest to declare.Funding StatementThis study was funded by Delos Living, LLC. However, Delos Living, LLC, had no input on any part of the experimental process.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:This study does not require an IRB.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary fi es, if applicable.YesThe authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article and its supporting information. AU - Kong, Meng | Li, Linhao | Eilts, Stephanie M. | Li, Li | Hogan, Christopher J. | Pope, Zachary C. C1 - 2021-09-10 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09102021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1101/2021.08.22.21262392 L1 - internal-pdf://1131349927/Kong-2021-Localized and Whole-Room Effects of.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In a mock classroom with a breathing simulator, an investigation of particle air filtration (PAF) units as a supplement to background ventilation systems found that PAF units could reduce air particle concentrations by a factor of 2.5 and reduce particle deposition on horizontal surfaces (e.g., classroom desks). Air cleaners like PAF units might be useful engineering controls to mitigate direct and indirect aerosol transmission as part of a multi-layered strategy to reduce risks from SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses in indoor environments. SP - 2021.08.22.21262392 ST - Localized and Whole-Room Effects of Portable Air Filtration Units on Aerosol Particle Deposition and Concentration in a Classroom Environment T2 - medRxiv TI - Localized and Whole-Room Effects of Portable Air Filtration Units on Aerosol Particle Deposition and Concentration in a Classroom Environment UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/08/30/2021.08.22.21262392.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/08/30/2021.08.22.21262392.full.pdf ID - 2286 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in the United States has revealed major disparities in the access to testing and messaging about the pandemic based on the geographic location of individuals, particularly in communities of color, rural areas, and areas of low income. This geographic disparity, in addition to deeply rooted structural inequities, have posed additional challenges to adequately diagnose and provide care for individuals of all ages living in these settings. We describe the impact that COVID-19 has had on geographically disparate populations in the United States and share our recommendations on what might be done to ameliorate the current situation. AD - Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Chicago, Illinois, USA. | Expert Stewardship, Newport Beach, California, USA. | Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York, New York, USA. | Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan, USA. | Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. | Meharry Medical College, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. AN - 32942299 AU - Tan, T. Q. | Kullar, R. | Swartz, T. H. | Mathew, T. A. | Piggott, D. A. | Berthaud, V. C1 - 2020-09-29 C2 - Social Aspects CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/092920_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 13 DO - 10.1093/infdis/jiaa583 ET - 2020/09/18 IS - 12 KW - COVID-19/*epidemiology/ethnology | COVID-19 Testing/*trends | *Ethnic Groups | *Geography, Medical | Health Services Accessibility | Health Status Disparities | Healthcare Disparities/*ethnology | Humans | Poverty | Social Determinants of Health/ethnology | United States/epidemiology | Covid-19 | SARS-CoV2 | geographic disparity | racial disparity | rural settings L1 - internal-pdf://3460428806/Tan-2020-Location Matters_ Geographic Disparit.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Tan, Tina Q; Kullar, Ravina; Swartz, Talia H; Mathew, Trini A; Piggott, Damani A; Berthaud, Vladimir; eng; J Infect Dis. 2020 Nov 13;222(12):1951-1954. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa583. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Highlights racial, ethnic, locale, and socioeconomic disparities of the COVID-19 outbreak in the US and presents recommendations on how to ameliorate the current situation. SN - 1537-6613 (Electronic); 0022-1899 (Linking) SP - 1951-1954 ST - Location Matters: Geographic Disparities and Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 T2 - J Infect Dis TI - Location Matters: Geographic Disparities and Impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32942299 VL - 222 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 965 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: To control the spread of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), China sealed Wuhan on 23 January 2020 and soon expanded lockdown to 12 other cities in Hubei province. We aimed to describe the epidemiological characteristics in one of the cities and highlight the effect of current implemented lockdown and nonpharmaceutical interventions. METHODS: We retrieved data of reported cases in Huangshi and Wuhan from publicly available disease databases. Local epidemiological data on suspected or confirmed cases in Huangshi were collected through field investigation. Epidemic curves were constructed with data on reported and observed cases. RESULTS: The accumulated confirmed COVID-19 cases and fatality in Huangshi were reported to be 1015 and 3.74%, respectively, compared with 50006 and 5.08% in Wuhan until 27 March 2020. Right after 24 January, the epidemic curve based on observed cases in Huangshi became flattened. And 1 February 2020 was identified as the "turning point" as the epidemic in Huangshi faded soon afterward. COVID-19 epidemic was characterized by mild cases in Huangshi, accounting for 82.66% of total cases. Moreover, 50 asymptomatic infections were identified in adults and children. In addition, we found confirmed cases in 19 familial clusters and 21 healthcare workers, supporting interhuman transmission. CONCLUSIONS: Our study reported the temporal dynamics and characteristics of the COVID-19 epidemic in Huangshi city, China, across the unprecedented intervention. Such new epidemiological inference might provide further guidance on current lockdown measures in high-risk cities and, subsequently, help improve public health intervention strategies against the pandemic on the country and global levels. AD - Department of Internal Medicine, Huangshi Youse Hospital affiliated to College of Arts & Science of Jianghan University, Huangshi, China. | Huangshi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huangshi, China. | Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Huangshi Maternity and Children's Health Hospital, Huangshi, China. | Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, China. | Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, China. | Department of Infectious Diseases, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Nantong University, Nantong, China. AN - 32255183 AU - Ji, T. | Chen, H. L. | Xu, J. | Wu, L. N. | Li, J. J. | Chen, K. | Qin, G. C1 - 2020-04-17 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/041720_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 12 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa390 ET - 2020/04/08 IS - 6 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Child | China/epidemiology | Cities/epidemiology | Coronavirus Infections/*mortality/prevention & control | Disease Transmission, Infectious/*prevention & control | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics/prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*mortality/prevention & control | Quarantine/*statistics & numerical data | SARS-CoV-2 | Young Adult | *2019 novel coronavirus disease | *epidemiology | *lockdown L1 - internal-pdf://0879166910/Ji-2020-Lockdown Contained the Spread of 2019.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Ji, Tuo; Chen, Hai-Lian; Xu, Jing; Wu, Ling-Ning; Li, Jie-Jia; Chen, Kai; Qin, Gang; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Sep 12;71(6):1454-1460. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa390. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Containment measures, including travel restrictions and other nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPI), were associated with flattening of the epidemic curve starting 9 days after implementation. | 82.7% of COVID-19 patients (n=1,015) had uncomplicated illness or mild pneumonia; 50 (5%) of infected patients remained asymptomatic. | Percentage of uncomplicated illness increased in patients with symptom onset after containment measures were implemented (23.3% to 46.5%). | Methods: Investigators analyzed publicly available data of reported COVID-19 cases and epidemiological data from local field investigations to assess the effect of a lockdown (cessation of travel to/from Huangshi on Jan 24, 2020) and additional NPI. On Jan 25, 2020, Huangshi implemented real-time syndromic surveillance and health screenings, and other NPI (quarantine for incoming travelers, social distancing, face mask use when outdoors, and closure of schools and businesses). Limitations: Individual impacts of interventions not evaluated; reasons for increase in uncomplicated cases not explored but possibly related to earlier and broader detection of COVID-19 cases with increased testing. | Implications: Early implementation of travel restrictions and NPI can minimize COVID-19 growth. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - 1454-1460 ST - Lockdown Contained the Spread of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease in Huangshi City, China: Early Epidemiological Findings T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Lockdown Contained the Spread of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease in Huangshi City, China: Early Epidemiological Findings UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32255183 VL - 71 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 55 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND/AIM: Coronavirus is an ongoing pandemic challenging health systems worldwide. The aim of this report was to evaluate the effectiveness of lockdown in different countries, highlighting the performance of Greek society and authorities. METHODS: We analyzed publicly available data from the "Worldometer". We evaluated the efficacy of lockdown at one month after implementation. Delta Days (DD) referred to the difference in the days of reaching 1 case/million people to the adoption of lockdown. RESULTS: Higher healthcare expenditure as % of the national GDP was not correlated with better 30-day mortality outcomes. DD index was significantly correlated to the incidence of COVID-19 per million people at 30 days (p-value=0.001). The correlation between DD and 30-day mortality was not statistically significant (p-value=0.087). CONCLUSION: Early lockdown was proven to be the appropriate policy to limit the spread of COVID-19. Greece was a success story in preventing spread despite limited resources. AD - First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece dimmoris@yahoo.com. | First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, Athens, Greece. AN - 32503831 AU - Moris, D. | Schizas, D. C1 - 2020-06-16 C2 - Success Stories CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061620_covidupdate.html DA - Jun DO - 10.21873/invivo.11963 ET - 2020/06/07 IS - 3 Suppl KW - Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Clinical Laboratory Techniques/statistics & numerical data | Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/economics/mortality/*prevention & | control/transmission | Global Health | Greece/epidemiology | Health Expenditures/statistics & numerical data | *Health Policy | Health Resources/economics | Humans | Incidence | Pandemics/economics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/economics/mortality/*prevention & control/transmission | Procedures and Techniques Utilization/statistics & numerical data | Program Evaluation | *Quarantine/statistics & numerical data | Resource Allocation | Coronavirus | Greece | quarantine L1 - internal-pdf://2072242114/Moris-2020-Lockdown During COVID-19_ The Greek.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Moris, Dimitrios; Schizas, Dimitrios; eng; Comparative Study; Greece; In Vivo. 2020 Jun;34(3 Suppl):1695-1699. doi: 10.21873/invivo.11963. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Early lockdown contributed to the success of combating COVID-19 spread in resource-limited Greece. SN - 1791-7549 (Electronic); 0258-851X (Linking) SP - 1695-1699 ST - Lockdown During COVID-19: The Greek Success T2 - In Vivo TI - Lockdown During COVID-19: The Greek Success UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32503831 VL - 34 ID - 393 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The first months of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Spain resulted in high incidence and mortality. A national sero-epidemiological survey suggests higher cumulative incidence of infection in older individuals than in younger individuals. However, little is known about the epidemic dynamics in different age groups, including the relative effect of the lockdown measures introduced on March 15, and strengthened on March 30 to April 14, 2020 when only essential workers continued to work. METHODS: We used data from the National Epidemiological Surveillance Network (RENAVE in Spanish) on the daily number of reported COVID-19 cases (by date of symptom onset) in eleven 5-year age groups: 15-19y through 65-69y. For each age group g, we computed the proportion E(g) of individuals in age group g among all reported cases aged 15-69y during the pre-lockdown period (March 1-10, 2020) and the corresponding proportion L(g) during two lockdown periods (March 25-April 3 and April 8-17, 2020). For each lockdown period, we computed the proportion ratios PR(g)= L(g)/E(g). For each pair of age groups g1,g2, PR(g1)>PR(g2) implies a relative increase in the incidence of detected SARS-CoV-2 infection in the age group g1 compared with g2 for the later vs. early period. RESULTS: For the first lockdown period, the highest PR values were in age groups 50-54y (PR=1.21; 95% CI: 1.12,1.30) and 55-59y (PR=1.19; 1.11,1.27). For the second lockdown period, the highest PR values were in age groups 15-19y (PR=1.26; 0.95,1.68) and 50-54y (PR=1.20; 1.09,1.31). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that different outbreak control measures led to different changes in the relative incidence by age group. During the first lockdown period, when non-essential work was allowed, individuals aged 40-64y, particularly those aged 50-59y presented with higher COVID-19 relative incidence compared to pre-lockdown period, while younger adults/older adolescents (together with persons aged 50-59y) had increased relative incidence during the later, strengthened lockdown. The role of different age groups during the epidemic should be considered when implementing future mitigation efforts. AD - Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States. | Centro Nacional de Epidemiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. | Consorcio de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain. | Department of Anesthesiology, Santa Creu i Sant Pau Hospital, Barcelona, Spain. | Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States. | Department of Epidemiology and Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Boston, United States. AN - 32637975 AU - Salazar, | D, G. B. | D, P. | Jm, G. | B, P. | C, F. E. | M, L. | A, L. | E, G. | Ma, H. C1 - 2020-07-14 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071420_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 2 DO - 10.1101/2020.06.30.20143560 ET - 2020/07/09 L1 - internal-pdf://0641267155/Salazar-2020-Lockdown measures and relative ch.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Salazar, De; D, Gomez-Barroso; D, Pampaka; Jm, Gil; B, Penalver; C, Fernandez-Escobar; M, Lipsitch; A, Larrauri; E, Goldstein; Ma, Hernan; eng; U54 GM088558/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/; Preprint; medRxiv. 2020 Jul 2. doi: 10.1101/2020.06.30.20143560. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In the first lockdown, the highest proportion ratio (PR) of COVID-19 cases was in people aged 50-59 years (50-54 years: 1.21; 55-59 years: 1.19) (Figure A). | In the second lockdown period, the highest PR was in people 15-19 years: 1.26 (Figure B). | Methods: Age-specific PRs in 5-year increments were estimated for two lockdown periods, the first, between March 25 and April 3, 2020 (non-essential workers were allowed to go to work) and the second, between April 8 and 17, 2020 (non-essential workers were not allowed to go to work) compared with pre-lockdown period (March 1�?0, 2020). Limitations: No data on interventions. | Implications: Relative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in different age groups exists and may be determined by age-based employment patterns; differential impact of various measures such as physical distancing and workforce-related policies may have implications for epidemic control. SP - 2020.06.30.20143560 ST - Lockdown measures and relative changes in the age-specific incidence of SARS-CoV-2 in Spain T2 - medRxiv TI - Lockdown measures and relative changes in the age-specific incidence of SARS-CoV-2 in Spain TT - Published article: Lockdown measures and relative changes in the age-specific incidence of SARS-CoV-2 in Spain UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32637975 ID - 519 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 have been described1, but whether breakthrough COVID-19 (that is the disease that ensues following vaccine breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection) results in post-acute sequelae is not yet clear. Here we use the national healthcare databases of the US Department of Veterans Affairs to characterize 6-month risks of incident post-acute sequelae in people with breakthrough COVID-19 who survived for at least 30 days after diagnosis. We show that compared to people with no evidence of COVID-19, beyond the first 30 days of illness, people with breakthrough COVID-19 exhibit a higher risk of death and broad array of incident post-acute sequelae in the pulmonary system, as well as extrapulmonary sequelae that include cardiovascular disorders, coagulation disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, general disorders (e.g., fatigue), kidney disorders, mental health disorders, metabolic disorders, musculoskeletal disorders, and neurologic disorders. Our analyses by care setting of the acute phase of the disease show that people who were not hospitalized during the first 30 days after diagnosis with breakthrough COVID-19 exhibit a small but not insignificant increase in risk of death and post-acute sequelae; the risks are further increased in people who were hospitalized during the acute phase of the disease. Our comparative approach shows that people with breakthrough COVID-19 exhibit lower risks of death and post-acute sequelae than people with COVID-19 who were not previously vaccinated for it; and in analyses among individuals who were hospitalized during the acute phase of the disease, people with breakthrough COVID-19 exhibit higher risks of death and post-acute sequelae than people with seasonal influenza. Altogether, our findings show increased risks of death and post-acute sequalae in people with breakthrough COVID-19; the risks are evident among those who were not hospitalized during the acute phase of the disease. Our comparative approach provides context for understanding the risks in relation to COVID-19 without prior vaccination and seasonal influenza. The findings will inform the ongoing effort to optimize strategies for prevention of breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections and will guide development and optimization of post-acute care pathways for people with breakthrough COVID-19. AU - Ziyad, Al-Aly | Benjamin, Bowe | Yan, Xie C1 - 2021-12-03 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/12032021_covidupdate.html#anchor_NaturalHistory DA - 2021/12/06 DO - 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1062160/v1 L1 - internal-pdf://2739705500/Ziyad-2021-Long Covid after Breakthrough COVID.pdf LB - Natural History | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Compared with unvaccinated persons with SARS-CoV-2 infection, persons with breakthrough infection had lower risk of death (HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.55-0.76) and lower risk of post-acute sequelae (HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.83-0.92) 30 days to 6 months after infection (Figure). | Compared with persons who did not have SARS-CoV-2 infection, persons with breakthrough infection had higher risk of death (hazard ratio [HR] 1.53, 95% CI 1.36-1.72) and higher risk of �? post-acute sequelae (HR 1.59, 95% CI 1.53-1.65) 30 days to 6 months after infection. | Methods: U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs electronic health records data were used to determine risk of death and risk of �? post-acute sequela among persons with a documented first positive SARS-CoV-2 test result after COVID-19 vaccination (“breakthrough,�?n = 16,035) compared with persons with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result with no prior COVID-19 vaccination (n = 48,536), and a control group with no positive SARS-CoV-2 test result (n = 3,569,525) during February–October 2021. HRs were adjusted for demographics and health characteristics. Limitations: Veterans not representative of the general U.S. population; infection status of persons who were not tested might be misclassified. | | Implications: People with SARS-CoV-2 infections appear to be at risk for long-term sequelae during the 6 months following infection. COVID-19 vaccination might reduce, but not eliminate, these risks. SN - 2693-5015 ST - Long Covid after Breakthrough COVID-19: the post-acute sequelae of breakthrough COVID-19 T2 - Res Sq TI - Long Covid after Breakthrough COVID-19: the post-acute sequelae of breakthrough COVID-19 UR - https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1062160/v1 | https://assets.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1062160/v1/0b641bf4-ed3b-4e14-bb03-fc73f0a884d0.pdf?c=1637003012 ID - 2675 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BackgroundThis study sought to establish the long-term effects of Covid-19 following hospitalisation. AU - Sigfrid, Louise | Drake, Thomas M. | Pauley, Ellen | Jesudason, Edwin C. | Olliaro, Piero | Lim, Wei Shen | Gillesen, Annelies | Berry, Colin | Lowe, David J. | McPeake, Joanne | Lone, Nazir | Munblit, Daniel | Cevik, Muge | Casey, Anna | Bannister, Peter | Russell, Clark D. | Goodwin, Lynsey | Ho, Antonia | Turtle, Lance | O'Hara, Margaret E. | Hastie, Claire | Donohue, Chloe | Spencer, Rebecca G. | Donegan, Cara | Gummery, Alison | Harrison, Janet | Hardwick, Hayley E. | Hastie, Claire E. | Carson, Gail | Merson, Laura | Baillie, J. Kenneth | Openshaw, Peter | Harrison, Ewen M. | Docherty, Annemarie B. | Semple, Malcolm G. | Scott, Janet T. C1 - 2021-08-13 C2 - Natural History, Reinfection, and Health Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08132021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100186 L1 - internal-pdf://2889117589/1-s2.0-S2666776221001630-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 327 SARS-CoV-2 adults hospitalized in the United Kingdom in January–October 2020, 55% did not feel fully recovered �? months post-discharge, and 93% reported new or persistent symptoms. Being female, younger age, and having in-hospital severe acute disease were the strongest predictors of poor long-term outcome. Females aged <50 years were 5 times less likely than males of the same age (aOR09, 95% CI 1.64-15.74) to report feeling recovered. SE - 100186 SN - 2666-7762 ST - Long Covid in adults discharged from UK hospitals after Covid-19: A prospective, multicentre cohort study using the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol T2 - Lancet Reg Health Eur TI - Long Covid in adults discharged from UK hospitals after Covid-19: A prospective, multicentre cohort study using the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100186 VL - 8 Y2 - 2021/08/16 ID - 2218 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2, as well as other coronaviruses, can be dispersed and potentially transmitted by aerosols directly or via ventilation systems. We therefore investigated ventilation openings in one COVID-19 ward and central ducts that expel indoor air from three COVID-19 wards at Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden, during April and May 2020. Swab samples were taken from individual ceiling ventilation openings and surfaces in central ducts. Samples were subsequently subjected to rRT-PCR targeting the N and E genes of SARS-CoV-2. Central ventilation HEPA filters, located several stories above the wards, were removed and portions analyzed in the same manner. In two subsequent samplings, SARS-CoV-2 N and E genes were detected in seven and four out of 19 room vents, respectively. Central ventilation HEPA exhaust filters from the ward were found positive for both genes in three samples. Corresponding filters from two other, adjacent COVID-19 wards were also found positive. Infective ability of the samples was assessed by inoculation of susceptible cell cultures but could not be determined in these experiments. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in central ventilation systems, distant from patient areas, indicate that virus can be transported long distances and that droplet transmission alone cannot reasonably explain this, especially considering the relatively low air change rates in these wards. Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 must be taken into consideration for preventive measures. AD - Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. | Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. | Department of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden. | Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. erik.salaneck@medsci.uu.se. AN - 33177563 AU - Nissen, K. | Krambrich, J. | Akaberi, D. | Hoffman, T. | Ling, J. | Lundkvist, A. | Svensson, L. | Salaneck, E. C1 - 2020-11-24 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/112420_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 11 DO - 10.1038/s41598-020-76442-2 ET - 2020/11/13 IS - 1 KW - Aerosols | Animals | Betacoronavirus/genetics/*physiology | Covid-19 | Chlorocebus aethiops | Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/*transmission/virology | Filtration | *Hospitals | Pandemics/prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/*transmission/virology | RNA, Viral/analysis | SARS-CoV-2 | Ventilation | Vero Cells L1 - internal-pdf://1864622513/Nissen-2020-Long-distance airborne dispersal o.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Nissen, Karolina; Krambrich, Janina; Akaberi, Dario; Hoffman, Tove; Ling, Jiaxin; Lundkvist, Ake; Svensson, Lennart; Salaneck, Erik; eng; 2016-02596/the Swedish Research Council/International; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Sci Rep. 2020 Nov 11;10(1):19589. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-76442-2. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: SARS-CoV-2 was detected via RT-PCR (but negative culture) in ventilation units a far distance from COVID-19 wards in a hospital. SN - 2045-2322 (Electronic); 2045-2322 (Linking) SP - 19589 ST - Long-distance airborne dispersal of SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 wards T2 - Sci Rep TI - Long-distance airborne dispersal of SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 wards UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33177563 VL - 10 ID - 1258 ER - TY - JOUR AD - From the Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics (R.M.W., A.K.H., N.B.C), the Perelman School of Medicine (R.M.W., N.B.C.), and Penn Law (A.K.H.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. AN - 32459918 AU - Werner, R. M. | Hoffman, A. K. | Coe, N. B. C1 - 2020-06-05 C2 - Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060520_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 3 DO - 10.1056/NEJMp2014811 ET - 2020/05/28 IS - 10 KW - Aged | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Health Resources/supply & distribution | Home Care Services | Humans | Long-Term Care/*organization & administration | Nursing Homes/*organization & administration | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | SARS-CoV-2 | United States L1 - internal-pdf://2357190283/Werner-2020-Long-Term Care Policy after Covid-.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Vaccines | N1 - Werner, Rachel M; Hoffman, Allison K; Coe, Norma B; eng; N Engl J Med. 2020 Sep 3;383(10):903-905. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2014811. Epub 2020 May 27. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Nursing homes and long-term care facilities lack the resources needed to protect residents and staff from COVID-19; the US needs to invest in a safe and effective long-term care system. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 903-905 ST - Long-Term Care Policy after Covid-19 - Solving the Nursing Home Crisis T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Long-Term Care Policy after Covid-19 - Solving the Nursing Home Crisis UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32459918 VL - 383 ID - 328 ER - TY - JOUR AB - It is increasingly recognized that SARS-CoV-2 can produce long-term complications after recovery from the acute effects of infection. Here, we report the analysis of 32 self-reported short and long-term symptoms in a general adult population cohort comprised of 233 COVID-19+ cases, 3,652 SARS-CoV-2-negative controls, and 17,474 non-tested individuals. The majority of our COVID-19+ cases are mild, with only 8 of the 233 COVID-19+ cases having been hospitalized. Our results show that 43.4% of COVID-19+ cases have symptoms lasting longer than 30 days, and 24.1% still have at least one symptom after 90 days. These numbers are higher for COVID-19+ cases who were initially more ill, 59.4% at 30 days and 40.6% at 90 days, but even for very mild and initially asymptomatic cases, 14.3% have complications persist for 30 days or longer. In contrast, only 8.6% of participants from the general untested population develop new symptoms lasting longer than 30 days due to any illness during the same study period. The long-term symptoms most enriched in those with COVID-19 are anosmia, ageusia, difficulty concentrating, dyspnea, memory loss, confusion, headache, heart palpitations, chest pain, pain with deep breaths, dizziness, and tachycardia. We additionally observe that individuals who had an initial symptom of dyspnea are significantly more likely to develop long-term symptoms. Importantly, our study finds that the overall level of illness is an important variable to account for when assessing the statistical significance of symptoms that are associated with COVID-19. Our study provides a baseline from which to understand the frequency of COVID-19 long-term symptoms at the population level and demonstrates that, although those most likely to develop long-term COVID-19 complications are those who initially have more severe illness, even those with mild or asymptomatic courses of infection are at increased risk of long-term complications.Competing Interest StatementETC, KMSB, SR, AB, JTL, and NLW are employees of Helix.Funding StatementFunding was provided to Desert Research Institute by the Nevada Governor's Office of Economic Development. Funding was provided to the Renown Institute for Health Innovation by Renown Health and the Renown Health Foundation.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The Helix DNA Discovery Project study was reviewed and approved by Western Institutional Review Board. The HNP study was reviewed and approved by the University of Nevada, Reno Institutional Review Board.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesCounts of individuals with and without symptoms in cases and controls are available in the supplement. AU - Cirulli, Elizabeth T. | Schiabor Barrett, Kelly M. | Riffle, Stephen | Bolze, Alexandre | Neveux, Iva | Dabe, Shaun | Grzymski, Joseph J. | Lu, James T. | Washington, Nicole L. C1 - 2020-10-23 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102320_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.10.07.20208702 L1 - internal-pdf://1987903813/Cirulli-2020-Long-term COVID-19 symptoms in a.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 42.3% of patients with mild COVID-19 and a positive SARS-CoV-2 test (n = 233) had �? symptom for 30 days or longer. | 33.8% and 24.1% reported �? symptom for 60 and 90 days, respectively. | When controlling for number of symptoms, a positive SARS-CoV-2 test was predictive of loss of smell and taste, memory loss, and headache lasting for at least 30 days (Figure). | These associations held true at 60 days and for all except of memory loss, at 90 days. | Total number of initial symptoms (p <0.0001) and an initial symptom of labored breathing (p <0.0001) were predictive of reported symptoms lasting �?0 days. | Methods: Longitudinal online surveys of 21,359 individuals in Nevada on COVID-19 test results, symptoms, comorbidities, and “long-term�?(>30 days) symptoms administered every 4 to 6 weeks from April to September 2020. Limitations: Small sample size; self-reported data; sample may not be representative. | Implications: Long-term COVID-19 sequelae are common and should be noted within the extended burden of COVID-19 when considering health and economic consequences. | SP - 2020.10.07.20208702 ST - Long-term COVID-19 symptoms in a large unselected population T2 - medRxiv TI - Long-term COVID-19 symptoms in a large unselected population UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/10/11/2020.10.07.20208702.full.pdf | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/12/01/2020.10.07.20208702.full.pdf ID - 1109 ER - TY - JOUR AB - more than 83 million confirmed cases and more than 1·8 million deaths. The clinical spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 infection is wide, encompassing asymptomatic infection, fever, fatigue, myalgias, mild upper respiratory tract illness, severe life-threatening viral pneumonia requiring admission to hospital, and death.1 Physicians are observing persisting symptoms and unexpected, substantial organ dysfunction after SARS-CoV-2 infection in an increasing number of patients who have recovered, as previously observed in the SARS outbreak.2 However, COVID-19 is a new disease and uncertainty remains regarding the possible long-term health sequelae. This is particularly relevant for patients with severe symptoms, including those who required mechanical ventilation during their hospital stay, for whom long-term complications and incomplete recovery after discharge would be expected. Unfortunately, few reports exist on the clinical picture of the aftermath of COVID-19. | The study by Chaolin Huang and colleagues3 in The Lancet is relevant and timely. They describe the clinical follow-up of a cohort of 1733 adult patients (48% women, 52% men; median age 57·0 years, IQR 47·0�?5·0) with COVID-19 who were discharged from Jin Yin-tan Hospital (Wuhan, China). 6 months after illness onset, 76% (1265 of 1655) of the patients reported at least one symptom that persisted, with fatigue or muscle weakness being the most frequently reported symptom (63%, 1038 of 1655). More than 50% of patients presented with residual chest imaging abnormalities. Disease severity during the acute phase was independently associated with the extent of lung diffusion impairment at follow-up (odds ratio 4·60, 95% CI 1·85�?1·48), with 56% (48 of 86) of patients requiring high-flow nasal cannula, non-invasive ventilation, and invasive mechanical ventilation during their hospital stay having impaired pulmonary diffusion capacity.3; �?View related content for this article; | These findings are consistent with those from earlier small studies that reported lingering radiological and pulmonary diffusion abnormalities in a sizeable proportion of COVID-19 patients up to 3 months after hospital discharge.4, 5 Evidence from previous coronavirus outbreaks suggests that some degree of lung damage could persist, as shown in patients who recovered from SARS, 38% of whom had reduced lung diffusion capacity 15 years after infection.2; Although SARS-CoV-2 primarily affects the lungs, several other organs, including the kidney, can also be affected.6 Therefore, Huang and colleagues assessed the sequelae of extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19. Unexpectedly, 13% (107 of 822) of the patients who did not develop acute kidney injury during their hospital stay and presented with normal renal function, based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) during the acute phase, exhibited a decline in eGFR (<90 mL/min per 1·73 m2) at follow-up.3 However, this finding must be interpreted with caution. Because repeated GFR measurement using a gold-standard technique—such as plasma clearance of iohexol or iothalamate—would presumably have been unfeasible in such a large cohort of patients, GFR-estimating equations, such as that used in the present study, do not enable a sound assessment of renal function, which can be overestimated or underestimated compared with measured GFR.7 Importantly, deep venous thrombosis was not diagnosed in any of the patients who underwent ultrasonography at follow-up.3 This is an encouraging finding, in light of the frequent development of venous thromboembolism in patients with COVID-19 who are critically ill while in hospital.6; Figure thumbnail fx1; View Large Image; Copyright © 2021 Barcroft Media/Getty Images; Even though the study offers a comprehensive clinical picture of the aftermath of COVID-19 in patients who have been admitted to hospital, only 4% (76 of 1733) were admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU),3 rendering the information about the long-term consequences in this particular cohort inconclusive. However, previous research on patient outcomes after ICU stays suggests that several patients with COVID-19 who were critically ill during their hospital stay will subsequently face impairments regarding their cognitive and mental health or physical function far beyond their hospital discharge.8; Outpatient clinics that are dedicated to following up on lasting disabilities in the large number of patients who previously had COVID-19 are opening in many hospitals, especially in areas where large SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks have occurred. However, this initiative implies a further burden on the health-care system in terms of human and economic resources, in addition to conventional health-care services. Unfortunately, these clinics are largely unaffordable in most low-income or middle-income countries that have also been severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the success of this approach to monitoring and treating patients with COVID-19 who have recovered creates an opportunity to concomitantly conduct integrated multidisciplinary research studies during 1�? years of follow-up, as is currently happening in the UK and USA.9 These studies will improve our understanding of the natural history of COVID-19 sequelae and the factors or mediators involved, and enable us to assess the efficacy of therapeutic interventions to mitigate the long-term consequences of COVID-19 on multiple organs and tissues. This is consistent with the syndemic nature of the COVID-19 pandemic,10 and has implications for the long-term follow-up of COVID-19 sequelae, which in most instances should be interpreted against a background of an array of non-communicable diseases and social and income inequalities that exacerbate the adverse effects of each of these diseases in many communities. | GR reports personal fees and non-financial support from Alexion Pharmaceuticals Inc, Janssen Pharmaceutical, Akebia Therapeutics, Alnylam, Boehringer Ingelheim, Inception Sciences Canada, Omeros, and Catalyst Biosciences, all outside of the submitted work. MC and NP declare no competing interests. AD - Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 24126 Bergamo, Italy. | Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 24126 Bergamo, Italy. Electronic address: giuseppe.remuzzi@marionegri.it. AN - 33428868 AU - Cortinovis, Monica | Perico, Norberto | Remuzzi, Giuseppe C1 - 2021-01-22 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01222021_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 16 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00039-8 ET - 2021/01/12 IS - 10270 KW - *covid-19 | Cohort Studies | Follow-Up Studies | Hospitals | Humans | Patient Discharge | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://2213523472/1-s2.0-S0140673621000398-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Cortinovis, Monica | Perico, Norberto | Remuzzi, Giuseppe | eng | Comment | England | Lancet. 2021 Jan 16;397(10270):173-175. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00039-8. Epub 2021 Jan 8. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Outpatient clinics that provide follow-up care for sequelae of COVID-19 are being established and provide an opportunity for multidisciplinary research studies SN - 0140-6736 SP - 173-175 ST - Long-term follow-up of recovered patients with COVID-19 T2 - Lancet TI - Long-term follow-up of recovered patients with COVID-19 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00039-8 VL - 397 Y2 - 2021/07/08 ID - 1893 ER - TY - JOUR AB - With more than 30 million documented infections and 1 million deaths worldwide, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues unabated. The clinical spectrum of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) 2 infection ranges from asymptomatic infection to life-threatening and fatal disease. Current estimates are that approximately 20 million people globally have “recovered�? however, clinicians are observing and reading reports of patients with persistent severe symptoms and even substantial end-organ dysfunction after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Because COVID-19 is a new disease, much about the clinical course remains uncertain—in particular, the possible long-term health consequences, if any. AD - Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. | Associate Editor, JAMA. AN - 33031513 AU - Del Rio, C. | Collins, L. F. | Malani, P. C1 - 2020-10-20 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102020_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 3 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.19719 ET - 2020/10/09 IS - 17 KW - COVID-19/*complications/psychology | Cardiovascular Diseases/*etiology | Fatigue/etiology | Humans | Lung Diseases/*etiology | Nervous System Diseases/etiology | Syndrome L1 - internal-pdf://2081955754/del Rio-2020-Long-term Health Consequences of.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Del Rio, Carlos; Collins, Lauren F; Malani, Preeti; eng; KL2 TR002381/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; UL1 TR002378/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; JAMA. 2020 Nov 3;324(17):1723-1724. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.19719. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Authors summarize potential long-term consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection and argue for multidisciplinary care of persons with persistent symptoms and for longitudinal studies to determine breadth of sequalae. SE - 1723 SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1723-1724 ST - Long-term Health Consequences of COVID-19 T2 - JAMA TI - Long-term Health Consequences of COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33031513 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 1080 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BackgroundHydroxychloroquine is one of several agents being evaluated in the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. We aimed to examine whether patients with rheumatological conditions receiving chronic hydroxychloroquine therapy are at less risk of developing SARS-CoV-2 infection than those not receiving hydroxychloroquine. AU - Gentry, Chris A. | Humphrey, Mary Beth | Thind, Sharanjeet K. | Hendrickson, Sage C. | Kurdgelashvili, George | Williams, Riley J. C1 - 2020-10-09 C2 - Hydroxychloroquine CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100920_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1016/s2665-9913(20)30305-2 IS - 11 L1 - internal-pdf://0364266788/Gentry-2020-Long-term hydroxychloroquine use i.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The incidence of SARS-CoV-2 did not differ between patients receiving (31/10,703, [0.3%]) and not receiving (78/21,406, [0.4%]) hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), OR 0.79, p = 0.27 (95% CI 0.52-1.20). | There were no differences in hospitalization, ICU admission or mortality between the two groups in patients who developed SARS-CoV-2 (Table). | Methods: A large, propensity score matched, retrospective cohort study across US Veteran Affairs Medical Centers of rheumatology patients receiving and not receiving HCQ from March to June 2020. The primary endpoint was the incidence of active SARS-CoV-2 infection. Secondary endpoints included hospital admission, ICU admission and mortality associated with SARS-CoV-2. Limitations: Women comprised only 24% of study participants; only the HCQ group was selected based on medication adherence; unmeasured between-group differences could have introduced bias which could have affected mortality outcomes. | Implications for 4 studies (RECOVERY Collaborative Group, Huybrechts et al., Gentry et al., & Abella et al.): HCQ is not effective for treatment of COVID-19 or prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The potential for congenital malformation may not be an acceptable level of risk for healthy women of childbearing age, especially as data to support HCQ use for treatment or prevention of COVID-19 are lacking. These additional data support previous data suggesting no role for HQC in the management of COVID-19 or prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection. SE - e689 SN - 26659913 SP - e689-e697 ST - Long-term hydroxychloroquine use in patients with rheumatic conditions and development of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a retrospective cohort study T2 - Lancet Rheumatol TI - Long-term hydroxychloroquine use in patients with rheumatic conditions and development of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a retrospective cohort study UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S2665-9913(20)30305-2 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7505552/pdf/main.pdf VL - 2 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 1012 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Madrid, Spain. AN - 33984399 AU - Fern֙ndez-de-Las-Peñas, César | Palacios-Ceña, Domingo | G�Qmez-Mayordomo, V�Tctor | Rodr�Tuez-Jiménez, Jorge | Palacios-Ceña, Mar�Ta | Velasco-Arribas, Mar�Ta | Guijarro, Carlos | de-la-Llave-Rinc�Qn, Ana I. | Fuensalida-Novo, Stella | Elvira-Mart�Tnez, Carlos M. | Cuadrado, Mar�Ta L. | Arias-Naval�Qn, José A. | Florencio, Lidiane L. | Ortega-Santiago, Ricardo | Molina-Trigueros, Luis J. | Sebasti֙n-Viana, Tomas | Torres-Macho, Juan | Canto-Diez, Gabriela | Plaza-Canteli, Susana | Cigar֙n-Méndez, Margarita | Ambite-Quesada, Silvia | Hern֙ndez-Barrera, Valent�Tn | Arias-Bur�Ta, José L. | Arendt-Nielsen, Lars C1 - 2021-05-28 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05282021_covidupdate.html DA - 2021/05// DB - PubMed DO - 10.1016/j.jinf.2021.04.036 ET - 2021/05/14 IS - 2 J2 - J Infect KW - *covid-19 | Hospitalization | Humans | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://3502147569/1-s2.0-S0163445321002231-main.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Testing | N1 - Fernandez-de-Las-Penas, Cesar | Palacios-Cena, Domingo | Gomez-Mayordomo, Victor | Rodriuez-Jimenez, Jorge | Palacios-Cena, Maria | Velasco-Arribas, Maria | Guijarro, Carlos | de-la-Llave-Rincon, Ana I | Fuensalida-Novo, Stella | Elvira-Martinez, Carlos M | Cuadrado, Maria L | Arias-Navalon, Jose A | Florencio, Lidiane L | Ortega-Santiago, Ricardo | Molina-Trigueros, Luis J | Sebastian-Viana, Tomas | Torres-Macho, Juan | Canto-Diez, Gabriela | Plaza-Canteli, Susana | Cigaran-Mendez, Margarita | Ambite-Quesada, Silvia | Hernandez-Barrera, Valentin | Arias-Buria, Jose L | Arendt-Nielsen, Lars | eng | Letter | Multicenter Study | England | J Infect. 2021 Aug;83(2):237-279. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2021.04.036. Epub 2021 May 11. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Of 1,142 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in Spain from March 10 to May 31, 2020, 81.4% had �? post (mean 7 months) COVID-19 symptom. Fatigue (60.8%), hair loss (26.3%), shortness of breath (23.5%), and memory loss (19.0%) were the most common symptoms. SN - 0163-4453 SP - 237-279 ST - Long-term post-COVID symptoms and associated risk factors in previously hospitalized patients: A multicenter study T2 - J Infect TI - Long-term post-COVID symptoms and associated risk factors in previously hospitalized patients: A multicenter study UR - http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/33984399 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2021.04.036 | https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8110627 | https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8110627?pdf=render VL - 83 ID - 1791 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Guidelines for stopping coronavirus disease 2019 patient isolation are mainly symptom-based, with isolation for 10 to 20 days depending on their condition. METHODS: In this study, we describe 3 deeply immunocompromised patients, each with different clinical evolutions. We observed (1) the patients' epidemiological, clinical, and serological data, (2) infectiousness using viral culture, and (3) viral mutations accumulated over time. RESULTS: Asymptomatic carriage, symptom resolution, or superinfection with a second severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 strain were observed, all leading to prolonged infectious viral shedding for several months. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding underlying mechanisms and frequency of prolonged infectiousness is crucial to adapt current guidelines and strengthen the use of systematic polymerase chain reaction testing before stopping isolation in immunocompromised populations. AD - Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hopital Bichat Claude Bernard, AP-HP, Paris, France. | Laboratoire de Virologie, Hopital Bichat Claude Bernard, AP-HP, Paris, France. | Universite de Paris, Infection Modelisation Antimicrobial Evolution (IAME), Inserm UMR1137, Paris, France. | Unite d'Aval des Urgences, Centre Hospitalier Rene Dubos, Cergy Pontoise, France. | Microbiologie, Centre Hospitalier Rene Dubos, Cergy Pontoise, France. | Equipe de Prevention du Risque Infectieux, Hopital Bichat Claude Bernard, AP-HP, Paris, France. | Service d'Accueil des Urgences, Hopital Bichat Claude Bernard, AP-HP, Paris, France. AN - 33556961 AU - Tarhini, H. | Recoing, A. | Bridier-Nahmias, A. | Rahi, M. | Lambert, C. | Martres, P. | Lucet, J. C. | Rioux, C. | Bouzid, D. | Lebourgeois, S. | Descamps, D. | Yazdanpanah, Y. | Le Hingrat, Q. | Lescure, F. X. | Visseaux, B. C1 - 2021-02-19 C2 - Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02192021_covidupdate.html DA - May 20 DO - 10.1093/infdis/jiab075 ET - 2021/02/09 IS - 9 KW - Covid-19 | SARS-CoV-2 | immunocompromised patients | isolation | viral shedding L1 - internal-pdf://3005658498/Tarhini-2021-Long term SARS-CoV-2 infectiousne.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Tarhini, Hassan; Recoing, Amelie; Bridier-Nahmias, Antoine; Rahi, Mayda; Lambert, Celeste; Martres, Pascale; Lucet, Jean-Christophe; Rioux, Christophe; Bouzid, Donia; Lebourgeois, Samuel; Descamps, Diane; Yazdanpanah, Yazdan; Le Hingrat, Quentin; Lescure, Francois-Xavier; Visseaux, Benoit; eng; J Infect Dis. 2021 May 20;223(9):1522-1527. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiab075. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Case series of 3 severely immunocompromised COVID-19 patients who shed infectious virus for up to 4 months after symptom onset suggests the need for assessing infectiousness with viral culture and/or Ct values prior to discontinuing isolation in this population. SN - 1537-6613 (Electronic); 0022-1899 (Linking) SP - 1522-1527 ST - Long-Term Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infectiousness Among Three Immunocompromised Patients: From Prolonged Viral Shedding to SARS-CoV-2 Superinfection T2 - J Infect Dis TI - Long-Term Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infectiousness Among Three Immunocompromised Patients: From Prolonged Viral Shedding to SARS-CoV-2 Superinfection UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33556961 VL - 223 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1510 ER - TY - JOUR AB - To the Editor—In a recent article, Ratnesar-Shumate et al reported that sunlight could be a potential disinfectant for contaminated nonporous materials [1]. They found that simulated sunlight rapidly inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) suspended in either simulated saliva or culture media and dried on stainless steel coupons. Although the surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 in different environmental conditions was reported, we are curious about the survival time of SARS-CoV-2 on meat and fish products.The first outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in late 2019 and early 2020 was associated with the Huanan Seafood Market in Wuhan, China, while the second outbreak of COVID-19 in June of 2020 was associated with the Xinfadi Seafood Market in Beijing, China [2]. Most recently, in China several frozen seafood products tainted with COVID-19 have been reported [3], raising concerns that imported fish with attached SARS-CoV-2 could be a source of international transmission. Therefore, it is essential to determine the survival time of SARS-CoV-2 in the low-temperature environments of seafood markets. AD - College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China. | Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China. | Haid Research Institute, Guangdong Haid Group Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China. | School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. AN - 33179031 AU - Dai, M. | Li, H. | Yan, N. | Huang, J. | Zhao, L. | Xu, S. | Wu, J. | Jiang, S. | Pan, C. | Liao, M. C1 - 2020-11-24 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/112420_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 13 DO - 10.1093/infdis/jiaa712 ET - 2020/11/13 IS - 3 KW - Animals | *covid-19 | Humans | *SARS-CoV-2 | Salmon | Sunlight L1 - internal-pdf://4265561311/Dai-2021-Long-term Survival of SARS-CoV-2 on S.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Dai, Manman; Li, Huanan; Yan, Nan; Huang, Jinyu; Zhao, Li; Xu, Siqi; Wu, Jianmin; Jiang, Shibo; Pan, Chungen; Liao, Ming; eng; Letter; Comment; J Infect Dis. 2021 Feb 13;223(3):537-539. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa712. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Laboratory experiment demonstrating that viable SARS-CoV-2 can be recovered from salmon up to 10 days at 0-4��C storage �?the temperature at which fish is shipped �?or 3 days at 25��C storage. SN - 1537-6613 (Electronic); 0022-1899 (Linking) SP - 537-539 ST - Long-term Survival of SARS-CoV-2 on Salmon as a Source for International Transmission T2 - J Infect Dis TI - Long-term Survival of SARS-CoV-2 on Salmon as a Source for International Transmission UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33179031 VL - 223 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1270 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Children can experience SARS-CoV-2 postviral syndromes, but it is unclear to what extent these individuals are affected by long COVID. Evidence is predominantly limited to select populations without control groups, which does not allow estimating the overall prevalence and burden in a general pediatric population. We compared symptoms compatible with long COVID in children and adolescents (hereafter “children�? reported within 6 months after SARS-CoV-2 serologic testing. AD - Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. AN - 34264266 AU - Radtke, Thomas | Ulyte, Agne | Puhan, Milo A. | Kriemler, Susi C1 - 2021-07-23 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07232021_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 15 DO - 10.1001/jama.2021.11880 ET - 2021/07/16 L1 - internal-pdf://0789239093/Radtke-2021-Long-term Symptoms After SARS-CoV-.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Radtke, Thomas | Ulyte, Agne | Puhan, Milo A | Kriemler, Susi | eng | JAMA. 2021 Jul 15. pii: 2782164. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.11880. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In a school-based longitudinal cohort in Zurich, Switzerland 4% (4/109) of seropositive and 2% (28/1246) of seronegative children in October and November 2020 reported at least 1 symptom lasting more than 12 weeks. Good or excellent health was reported in similar proportions in both groups, and there were no hospitalizations among seropositive children. No severe infections were captured among children in this study. SN - 0098-7484 ST - Long-term Symptoms After SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children and Adolescents T2 - JAMA TI - Long-term Symptoms After SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children and Adolescents UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.11880 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/2782164/jama_radtke_2021_ld_210046_1626274318.79995.pdf Y2 - 7/26/2021 ID - 2136 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Abstract Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) convalescent individuals carry antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that, through a plasma donation, can be used as a potential therapeutic either in direct transfusion or for the manufacture of hyperimmune globulin (HIG). The success of such interventions depends on the antibody potency in such plasma donations, but little information on the collection of potent units is currently available. Study Design and Methods A total of 8749 plasma units, collected from April until September 2020 from first-time U.S. COVID-19 convalescent plasma donors, were characterized for SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies by Abbott chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA). The period between COVID-19 onset until donation and donor age, ethnicity, sex, and COVID-19 severity were evaluated against the obtained signal (index S/C). Results A marked decrease in mean index S/C was seen over the plasma collection period surveyed, which was significantly correlated to decreases in mean plasma donor age (p�?�?0001; R2 = .726) and percentage of donations obtained from COVID-19 convalescent patients who had been hospitalized (p = .001; R2 = .4426). The highest titer plasma units were obtained soon after convalescence from COVID-19 patients who required hospitalization, from advanced age donors, and from Black/African/Hispanic American versus White/Caucasian ethnicities, whereas there was no effect of donor sex on the values obtained with the Abbott CMIA. Conclusion Since the onset of the pandemic, the average SARS-CoV-2 IgG values of first-time U.S. COVID-19 convalescent plasma donations have significantly dropped, mainly due to donations from progressively younger aged donors who tend to experience less severe COVID-19. AD - Global Pathogen Safety, Baxter AG, A Takeda Company, Vienna, Austria. | Global Manufacturing Sciences, Baxter AG, A Takeda Company, Vienna, Austria. | BioLife Plasma Services, LP, Takeda, Social Circle, Georgia, USA. AN - 33615484 AU - Karbiener, Michael | Farcet, Maria R. | Ilk, Reinhard | Schreiner, Jessica | Lenart, James | Powers, Nicholas | Stewart, Joseph M. | Tallman, Hema | Kreil, Thomas R. C1 - 2021-03-05 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03052021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr DO - 10.1111/trf.16291 ET - 2021/02/23 IS - 4 KW - Adult | Aged | Antibodies, Viral/*blood | *Blood Donors | COVID-19/*blood/epidemiology/*therapy | *Convalescence | Female | Humans | Immunization, Passive | Longitudinal Studies | Male | Middle Aged | *Pandemics | SARS-CoV-2/*metabolism | United States/epidemiology | *Abbott CMIA | *covid-19 | *CoVIg-19 | *convalescent donor selection | *hyperimmune globulin | *index S/C | *severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 L1 - internal-pdf://2340042654/Karbiener-2021-Longitudinal analysis of SARS-C.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Testing | N1 - Karbiener, Michael | Farcet, Maria R | Ilk, Reinhard | Schreiner, Jessica | Lenart, James | Powers, Nicholas | Stewart, Joseph M | Tallman, Hema | Kreil, Thomas R | eng | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | Transfusion. 2021 Apr;61(4):1141-1147. doi: 10.1111/trf.16291. Epub 2021 Feb 22. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: From April through September 2020, there was a marked decrease in average SARS-CoV-2 IgG values in COVID-19 convalescent plasma from first-time US plasma donors due to increases in donations from progressively younger donors who tend to have less severe COVID-19. SN - 0041-1132 SP - 1141-1147 ST - Longitudinal analysis of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in 8000 U.S. first-time convalescent plasma donations T2 - Transfusion TI - Longitudinal analysis of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in 8000 U.S. first-time convalescent plasma donations UR - https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/trf.16291 | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/trf.16291?download=true VL - 61 ID - 1904 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Sentiments of vaccine hesitancy and distrust in public health institutions have complicated the government-led COVID-19 vaccine control strategy in the United States. As the first to receive the vaccine, COVID-19 vaccine attitudes among front line workers are consequential for COVID-19 control and public opinion of the vaccine.This study employed a repeated cross-sectional survey administered at three time points between September 24 �?February 6, 2021 to a cohort of employees of University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Health and the Los Angeles County Fire Department (LACoFD). The primary outcome of interest was COVID-19 vaccination intent and vaccine uptake.Confidence in COVID-19 vaccines and vaccine uptake rose significantly over time. At Survey 1, confidence in vaccine protection was 46.4% among healthcare workers (HCW) and 34.6% among first responders (FR); by Survey 3, this had risen to 90.0% and 75.7%, respectively. At Survey 1, about one-third of participants intended to receive a vaccine as soon as possible. By Survey 3, 96.0% of HCW and 87.5% of FR had received a COVID-19 vaccine.Attitudes towards vaccine uptake increased over the study period, likely a result of increased public confidence in COVID-19 vaccines, targeted communications, a COVID-19 winter surge in LA County, and ease of access from employer-sponsored vaccine distribution. AD - Department of Epidemiology, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, USA. | Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. | Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. | Los Angeles County Fire Department, Los Angeles CA, USA. | David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. AN - 34292319 AU - Halbrook, Megan | Gadoth, Adva | Martin-Blais, Rachel | Gray, Ashley N | Kashani, Saman | Kazan, Clayton | Kane, Brian | Tobin, Nicole H | Ferbas, Kathie G | Aldrovandi, Grace M | Rimoin, Anne W C1 - 2021-07-30 C2 - Social, Behavioral, and Communication Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07302021_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 22 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciab614 ET - 2021/07/23 KW - Covid-19 | first responders | healthcare workers | vaccine hesitancy | vaccines L1 - internal-pdf://1182751561/Halbrook-2021-Longitudinal assessment of COVID.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Halbrook, Megan | Gadoth, Adva | Martin-Blais, Rachel | Gray, Ashley N | Kashani, Saman | Kazan, Clayton | Kane, Brian | Tobin, Nicole H | Ferbas, Kathie G | Aldrovandi, Grace M | Rimoin, Anne W | eng | Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Jul 22. pii: 6325325. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab614. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Between September 2020 and February 2021, vaccine confidence increased among Los Angeles healthcare workers (n = 858) from 46.4% to 90.0%, and among first responders (n = 465) from 34.6% to 75.7%. Important factors cited by respondents were reports about Phase 3 efficacy and low side effects. Those remaining hesitant cited insufficient information on novel vaccines. SN - 1058-4838 ST - Longitudinal assessment of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and uptake among frontline medical workers in Los Angeles, California T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Longitudinal assessment of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and uptake among frontline medical workers in Los Angeles, California UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab614 Y2 - 8/2/2021 ID - 2176 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Insights into early, specific humoral and cellular responses to infection with SARS-CoV-2, as well as the persistence and magnitude of resulting immune memory is important amidst the ongoing pandemic. The combination of humoral and cellular immunity will most likely contribute to protection from reinfection or severe disease.Methods Here, we conducted a longitudinal study on hospitalized moderate and severe COVID-19 patients from the acute phase of disease into convalescence at five- and nine-months post symptom onset. Utilizing flow cytometry, serological assays as well as B cell and T cell FluoroSpot assays, we assessed the magnitude and specificity of humoral and cellular immune memory during and after human SARS-CoV-2 infection.Findings During acute COVID-19, we observed an increase in germinal center activity, a substantial expansion of antibodysecreting cells, and the generation of SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies. Despite gradually decreasing antibody levels, we show persistent, neutralizing antibody titers as well as robust specific memory B cell responses and polyfunctional T cell responses at five- and nine-months after symptom onset in both moderate and severe COVID-19 patients. Long-term SARS-CoV-2 specific responses were marked by preferential targeting of spike over nucleocapsid protein.Conclusions Our findings describe the initiation and, importantly, persistence of cellular and humoral SARS-CoV-2 specific immunological memory in hospitalized COVID-19 patients long after recovery, likely contributing towards protection against reinfection.Competing Interest StatementMarcus Buggert is a consultant for Oxford Immunotech. AU - Sandberg, John Tyler | Varnaitė, Renata | Christ, Wanda | Chen, Puran | Muvva, Jagadeeswara R. | Maleki, Kimia T. | Garc�Ta, Marina | Dzidic, Majda | Folkesson, Elin | Skagerberg, Magdalena | Ahlén, Gustaf | Frelin, Lars | Sällberg, Matti | Eriksson, Lars I. | Rooyackers, Olav | Sönnerborg, Anders | Buggert, Marcus | Björkström, Niklas K. | Aleman, Soo | Strålin, Kristoffer | Klingström, Jonas | Ljunggren, Hans-Gustaf | Blom, Kim | Gredmark-Russ, Sara C1 - 2021-03-26 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03262021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.03.17.435581 L1 - internal-pdf://1496264418/Sandberg-2021-Longitudinal characterization of.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In both moderate and severe COVID-19 patients, neutralizing antibody titer, memory B cell response, and polyfunctional T cell responses were present 5 and 9 months after symptom onset, potentially providing long-term protection against reinfection. SP - 2021.03.17.435581 ST - Longitudinal characterization of humoral and cellular immunity in hospitalized COVID-19 patients reveal immune persistence up to 9 months after infection T2 - bioRxiv TI - Longitudinal characterization of humoral and cellular immunity in hospitalized COVID-19 patients reveal immune persistence up to 9 months after infection UR - https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2021/03/17/2021.03.17.435581.full.pdf ID - 1605 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Antibody (Ab) responses to SARS-CoV-2 can be detected in most infected individuals 10-15 days following the onset of COVID-19 symptoms. However, due to the recent emergence of this virus in the human population it is not yet known how long these Ab responses will be maintained or whether they will provide protection from re-infection. Using sequential serum samples collected up to 94 days post onset of symptoms (POS) from 65 RT-qPCR confirmed SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals, we show seroconversion in >95% of cases and neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses when sampled beyond 8 days POS. We demonstrate that the magnitude of the nAb response is dependent upon the disease severity, but this does not affect the kinetics of the nAb response. Declining nAb titres were observed during the follow up period. Whilst some individuals with high peak ID50 (>10,000) maintained titres >1,000 at >60 days POS, some with lower peak ID50 had titres approaching baseline within the follow up period. A similar decline in nAb titres was also observed in a cohort of seropositive healthcare workers from Guy’s and St Thomas�?Hospitals. We suggest that this transient nAb response is a feature shared by both a SARS-CoV-2 infection that causes low disease severity and the circulating seasonal coronaviruses that are associated with common colds. This study has important implications when considering widespread serological testing, Ab protection against re-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and the durability of vaccine protection.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementKing's Together Rapid COVID-19 Call awards to MHM, KJD, SJDN and RMN. MRC Discovery Award MC/PC/15068 to SJDN, KJD and MHM. AWS and CG were supported by the MRC-KCL Doctoral Training Partnership in Biomedical Sciences (MR/N013700/1). GB was supported by the Wellcome Trust (106223/Z/14/Z to MHM). SA was supported by an MRC-KCL Doctoral Training Partnership in Biomedical Sciences industrial Collaborative Award in Science & Engineering (iCASE) in partnership with Orchard Therapeutics (MR/R015643/1). NK was supported by the Medical Research Council (MR/S023747/1 to MHM). SP HDW and SJDN were supported by a Wellcome Trust Senior Fellowship (WT098049AIA). Fondation Dormeur, Vaduz for funding equipment (to KJD). Development of SARS-CoV-2 reagents (RBD) was partially supported by the NIAID Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS) contract HHSN272201400008C.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Work was undertaken in accordance with the UK Policy Framework for Health and Social Care Research and approved by the Risk and Assurance Committee at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (GSTFT). Serum was collected from consenting healthcare workers with expedited approval from GSTFT Research & Development office, Occupational Health department and Medical director.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAnonymised data was used in this study and is not available for distribution outside the host organisations. AU - Seow, Jeffrey | Graham, Carl | Merrick, Blair | Acors, Sam | Steel, Kathyrn J. A. | Hemmings, Oliver | O’Bryne, Aoife | Kouphou, Neophytos | Pickering, Suzanne | Galao, Rui Pedro | Betancor, Gilberto | Wilson, Harry D. | Signell, Adrian W. | Winstone, Helena | Kerridge, Claire | Temperton, Nigel | Snell, Luke | Bisnauthsing, Karen | Moore, Amelia | Green, Adrian | Martinez, Lauren | Stokes, Brielle | Honey, Johanna | Izquierdo-Barras, Alba | Arbane, Gill | Patel, Amita | O’Connell, Lorcan | O’Hara, Geraldine | MacMahon, Eithne | Douthwaite, Sam | Nebbia, Gaia | Batra, Rahul | Martinez-Nunez, Rocio | Edgeworth, Jonathan D. | Neil, Stuart J. D. | Malim, Michael H. | Doores, Katie J. C1 - 2020-07-28 C2 - Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072820_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.07.09.20148429 L1 - internal-pdf://1484464221/Seow-2020-Longitudinal evaluation and decline.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Patients with increased disease severity demonstrated an increase in neutralizing antibody levels, but disease severity does not impact time to neutralizing antibody peak (Figure). | Neutralizing antibody levels peaked on average 23 days post onset of symptoms (POS), decreased 2- to 23-fold from 1 to 3 months POS, and became undetectable for some patients after 50 days (Figure). | Antibody levels to multiple viral proteins varied between individuals. | 6% of individuals showed synchronous development of IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies. | 1% showed synchronous development of antibodies to viral S, RBD and N proteins. | Methods: Evaluation of binding and neutralizing antibodies from sequential samples up to 94 days POS from 65 persons with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, and 31 seropositive healthcare workers by severity of illness. Antibodies to multiple viral proteins (S, RBD, N) and antibody isotypes (IgA, IgG and IgM) were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Limitations: Results are limited to antibody response and do include other aspects of the immune response such as cell mediated immunity. | Implications for 3 studies (Ibarrondo et al., Seow et al., & Wajnberg et al.): The results show antibody response increased with severity of disease with possible decline over time. Further studies are needed to quantify correlates of protection from SARS-CoV-2 over longer periods of time, assess the magnitude and durability of the immune response, and understand how this impacts protection from recurrent infection in order to develop correlates of protection after natural infection. SP - 2020.07.09.20148429 ST - Longitudinal evaluation and decline of antibody responses in SARS-CoV-2 infection T2 - medRxiv TI - Longitudinal evaluation and decline of antibody responses in SARS-CoV-2 infection TT - Published article: Longitudinal observation and decline of neutralizing antibody responses in the three months following SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/07/11/2020.07.09.20148429.full.pdf ID - 603 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Here, we describe the longitudinal kinetics of the serological response in COVID-19 recovered patients over the period of 14 months. The antibody kinetics in a cohort of 200 recovered patients with 89 follow up samples at 2-4 visits reveal that RBD-specific antibodies decay over the period of 14 month following the onset of symptoms. The decay rate is associated with the robustness of the response thus, recovered patients that exhibit elevated antibody levels at the first visit, experience faster decay. We further explored the longitudinal kinetics differences between recovered patients and naïve BNT162b2 vaccinees. We found a significantly faster decay in naïve vaccinees compared to recovered patients suggesting that the serological memory following natural infection is more robust compared to vaccination. Our data highlights the differences between serological memory induced by natural infection vs. vaccination, facilitating the decision making in Israel regarding the 3rd dose vaccination.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis work was supported by the Israel Ministry of Health (MOH) grant #3-17162Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Tel Aviv University institutional review board (IRB): 2938-3, 406-2, 1281-4 Hasharon Hospital, Rabin Medical Center under ethical approval number 0265-20All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThe data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author [D.D. or W.Y.]. The data are not publicly available due to the fact that they contain information that could compromise research participant privacy/consent. AU - Eyran, T. | Vaisman-Mentesh, A. | Dror, Y. | Aizik, L. | Kigel, A. | Rosenstein, S. | Bahar, Y. | Taussig, D. | Tur-Kaspa, R. | Kournos, T. | Markovitch, D. | Dicker, D. | Wine, Y. C1 - 2021-10-01 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10012021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1101/2021.09.16.21263693 L1 - internal-pdf://3205256402/Eyran-2021-The longitudinal kinetics of antibo.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 89 COVID-19 recovered patients and 17 infection-naïve BNT162b2 vaccinees followed over 14 months, antibody levels waned in 18% (IgG), 55% (IgM), and 62% (IgA) of persons to levels considered negative. Antibody decay rate in COVID-19-recovered patients was significantly slower compared with the decay in infection-naïve vaccinees. SP - 2021.09.16.21263693 ST - The longitudinal kinetics of antibodies in COVID-19 recovered patients over 14 months T2 - medRxiv TI - The longitudinal kinetics of antibodies in COVID-19 recovered patients over 14 months UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/09/21/2021.09.16.21263693.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/09/21/2021.09.16.21263693.full.pdf ID - 2404 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BackgroundNon-Hispanic Black populations have suffered much greater per capita COVID-19 mortality than White populations. Previous work has shown that rates of Black and White mortality have converged over time. Understanding of COVID-19 disparities over time is complicated by geographic changes in prevalence, and some prior research has claimed that regional shifts in COVID-19 prevalence may explain the convergence. AD - Department of Economics, Duke University, 213 Social Sciences, 419 Chapel Drive, Durham, North Carolina, US. | Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, 2424 Erwin Road, Suite 1102 Hock Plaza, Box 2721, Durham, North Carolina, US. | University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Cir, Baltimore, Maryland, US. | Onduo, 55 Chapel Street, Suite 300, Newton, MA, US. AN - 34528022 AU - Lawton, Ralph | Zheng, Kevin | Zheng, Daniel | Huang, Erich C1 - 2021-07-23 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07232021_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1016/j.lana.2021.100011 ET - 2021/09/17 KW - Covid-19 | Demography | Disparities | Longitudinal | Mortality | Race | following competing interests: E.H. is a non-executive founder of Stratus | Medicine, kelaHealth, and MedBlue Data, and is the Chief Innovation Officer at | Onduo. L1 - internal-pdf://4180460449/1-s2.0-S2667193X2100003X-main.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Lawton, Ralph | Zheng, Kevin | Zheng, Daniel | Huang, Erich | eng | UL1 TR002553/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ | England | Lancet Reg Health Am. 2021 Sep;1:100011. doi: 10.1016/j.lana.2021.100011. Epub 2021 Jul 13. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; COVID-19 deaths increased 61% for non-Hispanic Blacks and 90% for non-Hispanic Whites nationally between June 2020 and January 2021. | The COVID-19 mortality rate ratio of Blacks to Whites decreased by ~25%. | County level analysis revealed that the Black/White mortality ratio changed the least in higher population density areas and decreased the most in younger populations. | Methods: National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) COVID-19 mortality data were used for national (May 6, 2020–January 27, 2021) and county-level (June 24, 2020–January 27, 2021) analyses. Demographic information was obtained from the American Community Surveys (ACS), CDC Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, and USAfacts.org. Limitations: Delays in county-level reporting could underestimate the number of deaths. Only counties with more than 10 deaths for Black and White individuals were included. | Implications: The Black/White COVID-19 mortality ratio has been declining and the driving force for the observed mortality convergence appears to be changes within counties rather than county level differences or regional dispersion of COVID-19. SN - 2667-193X SP - 100011 ST - A longitudinal study of convergence between Black and White COVID-19 mortality: A county fixed effects approach T2 - Lancet Reg Health Am TI - A longitudinal study of convergence between Black and White COVID-19 mortality: A county fixed effects approach UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lana.2021.100011 VL - 1 Y2 - 2021/07/26 ID - 2129 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BackgroundLopinavir?ritonavir has been proposed as a treatment for COVID-19 on the basis of in vitro activity, preclinical studies, and observational studies. Here, we report the results of a randomised trial to assess whether lopinavir?ritonavir improves outcomes in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. AU - Horby, Peter W. | Mafham, Marion | Bell, Jennifer L. | Linsell, Louise | Staplin, Natalie | Emberson, Jonathan | Palfreeman, Adrian | Raw, Jason | Elmahi, Einas | Prudon, Benjamin | Green, Christopher | Carley, Simon | Chadwick, David | Davies, Matthew | Wise, Matthew P. | Baillie, J. Kenneth | Chappell, Lucy C. | Faust, Saul N. | Jaki, Thomas | Jefferey, Katie | Lim, Wei Shen | Montgomery, Alan | Rowan, Kathryn | Juszczak, Edmund | Haynes, Richard | Landray, Martin J. C1 - 2020-10-13 | 2020-10-20 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/101320_covidupdate.html | http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102020_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32013-4 IS - 10259 L1 - internal-pdf://2140223241/1-s2.0-S0140673620320134-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; No significant difference was found between hospitalized patients with COVID-19 assigned to lopinavir–ritonavir and patients assigned to usual care with regard to: | Death within 28 days (374 [23%] vs 767 [22%]) (Figure). | Time to discharge alive from hospital (median 11 days [IQR 5 to >28] in both groups). | Proportion discharged alive within 28 days (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.91-1.05, p = 0.53). | Results were consistent across all prespecified subgroups of patients stratified by age, sex, ethnicity, duration of symptoms, respiratory support at randomization, and baseline predicted risk of death. | Methods: Multi-center, open-label, randomized, controlled trial of hospitalized COVID-19 patients assigned to lopinavir-ritonavir (n = 1,616) or to regular care (n = 3,424) as part of the RECOVERY trialexternal icon. The primary outcome was 28-day all-cause mortality. Limitations: Relatively few intubated patients enrolled. | Implications: Consistent with results from previously publishedexternal icon smaller trial and interim results from the WHO’s SOLIDARITY trialexternal icon, these findings do not support lopinavir–ritonavir treatment for patients hospitalized with COVID-19. An accompanying editorialexternal icon argues that antivirals alone might be insufficient for severely ill patients and that combination therapy with antivirals and immunomodulators should be evaluated for severe COVID-19. SE - 1345 SN - 01406736 SP - 1345-1352 ST - Lopinavir–ritonavir in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial T2 - Lancet TI - Lopinavir–ritonavir in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32013-4 VL - 396 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 1035 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The newly emerged betacoronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, causes the COVID-19 pandemic since December 2019 with more than 35 million laboratory confirmed human infections and over one million deaths within nine months. The genome of SARS-CoV-2 continues to evolve during the global transmission with the notable emergence of the spike D614G substitution that enhances infectivity. Some of these viral adaptations may alter not only the infectivity but also viral pathogenesis. Continuous phylogenomic analysis of circulating viral strains and functional investigation of new non-synonymous substitutions may help to understand the evolution of virus, its virulence and transmissibility. Here we describe a loss of an accessory protein orf3b (57 amino acids) in current circulating SARS-CoV-2 strains, contributing around 24% of more than 100,000 complete viral genomes analysed. The loss of 3b is caused by the presence of an early stop codon which is created by an orf3a Q57H substitution. There is an increasing trend in the loss of orf3b which has reached 32% in May 2020. Geographically, loss of 3b is more prevalent in certain countries including Colombia (46%), USA (48%), South Korea (51%), France (66%), Saudi Arabia (72%), Finland (76%) and Egypt (77%). Interestingly, the loss of 3b coincides with the emergence of spike D614G substitution. In addition, we found that truncated orf3b has lost the interferon antagonism compared to the full-length orf3b, suggesting a loss of function by the newly adapted virus. Further investigation of orf3b deletion and spike D614G substitution on virulence and infectivity respectively will provide important insights into SARS-CoV-2 evolution. AD - Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China. | State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China. AN - 33205709 AU - Lam, J. Y. | Yuen, C. K. | Ip, J. D. | Wong, W. M. | To, K. K. | Yuen, K. Y. | Kok, K. H. C1 - 2020-12-15 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/121520_covidupdate.html DA - Dec DO - 10.1080/22221751.2020.1852892 ET - 2020/11/19 IS - 1 KW - Amino Acid Sequence | Cells, Cultured | *Gene Deletion | Humans | Interferons/antagonists & inhibitors | SARS-CoV-2/*genetics/pathogenicity | Viral Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/immunology | D614g | Q57h | SARS-CoV-2 | orf3a | orf3b L1 - internal-pdf://3461263711/Lam-2020-Loss of orf3b in the circulating SARS.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Lam, Joy-Yan; Yuen, Chun-Kit; Ip, Jonathan Daniel; Wong, Wan-Man; To, Kelvin Kai-Wang; Yuen, Kwok-Yung; Kok, Kin-Hang; eng; Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020 Dec;9(1):2685-2696. doi: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1852892. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; SARS-CoV-2 strains that lack a full-length form of orf3b (known as orfΔ3b) cluster to form a distinct population; the emergence of this population coincides with the emergence of the spike protein 614G variant. | Approximately 24% of circulating sequences carry orfΔ3b (Figure). | SARS-CoV-2 orfΔ3b strains circulate worldwide. | SARS-CoV-2 orfΔ3b does not block interferon production, unlike full-length orf3b. | Methods: 150,000 sequences extracted from a global SARS-CoV-2 genomic depository were used to construct a phylogenetic tree with 106 representative sequences. Interferon production by cell cultures with orf3b and the orfΔ3b form was measured. | Implications: SARS-CoV-2 Δ3b strains have become widespread; these strains have lost the ability to block the antiviral activity of interferons, but the effect of this on virulence has yet to be determined. SN - 2222-1751 (Electronic); 2222-1751 (Linking) SP - 2685-2696 ST - Loss of orf3b in the circulating SARS-CoV-2 strains T2 - Emerg Microbes Infect TI - Loss of orf3b in the circulating SARS-CoV-2 strains UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33205709 VL - 9 ID - 1325 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Among 283 symptomatic healthcare personnel (HCP) tested for SARS-CoV-2, 51 (18%) were positive. Among those 51 HCP, self reported loss of smell and taste were present in 51% and 52.9%, respectively, with either present in 60.8%. These symptoms had high specificity (93% each, 96% for either) for a positive SARS-CoV-2 test. AD - Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. | Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. | Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. | Grady Health System, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. | Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. | Division of General Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. AN - 32743642 AU - Kempker, R. R. | Kempker, J. A. | Peters, M. | Rebolledo, P. A. | Carroll, K. | Toomer, L. | Wang, Y. F. W. | Ray, S. M. | Hunter, M. C1 - 2020-08-14 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08142020_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 8 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa877 ET - 2020/08/04 IS - 7 KW - Anosmia | *covid-19 | *Coronavirus | Delivery of Health Care | Humans | *Olfaction Disorders | SARS-CoV-2 | Taste | *SARS-CoV-2 | *healthcare personnel | *screening | *smell L1 - internal-pdf://1877260314/Kempker-2021-Loss of Smell and Taste Among Hea.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Kempker, Russell R; Kempker, Jordan A; Peters, Marcia; Rebolledo, Paulina A; Carroll, Kelley; Toomer, Linda; Wang, Yun F Wayne; Ray, Susan M; Hunter, Mary; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Apr 8;72(7):1244-1246. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa877. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Of 283 healthcare workers (HCW) tested for SARS-CoV-2, 51 (18%) tested positive. | Chills or myalgia, both p = 0.01, and fever, loss of taste, loss of smell or both, all p < 0.01, were associated with positive test results, p <0.01. | Among all symptoms, loss of taste, smell, or both had the highest specificity (�?89%) and positive predictive values (�?6%) (Table). | Methods: Convenience sample of 549 HCW reporting symptoms consistent with COVID-19. After undergoing symptom screening, including for loss of smell or taste, 283 were referred for SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR testing. Limitations: Not all HCW received testing; criteria for testing were not reported. | Implications: Loss of taste and smell should be included in screening algorithms for HCW. SE - 1244 SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - 1244-1246 ST - Loss of Smell and Taste Among Healthcare Personnel Screened for Coronavirus 2019 T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Loss of Smell and Taste Among Healthcare Personnel Screened for Coronavirus 2019 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32743642 VL - 72 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 705 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Widespread vaccine administration is necessary to curb the COVID-19 pandemic. To overcome COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, states have introduced various strategies to increase vaccine uptake. On May 12, 2021, the state of Ohio announced a lottery system to pay randomly selected vaccine recipients up to $1 million. After initial reports that vaccine uptake had subsequently increased in Ohio, other states adopted similar vaccine payment lotteries.However, the announcement of the Ohio vaccine lottery closely coincided with the US Food and Drug Administration expanding Emergency Use Authorization of the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) messenger RNA vaccine to adolescents aged 12 to 15 years on May 10, 2021. We assessed changes in COVID-19 vaccination rates before and after the Ohio vaccine lottery announcement compared with national rates to control for the expansion of vaccine indications to adolescents. AD - Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts. AN - 34213530 AU - Walkey, Allan J. | Law, Anica | Bosch, Nicholas A. C1 - 2021-07-09 C2 - Social, Behavioral, and Communication Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07092021_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 24 DO - 10.1001/jama.2021.11048 ET - 2021/07/03 IS - 8 KW - Adolescent | Adult | COVID-19/*prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/*administration & dosage | Confidence Intervals | Humans | Interrupted Time Series Analysis | *Motivation | Ohio | *Reward | United States | Vaccination/psychology/*statistics & numerical data/trends L1 - internal-pdf://2206036912/Walkey-2021-Lottery-Based Incentive in Ohio an.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Walkey, Allan J | Law, Anica | Bosch, Nicholas A | eng | R01 HL139751/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ | R01 HL151607/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ | R01 HL136660/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ | OT2 HL156812/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ | K23 HL153482/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ | F32 GM133061/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ | Comparative Study | Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural | JAMA. 2021 Aug 24;326(8):766-767. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.11048. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Daily vaccination rates in adults decreased steadily in Ohio and the US from April to May 2021 (Figure): | Ohio: �?/100,000 persons (95% CI �?2 to �?). | US: �?4/100,000 persons (95% CI �?8 to �?1). | After Ohio announced its vaccination lottery incentive on May 12, 2021, daily rates did not increase significantly in Ohio and changes were nearly identical to changes seen in the US as a whole (Figure): | Ohio: +30/100,000 persons; (95% CI -53 to 113). | US: +27/100,000 persons (95% CI -53 to 106). | Methods: Vaccination rates among adults >18 years in Ohio and the US from April 15–May 12, 2021 (pre-lottery) were compared with rates from May 13–June 9, 2021 (post-lottery). The days after 10 other states announced lotteries were omitted from US data. Limitations: There may be potential unmeasured confounding variables related to the dates of the lottery announcement; study may be under powered to detect small changes in vaccination rate. | Implications: There was no evidence that lottery-based incentives significantly increased vaccine uptake in adults in Ohio. Decrease in rate of vaccination decline may be related to expanding eligibility of the BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) vaccine to 12�?5 years on May 10, 2021. SN - 0098-7484 SP - 766-767 ST - Lottery-Based Incentive in Ohio and COVID-19 Vaccination Rates T2 - JAMA TI - Lottery-Based Incentive in Ohio and COVID-19 Vaccination Rates UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.11048 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/2781792/jama_walkey_2021_ld_210044_1625174412.0728.pdf VL - 326 Y2 - 7/16/2021 ID - 1950 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Many patients are fearful of acquiring COVID-19 in hospitals and clinics. We characterized the risk of COVID-19 amongst 226 patients exposed to healthcare workers with confirmed COVID-19; one patient may have been infected, suggesting that the risk of COVID-19 transmission from healthcare workers to patients is generally low. AD - Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA. | Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School / Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA. | Department of Quality and Safety, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA. | Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA USA. AN - 32856692 AU - Baker, M. A. | Fiumara, K. | Rhee, C. | Williams, S. A. | Tucker, R. | Wickner, P. | Resnick, A. | Klompas, M. | C. D. C. Prevention Epicenters Program C1 - 2020-09-08 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090820_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 28 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa1269 ET - 2020/08/29 KW - Covid | coronavirus | exposure | healthcare worker | transmission L1 - internal-pdf://4123157889/Baker-2020-Low risk of COVID-19 among patients.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Baker, Meghan A; Fiumara, Karen; Rhee, Chanu; Williams, Sarah A; Tucker, Robert; Wickner, Paige; Resnick, Andrew; Klompas, Michael; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Aug 28. pii: 5898497. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1269. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Only one case of COVID-19 (0.4%) could be attributed to a healthcare exposure. | All exposures were to infected healthcare providers (HCPs; n = 60) and there were no documented patient-to-patient exposures. | Most of the infected HCPs were nurses (35/60; 58%) followed by physicians (12/60; 20%) and patient care associates (7/60; 12%). | Majority of exposures occurred in the inpatient (75%) vs outpatient areas (25%). | Methods: Contact tracing was conducted between March 1 and June 10, 2020 for 238 patients with healthcare exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in a large academic hospital. Follow-up information was available for 226 of 253 exposures, defined as �?0 minutes of face-to-face contact within 6 feet, during which �? person was not wearing a mask. A COVID-19 case was healthcare-associated if it occurred within 14-days of healthcare exposure. Limitations: Single site; exposure definition, mask requirements and testing recommendations changed during the observation period. | Implications: The risk of SARS CoV-2 transmission from HCP to patients appears to be low in hospital inpatient and outpatient settings. Given routinely practiced infection control precautions and the quality of ventilation in settings, avoiding urgent medical care is likely to present a greater risk to patients than presenting to a healthcare setting when care is needed. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) ST - Low risk of COVID-19 among patients exposed to infected healthcare workers T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Low risk of COVID-19 among patients exposed to infected healthcare workers UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32856692 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 838 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Mandates for mask use in public during the recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, worsened by global shortage of commercial supplies, have led to widespread use of homemade masks and mask alternatives. It is assumed that wearing such masks reduces the likelihood for an infected person to spread the disease, but many of these mask designs have not been tested in practice. We have demonstrated a simple optical measurement method to evaluate the efficacy of masks to reduce the transmission of respiratory droplets during regular speech. In proof-of-principle studies, we compared a variety of commonly available mask types and observed that some mask types approach the performance of standard surgical masks, while some mask alternatives, such as neck gaiters or bandanas, offer very little protection. Our measurement setup is inexpensive and can be built and operated by nonexperts, allowing for rapid evaluation of mask performance during speech, sneezing, or coughing. AD - Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA. | Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA. martin.fischer@duke.edu. | Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA. | Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA. | Cover Durham, Durham, NC 27701, USA. | Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. | Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA. | Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. AN - 32917603 AU - Fischer, E. P. | Fischer, M. C. | Grass, D. | Henrion, I. | Warren, W. S. | Westman, E. C1 - 2020-08-18 C2 - Face Masks CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/081820_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1126/sciadv.abd3083 ET - 2020/09/13 IS - 36 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*prevention & control | Filtration/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Masks/*statistics & numerical data | Optical Imaging | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*prevention & control | Respiration | SARS-CoV-2 | Speech L1 - internal-pdf://3913324434/Fischer-2020-Low-cost measurement of face mask.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Fischer, Emma P; Fischer, Martin C; Grass, David; Henrion, Isaac; Warren, Warren S; Westman, Eric; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Sci Adv. 2020 Sep 2;6(36). pii: sciadv.abd3083. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abd3083. Print 2020 Sep. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Of all face coverings tested, the fitted (no valve) N95 was far superior to no mask; several other masks approached similar levels of performance (Figures 1 and 2). | Poly/cotton and cotton pleated masks blocked over 80% of exhaled respiratory particles compared with no mask (Figure 2). | Some face coverings, blocked substantially fewer (e.g., bandana) or effectively no (e.g. fleece gaiter) respiratory particles (Figure 2). | Valved N95 offered some reduction of droplet spread; performance was likely affected by the valve. | Methods: Evaluation of the efficacy of 14 commonly available masks or mask alternatives to block respiratory particles droplets during regular speech. Each mask was compared to no mask on amount of droplet spread generated during speech. Limitations: Inter-subject variation due to mask fit, speech pattern; small study; limited measurement of droplet quantity and size. | Implications for 3 studies (Fischer et al., Sickbert-Bennett et al., & Verma et al.): Purpose and performance need to be considered when choosing different face coverings. Face shields and masks with valves offer substantially less benefit than unvalved fabric masks and should not be used for this purpose. SN - 2375-2548 (Electronic); 2375-2548 (Linking) SP - eabd3083 ST - Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech T2 - Sci Adv TI - Low-cost measurement of face mask efficacy for filtering expelled droplets during speech UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32917603 VL - 6 ID - 726 ER - TY - JOUR AB - For general pediatricians who have worked in busy practices delivering well-child care, administering immunizations, and supporting children and families with social needs, the empty clinic hallways and examination rooms are a stark reminder of who is missing from the daily news feed about the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: children, particularly those who live in poverty. The rate of serious illness among young children from the novel coronavirus is very low. Yet to slow the spread of the virus, all states have closed schools, disrupting routines critical to learning, nutrition, and social development. Directly and indirectly, low-income children have been forced to subordinate their own well-being for the greater good. To recognize and respect this sacrifice, the US should make a commitment to provide them with the opportunities they have long deserved. AD - Child Health Advocacy Institute, Division of General Pediatrics and Community Health, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC. | Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. AN - 32401283 AU - Dooley, D. G. | Bandealy, A. | Tschudy, M. M. C1 - 2020-05-22 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052220_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 1 DO - 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.2065 ET - 2020/05/14 IS - 10 KW - Covid-19 | Child | *Child Development | *Child Welfare | *Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology | Humans | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology | *Poverty | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://0003046594/Dooley-2020-Low-Income Children and Coronaviru.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Dooley, Danielle G; Bandealy, Asad; Tschudy, Megan M; eng; JAMA Pediatr. 2020 Oct 1;174(10):922-923. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.2065. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Compared to children in middle or high income brackets, low income children are disproportionately impacted by school closures, as well as disruptions to learning, loss of nutritional support, and reduced social development. SN - 2168-6211 (Electronic); 2168-6203 (Linking) SP - 922-923 ST - Low-Income Children and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the US T2 - JAMA Pediatr TI - Low-Income Children and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the US UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32401283 VL - 174 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 229 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic has created an unprecedented healthcare, social, and economic disaster. Wearing of masks and social distancing can significantly decrease transmission and spread, however, due to circumstances such as medical or dental intervention and personal choice these practices have not been universally adopted. Additional strategies are required to lessen transmission. Nasal rinses and mouthwashes, which directly impact the major sites of reception and transmission of human coronaviruses (HCoV), may provide an additional level of protection against the virus. Common over-the-counter nasal rinses and mouthwashes/gargles were tested for their ability to inactivate high concentrations of HCoV using contact times of 30 s, 1 min, and 2 min. Reductions in titers were measured by using the tissue culture infectious dose 50 (TCID50 ) assay. A 1% baby shampoo nasal rinse solution inactivated HCoV greater than 99.9% with a 2-min contact time. Several over-the-counter mouthwash/gargle products including Listerine and Listerine-like products were highly effective at inactivating infectious virus with greater than 99.9% even with a 30-s contact time. In the current manuscript we have demonstrated that several commonly available healthcare products have significant virucidal properties with respect to HCoV. AD - Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA. | Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA. | Department of Ophthalmology, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA. | Department of Otolaryngology, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA. | Department of Surgery, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA. AN - 32940907 AU - Meyers, C. | Robison, R. | Milici, J. | Alam, S. | Quillen, D. | Goldenberg, D. | Kass, R. C1 - 2020-11-10 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/111020_covidupdate.html DA - Mar DO - 10.1002/jmv.26514 ET - 2020/09/18 IS - 3 KW - Anti-Infective Agents, Local/pharmacology | COVID-19/drug therapy/*prevention & control/*transmission | Cell Line | Humans | Masks/statistics & numerical data | Mouthwashes/pharmacology | Physical Distancing | SARS-CoV-2/*drug effects/*growth & development | Surface-Active Agents/pharmacology | Virus Inactivation/drug effects | *antiviral agents | *coronavirus | *dissemination | *epidemiology | *horizontal transmission | *pathogenesis | *shedding | *virus classification L1 - internal-pdf://1081679875/Meyers-2021-Lowering the transmission and spre.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Meyers, Craig; Robison, Richard; Milici, Janice; Alam, Samina; Quillen, David; Goldenberg, David; Kass, Rena; eng; The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences' Coronavirus Research Seed Fund (CRSF); Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; J Med Virol. 2021 Mar;93(3):1605-1612. doi: 10.1002/jmv.26514. Epub 2020 Oct 5. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A 1% baby shampoo nasal rinse solution (two-minute contact time) and several mouthwashes (30-second contact time) inactivated human coronavirus infectivity >99.9%. SN - 1096-9071 (Electronic); 0146-6615 (Linking) SP - 1605-1612 ST - Lowering the transmission and spread of human coronavirus T2 - J Med Virol TI - Lowering the transmission and spread of human coronavirus UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32940907 VL - 93 ID - 1208 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Krause, Philip R. | Fleming, Thomas R. | Ellenberg, Susan S. | Henao-Restrepo, Ana Maria | Krause, P. R. | Fleming, T. | Alejandria, M. M. | Bhargava, B. | Ellenberg, S. | Garcia, P. J. | Halloran, E. | Henao-Restrepo, A. M. | Longini, I. | Miranda Montoya, M. C. | Roses, M. | Sommerfelt, H. C1 - 2020-11-10 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/111020_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32259-5 IS - 10263 L1 - internal-pdf://0633738829/1-s2.0-S0140673620322595-main.pdf LA - en LB - Vaccines | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Editorial discussing that emerging data from trials of candidate COVID-19 vaccines cannot be disclosed in ways that influence the design or conduct of trials and potentially bias the results. SE - 1611 SN - 01406736 SP - 1611-1613 ST - Maintaining confidentiality of emerging results in COVID-19 vaccine trials is essential T2 - Lancet TI - Maintaining confidentiality of emerging results in COVID-19 vaccine trials is essential UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32259-5 VL - 396 Y2 - 2021/05/14 ID - 1212 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Worldwide, long-term care (LTC) homes have been heavily impacted by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The significant risk of COVID-19 to LTC residents has resulted in major public health restrictions placed on LTC visitation. This article describes the important considerations for the facilitation of social connections between LTC residents and their loved ones during the COVID-19 pandemic, based on the experiences of 10 continuing care homes in Alberta, Canada. Important considerations include: technology, physical space, human resource requirements, scheduling and organization, and infection prevention and control. We describe some of the challenges encountered when implementing alternative visit approaches such as video and phone visits, window visits and outdoor in-person visits, and share several strategies and approaches to managing this new process within LTC. AD - CapitalCare, Edmonton, AB, Canada. AN - 33110931 AU - Ickert, C. | Rozak, H. | Masek, J. | Eigner, K. | Schaefer, S. C1 - 2020-11-03 C2 - Mental Health and Well Being CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/110320_covidupdate.html DA - Jan-Dec DO - 10.1177/2333721420962669 DP - NLM ET - 2020/10/29 KW - Alzheimer's/Dementia | long-term care | mental health | public health/public policy | conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or | publication of this article. L1 - internal-pdf://0228345619/Ickert-2020-Maintaining Resident Social Connec.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | N1 - Ickert, Carla; Rozak, Heather; Masek, Jennifer; Eigner, Keeley; Schaefer, Sherry; eng; Gerontol Geriatr Med. 2020 Oct 14;6:2333721420962669. doi: 10.1177/2333721420962669. eCollection 2020 Jan-Dec. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Considerations for facilitating social connections of long-term care residents and their families while restrictions on visitation are in place. SN - 2333-7214 (Print); 2333-7214 (Linking) SP - 2333721420962669 ST - Maintaining Resident Social Connections During COVID-19: Considerations for Long-Term Care T2 - Gerontol Geriatr Med TI - Maintaining Resident Social Connections During COVID-19: Considerations for Long-Term Care UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33110931 VL - 6 ID - 1173 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A recent genetic association study(1) identified a gene cluster on chromosome 3 as a risk locus for respiratory failure after infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). A separate study (COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative)(2) comprising 3,199 hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and control individuals showed that this cluster is the major genetic risk factor for severe symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection and hospitalization. Here we show that the risk is conferred by a genomic segment of around 50 kilobases in size that is inherited from Neanderthals and is carried by around 50% of people in south Asia and around 16% of people in Europe. AD - Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany. hugo.zeberg@ki.se. | Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. hugo.zeberg@ki.se. | Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany. paabo@eva.mpg.de. | Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna-son, Japan. paabo@eva.mpg.de. AN - 32998156 AU - Zeberg, H. | Paabo, S. C1 - 2020-10-09 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100920_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1038/s41586-020-2818-3 ET - 2020/10/01 IS - 7835 KW - Animals | Asia/ethnology | COVID-19/complications/*genetics/*physiopathology | Case-Control Studies | Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3/genetics | Europe/ethnology | *Genetic Predisposition to Disease | Genetic Variation/genetics | Genome-Wide Association Study | Haplotypes/genetics | Hospitalization | Humans | Linkage Disequilibrium/genetics | Multigene Family/genetics | Neanderthals/*genetics | Phylogeny | Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/complications/genetics/physiopathology L1 - internal-pdf://0239166298/Zeberg-2020-The major genetic risk factor for.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Variants | N1 - Zeberg, Hugo; Paabo, Svante; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Nature. 2020 Nov;587(7835):610-612. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2818-3. Epub 2020 Sep 30. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: The only known genetic risk associated with severe COVID-19 is a region on chromosome 3; genetic analysis shows this risk haplotype came from Neanderthals and not from other hominins. SN - 1476-4687 (Electronic); 0028-0836 (Linking) SP - 610-612 ST - The major genetic risk factor for severe COVID-19 is inherited from Neanderthals T2 - Nature TI - The major genetic risk factor for severe COVID-19 is inherited from Neanderthals UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32998156 VL - 587 ID - 1027 ER - TY - JOUR AB - [Figure: see text]; eng AD - Department of Dermatology, West Virginia University. | Virginia Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Morgantown, West Virginia. | Department of Dermatology, West Virginia University. Electronic address: michael.kolodney@hsc.wvu.edu. AN - 32707256 AU - Lee, J. | Yousaf, A. | Fang, W. | Kolodney, M. S. C1 - 2020-08-04 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/080420_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.07.062 DP - NLM ET - 2020/07/25 IS - 5 KW - *Alopecia | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus Infections | Humans | Male | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://2613345228/Lee-2020-Male balding is a major risk factor f.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Lee, Justin; Yousaf, Ahmed; Fang, Wei; Kolodney, Michael S; eng; U54 GM104942/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/; Letter; Comment; J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020 Nov;83(5):e353-e354. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.07.062. Epub 2020 Jul 22. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Increasing extent of androgenic alopecia (balding) was associated with increased likelihood hospitalization for COVID-19 (Figure). | Mean age and body mass index (BMI) were similar between those with and without COVID-19; Methods: 1,941 hospitalized men from the UK Biobank studyexternal icon, which collects biological samples and health data from 500, 000 persons in the UK, of whom 336 had COVID-19. Data from 2019 were used for all covariates (age, BMI, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, balding). Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to examine the association of balding with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test. Limitations: Balding data were self-reportedexternal icon; asymptomatic COVID-19 patients not included; no information provided on when participants were tested for SARS-CoV-2 or what test was used. | Implications: Severe androgenic alopecia might be associated with risk for more severeCOVID-19; more robust studies are needed. SN - 1097-6787 (Electronic); 0190-9622 (Linking) SP - e353-e354 ST - Male balding is a major risk factor for severe COVID-19 T2 - J Am Acad Dermatol TI - Male balding is a major risk factor for severe COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32707256 VL - 83 ID - 633 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Anecdotal evidence suggests that Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, exhibits differences in morbidity and mortality between sexes. Here, we present a meta-analysis of 3,111,714 reported global cases to demonstrate that, whilst there is no difference in the proportion of males and females with confirmed COVID-19, male patients have almost three times the odds of requiring intensive treatment unit (ITU) admission (OR = 2.84; 95% CI = 2.06, 3.92) and higher odds of death (OR = 1.39; 95% CI = 1.31, 1.47) compared to females. With few exceptions, the sex bias observed in COVID-19 is a worldwide phenomenon. An appreciation of how sex is influencing COVID-19 outcomes will have important implications for clinical management and mitigation strategies for this disease. AD - Centre for Adolescent Rheumatology Versus Arthritis at UCL, UCLH, GOSH, London, UK. | Centre for Rheumatology Research, Division of Medicine, UCL, London, UK. | Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK. | NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK. | Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, School of Child and Adolescent Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. kate.webb@uct.ac.za. | The Francis Crick Institute, Crick African Network, London, UK. kate.webb@uct.ac.za. | Centre for Adolescent Rheumatology Versus Arthritis at UCL, UCLH, GOSH, London, UK. c.deakin@ucl.ac.uk. | Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK. c.deakin@ucl.ac.uk. | NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK. c.deakin@ucl.ac.uk. AN - 33298944 AU - Peckham, H. | de Gruijter, N. M. | Raine, C. | Radziszewska, A. | Ciurtin, C. | Wedderburn, L. R. | Rosser, E. C. | Webb, K. | Deakin, C. T. C1 - 2020-12-22 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/122220_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 9 DO - 10.1038/s41467-020-19741-6 ET - 2020/12/11 IS - 1 KW - COVID-19/diagnosis/*epidemiology | Female | Humans | Intensive Care Units/statistics & numerical data | Male | *Mortality | Pandemics | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification | *Sex Factors L1 - internal-pdf://1074300347/Peckham-2020-Male sex identified by global COV.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Peckham, Hannah; de Gruijter, Nina M; Raine, Charles; Radziszewska, Anna; Ciurtin, Coziana; Wedderburn, Lucy R; Rosser, Elizabeth C; Webb, Kate; Deakin, Claire T; eng; MR/P028071/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; DH_/Department of Health/United Kingdom; 22203/VAC_/Versus Arthritis/United Kingdom; MR/R013926/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; Meta-Analysis; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Nat Commun. 2020 Dec 9;11(1):6317. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19741-6. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A meta-analysis over 3 million reported global cases of COVID-19 showing that male patients have higher odds of admission to intensive care and death compared with female patients, despite having similar rates of COVID-19. SN - 2041-1723 (Electronic); 2041-1723 (Linking) SP - 6317 ST - Male sex identified by global COVID-19 meta-analysis as a risk factor for death and ITU admission T2 - Nat Commun TI - Male sex identified by global COVID-19 meta-analysis as a risk factor for death and ITU admission UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33298944 VL - 11 ID - 1360 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The human pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the major pandemic of the twenty-first century. We analyzed more than 4700 SARS-CoV-2 genomes and associated metadata retrieved from public repositories. SARS-CoV-2 sequences have a high sequence identity (>99.9%), which drops to >96% when compared to bat coronavirus genome. We built a mutation-annotated reference SARS-CoV-2 phylogeny with two main macro-haplogroups, A and B, both of Asian origin, and more than 160 sub-branches representing virus strains of variable geographical origins worldwide, revealing a rather uniform mutation occurrence along branches that could have implications for diagnostics and the design of future vaccines. Identification of the root of SARS-CoV-2 genomes is not without problems, owing to conflicting interpretations derived from either using the bat coronavirus genomes as an outgroup or relying on the sampling chronology of the SARS-CoV-2 genomes and TMRCA estimates; however, the overall scenario favors haplogroup A as the ancestral node. Phylogenetic analysis indicates a TMRCA for SARS-CoV-2 genomes dating to November 12, 2019, thus matching epidemiological records. Sub-haplogroup A2 most likely originated in Europe from an Asian ancestor and gave rise to subclade A2a, which represents the major non-Asian outbreak, especially in Africa and Europe. Multiple founder effect episodes, most likely associated with super-spreader hosts, might explain COVID-19 pandemic to a large extent. AD - Unidade de Xenetica, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses (INCIFOR), Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, and GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), 15706, Galicia, Spain. | Genetics, Vaccines and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS) and Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), 15706, Galicia, Spain. | Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela (SERGAS), 15706, Galicia, Spain. AN - 32878977 AU - Gomez-Carballa, A. | Bello, X. | Pardo-Seco, J. | Martinon-Torres, F. | Salas, A. C1 - 2020-09-08 C2 - Phylogenetic Analysis CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090820_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1101/gr.266221.120 ET - 2020/09/04 IS - 10 KW - Animals | Asia/epidemiology | Base Sequence/genetics | Betacoronavirus/*genetics | Covid-19 | Chiroptera/virology | Chromosome Mapping | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Europe/epidemiology | Evolution, Molecular | Genetic Variation/genetics | Genome, Viral/*genetics | Humans | Pandemics | Phylogeny | Phylogeography | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | SARS-CoV-2 | Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid L1 - internal-pdf://2192481501/Gomez-Carballa-2020-Mapping genome variation o.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Gomez-Carballa, Alberto; Bello, Xabier; Pardo-Seco, Jacobo; Martinon-Torres, Federico; Salas, Antonio; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Genome Res. 2020 Oct;30(10):1434-1448. doi: 10.1101/gr.266221.120. Epub 2020 Sep 2. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Phylogeny can be used to give insights into local and regional epidemiology as well as global epidemiology SN - 1549-5469 (Electronic); 1088-9051 (Linking) SP - 1434-1448 ST - Mapping genome variation of SARS-CoV-2 worldwide highlights the impact of COVID-19 super-spreaders T2 - Genome Res TI - Mapping genome variation of SARS-CoV-2 worldwide highlights the impact of COVID-19 super-spreaders UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32878977 VL - 30 ID - 841 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Stanford Health Policy, Centers for Health Policy and Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 615 Crothers Way, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. mreitsma@stanford.edu. | Stanford Health Policy, Centers for Health Policy and Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 615 Crothers Way, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. AN - 33604818 AU - Reitsma, M. B. | Salomon, J. A. | Goldhaber-Fiebert, J. D. C1 - 2021-03-05 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03052021_covidupdate.html DA - May DO - 10.1007/s11606-021-06603-0 ET - 2021/02/20 IS - 5 KW - *covid-19 | Contact Tracing | Family Characteristics | Humans | *SARS-CoV-2 | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://1229267066/Reitsma-2021-Mapping Inequality in SARS-CoV-2.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Reitsma, Marissa B; Salomon, Joshua A; Goldhaber-Fiebert, Jeremy D; eng; 3R37DA01561217S1/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/; NU38OT000297-02/Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists; Letter; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; J Gen Intern Med. 2021 May;36(5):1476-1478. doi: 10.1007/s11606-021-06603-0. Epub 2021 Feb 18. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Maps of structural inequality were created using US Census Data to identify high-risk households (with an essential worker, more people than rooms, multigenerational) which are found disproportionately in communities of color. SN - 1525-1497 (Electronic); 0884-8734 (Linking) SP - 1476-1478 ST - Mapping Inequality in SARS-CoV-2 Household Exposure and Transmission Risk in the USA T2 - J Gen Intern Med TI - Mapping Inequality in SARS-CoV-2 Household Exposure and Transmission Risk in the USA UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33604818 VL - 36 ID - 1548 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVE: To characterise published evidence regarding preclinical and clinical interventions to overcome mask shortages during epidemics and pandemics. DESIGN: Systematic scoping review. SETTINGS: All healthcare settings relevant to epidemics and pandemics. SEARCH STRATEGY: English peer-reviewed studies published from January 1995 to June 2020 were included. Literature was identified using four databases (Medline-OVID, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library), forwards-and-backwards searching through Scopus and an extensive grey literature search. Assessment of study eligibility, data extraction and evidence appraisal were performed in duplicate by two independent reviewers. RESULTS: Of the 11 220 database citations, a total of 47 articles were included. These studies encompassed six broad categories of conservation strategies: decontamination, reusability of disposable masks and/or extended wear, layering, reusable respirators, non-traditional replacements or modifications and stockpiled masks. Promising strategies for mask conservation in the context of pandemics and epidemics include use of stockpiled masks, extended wear of disposable masks and decontamination. CONCLUSION: There are promising strategies for overcoming face mask shortages during epidemics and pandemics. Further research specific to practical considerations is required before implementation during the COVID-19 pandemic. AD - Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada abi.kirubarajan@mail.utoronto.ca. | Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. | Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. | Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. | Department of Emergency Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. | Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. AN - 33247019 AU - Kirubarajan, A. | Khan, S. | Got, T. | Yau, M. | Bryan, J. M. | Friedman, S. M. C1 - 2020-12-15 C2 - Protection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/121520_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 27 DO - 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040547 ET - 2020/11/29 IS - 11 KW - *COVID-19/prevention & control/transmission/virology | Delivery of Health Care | Equipment Reuse | *Health Personnel | Humans | Infection Control/*methods | Masks/*supply & distribution | N95 Respirators/*supply & distribution | *Pandemics | Respiratory Protective Devices | *SARS-CoV-2 | *infection control | *public health | *risk management L1 - internal-pdf://1310775407/Kirubarajan-2020-Mask shortage during epidemic.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Kirubarajan, Abirami; Khan, Shawn; Got, Tiffany; Yau, Matthew; Bryan, Jennifer M; Friedman, Steven Marc; eng; Review; England; BMJ Open. 2020 Nov 27;10(11):e040547. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040547. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Identified strategies for overcoming facemask shortages during epidemics and pandemics: included use of stockpiled masks, extended wear of disposable masks, and decontamination. SN - 2044-6055 (Electronic); 2044-6055 (Linking) SP - e040547 ST - Mask shortage during epidemics and pandemics: a scoping review of interventions to overcome limited supply T2 - BMJ Open TI - Mask shortage during epidemics and pandemics: a scoping review of interventions to overcome limited supply UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33247019 VL - 10 ID - 1338 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Face masks have become commonplace across the USA because of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic. Although evidence suggests that masks help to curb the spread of the disease, there is little empirical research at the population level. We investigate the association between self-reported mask-wearing, physical distancing, and SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the USA, along with the effect of statewide mandates on mask uptake. METHODS: Serial cross-sectional surveys were administered via a web platform to randomly surveyed US individuals aged 13 years and older, to query self-reports of face mask-wearing. Survey responses were combined with instantaneous reproductive number (Rt) estimates from two publicly available sources, the outcome of interest. Measures of physical distancing, community demographics, and other potential sources of confounding (from publicly available sources) were also assessed. We fitted multivariate logistic regression models to estimate the association between mask-wearing and community transmission control (Rt<1). Additionally, mask-wearing in 12 states was evaluated 2 weeks before and after statewide mandates. FINDINGS: 378 207 individuals responded to the survey between June 3 and July 27, 2020, of which 4186 were excluded for missing data. We observed an increasing trend in reported mask usage across the USA, although uptake varied by geography. A logistic model controlling for physical distancing, population demographics, and other variables found that a 10% increase in self-reported mask-wearing was associated with an increased odds of transmission control (odds ratio 3.53, 95% CI 2.03-6.43). We found that communities with high reported mask-wearing and physical distancing had the highest predicted probability of transmission control. Segmented regression analysis of reported mask-wearing showed no statistically significant change in the slope after mandates were introduced; however, the upward trend in reported mask-wearing was preserved. INTERPRETATION: The widespread reported use of face masks combined with physical distancing increases the odds of SARS-CoV-2 transmission control. Self-reported mask-wearing increased separately from government mask mandates, suggesting that supplemental public health interventions are needed to maximise adoption and help to curb the ongoing epidemic. FUNDING: Flu Lab, Google.org (via the Tides Foundation), National Institutes for Health, National Science Foundation, Morris-Singer Foundation, MOOD, Branco Weiss Fellowship, Ending Pandemics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (USA). AD - Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. | Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. | Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. | SurveyMonkey, San Mateo, CA, USA. | Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA. | Pandefense Advisors, San Francisco, CA, USA. | Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA. | Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA. | Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA. | Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA. | Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: john.brownstein@childrens.harvard.edu. AN - 33483277 AU - Rader, B. | White, L. F. | Burns, M. R. | Chen, J. | Brilliant, J. | Cohen, J. | Shaman, J. | Brilliant, L. | Kraemer, M. U. G. | Hawkins, J. B. | Scarpino, S. V. | Astley, C. M. | Brownstein, J. S. C1 - 2021-01-29 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01292021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar DO - 10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30293-4 ET - 2021/01/24 IS - 3 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | COVID-19/*prevention & control/*transmission | Communicable Disease Control/methods | Cross-Sectional Studies | Female | Humans | Male | *Masks | Middle Aged | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Physical Distancing | Public Health | SARS-CoV-2 | Surveys and Questionnaires | United States | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://1036634984/Rader-2021-Mask-wearing and control of SARS-Co.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Rader, Benjamin; White, Laura F; Burns, Michael R; Chen, Jack; Brilliant, Joseph; Cohen, Jon; Shaman, Jeffrey; Brilliant, Larry; Kraemer, Moritz U G; Hawkins, Jared B; Scarpino, Samuel V; Astley, Christina M; Brownstein, John S; eng; K23 DK120899/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/; R01 GM122876/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/; DMS-2027369/National Science Foundation; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. | Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. | England; Lancet Digit Health. 2021 Mar;3(3):e148-e157. doi: 10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30293-4. Epub 2021 Jan 19. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 84.6% of respondents reported they were very likely to wear a face mask to the grocery store, 40.2% reported they did so to visit friends and family, and 4.7% reported they were not likely at all to wear a mask in either setting. | A 10% increase in self-reported mask-wearing was associated with a significantly increased odds of community transmission control (OR 3.53, 95% CI 2.03-6.43). | Communities with both high reported mask-wearing and physical distancing had the highest predicted probability of transmission control. | Reported mask usage continued to increase after statewide mask mandates were introduced; however, the increases were not significant. | Methods: Self-reported mask-wearing was assessed using online survey responses from 378,207 US individuals between June 3 and July 27, 2020. Multivariate logistic regression models controlling for variables such as physical distancing and population demographics estimated the association between mask-wearing and community transmission control defined as an instantaneous reproductive number (Rt) <1. Limitations: Survey relies on self-reported behavior; survey bias; ecologic study design; model assumptions. | Implications: A higher proportion of mask-wearing and physical distancing was associated with a higher probability of SARS-CoV-2 transmission control; however, mask mandates alone are not sufficient to control the ongoing pandemic and additional health interventions are needed. SE - e148 SN - 2589-7500 (Electronic); 2589-7500 (Linking) SP - e148-e157 ST - Mask-wearing and control of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the USA: a cross-sectional study T2 - Lancet Digit Health TI - Mask-wearing and control of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in the USA: a cross-sectional study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33483277 VL - 3 Y2 - 2021/05/14 ID - 1455 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Pediatrics, Wilf Children's Hospital, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel. | Meuhedet Health Maintenance Organization, Modiin-Maccabim-Reut, Israel. AN - 32770801 AU - Shack, A. R. | Arkush, L. | Reingold, S. | Weiser, G. C1 - 2020-08-18 C2 - Face Masks CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/081820_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1111/jpc.15087 ET - 2020/08/10 IS - 9 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Child | Child, Preschool | Communication | *Coronavirus Infections | Female | Humans | Infant | Israel | Male | *Masks | *Pandemics | *Pediatricians | *Physician-Patient Relations | *Pneumonia, Viral | SARS-CoV-2 | Surveys and Questionnaires L1 - internal-pdf://0386086884/Shack-2020-Masked paediatricians during the CO.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Shack, Avram R; Arkush, Leo; Reingold, Stephen; Weiser, Giora; eng; Australia; J Paediatr Child Health. 2020 Sep;56(9):1475-1476. doi: 10.1111/jpc.15087. Epub 2020 Aug 8. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Pediatricians report more difficulty engaging with younger patients when mask-wearing and describe their ways of compensating. SN - 1440-1754 (Electronic); 1034-4810 (Linking) SP - 1475-1476 ST - Masked paediatricians during the COVID-19 pandemic and communication with children T2 - J Paediatr Child Health TI - Masked paediatricians during the COVID-19 pandemic and communication with children UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32770801 VL - 56 ID - 723 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei City Government, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. Electronic address: bsbipoke@hotmail.com. | Section of Infectious Diseases, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei City Government, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Health Care Management, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan. | Department of Chest Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. AN - 32505623 AU - Yi-Fong Su, V. | Yen, Y. F. | Yang, K. Y. | Su, W. J. | Chou, K. T. | Chen, Y. M. | Perng, D. W. C1 - 2020-06-16 C2 - Success Stories CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061620_covidupdate.html DA - Nov - Dec DO - 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101780 ET - 2020/06/09 KW - COVID-19/*prevention & control | Delivery of Health Care | Humans | *Masks | *SARS-CoV-2 | Taiwan L1 - internal-pdf://4226760223/Yi-Fong Su-2020-Masks and medical care_ Two ke.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Yi-Fong Su, Vincent; Yen, Yung-Feng; Yang, Kuang-Yao; Su, Wei-Juin; Chou, Kun-Ta; Chen, Yuh-Min; Perng, Diahn-Warng; eng; Letter; Netherlands; Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020 Nov - Dec;38:101780. doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101780. Epub 2020 Jun 4. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Highlights Taiwan’s success combating SARS-CoV-2 spread in part through universal availability of surgical masks and COVID-19-related healthcare. SN - 1873-0442 (Electronic); 1477-8939 (Linking) SP - 101780 ST - Masks and medical care: Two keys to Taiwan's success in preventing COVID-19 spread T2 - Travel Med Infect Dis TI - Masks and medical care: Two keys to Taiwan's success in preventing COVID-19 spread UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32505623 VL - 38 ID - 392 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Although the benefit of population-level public facial masking to protect others during the COVID-19 pandemic has received a great deal of attention, we discuss for one of the first times the hypothesis that universal masking reduces the "inoculum" or dose of the virus for the mask-wearer, leading to more mild and asymptomatic infection manifestations. Masks, depending on type, filter out the majority of viral particles, but not all. We first discuss the near-century-old literature around the viral inoculum and severity of disease (conceptualized as the LD50 or lethal dose of the virus). We include examples of rising rates of asymptomatic infection with population-level masking, including in closed settings (e.g., cruise ships) with and without universal masking. Asymptomatic infections may be harmful for spread but could actually be beneficial if they lead to higher rates of exposure. Exposing society to SARS-CoV-2 without the unacceptable consequences of severe illness with public masking could lead to greater community-level immunity and slower spread as we await a vaccine. This theory of viral inoculum and mild or asymptomatic disease with SARS-CoV-2 in light of population-level masking has received little attention so this is one of the first perspectives to discuss the evidence supporting this theory. AD - Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) , San Francisco, CA, USA. monica.gandhi@ucsf.edu. | Desmond M. Tutu Professor of Public Health and Human Rights, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, MD, USA. | Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) , San Francisco, CA, USA. AN - 32737790 AU - Gandhi, M. | Beyrer, C. | Goosby, E. C1 - 2020-08-07 C2 - Face Masks CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/080720_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1007/s11606-020-06067-8 ET - 2020/08/02 IS - 10 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*prevention & control/transmission | Global Health | Humans | Masks/*virology | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*prevention & control/transmission | Risk Assessment | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://0064074474/Gandhi-2020-Masks Do More Than Protect Others.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Gandhi, Monica; Beyrer, Chris; Goosby, Eric; eng; R01 AI158013/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; 2P30 AI027763/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/International; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; J Gen Intern Med. 2020 Oct;35(10):3063-3066. doi: 10.1007/s11606-020-06067-8. Epub 2020 Jul 31. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Suggest universal public masking during the COVID-19 pandemic might reduce the amount of viral inoculum to which the mask-wearer is exposed and lead to higher rates of mild or asymptomatic infection. SN - 1525-1497 (Electronic); 0884-8734 (Linking) SP - 3063-3066 ST - Masks Do More Than Protect Others During COVID-19: Reducing the Inoculum of SARS-CoV-2 to Protect the Wearer T2 - J Gen Intern Med TI - Masks Do More Than Protect Others During COVID-19: Reducing the Inoculum of SARS-CoV-2 to Protect the Wearer UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32737790 VL - 35 ID - 667 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: COVID-19 has rapidly evolved to become a global pandemic due largely to the transmission of its causative virus through asymptomatic carriers. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in asymptomatic people is an urgent priority for the prevention and containment of disease outbreaks in communities. However, few data are available in asymptomatic persons regarding the accuracy of PCR testing. Additionally, although self-collected saliva has significant logistical advantages in mass screening, its utility as an alternative specimen in asymptomatic persons is yet to be determined. METHODS: We conducted a mass-screening study to compare the utility of nucleic acid amplification, such as reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing, using nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) and saliva samples from each individual in two cohorts of asymptomatic persons: the contact tracing cohort and the airport quarantine cohort. RESULTS: In this mass-screening study including 1,924 individuals, the sensitivity of nucleic acid amplification testing with nasopharyngeal and saliva specimens were 86% (90%CI:77-93%) and 92% (90%CI:83-97%), respectively, with specificities greater than 99.9%. The true concordance probability between the nasopharyngeal and saliva tests was estimated at 0.998 (90%CI:0.996-0.999) on the estimated airport prevalence at 0.3%. In positive individuals, viral load was highly correlated between NPS and saliva. CONCLUSION: Both nasopharyngeal and saliva specimens had high sensitivity and specificity. Self-collected saliva is a valuable specimen to detect SARS-CoV-2 in mass screening of asymptomatic persons. AD - Department of Biostatistics, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan. | International Medical Department, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan. | Center for Data Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan. | Division of Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan. | Department of Hematology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan. AN - 32976596 AU - Yokota, I. | Shane, P. Y. | Okada, K. | Unoki, Y. | Yang, Y. | Inao, T. | Sakamaki, K. | Iwasaki, S. | Hayasaka, K. | Sugita, J. | Nishida, M. | Fujisawa, S. | Teshima, T. C1 - 2020-10-06 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100620_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 25 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa1388 ET - 2020/09/26 IS - 3 KW -: SARS-CoV-2 | Covid-19 | Lamp | Pcr | saliva L1 - internal-pdf://2616368189/Yokota-2020-Mass screening of asymptomatic per.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Yokota, Isao; Shane, Peter Y; Okada, Kazufumi; Unoki, Yoko; Yang, Yichi; Inao, Tasuku; Sakamaki, Kentaro; Iwasaki, Sumio; Hayasaka, Kasumi; Sugita, Junichi; Nishida, Mutsumi; Fujisawa, Shinichi; Teshima, Takanori; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Sep 25. pii: 5911780. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1388. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among asymptomatic persons, the sensitivity of nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) and saliva specimen tests was 86% (90% CI 77-93%) and 92% (90% CI 83-97%), respectively (Table). | Specificity for both specimen types was >99%. | There was high concordance between results from using NPS and saliva specimens, ranging from 0.934 to 0.999 when SARS-CoV-2 prevalence was varied from 0% to 30%. | Methods: A mass-screening study (N=1,924) was conducted among asymptomatic persons from either contact tracing (n=161) or airport screening (n=1,763) in Japan. NPS and self-collected saliva specimens were tested for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR. Test performance on paired samples was evaluated and concordance between NPS and saliva tests was determined. Limitations: No clinical information reported among positive cases. | Implications: Self-collected saliva may provide an opportunity to more efficiently test for SARS-CoV-2 infection in some community and healthcare settings due to the ease of collection, acceptability and decreased risk of exposure to healthcare workers. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - e559-e565 ST - Mass screening of asymptomatic persons for SARS-CoV-2 using saliva T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Mass screening of asymptomatic persons for SARS-CoV-2 using saliva UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32976596 VL - 73 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 1006 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Kenneth C. Griffin Department of Economics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. | Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. | Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. | National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts. AN - 34529068 AU - Peña, Pablo A. | Jena, Anupam C1 - 2021-09-24 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09242021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - Sep 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.25388 ET - 2021/09/17 IS - 9 L1 - internal-pdf://1847383083/Peña-2021-Mass Shootings in the US During the.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Vaccines | N1 - Pena, Pablo A | Jena, Anupam | eng | JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Sep 1;4(9):e2125388. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.25388. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Publicly available data from the Gun Violence Archiveexternal icon showed an increase in mass shootings in the United States since the start of the pandemic (April 2020). Over 15 months, an estimated 343 more mass shootings occurred than were expected. SN - 2574-3805 SP - e2125388-e2125388 ST - Mass Shootings in the US During the COVID-19 Pandemic T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Mass Shootings in the US During the COVID-19 Pandemic UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.25388 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/articlepdf/2784187/pea_2021_ld_210186_1631040669.06837.pdf VL - 4 Y2 - 9/27/2021 ID - 2374 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Scientist F, Department of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi-110029, India. | Group Leader, Molecular Medicine Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi-110067, India. AN - 32835187 AU - Rahi, M. | Sharma, A. C1 - 2020-08-28 C2 - Health Policy CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082820_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100501 DP - NLM ET - 2020/08/25 L1 - internal-pdf://3550630271/1-s2.0-S2589537020302455-main.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Vaccines | N1 - Rahi, Manju; Sharma, Amit; eng; England; EClinicalMedicine. 2020 Aug;25:100501. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100501. Epub 2020 Aug 18. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Authors suggest lessons learned from polio vaccination campaigns be implemented for future COVID-19 vaccines to avoid roadblocks to effective vaccine rollout. SN - 2589-5370 (Electronic); 2589-5370 (Linking) SP - 100501 ST - Mass vaccination against COVID-19 may require replays of the polio vaccination drives T2 - EClinicalMedicine TI - Mass vaccination against COVID-19 may require replays of the polio vaccination drives UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32835187 VL - 25 ID - 1760 ER - TY - JOUR AB - As the COVID-19 pandemic escalates, teams around the world are now advocating for a new approach to monitoring transmission: tapping into cellphone location data to track infection spread and warn people who may have been exposed. Here we present data collected in Israel through this approach so far and discuss the privacy concerns, alternatives and different ‘flavors�?of cellphone surveillance. We also propose safeguards needed to minimize the risk for civil rights. AD - Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. | Israel Defense Forces, Medical Corps, Tel Hasomer, Ramat Gan, Israel. | Department of Military Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel. | Medical Directorate, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel. | The Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. | The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel. | Israel Defense Forces, Medical Corps, Tel Hasomer, Ramat Gan, Israel. avi.benov@gmail.com. | The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel. avi.benov@gmail.com. AN - 32457444 AU - Amit, M. | Kimhi, H. | Bader, T. | Chen, J. | Glassberg, E. | Benov, A. C1 - 2020-06-05 C2 - Contact Tracing CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060520_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.1038/s41591-020-0927-z ET - 2020/05/28 IS - 8 KW - Betacoronavirus/*pathogenicity | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/virology | Humans | Israel/epidemiology | *Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/virology | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://0656342006/Amit-2020-Mass-surveillance technologies to fi.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Amit, Moran; Kimhi, Heli; Bader, Tarif; Chen, Jacob; Glassberg, Elon; Benov, Avi; eng; Nat Med. 2020 Aug;26(8):1167-1169. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-0927-z. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Israel successfully implemented a cell phone-based system to identify contacts of SARS-CoV-2-infected persons and isolate/quarantine as needed. Authors address privacy concerns related to digital contact tracing. SN - 1546-170X (Electronic); 1078-8956 (Linking) SP - 1167-1169 ST - Mass-surveillance technologies to fight coronavirus spread: the case of Israel T2 - Nat Med TI - Mass-surveillance technologies to fight coronavirus spread: the case of Israel UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32457444 VL - 26 ID - 325 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused serious concerns about its potential adverse effects on pregnancy. There are limited data on maternal and neonatal outcomes of pregnant women with COVID-19 pneumonia. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study to compare clinical characteristics and maternal and neonatal outcomes of pregnant women with and without COVID-19 pneumonia. RESULTS: During the period 24 January-29 February 2020, there were 16 pregnant women with confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia and 18 suspected cases who were admitted to labor in the third trimester. Two had vaginal delivery and the rest were cesarean delivery. Few patients presented respiratory symptoms (fever and cough) on admission, but most had typical chest computed tomographic images of COVID-19 pneumonia. Compared to the controls, patients with COVID-19 pneumonia had lower counts of white blood cells (WBCs), neutrophils, C-reactive protein (CRP), and alanine aminotransferase on admission. Increased levels of WBCs, neutrophils, eosinophils, and CRP were found in postpartum blood tests of pneumonia patients. Three (18.8%) of the mothers with confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia and 3 (16.7%) with suspected COVID-19 pneumonia had preterm delivery due to maternal complications, which were significantly higher than in the control group. None experienced respiratory failure during their hospital stay. COVID-19 infection was not found in the newborns, and none developed severe neonatal complications. CONCLUSIONS: Severe maternal and neonatal complications were not observed in pregnant women with COVID-19 pneumonia who had vaginal or cesarean delivery. Mild respiratory symptoms of pregnant women with COVID-19 pneumonia highlight the need of effective screening on admission. AD - Department of Anesthesiology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Hubei, China. | School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. | Department of Obstetrics, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Hubei, China. AN - 32249918 AU - Li, N. | Han, L. | Peng, M. | Lv, Y. | Ouyang, Y. | Liu, K. | Yue, L. | Li, Q. | Sun, G. | Chen, L. | Yang, L. C1 - 2020-04-17 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/041720_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 19 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa352 ET - 2020/04/07 IS - 16 KW - Alanine Transaminase/metabolism | C-Reactive Protein/metabolism | Covid-19 | Case-Control Studies | Coronavirus Infections/*pathology/virology | Female | Humans | Infant, Newborn | Leukocytes/metabolism | Neutrophils/metabolism | Pneumonia, Viral/*pathology/virology | Pregnancy | Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/pathology/virology | Pregnancy Outcome | Premature Birth/pathology | *covid-19 | *maternal outcomes | *neonates | *pregnancy | *vaginal delivery L1 - internal-pdf://2011804645/Li-2020-Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes of Preg.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Li, Na; Han, Lefei; Peng, Min; Lv, Yuxia; Ouyang, Yin; Liu, Kui; Yue, Linli; Li, Qiannan; Sun, Guoqiang; Chen, Lin; Yang, Lin; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Nov 19;71(16):2035-2041. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa352. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among 34 pregnant women with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 at hospital admission, most had chest CT images indicative of COVID-19 pneumonia but had no fever or cough. | Among 16 confirmed cases, 69% (n=11) had gestational complications on admission, including pre-eclampsia (n=1), premature rupture of membranes (n=1), and gestational hypertension (n=1). None required admission to the ICU. | Premature delivery and low birth weight of the neonates were more common in women with COVID-19 than in women in 2 control groups (Figure). | No newborns developed COVID-19 or experienced severe neonatal complications. | Methods: Medical chart abstraction case-control study of pregnant women with confirmed (n=16) and suspected (n=18) COVID-19 pneumonia. Confirmed cases: CT showed typical COVID-19 findings and positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR. Suspected cases: same CT criteria but negative RT-PCR tests. Controls were randomly selected from among pregnant women in similar age range (n=121) in 2020 and (n=121) in 2019 from the same maternity center. Limitations: Small sample; no control group of women with other infections. | Implications: Compared to control groups of healthy women, pre-term delivery and low birth weight were common among women with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. About half of lab-confirmed cases had no signs or symptoms of illness, suggesting that CT scans might be useful for COVID-19 diagnosis at presentation for delivery; however, this must be weighed against potential late third-term radiation exposure (see first piece in the “In the news�?section below). SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - 2035-2041 ST - Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes of Pregnant Women With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pneumonia: A Case-Control Study T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes of Pregnant Women With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pneumonia: A Case-Control Study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32249918 VL - 71 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 56 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Airborne viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 are partly spreading through aerosols containing viral particles. Inhalation of infectious airborne particles can lead to infection, a route that can even be more predominant compared with droplet or contact transmission. To study the transmission between a susceptible and an infected person, we estimate the distribution of arrival times of small diffusing aerosol particles to the inhaled region located below the nose until the number of particles reaches a critical threshold. Our results suggest that although contamination by continuous respiration can take around 90 minutes at a distance of one meter, it is reduced to a few minutes when coughing or sneezing. Interestingly, there is not much differences between outdoors and indoors when the air is still. When a window is open inside an office, the infection time is reduced. Finally, wearing a mask leads to a delay in the time to infection. To conclude, diffusion analysis provides several key time scale of viral airborne transmission.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementU.D. was supported by a Herchel Smith Postdoctoral Fellowship and acknowledges core funding by the Wellcome Trust (092096) and CRUK (C6946/A14492). D. H. 's research has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No 882673), Plan Cancer-INSERM Projet 19CS145-00 and ANR NEUC-0001.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:nothing to declareAll necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesManuscript does not contain experimental data. AU - Dobramysl, U. | Sieben, C. | Holcman, D. C1 - 2021-04-16 C2 - Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04162021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.04.01.21254802 L1 - internal-pdf://2883684426/Dobramysl-2021-Mean time to infection by small.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Beyond factors such as exposure time, physical proximity, air flow dynamics, and mask use, time to infection via aerosol particles may be strongly affected by whether the infected person is coughing. SP - 2021.04.01.21254802 ST - Mean time to infection by small diffusing droplets containing SARS-CoV-2 during close social contacts T2 - medRxiv TI - Mean time to infection by small diffusing droplets containing SARS-CoV-2 during close social contacts UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/04/07/2021.04.01.21254802.full.pdf ID - 1672 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We measured severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA concentrations in primary sewage sludge in the New Haven, Connecticut, USA, metropolitan area during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in Spring 2020. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected throughout the more than 10-week study and, when adjusted for time lags, tracked the rise and fall of cases seen in SARS-CoV-2 clinical test results and local COVID-19 hospital admissions. Relative to these indicators, SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations in sludge were 0-2 d ahead of SARS-CoV-2 positive test results by date of specimen collection, 0-2 d ahead of the percentage of positive tests by date of specimen collection, 1-4 d ahead of local hospital admissions and 6-8 d ahead of SARS-CoV-2 positive test results by reporting date. Our data show the utility of viral RNA monitoring in municipal wastewater for SARS-CoV-2 infection surveillance at a population-wide level. In communities facing a delay between specimen collection and the reporting of test results, immediate wastewater results can provide considerable advance notice of infection dynamics. AD - Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. jordan.peccia@yale.edu. | Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. | Connecticut Agricultural Experimental Station, State of Connecticut, New Haven, CT, USA. | Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Disease, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. | Public Health Modeling, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA. | School of Management, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. | Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. | Yale Institute for Global Health, New Haven, CT, USA. | Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. | Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Disease, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. saad.omer@yale.edu. | Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. saad.omer@yale.edu. | Yale Institute for Global Health, New Haven, CT, USA. saad.omer@yale.edu. | Yale School of Nursing, Orange, CT, USA. saad.omer@yale.edu. AN - 32948856 AU - Peccia, J. | Zulli, A. | Brackney, D. E. | Grubaugh, N. D. | Kaplan, E. H. | Casanovas-Massana, A. | Ko, A. I. | Malik, A. A. | Wang, D. | Wang, M. | Warren, J. L. | Weinberger, D. M. | Arnold, W. | Omer, S. B. C1 - 2020-09-29 C2 - Modeling and Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/092920_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1038/s41587-020-0684-z ET - 2020/09/20 IS - 10 KW - Betacoronavirus/genetics/*isolation & purification | Biotechnology | Covid-19 | Connecticut/epidemiology | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Humans | *Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | Prevalence | RNA, Viral/*analysis/genetics | SARS-CoV-2 | Sewage/virology | Time Factors | Waste Water/*virology | *Wastewater-Based Epidemiological Monitoring L1 - internal-pdf://2658501419/Peccia-2020-Measurement of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in w.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Peccia, Jordan; Zulli, Alessandro; Brackney, Doug E; Grubaugh, Nathan D; Kaplan, Edward H; Casanovas-Massana, Arnau; Ko, Albert I; Malik, Amyn A; Wang, Dennis; Wang, Mike; Warren, Joshua L; Weinberger, Daniel M; Arnold, Wyatt; Omer, Saad B; eng; R01 AI137093/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 AI121207/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Nat Biotechnol. 2020 Oct;38(10):1164-1167. doi: 10.1038/s41587-020-0684-z. Epub 2020 Sep 18. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In New Haven, CT, SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater sludge was identified: | 0 �?2 days ahead of SARS-CoV-2-positive specimen collection date. | 1 �?4 days ahead of COVID-19 hospital admissions. | 6 �?8 days ahead of reporting date of SARS-CoV-2 positive specimens. | Methods: From March 19 through June 1, 2020 in New Haven, Connecticut, SARS-CoV-2 RNA from wastewater sludge was quantitatively measured and 4 COVID-19 epidemiological parameters (SARS-CoV-2 positive test results by date of specimen collection percentage of positive SARS-CoV-2 test results by date of specimen collection number of local hospital admissions of patients with COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 positive test results by reporting date) were assessed using Poisson regression models. Limitations: Primary sludge handling approaches vary by treatment plants and could affect levels of detectable virus; epi parameters not fully defined. | Implications: Detecting SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater sludge can provide advance notice and could possibly act as an early warning system of infections in the community served by the sewage system. SN - 1546-1696 (Electronic); 1087-0156 (Linking) SP - 1164-1167 ST - Measurement of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater tracks community infection dynamics T2 - Nat Biotechnol TI - Measurement of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater tracks community infection dynamics UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32948856 VL - 38 ID - 954 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Widespread acceptance of a vaccine for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) will be the next major step in fighting the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, but achieving high uptake will be a challenge and may be impeded by online misinformation. To inform successful vaccination campaigns, we conducted a randomized controlled trial in the UK and the USA to quantify how exposure to online misinformation around COVID-19 vaccines affects intent to vaccinate to protect oneself or others. Here we show that in both countries-as of September 2020-fewer people would 'definitely' take a vaccine than is likely required for herd immunity, and that, relative to factual information, recent misinformation induced a decline in intent of 6.2 percentage points (95th percentile interval 3.9 to 8.5) in the UK and 6.4 percentage points (95th percentile interval 4.0 to 8.8) in the USA among those who stated that they would definitely accept a vaccine. We also find that some sociodemographic groups are differentially impacted by exposure to misinformation. Finally, we show that scientific-sounding misinformation is more strongly associated with declines in vaccination intent. AD - Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, UK. | The Vaccine Confidence Project, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. alex.defigueiredo@lshtm.ac.uk. | The Vaccine Confidence Project, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. | The Vaccine Confidence Project, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. heidi.larson@lshtm.ac.uk. | Department of Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. heidi.larson@lshtm.ac.uk. | Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium. heidi.larson@lshtm.ac.uk. AN - 33547453 AU - Loomba, S. | de Figueiredo, A. | Piatek, S. J. | de Graaf, K. | Larson, H. J. C1 - 2021-02-19 C2 - Social, Behavioral, and Communication Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02192021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar DO - 10.1038/s41562-021-01056-1 ET - 2021/02/07 IS - 3 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | COVID-19/*prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/*therapeutic use | *Communication | Female | *Health Behavior | Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice | Humans | Immunity, Herd | *Intention | *Internet | Male | Middle Aged | SARS-CoV-2 | United Kingdom | United States | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://3233701294/Loomba-2021-Measuring the impact of COVID-19 v.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Loomba, Sahil; de Figueiredo, Alexandre; Piatek, Simon J; de Graaf, Kristen; Larson, Heidi J; eng; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Nat Hum Behav. 2021 Mar;5(3):337-348. doi: 10.1038/s41562-021-01056-1. Epub 2021 Feb 5. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Intent to vaccinate for one’s own protection dropped after exposure to misinformation from 42.5% (95% percentile intervals [PI]: 41.0%�?4.1%) to 39.8% (PI: 38.2%�?1.5%) in the USA. | Intent to vaccinate was higher if the rationale was to protect others but showed similar declines after exposure to misinformation from 53.3% (PI: 51.8%�?4.9%) to 46.4% (PI: 44.8%�?8.1%) in the USA. | Methods: Randomized, controlled trial of 8,001 participants recruited from an online panel with quotas based on national demographic patterns for gender, age, and sub-national region, from September 7-14, 2020. The treatment group (n = 6,001) was exposed to COVID-19 vaccine misinformation based on recently circulating online imagery; the control group (n = 2,000) was exposed to factual information about the vaccine. Participants reported intention to vaccinate if a vaccine were available before and after exposure to online imagery. Limitations: Presentation of information and misinformation in the experimental setting might not represent exposure in real-world circumstances. | Implications: Exposure to misinformation lowers intent to vaccinate both for individual protection and protection of others. Health communications efforts must counter the effects of misinformation as well as present the benefits of vaccination against COVID-19. SN - 2397-3374 (Electronic); 2397-3374 (Linking) SP - 337-348 ST - Measuring the impact of COVID-19 vaccine misinformation on vaccination intent in the UK and USA T2 - Nat Hum Behav TI - Measuring the impact of COVID-19 vaccine misinformation on vaccination intent in the UK and USA UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33547453 VL - 5 ID - 1514 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Black, Hispanic, and Indigenous persons in the United States have an increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and death from COVID-19, due to persistent social inequities. The magnitude of the disparity is unclear, however, because race/ethnicity information is often missing in surveillance data. In this study, we quantified the burden of SARS-CoV-2 infection, hospitalization, and case fatality rates in an urban county by racial/ethnic group using combined race/ethnicity imputation and quantitative bias-adjustment for misclassification. After bias-adjustment, the magnitude of the absolute racial/ethnic disparity, measured as the difference in infection rates between classified Black and Hispanic persons compared to classified White persons, increased 1.3-fold and 1.6-fold respectively. These results highlight that complete case analyses may underestimate absolute disparities in infection rates. Collecting race/ethnicity information at time of testing is optimal. However, when data are missing, combined imputation and bias-adjustment improves estimates of the racial/ethnic disparities in the COVID-19 burden. AD - Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University. | Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University. | Fulton County Board of Health. | Department of Population Health Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah. AN - 33024980 AU - Labgold, K. | Hamid, S. | Shah, S. | Gandhi, N. R. | Chamberlain, A. | Khan, F. | Khan, S. | Smith, S. | Williams, S. | Lash, T. L. | Collin, L. J. C1 - 2020-10-30 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/103020_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 2 DO - 10.1101/2020.09.30.20203315 DP - NLM ET - 2020/10/08 L1 - internal-pdf://2016706367/Labgold-2020-Measuring the missing_ greater ra.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Labgold, Katie; Hamid, Sarah; Shah, Sarita; Gandhi, Neel R; Chamberlain, Allison; Khan, Fazle; Khan, Shamimul; Smith, Sasha; Williams, Steve; Lash, Timothy L; Collin, Lindsay J; eng; F31 CA239566/CA/NCI NIH HHS/; K24 AI114444/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 LM013049/LM/NLM NIH HHS/; Preprint; medRxiv. 2020 Oct 2. doi: 10.1101/2020.09.30.20203315. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Using a combination of race/ethnicity imputation and quantitative bias-adjustment methods for misclassification, the magnitude of disparity in infection rates increased 1.3 and 1.6-fold for Black and Hispanic persons, respectively, compared to classified White persons. ST - Measuring the missing: greater racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19 burden after accounting for missing race/ethnicity data T2 - medRxiv TI - Measuring the missing: greater racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19 burden after accounting for missing race/ethnicity data TT - Published article: Estimating the Unknown: Greater Racial and Ethnic Disparities in COVID-19 Burden After Accounting for Missing Race and Ethnicity Data UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33024980 ID - 1150 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The recent COVID-19 pandemic has altered the face of biology, social interaction and public health worldwide. It has had a destructive effect upon millions of people and is approaching a devastating one million fatalities. Emerging evidence has suggested a link between the infection and gut microbiome status. This is one of the several factors that may contribute towards severity of infection. Given the fact that the gut is heavily linked to immunity, inflammatory status and the ability to challenge pathogens, it is worthwhile to consider dietary intervention of the gut microbiota as means of potentially challenging the viral outcome. In this context, probiotics and prebiotics have been used to mitigate similar respiratory infections. Here, we summarise links between the gut microbiome and COVID-19 infection, as well as propose mechanisms whereby probiotic and prebiotic interventions may act. AD - Food Microbial Sciences Unit, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, ReadingRG6 6AP, UK. | Exercise and Health Research Group, Department of Sport Science, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, Nottingham Trent University, NottinghamNG11 8NS, UK. AN - 33032673 AU - Walton, G. E. | Gibson, G. R. | Hunter, K. A. C1 - 2020-10-20 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102020_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 9 DO - 10.1017/S0007114520003980 DP - NLM ET - 2020/10/10 IS - 2 KW - Covid-19 | Coronavirus | Gut microbiome | Prebiotics | Probiotics L1 - internal-pdf://0472420313/Walton-2020-Mechanisms linking the human gut m.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Walton, Gemma E; Gibson, Glenn R; Hunter, Kirsty A; eng; England; Br J Nutr. 2020 Oct 9:1-9. doi: 10.1017/S0007114520003980. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A review of how gut microbiota may influence risk of contracting SARS-CoV-2 infection and proposed mechanisms for probiotic and prebiotic interventions. SN - 1475-2662 (Electronic); 0007-1145 (Linking) SP - 1-9 ST - Mechanisms linking the human gut microbiome to prophylactic and treatment strategies for COVID-19 T2 - Br J Nutr TI - Mechanisms linking the human gut microbiome to prophylactic and treatment strategies for COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33032673 VL - 126 ID - 1078 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Stroke Prevention & Atherosclerosis Research Centre, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada, dspence@robarts.ca. | Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal Fluminense and Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Ensino, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. | Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky School of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA. | Department of Neurology and Radiology, Harvard School of Medicine and Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. | Neurovascular Imaging Research Core and UCLA Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA. | Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. | School of Medicine, Universidad Espiritu Santo, Samborondon, Ecuador. | Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Washington, Australia. | Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore. AN - 32690850 AU - Spence, J. D. | de Freitas, G. R. | Pettigrew, L. C. | Ay, H. | Liebeskind, D. S. | Kase, C. S. | Del Brutto, O. H. | Hankey, G. J. | Venketasubramanian, N. C1 - 2020-07-31 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/073120_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1159/000509581 ET - 2020/07/22 IS - 4 KW - Betacoronavirus/*pathogenicity | Brain/pathology | Covid-19 | Cardiomyopathies/*virology | Coronavirus Infections/*complications | Humans | Ischemia/etiology/virology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications | SARS-CoV-2 | Stroke/etiology/*therapy/virology L1 - internal-pdf://1498101256/Spence-2020-Mechanisms of Stroke in COVID-19.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Spence, J David; de Freitas, Gabriel R; Pettigrew, L Creed; Ay, Hakan; Liebeskind, David S; Kase, Carlos S; Del Brutto, Oscar H; Hankey, Graeme J; Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy; eng; Review; Switzerland; Cerebrovasc Dis. 2020;49(4):451-458. doi: 10.1159/000509581. Epub 2020 Jul 20. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Suggests three main mechanisms as responsible for the occurrence of ischemic strokes in COVID-19 patients specifically related to COVID-19: hypercoagulable state, vasculitis, and cardiomyopathy. SN - 1421-9786 (Electronic); 1015-9770 (Linking) SP - 451-458 ST - Mechanisms of Stroke in COVID-19 T2 - Cerebrovasc Dis TI - Mechanisms of Stroke in COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32690850 VL - 49 ID - 622 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Environmental conditions affect virus inactivation rate and transmission potential. Understanding those effects is critical for anticipating and mitigating epidemic spread. Ambient temperature and humidity strongly affect the inactivation rate of enveloped viruses, but a mechanistic, quantitative theory of those effects has been elusive. We measure the stability of the enveloped respiratory virus SARS-CoV-2 on an inert surface at nine temperature and humidity conditions and develop a mechanistic model to explain and predict how temperature and humidity alter virus inactivation. We find SARS-CoV-2 survives longest at low temperatures and extreme relative humidities; median estimated virus half-life is over 24 hours at 10 ��C and 40 % RH, but approximately 1.5 hours at 27 ��C and 65 % RH. Our mechanistic model uses simple chemistry to explain the increase in virus inactivation rate with increased temperature and the U-shaped dependence of inactivation rate on relative humidity. The model accurately predicts quantitative measurements from existing studies of five different human coronaviruses (including SARS-CoV-2), suggesting that shared mechanisms may determine environmental stability for many enveloped viruses. Our results indicate scenarios of particular transmission risk, point to pandemic mitigation strategies, and open new frontiers in the mechanistic study of virus transmission.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest. AN - 33083797 AU - Morris, Dylan H. | Yinda, Kwe Claude | Gamble, Amandine | Rossine, Fernando W. | Huang, Qishen | Bushmaker, Trenton | Fischer, Robert J. | Matson, M. Jeremiah | Doremalen, Neeltje van | Vikesland, Peter J. | Marr, Linsey C. | Munster, Vincent J. | Lloyd-Smith, James O. C1 - 2021-01-08 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01082021_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 18 DO - 10.1101/2020.10.16.341883 ET - 2020/10/22 L1 - internal-pdf://2283915193/Morris-2020-Mechanistic theory predicts the ef.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Morris, Dylan H | Yinda, Kwe Claude | Gamble, Amandine | Rossine, Fernando W | Huang, Qishen | Bushmaker, Trenton | Fischer, Robert J | Matson, M Jeremiah | van Doremalen, Neeltje | Vikesland, Peter J | Marr, Linsey C | Munster, Vincent J | Lloyd-Smith, James O | eng | Preprint | bioRxiv. 2020 Dec 18. doi: 10.1101/2020.10.16.341883. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Study looking at the half-life of SARS-CoV-2, showing longer survival in cold temperatures and shorter survival at higher humidity (Figure). SP - 2020.10.16.341883 ST - Mechanistic theory predicts the effects of temperature and humidity on inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 and other enveloped viruses T2 - bioRxiv TI - Mechanistic theory predicts the effects of temperature and humidity on inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 and other enveloped viruses TT - Published article: Mechanistic theory predicts the effects of temperature and humidity on inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 and other enveloped viruses UR - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2020/12/18/2020.10.16.341883.abstract | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2020/12/18/2020.10.16.341883.full.pdf ID - 1892 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Universite de Montreal. | CHU Sainte-Justine. | Children's Mercy Kansas City. AN - 32400303 AU - Janvier, A. | Lantos, J. D. C1 - 2020-05-22 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052220_covidupdate.html DA - Jul DO - 10.1080/15265161.2020.1764135 DP - NLM ET - 2020/05/14 IS - 7 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/prevention & control | Humans | Pandemics/ethics/prevention & control | *Physicians | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/prevention & control | Practice Patterns, Physicians'/*ethics | Risk | SARS-CoV-2 | United States/epidemiology | *Work Engagement L1 - internal-pdf://1674021783/Janvier-2020-Medically Vulnerable Clinicians a.pdf LA - en N1 - Janvier, Annie; Lantos, John D; eng; Editorial; Am J Bioeth. 2020 Jul;20(7):13-14. doi: 10.1080/15265161.2020.1764135. Epub 2020 May 13. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Describes a scoring system that could help to place medical providers most at risk of COVID-19 (older males) in the least risky response roles (e.g. telemedicine). SN - 1536-0075 (Electronic); 1526-5161 (Linking) SP - 13-14 ST - Medically Vulnerable Clinicians and Unnecessary Risk During the COVID-19 Pandemic T2 - Am J Bioeth TI - Medically Vulnerable Clinicians and Unnecessary Risk During the COVID-19 Pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32400303 VL - 20 ID - 231 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 32534634 AU - The, Lancet C1 - 2020-06-26 C2 - Disproportionately Affected Groups CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/062620_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 13 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31353-2 DP - NLM ET - 2020/06/15 IS - 10240 KW - *African Americans | Education, Medical | Healthcare Disparities/*ethnology | Humans | Publishing | *Racism | *Social Change | Students, Medical L1 - internal-pdf://3289049030/1-s2.0-S0140673620313532-main.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | N1 - The Lancet; eng; Editorial; England; Lancet. 2020 Jun 13;395(10240):1813. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31353-2. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Editorial urging medical journals and the broader medical community to support Black and other racial and ethnic minority persons through the type of research published. SE - 1813 SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 1813 ST - Medicine and medical science: Black lives must matter more T2 - Lancet TI - Medicine and medical science: Black lives must matter more UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32534634 VL - 395 ID - 452 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The medium and long-term effects of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection on survivors are unknown. Here we studied the medium term effects of COVID-19 on survivors of severe disease. METHODS: This is a retrospective, case series of 200 patients hospitalised across three large Birmingham hospitals with severe-to-critical COVID-19 infection 4-7 months from disease-onset. Patients underwent comprehensive clinical, laboratory, imaging, lung function test, quality of life and cognitive assessments. RESULTS: At 4-7 months from disease-onset, 63.2% of patients experienced persistent breathlessness, 53.5% complained of significant fatigue, 37.5% reduced mobility and 36.8% pain. Serum markers of inflammation and organ injuries that persisted at hospital discharge had normalised on follow-up indicating no sustained immune response causing chronic maladaptive inflammation. Chest radiographs showed a complete resolution in 82.8%; and significantly improved or no change in 17.2%. Lung function test (LFT) revealed gas transfer abnormalities in 80.0% and spirometry in 37.6% patients. Patients with breathlessness had significantly high incidence of comorbidities, abnormal residual chest X-ray and LFT (p<0.01 to all). In all parameters assessed and persisting symptoms there was no statically significant difference between patients managed on hospital wards and on ITU groups. All patients reported a significantly reduced quality of life in all domains of the EQ-5D-5L quality of life measures. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: A significant proportion of COVID-19 with severe illness experience ongoing symptoms of breathlessness, fatigue, pain, reduced mobility, depression and reduced quality of life at 4-7 months from disease-onset. Symptomatic patients tend to have more residual CXR and LFT abnormalities. AD - Critical Care, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, UK. | Department of Respiratory Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, UK. | Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, UK. | Lung Function & Sleep, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, UK. | Department of Infectious Disease, Heart of England Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, UK. | Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, UK. AN - 33893486 AU - Gautam, N. | Madathil, S. | Tahani, N. | Bolton, S. | Parekh, D. | Stockley, J. | Goyal, S. | Qureshi, H. | Yasmin, S. | Cooper, B. G. | Short, J. | Geberhiwot, T. C1 - 2021-05-07 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05072021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 24 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciab341 ET - 2021/04/25 KW - Coronavirus | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://1812658930/Gautam-2021-Medium-term outcome of severe to c.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Testing | N1 - Gautam, Nandan; Madathil, Shyam; Tahani, Natascia; Bolton, Shaun; Parekh, Dhruv; Stockley, James; Goyal, Shraddha; Qureshi, Hannah; Yasmin, Sadhika; Cooper, Brendan G; Short, Jennifer; Geberhiwot, Tarekegn; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Apr 24. pii: 6248543. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab341. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; COVID-19 patients reported shortness of breath (SOB, 63%), fatigue (54%), reduced mobility (38%) and pain (37%) up to 7 months post-symptom onset. | Patients with SOB had higher rates of comorbidities, residual chest radiographic and lung function test abnormalities than patients without SOB (p <0.01 for all). | All patients reported significantly reduced quality of life. | Methods: Retrospective case series of 200 patients hospitalized at 3 UK hospitals for severe-to-critical COVID-19 between March 2, 2020 and May 30, 2020. Patients were followed up for 4-7 months post-symptom onset with comprehensive clinical, imaging, lung function, laboratory, and quality of life assessments. Limitations: Excluded mild and moderate cases; no control group. | Implications for both studies (Gautam et al. and Chevinsky et al.): Patients with a history of COVID-19 may have persistent symptoms, in addition to general post-viral fatigue, that interfere with daily activities and negatively impact quality of life for months. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) ST - Medium-term outcome of severe to critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Medium-term outcome of severe to critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33893486 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1723 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The Delta variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has outcompeted previously prevalent variants and become a dominant strain worldwide. We report the structure, function, and antigenicity of its full-length spike (S) trimer and those of the Gamma and Kappa variants and compare their characteristics with the G614, Alpha, and Beta variants. Delta S can fuse membranes more efficiently at low levels of cellular receptor ACE2, and its pseudotyped viruses infect target cells substantially faster than the other five variants, possibly accounting for its heightened transmissibility. Each variant shows different rearrangement of the antigenic surface of the N-terminal domain of the S protein, but only causes local changes in the receptor-binding domain (RBD), making the RBD a better target for therapeutic antibodies. AD - Division of Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA. | Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA. | Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. | Institute for Protein Innovation, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA. | Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. | Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Boston, MA 02115, USA. | The Harvard Cryo-EM Center for Structural Biology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. | Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. | Codex BioSolutions, Inc., 401 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA. | Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3900 Reservoir Road, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20057, USA. AN - 34698504 AU - Mayer | Richard M. Walsh | Jr. | Sophia Rits-Volloch | Duane R. Wesemann | Wei Yang | Michael S. Seaman | Jianming Lu | Bing Chen, Jun Zhang | Tianshu Xiao | Yongfei Cai | Christy L. Lavine | Hanqin Peng | Haisun Zhu | Krishna Anand | Pei Tong | Avneesh Gautam | Megan L. C1 - 2021-11-05 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/11052021_covidupdate.html#anchor_Variants DA - Oct 26 DO - 10.1126/science.abl9463 ET - 2021/10/27 IS - 0 L1 - internal-pdf://1883993917/science.abl9463.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Zhang, Jun | Xiao, Tianshu | Cai, Yongfei | Lavine, Christy L | Peng, Hanqin | Zhu, Haisun | Anand, Krishna | Tong, Pei | Gautam, Avneesh | Mayer, Megan L | Walsh, Richard M | Jr | Rits-Volloch, Sophia | Wesemann, Duane R | Yang, Wei | Seaman, Michael S | Lu, Jianming | Chen, Bing | eng | Science. 2021 Oct 26:eabl9463. doi: 10.1126/science.abl9463. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In vitro, the spike (S) protein of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta (B.1.617.2) variant was more efficient at fusion for cell entry compared with S proteins of the G614, Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), and Kappa (B.1.617.1) variants (Figure). | Delta variant fusion occurred more quickly and with lower receptor (ACE2) levels compared with other variants (Figure). | Methods: S protein functional characteristics of G614, Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Kappa variants were assessed by binding, fusion, and pseudovirus assays using primarily ACE2, HEK-293 cells, and monoclonal antibodies. Limitations: No in vivo model; did not confirm with full-length authentic viruses. | | Implications: The Delta variant has an in vitro advantage due to its spike protein that rapidly fuses with cells for entry, using low levels of ACE2 receptor. The relative ease of cellular entry may contribute to the Delta variant’s efficient person-to-person transmissibility and worldwide expansion. SN - 1095-9203 (Electronic) | 0036-8075 (Linking) SP - eabl9463 ST - Membrane fusion and immune evasion by the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant T2 - Science TI - Membrane fusion and immune evasion by the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant UR - https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.abl9463 | https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abl9463 VL - 0 ID - 2589 ER - TY - JOUR AD - From the Department of History of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore. AN - 32877577 AU - Mooney, G. C1 - 2020-09-11 C2 - Preventing Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091120_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 5 DO - 10.1056/NEJMp2021887 ET - 2020/09/03 IS - 19 KW - Communicable Disease Control/*history/legislation & jurisprudence/methods | Contact Tracing/economics/*history | Gift Giving | History, 19th Century | History, 20th Century | Humans | *Persuasive Communication | Quarantine/history | United Kingdom L1 - internal-pdf://0654414430/Mooney-2020-_A Menace to the Public Health_ -.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Mooney, Graham; eng; Historical Article; N Engl J Med. 2020 Nov 5;383(19):1806-1808. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2021887. Epub 2020 Sep 2. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Contact tracers are more likely to be successful if they have the ability to provide quarantined persons with community assets to support them during quarantine. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 1806-1808 ST - "A Menace to the Public Health" - Contact Tracing and the Limits of Persuasion T2 - N Engl J Med TI - "A Menace to the Public Health" - Contact Tracing and the Limits of Persuasion UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32877577 VL - 383 ID - 862 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BackgroundThe potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on population mental health is of increasing global concern. We examine changes in adult mental health in the UK population before and during the lockdown. AU - Pierce, Matthias | Hope, Holly | Ford, Tamsin | Hatch, Stephani | Hotopf, Matthew | John, Ann | Kontopantelis, Evangelos | Webb, Roger | Wessely, Simon | McManus, Sally | Abel, Kathryn M. C1 - 2020-07-31 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/073120_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30308-4 IS - 10 L1 - internal-pdf://3688262996/Pierce-2020-Mental health before and during th.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In one year, clinically significant levels of mental distress rose from 18.9% (95% CI 17.8�?0.0) to 27.3% (95% CI 26.3�?8.2) (Figure). | Controlling for other variables, the greatest changes were observed among women, younger persons (ages 18-24 and 25-34 years), and people who lived with children <5 years old. | Methods: Analysis of a web-based survey of 17,452 household members of UK Household Longitudinal Study (UKHLS) participants, between April 23 and 30, 2020, to track temporal changes in population mental health due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Mental distress was measured with the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Results were compared with scores from prior years. Limitations: Attrition and potential self-report biases due to online response format; GHQ-12 is not a diagnostic tool. | Implications: Mental distress increased in the UK population during the COVID-19 pandemic, with some subgroups disproportionately affected. Monitoring population-level mental health can inform development of public health responses to mitigate mental health aspects of the pandemic. SE - 883 SN - 22150366 SP - 883-892 ST - Mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal probability sample survey of the UK population T2 - Lancet Psychiatry TI - Mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal probability sample survey of the UK population UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30308-4 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7373389/pdf/main.pdf VL - 7 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 624 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Since February 2020, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to at least 200�?00 deaths in the US and 1 million deaths worldwide. These numbers probably underestimate COVID-19 deaths by 50%, with excess cardiovascular, metabolic, and dementia-related deaths likely misclassified COVID-19 deaths. In this issue of JAMA, Woolf and colleagues update their previous estimate, suggesting that the number of excess deaths between February and August 2020 attributable to COVID-19 is estimated to be about 225�?00.This devastating pandemic has affected nearly every aspect of daily life. While nations struggle to manage the initial waves of the death and disruption associated with the pandemic, accumulating evidence indicates another “second wave�?is building: rising rates of mental health and substance use disorders. This imminent mental health surge will bring further challenges for individuals, families, and communities including increased deaths from suicide and drug overdoses. As with the first COVID-19 wave, the mental health wave will disproportionately affect Black and Hispanic individuals, older adults, lower socioeconomic groups of all races and ethnicities, and health care workers. AD - Anxiety and Complicated Grief Program, Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York. | Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York. | Center for Alcohol Use Disorders and PTSD, Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York. AN - 33044510 AU - Simon, N. M. | Saxe, G. N. | Marmar, C. R. C1 - 2020-10-23 C2 - COVID-19 and Health Disparities CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102320_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 20 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.19632 ET - 2020/10/13 IS - 15 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus Infections | Humans | *Mental Disorders/epidemiology | *Mental Health | Mortality | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://1770883378/Simon-2020-Mental Health Disorders Related to.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | N1 - Simon, Naomi M; Saxe, Glenn N; Marmar, Charles R; eng; Comment; JAMA. 2020 Oct 20;324(15):1493-1494. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.19632. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A second wave of COVID-19 in the fall will result in mental health and substance abuse crises that may disproportionately affect Black and Hispanic individuals, older adults, lower socioeconomic groups, and health care workers. Early screening is needed to prevent prolonged grief, major depressive disorder, or posttraumatic stress disorder. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1493-1494 ST - Mental Health Disorders Related to COVID-19-Related Deaths T2 - JAMA TI - Mental Health Disorders Related to COVID-19-Related Deaths UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33044510 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1099 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Major depressive disorder is a leading cause of disability worldwide, and a major risk factor for suicide. It is also an illness that is remarkably sensitive to the social determinants of health—worsening depressive symptoms have been associated with adverse childhood experiences, racism and discrimination, unemployment, food insecurity, and a host of other social and environmental factors. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to massive social and economic disruptions around the world and in the United States. In their study examining the prevalence of depressive symptoms before and during the pandemic, Ettman et al have effectively documented an important mental health implication of the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors found higher prevalence rates of depression across all severity levels during COVID-19 compared with rates of depression before the pandemic in the US. Not surprisingly, for certain populations (eg, people with lower incomes and people with greater levels of stress associated with the pandemic), depressive symptoms were even more pronounced. AD - Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis. AN - 32876681 AU - Shim, R. S. C1 - 2020-09-11 C2 - Mental Health CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091120_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.20104 ET - 2020/09/03 IS - 9 KW - Adult | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus Infections | *Depression | Humans | *Mental Health | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral | Prevalence | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://2367991643/Shim-2020-Mental Health Inequities in the Cont.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | N1 - Shim, Ruth S; eng; Comment; JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Sep 1;3(9):e2020104. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.20104. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: To mitigate the effects of depression during the pandemic, policy makers and health care providers should address social determinants of mental and physical health. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e2020104 ST - Mental Health Inequities in the Context of COVID-19 T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Mental Health Inequities in the Context of COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32876681 VL - 3 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 867 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The landscape of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is rapidly changing, with new hot spots of concentrated coronavirus infections emerging across the US and around the world. Nearly every day, novel studies and insightful commentaries are being published by the JAMA Network and other leading biomedical journals. While the biology, epidemiology, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19 are the main focus of these reports, it will become increasingly important to study and address the health care needs of clinicians and other health care workers responding to the unprecedented demands of caring for patients with COVID-19. AU - Ayanian, John Z. C1 - 2020-04-10 C2 - Mental Health CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/041020_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1001/jamahealthforum.2020.0397 IS - 4 L1 - internal-pdf://0172351494/Ayanian-2020-Mental Health Needs of Health Car.pdf LA - en PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Factors including emotional strain, physical exhaustion, caring for coworkers, shortages of PPE and medical equipment, and concerns about infecting family contribute to the psychological distress of health care workers providing direct frontline care to patients with COVID-19. SE - e200397 SN - 2689-0186 SP - e200397-e200397 ST - Mental Health Needs of Health Care Workers Providing Frontline COVID-19 Care T2 - JAMA Health Forum TI - Mental Health Needs of Health Care Workers Providing Frontline COVID-19 Care UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamahealthforum.2020.0397 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama-health-forum/articlepdf/2764228/ayanian_2020_et_200020_1617905408.31711.pdf VL - 1 Y2 - 5/11/2021 ID - 31 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In this study, we report on mental health outcomes among health workers (HWs) involved with the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy.Data on mental health on 1379 HWs were collected between March 27th and March 31th 2020 using an on-line questionnaire spread throughout social networks, using a snowball technique along with sponsored social network advertisement. Key mental health outcomes were Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder symptoms (PTSD), severe depression, anxiety, insomnia and perceived stress.PTSD symptoms, severe depression, anxiety and insomnia, and high perceived stress were endorsed respectively by 681 (49.38%), 341 (24.73%), 273 (19.80%), 114 (8.27%) and 302 (21.90%) respondents. Regression analysis show that younger age, female gender, being a front-line HWs, having a colleague deceased, hospitalised or in quarantine were associated with poor mental health outcomes.This is the first report on mental health outcomes and associated risk factors among HWs associated with the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy, confirming a substantial proportion of health workers involved with the COVID-19 pandemic having mental health issues, in particular young women, first-line HWs.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding Statementno funding was granted for this studyAuthor DeclarationsAll relevant ethical guidelines have been followed; any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained and details of the IRB/oversight body are included in the manuscript.YesAll necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.Yesdata available upon request from the authors AU - Rossi, Rodolfo | Socci, Valentina | Pacitti, Francesca | Di Lorenzo, Giorgio | Di Marco, Antinisca | Siracusano, Alberto | Rossi, Alessandro C1 - 2020-05-01 C2 - Focus on Mental Health in Healthcare Workers CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050120_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.04.16.20067801 L1 - internal-pdf://3610806738/Rossi-2020-Mental health outcomes among front.pdf LA - en PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among HCW in Italy who completed psychometric scales, mental health problems reported during the peak of the local COVID-19 epidemic included: high levels of moderate to severe insomnia (8.3%), anxiety (19.8%), depression (24.7%), and PTSD (49.4%) (Figure). | In multivariable logistic regression analyses: | Female HCW faced similarly and significantly greater odds of all outcomes as men (aORs 2.0-2.3), with the exception of insomnia. | HCW working in front-line positions had significantly greater odds of PTSD (aOR 1.4) than those in second-line positions. | HCW with colleagues affected by COVID were particularly prone to symptoms of PTSD, depression and insomnia if they had a colleague who died from COVID (aORs 2.1-2.9) and had greater odds of PTSD without other symptoms if a colleague had been hospitalized or quarantined with COVID (aORs 1.5-1.6). | Methods: 1,379 HCW from across Italy were recruited through online snowball sampling and completed the internet survey between March 27 and March 31, 2020. Questionnaire included validated psychometric scales for insomnia (ISI-7), anxiety (GAD-7), and depression (PHQ-9), and a closely related scale for PTSD (Global Post-Traumatic Stress Scale). Multivariable logistic regression model included age, sex, front-line vs second-line work, occupation, and COVID impact on colleagues. Limitations: Cross-sectional data from a self-selected sample. | Implications for 2 studies (Lai et al. & Rossi et al.): Many HCW in China and Italy reported experiencing adverse mental health outcomes. Research is needed on how best to provide adequate psychological support services to HCW and sustain their capacity to work under the stressful conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic. SP - 2020.04.16.20067801 ST - Mental health outcomes among front and second line health workers associated with the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy T2 - medRxiv TI - Mental health outcomes among front and second line health workers associated with the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy TT - Published article: Mental Health Outcomes Among Frontline and Second-Line Health Care Workers During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic in Italy UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2020/04/22/2020.04.16.20067801.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/04/22/2020.04.16.20067801.full.pdf ID - 117 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Disparities in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes in the United States are irrefutable. Non-Hispanic Black people make up 12% of the U.S. population but account for 13.5% of cases and 26.4% of (age-adjusted) deaths. Hispanic/Latinx persons make up 18% of the U.S. population but account for 23.8% of cases and 38.8% of (age-adjusted) deaths (1). Addressing systemic racism, health care access, and inequalities in socioeconomic status is fundamentally important in eliminating health disparities. Understanding how best to communicate COVID-19 messages also may help narrow these gaps. | In their recent study, Alsan and colleagues (2) explored the relationship between aspects of COVID-19 messaging and African American and Latinx participants' knowledge and information-seeking behavior (2). Video messages about COVID-19, delivered by physicians, were viewed by more than 14�?00 African American and Latinx participants. Videos varied by the race/ethnicity of the messenger and acknowledgment of racial inequities and community perceptions about masks. In addition to determining whether message characteristics were related to viewers' subsequent knowledge, the authors investigated whether they had an effect on subsequent information seeking in this simulated environment. | This study demonstrated a small but statistically significant increase in COVID-19 knowledge that did not differ by racial concordance between the physician messenger and the viewer. However, information seeking was higher among African American participants after they viewed messages from African American physicians. Previous research has documented the benefits of patient–physician racial concordance on communication and health outcomes (3, 4), underscoring the importance of a diverse workforce to care for a diverse population. However, in 2018 only 5% and 5.8% of U.S. physicians were African American and Hispanic, respectively (5). Finally, the study provides further support for the important role that health professionals and other leaders in communities of color play in enhancing the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination and other interventions. | The COVID-19 pandemic demands approaches that draw on evidence and resources from a range of academic disciplines and societal sectors. Racial concordance of messengers and receivers of information may be particularly important in communicating about emotionally charged, politicized issues, such as COVID-19. Yet, race is only one dimension of concordance. An array of other demographic characteristics, including age, sex, socioeconomic status, and language (6), also may be important. Because information seeking among Latinx participants did not increase after they viewed a message from a Latinx physician, concordance across dimensions other than ethnicity may be more important for Latinx patients. In addition, this study did not examine whether racial concordance matters as much when communicating about COVID-19 to White persons. Subgroups exist, defined by education, religion, or political views regardless of race or ethnicity, in which persons are skeptical of COVID-19 recommendations. Research should examine whether different types of messenger–recipient concordance influence the effectiveness of public health messages. | The literature also documents the importance of trust when communicating health care information. Although Alsan and colleagues measured respondents' trust in health professionals, they did not report those findings. Studies document lower trust in health professionals and health care institutions among patients of color, which may influence receptivity to health care advice (7, 8). Ensuring that messages are accurate, available, and comprehensible is insufficient—recipients must also trust the messenger. Trust is most likely when information is delivered by a messenger who is known and has a positive relationship with the community. The National Institutes of Health Community Engagement Alliance (CEAL) Against COVID-19 Disparities (https://covid19community.nih.gov) has embraced this concept. One of CEAL's goals is active community engagement with, investment in, and outreach to underserved communities to build partnerships to improve diversity and inclusion in the scientific response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Trusted messengers often include health care professionals well known to patients and their families, faith or community leaders (9), and other influential persons. | Alsan and colleagues used requests for information as the behavioral outcome of interest, leaving the potential effect of message characteristics on actual patient behaviors undetermined. Attitudes, as well as abilities and resources, may be more important to behavior change than to knowledge itself. Thus, querying research participants on actual or intended behaviors regarding COVID-19 on the basis of new knowledge obtained from the videos may have provided a richer picture of the impact of the interventions. In fact, querying about intended behaviors may have a small but positive effect on the uptake of those behaviors (10). | Questions also remain about the information resources most likely to be used. What were the features of the webpages and videos that research participants requested most frequently? Did these requests differ by participant attributes? Also unknown is whether the public in general and persons in communities of color specifically desire information about topics not included in the 10 resources provided in this study. Communications research continues to grapple with questions about the effectiveness of messages targeted to demographic groups versus those tailored to the concerns of the public regardless of demographic characteristics. | This innovative study provides insight and generates important questions during this critical time. As new vaccines against COVID-19 become available, and when so many lives are at stake, mistrust of institutions and science remains high. This mistrust is especially high in U.S. communities of color, which have borne the greatest burden during the pandemic. The study by Alsan and colleagues validates previous research documenting the importance of racial concordance between patients and their physicians. However, the small differences observed suggest that trust and concordance of factors other than race/ethnicity also may need to be considered in developing effective communication strategies for COVID-19 prevention and treatment. Further study should examine whether COVID-19 information seeking is a predictor of actual behavior change. Messages that promote behavior change in diverse groups are essential to save lives and facilitate economic and psychological recovery from the devastation of the COVID-19 pandemic. AD - Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and Johns Hopkins University School of Nursing, Baltimore, Maryland. | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. AN - 33347319 AU - Cooper, Lisa A. | Stoney, Catherine M. C1 - 2021-01-08 C2 - Social, Behavioral, and Communication Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01082021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr DO - 10.7326/m20-8057 ET - 2020/12/22 IS - 4 KW - African Americans | *covid-19 | Humans | Information Seeking Behavior | Public Health | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://1588847862/m20-8057.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Vaccines | N1 - Cooper, Lisa A | Stoney, Catherine M | eng | Editorial | Comment | Ann Intern Med. 2021 Apr;174(4):554-555. doi: 10.7326/M20-8057. Epub 2020 Dec 21. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: racial representation in [public health] messaging may improve information-seeking among Black or other communities of color. SN - 1539-3704 (Electronic) | 0003-4819 (Linking) SP - 554-555 ST - Messages to Increase COVID-19 Knowledge in Communities of Color: What Matters Most? T2 - Ann Intern Med TI - Messages to Increase COVID-19 Knowledge in Communities of Color: What Matters Most? UR - https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/abs/10.7326/M20-8057 VL - 174 ID - 1891 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND AND AIM: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has attracted increasing worldwide attention. While diabetes is known to aggravate COVID-19 severity, it is not known whether nondiabetic patients with metabolic dysfunction are also more prone to more severe disease. The association of metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) with COVID-19 severity in nondiabetic patients was investigated here. METHODS: The study cohort comprised 65 patients with (i.e. cases) and 65 patients without MAFLD (i.e. controls). Each case was randomly matched with one control by sex (1:1) and age (+/-5 years). The association between the presence of MAFLD (as exposure) and COVID-19 severity (as the outcome) was assessed by binary logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: In nondiabetic patients with COVID-19, the presence of MAFLD was associated with a four-fold increased risk of severe COVID-19; the risk increased with increasing numbers of metabolic risk factors. The association with COVID-19 severity persisted after adjusting for age, sex, and coexisting morbid conditions. CONCLUSION: Health-care professionals caring for nondiabetic patients with COVID-19 should be cognizant of the increased likelihood of severe COVID-19 in patients with MAFLD. AD - Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China. | MAFLD Research Center, Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China. | Department of Critical Care Medicine, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou, China. | Department of Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors of Zhejiang Province, Hwamei Hospital, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China. | Department of Infectious Diseases, Ruian People's Hospital, Wenzhou, China. | Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China. | Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China. | Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. | Institute of Hepatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China. | Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for the Development of Chronic Liver Disease in Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China. AN - 32436622 AU - Gao, F. | Zheng, K. I. | Wang, X. B. | Yan, H. D. | Sun, Q. F. | Pan, K. H. | Wang, T. Y. | Chen, Y. P. | George, J. | Zheng, M. H. C1 - 2020-06-02 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060220_covidupdate.html DA - Jan DO - 10.1111/jgh.15112 ET - 2020/05/22 IS - 1 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | COVID-19/*diagnosis/*epidemiology | Case-Control Studies | China | Cohort Studies | Fatty Liver/*complications/diagnosis | Female | Humans | Logistic Models | Male | Middle Aged | Risk Factors | Severity of Illness Index | Young Adult | Covid-19 | Metabolic associated fatty liver disease | Nondiabetes L1 - internal-pdf://3655764337/Gao-2021-Metabolic associated fatty liver dise.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Gao, Feng; Zheng, Kenneth I; Wang, Xiao-Bo; Yan, Hua-Dong; Sun, Qing-Feng; Pan, Ke-Hua; Wang, Ting-Yao; Chen, Yong-Ping; George, Jacob; Zheng, Ming-Hua; eng; Project of New Century 551 Talent Nurturing in Wenzhou; High Level Creative Talents from Department of Public Health in Zhejiang Province; 2020023/Ruian Science and Technology Bureau; 2018ZD039/Medical Health Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Provincial Health Commission; 81500665/National Natural Science Foundation of China; Australia; J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021 Jan;36(1):204-207. doi: 10.1111/jgh.15112. Epub 2020 Jun 5. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In non-diabetic patients with COVID-19, having metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) was associated with 4 times increased risk of severe COVID-19. | The association between MAFLD and severe COVID-19 was independent of age, sex, smoking status, obesity, hypertension, and high cholesterol. | Methods: Case-control study among 130 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in China. Severe disease defined as respiratory distress or failure. MAFLD identified by CT scan and subsequently diagnosed using a clinical case definition. Limitations: May not be generalizable to U.S. population. | Implications: MAFLD is a risk factor for severe COVID-19. Early identification of MALFD in COVID-19 patients may inform clinical decision making. SN - 1440-1746 (Electronic); 0815-9319 (Linking) SP - 204-207 ST - Metabolic associated fatty liver disease increases coronavirus disease 2019 disease severity in nondiabetic patients T2 - J Gastroenterol Hepatol TI - Metabolic associated fatty liver disease increases coronavirus disease 2019 disease severity in nondiabetic patients UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32436622 VL - 36 ID - 309 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background and Objectives Case-based surveillance of pediatric COVID-19 cases underestimates the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infections among children and adolescents. Our objectives were to: 1) estimate monthly SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence among children aged 0-17 years and 2) calculate ratios of SARS-CoV-2 infections to reported COVID-19 cases among children and adolescents in 14 U.S. states.Methods Using data from commercial laboratory seroprevalence surveys, we estimated monthly SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence among children aged 0-17 years from August 2020 through May 2021. Seroprevalence estimates were based on SARS-CoV-2 anti-nucleocapsid immunoassays from February to May 2021. We compared estimated numbers of children infected with SARS-CoV-2 by May 2021 to cumulative incidence of confirmed and probable COVID-19 cases from case-based surveillance, and calculated infection: case ratios by state and type of anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid immunoassay used for seroprevalence testing.Results Analyses included 67,321 serum specimens tested for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among children in 14 U.S. states. Estimated ratios of SARS-CoV-2 infections to reported confirmed and probable COVID-19 cases among children and adolescents varied by state and type of immunoassay, ranging from 0.8-13.3 in May 2021.Conclusions Through May 2021, the majority of children in selected states did not have detectable SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibodies. Case-based surveillance underestimated the number of children infected with SARS-CoV-2, however the predicted extent of the underestimate varied by state, immunoassay, and over time. Continued monitoring of pediatric SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence should inform prevention and vaccination strategies.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementFunding for this work was supported by CDC (Atlanta, Georgia).Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:This activity was reviewed by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and determined to be consistent with non human participant research activity. Informed consent was waived, as data were deidentified. All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesDeidentified individual participant data will not be made available.CDCCenters of Disease Control and PreventionMIS-CMultisystem inflammatory syndrome in childrenEUAEmergency Use AuthorizationFDAU.S. Food and Drug AdministrationACIPAdvisory Committee on Immunizations PracticesNNucleocapsidSSpikeIgImmunoglobulinCIConfidence intervals AU - Couture, Alexia | Lyons, Casey | Mehrotra, Megha L. | Sosa, Lynn | Ezike, Ngozi | Brown, Catherine M. | Yendell, Stephanie | Azzam, Ihsan A. | Katić, Božena J. | Cope, Anna | Dickerson, Kristen | Dunn, John | Traxler, L. Brannon | Davis, Lora B. | Ahmed, Farah S. | Stone, Jolianne | Reed, Carrie | Clarke, Kristie E. N. | Flannery, Brendan | Charles, Myrna D. C1 - 2021-10-08 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10082021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1101/2021.09.26.21263756 L1 - internal-pdf://0685706853/Couture-2021-Methods for Estimation of SARS-Co.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Monthly population-weighted SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity among children aged 0�?7 years in 14 states in the United States from August 2020–May 2021 using 67,321 residual serum specimens from 3 commercial laboratories found higher rates of COVID-19 among children than detected by case-based surveillance. SP - 2021.09.26.21263756 ST - Methods for Estimation of SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence and Reported COVID-19 Cases in U.S. Children, August 2020—May 2021 T2 - medRxiv TI - Methods for Estimation of SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence and Reported COVID-19 Cases in U.S. Children, August 2020—May 2021 UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/09/29/2021.09.26.21263756.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/09/29/2021.09.26.21263756.full.pdf ID - 2448 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Objective: To investigate the humoral and cellular immune response to mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) on immunomodulatory treatment. Methods: Established patients at NYU Langone Health with IMID (n=51) receiving the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination were assessed at baseline and after second immunization. Healthy subjects served as controls (n=26). IgG antibody responses to the spike protein were analyzed for humoral response. Cellular immune response to SARS-CoV-2 was further analyzed using high-parameter spectral flow cytometry. A second independent, validation cohort of controls (n=182) and patients with IMID (n=31) from Erlangen, Germany were also analyzed for humoral immune response. Results: Although healthy subjects (n=208) and IMID patients on biologic treatments (mostly on TNF blockers, n=37) demonstrate robust antibody responses (over 90%), those patients with IMID on background methotrexate (n=45) achieve an adequate response in only 62.2% of cases. Similarly, IMID patients do not demonstrate an increase in CD8+ T cell activation after vaccination. Conclusions: In two independent cohorts of IMID patients, methotrexate, a widely used immunomodulator for the treatment of several IMIDs, adversely affected humoral and cellular immune response to COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. Although precise cut offs for immunogenicity that correlate with vaccine efficacy are yet to be established, our findings suggest that different strategies may need to be explored in patients with IMID taking methotrexate to increase the chances of immunization efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 as has been demonstrated for augmenting immunogenicity to other viral vaccines. KEY MESSAGES: What is already known about this subject?: The impact of COVID-19 has been felt across the globe and new hope has arisen with the approval of mRNA vaccines against the SARS-CoV-2. Studies have shown immunogenicity and efficacy rates of over 90% in the immunocompetent adult population. However, there is a lack of knowledge surrounding the response of patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) who may also be on immunomodulatory medications.Patients with IMID have been shown to have attenuated immune responses to seasonal influenza vaccination.What does this study add?: This study looks at the humoral and cellular immune response to two doses of BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in participants with IMID (on immunomodulators) compared with healthy controls.Individuals with IMID on methotrexate demonstrate up to a 62% reduced rate of adequate immunogenicity to the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination. Those on anti-cytokine or non-methotrexate oral medications demonstrate similar levels of immunogenicity as healthy controls (greater than 90%).Similarly, vaccination did not induce an activated CD8+ T cell response in participants on background methotrexate, unlike healthy controls and patients with IMID not receiving methotrexate.How might this impact of clinical practice or future developments?: These results suggest that patients on methotrexate may need alternate vaccination strategies such as additional doses of vaccine, dose modification of methotrexate, or even a temporary discontinuation of this drug. Further studies will be required to explore the effect of these approaches on mRNA vaccine immunogenicity. AN - 34013285 AU - Haberman, R. H. | Herati, R. S. | Simon, D. | Samanovic, M. | Blank, R. B. | Tuen, M. | Koralov, S. B. | Atreya, R. | Tascilar, K. | Allen, J. R. | Castillo, R. | Cornelius, A. R. | Rackoff, P. | Solomon, G. | Adhikari, S. | Azar, N. | Rosenthal, P. | Izmirly, P. | Samuels, J. | Golden, B. | Reddy, S. | Neurath, M. | Abramson, S. B. | Schett, G. | Mulligan, M. J. | Scher, J. U. C1 - 2021-05-21 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategy CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05212021_covidupdate.html DA - May 12 DO - 10.1101/2021.05.11.21256917 ET - 2021/05/21 L1 - internal-pdf://2799160568/Haberman-2021-Methotrexate Hampers Immunogenic.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Haberman, Rebecca H; Herati, Ramin Sedaghat; Simon, David; Samanovic, Marie; Blank, Rebecca B; Tuen, Michael; Koralov, Sergei B; Atreya, Raja; Tascilar, Koray; Allen, Joseph R; Castillo, Rochelle; Cornelius, Amber R; Rackoff, Paula; Solomon, Gary; Adhikari, Samrachana; Azar, Natalie; Rosenthal, Pamela; Izmirly, Peter; Samuels, Jonathan; Golden, Brian; Reddy, Soumya; Neurath, Markus; Abramson, Steven B; Schett, Georg; Mulligan, Mark J; Scher, Jose U; eng; Preprint; medRxiv. 2021 May 12. doi: 10.1101/2021.05.11.21256917. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In 2 independent cohorts, fewer patients on methotrexate (MTX) for immune-mediated inflammatory disease (IMID) developed antibody responses following 2 doses of the Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccine (28/45, 62.2%) compared with IMID patients receiving other treatments (34/37, 91.9%) or healthy individuals (204/208, 98.1%). SP - 2021.05.11.21256917 ST - Methotrexate Hampers Immunogenicity to BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Disease T2 - medRxiv TI - Methotrexate Hampers Immunogenicity to BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Disease TT - Published article: Methotrexate hampers immunogenicity to BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in immune-mediated inflammatory disease UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34013285 ID - 1778 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Steroid use for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is based on the possible role of these drugs in mitigating the inflammatory response, mainly in the lungs, triggered by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of methylprednisolone (MP) among hospitalized patients with suspected COVID-19. METHODS: A parallel, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, Phase IIb clinical trial was performed with hospitalized patients aged >/=18 years with clinical, epidemiological, and/or radiological suspected COVID-19 at a tertiary care facility in Manaus, Brazil. Patients were randomly allocated (1:1 ratio) to receive either intravenous MP (0.5 mg/kg) or placebo (saline solution) twice daily for 5 days. A modified intention-to-treat (mITT) analysis was conducted. The primary outcome was 28-day mortality. RESULTS: From 18 April to 16 June 2020, 647 patients were screened, 416 were randomized, and 393 were analyzed as mITT, with 194 individuals assigned to MP and 199 to placebo. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in 81.3%. The mortality rates at Day 28 were not different between groups. A subgroup analysis showed that patients over 60 years old in the MP group had a lower mortality rate at Day 28. Patients in the MP arm tended to need more insulin therapy, and no difference was seen in virus clearance in respiratory secretion until Day 7. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that a short course of MP in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 did not reduce mortality in the overall population. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT04343729. AD - Fundacao de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil. | Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil. | Instituto Leonidas and Maria Deane, Fiocruz Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil. | Fundacao de Vigilancia em Saude do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil. | Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Instituto de Salud Global de Barcelona (ISGlobal), Hospital Clinic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. | Centro de Investigacao em Saude de Manhica, Maputo, Mozambique. | Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain. | Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. | Consorcio de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Epidemiologia y Salud Publica, Madrid, Spain. | Nucleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil. | Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil. | Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil. | Faculdade de Medicina de Sao Jose do Rio Preto, Sao Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil. | Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. AN - 32785710 AU - Jeronimo, C. M. P. | Farias, M. E. L. | Val, F. F. A. | Sampaio, V. S. | Alexandre, M. A. A. | Melo, G. C. | Safe, I. P. | Borba, M. G. S. | Netto, R. L. A. | Maciel, A. B. S. | Neto, J. R. S. | Oliveira, L. B. | Figueiredo, E. F. G. | Oliveira Dinelly, K. M. | de Almeida Rodrigues, M. G. | Brito, M. | Mourao, M. P. G. | Pivoto Joao, G. A. | Hajjar, L. A. | Bassat, Q. | Romero, G. A. S. | Naveca, F. G. | Vasconcelos, H. L. | de Araujo Tavares, M. | Brito-Sousa, J. D. | Costa, F. T. M. | Nogueira, M. L. | Baia-da-Silva, D. C. | Xavier, M. S. | Monteiro, W. M. | Lacerda, M. V. G. | Metcovid, Team C1 - 2020-08-21 C2 - Clinical Outcomes CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082120_covidupdate.html DA - May 4 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa1177 ET - 2020/08/14 IS - 9 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Brazil | *covid-19 | Double-Blind Method | Humans | Methylprednisolone/therapeutic use | Middle Aged | SARS-CoV-2 | Treatment Outcome | *Brazil | *SARS-CoV-2 | *coronavirus | *corticosteroid | *inflammation L1 - internal-pdf://2788446072/Jeronimo-2021-Methylprednisolone as Adjunctive.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Jeronimo, Christiane Maria Prado; Farias, Maria Eduarda Leao; Val, Fernando Fonseca Almeida; Sampaio, Vanderson Souza; Alexandre, Marcia Almeida Araujo; Melo, Gisely Cardoso; Safe, Izabella Picinin; Borba, Mayla Gabriela Silva; Netto, Rebeca Linhares Abreu; Maciel, Alex Bezerra Silva; Neto, Joao Ricardo Silva; Oliveira, Lucas Barbosa; Figueiredo, Erick Frota Gomes; Oliveira Dinelly, Kelry Mazurega; de Almeida Rodrigues, Maria Gabriela; Brito, Marcelo; Mourao, Maria Paula Gomes; Pivoto Joao, Guilherme Augusto; Hajjar, Ludhmila Abrahao; Bassat, Quique; Romero, Gustavo Adolfo Sierra; Naveca, Felipe Gomes; Vasconcelos, Heline Lira; de Araujo Tavares, Michel; Brito-Sousa, Jose Diego; Costa, Fabio Trindade Maranhao; Nogueira, Mauricio Lacerda; Baia-da-Silva, Djane Clarys; Xavier, Mariana Simao; Monteiro, Wuelton Marcelo; Lacerda, Marcus Vinicius Guimaraes; eng; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Clin Infect Dis. 2021 May 4;72(9):e373-e381. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1177. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A short course of methylprednisone in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 did not reduce mortality in the overall population. SE - e373 SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - e373-e381 ST - Methylprednisolone as Adjunctive Therapy for Patients Hospitalized With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19; Metcovid): A Randomized, Double-blind, Phase IIb, Placebo-controlled Trial T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Methylprednisolone as Adjunctive Therapy for Patients Hospitalized With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19; Metcovid): A Randomized, Double-blind, Phase IIb, Placebo-controlled Trial UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32785710 VL - 72 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 750 ER - TY - JOUR AD - From Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (R.T.G.); the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle (J.B.L.); and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, and Grady Health System, Atlanta (C.R.). AN - 32329974 AU - Gandhi, R. T. | Lynch, J. B. | Del Rio, C. C1 - 2020-11-06 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/110620_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 29 DO - 10.1056/NEJMcp2009249 ET - 2020/04/25 IS - 18 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis/drug therapy/prevention & control | Humans | Pandemics/prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis/drug therapy/prevention & control | Practice Guidelines as Topic | SARS-CoV-2 | Severity of Illness Index | *Symptom Assessment L1 - internal-pdf://1804680198/Gandhi-2020-Mild or Moderate Covid-19.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Gandhi, Rajesh T; Lynch, John B; Del Rio, Carlos; eng; Review; N Engl J Med. 2020 Oct 29;383(18):1757-1766. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp2009249. Epub 2020 Apr 24. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Summary of clinical features, testing, and management of COVID-19 symptoms based on symptoms and illness severity. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 1757-1766 ST - Mild or Moderate Covid-19 T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Mild or Moderate Covid-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32329974 VL - 383 ID - 1195 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Lehigh Valley Health Network, Trexlertown, PA 18087, USA. Electronic address: michael.schwartz@lvh.com. AN - 33031752 AU - Schwartz, M. C1 - 2020-10-16 C2 - Clinical Complications and Sequelae CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/101620_covidupdate.html DA - May DO - 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30786-6 ET - 2020/10/09 IS - 5 KW - Adult | Antibody Formation | *covid-19 | Child | Humans | *RNA, Viral | SARS-CoV-2 | Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome L1 - internal-pdf://1193074050/Schwartz-2021-MIS-C_ post-infectious syndrome.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Schwartz, Michael; eng; Letter; Comment; Lancet Infect Dis. 2021 May;21(5):e116. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30786-6. Epub 2020 Oct 5. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Letter discussing the possibility that COVID-19-related multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is more consistent with a subacute infection than a post-infectious syndrome. SN - 1474-4457 (Electronic); 1473-3099 (Linking) SP - e116 ST - MIS-C: post-infectious syndrome or persistent infection? T2 - Lancet Infect Dis TI - MIS-C: post-infectious syndrome or persistent infection? UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33031752 VL - 21 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 1066 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The global spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been mirrored by diffusion of misinformation and conspiracy theories about its origins (such as 5G cellular networks) and the motivations of preventive measures like vaccination, social distancing, and face masks (for example, as a political ploy). These beliefs have resulted in substantive, negative real-world outcomes but remain largely unstudied. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional, online survey (n=660). Participants were asked about the believability of five selected COVID-19 narratives, their political orientation, their religious commitment, and their trust in science (a 21-item scale), along with sociodemographic items. Data were assessed descriptively, then latent profile analysis was used to identify subgroups with similar believability profiles. Bivariate (ANOVA) analyses were run, then multivariable, multivariate logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with membership in specific COVID-19 narrative believability profiles. RESULTS: For the full sample, believability of the narratives varied, from a low of 1.94 (SD=1.72) for the 5G narrative to a high of 5.56 (SD=1.64) for the zoonotic (scientific consensus) narrative. Four distinct belief profiles emerged, with the preponderance (70%) of the sample falling into Profile 1, which believed the scientifically accepted narrative (zoonotic origin) but not the misinformed or conspiratorial narratives. Other profiles did not disbelieve the zoonotic explanation, but rather believed additional misinformation to varying degrees. Controlling for sociodemographics, political orientation and religious commitment were marginally, and typically non-significantly, associated with COVID-19 belief profile membership. However, trust in science was a strong, significant predictor of profile membership, with lower trust being substantively associated with belonging to Profiles 2 through 4. CONCLUSIONS: Belief in misinformation or conspiratorial narratives may not be mutually exclusive from belief in the narrative reflecting scientific consensus; that is, profiles were distinguished not by belief in the zoonotic narrative, but rather by concomitant belief or disbelief in additional narratives. Additional, renewed dissemination of scientifically accepted narratives may not attenuate belief in misinformation. However, prophylaxis of COVID-19 misinformation might be achieved by taking concrete steps to improve trust in science and scientists, such as building understanding of the scientific process and supporting open science initiatives. AD - Prevention Insights, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington, 809 E. 9th St., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA. jagley@indiana.edu. | Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington, 809 E. 9th St., Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA. jagley@indiana.edu. | School of Social Work, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN, USA. | School of Social Work, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA. AN - 33413219 AU - Agley, J. | Xiao, Y. C1 - 2021-01-22 C2 - Social, Behavioral, and Communication Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01222021_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 7 DO - 10.1186/s12889-020-10103-x ET - 2021/01/09 IS - 1 KW - Adolescent | Adult | *Attitude to Health | *covid-19 | *Communicable Disease Control | *Communication | Cross-Sectional Studies | Female | Freedom | Humans | Internet | Latent Class Analysis | Logistic Models | Male | Masks | Multivariate Analysis | Physical Distancing | *Politics | *Religion | SARS-CoV-2 | Science | Surveys and Questionnaires | *Trust | United States | Vaccination | Young Adult | *Conspiracy theories | *Coronavirus | *Misinformation L1 - internal-pdf://0127461649/Agley-2021-Misinformation about COVID-19_ evid.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Agley, Jon; Xiao, Yunyu; eng; England; BMC Public Health. 2021 Jan 7;21(1):89. doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-10103-x. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: The authors found that many people believe both science-based facts and misinformation about COVID-19; mistrust in science was a predictor for believing misinformation. Using approaches specific to social media platforms can prevent misinformation (Merchant et al. Public health messaging in the era of social media.external icon JAMA). SN - 1471-2458 (Electronic); 1471-2458 (Linking) SP - 89 ST - Misinformation about COVID-19: evidence for differential latent profiles and a strong association with trust in science T2 - BMC Public Health TI - Misinformation about COVID-19: evidence for differential latent profiles and a strong association with trust in science UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33413219 VL - 21 ID - 1420 ER - TY - JOUR AD - From Stanford University School of Medicine (Y.R., M.M.M.) and Stanford Law School (M.M.M.), Stanford, CA. AN - 33085856 AU - Rafiei, Y. | Mello, M. M. C1 - 2020-11-03 C2 - Testing CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/110320_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 3 DO - 10.1056/NEJMp2028209 ET - 2020/10/22 IS - 23 KW - COVID-19/*diagnosis | COVID-19 Testing/*statistics & numerical data | Health Services Accessibility | Healthcare Disparities | Humans | Mass Screening/*trends | Pandemics | *Schools | Time Factors | United States L1 - internal-pdf://3348261575/Rafiei-2020-The Missing Piece - SARS-CoV-2 Tes.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Rafiei, Yasmin; Mello, Michelle M; eng; N Engl J Med. 2020 Dec 3;383(23):e126. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2028209. Epub 2020 Oct 21. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Authors argue that SARS-CoV-2 testing is necessary to safely re-open schools and discuss challenges in implementing school testing programs and ways in which state and federal governments can assist. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - e126 ST - The Missing Piece - SARS-CoV-2 Testing and School Reopening T2 - N Engl J Med TI - The Missing Piece - SARS-CoV-2 Testing and School Reopening UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33085856 VL - 383 ID - 1179 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Although the efficacies of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, i.e., the virus that causes Covid-19, have been publicized and praised, and although they are assumed to encourage vaccine compliance, little is known about how well these figures are understood by the general public. Our study aims to fill this gap by investigating whether laypeople have an adequate grasp of what vaccine efficacy means and, if not, which misconceptions and consequences are the most common. To this end, we carried out three online behavioral experiments involving 1800 participants overall. The first, exploratory experiment, with a sample of 600 UK participants, allowed us to document by means of both an open-ended question and a multiple-choice question, a common misinterpretation of the efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines as the non-incidence rate among the vaccinated. We formally demonstrated that this error leads to a systematic overestimation of the probability of individuals who are vaccinated developing Covid-19. The second experiment confirmed the prevalence of this misinterpretation in a new sample of 600 UK and Italian participants, by means of a slightly different multiple-choice question that included more response options. Finally, in a third experiment, involving another 600 UK and Italian participants, we investigated the behavioral implications of the documented error and showed that it might undermine the general positive attitude toward vaccines as well as the intention to get vaccinated. On the whole, the results of this study reveal a general misunderstanding of vaccine efficacy that may have serious consequences for the perceived benefits of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and, thus, the willingness to be vaccinated. AU - Tentori, K. | Passerini, A. | Timberlake, B. | Pighin, S. C1 - 2021-08-13 C2 - Social, Behavioral, and Communication Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08132021_covidupdate.html DA - 2021/07/27/ DO - 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114273 KW - Vaccine efficacy | Risk communication | SARS-CoV-2 vaccine | Covid-19 L1 - internal-pdf://2321614157/1-s2.0-S0277953621006055-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In an online behavioral experiment highlighting the general public’s confusion about the meaning of the term “vaccine efficacy�?(VE), 92% of participants (n = 600) did not understand that VE is a relative risk reduction. The most popular of 5 incorrect definitions, selected by 32% of participants, explained VE as an absolute risk reduction. SE - 114273 SN - 0277-9536 SP - 114273 ST - The misunderstanding of vaccine efficacy T2 - Soc Sci Med TI - The misunderstanding of vaccine efficacy UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277953621006055 ID - 2219 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de la Guadeloupe, Service de Neurologie, 97139, Pointe-a-Pitre/Abymes, France. hugo.chaumont@chu-guadeloupe.fr. | Faculte de Medecine, Universite Des Antilles, Pointe-a-Pitre, France. hugo.chaumont@chu-guadeloupe.fr. | Institut National de La Sante Et de La Recherche Medicale, CNRS, Unite Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7225, Institut du Cerveau Et de La Moelle epiniere, ICM, Faculte de Medecine de Sorbonne Universite, U 1127, Paris, France. hugo.chaumont@chu-guadeloupe.fr. | Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de la Guadeloupe, Service de Neurologie, 97139, Pointe-a-Pitre/Abymes, France. | Faculte de Medecine, Universite Des Antilles, Pointe-a-Pitre, France. | Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Guadeloupe, Service de Reanimation, Pointe-a-Pitre/Abymes, France. | Laboratoire de Biologie de La Reproduction, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Guadeloupe, Pointe-a-Pitre/Abymes, France. | Institut National de La Sante Et de La Recherche Medicale, CNRS, Unite Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7225, Institut du Cerveau Et de La Moelle epiniere, ICM, Faculte de Medecine de Sorbonne Universite, U 1127, Paris, France. | AP-HP, Hopital de La Pitie-Salpetriere, Departement de Neurologie, Paris, France. | Centre D'investigation Clinique Antilles Guyane, Inserm CIC 1424, Pointe-a-Pitre, France. AN - 32533322 AU - Chaumont, H. | San-Galli, A. | Martino, F. | Couratier, C. | Joguet, G. | Carles, M. | Roze, E. | Lannuzel, A. C1 - 2020-06-23 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/062320_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1007/s00415-020-09986-y ET - 2020/06/14 IS - 11 KW - Aged | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*complications | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Nervous System Diseases/physiopathology/*virology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://2701267861/Chaumont-2020-Mixed central and peripheral ner.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Chaumont, H; San-Galli, A; Martino, F; Couratier, C; Joguet, G; Carles, M; Roze, E; Lannuzel, A; eng; Case Reports; Letter; Germany; J Neurol. 2020 Nov;267(11):3121-3127. doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-09986-y. Epub 2020 Jun 12. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Case reports of 4 patients with severe central and peripheral nervous system disorders as late complications of severe COVID-19 following extubation. SN - 1432-1459 (Electronic); 0340-5354 (Linking) SP - 3121-3127 ST - Mixed central and peripheral nervous system disorders in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection T2 - J Neurol TI - Mixed central and peripheral nervous system disorders in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32533322 VL - 267 ID - 416 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic markedly changed human mobility patterns, necessitating epidemiological models that can capture the effects of these changes in mobility on the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)(1). Here we introduce a metapopulation susceptible-exposed-infectious-removed (SEIR) model that integrates fine-grained, dynamic mobility networks to simulate the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in ten of the largest US metropolitan areas. Our mobility networks are derived from mobile phone data and map the hourly movements of 98 million people from neighbourhoods (or census block groups) to points of interest such as restaurants and religious establishments, connecting 56,945 census block groups to 552,758 points of interest with 5.4 billion hourly edges. We show that by integrating these networks, a relatively simple SEIR model can accurately fit the real case trajectory, despite substantial changes in the behaviour of the population over time. Our model predicts that a small minority of 'superspreader' points of interest account for a large majority of the infections, and that restricting the maximum occupancy at each point of interest is more effective than uniformly reducing mobility. Our model also correctly predicts higher infection rates among disadvantaged racial and socioeconomic groups(2-8) solely as the result of differences in mobility: we find that disadvantaged groups have not been able to reduce their mobility as sharply, and that the points of interest that they visit are more crowded and are therefore associated with higher risk. By capturing who is infected at which locations, our model supports detailed analyses that can inform more-effective and equitable policy responses to COVID-19. AD - Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. | Microsoft Research, Cambridge, MA, USA. | Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA. | Department of Sociology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. | Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. | Department of Sociology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. | Center on Poverty and Inequality, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. | Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. jure@cs.stanford.edu. | Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA. jure@cs.stanford.edu. AN - 33171481 AU - Chang, S. | Pierson, E. | Koh, P. W. | Gerardin, J. | Redbird, B. | Grusky, D. | Leskovec, J. C1 - 2020-11-24 C2 - Modeling and Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/112420_covidupdate.html DA - Jan DO - 10.1038/s41586-020-2923-3 ET - 2020/11/11 IS - 7840 KW - COVID-19/*epidemiology/*prevention & control/transmission | Cell Phone/statistics & numerical data | *Computer Simulation | Continental Population Groups/*statistics & numerical data | Data Analysis | Humans | *Locomotion | Mobile Applications/statistics & numerical data | *Physical Distancing | Religion | Restaurants/organization & administration | Risk Assessment | *Socioeconomic Factors | Time Factors L1 - internal-pdf://3576469974/Chang-2021-Mobility network models of COVID-19.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Chang, Serina; Pierson, Emma; Koh, Pang Wei; Gerardin, Jaline; Redbird, Beth; Grusky, David; Leskovec, Jure; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. | England; Nature. 2021 Jan;589(7840):82-87. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2923-3. Epub 2020 Nov 10. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Mobility in the United States between Census Block Groups (CBGs) and non-residential points of interest (POIs: e.g., restaurants, gyms) decreased, starting in March 2020. In Chicago: | Mobility decreased 54.7% between the first week of March and the first week of April 2020. | With no reduction in mobility, estimated infection rates were 6.2 times greater (95% CI 5.2-7.1). | An estimated 10% of visits to POIs accounted for 85% (95% CI 83%-87%) of infections. | Individuals from CBGs in the bottom decile for income and from CBGs with fewer White residents were substantially more likely to have been infected by the end of the simulation (Figure 1). | Full-service restaurants were associated with the greatest increase in infections in re-opening scenarios (Figure 2). | Methods: Mobility patterns for 98 million people collected from anonymized cell phone location data in 10 US metropolitan areas from March 1 to May 2, 2020 were used to create a model to estimate the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Authors combined mobility data with case counts to estimate infection rates with no closing, infection rates in CBGs by socioeconomic status and racial/ethnic composition and impacts of specific reopening scenarios. Limitations: Mobility data do not contain all populations (e.g., those without cellphones or traveling without cellphones) or POIs. | Implications: Results may guide choices in re-opening strategies for non-residential establishments and incorporate policy approaches to mitigating racial and socioeconomic disparities while re-opening. SN - 1476-4687 (Electronic); 0028-0836 (Linking) SP - 82-87 ST - Mobility network models of COVID-19 explain inequities and inform reopening T2 - Nature TI - Mobility network models of COVID-19 explain inequities and inform reopening UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33171481 VL - 589 ID - 1271 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background We examined school reopening policies amidst rising transmission of the highly transmissible Delta variant, accounting for vaccination among individuals aged 12 years and older, with the goal of characterizing risk to students and teachers under various within-school non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) combined with specific vaccination coverage levels.Methods We developed an individual-based transmission model to simulate transmission of the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 among a synthetic population, representative of Bay Area cities. We parameterized the model using community contact rates from vaccinated households ascertained from a household survey of Bay Area families with children conducted between February �?April, 2021.Interventions and outcomes We evaluated the additional infections in students and teachers/staff resulting over a 128-day semester from in-school instruction compared to remote instruction when various NPIs (mask use, cohorts, and weekly testing of students/teachers) were implemented in schools, across various community-wide vaccination coverages (50%, 60%, 70%), and student (�?2 years) and teacher/staff vaccination coverages (50% - 95%). We quantified the added benefit of universal masking over masking among unvaccinated students and teachers, across varying levels of vaccine effectiveness (45%, 65%, 85%), and compared results between Delta and Alpha variant circulation.Results The Delta variant sharply increases the risk of within-school COVID-transmission when compared to the Alpha variant. In our highest risk scenario (50% community and within-school vaccine coverage, no within-school NPIs, and predominant circulation of the Delta variant), we estimated that an elementary school could see 33-65 additional symptomatic cases of COVID-19 over a four-month semester (depending on the relative susceptibility of children <10 years). In contrast, under the Bay Area reopening plan (universal mask use, community and school vaccination coverage of 70%), we estimated excess symptomatic infection attributable to school reopening among 2.0-9.7% of elementary students (8-36 excess symptomatic cases per school over the semester), 3.0% of middle school students (13 cases per school) and 0.4% of high school students (3 cases per school). Excess rates among teachers attributable to reopening were similar. Achievement of lower risk tolerances, such as <5 excess infections per 1,000 students or teachers, required a cohort approach in elementary and middle school populations. In the absence of NPIs, increasing the vaccination coverage of community members from 50% to 70% or elementary teachers from 70% to 95% reduced the estimated excess rate of infection among elementary school students attributable to school transmission by 24% and 41%, respectively. We estimated that with 70% coverage of the eligible community and school population with a vaccine that is �?5% effective, universal masking can avert more cases than masking of unvaccinated persons alone.Conclusions Amidst circulation of the Delta variant, our findings demonstrated that schools are not inherently low risk, yet can be made so with high community vaccination coverages and universal masking. Vaccination of adult community members and teachers protects unvaccinated elementary and middle school children. Elementary and middle schools that can support additional interventions, such as cohorts and testing, should consider doing so, particularly if additional studies find that younger children are equally as susceptible as adults to the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2.Limitations We did not consider the effect of social distancing in classrooms, or variation in testing frequency, and considerable uncertainty remains in key transmission parameters.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis research was supported in part by National Science Foundation grant no. 2032210, by National Institutes of Health grant nos. R01AI125842 and R01AI148336, and by the MIDAS Coordination Center (MIDASSUP2020-4) by a grant from the National Institute of General Medical Science (3U24GM132013-02S2).Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Ethical approval was obtained from the Office for Protection of Human Subjects at the University of California, Berkeley (Protocol Number: 2020-04-13180). Prior to taking the anonymous survey, parents were provided details of the study and asked to provide written informed consent.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData and code for this analysis can be found at https://github.com/jrhead/COVIDandVaccinatedSchools AN - 34462757 AU - Head, Jennifer R. | Andrejko, Kristin L. | Remais, Justin V. C1 - 2021-09-10 C2 - PMC8404896 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09102021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - Aug 23 DO - 10.1101/2021.08.20.21262389 ET - 2021/09/01 L1 - internal-pdf://2688550870/Head-2021-Model-based assessment of SARS-CoV-2.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Natural History | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Head, Jennifer R | Andrejko, Kristin L | Remais, Justin V | eng | R01 AI125842/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | R01 AI148336/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | U24 GM132013/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ | Preprint | medRxiv. 2021 Aug 23. doi: 10.1101/2021.08.20.21262389. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: An individual-based transmission model used data from spring 2021 to predict Delta variant transmission attributable to within-school transmission at a 380-person elementary school, a 420-person middle school, and a 620-person high school. In a high-risk scenario assuming no mask use or cohorts and only 50% community vaccination coverage, excess COVID-19 cases could occur among 33�?9 elementary school students, 53 middle school students, and 65 high-school students over a 4-month semester. In a different scenario assuming universal mask use, cohorts, and 60% community vaccination coverage, excess COVID-19 cases could occur among 2�? elementary school students, 3 middle school students, and 1 high school student over the 4-month semester. Layering non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) and/or increasing vaccination coverage could reduce school transmission; universal masking in schools might prevent more COVID-19 cases than masking only for unvaccinated persons. SP - 2021.08.20.21262389 ST - Model-based assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant transmission dynamics within partially vaccinated K-12 school populations T2 - medRxiv TI - Model-based assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant transmission dynamics within partially vaccinated K-12 school populations UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/08/23/2021.08.20.21262389.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/08/23/2021.08.20.21262389.full.pdf ID - 2300 ER - TY - JOUR AB - As the COVID-19 pandemic drags on, we need strategies for reopening those schools that have remained closed. We developed stochastic network models to study the risks associated with returning to in-person learning during the COVID-19 pandemic, and to explore the value of mitigation measures in reducing these risks. Our models indicate that the risk of school outbreaks increases as community prevalence increases, and that secondary schools pose greater control challenges than primary schools. The models reveal that a number of measures can help substantially: dividing students into multiple cohorts who attend school on an alternating basis, frequently testing teachers and students, and vaccinating teachers and staff. Basic transmission control strategies such as mask use, social distancing, and ventilation remain essential.Reopening schools is an urgent priority as the COVID-19 pandemic drags on. To explore the risks associated with returning to in-person learning and the value of mitigation measures, we developed stochastic, network-based models of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission in primary and secondary schools. We find that a number of mitigation measures, alone or in concert, may reduce risk to acceptable levels. Student cohorting, in which students are divided into two separate populations that attend in-person classes on alternating schedules, can reduce both the likelihood and the size of outbreaks. Proactive testing of teachers and staff can help catch introductions early, before they spread widely through the school. In secondary schools, where the students are more susceptible to infection and have different patterns of social interaction, control is more difficult. Especially in these settings, planners should also consider testing students once or twice weekly. Vaccinating teachers and staff protects these individuals and may have a protective effect on students as well. Other mitigations, including mask wearing, social distancing, and increased ventilation, remain a crucial component of any reopening plan.Python code used to instantiate and run the models, and the simulation data tables, have been deposited in Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5237328) (77). AN - 34518375 AU - McGee, Ryan Seamus | Homburger, Julian R. | Williams, Hannah E. | Bergstrom, Carl T. | Zhou, Alicia Y. C1 - 2021-10-08 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10082021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1073/pnas.2108909118 IS - 39 L1 - internal-pdf://3457289798/McGee-2021-Model-driven mitigation measures fo.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Based on modeling, school outbreak risk increases with prevalence of COVID-19 in the community and is harder to control in secondary than in primary schools. Measures to reduce risk include student cohorts that alternate in-school attendance, frequent testing, and vaccination. Mask use, social distancing, and ventilation remain essential. SP - e2108909118 ST - Model-driven mitigation measures for reopening schools during the COVID-19 pandemic T2 - Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A TI - Model-driven mitigation measures for reopening schools during the COVID-19 pandemic UR - https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/118/39/e2108909118.full.pdf VL - 118 ID - 2441 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Limited initial supply of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine raises the question of how to prioritize available doses. We used a mathematical model to compare five age-stratified prioritization strategies. A highly effective transmission-blocking vaccine prioritized to adults ages 20 to 49 years minimized cumulative incidence, but mortality and years of life lost were minimized in most scenarios when the vaccine was prioritized to adults greater than 60 years old. Use of individual-level serological tests to redirect doses to seronegative individuals improved the marginal impact of each dose while potentially reducing existing inequities in COVID-19 impact. Although maximum impact prioritization strategies were broadly consistent across countries, transmission rates, vaccination rollout speeds, and estimates of naturally acquired immunity, this framework can be used to compare impacts of prioritization strategies across contexts. AD - Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. kate.bubar@colorado.edu daniel.larremore@colorado.edu. | IQ Biology Program, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA. | Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. | Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. | Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. | Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. | Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. kate.bubar@colorado.edu daniel.larremore@colorado.edu. | BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303, USA. AN - 33479118 AU - Bubar, K. M. | Reinholt, K. | Kissler, S. M. | Lipsitch, M. | Cobey, S. | Grad, Y. H. | Larremore, D. B. C1 - 2021-02-05 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02052021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 26 DO - 10.1126/science.abe6959 ET - 2021/01/23 IS - 6532 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Age Factors | Aged | Antibodies, Viral/blood | COVID-19/epidemiology/mortality/*prevention & control/transmission | COVID-19 Vaccines/*administration & dosage/immunology | Child | *Health Priorities | Humans | Immunogenicity, Vaccine | *Mass Vaccination | Middle Aged | Models, Theoretical | SARS-CoV-2/immunology | Seroepidemiologic Studies | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://1079144383/Bubar-2021-Model-informed COVID-19 vaccine pri.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Bubar, Kate M; Reinholt, Kyle; Kissler, Stephen M; Lipsitch, Marc; Cobey, Sarah; Grad, Yonatan H; Larremore, Daniel B; eng; WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; U01 CA261277/CA/NCI NIH HHS/; U24 GM132013/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Science. 2021 Feb 26;371(6532):916-921. doi: 10.1126/science.abe6959. Epub 2021 Jan 21. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Prioritizing adults �?0 years old shows the greatest reduction in mortality and years of life lost (YLL) after accounting for country-specific age structure, age-contact structure, infection fatality rates, seroprevalence, and age-varying efficacy of vaccine. | Prioritizing adults aged 20�?9 years old minimizes cumulative incidence but is only superior at minimizing deaths when R0 = 1.15 and vaccine efficacy is �?0% or vaccine rollout is �?.2%, or when vaccine efficacy is lower in older adults (�?0 years old) compared to individuals <60 years. | Prioritizing seronegative individuals provides the greatest benefit where seroprevalence is high. | Methods: A mathematical model quantified the impact of five age-stratified COVID-19 vaccine prioritization strategies on cumulative incidence, mortality and YLL. Limitations: Model assumptions limit generalizability; disease severity is considered by age only. | Implications: Pairing vaccination with serological testing of individuals may be a useful strategy for prioritization of limited vaccine supplies and to reach vulnerable populations. SN - 1095-9203 (Electronic); 0036-8075 (Linking) SP - 916-921 ST - Model-informed COVID-19 vaccine prioritization strategies by age and serostatus T2 - Science TI - Model-informed COVID-19 vaccine prioritization strategies by age and serostatus UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33479118 VL - 371 ID - 1473 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Interfaculty Initiative in Health Policy, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. | Aledade Inc, Bethesda, Maryland. | Center for Health Policy and Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. AN - 32821920 AU - Bilinski, A. | Mostashari, F. | Salomon, J. A. C1 - 2020-09-01 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090120_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 3 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.19217 ET - 2020/08/22 IS - 8 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Contact Tracing/*methods | Coronavirus Infections/*prevention & control/transmission/virology | Disease Transmission, Infectious/*prevention & control | Humans | *Models, Theoretical | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*prevention & control/transmission/virology | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://2486753063/Bilinski-2020-Modeling Contact Tracing Strateg.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Bilinski, Alyssa; Mostashari, Farzad; Salomon, Joshua A; eng; JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Aug 3;3(8):e2019217. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.19217. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Effectiveness of contact tracing to maintain low transmission rates for SARS-CoV-2 depends on the percent of symptomatic cases and asymptomatic contacts identified, and adherence to isolation and quarantine among those traced. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e2019217 ST - Modeling Contact Tracing Strategies for COVID-19 in the Context of Relaxed Physical Distancing Measures T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Modeling Contact Tracing Strategies for COVID-19 in the Context of Relaxed Physical Distancing Measures UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32821920 VL - 3 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 819 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Emergence of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caught the world off guard and unprepared, initiating a global pandemic. In the absence of evidence, individual communities had to take timely action to reduce the rate of disease spread and avoid overburdening their health care systems. Although a few predictive models have been published to guide these decisions, most have not taken into account spatial differences and have included assumptions that do not match the local realities. Access to reliable information that is adapted to local context is critical for policy makers to make informed decisions during a rapidly evolving pandemic. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to develop an adapted susceptible-infected-removed (SIR) model to predict the trajectory of the COVID-19 pandemic in North Carolina and the Charlotte Metropolitan Region, and to incorporate the effect of a public health intervention to reduce disease spread while accounting for unique regional features and imperfect detection. METHODS: Three SIR models were fit to infection prevalence data from North Carolina and the greater Charlotte Region and then rigorously compared. One of these models (SIR-int) accounted for a stay-at-home intervention and imperfect detection of COVID-19 cases. We computed longitudinal total estimates of the susceptible, infected, and removed compartments of both populations, along with other pandemic characteristics such as the basic reproduction number. RESULTS: Prior to March 26, disease spread was rapid at the pandemic onset with the Charlotte Region doubling time of 2.56 days (95% CI 2.11-3.25) and in North Carolina 2.94 days (95% CI 2.33-4.00). Subsequently, disease spread significantly slowed with doubling times increased in the Charlotte Region to 4.70 days (95% CI 3.77-6.22) and in North Carolina to 4.01 days (95% CI 3.43-4.83). Reflecting spatial differences, this deceleration favored the greater Charlotte Region compared to North Carolina as a whole. A comparison of the efficacy of intervention, defined as 1 - the hazard ratio of infection, gave 0.25 for North Carolina and 0.43 for the Charlotte Region. In addition, early in the pandemic, the initial basic SIR model had good fit to the data; however, as the pandemic and local conditions evolved, the SIR-int model emerged as the model with better fit. CONCLUSIONS: Using local data and continuous attention to model adaptation, our findings have enabled policy makers, public health officials, and health systems to proactively plan capacity and evaluate the impact of a public health intervention. Our SIR-int model for estimated latent prevalence was reasonably flexible, highly accurate, and demonstrated efficacy of a stay-at-home order at both the state and regional level. Our results highlight the importance of incorporating local context into pandemic forecast modeling, as well as the need to remain vigilant and informed by the data as we enter into a critical period of the outbreak. AD - Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC, United States. AN - 32427104 AU - Turk, P. J. | Chou, S. H. | Kowalkowski, M. A. | Palmer, P. P. | Priem, J. S. | Spencer, M. D. | Taylor, Y. J. | McWilliams, A. D. C1 - 2020-05-29 C2 - Modeling and Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052920_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 19 DO - 10.2196/19353 ET - 2020/05/20 IS - 2 KW - Covid-19 | Cities/epidemiology | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Humans | *Models, Statistical | North Carolina/epidemiology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | Prevalence | Public Health Surveillance/*methods | Retrospective Studies | *covid-19 | *SIR model | *detection probability | *forecasting | *latent prevalence | *novel coronavirus 2019 | *pandemic | *public health surveillance L1 - internal-pdf://2512707882/32427104.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Turk, Philip J; Chou, Shih-Hsiung; Kowalkowski, Marc A; Palmer, Pooja P; Priem, Jennifer S; Spencer, Melanie D; Taylor, Yhenneko J; McWilliams, Andrew D; eng; Canada; JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2020 Jun 19;6(2):e19353. doi: 10.2196/19353. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Following the implementation of statewide stay-at-home orders in North Carolina and using a susceptible-infected-removed (SIR) infectious disease model, investigators observed that: | Doubling time (days it took for COVID-19 case counts to double) increased from 2.94 days to 4.01 days. | The rate of infection decreased by 25%. | Model results suggest that this wave of the outbreak may be over by mid-July. | Methods: Authors developed SIR infectious disease models to estimate cases of COVID-19 over time in North Carolina under 2 scenarios: (1) without the statewide stay-at-home order, and (2) with the statewide stay-at-home order that began March 30. Authors estimated the doubling time before and after the intervention, and efficacy of implementing the stay-at-home order on reducing the rate of infection. Limitations: Estimates highly dependent on modeling assumptions. | Implications: Modeling suggests that social distancing and the implementation of statewide stay-at-home order may curb the COVID-19 epidemic in North Carolina. SN - 2369-2960 (Electronic); 2369-2960 (Linking) SP - e19353 ST - Modeling COVID-19 Latent Prevalence to Assess a Public Health Intervention at a State and Regional Scale: Retrospective Cohort Study T2 - JMIR Public Health Surveill TI - Modeling COVID-19 Latent Prevalence to Assess a Public Health Intervention at a State and Regional Scale: Retrospective Cohort Study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32427104 VL - 6 ID - 269 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We use COVID-19 case and mortality data from 1 February 2020 to 21 September 2020 and a deterministic SEIR (susceptible, exposed, infectious and recovered) compartmental framework to model possible trajectories of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections and the effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions in the United States at the state level from 22 September 2020 through 28 February 2021. Using this SEIR model, and projections of critical driving covariates (pneumonia seasonality, mobility, testing rates and mask use per capita), we assessed scenarios of social distancing mandates and levels of mask use. Projections of current non-pharmaceutical intervention strategies by state-with social distancing mandates reinstated when a threshold of 8 deaths per million population is exceeded (reference scenario)-suggest that, cumulatively, 511,373 (469,578-578,347) lives could be lost to COVID-19 across the United States by 28 February 2021. We find that achieving universal mask use (95% mask use in public) could be sufficient to ameliorate the worst effects of epidemic resurgences in many states. Universal mask use could save an additional 129,574 (85,284-170,867) lives from September 22, 2020 through the end of February 2021, or an additional 95,814 (60,731-133,077) lives assuming a lesser adoption of mask wearing (85%), when compared to the reference scenario. AN - 33097835 AU - Team, Ihme Covid- Forecasting C1 - 2020-10-30 C2 - Modeling and Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/103020_covidupdate.html DA - Jan DO - 10.1038/s41591-020-1132-9 ET - 2020/10/25 IS - 1 KW - COVID-19/*epidemiology/*prevention & control | Epidemics | Health Policy | Humans | *Models, Biological | *Physical Distancing | SARS-CoV-2/physiology | Travel/legislation & jurisprudence | United States L1 - internal-pdf://0265151695/Team-2021-Modeling COVID-19 scenarios for the.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - eng; 2031096/National Science Foundation/International; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. | Nat Med. 2021 Jan;27(1):94-105. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-1132-9. Epub 2020 Oct 23. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Projected cumulative lives lost to COVID-19 between September 2020 and February 2021: | Reference scenario: 511,373 lives lost (uncertainty Interval [UI] 496,578�?78,347). | Mandate easing scenario: 1,053,206 lives lost (UI 759,693�?,452,397). | Projected lives saved with non-pharmaceutical interventions: | Universal, 95%, mask wearing scenario and social distancing: 129,574 lives saved (UI 85,284─170,867). | 85% mask wearing and social distancing: 95,814 lives saved (UI 60,731─133,077). | Methods: A hybrid, compartmental model was used to examine potential state-level effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) from September 2020 to February 2021. Three boundary scenarios were modeled: “mandate easing�? states continue to ease social distancing mandates with no new mandates (worst case scenario), “plausible reference�?in which states may re-implement mandates in response to rising infections, and “universal (95%) mask use�?(best case scenario) in which mandates may also be reinstated. Two derivative scenarios to add nuance to the boundary scenarios were modeled: “plausible reference�?�?5% mask use�?and “mandate easing�? universal (95%) mask use�?in the absence of NPI. Key model assumption: SARS-CoV-2 seasonality similar to pneumonia. Limitations: Large number of simplifying assumptions; uncertainty around transmission parameters; mixing by location not incorporated; limited sensitivity analyses. | Implications: Under all scenarios the COVID-19 pandemic in the US is projected to accelerate through February 2021 resulting in significant loss of life. Universal mask wearing combined with social distancing mandates when daily deaths reach threshold values is projected to save the most lives. SN - 1546-170X (Electronic); 1078-8956 (Linking) SP - 94-105 ST - Modeling COVID-19 scenarios for the United States T2 - Nat Med TI - Modeling COVID-19 scenarios for the United States UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33097835 VL - 27 ID - 1153 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Luo, Lei | Liu, Dan | Liao, Xin-long | Wu, Xian-Bo | Jing, Qin-long | Zheng, Jia-zhen | Liu, Fang-hua | Yang, Shi-gui | Bi, Bi | Li, Zhi-Hao | Liu, Jian-ping | Song, Wei-qi | Zhu, Wei | Wang, Zheng-he | Zhang, Xi-Ru | Chen, Pei-Liang | Liu, Hua-Min | Cheng, Xin | Cai, Miao-chun | Huang, Qing-mei | Yang, Pei | Yang, Xing-fen | Han, Zhi-gang | Tang, Jinling | Ma, Yu | Mao, Chen C1 - 2020-04-21 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/042120_covidupdate.html DO - 10.2139/ssrn.3566149 KW - COVID-19, close contacts, modes of contact, risk of transmission L1 - internal-pdf://4106762119/SSRN-id3566149.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection from household exposure was at least 10 greater than incidence attributable to other modes of exposure examined. | Exposure to a person with a productive cough increased the risk of infection by five times. | Risk of transmission increased with symptom severity of source cases. | Secondary cases were clinically milder, in general, than source cases. | In this city’s outbreak, although only 19% of contacts reported household contact as their exposure risk, 74% of infections that were later diagnosed among contacts were attributable to household contact. | Methods: Prospective cohort study of 4,950 close contacts of 347 confirmed COVID-19 patients between January 15 and March 6, 2020 (Guangzhou, China). Contacts were quarantined, interviewed, and tested for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR every 48 hours for 14 days since their last contact. Limitations: Possible recall bias. | Implications: Household contact, particularly with persons who have productive coughs, poses a higher risk of transmitting SARS-CoV-2 compared with other modes of exposure in the context of this citywide outbreak. SN - 1556-5068 ST - Modes of Contact and Risk of Transmission in COVID-19: A Prospective Cohort Study 4950 Close Contact Persons in Guangzhou of China T2 - SSRN TI - Modes of Contact and Risk of Transmission in COVID-19: A Prospective Cohort Study 4950 Close Contact Persons in Guangzhou of China TT - Published article: Contact Settings and Risk for Transmission in 3410 Close Contacts of Patients With COVID-19 in Guangzhou, China : A Prospective Cohort Study UR - https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3566149 ID - 71 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We sequenced the genomes of 5,085 SARS-CoV-2 strains causing two COVID-19 disease waves in metropolitan Houston, Texas, an ethnically diverse region with seven million residents. The genomes were from viruses recovered in the earliest recognized phase of the pandemic in Houston, and an ongoing massive second wave of infections. The virus was originally introduced into Houston many times independently. Virtually all strains in the second wave have a Gly614 amino acid replacement in the spike protein, a polymorphism that has been linked to increased transmission and infectivity. Patients infected with the Gly614 variant strains had significantly higher virus loads in the nasopharynx on initial diagnosis. We found little evidence of a significant relationship between virus genotypes and altered virulence, stressing the linkage between disease severity, underlying medical conditions, and host genetics. Some regions of the spike protein - the primary target of global vaccine efforts - are replete with amino acid replacements, perhaps indicating the action of selection. We exploited the genomic data to generate defined single amino acid replacements in the receptor binding domain of spike protein that, importantly, produced decreased recognition by the neutralizing monoclonal antibody CR30022. Our study is the first analysis of the molecular architecture of SARS-CoV-2 in two infection waves in a major metropolitan region. The findings will help us to understand the origin, composition, and trajectory of future infection waves, and the potential effect of the host immune response and therapeutic maneuvers on SARS-CoV-2 evolution. AD - Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030. | Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065. | Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, 5801 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60637. | Computing, Environment and Life Sciences, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439. | Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712. | CCDC Army Research Laboratory-South, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712. | Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712. AN - 33024977 AU - Long, S. W. | Olsen, R. J. | Christensen, P. A. | Bernard, D. W. | Davis, J. J. | Shukla, M. | Nguyen, M. | Saavedra, M. O. | Yerramilli, P. | Pruitt, L. | Subedi, S. | Kuo, H. C. | Hendrickson, H. | Eskandari, G. | Nguyen, H. A. T. | Long, J. H. | Kumaraswami, M. | Goike, J. | Boutz, D. | Gollihar, J. | McLellan, J. S. | Chou, C. W. | Javanmardi, K. | Finkelstein, I. J. | Musser, J. M. C1 - 2020-10-02 C2 - Laboratory Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100220_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 29 DO - 10.1101/2020.09.22.20199125 ET - 2020/10/08 L1 - internal-pdf://2751412380/Long-2020-Molecular Architecture of Early Diss.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Long, S Wesley; Olsen, Randall J; Christensen, Paul A; Bernard, David W; Davis, James J; Shukla, Maulik; Nguyen, Marcus; Saavedra, Matthew Ojeda; Yerramilli, Prasanti; Pruitt, Layne; Subedi, Sishir; Kuo, Hung-Che; Hendrickson, Heather; Eskandari, Ghazaleh; Nguyen, Hoang A T; Long, J Hunter; Kumaraswami, Muthiah; Goike, Jule; Boutz, Daniel; Gollihar, Jimmy; McLellan, Jason S; Chou, Chia-Wei; Javanmardi, Kamyab; Finkelstein, Ilya J; Musser, James M; eng; 75N93019C00076/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 AI127521/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 GM120554/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/; R01 GM124141/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/; Preprint; medRxiv. 2020 Sep 29. doi: 10.1101/2020.09.22.20199125. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Almost all of second wave virus strains were from 4 virus clades and 99.9% contained the G614 mutation in the spike protein compared to 82% from the first wave (Figure 1). | Patients infected with the G614 variant strain had more viral RNA detected by RT-PCR as compared to the reference strain, D614 (Figure 2). | There is no association between disease severity, length of stay, mortality, ethnicity and virus clades. | Methods: 5,085 full SARS-CoV-2 genomes were isolated from patients registered at Houston Methodist Hospitals and associated facilities between March and July, 2020. Genomic analysis was performed to identify phylogenetic differences. Limitations: Virus from ~10% of all infections included and might not be representative of the Houston Metropolitan Area; did not account for potential differences in timing of testing in relation to symptom onset that could have shifted over the period of study and be associated with detected viral RNA load. | Implications: The large and diverse set of genomic information for SARS-CoV-2 virus for the Houston Metro Area may provide insights into differences among virus variants, new infection spikes, viral transmission within the population, as well as the ability to analyze potential genomic changes and their relation to disease severity. The results support laboratory studiesexternal icon that found that persons with infection with the G614 variant strain had higher viral burden, reflected by lower Ct values from respiratory specimens. SP - 2020.09.22.20199125 ST - Molecular Architecture of Early Dissemination and Massive Second Wave of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus in a Major Metropolitan Area T2 - medRxiv TI - Molecular Architecture of Early Dissemination and Massive Second Wave of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus in a Major Metropolitan Area TT - Published article: Molecular Architecture of Early Dissemination and Massive Second Wave of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus in a Major Metropolitan Area UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33024977 ID - 982 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Numerous reports document the spread of SARS-CoV-2, but there is limited information on its introduction before the identification of a local case. This may lead to incorrect assumptions when modeling viral origins and transmission. Here, we utilize a sample pooling strategy to screen for previously undetected SARS-CoV-2 in de-identified, respiratory pathogen-negative nasopharyngeal specimens from 3,040 patients across the Mount Sinai Health System in New York. The patients had been previously evaluated for respiratory symptoms or influenza-like illness during the first 10 weeks of 2020. We identify SARS-CoV-2 RNA from specimens collected as early as 25 January 2020, and complete SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences from multiple pools of samples collected between late February and early March, documenting an increase prior to the later surge. Our results provide evidence of sporadic SARS-CoV-2 infections a full month before both the first officially documented case and emergence of New York as a COVID-19 epicenter in March 2020. AD - Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Sema4, a Mount Sinai venture, Stamford, CT, USA. | Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. harm.vanbakel@mssm.edu. | Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. harm.vanbakel@mssm.edu. | Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. viviana.simon@mssm.edu. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. viviana.simon@mssm.edu. | The Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. viviana.simon@mssm.edu. | Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. emilia.sordillo@mountsinai.org. | Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. emilia.sordillo@mountsinai.org. AN - 34103497 AU - Hernandez, Matthew M. | Gonzalez-Reiche, Ana S. | Alshammary, Hala | Fabre, Shelcie | Khan, Zenab | van De Guchte, Adriana | Obla, Ajay | Ellis, Ethan | Sullivan, Mitchell J. | Tan, Jessica | Alburquerque, Bremy | Soto, Juan | Wang, Ching-Yi | Sridhar, Shwetha Hara | Wang, Ying-Chih | Smith, Melissa | Sebra, Robert | Paniz-Mondolfi, Alberto E. | Gitman, Melissa R. | Nowak, Michael D. | Cordon-Cardo, Carlos | Luksza, Marta | Krammer, Florian | van Bakel, Harm | Simon, Viviana | Sordillo, Emilia Mia C1 - 2021-06-18 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06182021_covidupdate.html DA - 2021/06/08 DO - 10.1038/s41467-021-23688-7 ET - 2021/06/10 IS - 1 KW - COVID-19/*epidemiology | Humans | Nasopharynx/virology | New York/epidemiology | *Pandemics | Phylogeny | SARS-CoV-2/genetics/isolation & purification/*physiology L1 - internal-pdf://2231691187/Hernandez-2021-Molecular evidence of SARS-CoV-.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Hernandez, Matthew M | Gonzalez-Reiche, Ana S | Alshammary, Hala | Fabre, Shelcie | Khan, Zenab | van De Guchte, Adriana | Obla, Ajay | Ellis, Ethan | Sullivan, Mitchell J | Tan, Jessica | Alburquerque, Bremy | Soto, Juan | Wang, Ching-Yi | Sridhar, Shwetha Hara | Wang, Ying-Chih | Smith, Melissa | Sebra, Robert | Paniz-Mondolfi, Alberto E | Gitman, Melissa R | Nowak, Michael D | Cordon-Cardo, Carlos | Luksza, Marta | Krammer, Florian | van Bakel, Harm | Simon, Viviana | Sordillo, Emilia Mia | eng | HHSN272201400008C/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | S10 OD018522/OD/NIH HHS/ | S10 OD026880/OD/NIH HHS/ | Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | England | Nat Commun. 2021 Jun 8;12(1):3463. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-23688-7. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A molecular analysis of 3,040 respiratory-pathogen-negative nasopharyngeal specimens collected at the beginning of 2020 indicate that SARS-CoV-2 cases had presented at New York City hospitals as early as January 25. Community transmission was well underway by the time of the first officially diagnosed case, February 29, 2020. The earlier cases were the B.1 lineage common in Europe. SN - 2041-1723 SP - 3463 ST - Molecular evidence of SARS-CoV-2 in New York before the first pandemic wave T2 - Nat Commun TI - Molecular evidence of SARS-CoV-2 in New York before the first pandemic wave UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23688-7 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8187428/pdf/41467_2021_Article_23688.pdf VL - 12 ID - 1847 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Brandon Shumway is with the combined Family/Preventive Medicine Residency Program, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA. Diana Ibrahim and Wesley Moss are with the Communicable Disease Section, San Bernardino Department of Public Health, San Bernardino, CA. AN - 32407128 AU - Shumway, B. | Ibrahim, D. | Moss, W. C1 - 2020-05-26 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052620_covidupdate.html DA - Jul DO - 10.2105/AJPH.2020.305733 ET - 2020/05/15 IS - 7 KW - Covid-19 | Catchment Area, Health | China | Communicable Disease Control/*methods | Coronavirus Infections/*prevention & control | Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control | Humans | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*prevention & control | Population Surveillance/*methods | *Travel | Travel Medicine/methods | United States L1 - internal-pdf://1950528683/Shumway-2020-Monitoring Returning Travelers Du.pdf LA - en N1 - Shumway, Brandon; Ibrahim, Diana; Moss, Wesley; eng; Editorial; Am J Public Health. 2020 Jul;110(7):962-963. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2020.305733. Epub 2020 May 14. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Experience of San Bernardino County, CA in screening returning travelers for SARS-CoV-2. SN - 1541-0048 (Electronic); 0090-0036 (Linking) SP - 962-963 ST - Monitoring Returning Travelers During the Early Weeks of the COVID-19 Pandemic: One US County's Experience T2 - Am J Public Health TI - Monitoring Returning Travelers During the Early Weeks of the COVID-19 Pandemic: One US County's Experience UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32407128 VL - 110 ID - 257 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has created a worldwide crisis and inspired an urgent search for prevention and treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Attention has focused on the development of vaccines, new antiviral agents, and convalescent plasma infusions. Monoclonal antibodies have received less attention even though neutralizing antibodies are a key component of protective immunity for most viral diseases. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 have the potential for both therapeutic and prophylactic applications, and can help to guide vaccine design and development. AD - Vaccine Research Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. | Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. AN - 32539093 AU - Marovich, M. | Mascola, J. R. | Cohen, M. S. C1 - 2020-06-26 C2 - Treatment CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/062620_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 14 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.10245 ET - 2020/06/17 IS - 2 KW - Antibodies, Monoclonal/*therapeutic use | Antibodies, Neutralizing/therapeutic use | Antibodies, Viral/therapeutic use | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*prevention & control/*therapy | Humans | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*prevention & control/*therapy | SARS-CoV-2 | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology L1 - internal-pdf://2251565032/Marovich-2020-Monoclonal Antibodies for Preven.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Marovich, Mary; Mascola, John R; Cohen, Myron S; eng; JAMA. 2020 Jul 14;324(2):131-132. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.10245. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Succinct overview of monoclonal antibodies for prevention and treatment of COVID-19. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 131-132 ST - Monoclonal Antibodies for Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19 T2 - JAMA TI - Monoclonal Antibodies for Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32539093 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 445 ER - TY - JOUR AB - By the end of 2020, more than 19 million Americans had received the diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection.1 Although a substantial proportion of these infections remained asymptomatic, complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) had led to more than 330,000 deaths in the United States.1 During the past year, a remarkable effort has been devoted to the development of vaccines to prevent Covid-19 and to reduce morbidity and mortality among those who are infected. Equally important is the development of treatments that can prevent the progression of Covid-19 from the inception of infection. | In this issue of the Journal, two groups of investigators report the findings of trials of such treatments involving patients with Covid-19. In the first trial, Weinreich et al.2 report interim results of a trial of a combination of two monoclonal antibodies, casirivimab and imdevimab (together called REGN-COV2), which is directed against the spike protein of SARS-CoV-23 for use in patients with early infection. The trial enrolled outpatients who had presented within 7 days after the onset of symptoms and within 72 hours after a positive result on quantitative reverse-transcriptase–polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) testing of nasopharyngeal swab samples. The patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive a single intravenous infusion of either 2.4 g or 8 g of REGN-COV2 or placebo. Key end points were the change from baseline in viral load from day 1 through day 7 and the percentage of patients who had at least one Covid-19–related medically attended visit through day 29. | In the first 275 patients, those who received either dose of REGN-COV2 had lower SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels than those who received placebo. Patients who had not had an autologous antibody response at the time of randomization had a higher baseline nasopharyngeal RNA viral load and a steeper reduction in viral load after the administration of REGN-COV2 than those who were seropositive at randomization. A small number of patients (12) required a medically attended visit within the 29-day follow-up period, with a larger percentage in the placebo group. | These results complement the findings of a trial by Chen et al.,4 who evaluated three doses (700 mg, 2800 mg, and 7000 mg) of a single monoclonal antibody, bamlanivimab (LY-CoV555),5 which was administered to 452 outpatients who presented with Covid-19 a median of 4 days after symptom onset; 309 patients received bamlanivimab, and 143 received placebo. Reductions in nasopharyngeal RNA levels of SARS-CoV-2 were detected after 3 days of treatment in all groups, with a greater decline in the combined-dose bamlanivimab group than in the placebo group. Through day 29, hospitalization was reported in 14 patients: 5 (1.6%) in the bamlanivimab group and 9 (6.3%) in the placebo group. Bamlanivimab was associated with a greater reduction in symptoms of Covid-19 than was placebo. In a continuation of this clinical trial, patients are now receiving a combination of bamlanivimab and etesevimab (LY3832479) to overcome or prevent antibody resistance (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04427501. opens in new tab). | These studies used the measurement of SARS-CoV-2 with RT-PCR as a surrogate for the magnitude of viral infection and perhaps viral replication.6 The results suggest that monoclonal antibodies serve as an antiviral agent to reduce the viral load in the nasopharynx. The effects of monoclonal antibodies and other drugs on viral load may prove to be an important criterion for the development of agents to treat early Covid-19. In the trial by Chen et al., patients with persistently high nasopharyngeal RNA shedding on day 7 were more likely to be hospitalized than those with lower levels (12% vs. 0.9%). This finding suggests that persistent SARS-CoV-2 replication in the nasopharynx portends progression of Covid-19, which may be limited by early antibody treatment or by a rapid autologous immune response. | The results reported by Weinreich and Chen and their colleagues provided key information for the Food and Drug Administration to consider in its decision regarding emergency use authorization for bamlanivimab7 and the casirivimab–imdevimab combination8 for adults and children over the age of 12 years who have mild or moderate Covid-19 and are at high risk for severe disease. No added benefit for these antibodies was shown in trials involving sicker hospitalized patients (NCT04426695. opens in new tab and NCT04342897. opens in new tab), perhaps because in later stages of the disease, inflammation and coagulopathy play a greater role in the patient’s outcome than viral replication. | Such monoclonal antibodies may also be successful in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection9 as an alternative to vaccination for people who cannot take a vaccine or need more immediate prophylaxis either before or after exposure. Trials of such prophylaxis are ongoing in skilled nursing facilities (NCT04497987. opens in new tab) and among household contacts of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection (NCT04452318. opens in new tab). Dozens of investigators and companies are working on additional antibodies, which include modifications designed to prolong the in vivo half-life of these drugs or to allow intramuscular or subcutaneous delivery.10; | The findings from these two clinical trials are provocative and promising. Eli Lilly and Regeneron are greatly expanding their studies to better define the clinical benefits of their monoclonal antibodies, and Operation Warp Speed and the National Institutes of Health plan to compare several such antibodies for treatment in their ACTIV-2 trial involving outpatients with Covid-19 (NCT04518410. opens in new tab). If these drugs prove to provide reliable early treatment of Covid-19, they will greatly improve the management of the infection. Such treatments are logistically challenging but should inspire early and rapid testing of persons at high risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Interventions that prevent the progression of Covid-19 can then be expected to reduce the morbidity and mortality of infection, the frequency of hospitalizations, and the current unbearable strain on the U.S. health care system. AD - From the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill. AN - 33471984 AU - Cohen, Myron S. C1 - 2021-01-29 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01292021_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 21 DO - 10.1056/NEJMe2034495 ET - 2021/01/21 IS - 3 KW - Antibodies, Monoclonal | *Antibodies, Neutralizing | Antibodies, Viral | *covid-19 | Humans | Outpatients | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://0076530513/Cohen-2021-Monoclonal Antibodies to Disrupt Pr.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Cohen, Myron S | eng | Editorial | Comment | N Engl J Med. 2021 Jan 21;384(3):289-291. doi: 10.1056/NEJMe2034495. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: [reviews findings of Weinrich et al.] SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic) | 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 289-291 ST - Monoclonal Antibodies to Disrupt Progression of Early Covid-19 Infection T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Monoclonal Antibodies to Disrupt Progression of Early Covid-19 Infection UR - https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe2034495 | https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMe2034495?articleTools=true VL - 384 ID - 1894 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Purpose : Research has shown worsening physical and mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Trends in general and mental health inequalities during the pandemic in the US have not been analyzed in detail. Methods : Using Census Bureau's nationally representative pooled Household Pulse Survey (HPS) from April 2020 to May 2021 (N=1,144,405), we examined monthly trends and disparities in health status by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES). Logistic regression models and disparity indices were used to analyze trends and inequalities. Results : During the pandemic, the adjusted odds of fair/poor health were, respectively, 33%, 157%, 398%, 22% higher for non-Hispanic others, adults with 150 miles). SN - 2041-1723 (Electronic) | 2041-1723 (Linking) SP - 2021.03.19.21253975 ST - Mortality in individuals treated with COVID-19 convalescent plasma varies with the geographic provenance of donors T2 - medRxiv TI - Mortality in individuals treated with COVID-19 convalescent plasma varies with the geographic provenance of donors UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/03/22/2021.03.19.21253975.full.pdf | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/04/02/2021.03.19.21253975.full.pdf VL - 12 ID - 1625 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants have raised concerns about resistance to neutralizing antibodies elicited by previous infection or vaccination. We examined whether sera from recovered and naive donors collected prior to, and following immunizations with existing mRNA vaccines, could neutralize the Wuhan-Hu-1 and B.1.351 variants. Pre-vaccination sera from recovered donors neutralized Wuhan-Hu-1 and sporadically neutralized B.1.351, but a single immunization boosted neutralizing titers against all variants and SARS-CoV-1 by up to 1000-fold. Neutralization was due to antibodies targeting the receptor binding domain and was not boosted by a second immunization. Immunization of naive donors also elicited cross-neutralizing responses, but at lower titers. Our study highlights the importance of vaccinating both uninfected and previously infected persons to elicit cross-variant neutralizing antibodies. AD - Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA, USA. amcguire@fredhutch.org lstamata@fredhutch.org jmcelrat@fredhutch.org. | Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. | Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, WA, USA. | Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. | Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC, Canada. | Departement de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada. | Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. | Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. AN - 33766944 AU - Stamatatos, L. | Czartoski, J. | Wan, Y. H. | Homad, L. J. | Rubin, V. | Glantz, H. | Neradilek, M. | Seydoux, E. | Jennewein, M. F. | MacCamy, A. J. | Feng, J. | Mize, G. | De Rosa, S. C. | Finzi, A. | Lemos, M. P. | Cohen, K. W. | Moodie, Z. | McElrath, M. J. | McGuire, A. T. C1 - 2021-04-09 C2 - PMC8139425 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04092021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 25 DO - 10.1126/science.abg9175 ET - 2021/03/27 L1 - internal-pdf://3610761722/Stamatatos-2021-mRNA vaccination boosts cross-.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Stamatatos, Leonidas; Czartoski, Julie; Wan, Yu-Hsin; Homad, Leah J; Rubin, Vanessa; Glantz, Hayley; Neradilek, Moni; Seydoux, Emilie; Jennewein, Madeleine F; MacCamy, Anna J; Feng, Junli; Mize, Gregory; De Rosa, Stephen C; Finzi, Andres; Lemos, Maria P; Cohen, Kristen W; Moodie, Zoe; McElrath, M Juliana; McGuire, Andrew T; eng; Editorial; Science. 2021 Mar 25. pii: science.abg9175. doi: 10.1126/science.abg9175. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Sera from 15 previously infected, unvaccinated persons sporadically neutralized B.1.351, but 1 mRNA vaccine dose boosted cross-variant neutralizing titers against all B.1.351 variants by up to 1000-fold (Figure). Note: Adapted from Stamatatos et al. Serum dilution resulting in 50% neutralization (ID50) against WuHan-Hu-1, B.1.351, B.1.351Δ242-243, and SARS-CoV-1 pseudoviruses among recovered donors pre (squares) and post (circles) a single mRNA vaccine dose. Open circles show donors who were negative for anti-IgG RBD antibodies and RBD-specific IgG+ memory B cells prior to vaccination. Dashed line is lowest serum dilutions tested; ** p<0.01; *** p<0.001; n.s. not significant. Licensed under CC BY. SN - 1095-9203 (Electronic); 0036-8075 (Linking) SP - eabg9175 ST - mRNA vaccination boosts cross-variant neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection T2 - Science TI - mRNA vaccination boosts cross-variant neutralizing antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33766944 ID - 2255 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in late 2019 and spread globally, prompting an international effort to accelerate development of a vaccine. The candidate vaccine mRNA-1273 encodes the stabilized prefusion SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. METHODS: We conducted a phase 1, dose-escalation, open-label trial including 45 healthy adults, 18 to 55 years of age, who received two vaccinations, 28 days apart, with mRNA-1273 in a dose of 25 mug, 100 mug, or 250 mug. There were 15 participants in each dose group. RESULTS: After the first vaccination, antibody responses were higher with higher dose (day 29 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay anti-S-2P antibody geometric mean titer [GMT], 40,227 in the 25-mug group, 109,209 in the 100-mug group, and 213,526 in the 250-mug group). After the second vaccination, the titers increased (day 57 GMT, 299,751, 782,719, and 1,192,154, respectively). After the second vaccination, serum-neutralizing activity was detected by two methods in all participants evaluated, with values generally similar to those in the upper half of the distribution of a panel of control convalescent serum specimens. Solicited adverse events that occurred in more than half the participants included fatigue, chills, headache, myalgia, and pain at the injection site. Systemic adverse events were more common after the second vaccination, particularly with the highest dose, and three participants (21%) in the 250-mug dose group reported one or more severe adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: The mRNA-1273 vaccine induced anti-SARS-CoV-2 immune responses in all participants, and no trial-limiting safety concerns were identified. These findings support further development of this vaccine. (Funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and others; mRNA-1273 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04283461). AD - From Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (L.A.J.) and the Center for Global Infectious Disease Research (CGIDR), Seattle Children's Research Institute (R.N.C.) - both in Seattle; the Department of Medicine, Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines (CCIV) of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University Department of Pediatrics, Atlanta (E.J.A., E.P.), and Hope Clinic, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Decatur (N.G.R., M.P.M.) - both in Georgia; the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (P.C.R., M. Makhene, W.B., R.P.-T., J.H.B.) and the Vaccine Research Center (A.M., B.F., N.A.D.-R., K.S.C., K.M.M., S.O., S.D.S., P.A.S., M.P., J.R.M., J.E.L., B.S.G.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.), and the Emmes Company, Rockville (M. Makowski, J.A., K.C.) - all in Maryland; the Departments of Pediatrics (J.D.C., M.R.D., L.J.S., A.J.P.) and Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology (M.R.D.), and the Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation (J.D.C., M.R.D., A.J.P.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; and Moderna, Cambridge, MA (H.B., W.S.). AN - 32663912 AU - Jackson, L. A. | Anderson, E. J. | Rouphael, N. G. | Roberts, P. C. | Makhene, M. | Coler, R. N. | McCullough, M. P. | Chappell, J. D. | Denison, M. R. | Stevens, L. J. | Pruijssers, A. J. | McDermott, A. | Flach, B. | Doria-Rose, N. A. | Corbett, K. S. | Morabito, K. M. | O'Dell, S. | Schmidt, S. D. | Swanson, P. A., 2nd | Padilla, M. | Mascola, J. R. | Neuzil, K. M. | Bennett, H. | Sun, W. | Peters, E. | Makowski, M. | Albert, J. | Cross, K. | Buchanan, W. | Pikaart-Tautges, R. | Ledgerwood, J. E. | Graham, B. S. | Beigel, J. H. | m, R. N. A. Study Group C1 - 2020-07-21 C2 - Vaccine Development CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072120_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 12 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2022483 ET - 2020/07/15 IS - 20 KW - Adult | Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood | Antibodies, Viral/blood | Antibody Formation | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | Coronavirus Infections/*prevention & control | Female | Humans | Immunization, Secondary | Male | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*prevention & control | RNA, Messenger/*immunology | SARS-CoV-2 | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/*immunology | T-Lymphocytes/immunology | Viral Vaccines/adverse effects/*therapeutic use | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://4001187225/Jackson-2020-An mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Jackson, Lisa A; Anderson, Evan J; Rouphael, Nadine G; Roberts, Paul C; Makhene, Mamodikoe; Coler, Rhea N; McCullough, Michele P; Chappell, James D; Denison, Mark R; Stevens, Laura J; Pruijssers, Andrea J; McDermott, Adrian; Flach, Britta; Doria-Rose, Nicole A; Corbett, Kizzmekia S; Morabito, Kaitlyn M; O'Dell, Sijy; Schmidt, Stephen D; Swanson, Phillip A 2nd; Padilla, Marcelino; Mascola, John R; Neuzil, Kathleen M; Bennett, Hamilton; Sun, Wellington; Peters, Etza; Makowski, Mat; Albert, Jim; Cross, Kaitlyn; Buchanan, Wendy; Pikaart-Tautges, Rhonda; Ledgerwood, Julie E; Graham, Barney S; Beigel, John H; eng; R38 AI140299/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; UM1 AI148576/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; UM1AI148373/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/International; UM1AI148684/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/International; UM1 AI148373/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; UM1 AI148684/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; HHSN272201500002C/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; UL1 TR002243/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; UL1 TR002378/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; UM1AI148576/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/International; Clinical Trial, Phase I; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; N Engl J Med. 2020 Nov 12;383(20):1920-1931. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2022483. Epub 2020 Jul 14. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; All 45 participants receiving the mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine developed neutralizing antibody activity against SARS-CoV-2. | Antibody responses were higher with higher dose; titers were higher with the second vaccination (Figure). | Adverse events (fatigue, chills, headache, myalgia, and pain at the injection site) were more common after the second vaccination, particularly with the highest dose. | No trial-limiting safety concerns were identified. | Methods: A phase 1, open-label trial of a candidate vaccine mRNA-1273 (targets SARS-CoV-2 spike protein) among 45 healthy adults, 18-55 years who received 2 vaccinations 28 days apart in 3 doses (25 μg, 100 μg, or 250 μg) with 15 participants in each dose group. Limitations: No information on efficacy, antibody response duration, and long-term safety. | Implications: Findings support advancement of the mRNA-1273 vaccine to later-stage clinical trials. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 1920-1931 ST - An mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 - Preliminary Report T2 - N Engl J Med TI - An mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 - Preliminary Report UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32663912 VL - 383 ID - 551 ER - TY - JOUR AB - To date severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected nearly 100 million individuals resulting in over two million deaths. Many vaccines are being deployed to prevent coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) including two novel mRNA-based vaccines (1,2) . These vaccines elicit neutralizing antibodies and appear to be safe and effective, but the precise nature of the elicited antibodies is not known (3-5) . Here we report on the antibody and memory B cell responses in a cohort of 20 volunteers who received either the Moderna (mRNA-1273) or Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2) vaccines. Consistent with prior reports, 8 weeks after the second vaccine injection volunteers showed high levels of IgM, and IgG anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S), receptor binding domain (RBD) binding titers (3,5) . Moreover, the plasma neutralizing activity, and the relative numbers of RBD-specific memory B cells were equivalent to individuals who recovered from natural infection (6,7) . However, activity against SARS-CoV-2 variants encoding E484K or N501Y or the K417N:E484K:N501Y combination was reduced by a small but significant margin. Consistent with these findings, vaccine-elicited monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) potently neutralize SARS-CoV-2, targeting a number of different RBD epitopes epitopes in common with mAbs isolated from infected donors. Structural analyses of mAbs complexed with S trimer suggest that vaccine- and virus-encoded S adopts similar conformations to induce equivalent anti-RBD antibodies. However, neutralization by 14 of the 17 most potent mAbs tested was reduced or abolished by either K417N, or E484K, or N501Y mutations. Notably, the same mutations were selected when recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV)/SARS-CoV-2 S was cultured in the presence of the vaccine elicited mAbs. Taken together the results suggest that the monoclonal antibodies in clinical use should be tested against newly arising variants, and that mRNA vaccines may need to be updated periodically to avoid potential loss of clinical efficacy. AN - 33501451 AU - Wang, Z. | Schmidt, F. | Weisblum, Y. | Muecksch, F. | Barnes, C. O. | Finkin, S. | Schaefer-Babajew, D. | Cipolla, M. | Gaebler, C. | Lieberman, J. A. | Oliveira, T. Y. | Yang, Z. | Abernathy, M. E. | Huey-Tubman, K. E. | Hurley, A. | Turroja, M. | West, K. A. | Gordon, K. | Millard, K. G. | Ramos, V. | Da Silva, J. | Xu, J. | Colbert, R. A. | Patel, R. | Dizon, J. | Unson-O'Brien, C. | Shimeliovich, I. | Gazumyan, A. | Caskey, M. | Bjorkman, P. J. | Casellas, R. | Hatziioannou, T. | Bieniasz, P. D. | Nussenzweig, M. C. C1 - 2021-01-29 C2 - Protection in Healthcare and Non-Healthcare Work Settings CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01292021_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 19 DO - 10.1101/2021.01.15.426911 ET - 2021/01/28 L1 - internal-pdf://3198708514/Wang-2021-mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies to.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Wang, Zijun; Schmidt, Fabian; Weisblum, Yiska; Muecksch, Frauke; Barnes, Christopher O; Finkin, Shlomo; Schaefer-Babajew, Dennis; Cipolla, Melissa; Gaebler, Christian; Lieberman, Jenna A; Oliveira, Thiago Y; Yang, Zhi; Abernathy, Morgan E; Huey-Tubman, Kathryn E; Hurley, Arlene; Turroja, Martina; West, Kamille A; Gordon, Kristie; Millard, Katrina G; Ramos, Victor; Da Silva, Justin; Xu, Jianliang; Colbert, Robert A; Patel, Roshni; Dizon, Juan; Unson-O'Brien, Cecille; Shimeliovich, Irina; Gazumyan, Anna; Caskey, Marina; Bjorkman, Pamela J; Casellas, Rafael; Hatziioannou, Theodora; Bieniasz, Paul D; Nussenzweig, Michel C; eng; Preprint; bioRxiv. 2021 Jan 19. doi: 10.1101/2021.01.15.426911. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; While selected antibodies generated after receiving mRNA vaccines had some effect, they were overall less effective in neutralizing circulating variants with K417N, N501Y, and E484K mutations, in some cases displaying greater than ten-fold less activity (Figure). | Presence of specific neutralizing monoclonal antibodies from vaccinated individuals selected for mutations within the receptor binding domain (RBD). | Methods: Sera and monoclonal antibodies from 20 adults without history of SARS-CoV-2 infection and who were vaccinated with either Moderna or Pfizer-BioNTech vaccines were assessed for neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and RBD mutants N501Y, K417N, E484K. Limitations: Small sample; not generalizable. | Implications: mRNA vaccines available in the US elicit an antibody response against SARS-CoV-2 variants but might have reduced neutralizing activity against new variants of concern with certain RBD mutations. SP - 2021.01.15.426911 ST - mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and circulating variants T2 - bioRxiv TI - mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and circulating variants TT - Published article: mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and circulating variants UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33501451 ID - 1451 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative infection of a global pandemic that has led to more than 2 million deaths worldwide. The Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine has demonstrated ~94% efficacy in a Phase 3 study and has been approved under Emergency Use Authorization. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with mutations in the spike protein, most recently circulating isolates from the United Kingdom (B.1.1.7) and Republic of South Africa (B.1.351), has led to lower neutralization from convalescent serum by pseudovirus neutralization (PsVN) assays and resistance to certain monoclonal antibodies. Here, using two orthogonal VSV and lentivirus PsVN assays expressing spike variants of 20E (EU1), 20A.EU2, D614G-N439, mink cluster 5, B.1.1.7, and B.1.351 variants, we assessed the neutralizing capacity of sera from human subjects or non-human primates (NHPs) that received mRNA-1273. No significant impact on neutralization against the B.1.1.7 variant was detected in either case, however reduced neutralization was measured against the mutations present in B.1.351. Geometric mean titer (GMT) of human sera from clinical trial participants in VSV PsVN assay using D614G spike was 1/1852. VSV pseudoviruses with spike containing K417N-E484K-N501Y-D614G and full B.1.351 mutations resulted in 2.7 and 6.4-fold GMT reduction, respectively, when compared to the D614G VSV pseudovirus. Importantly, the VSV PsVN GMT of these human sera to the full B.1.351 spike variant was still 1/290, with all evaluated sera able to fully neutralize. Similarly, sera from NHPs immunized with 30 or 100mug of mRNA-1273 had VSV PsVN GMTs of ~ 1/323 or 1/404, respectively, against the full B.1.351 spike variant with a ~ 5 to 10-fold reduction compared to D614G. Individual mutations that are characteristic of the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants had a similar impact on neutralization when tested in VSV or in lentivirus PsVN assays. Despite the observed decreases, the GMT of VSV PsVN titers in human vaccinee sera against the B.1.351 variant remained at ~1/300. Taken together these data demonstrate reduced but still significant neutralization against the full B.1.351 variant following mRNA-1273 vaccination. AN - 33501442 AU - Wu, K. | Werner, A. P. | Moliva, J. I. | Koch, M. | Choi, A. | Stewart-Jones, G. B. E. | Bennett, H. | Boyoglu-Barnum, S. | Shi, W. | Graham, B. S. | Carfi, A. | Corbett, K. S. | Seder, R. A. | Edwards, D. K. C1 - 2021-02-05 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02052021_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 25 DO - 10.1101/2021.01.25.427948 ET - 2021/01/28 L1 - internal-pdf://1035978956/Wu-2021-mRNA-1273 vaccine induces neutralizing.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Wu, Kai; Werner, Anne P; Moliva, Juan I; Koch, Matthew; Choi, Angela; Stewart-Jones, Guillaume B E; Bennett, Hamilton; Boyoglu-Barnum, Seyhan; Shi, Wei; Graham, Barney S; Carfi, Andrea; Corbett, Kizzmekia S; Seder, Robert A; Edwards, Darin K; eng; Preprint; bioRxiv. 2021 Jan 25. doi: 10.1101/2021.01.25.427948. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine was able to neutralize all known strains of SARS-CoV-2. | Full neutralization was still achieved despite diminished neutralizing responses against the B.1.351 (South Africa) variant, with the E484K mutation, because neutralizing titers remained relatively high (1:290). | No significant differences in neutralizing antibody titers against B.1.1.7 (UK), 20E, 20A.EU2, DG614-N439K, or mink cluster 5, variants were detected. | Methods: Neutralization assays using pseudovirus expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike protein mutations found in major current variants were used to determine the neutralizing capacity of sera from 8 human subjects and 12 non-human primates vaccinated with the Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine. Neutralization was compared to the neutralization observed against D614G, the dominant strain of 2020. Limitations: Small sample size; P.1 variant was not included. | Implications: Moderna mRNA-1273 vaccine appears to be effective against both the UK and South African SARS CoV-2 variants. However, further studies are warranted to substantiate these findings. SP - 2021.01.25.427948 ST - mRNA-1273 vaccine induces neutralizing antibodies against spike mutants from global SARS-CoV-2 variants T2 - bioRxiv TI - mRNA-1273 vaccine induces neutralizing antibodies against spike mutants from global SARS-CoV-2 variants TT - Published article: Serum Neutralizing Activity Elicited by mRNA-1273 Vaccine UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33501442 ID - 1476 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background COVID-19 vaccine coverage in the Latinx community depends on delivery systems that overcome barriers such as institutional distrust, misinformation, and access to care. We hypothesized that a community-centered vaccination strategy that included mobilization, vaccination, and “activation�?components could successfully reach an underserved Latinx population, utilizing its social networks to boost vaccination coverage. Methods Our community-academic-public health partnership, “Unidos en Salud,�?utilized a theory-informed approach to design our “Motivate, Vaccinate, and Activate�?COVID-19 vaccination strategy. Our strategy’s design was guided by the PRECEDE Model and sought to address and overcome predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing barriers to COVID-19 vaccination faced by Latinx individuals in San Francisco. We evaluated our prototype outdoor, “neighborhood�?vaccination program located in a central commercial and transport hub in the Mission District in San Francisco, using the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation and Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework during a 16-week period from February 1, 2021 to May 19, 2021. Programmatic data, city-wide COVID-19 surveillance data, and a survey conducted between May 2, 2021 and May 19, 2021 among 997 vaccinated clients �?6 years old were used in the evaluation. Results There were 20,792 COVID-19 vaccinations administered at the neighborhood site during the 16-week evaluation period. Vaccine recipients had a median age of 43 (IQR 32�?6) years, 53.9% were male and 70.5% were Latinx, 14.1% white, 7.7% Asian, 2.4% Black, and 5.3% other. Latinx vaccinated clients were substantially more likely than non-Latinx clients to have an annual household income of less than $50,000 a year (76.1% vs. 33.5%), be a first-generation immigrant (60.2% vs. 30.1%), not have health insurance (47.3% vs. 16.0%), and not have access to primary care provider (62.4% vs. 36.2%). The most frequently reported reasons for choosing vaccination at the site were its neighborhood location (28.6%), easy and convenient scheduling (26.9%) and recommendation by someone they trusted (18.1%); approximately 99% reported having an overall positive experience, regardless of ethnicity. Notably, 58.3% of clients reported that they were able to get vaccinated earlier because of the neighborhood vaccination site, 98.4% of clients completed both vaccine doses, and 90.7% said that they were more likely to recommend COVID-19 vaccination to family and friends after their experience; these findings did not substantially differ according to ethnicity. There were 40.3% of vaccinated clients who said they still knew at least one unvaccinated person (64.6% knew �?). Among clients who received both vaccine doses (n = 729), 91.0% said that after their vaccination experience, they had personally reached out to at least one unvaccinated person they knew (61.6% reached out to �?) to recommend getting vaccinated; 83.0% of clients reported that one or more friends, and/or family members got vaccinated as a result of their outreach, including 18.9% who reported 6 or more persons got vaccinated as a result of their influence. Conclusions A multi-component, “Motivate, Vaccinate, and Activate�?community-based strategy addressing barriers to COVID-19 vaccination for the Latinx population reached the intended population, and vaccinated individuals served as ambassadors to recruit other friends and family members to get vaccinated. AD - Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America. | Unidos en Salud, San Francisco, California, United States of America. | Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America. | Clinica Martin Baro, San Francisco, California, United States of America. | The San Francisco Latino Task Force-Response to COVID-19, San Francisco, California, United States of America. | Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America. | San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, California, United States of America. | Bay Area Phlebotomy and Laboratory Services (BayPLS), San Francisco, California, United States of America. | Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America. | Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, United States of America. | Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America. | Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America. AN - 34543291 AU - Marquez, Carina | Kerkhoff, Andrew D. | Naso, Jamie | Contreras, Maria G. | Castellanos Diaz, Edgar | Rojas, Susana | Peng, James | Rubio, Luis | Jones, Diane | Jacobo, Jon | Rojas, Susy | Gonzalez, Rafael | Fuchs, Jonathan D. | Black, Douglas | Ribeiro, Salustiano | Nossokoff, Jen | Tulier-Laiwa, Valerie | Martinez, Jacqueline | Chamie, Gabriel | Pilarowski, Genay | DeRisi, Joseph | Petersen, Maya | Havlir, Diane V. C1 - 2021-10-15 C2 - PMC8452046 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10152021_covidupdate.html#anchor_PreventionStrategies DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0257111 ET - 2021/09/21 IS - 9 KW - Adolescent | Adult | COVID-19/immunology | COVID-19 Vaccines/*immunology | Continental Population Groups | Ethnic Groups | Female | Geography | *Hispanic Americans | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | *Residence Characteristics | San Francisco | Time Factors | Treatment Outcome | Vaccination L1 - internal-pdf://3725197959/Marquez-2021-A multi-component, community-base.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Marquez, Carina | Kerkhoff, Andrew D | Naso, Jamie | Contreras, Maria G | Castellanos Diaz, Edgar | Rojas, Susana | Peng, James | Rubio, Luis | Jones, Diane | Jacobo, Jon | Rojas, Susy | Gonzalez, Rafael | Fuchs, Jonathan D | Black, Douglas | Ribeiro, Salustiano | Nossokoff, Jen | Tulier-Laiwa, Valerie | Martinez, Jacqueline | Chamie, Gabriel | Pilarowski, Genay | DeRisi, Joseph | Petersen, Maya | Havlir, Diane V | eng | T32 AI060530/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | PLoS One. 2021 Sep 20;16(9):e0257111. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257111. eCollection 2021. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; A culturally tailored program of “Motivate, Vaccinate, and Activate�?successfully increased vaccine uptake among a Hispanic/Latino population in San Francisco’s Mission District. | 70.5% of persons vaccinated at the program’s outdoor neighborhood site (n = 11,098) were Hispanic/Latino; by comparison, 33% of the Mission District and 13% of the vaccinated San Francisco populations were Hispanic/Latino (Figure). | Among Hispanic/Latino vaccine recipients participating in the evaluation, 60.2% were first-generation immigrants, 76.1% had a household income <$50,000/year, 62.4% did not have a primary care provider, and 47.3% lacked health insurance. | 91% of fully vaccinated persons reported personally reaching out to �? unvaccinated persons to recommend vaccination at the site. | Methods: Community-academic partnership (Unidos en Salud) in San Francisco designed a multifaceted COVID-19 neighborhood vaccination strategy (February 1–May 19, 2021) that addressed barriers to vaccination in the Hispanic/Latino community. Program was evaluated using program data, citywide COVID-19 surveillance data, and a survey of vaccinated clients �?6 years (n = 997). Limitations: Evaluation could not quantify number of people who were influenced by program but received vaccinations elsewhere. | | Implications: Community-based programs can successfully address barriers to vaccination by using trusted messengers and social networks, adaptable mobilization strategies, and a convenient, culturally appropriate neighborhood site. SN - 1932-6203 (Electronic) | 1932-6203 (Linking) SP - e0257111 ST - A multi-component, community-based strategy to facilitate COVID-19 vaccine uptake among Latinx populations: From theory to practice T2 - PLoS One TI - A multi-component, community-based strategy to facilitate COVID-19 vaccine uptake among Latinx populations: From theory to practice UR - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257111 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8452046/pdf/pone.0257111.pdf VL - 16 ID - 2490 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) is a new phenomenon reported worldwide with temporal association with Covid-19. The objective of this paper is to evaluate reported cases in children and adolescents. From 1726 papers, 35 documented papers related to MIS-C cases identified 783 individual cases of MIS-C between March-June 2020; with 55% being male (n=435) and a median age of 8.6years (IQR, 7-10years; range 3months-20years). Patients with MIS-C were noted to have a high frequency of gastrointestinal symptoms (71%) including abdominal pain (34%) and diarrhea (27%). Cough and respiratory distress were reported in 4.5% and 9.6% cases respectively. Blood parameters showed neutrophilia in 345/418 (83%) of cases and a high CRP in 587/626 (94%). 362/619 (59%) cases were SARS-CoV-2 infection positive (serology or PCR) however only 41% demonstrated pulmonary changes on chest imaging. Severity of illness was high with 68% cases requiring intensive care admission; 63% requiring inotropic support; 244/783 (28%) cases needing some form of respiratory support (138 mechanically ventilated), and 31 required extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation. Treatment strategies included intravenous immunoglobulin (63%) and intravenous steroids (44%). 29 cases received Infliximab, 47 received IL1 (interleukin) receptor antagonist, and 47 received IL6-receptor antagonist. 12/783 (1.5%) children died. In summary, a higher incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms were noted in MIS-C. In contrast to acute Covid-19 infection in children, MIS-C appears to be a condition of higher severity with 68% of cases having required critical care support. AD - Department of Paediatric Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom. | Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom. | Department of Anaesthesia, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom. | Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Institute for Women's and Children's Health, King's College London, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: atul.gupta@kcl.ac.uk. AN - 32891582 AU - Radia, T. | Williams, N. | Agrawal, P. | Harman, K. | Weale, J. | Cook, J. | Gupta, A. C1 - 2020-08-21 C2 - Clinical Outcomes CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082120_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 11 DO - 10.1016/j.prrv.2020.08.001 ET - 2020/09/07 KW - Covid-19 | Critically unwell | Mis-c | Multi-system inflammatory Syndrome | Pims-ts | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) L1 - internal-pdf://3564432973/Radia-2020-Multi-system inflammatory syndrome.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Radia, Trisha; Williams, Nia; Agrawal, Pankaj; Harman, Katharine; Weale, Jonathan; Cook, James; Gupta, Atul; eng; Review; England; Paediatr Respir Rev. 2020 Aug 11. pii: S1526-0542(20)30117-2. doi: 10.1016/j.prrv.2020.08.001. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Concludes MIS-C, although rare, requires critical care for 68% of patients. SN - 1526-0550 (Electronic); 1526-0542 (Linking) SP - 51-57 ST - Multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children & adolescents (MIS-C): A systematic review of clinical features and presentation T2 - Paediatr Respir Rev TI - Multi-system inflammatory syndrome in children & adolescents (MIS-C): A systematic review of clinical features and presentation UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32891582 VL - 38 ID - 753 ER - TY - JOUR AB - While there has been significant progress in the development of rapid COVID-19 diagnostics, as the pandemic unfolds, new challenges have emerged, including whether these technologies can reliably detect the more infectious variants of concern and be viably deployed in non-clinical settings as “self-tests�? Multidisciplinary evaluation of the Abbott BinaxNOW COVID-19 Ag Card (BinaxNOW, a widely used rapid antigen test, included limit of detection, variant detection, test performance across different age-groups, and usability with self/caregiver-administration. While BinaxNOW detected the highly infectious variants, B.1.1.7 (Alpha) first identified in the UK, B.1.351 (Beta) first identified in South Africa, P.1 (Gamma) first identified in Brazil, B.1.617.2 (Delta) first identified in India and B.1.2, a non-VOC, test sensitivity decreased with decreasing viral loads. Moreover, BinaxNOW sensitivity trended lower when devices were performed by patients/caregivers themselves compared to trained clinical staff, despite universally high usability assessments following self/caregiver-administration among different age groups. Overall, these data indicate that while BinaxNOW accurately detects the new viral variants, as rapid COVID-19 tests enter the home, their already lower sensitivities compared to RT-PCR may decrease even more due to user error. AD - Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. | The Atlanta Center for Microsystems-Engineered Point-of-Care Technologies, Atlanta, Georgia. | Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia. | Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia. | Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. | Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia. | Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia. | Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia. | Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. | Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia. | The Atlanta Center for Microsystems-Engineered Point-of-Care Technologies, Atlanta, Georgia. greg.martin@emory.edu. | Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia. greg.martin@emory.edu. | The Atlanta Center for Microsystems-Engineered Point-of-Care Technologies, Atlanta, Georgia. wilbur.lam@emory.edu. | Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia. wilbur.lam@emory.edu. | Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center at Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia. wilbur.lam@emory.edu. | Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia. wilbur.lam@emory.edu. AN - 34272449 AU - Frediani, Jennifer K. | Levy, Joshua M. | Rao, Anuradha | Bassit, Leda | Figueroa, Janet | Vos, Miriam B. | Wood, Anna | Jerris, Robert | Van, Leung-Pineda | Gonzalez, Mark D. | Rogers, Beverly B. | Mavigner, Maud | Schinazi, Raymond F. | Schoof, Nils | Waggoner, Jesse J. | Kempker, Russell R. | Rebolledo, Paulina A. | O’Neal, Jared W. | Stone, Cheryl | Chahroudi, Ann | Morris, Claudia R. | Suessmith, Allie | Sullivan, Julie | Farmer, Sarah | Foster, Amanda | Roback, John D. | Ramachandra, Thanuja | Washington, CaDeidre | Le, Kristie | Cordero, Maria C. | Esper, Annette | Nehl, Eric J. | Wang, Yun F. | Tyburski, Erika A. | Martin, Greg S. | Lam, Wilbur A. C1 - 2021-07-23 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07232021_covidupdate.html DA - 2021/07/16 DO - 10.1038/s41598-021-94055-1 ET - 2021/07/18 IS - 1 KW - COVID-19/*diagnosis | *COVID-19 Serological Testing | Humans | Limit of Detection | *Point-of-Care Systems | SARS-CoV-2 | *Self-Testing | Sensitivity and Specificity L1 - internal-pdf://2407566296/Frediani-2021-Multidisciplinary assessment of.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Frediani, Jennifer K | Levy, Joshua M | Rao, Anuradha | Bassit, Leda | Figueroa, Janet | Vos, Miriam B | Wood, Anna | Jerris, Robert | Van Leung-Pineda | Gonzalez, Mark D | Rogers, Beverly B | Mavigner, Maud | Schinazi, Raymond F | Schoof, Nils | Waggoner, Jesse J | Kempker, Russell R | Rebolledo, Paulina A | O'Neal, Jared W | Stone, Cheryl | Chahroudi, Ann | Morris, Claudia R | Suessmith, Allie | Sullivan, Julie | Farmer, Sarah | Foster, Amanda | Roback, John D | Ramachandra, Thanuja | Washington, CaDeidre | Le, Kristie | Cordero, Maria C | Esper, Annette | Nehl, Eric J | Wang, Yun F | Tyburski, Erika A | Martin, Greg S | Lam, Wilbur A | eng | U54 EB027690/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ | UL1 TR002378/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ | U54 EB027690 02S1/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ | Evaluation Study | Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural | England | Sci Rep. 2021 Jul 16;11(1):14604. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-94055-1. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: BinaxNOW accurately detected B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.351 (Beta), P.1 (Gamma) and B.1.617.2 (Delta). Concordance with RT-PCR decreased with increasing Ct values. BinaxNOW sensitivity/specificity for healthcare staff (n = 297, 77 positive) was 74%/99% compared to 57%/100% for parent or self-collected anterior nasal swabs (n = 44, 16 positive). SN - 2045-2322 SP - 14604 ST - Multidisciplinary assessment of the Abbott BinaxNOW SARS-CoV-2 point-of-care antigen test in the context of emerging viral variants and self-administration T2 - Sci Rep TI - Multidisciplinary assessment of the Abbott BinaxNOW SARS-CoV-2 point-of-care antigen test in the context of emerging viral variants and self-administration UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94055-1 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8285474/pdf/41598_2021_Article_94055.pdf VL - 11 ID - 2125 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The assessment of real-world effectiveness of immunomodulatory medications for multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) may guide therapy. METHODS: We analyzed surveillance data on inpatients younger than 21 years of age who had MIS-C and were admitted to 1 of 58 U.S. hospitals between March 15 and October 31, 2020. The effectiveness of initial immunomodulatory therapy (day 0, indicating the first day any such therapy for MIS-C was given) with intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) plus glucocorticoids, as compared with IVIG alone, was evaluated with propensity-score matching and inverse probability weighting, with adjustment for baseline MIS-C severity and demographic characteristics. The primary outcome was cardiovascular dysfunction (a composite of left ventricular dysfunction or shock resulting in the use of vasopressors) on or after day 2. Secondary outcomes included the components of the primary outcome, the receipt of adjunctive treatment (glucocorticoids in patients not already receiving glucocorticoids on day 0, a biologic, or a second dose of IVIG) on or after day 1, and persistent or recurrent fever on or after day 2. RESULTS: A total of 518 patients with MIS-C (median age, 8.7 years) received at least one immunomodulatory therapy; 75% had been previously healthy, and 9 died. In the propensity-score-matched analysis, initial treatment with IVIG plus glucocorticoids (103 patients) was associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular dysfunction on or after day 2 than IVIG alone (103 patients) (17% vs. 31%; risk ratio, 0.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.34 to 0.94). The risks of the components of the composite outcome were also lower among those who received IVIG plus glucocorticoids: left ventricular dysfunction occurred in 8% and 17% of the patients, respectively (risk ratio, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.19 to 1.15), and shock resulting in vasopressor use in 13% and 24% (risk ratio, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.29 to 1.00). The use of adjunctive therapy was lower among patients who received IVIG plus glucocorticoids than among those who received IVIG alone (34% vs. 70%; risk ratio, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.65), but the risk of fever was unaffected (31% and 40%, respectively; risk ratio, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.53 to 1.13). The inverse-probability-weighted analysis confirmed the results of the propensity-score-matched analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Among children and adolescents with MIS-C, initial treatment with IVIG plus glucocorticoids was associated with a lower risk of new or persistent cardiovascular dysfunction than IVIG alone. (Funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.). AD - From the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Departments of Cardiology (K.F., J.W.N.) and Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine (C.C.Y., M.M.N., A.G.R.), Boston Children's Hospital, the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, MassGeneral Hospital for Children (P.H.Y.), and the Departments of Anesthesia (A.G.R.) and Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., K.F., P.H.Y., J.W.N., A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston; the COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (N.M., L.R.F., C.E.R., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (K.M.T.) - both in Atlanta; the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service, Rockville (L.R.F., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (L.L.L.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern, Children's Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas (M.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York (V.L.S.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K.), Brooklyn - all in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann); the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (M.K.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, M Health Fairview University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, Minneapolis (J.R.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO (J.E.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital at Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutger's University, New Brunswick (S.M. Horwitz) - both in New Jersey; the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH (M.W.H.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina Children's Hospital, Chapel Hill (S.P.S.); the Section of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock (K.I.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Miller Children's and Women's Hospital of Long Beach, Long Beach (C.J.B.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of California San Francisco Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland (N.Z.C.) - both in California; the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis (C.M.R.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami (G.E.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (E.H.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville and Norton Children's Hospital, Louisville, KY (V.L.M.); the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.); and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago (B.M.C.). AN - 34133855 AU - Son, Mary Beth F. | Murray, Nancy | Friedman, Kevin | Young, Cameron C. | Newhams, Margaret M. | Feldstein, Leora R. | Loftis, Laura L. | Tarquinio, Keiko M. | Singh, Aalok R. | Heidemann, Sabrina M. | Soma, Vijaya L. | Riggs, Becky J. | Fitzgerald, Julie C. | Kong, Michele | Doymaz, Sule | Giuliano, John S. | Keenaghan, Michael A. | Hume, Janet R. | Hobbs, Charlotte V. | Schuster, Jennifer E. | Clouser, Katharine N. | Hall, Mark W. | Smith, Lincoln S. | Horwitz, Steven M. | Schwartz, Stephanie P. | Irby, Katherine | Bradford, Tamara T. | Maddux, Aline B. | Babbitt, Christopher J. | Rowan, Courtney M. | McLaughlin, Gwenn E. | Yager, Phoebe H. | Maamari, Mia | Mack, Elizabeth H. | Carroll, Christopher L. | Montgomery, Vicki L. | Halasa, Natasha B. | Cvijanovich, Natalie Z. | Coates, Bria M. | Rose, Charles E. | Newburger, Jane W. | Patel, Manish M. | Randolph, Adrienne G. C1 - 2021-06-25 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06252021_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 1 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2102605 ET - 2021/06/17 IS - 1 KW - Adolescent | COVID-19/complications/*drug therapy/immunology/mortality | Child | Child, Preschool | Cohort Studies | Combined Modality Therapy | Drug Therapy, Combination | Female | Glucocorticoids/*therapeutic use | Hospitalization | Humans | Immunoglobulins, Intravenous/*therapeutic use | Immunomodulation | Infant | Logistic Models | Male | Propensity Score | Public Health Surveillance | Shock/etiology/prevention & control | Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/complications/*drug | therapy/immunology/mortality | Treatment Outcome | Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/etiology/*prevention & control | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://3274330468/Son-2021-Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Son, Mary Beth F | Murray, Nancy | Friedman, Kevin | Young, Cameron C | Newhams, Margaret M | Feldstein, Leora R | Loftis, Laura L | Tarquinio, Keiko M | Singh, Aalok R | Heidemann, Sabrina M | Soma, Vijaya L | Riggs, Becky J | Fitzgerald, Julie C | Kong, Michele | Doymaz, Sule | Giuliano, John S Jr | Keenaghan, Michael A | Hume, Janet R | Hobbs, Charlotte V | Schuster, Jennifer E | Clouser, Katharine N | Hall, Mark W | Smith, Lincoln S | Horwitz, Steven M | Schwartz, Stephanie P | Irby, Katherine | Bradford, Tamara T | Maddux, Aline B | Babbitt, Christopher J | Rowan, Courtney M | McLaughlin, Gwenn E | Yager, Phoebe H | Maamari, Mia | Mack, Elizabeth H | Carroll, Christopher L | Montgomery, Vicki L | Halasa, Natasha B | Cvijanovich, Natalie Z | Coates, Bria M | Rose, Charles E | Newburger, Jane W | Patel, Manish M | Randolph, Adrienne G | eng | Comparative Study | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | N Engl J Med. 2021 Jul 1;385(1):23-34. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2102605. Epub 2021 Jun 16. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: determined that initial treatment with IVIG plus glucocorticoids lowered risk of cardiovascular dysfunction SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic) | 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 23-34 ST - Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children �?Initial Therapy and Outcomes T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children �?Initial Therapy and Outcomes UR - https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2102605 | https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa2102605?articleTools=true VL - 385 ID - 1866 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: A multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is associated with coronavirus disease 2019. The New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) established active, statewide surveillance to describe hospitalized patients with the syndrome. METHODS: Hospitals in New York State reported cases of Kawasaki's disease, toxic shock syndrome, myocarditis, and potential MIS-C in hospitalized patients younger than 21 years of age and sent medical records to the NYSDOH. We carried out descriptive analyses that summarized the clinical presentation, complications, and outcomes of patients who met the NYSDOH case definition for MIS-C between March 1 and May 10, 2020. RESULTS: As of May 10, 2020, a total of 191 potential cases were reported to the NYSDOH. Of 95 patients with confirmed MIS-C (laboratory-confirmed acute or recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2] infection) and 4 with suspected MIS-C (met clinical and epidemiologic criteria), 53 (54%) were male; 31 of 78 (40%) were black, and 31 of 85 (36%) were Hispanic. A total of 31 patients (31%) were 0 to 5 years of age, 42 (42%) were 6 to 12 years of age, and 26 (26%) were 13 to 20 years of age. All presented with subjective fever or chills; 97% had tachycardia, 80% had gastrointestinal symptoms, 60% had rash, 56% had conjunctival injection, and 27% had mucosal changes. Elevated levels of C-reactive protein, d-dimer, and troponin were found in 100%, 91%, and 71% of the patients, respectively; 62% received vasopressor support, 53% had evidence of myocarditis, 80% were admitted to an intensive care unit, and 2 died. The median length of hospital stay was 6 days. CONCLUSIONS: The emergence of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children in New York State coincided with widespread SARS-CoV-2 transmission; this hyperinflammatory syndrome with dermatologic, mucocutaneous, and gastrointestinal manifestations was associated with cardiac dysfunction. AD - From the New York State Department of Health, Albany (E.M.D., A.M., J.R., A.M.M., D.E., J.K., W.P., L.S., B.H., D.B., H.Z.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) COVID-19 Response (E.H.K., E.J.C.) and the Epidemic Intelligence Service, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services (E.J.C.), CDC, Atlanta; and the University at Albany School of Public Health, State University of New York, Rensselaer (E.M.R., M.A.B., E.S.R., T.U.). AN - 32598830 AU - Dufort, E. M. | Koumans, E. H. | Chow, E. J. | Rosenthal, E. M. | Muse, A. | Rowlands, J. | Barranco, M. A. | Maxted, A. M. | Rosenberg, E. S. | Easton, D. | Udo, T. | Kumar, J. | Pulver, W. | Smith, L. | Hutton, B. | Blog, D. | Zucker, H. | New York, State | Centers for Disease, Control | Prevention Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Investigation, Team C1 - 2020-07-07 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/070720_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 23 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2021756 ET - 2020/07/01 IS - 4 KW - Adolescent | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Child | Child, Preschool | Coronavirus Infections/*complications/epidemiology/therapy | Female | Humans | Infant | Infant, Newborn | Intensive Care Units | Length of Stay | Male | Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome/epidemiology/therapy/virology | New York/epidemiology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications/epidemiology/therapy | SARS-CoV-2 | Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/*epidemiology/therapy/*virology | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://1073240915/Dufort-2020-Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Dufort, Elizabeth M; Koumans, Emilia H; Chow, Eric J; Rosenthal, Elizabeth M; Muse, Alison; Rowlands, Jemma; Barranco, Meredith A; Maxted, Angela M; Rosenberg, Eli S; Easton, Delia; Udo, Tomoko; Kumar, Jessica; Pulver, Wendy; Smith, Lou; Hutton, Brad; Blog, Debra; Zucker, Howard; eng; N Engl J Med. 2020 Jul 23;383(4):347-358. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2021756. Epub 2020 Jun 29. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: 99 cases of MIS-C in New York with description of variations in presenting symptoms and manifestations according to age. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 347-358 ST - Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children in New York State T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children in New York State UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32598830 VL - 383 ID - 479 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Understanding the epidemiology and clinical course of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and its temporal association with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is important, given the clinical and public health implications of the syndrome. METHODS: We conducted targeted surveillance for MIS-C from March 15 to May 20, 2020, in pediatric health centers across the United States. The case definition included six criteria: serious illness leading to hospitalization, an age of less than 21 years, fever that lasted for at least 24 hours, laboratory evidence of inflammation, multisystem organ involvement, and evidence of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) based on reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), antibody testing, or exposure to persons with Covid-19 in the past month. Clinicians abstracted the data onto standardized forms. RESULTS: We report on 186 patients with MIS-C in 26 states. The median age was 8.3 years, 115 patients (62%) were male, 135 (73%) had previously been healthy, 131 (70%) were positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR or antibody testing, and 164 (88%) were hospitalized after April 16, 2020. Organ-system involvement included the gastrointestinal system in 171 patients (92%), cardiovascular in 149 (80%), hematologic in 142 (76%), mucocutaneous in 137 (74%), and respiratory in 131 (70%). The median duration of hospitalization was 7 days (interquartile range, 4 to 10); 148 patients (80%) received intensive care, 37 (20%) received mechanical ventilation, 90 (48%) received vasoactive support, and 4 (2%) died. Coronary-artery aneurysms (z scores >/=2.5) were documented in 15 patients (8%), and Kawasaki's disease-like features were documented in 74 (40%). Most patients (171 [92%]) had elevations in at least four biomarkers indicating inflammation. The use of immunomodulating therapies was common: intravenous immune globulin was used in 144 (77%), glucocorticoids in 91 (49%), and interleukin-6 or 1RA inhibitors in 38 (20%). CONCLUSIONS: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children associated with SARS-CoV-2 led to serious and life-threatening illness in previously healthy children and adolescents. (Funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.). AD - From the COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (L.R.F., E.B.R., J.P.C., M.W.T., M.M.P.), and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (K.M.T.), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases (P.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology (M.E.O.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta; Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, Rockville (L.R.F., E.B.R., M.M.P.), and the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Pediatric Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore (B.J.R.) - both in Maryland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Bristol-Myers Squibb Children's Hospital, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University (S.M. Horwitz), the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Population Health, Quality, and Implementation Sciences (PopQuIS), Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (L.C.K.), New Brunswick, the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Hospital of New Jersey, Newark Beth Israel, Newark (R.F.W.), the Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack (K.N.C.), and the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston (S.J.G.) - all in New Jersey; the Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine (M.M.N., A.G.R.), the Division of Immunology (M.B.F.S.), and the Department of Cardiology (J.W.N.), Boston Children's Hospital, and the Departments of Pediatrics (M.B.F.S., J.W.N., A.G.R.) and Anaesthesia (A.G.R.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, and the Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Critical Care, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield (K.L.M.) - both in Massachusetts; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Central Michigan University, Detroit (S.M. Heidemann, A.A.M.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Maria Fareri Children's Hospital at Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla (A.R.S., S.L.), Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital (S.P.Z., J.G.), the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine (A.J.R.), Pediatric Critical Care, New York City Health and Hospitals, Kings County Hospital (M.A.K., H.A.), the Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University (S.D.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Maimonides Children's Hospital (A.D.), New York - all in New York; the Division of Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia (J.C.F.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven (J.S.G., A.G.), and the Division of Critical Care, Connecticut Children's, Hartford (R.M.P., C.L.C.) - both in Connecticut; the Department of Pediatrics, Section of Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora (A.B.M.); the Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Advocate Children's Hospital, Chicago (V.H., S.R.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University (H.B.), and the Division of Pediatric Hospital Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital (A.L.), Cleveland; the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center and Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans (T.T.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle (L.S.S.); the Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (A.C.M.); the Department of Pediatrics, Department of Microbiology, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.V.H.); and the Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (N.B.H.). AN - 32598831 AU - Feldstein, L. R. | Rose, E. B. | Horwitz, S. M. | Collins, J. P. | Newhams, M. M. | Son, M. B. F. | Newburger, J. W. | Kleinman, L. C. | Heidemann, S. M. | Martin, A. A. | Singh, A. R. | Li, S. | Tarquinio, K. M. | Jaggi, P. | Oster, M. E. | Zackai, S. P. | Gillen, J. | Ratner, A. J. | Walsh, R. F. | Fitzgerald, J. C. | Keenaghan, M. A. | Alharash, H. | Doymaz, S. | Clouser, K. N. | Giuliano, J. S., Jr. | Gupta, A. | Parker, R. M. | Maddux, A. B. | Havalad, V. | Ramsingh, S. | Bukulmez, H. | Bradford, T. T. | Smith, L. S. | Tenforde, M. W. | Carroll, C. L. | Riggs, B. J. | Gertz, S. J. | Daube, A. | Lansell, A. | Coronado Munoz, A. | Hobbs, C. V. | Marohn, K. L. | Halasa, N. B. | Patel, M. M. | Randolph, A. G. | Overcoming, Covid-Investigators | Cdc Covid- Response Team C1 - 2020-07-07 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/070720_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 23 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2021680 ET - 2020/07/01 IS - 4 KW - Adolescent | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. | Child | Coronavirus Infections/*complications/epidemiology/therapy | Critical Care | Female | Glucocorticoids/therapeutic use | Humans | Immunoglobulins, Intravenous/therapeutic use | Immunomodulation | Inflammation | Length of Stay | Male | Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome/epidemiology/therapy/virology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications/epidemiology/therapy | Prospective Studies | Respiration, Artificial | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 | Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/*epidemiology/therapy/*virology | United States L1 - internal-pdf://2494066348/Feldstein-2020-Multisystem Inflammatory Syndro.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Feldstein, Leora R; Rose, Erica B; Horwitz, Steven M; Collins, Jennifer P; Newhams, Margaret M; Son, Mary Beth F; Newburger, Jane W; Kleinman, Lawrence C; Heidemann, Sabrina M; Martin, Amarilis A; Singh, Aalok R; Li, Simon; Tarquinio, Keiko M; Jaggi, Preeti; Oster, Matthew E; Zackai, Sheemon P; Gillen, Jennifer; Ratner, Adam J; Walsh, Rowan F; Fitzgerald, Julie C; Keenaghan, Michael A; Alharash, Hussam; Doymaz, Sule; Clouser, Katharine N; Giuliano, John S Jr; Gupta, Anjali; Parker, Robert M; Maddux, Aline B; Havalad, Vinod; Ramsingh, Stacy; Bukulmez, Hulya; Bradford, Tamara T; Smith, Lincoln S; Tenforde, Mark W; Carroll, Christopher L; Riggs, Becky J; Gertz, Shira J; Daube, Ariel; Lansell, Amanda; Coronado Munoz, Alvaro; Hobbs, Charlotte V; Marohn, Kimberly L; Halasa, Natasha B; Patel, Manish M; Randolph, Adrienne G; eng; K23 DK119463/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/; KL2 TR003168/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; P30 DK072482/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/; 75D30120C07725/IP/NCIRD CDC HHS/; Multicenter Study; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. | N Engl J Med. 2020 Jul 23;383(4):334-346. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2021680. Epub 2020 Jun 29. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Describes 186 children with MIS-C in the US, many of whom had severe multiorgan system involvement. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 334-346 ST - Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in U.S. Children and Adolescents T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in U.S. Children and Adolescents UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32598831 VL - 383 ID - 482 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been reported rarely in children. International data suggest the development of a proinflammatory syndrome with features of Kawasaki disease (KD) or toxic shock syndrome (TSS) in children, possibly related to COVID-19. AD - Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York. AN - 32511676 AU - Cheung, E. W. | Zachariah, P. | Gorelik, M. | Boneparth, A. | Kernie, S. G. | Orange, J. S. | Milner, J. D. C1 - 2020-06-16 C2 - Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061620_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 21 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.10374 ET - 2020/06/09 IS - 3 KW - Adolescent | Arrhythmias, Cardiac/virology | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Child | Child, Preschool | Coronavirus Infections/*complications | Cytokines/analysis | Electrocardiography | Female | Humans | Infant | Male | New York City | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications | SARS-CoV-2 | Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/*diagnosis L1 - internal-pdf://1063471075/Cheung-2020-Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Cheung, Eva W; Zachariah, Philip; Gorelik, Mark; Boneparth, Alexis; Kernie, Steven G; Orange, Jordan S; Milner, Joshua D; eng; JAMA. 2020 Jul 21;324(3):294-296. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.10374. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Of 17 hospitalized children and adolescents with SARS-CoV-2-related MIS-C, median age was 8 years (range 1.8�?6); 12/17 (71%) were white; 3/17 (18%) had mild asthma. | GI symptoms were reported by 14/17 (82%); 1 had acute bowel inflammation (ileocolitis). | Moderate–severe cardiac dysfunction in 6/17 (35%); 1 had a coronary aneurysm. | 15/17 (88%) were critically ill: 13 were in shock on presentation; none were intubated or died. | IL-6 was elevated in 16/17 (94%). | Methods: Clinical case-series of 17 hospitalized children and adolescents with SARS-CoV-2-related MIS-C, New York City, April 18–May 5, 2020. Some patients might be included in Miller et al. Limitations: Single center, may not be representative. | Implications for 5 studies (Belot et al., Toubiana et al., Whittaker et al., Miller et al. & Cheung et al.): MIS-C can cause severe illness and seems to be a SARS-CoV-2 postinfectious complication. Patients with SARS-CoV-2-related MIS-C were older and required more intensive care than patients with Kawasaki disease. Pneumonia was noticeably absent; mechanical ventilation seemed to be used to support patients with cardiovascular collapse (shock) rather than respiratory failure. Early MIS-C with GI symptoms may be misdiagnosed as mild GI illness. Studies are needed to understand the spectrum of MIS-C severity, timing between SARS-CoV-2 infection and MIS-C, risk factors, possible long-term complications, and therapy. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 294-296 ST - Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Related to COVID-19 in Previously Healthy Children and Adolescents in New York City T2 - JAMA TI - Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Related to COVID-19 in Previously Healthy Children and Adolescents in New York City UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32511676 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 377 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Science’s COVID-19 reporting is supported by the Pulitzer Center and the Heising-Simons Foundation. | Jens Malmkvist’s life’s work came to a dramatic end this week. An ethologist at Aarhus University, Malmkvist studies the behavior and welfare of farmed mink, with the aim of giving them a better life as they are raised for fur. But on Monday and Tuesday, all 6350 minks at the Aarhus facility were gassed as part of a nationwide cull ordered on 4 November by the Danish government. | Denmark is seeking to stop the spread of what it deems a dangerous strain of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, that’s circulating in mink and infecting humans as well. Scientists say mutations in the virus, described this week in a short “working paper,�?might reduce the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines. | Related; Gloved hands hold a syringe; Champagne and questions greet first data showing that a COVID-19 vaccine works; noccupied tables and chairs of a closed coffee stand on the market place. | Europe is locking down a second time. But what is its long-term plan?; Illustration of people. Most are gray, but some are highlighted in red; Gyms. Bars. The White House. See how superspreading events are driving the pandemic; A mink; COVID-19 hits U.S. mink farms after ripping through Europe; See all of our coverage of the coronavirus outbreak; Enforcement of the countrywide cull was temporarily halted yesterday after the Danish minister for food, agriculture and fisheries, Mogens Jensen, acknowledged the government lacked the legal authority to implement it. In a statement, Jensen said the process had a “regrettably messy start,�?but noted the government has submitted a bill to the Danish Parliament that would give it the power it needs. | But Malmkvist’s research herd is dead already; he says it may be the right decision but mourns the impact on research and the personal toll on his team. “It’s incredibly sad and shocking, just happening overnight like that.�? | Peter Ben Embarek, an expert in food safety and zoonoses at the World Health Organization, calls the government’s decision to cull a “brave�?and “dramatic�?step. | The move reflects a growing concern about the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in mink, reported in six countries. Four—Spain, Sweden, Italy, and the United States—have responded by culling populations at affected farms. The Netherlands went further by expediting a complete ban on mink farming, originally planned for 2024, and now effective by March 2021. The explosive spread of the virus in mink and several documented cases of mink-to-human transmission made the Dutch government fear farms might become a permanent virus reservoir. | The Danish government has an even more troubling concern. SARS-CoV-2 has remained “quite stable�?since its emergence in the human population, Ben Embarek says, but spillovers into animals can trigger mutations as the virus adapts to a new host. That has happened in mink. The working paper, posted online yesterday by the Statens Serum Institute, a government lab, reported clusters of genetic mutations in the virus infecting the animals. One strain, now called the ΔFVI-spike mutant, has four mutations in the gene coding for the spike protein, which helps the virus enter host cells. | Experiments with the ΔFVI strain showed plasma from recovered COVID-19 patients or rabbits immunized with the virus did not neutralize it as efficiently as the unmutated virus. Because many COVID-19 vaccines aim to elicit an immune response to the spike protein, the worry is that those vaccines might not work well against the ΔFVI mutant, which so far has been found in 12 people in Denmark as well. | The findings are preliminary, but the government considered them serious enough to order the culling of all 12 million remaining minks in Denmark, the world’s largest mink producer. About 80% of the animals were scheduled to meet their end this month anyway—and become fur—but the decision means breeding and laboratory stocks will be destroyed as well. Mink farming will be banned at least until the end of 2021. | Biologist David Kennedy of Pennsylvania State University, University Park, agrees mutations in the spike protein “could completely undermine�?vaccine efficacy, especially if they occur in the part of the protein that binds to the human receptor, as one of the four mutations in ΔFVI does. He says more data are needed to document the mutations�?impact, but in the meantime, it’s important to keep the strain from spreading. “If the human-to-human transmission of this variant isn’t stopped, stopping further introductions of this variant from the mink won’t matter.�? | Researchers in the Netherlands have also studied SARS-CoV-2 evolution in mink. In a paper published online by Science yesterday, they reported finding the mutation affecting the receptor binding site—but not the other three present in ΔFVI—at four farms. “It did not continue spreading, and we haven’t seen it since,�?says veterinary epidemiologist Arjan Stegeman of Utrecht University. (The team did find that 68% of farmworkers and their contacts had antibodies to the virus, underscoring the risk of mink-to-human transmission.); | At least nine countries that have mink farms have not reported SARS-CoV-2 infections in mink. But they may well have undetected outbreaks, says Ilaria Capua, a veterinary virologist at the University of Florida’s One Health Center of Excellence. The virus may have also spilled over into other farmed or wild mustelids, a family that includes weasels, otters, badgers, martens, and ferrets. “We should look at this as the first of what would be many spillovers in animal populations,�?Capua says. “I would strongly invite [scientists] to go look at animals.�? | Although mink farming is controversial in Europe, it is likely to survive the pandemic, Malmkvist says, so research into mink welfare remains necessary. His own studies have shown, for instance, that young animals are happiest living in male-female pairs and that they don’t particularly care for big cages but love having a two-story cage so they can climb up and down. Other papers have shed light on the animals�?preferred diet and bedding materials. | Work by his team also influenced Danish legislation that requires breeders to select for less fearful animals, and farms within the European Union can no longer trade internationally without certification based in part on the group’s research. “I felt part of a team, making a difference,�?he says. | The fact that his research herd had not seen outbreaks makes the mass slaughter all the more painful. “But we cannot take any risk regarding human health,�?Malmkvist says. “I must trust that the Danish leadership has made the right decision.�? AU - Lesté-Lasserre, Christa C1 - 2020-11-17 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/111720_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1126/science.abf6565 LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Implications: SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks in mink farms are well-documented and resulted in recently-abandoned plans to cull Denmark’s 17 million minksexternal icon. This paper provides phylogenetic data suggestive of mink-to-human SARS-CoV-2 transmission; however, directionality of transmission is challenging to definitively demonstrate using phylogenetics. Concerns about potential mutations in SARS-CoV-2 from animal-to-human transmission that may lead to more rapid spread or jeopardize vaccine efficacyexternal icon may be premature. SN - 0036-8075 | 1095-9203 ST - Mutant coronaviruses found in mink spark massive culls and doom a Danish group’s research T2 - Science Magazine TI - Mutant coronaviruses found in mink spark massive culls and doom a Danish group’s research UR - https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/11/mutant-coronaviruses-found-mink-spark-massive-culls-and-doom-danish-group-s-research ID - 1244 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infectivity is a major concern in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) prevention and economic reopening. However, rigorous determination of SARS-CoV-2 infectivity is very difficult owing to its continuous evolution with over 10,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) variants in many subtypes. We employ an algebraic topology-based machine learning model to quantitatively evaluate the binding free energy changes of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (S protein) and host angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor following mutations. We reveal that the SARS-CoV-2 virus becomes more infectious. Three out of six SARS-CoV-2 subtypes have become slightly more infectious, while the other three subtypes have significantly strengthened their infectivity. We also find that SARS-CoV-2 is slightly more infectious than SARS-CoV according to computed S protein-angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 binding free energy changes. Based on a systematic evaluation of all possible 3686 future mutations on the S protein receptor-binding domain, we show that most likely future mutations will make SARS-CoV-2 more infectious. Combining sequence alignment, probability analysis, and binding free energy calculation, we predict that a few residues on the receptor-binding motif, i.e., 452, 489, 500, 501, and 505, have high chances to mutate into significantly more infectious COVID-19 strains. AD - Department of Mathematics, Michigan State University, MI 48824, USA. | Department of Mathematics, Michigan State University, MI 48824, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, MI 48824, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, MI 48824, USA. Electronic address: wei@math.msu.edu. AN - 32710986 AU - Chen, J. | Wang, R. | Wang, M. | Wei, G. W. C1 - 2020-08-07 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/080720_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 4 DO - 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.07.009 ET - 2020/07/28 IS - 19 KW - Amino Acid Sequence | Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 | Betacoronavirus/classification/*genetics/*pathogenicity | Covid-19 | Cluster Analysis | Coronavirus Infections/*virology | DNA Mutational Analysis | *Evolution, Molecular | Genotype | Geographic Mapping | Humans | Machine Learning | Models, Molecular | *Mutation | Pandemics | Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism | Pneumonia, Viral/*virology | Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics | Probability | Protein Binding/genetics | Receptors, Virus/metabolism | SARS Virus/chemistry/genetics/metabolism/pathogenicity | SARS-CoV-2 | Sequence Alignment | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism | Thermodynamics | *covid-19 | *protein-protein interaction | *spike protein | *viral infectivity L1 - internal-pdf://3844189293/Chen-2020-Mutations Strengthened SARS-CoV-2 In.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Chen, Jiahui; Wang, Rui; Wang, Menglun; Wei, Guo-Wei; eng; R01 GM126189/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. | England; J Mol Biol. 2020 Sep 4;432(19):5212-5226. doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.07.009. Epub 2020 Jul 23. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Identifies 6 mutations of SARS-CoV-2, all with increased infectivity, and their geographic distribution. SN - 1089-8638 (Electronic); 0022-2836 (Linking) SP - 5212-5226 ST - Mutations Strengthened SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity T2 - J Mol Biol TI - Mutations Strengthened SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32710986 VL - 432 ID - 664 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Medicine, Neurological Unit, "Garibaldi" Hospital, Catania, Italy (D.A.R.). | Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy, Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed Pozzilli, Italy (D.C.). | University of Catania, Catania, Italy (A.A.). | ENT Unit, University of Padua, Padova, Italy (R.M.). AN - 32776781 AU - Restivo, D. A. | Centonze, D. | Alesina, A. | Marchese-Ragona, R. C1 - 2020-08-21 C2 - Clinical Outcomes CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082120_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 15 DO - 10.7326/L20-0845 ET - 2020/08/11 IS - 12 KW - Aged | COVID-19/*complications/diagnosis/epidemiology | Diagnosis, Differential | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Myasthenia Gravis/diagnosis/*etiology | Pandemics | *SARS-CoV-2 | Tomography, X-Ray Computed L1 - internal-pdf://3786351001/l20-0845.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Restivo, Domenico A; Centonze, Diego; Alesina, Alessandro; Marchese-Ragona, Rosario; eng; Case Reports; Letter; Ann Intern Med. 2020 Dec 15;173(12):1027-1028. doi: 10.7326/L20-0845. Epub 2020 Aug 10. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Describes a case series of three COVID-19 patients without prior autoimmune or neurologic disorders who were diagnosed with myasthenia gravis. SN - 1539-3704 (Electronic); 0003-4819 (Linking) SP - 1027-1028 ST - Myasthenia Gravis Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Infection T2 - Ann Intern Med TI - Myasthenia Gravis Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Infection UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32776781 VL - 173 ID - 755 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Reports have suggested an association between the development of myocarditis and the receipt of messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), but the frequency and severity of myocarditis after vaccination have not been extensively explored. | | METHODS | We searched the database of Clalit Health Services, the largest health care organization (HCO) in Israel, for diagnoses of myocarditis in patients who had received at least one dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine (Pfizer–BioNTech). The diagnosis of myocarditis was adjudicated by cardiologists using the case definition used by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. We abstracted the presentation, clinical course, and outcome from the patient’s electronic health record. We performed a Kaplan–Meier analysis of the incidence of myocarditis up to 42 days after the first vaccine dose. | | RESULTS | Among more than 2.5 million vaccinated HCO members who were 16 years of age or older, 54 cases met the criteria for myocarditis. The estimated incidence per 100,000 persons who had received at least one dose of vaccine was 2.13 cases (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.56 to 2.70). The highest incidence of myocarditis (10.69 cases per 100,000 persons; 95% CI, 6.93 to 14.46) was reported in male patients between the ages of 16 and 29 years. A total of 76% of cases of myocarditis were described as mild and 22% as intermediate; 1 case was associated with cardiogenic shock. After a median follow-up of 83 days after the onset of myocarditis, 1 patient had been readmitted to the hospital, and 1 had died of an unknown cause after discharge. Of 14 patients who had left ventricular dysfunction on echocardiography during admission, 10 still had such dysfunction at the time of hospital discharge. Of these patients, 5 underwent subsequent testing that revealed normal heart function. | | CONCLUSIONS | Among patients in a large Israeli health care system who had received at least one dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine, the estimated incidence of myocarditis was 2.13 cases per 100,000 persons; the highest incidence was among male patients between the ages of 16 and 29 years. Most cases of myocarditis were mild or moderate in severity. (Funded by the Ivan and Francesca Berkowitz Family Living Laboratory Collaboration at Harvard Medical School and Clalit Research Institute.) AD - From the Cardiology Department, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva (G.W., S.H., I.R., M.W., Y.A., T.G., R.K.), the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University (G.W., S.H., I.R., M.W., Y.A., T.G., R.K.), and the Innovation Division, Clalit Research Institute, Clalit Health Services (N.B., O.A., N.D., R.D.B.), Tel Aviv, and the Department of Software and Information Systems Engineering (N.B., N.D.) and the School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences (R.D.B.), Ben Gurion University, Be'er Sheva - all in Israel; and the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School (N.B., N.D.), and the Ivan and Francesca Berkowitz Family Living Laboratory Collaboration at Harvard Medical School and Clalit Research Institute (N.B., N.D., R.D.B.) - both in Boston. AN - 34614329 AU - Witberg, Guy | Barda, Noam | Hoss, Sara | Richter, Ilan | Wiessman, Maya | Aviv, Yaron | Grinberg, Tzlil | Auster, Oren | Dagan, Noa | Balicer, Ran D. | Kornowski, Ran C1 - 2021-10-15 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10152021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - Oct 6 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2110737 ET - 2021/10/07 L1 - internal-pdf://0690094649/Witberg-2021-Myocarditis after Covid-19 Vaccin.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Witberg, Guy | Barda, Noam | Hoss, Sara | Richter, Ilan | Wiessman, Maya | Aviv, Yaron | Grinberg, Tzlil | Auster, Oren | Dagan, Noa | Balicer, Ran D | Kornowski, Ran | eng | N Engl J Med. 2021 Oct 6. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2110737. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 2.5 million persons �?6 years of age in the Israeli healthcare system who had received at least 1 dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine, the estimated myocarditis incidence was 2.13 cases per 100,000 persons; the highest incidence was among males aged 16�?9 years. Most of the 54 cases were mild or moderate. SN - 0028-4793 ST - Myocarditis after Covid-19 Vaccination in a Large Health Care Organization T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Myocarditis after Covid-19 Vaccination in a Large Health Care Organization UR - https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2110737 | https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa2110737?articleTools=true Y2 - 2021/10/18 ID - 2478 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Adult and Child Consortium for Health Outcomes Research and Delivery Science, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado sean.oleary@cuanschutz.edu. | Department of Pediatrics, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado. | Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California. AN - 34088761 AU - O'Leary, Sean T. | Maldonado, Yvonne A. C1 - 2021-06-11 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06112021_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1542/peds.2021-052644 ET - 2021/06/06 IS - 3 KW - *covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | Humans | *Myocarditis/etiology | SARS-CoV-2 | Vaccination/adverse effects | for a Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine clinical trial in children and a Pfizer respiratory | syncytial virus vaccine clinical trial in pregnant women. She is a member of a | Data Safety Monitoring Board for a Pfizer non-COVID-19 vaccine clinical trial. Dr | O'Leary has no relevant conflicts of interest to disclose. L1 - internal-pdf://1663049155/O'Leary-2021-Myocarditis after SARS-CoV-2 Vacc.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - O'Leary, Sean T | Maldonado, Yvonne A | eng | Comment | Pediatrics. 2021 Sep;148(3). pii: peds.2021-052644. doi: 10.1542/peds.2021-052644. Epub 2021 Jun 4. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: emphasize that the benefits of vaccination against highly transmissible and potentially fatal SARS-CoV-2 infection clearly outweigh risks. SN - 1098-4275 (Electronic) | 0031-4005 (Linking) SP - e2021052644 ST - Myocarditis after SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination: True, True, and…Related? T2 - Pediatrics TI - Myocarditis after SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination: True, True, and…Related? UR - https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/early/2021/06/02/peds.2021-052644.full.pdf VL - 148 ID - 1919 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Myocarditis following COVID-19 mRNA vaccines (Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna) have been increasingly reported. Incidence rates in the general population are lacking, with pericarditis rather than myocarditis diagnostic codes being used to estimate background rates. This comparison is critical to balance the risk of vaccination with the risk of no vaccination.A retrospective case-series was performed utilizing the Mayo Clinic COVID-19 Vaccine Registry. We measured the incidence rate ratio for myocarditis temporally related to COVID-19 mRNA vaccination compared to myocarditis in a comparable population from 2016 through 2020. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of the affected patients was collected. A total of 21 individuals were identified, but ultimately 7 patients met the inclusion criteria for vaccine-associated myocarditis.The overall incidence rate ratio (IRR) of COVID-19 related myocarditis was 4.18 (CI95% 1.63, 8.98) which was entirely attributable to an increased IRR among adult males (IRR 6.69, CI95% 2.35, 15.52) compared to females (IRR 1.41, CI95% 0.03, 8.45).All cases occurred within 2 weeks of a dose of the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine with the majority occurring within 3 days (range 1-13 days) following the second dose (6/7 patients, 86%). Overall, cases were mild, and all patients survived.Myocarditis is a rare adverse event associated with COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, and in adult males it occurs with significantly higher incidence than the background population rate. Recurrence of myocarditis after a subsequent mRNA vaccine dose is not known at this time. AD - Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA. | Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA. | Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA. | Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA. | Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Division of Ischemic Heart Disease and Critical Care, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA. | Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA. | Division of Preventive, Occupational, and Aerospace Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA. AN - 34734240 AU - Perez, Yalile | Levy, Emily R | Joshi, Avni Y | Virk, Abinash | Rodriguez-Porcel, Martin | Johnson, Matthew | Roellinger, Daniel | Vanichkachorn, Greg | Huskins, W Charles | Swift, Melanie D C1 - 2021-11-15 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/11152021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - Nov 3 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciab926 ET - 2021/11/05 KW - Covid-19 | Vaccine-associated myocarditis L1 - internal-pdf://0604022420/Perez-2021-Myocarditis Following COVID-19 mRNA.pdf LB - Natural History | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Perez, Yalile | Levy, Emily R | Joshi, Avni Y | Virk, Abinash | Rodriguez-Porcel, Martin | Johnson, Matthew | Roellinger, Daniel | Vanichkachorn, Greg | Huskins, W Charles | Swift, Melanie D | eng | Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Nov 3. pii: 6420408. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab926. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 175,472 individuals aged 12�?06 years in the Mayo Clinic COVID-19 Vaccine Registry (December 2020–May 2021), 7 had new onset of myocarditis following vaccination. All cases occurred within 2 weeks of an mRNA vaccine dose, and 6/7 (86%) occurred after dose 2. No cases were found after Ad26COV2.S. Compared with background incidence in a comparable population 2016�?020, overall IRR within 2 weeks following COVID vaccination was 4.18 (95% CI 1.63-8.98) and was attributable to increased IRR among males (6.69, 95% CI 2.35-15.52); IRR among females was 1.41 (95% CI 0.03-8.45). SN - 1058-4838 ST - Myocarditis Following COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine: A Case Series and Incidence Rate Determination T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Myocarditis Following COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine: A Case Series and Incidence Rate Determination UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab926 | https://watermark.silverchair.com/ciab926.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAvIwggLuBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggLfMIIC2wIBADCCAtQGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMScXLQj7WMV6XbQmLAgEQgIICpeZXLeS_FOcg9WVPAlNHRTFvduzeY4ZTj1K-K2aZWu7AoCFMWFsB76ibhxlpErhlTF9TXakijXAwDuzufRSAVgphDQSIZfkULWISs_XpeslEkFncVJw2-_lQ1w2As-TTQ0EhR0u-QNy7d0K824pj4jw9K4zsAkfvRXKA4gPbuzttRukiGAOFZlBt8AqtD6z_NK-ReesvmiDkryZth8a5T1v-z95_26d8kKghWPsaNCB7gvJSC7ES8cJkr5_dxILSQtIMXQqJxP4EBHT28Rpn8FVh4P3uFTdQBFDKEn4SdZ3OsGo3cWsGCYBLtiVlZe2IPsY_Z3ueJJoAlGQBZVz_RYF-VzQyIIz-w04y7C6DXrjvGjRdPmh8M7bHO68fqjbAwg8JmYY-kYXqe29NtDSYJ9CQ3IXs-008jxSi1b1N5SPdc0W_QkbKUIZISAcfnZrHehmWeEIxcWs-IdInQ6k53dEIR_e9vEcduwNSiBCZBEum3uMRhfuILZvXoAwbXSK9lwnrOnyTULSl5O-qxwy1prp7Ck90U6znc8r-k1nxJezI4BVZ3JwMgcqftj2XeMB2xweUGF_FApXUbU0cytm9kMYVw2Er4y5TZCteLxzxahxRin5bsSuVzJZHPEpYJRqLKs_OWMSwbjD6n202FNaf3SykyzWLqz_m3hQqyFxJLvp5xsPt_5IzI5Vzp7XykKv34HAlJp-ctRxUTO6WXYwhC59iuEhX0BbRTFlYvf3uWTjQn72w7ZXLx94g8-vXDTBa2LuaI_x8dwdF1tcMRIdcGDiK-Sk0jEVCKlRDgt0_DhxY9dsd0k64Ed9UyqiLPzsO51POX0dClp4dSxAJhDXkBTDb5mNKe0ckpLXYNVeo7pCxO7zFUB_4yk8Vl0YbjKiEqXQr0723 Y2 - 11/22/2021 ID - 2627 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Myocarditis has been reported with COVID-19 but is not clearly recognized as a possible adverse event following COVID-19 vaccination.To describe myocarditis presenting after COVID-19 vaccination within the Military Health System.This retrospective case series studied patients within the US Military Health System who experienced myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination between January and April 2021. Patients who sought care for chest pain following COVID-19 vaccination and were subsequently diagnosed with clinical myocarditis were included.Receipt of a messenger RNA (mRNA) COVID-19 vaccine between January 1 and April 30, 2021.Clinical diagnosis of myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination in the absence of other identified causes.A total of 23 male patients (22 currently serving in the military and 1 retiree; median [range] age, 25 [20-51] years) presented with acute onset of marked chest pain within 4 days after receipt of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. All military members were previously healthy with a high level of fitness. Seven received the BNT162b2-mRNA vaccine and 16 received the mRNA-1273 vaccine. A total of 20 patients had symptom onset following the second dose of an appropriately spaced 2-dose series. All patients had significantly elevated cardiac troponin levels. Among 8 patients who underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging within the acute phase of illness, all had findings consistent with the clinical diagnosis of myocarditis. Additional testing did not identify other etiologies for myocarditis, including acute COVID-19 and other infections, ischemic injury, or underlying autoimmune conditions. All patients received brief supportive care and were recovered or recovering at the time of this report. The military administered more than 2.8 million doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in this period. While the observed number of myocarditis cases was small, the number was higher than expected among male military members after a second vaccine dose.In this case series, myocarditis occurred in previously healthy military patients with similar clinical presentations following receipt of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. Further surveillance and evaluation of this adverse event following immunization is warranted. Potential for rare vaccine-related adverse events must be considered in the context of the well-established risk of morbidity, including cardiac injury, following COVID-19 infection. AD - Immunization Healthcare Division, Defense Health Agency, Falls Church, Virginia. | Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland. | Naval Medical Center, San Diego, California. | Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland. | Womack Army Medical Center, Fort Bragg, North Carolina. | Wilford Hall Ambulatory Surgical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas. | Naval Hospital Bremerton, Bremerton, Washington. | Marine Expeditionary Forces, Okinawa, Japan. | Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida. AN - 34185045 AU - Montgomery, Jay | Ryan, Margaret | Engler, Renata | Hoffman, Donna | McClenathan, Bruce | Collins, Limone | Loran, David | Hrncir, David | Herring, Kelsie | Platzer, Michael | Adams, Nehkonti | Sanou, Aliye | Cooper, Leslie T., Jr C1 - 2021-07-09 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07092021_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 29 DO - 10.1001/jamacardio.2021.2833 ET - 2021/06/30 L1 - internal-pdf://1285005512/Montgomery-2021-Myocarditis Following Immuniza.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Montgomery, Jay | Ryan, Margaret | Engler, Renata | Hoffman, Donna | McClenathan, Bruce | Collins, Limone | Loran, David | Hrncir, David | Herring, Kelsie | Platzer, Michael | Adams, Nehkonti | Sanou, Aliye | Cooper, Leslie T Jr | eng | JAMA Cardiol. 2021 Jun 29. pii: 2781601. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2021.2833. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings for Montgomery et al. and Kim et al.: | The Military Health System identified 23 cases of acute myocarditis among >2.8 M vaccinees (Montgomery et al). At a tertiary care center in North Carolina (NC) that serves a population of >560,000 vaccinees, 4 cases were found (Kim et al). | Both BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 were represented among cases: in the military, 7 received BNT162b2 and 16, mRNA-1273; in NC, 2 received BNT162b2 and 2, mRNA-1273. | All cases reported symptoms within 5 days after 2nd dose. Ages: median 25 years (20-51) for the military and 23, 24, 36 and 70 years for NC. | All presented with severe acute chest pain, had abnormal electrocardiogram results, and elevated troponin. Tests did not uncover alternative etiologies or underlying heart disease. All recovered uneventfully. | Methods: Adverse events identified through referrals within the military Defense Health System and review of Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS) reports were used to find cases for a retrospective review (Montgomery et al.). A database of cardiac magnetic imaging at a NC tertiary care center was searched for patients diagnosed with acute myocarditis between February–April in 2017�?021 with recent history of vaccination (Kim et al.). Combined Limitations: Lack of control groups precludes ability to establish causal relationship or estimate rates of myocarditis in vaccinated versus non-vaccinated populations. | Implications for both studies (Montgomery et al. and Kim et al.): As described in an editorialexternal icon, the mechanisms underlying these events are not yet known although are likely to be an immune mediated response to the mRNA SARS-CoV vaccines. Although surveillance is both informal and formal, including VAERS, Clinical Immunization Safety Assessment Project, V-safe, and reports to journals, editors of JAMA Cardiologyexternal icon suggest the system as a whole is invaluable. SN - 2380-6583 ST - Myocarditis Following Immunization With mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines in Members of the US Military T2 - JAMA Cardiol TI - Myocarditis Following Immunization With mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines in Members of the US Military UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2021.2833 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/articlepdf/2781601/jamacardiology_montgomery_2021_br_210004_1624549090.29671.pdf Y2 - 7/16/2021 ID - 1944 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Two reports in the current issue of JAMA Cardiology describe cases of acute myocarditis that occurred among persons who received the BNT162b2-mRNA (Pfizer-BioNTech) or mRNA-1273 (Moderna) messenger RNA (mRNA)–based COVID-19 vaccines authorized for use in the US. During the clinical evaluations of these patients, alternative etiologies for myocarditis were not detected.The first report describes 4 cases of myocarditis with symptom onset 1 to 5 days after receipt of a second dose of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine (2 receiving the BNT162b2-mRNA vaccine and 2 receiving the mRNA-1273 vaccine) who were evaluated in a single tertiary care medical center (Duke University Medical Center) that attempted to define its catchment population. Three cases occurred in men aged 23 to 36 years and the fourth in a 70-year-old woman; details about the medical history of the fourth patient were not provided, but she received coronary angiography during her evaluation and no atherosclerosis was found. All presented with severe acute chest pain, had abnormal electrocardiogram results, and had evidence of myocardial injury demonstrated by elevated troponin levels. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging was performed in these 4 patients on days 3 through 5 after vaccine receipt, and the findings were consistent with acute myocarditis as defined by recent expert consensus guidelines. AD - CDC COVID-19 Response Team, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia. | Immunization Safety Office, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia. AN - 34185047 AU - Shay, David K. | Shimabukuro, Tom T. | DeStefano, Frank C1 - 2021-07-09 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07092021_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 29 DO - 10.1001/jamacardio.2021.2821 ET - 2021/06/30 L1 - internal-pdf://3706686577/Shay-2021-Myocarditis Occurring After Immuniza.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Shay, David K | Shimabukuro, Tom T | DeStefano, Frank | eng | JAMA Cardiol. 2021 Jun 29. pii: 2781600. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2021.2821. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: the mechanisms underlying these events are not yet known although are likely to be an immune mediated response to the mRNA SARS-CoV vaccines. SN - 2380-6583 ST - Myocarditis Occurring After Immunization With mRNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccines T2 - JAMA Cardiol TI - Myocarditis Occurring After Immunization With mRNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccines UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2021.2821 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/articlepdf/2781600/jamacardiology_shay_2021_ed_210014_1624549088.02407.pdf Y2 - 7/16/2021 ID - 1947 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Scott Bolton knows a thing or two about distance. He is the principal investigator of NASA’s Juno mission to Jupiter, and at the best of times his experiment is more than 500 million kilometres away, orbiting a gas giant in the middle of our Solar System. Even when travelling at the speed of light, messages and data usually take around 45 minutes to get to and from the spacecraft �?bringing new meaning to the idea of working remotely. | Now, because of the COVID-19 pandemic, Bolton and his team are even farther away. Like many scientists around the world, they are working from home, with all the distractions and frustrations that entails: interruptions from children and pets, occasionally uncooperative video-conferencing software and the need to develop alternative routines. | The agency invests a great deal of effort and research into how to work across vast distances, how to help its people to deal with isolation and loneliness and how to keep them working at the top of their game under the most challenging circumstances. So, what lessons might Earthbound (and housebound) scientists take from them?; | Back to isolation; NASA has a lot of experience dealing with the stress caused by isolation, says James Picano, an operational psychologist at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. He is responsible for the psychological training of astronauts. | “It’s a hazard that astronauts face being on the space station, physically distant from Earth, their family and friends, and our culture,�?he says. “The risk of social isolation is one of the things that we’re concerned about.�? | Countermeasures against social isolation begin with selection, by finding people who will be able to successfully adapt to the conditions of a space mission. A carefully planned and managed daily routine, and plenty of opportunities to connect with family on Earth through private video conferences help. Crucially, these people volunteered for the job �?and knew what to expect. That’s not the case for the rest of us, and makes the situation we face much harder to adapt to. | “None of us chose this, we didn’t volunteer,�?says Picano. “For some people, it will be very difficult, moreso than for an astronaut who has been carefully selected and trained.�? | An important tool for dealing with isolation is managing your expectations and pacing yourself both in work and in life, says Picano. But the lack of any clarity about when life will be able to return to normal makes isolation much harder to deal with. “The unpredictability causes more anxiety, and makes pacing more difficult,�?he says. | That unpredictability is affecting astronauts, too. They launched knowing that their isolation had a specific end point, and could plan accordingly. Now, they must come to terms with the fact that isolation will continue even after they return. | “They’re going from one kind of environment of isolation to another,�?says Picano. “They’re not coming back to the same world they left.�? | Astronaut Jessica Meir, who arrived on the International Space Station (ISS) last September, has acknowledged how the outbreak has disrupted her plans. Speaking to Nature in a teleconference from the station before she returned to Earth on 17 April, she said that watching the outbreak unfold from space has been surreal, and it has complicated her return. | ; Coronavirus and COVID-19: Keep up to date; | “It will be very difficult for me to not be able to give hugs to my family and friends after being up here for seven months,�?she says. “I think I will actually feel more isolated on the Earth than I did up here.�? | Adapting to remote work; Juno’s goal is to answer puzzling questions left unanswered by earlier missions, such as why the Galileo probe found that Jupiter’s atmosphere was not as well-mixed as expected. It will also help us to learn about the early Solar System by understanding how Jupiter formed, and how gas giants follow a different path from stars at the earliest stages of Solar System formation. Once every 53 days, the spacecraft skims low over the planet’s pole to collect data on its magnetosphere, deep atmosphere and internal structure. | “There’s science being done every day, but the most critical is the one day each orbit that we’re closest to Jupiter, because we’re in a very dangerous zone,�?says Bolton. “When you get close to Jupiter, you’re going through the throat of hell. It’s the highest radiation that any NASA spacecraft has ever encountered.�? | It’s on these days that the engineers and scientists sit on the edge of their seats, combing through data to verify that the spacecraft is healthy and working properly. The engineers usually gather in their mission-control rooms at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California, and at Lockheed Martin in Denver, Colorado. But on 10 April, the team completed Juno’s 25th orbit, with everyone working from home. It came off without a hitch. | That’s at least in part owing to lots of practise and advance planning. The spacecraft arrived at Jupiter in 2016, so the team has had several years to develop smooth operations. Generally, there are only a handful of people actually in the control room under normal circumstances, but “we never imagined working everything from home�? says Bolton. | That transition to working from home has been smooth, says Ed Hirst, Juno’s project manager at the JPL. “All the tools used to monitor the craft and do operations are largely available from home through secure networks,�?he says. “There’s not going to be anyone in the control centres.�? | The biggest hurdle for the Juno team is the same that everyone faces while working from home: the loss of real face-to-face contact. “What’s missing is the ability to lean over and talk to someone right away,�?says Hirst. | The science team is spread across the world, so its members were already used to video-conference meetings. But once every few months, the team meets in person for about a week to discuss scientific results and operations plans. For their most recent meeting, they had to convene virtually �?with around 100 people on the call over several days in mid-April. “We’ve never had to meet virtually with that many team members before,�?says Bolton. | Besides dealing with the chaotic nature of a video conference that large, participants will miss out on the often-productive discussions that spring up around the margins of the meeting, says Bolton. “I want to see if we can somehow capture the value of those coffee-break discussions,�?he says. | And there is the need to keep everyone safe and healthy as they deal with family issues and the stress, anxiety and psychological impact of the pandemic and prolonged isolation. “That’s all blended into trying to do our jobs,�?says Bolton. | Extra measures; For astronauts just starting their mission, things are very different. | “It feels different to be leaving Earth amidst a global crisis,�?astronaut Chris Cassidy said in the teleconference, after arriving on the ISS last month. “We knew as a crew that we would be in quarantine for these exact weeks a year ago, but we didn’t know the rest of the world was going to join us.�? | NASA already has strict pre-flight quarantine procedures to ensure that no pathogens are inadvertently brought to the space station. Astronauts spend a standard two weeks in quarantine before leaving Earth via the Baikonur Cosmodrome launch site in Kazakhstan. They have no direct contact with anyone unless they have been pre-cleared by NASA flight surgeons. But as the scope of the pandemic became clear, things were tightened up even further, Cassidy told Nature. | From the first week in March, he and the rest of his crew had no contact with anyone not involved in the mission �?and those people were under the same quarantine as the astronauts. None of the usual visits to Baikonur by officials from cooperating space agencies or businesses were allowed. Even the pre-launch press conference, which is usually held with the astronauts separated from the reporters by glass, was done through video conference. | “There’s almost 0% chance for our crew [to be infected],�?he says. | Picano says the best way to deal with the adversity of the pandemic is to try to remain flexible and adaptable, and to try to maintain, as much as possible, the structure of work and your productivity. Astronauts feel best when they are engaged in and contributing to their mission, no matter what adversity they are facing. | “I expect that will also be true for other scientists who are able to continue their work,�?says Picano. AN - 32467576 AU - Owens, B. C1 - 2020-06-09 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060920_covidupdate.html DA - May 28 DO - 10.1038/d41586-020-01598-w ET - 2020/05/30 KW - Astronomy and astrophysics | Careers | SARS-CoV-2 LA - en N1 - Owens, Brian; eng; News; England; Nature. 2020 May 28. pii: 10.1038/d41586-020-01598-w. doi: 10.1038/d41586-020-01598-w. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: NASA astronauts confer their strategies for coping with social isolation. SN - 1476-4687 (Electronic); 0028-0836 (Linking) ST - NASA's isolation experts: Lockdown lessons from space T2 - Nature TI - NASA's isolation experts: Lockdown lessons from space UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32467576 | https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-01598-w ID - 336 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Resistance represents a major challenge for antibody-based therapy for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)1�?. Here we engineered an immunoglobulin M (IgM) neutralizing antibody (IgM-14) to overcome the resistance encountered by IgG-based therapeutics. IgM-14 is >230-fold more potent than its parental IgG-14 in neutralizing the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). IgM-14 potently neutralizes the resistant virus raised by its corresponding IgG-14, the newly emerged United Kingdom B.1.1.7, Brazilian P.1, and South African B.1.351 variants of concern (VOCs), and 21 other receptor-binding domain (RBD) mutants, many of which are resistant to the IgGs that have been authorized for emergency use. Although engineering IgG into IgM enhances antibody potency in general, selection of an optimal epitope is critical for identifying the most effective IgM that can overcome resistance. One single intranasal (IN) dose of 0.044 and 0.4 mg/kg IgM-14 confers prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 in mice, respectively. IgM-14, but not IgG-14, also confers potent therapeutic protection against the P.1 and B.1.351 variants. IgM-14 exhibits desirable IN pharmacokinetics and safety in rodents. Our results demonstrate that IN administration of an engineered IgM can improve efficacy, reduce resistance, and simplify the prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of COVID-19. AD - Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA. | Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. | IGM Biosciences, Mountain View, CA, USA. | Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA. | Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. | Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. | IGM Biosciences, Mountain View, CA, USA. bkeyt@igmbio.com. | Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA. Ningyan.Zhang@uth.tmc.edu. | IGM Biosciences, Mountain View, CA, USA. scarroll@igmbio.com. | Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. peshi@utmb.edu. | Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. peshi@utmb.edu. | Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. peshi@utmb.edu. | Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. peshi@utmb.edu. | Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. peshi@utmb.edu. | Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA. Zhiqiang.An@uth.tmc.edu. AN - 34082438 AU - Ku, Zhiqiang | Xie, Xuping | Hinton, Paul R. | Liu, Xinli | Ye, Xiaohua | Muruato, Antonio E. | Ng, Dean C. | Biswas, Sujit | Zou, Jing | Liu, Yang | Pandya, Deepal | Menachery, Vineet D. | Rahman, Sachi | Cao, Yu-An | Deng, Hui | Xiong, Wei | Carlin, Kevin B. | Liu, Junquan | Su, Hang | Haanes, Elizabeth J. | Keyt, Bruce A. | Zhang, Ningyan | Carroll, Stephen F. | Shi, Pei-Yong | An, Zhiqiang C1 - 2021-06-11 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06112021_covidupdate.html DA - 2021/06/03 DO - 10.1038/s41586-021-03673-2 ET - 2021/06/04 IS - 7869 KW - Administration, Intranasal | Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism | Animals | Antibodies, Monoclonal/adverse effects/genetics/immunology/pharmacokinetics | Antibodies, Neutralizing/administration & dosage/adverse | effects/genetics/immunology | Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/chemistry/genetics/immunology/metabolism | COVID-19/drug therapy/immunology/*prevention & control/*virology | Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic | Female | Humans | Immunoglobulin A/genetics/immunology | Immunoglobulin G/immunology | Immunoglobulin M/*administration & dosage/adverse effects/*immunology/therapeutic | use | Mice | Mice, Inbred BALB C | Protein Engineering | Receptors, Virus/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism | SARS-CoV-2/*classification/genetics/*immunology L1 - internal-pdf://3557091963/Ku-2021-Nasal delivery of an IgM offers broad.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Ku, Zhiqiang | Xie, Xuping | Hinton, Paul R | Liu, Xinli | Ye, Xiaohua | Muruato, Antonio E | Ng, Dean C | Biswas, Sujit | Zou, Jing | Liu, Yang | Pandya, Deepal | Menachery, Vineet D | Rahman, Sachi | Cao, Yu-An | Deng, Hui | Xiong, Wei | Carlin, Kevin B | Liu, Junquan | Su, Hang | Haanes, Elizabeth J | Keyt, Bruce A | Zhang, Ningyan | Carroll, Stephen F | Shi, Pei-Yong | An, Zhiqiang | eng | AI134907/NH/NIH HHS/ | UL1 TR001439/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ | R15 CA182769/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ | Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | England | Nature. 2021 Jul;595(7869):718-723. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03673-2. Epub 2021 Jun 3. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Using a mouse model of SARS-CoV-2, an IgM antibody (IgM-14) engineered for intranasal administration potently neutralized B.1.1.7, P.1, B.1.351, and 21 other variant RBDs, many resistant to IgG monoclonal antibodies authorized for emergency use. IgM-14 was >230-fold more potent than its parental IgG-14 in neutralizing B.1.1.7. SN - 1476-4687 SP - 718-723 ST - Nasal delivery of an IgM offers broad protection from SARS-CoV-2 variants T2 - Nature TI - Nasal delivery of an IgM offers broad protection from SARS-CoV-2 variants UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03673-2 | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03673-2_reference.pdf VL - 595 ID - 1834 ER - TY - JOUR AD - ENT Division, 201330University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy. AN - 32352874 AU - Dell'Era, V. | Aluffi Valletti, P. | Garzaro, M. C1 - 2020-05-12 C2 - PPE-related Injury and Discomfort CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051220_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1177/0145561320922705 DP - NLM ET - 2020/05/01 IS - 9 KW - Adult | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control | Facial Injuries/*etiology | Humans | Male | Nose/*injuries | Occupational Injuries/*etiology | Pandemics/prevention & control | *Physicians | Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control | Pressure Ulcer/*etiology | Respiratory Protective Devices/*adverse effects | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://1400679268/Dell'Era-2020-Nasal Pressure Injuries During t.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | N1 - Dell'Era, Valeria; Aluffi Valletti, Paolo; Garzaro, Massimiliano; eng; Case Reports; Ear Nose Throat J. 2020 Nov;99(9):567-568. doi: 10.1177/0145561320922705. Epub 2020 Apr 30. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 35-year-old ICU physician wearing an N95 respirator continuously several hours a day for 7 days developed pain, swelling, and redness at the point of contact between the respirator and nose. Examination showed abrasion and a nasal pressure injury (Figure). | Methods: Case report of an ICU health care provider. Limitations: Single case; no information on rate of nasal pressure injuries. | Implications of both studies (Dell’Era et al. & Ong et al.): Among healthcare workers, personal protective equipment can cause discomfort and injury, which may discourage proper use and decrease effectiveness. SN - 1942-7522 (Electronic); 0145-5613 (Linking) SP - 567-568 ST - Nasal Pressure Injuries During the COVID-19 Epidemic T2 - Ear Nose Throat J TI - Nasal Pressure Injuries During the COVID-19 Epidemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32352874 VL - 99 ID - 170 ER - TY - JOUR AD - From the Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC (J.B.); and the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and the Center for the History of Medicine, Countway Medical Library - both in Boston (S.H.P.). AN - 32348642 AU - Barr, J. | Podolsky, S. H. C1 - 2020-05-08 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050820_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 13 DO - 10.1056/NEJMp2008512 ET - 2020/04/30 IS - 7 KW - Biomedical Research/*history | Blood Banks/history | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections | Financing, Government/*history | Health Benefit Plans, Employee/history | History, 20th Century | Humans | Military Medicine/*history | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral | *World War II | Wounds and Injuries/history/therapy L1 - internal-pdf://0668191224/Barr-2020-A National Medical Response to Crisi.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Barr, Justin; Podolsky, Scott H; eng; Historical Article; N Engl J Med. 2020 Aug 13;383(7):613-615. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2008512. Epub 2020 Apr 29. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: At the 75th anniversary of the conclusion of WWII, authors posit that like in wartimes, the current aura of crisis, national attention, and material resources could lead to developments in medicine and surgery. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 613-615 ST - A National Medical Response to Crisis - The Legacy of World War II T2 - N Engl J Med TI - A National Medical Response to Crisis - The Legacy of World War II UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32348642 VL - 383 ID - 153 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Fungal co-infection is a recognised complication of respiratory virus infections, increasing morbidity and mortality, but can be readily treated if diagnosed early. An increasing number of small studies describing aspergillosis in COVID-19 patients with severe respiratory distress are being reported, but comprehensive data is lacking. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence, risk factors and impact of invasive fungal disease in adult COVID-19 patients with severe respiratory distress. METHODS: An evaluation of a national, multi-centre, prospective cohort evaluation of an enhanced testing strategy to diagnose invasive fungal disease in COVID-19 intensive care patients. Results were used to generate a mechanism to define aspergillosis in future COVID-19 patients. RESULTS: One-hundred and thirty-five adults (median age: 57, M/F: 2.2/1) were screened. The incidence was 26.7% (14.1% aspergillosis, 12.6% yeast infections). The overall mortality rate was 38%; 53% and 31% in patients with and without fungal disease, respectively (P: 0.0387). The mortality rate was reduced by the use of antifungal therapy (Mortality: 38.5% in patients receiving therapy versus 90% in patients not receiving therapy (P: 0.008). The use of corticosteroids (P: 0.007) and history of chronic respiratory disease (P: 0.05) increased the likelihood of aspergillosis. CONCLUSIONS: Fungal disease occurs frequently in critically ill, mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients. The survival benefit observed in patients receiving antifungal therapy implies that the proposed diagnostic and defining criteria are appropriate. Screening using a strategic diagnostic approach and antifungal prophylaxis of patients with risk factors will likely enhance the management of COVID-19 patients. AD - Public Health Wales Microbiology Cardiff, UHW, Cardiff, UK. | Intensive Care Medicine, UHW, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK. | Department of Pharmacy, UHW, Cardiff, UK. | Public Health Wales Microbiology Swansea, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, UK. | Cwm Taf Microbiology Department, Royal Glamorgan, Ynysmaerdy, RCT, UK. | Aneurin Bevan Microbiology Department, Royal Gwent Hospital, Newport, Gwent, UK. AN - 32860682 AU - White, P. L. | Dhillon, R. | Cordey, A. | Hughes, H. | Faggian, F. | Soni, S. | Pandey, M. | Whitaker, H. | May, A. | Morgan, M. | Wise, M. P. | Healy, B. | Blyth, I. | Price, J. S. | Vale, L. | Posso, R. | Kronda, J. | Blackwood, A. | Rafferty, H. | Moffitt, A. | Tsitsopoulou, A. | Gaur, S. | Holmes, T. | Backx, M. C1 - 2020-09-15 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091520_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 29 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa1298 ET - 2020/08/30 KW - Aspergillus | Covid-19 | Incidence | Risk factors and diagnosis | critical care L1 - internal-pdf://0386391096/White-2020-A national strategy to diagnose COV.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - White, P Lewis; Dhillon, Rishi; Cordey, Alan; Hughes, Harriet; Faggian, Federica; Soni, Shuchita; Pandey, Manish; Whitaker, Harriet; May, Alex; Morgan, Matt; Wise, Matthew P; Healy, Brendan; Blyth, Ian; Price, Jessica S; Vale, Lorna; Posso, Raquel; Kronda, Joanna; Blackwood, Adam; Rafferty, Hannah; Moffitt, Amy; Tsitsopoulou, Alexandra; Gaur, Soma; Holmes, Tom; Backx, Matthijs; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Aug 29. pii: 5899192. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1298. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Fifty-one of 135 COVID-19 ICU patients (37.8%; 95% CI 30.0-46.2) had �? positive test for invasive fungal disease (IFD). | 17 tests were positive for yeast (mainly Candida), 30 were positive for Aspergillus, 4 were unspecified fungal infections. | The prognosis of patients with IFD was overall poorer than those without; however, when treated with anti-fungal therapy (AFT), mortality rates returned to levels seen among COVID-19 patients without IFD. | Methods: Multi-center, prospective cohort evaluation of IFD among 135 COVID-19 ICU patients. Diagnostic testing included culture, β-D-Glucan, Aspergillus antigen assay or Aspergillus PCR and chest imaging. Some patients received antifungal treatment. Limitations: Only select ICU patients were screened for IFD; AFT was administered at physician discretion, potentially biasing outcomes. | Implications: In the context of ICU care for COVID-19 patients, IFD may occur. Diagnosing and treating may lead to improved outcomes. According to an editorial by Hoeniglexternal icon, these results point to a need for trials to evaluate antifungal prophylaxis in COVID-19 patients. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) ST - A national strategy to diagnose COVID-19 associated invasive fungal disease in the ICU T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - A national strategy to diagnose COVID-19 associated invasive fungal disease in the ICU UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32860682 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 898 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, 44% of all reported injuries in U.S. households occurred in the home. Spending more time at home due to the pandemic may increase the number of home injuries. METHODS: A nationally representative sample of 2011 U.S. adults were surveyed online between June 17 - June 29, 2020. Propensity score weighting and T-tests were used. RESULTS: Twenty-eight percent (28%) of households reported a home injury or ingestion during the pandemic; 13% reported experiencing both. Injuries were most often due to falls (32%). Medication ingestions were reported by 6%; household product ingestions were reported by 4%. Relative to households that experienced no injuries or ingestions, those that reported either or both were more likely to: be in urban areas, have household incomes > $100,000, and have children living in them. Among households reporting more time spent at home, those with children were significantly more likely than those without to report an injury or ingestion. CONCLUSIONS: Results help target prevention messages while U.S. families are continuing to work and learn remotely. During this pandemic and future stay-at-home orders, there is a need for public health efforts to prevent home injuries and ingestions. AD - Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Center for Injury Research and Policy, 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. agielen1@jhu.edu. | Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Baltimore, USA. | Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Baltimore, USA. | Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Center for Injury Research and Policy, Baltimore, USA. | Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Center for Injury Research and Policy, 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. | Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Center for Injury Research and Policy, Baltimore, USA. AN - 33176881 AU - Gielen, A. C. | Bachman, G. | Badaki-Makun, O. | Johnson, R. M. | McDonald, E. | Omaki, E. | Pollack Porter, K. M. | Ryan, L. | Shields, W. C1 - 2020-11-24 C2 - Injury CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/112420_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 11 DO - 10.1186/s40621-020-00291-w ET - 2020/11/13 IS - 1 KW - Covid-19 | Home injury | Pandemic L1 - internal-pdf://4183130695/Gielen-2020-National survey of home injuries d.pdf LA - en N1 - Gielen, Andrea C; Bachman, Grace; Badaki-Makun, Oluwakemi; Johnson, Renee M; McDonald, Eileen; Omaki, Elise; Pollack Porter, Keshia M; Ryan, Leticia; Shields, Wendy; eng; not applicable/Johns Hopkins Center for Injury Research and Policy; England; Inj Epidemiol. 2020 Nov 11;7(1):63. doi: 10.1186/s40621-020-00291-w. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: There was no association between increased time spent at home and the report of injuries and/or ingestions among a survey of 2,011 U.S. adults June 17-29, 2020. SN - 2197-1714 (Print); 2197-1714 (Linking) SP - 63 ST - National survey of home injuries during the time of COVID-19: who is at risk? T2 - Inj Epidemiol TI - National survey of home injuries during the time of COVID-19: who is at risk? UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33176881 VL - 7 ID - 1268 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is causing enormous morbidity and mortality across the US and is disproportionately affecting racial/ethnic minority populations and elderly persons. High acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines will be instrumental to ending the pandemic.Four cross-sectional internet surveys (3 using convenience samples) from April and May 2020 found that 58% to 69% of adults intended to get vaccinated against COVID-19, with higher percentages reported in April than in May. These studies did not track the same individuals over time, making it difficult to assess whether intent to get vaccinated has truly declined. AD - Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles. | Dornsife College of Letters Arts and Sciences Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles. | Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Office of Health Assessment and Epidemiology, Los Angeles, California. | Department of Medicine Statistics Core, University of California, Los Angeles. AN - 33372943 AU - Szilagyi, P. G. | Thomas, K. | Shah, M. D. | Vizueta, N. | Cui, Y. | Vangala, S. | Kapteyn, A. C1 - 2021-01-08 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01082021_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 29 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.26419 ET - 2020/12/30 IS - 4 L1 - internal-pdf://0983035676/Szilagyi-2020-National Trends in the US Public.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Vaccines | N1 - Szilagyi, Peter G; Thomas, Kyla; Shah, Megha D; Vizueta, Nathalie; Cui, Yan; Vangala, Sitaram; Kapteyn, Arie; eng; JAMA. 2020 Dec 29. pii: 2774711. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.26419. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; From April to December 2020, the percentage of persons who stated they were somewhat or very likely to get vaccinated declined from 74% to 56% in the US (Figure). | Significant declines were observed for women and men, all age groups, racial/ethnic groups and educational subgroups. | Methods: A cohort of 8,167 US adults enrolled in a probability-based internet panel surveyexternal icon responded between April and December 2020 about their likelihood of receiving a COVID-19 vaccine. Limitations: Small sample sizes for minority populations. | Implications: These findings suggest that the likelihood of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance has been declining since the beginning of the pandemic and highlight the need for educational campaigns to raise the public’s willingness to consider COVID-19 vaccination. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 396-398 ST - National Trends in the US Public's Likelihood of Getting a COVID-19 Vaccine-April 1 to December 8, 2020 T2 - JAMA TI - National Trends in the US Public's Likelihood of Getting a COVID-19 Vaccine-April 1 to December 8, 2020 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33372943 VL - 325 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1392 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Wastewater-based epidemiology has emerged as a promising technology for population-level surveillance of COVID-19 disease. The SARS-CoV-2 virus is shed in the stool of infected individuals and aggregated in public sewers, where it can be quantified to provide information on population-level disease incidence that is unbiased by access to clinical testing. In this study, we present results from the largest nationwide wastewater monitoring system in the United States reported to date. We profile 55 locations with at least six months of sampling and highlight their wastewater data from April 2020 through May 2021. These locations represent over 12 million individuals across 19 states. Samples were collected approximately weekly by wastewater treatment utilities as part of a regular wastewater surveillance service and analyzed for SARS-CoV-2 concentrations using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 (copies/mL) were normalized to pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), a stable and persistent indicator of feces concentrations in wastewater. Here, we show that wastewater data reflects temporal and geographic trends in clinical COVID-19 cases, demonstrating that wastewater surveillance is a feasible approach for nationwide population-level monitoring of COVID-19 disease. We also provide key lessons learned from our broad-scale implementation of wastewater-based epidemiology, which can be used to inform wastewater-based epidemiology approaches for future emerging diseases. With an evolving epidemic and effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, wastewater-based epidemiology can serve as an important passive surveillance approach to detect changing dynamics or resurgences of the virus.HighlightsWe present results from a nationwide wastewater monitoring network in the United States, which represents one of the broadest temporal and geographic wastewater-based epidemiology datasets to-date.Wastewater concentrations measured within individual locations reflect temporal trends in reported COVID-19 cases in the associated communities.Wastewater concentrations also reflect geographic patterns in reported COVID-19 cases across states throughout the pandemic.Normalizing wastewater concentrations to a fecal marker virus improves the correlation between wastewater data and clinical cases across locations but not necessarily over time within individual locations.Implementing a nationwide wastewater monitoring system for SARS-CoV-2 is feasible, practical, and sustainable.Competing Interest StatementC.D., K.A.M., N.E., M.I., R.F.O., M.M.P., S.M., S.T.W., F.C., T.M., C.L.S., and S.W.O are current or former employees of Biobot Analytics Inc. E.J.A. is scientific advisor to Biobot Analytics, Inc. N.G. and M.M. are co-founders of Biobot Analytics. P.R.C. is funded by NIH K23DA044874; P.R.C. and M.M. are funded by NIH R44DA051106; P.R.C., M.M., T.B.E. and E.J.A. are funded by the Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness (MassCPR) and China Evergrande Group.Funding StatementC.D., K.A.M., N.E., M.I., R.F.O., M.M.P., S.M., S.T.W., F.C., T.M., C.L.S., and S.W.O are current or former employees of Biobot Analytics Inc and received compensation as part of this work. E.J.A. is scientific advisor to Biobot Analytics, Inc. N.G. and M.M. are co-founders of Biobot Analytics. P.R.C. is funded by NIH K23DA044874; P.R.C. and M.M. are funded by NIH R44DA051106; P.R.C., M.M., T.B.E. and E.J.A. are funded by the Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness (MassCPR) and China Evergrande Group.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Not applicableAll necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be register d with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAn anonymized version of the data is available at https://github.com/biobotanalytics/covid19-wastewater-data AU - Duvallet, Claire | Wu, Fuqing | McElroy, Kyle A. | Imakaev, Maxim | Endo, Noriko | Xiao, Amy | Zhang, Jianbo | Floyd-O’Sullivan, R�Qis�Tn | Powell, Morgan M. | Mendola, Samuel | Wilson, Shane T. | Cruz, Francis | Melman, Tamar | Sathyanarayana, Chaithra Lakshmi | Olesen, Scott W. | Erickson, Timothy B. | Ghaeli, Newsha | Chai, Peter | Alm, Eric | Matus, Mariana C1 - 2021-09-24 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09242021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1101/2021.09.08.21263283 L1 - internal-pdf://2940064733/Duvallet-2021-Nationwide trends in COVID-19 ca.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In a time-series analysis of wastewater facilities (n = 55) with >1 sample/month for �?6 months across 19 states (June 2020–May 2021), SARS-CoV-2 concentrations in wastewater showed similar relative patterns across states as did clinical cases (median Spearman correlation across states = 0.6; IQR = 0.52 to 0.81). Concentrations closely followed the 7-day average of new clinical cases. SP - 2021.09.08.21263283 ST - Nationwide trends in COVID-19 cases and SARS-CoV-2 wastewater concentrations in the United States T2 - medRxiv TI - Nationwide trends in COVID-19 cases and SARS-CoV-2 wastewater concentrations in the United States UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/09/12/2021.09.08.21263283.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/09/12/2021.09.08.21263283.full.pdf ID - 2360 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Little is known about the natural history of asymptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. METHODS: We conducted a prospective study at a quarantine center for coronavirus disease 2019 in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. We enrolled quarantined people with reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, collecting clinical data, travel and contact history, and saliva at enrollment and daily nasopharyngeal/throat swabs (NTSs) for RT-PCR testing. We compared the natural history and transmission potential of asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals. RESULTS: Between 10 March and 4 April 2020, 14 000 quarantined people were tested for SARS-CoV-2; 49 were positive. Of these, 30 participated in the study: 13 (43%) never had symptoms and 17 (57%) were symptomatic. Seventeen (57%) participants imported cases. Compared with symptomatic individuals, asymptomatic people were less likely to have detectable SARS-CoV-2 in NTS collected at enrollment (8/13 [62%] vs 17/17 [100%]; P = .02). SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in 20 of 27 (74%) available saliva samples (7 of 11 [64%] in the asymptomatic group and 13 of 16 [81%] in the symptomatic group; P = .56). Analysis of RT-PCR positivity probability showed that asymptomatic participants had faster viral clearance than symptomatic participants (P < .001 for difference over the first 19 days). This difference was most pronounced during the first week of follow-up. Two of the asymptomatic individuals appeared to transmit SARS-CoV-2 to 4 contacts. CONCLUSIONS: Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection is common and can be detected by analysis of saliva or NTSs. The NTS viral loads fall faster in asymptomatic individuals, but these individuals appear able to transmit the virus to others. AD - Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. | Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. | Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. | Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. | Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. | Cu Chi Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. | Department of Health, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. AN - 32497212 AU - Van Vinh Chau, N. | Lam, V. T. | Dung, N. T. | Yen, L. M. | Minh, N. N. Q. | Hung, L. M. | Ngoc, N. M. | Dung, N. T. | Man, D. N. H. | Nguyet, L. A. | Nhat, L. T. H. | Nhu, L. N. T. | Ny, N. T. H. | Hong, N. T. T. | Kestelyn, E. | Dung, N. T. P. | Xuan, T. C. | Hien, T. T. | Phong, N. T. | Tu, T. N. H. | Geskus, R. B. | Thanh, T. T. | Truong, N. T. | Binh, N. T. | Thuong, T. C. | Thwaites, G. | Van Tan, L. | Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Covid-Research Group C1 - 2020-06-12 C2 - Asymptomatic Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061220_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 17 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa711 DP - NLM ET - 2020/06/05 IS - 10 KW - *covid-19 | Humans | Prospective Studies | RNA, Viral | *SARS-CoV-2 | Vietnam/epidemiology | *Vietnam | *coronaviruses | *pandemic L1 - internal-pdf://1942644609/Van Vinh Chau-2020-The Natural History and Tra.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Van Vinh Chau, Nguyen; Lam, Vo Thanh; Dung, Nguyen Thanh; Yen, Lam Minh; Minh, Ngo Ngoc Quang; Hung, Le Manh; Ngoc, Nghiem My; Dung, Nguyen Tri; Man, Dinh Nguyen Huy; Nguyet, Lam Anh; Nhat, Le Thanh Hoang; Nhu, Le Nguyen Truc; Ny, Nguyen Thi Han; Hong, Nguyen Thi Thu; Kestelyn, Evelyne; Dung, Nguyen Thi Phuong; Xuan, Tran Chanh; Hien, Tran Tinh; Phong, Nguyen Thanh; Tu, Tran Nguyen Hoang; Geskus, Ronald B; Thanh, Tran Tan; Truong, Nguyen Thanh; Binh, Nguyen Tan; Thuong, Tang Chi; Thwaites, Guy; Van Tan, Le; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Dec 17;71(10):2679-2687. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa711. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among a convenience sample of patients admitted to a single hospital, 43% were asymptomatic. | Asymptomatic patients had overall lower viral burdens (i.e., higher cycle threshold [Ct] values) that became undetectable faster than among symptomatic patients (Figure 1). | Asymptomatic patients transmitted infection to contacts (Figure 2). | Methods: Prospective study of 30 Vietnamese patients with RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (13 asymptomatic and 17 symptomatic), from whom NP swabs were collected daily from study enrollment to discharge. Transmissibility in asymptomatic patients was assessed through contact tracing. Limitations: Small sample size, did not culture virus from RT-PCR positive results to establish infectiousness. | Implications for 3 studies (Yang et al., Chau et al. and Mays et al.): Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in asymptomatic persons may depend on the level of community spread and is likely to vary by region. Asymptomatic persons can transmit to others although virus in the respiratory tract of asymptomatic persons appears to be present in lower concentrations and for a shorter period than in symptomatic persons, suggesting a shorter period of infectiousness. Infection control practices, including self-isolation and contact tracing, remain necessary for asymptomatic infected persons. | See Oran et al.external icon for a summary of findings from studies on asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - 2679-2687 ST - The Natural History and Transmission Potential of Asymptomatic Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - The Natural History and Transmission Potential of Asymptomatic Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32497212 VL - 71 ID - 351 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan. | Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare Nagoya Quarantine Station, Aichi, Japan. | Gifu University Hospital, Gifu, Japan. | Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan yoheidoi@fujita-hu.ac.jp. AN - 32530584 AU - Sakurai, A. | Sasaki, T. | Kato, S. | Hayashi, M. | Tsuzuki, S. I. | Ishihara, T. | Iwata, M. | Morise, Z. | Doi, Y. C1 - 2020-06-23 C2 - Findings from the Diamond Princess CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/062320_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 27 DO - 10.1056/NEJMc2013020 ET - 2020/06/13 IS - 9 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Age Factors | Aged | Asymptomatic Infections/*epidemiology | Benzothiazoles | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Child | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis/*epidemiology | Humans | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis/*epidemiology | Polymerase Chain Reaction | SARS-CoV-2 | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://3930937813/Sakurai-2020-Natural History of Asymptomatic S.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Sakurai, Aki; Sasaki, Toshiharu; Kato, Shigeo; Hayashi, Masamichi; Tsuzuki, Sei-Ichiro; Ishihara, Takuma; Iwata, Mitsunaga; Morise, Zenichi; Doi, Yohei; eng; Letter; N Engl J Med. 2020 Aug 27;383(9):885-886. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2013020. Epub 2020 Jun 12. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Of 90 asymptomatic persons with SARS-CoV-2, nearly half (n=43) tested negative (2 consecutive tests) within 8 days of the first positive PCR test (range 5�?1 days). | Older individuals had higher viral loads and took ~4.4 days longer to turn PCR-negative than younger individuals (95% CI, 2.3�? days) (Figure). | Methods: 128 persons (RT-PCR-positive asymptomatic persons and RT-PCR-negative cabinmates) were transferred from the Diamond Princess cruise ship to a Japanese hospital for observation, between February 19 and 26, 2020. RT-PCR testing performed every 48 hours. Limitations: Exact time of infection not known; positive RT-PCR test may not indicate patient was infectious. | Implications for 3 studies (Tabata et al., Hung et al. & Sakurai et al.): Among older persons with SARS-CoV-2, over 1/4 developed severe COVID-19. Even in asymptomatic persons with SARS-CoV-2, lung inflammation may be present and spur more robust immune responses. SARS-CoV-2 infections may resolve more slowly in older asymptomatic adults than in younger asymptomatic adults. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 885-886 ST - Natural History of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Natural History of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32530584 VL - 383 ID - 427 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Over one year after its inception, the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains difficult to control despite the availability of several excellent vaccines. Progress in controlling the pandemic is slowed by the emergence of variants that appear to be more transmissible and more resistant to antibodies1,2. Here we report on a cohort of 63 COVID-19-convalescent individuals assessed at 1.3, 6.2 and 12 months after infection, 41% of whom also received mRNA vaccines3,4. In the absence of vaccination antibody reactivity to the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2, neutralizing activity and the number of RBD-specific memory B cells remain relatively stable from 6 to 12 months. Vaccination increases all components of the humoral response, and as expected, results in serum neutralizing activities against variants of concern that are comparable to or greater than neutralizing activity against the original Wuhan Hu-1 achieved by vaccination of naive individuals2,5�?. The mechanism underlying these broad-based responses involves ongoing antibody somatic mutation, memory B cell clonal turnover, and development of monoclonal antibodies that are exceptionally resistant to SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutations, including those found in variants of concern4,9. In addition, B cell clones expressing broad and potent antibodies are selectively retained in the repertoire over time and expand dramatically after vaccination. The data suggest that immunity in convalescent individuals will be very long lasting and that convalescent individuals who receive available mRNA vaccines will produce antibodies and memory B cells that should be protective against circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants. AD - Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA. | Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA. | Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA. | Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA. | Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA. | Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA. | Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA. pbieniasz@rockefeller.edu. | Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA. pbieniasz@rockefeller.edu. | Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA. mcaskey@rockefeller.edu. | Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA. thatziio@rockefeller.edu. | Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA. nussen@rockefeller.edu. | Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA. nussen@rockefeller.edu. AN - 34126625 AU - Wang, Zijun | Muecksch, Frauke | Schaefer-Babajew, Dennis | Finkin, Shlomo | Viant, Charlotte | Gaebler, Christian | Hoffmann, Hans-Heinrich | Barnes, Christopher O. | Cipolla, Melissa | Ramos, Victor | Oliveira, Thiago Y. | Cho, Alice | Schmidt, Fabian | da Silva, Justin | Bednarski, Eva | Aguado, Lauren | Yee, Jim | Daga, Mridushi | Turroja, Martina | Millard, Katrina G. | Jankovic, Mila | Gazumyan, Anna | Zhao, Zhen | Rice, Charles M. | Bieniasz, Paul D. | Caskey, Marina | Hatziioannou, Theodora | Nussenzweig, Michel C. C1 - 2021-06-25 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06252021_covidupdate.html DA - 2021/06/14 DO - 10.1038/s41586-021-03696-9 ET - 2021/06/15 IS - 7867 KW - Adult | Aged | Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology | Antibodies, Neutralizing/*blood/*immunology | Antibodies, Viral/*blood/*immunology | B-Lymphocytes/immunology | COVID-19/*blood/*immunology | Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay | Epitopes/immunology | Female | Humans | Immunologic Memory/immunology | Male | Middle Aged | SARS-CoV-2/chemistry/*immunology | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry/immunology | Time Factors L1 - internal-pdf://3108525888/Wang-2021-Naturally enhanced neutralizing brea.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Wang, Zijun | Muecksch, Frauke | Schaefer-Babajew, Dennis | Finkin, Shlomo | Viant, Charlotte | Gaebler, Christian | Hoffmann, Hans- Heinrich | Barnes, Christopher O | Cipolla, Melissa | Ramos, Victor | Oliveira, Thiago Y | Cho, Alice | Schmidt, Fabian | Da Silva, Justin | Bednarski, Eva | Aguado, Lauren | Yee, Jim | Daga, Mridushi | Turroja, Martina | Millard, Katrina G | Jankovic, Mila | Gazumyan, Anna | Zhao, Zhen | Rice, Charles M | Bieniasz, Paul D | Caskey, Marina | Hatziioannou, Theodora | Nussenzweig, Michel C | eng | WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom | R01 AI078788/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | R01 AI091707/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | 2U19 AI111825/NH/NIH HHS/ | R37 AI064003/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | U19 AI111825/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | P01 AI138398-S1/NH/NIH HHS/ | HHMI/Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ | UL1 TR001866/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ | Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | England | Nature. 2021 Jul;595(7867):426-431. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03696-9. Epub 2021 Jun 14. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among unvaccinated convalescent individuals, SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing activity after infection was not significantly different at 6 and 12 months. | Among convalescent individuals 12 months after infection, neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 variants was greater (21- to 71-fold) among mRNA-vaccinated compared with non-vaccinated individuals (Figure). | Methods: Cohort study examining humoral response in 63 COVID-19-convalescent adults after infection with Wuhan Hu-1. 41% of the adults also received at least 1 dose of a mRNA vaccine. Neutralizing antibodies and number of memory B-cells were assessed at 1.3, 6.2, and 12 months after infection. Neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.351, B.1.1.7, B.1.526, and P.1 was assessed in a sub-group of 30 (15 convalescent-unvaccinated and 15 convalescent-vaccinated) individuals at the same timepoints. Limitations: Small sample sizes. | Implications: mRNA vaccination after SARS-CoV-2 produces antibodies and memory B cells that can protect against circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants for up to 12 months and should be protective against variants. In addition, immunity in convalescents may be long lasting. SN - 1476-4687 SP - 426-431 ST - Naturally enhanced neutralizing breadth against SARS-CoV-2 one year after infection T2 - Nature TI - Naturally enhanced neutralizing breadth against SARS-CoV-2 one year after infection UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03696-9 | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03696-9_reference.pdf VL - 595 ID - 1862 ER - TY - JOUR AB - With continued community transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the US, there has been sustained focus on the role of testing to mitigate and suppress spread. After the first case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was diagnosed in the US in mid-January 2020, testing lagged behind due to challenges with test validation at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In late February 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) eased its restrictions on Emergency Use Authorization, which led to a rapid increase in the number of authorized tests. By May 2020, the private sector was performing 99% of US COVID-19 testing. By August 2020, the number of SARS-CoV-2 tests peaked and then plateaued at approximately 1 million tests per day. Multiple parallel efforts to bring diagnostic innovation to COVID-19 testing are underway and are likely to result in more tests as well as new innovative platforms. For instance, the Rapid Acceleration of Diagnostics program is a $1.5-billion US government program launched by the National Institutes of Health to support development, production scale-up, and deployment of rapid tests with a goal of 6 million tests available per day. AD - Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. | Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland. | Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. AN - 33185688 AU - Manabe, Y. C. | Sharfstein, J. S. | Armstrong, K. C1 - 2020-11-17 C2 - Diagnostics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/111720_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 1 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.21694 ET - 2020/11/14 IS - 21 KW - COVID-19/*diagnosis/virology | *COVID-19 Testing | Disease Transmission, Infectious/prevention & control | Humans | Point-of-Care Testing | RNA, Viral/analysis | SARS-CoV-2/genetics/*isolation & purification | Sensitivity and Specificity | Viral Load L1 - internal-pdf://1719577341/Manabe-2020-The Need for More and Better Testi.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Manabe, Yukari C; Sharfstein, Joshua S; Armstrong, Katrina; eng; U54 EB007958/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/; JAMA. 2020 Dec 1;324(21):2153-2154. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.21694. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: outline the need for screening tests that can rapidly identify infectious individuals to prevent outbreaks. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 2153-2154 ST - The Need for More and Better Testing for COVID-19 T2 - JAMA TI - The Need for More and Better Testing for COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33185688 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1241 ER - TY - JOUR AB - On March 28, 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an emergency use authorization (EUA) for the use of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine for certain hospitalized patients diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine have long been approved for the prophylaxis and treatment of malaria, with the former also used in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Although these drugs appear to inhibit coronavirus replication in vitro, at the time of the EUA, there was no reliable clinical evidence to support the use of these drugs to treat COVID-19 in patients. AD - Program on Regulation, Therapeutics, and Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. | Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut. | Yale Law School, New Haven, Connecticut. AN - 32427277 AU - Zhai, M. Z. | Lye, C. T. | Kesselheim, A. S. C1 - 2020-05-29 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052920_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 1 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.2402 ET - 2020/05/20 IS - 9 KW - Access to Information | Antimalarials/pharmacology | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Chloroquine/*pharmacology | *Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy/epidemiology | Drug Approval/*legislation & jurisprudence | *Drug Repositioning/methods/standards/trends | Evidence-Based Medicine | Humans | Hydroxychloroquine/*pharmacology | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy/epidemiology | *Prior Authorization/legislation & jurisprudence/trends | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://0327149911/Zhai-2020-Need for Transparency and Reliable E.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Zhai, Mike Z; Lye, Carolyn T; Kesselheim, Aaron S; eng; JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Sep 1;180(9):1145-1146. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.2402. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: There is a risk of damage associated with issuing an emergency use authorization for COVID-19 therapies based on insufficient evidence. SN - 2168-6114 (Electronic); 2168-6106 (Linking) SP - 1145-1146 ST - Need for Transparency and Reliable Evidence in Emergency Use Authorizations for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Therapies T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - Need for Transparency and Reliable Evidence in Emergency Use Authorizations for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Therapies UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32427277 VL - 180 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 285 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Pandemic policy must include defining and measuring what we mean by mild infection. Pandemic policy must include defining and measuring what we mean by mild infection. AN - 32782377 AU - Alwan, Nisreen A. C1 - 2020-08-28 C2 - Clinical Manifestations CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082820_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.1038/d41586-020-02335-z ET - 2020/08/13 IS - 170 KW - Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Clinical Laboratory Techniques | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis/mortality/*physiopathology | Efficiency | Health | Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data | Humans | Pandemics | Patient Discharge/statistics & numerical data | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis/mortality/*physiopathology | *Public Health Surveillance | *Recovery of Function | Time Factors | *Health care | *Infection | *Medical research | *SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://2646833016/d41586-020-02335-z (1).pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Alwan, Nisreen A | eng | England | Nature. 2020 Aug;584(7820):170. doi: 10.1038/d41586-020-02335-z. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Many persons with COVID have had long-term health effects and that surveillance of disease should include monitoring for persons with “long�?COVID. SN - 1476-4687 (Electronic) | 0028-0836 (Linking) SP - 170 ST - A negative COVID-19 test does not mean recovery T2 - Nature TI - A negative COVID-19 test does not mean recovery UR - https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02335-z VL - 584 ID - 1886 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Physical distancing has been the primary strategy to control COVID-19 in the United States. We used mobility data from a large, anonymized sample of smartphone users to assess the relationship between neighbourhood income and physical distancing during the pandemic. We found a strong gradient between neighbourhood income and physical distancing. Individuals in high-income neighbourhoods increased their days at home substantially more than individuals in low-income neighbourhoods did. Residents of low-income neighbourhoods were more likely to work outside the home, compared to residents in higher-income neighbourhoods, but were not more likely to visit locations such as supermarkets, parks and hospitals. Finally, we found that state orders were only associated with small increases in staying home in low-income neighbourhoods. Our findings indicate that people in lower-income neighbourhoods have faced barriers to physical distancing, particularly needing to work outside the home, and that state physical distancing policies have not mitigated these disparities. AD - Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. jonjay@bu.edu. | Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. | Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. | Department of Health Law, Policy and Management, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. | Office of the Dean, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. AN - 33144713 AU - Jay, J. | Bor, J. | Nsoesie, E. O. | Lipson, S. K. | Jones, D. K. | Galea, S. | Raifman, J. C1 - 2020-11-17 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/111720_covidupdate.html DA - Dec DO - 10.1038/s41562-020-00998-2 ET - 2020/11/05 IS - 12 KW - Adult | COVID-19/*prevention & control | Employment/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Income/*statistics & numerical data | *Physical Distancing | Public Policy | Residence Characteristics/*statistics & numerical data | Teleworking/*statistics & numerical data | United States L1 - internal-pdf://4196511429/Jay-2020-Neighbourhood income and physical dis.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Jay, Jonathan; Bor, Jacob; Nsoesie, Elaine O; Lipson, Sarah K; Jones, David K; Galea, Sandro; Raifman, Julia; eng; K01 MH121515/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/; UL1 TR001430/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Nat Hum Behav. 2020 Dec;4(12):1294-1302. doi: 10.1038/s41562-020-00998-2. Epub 2020 Nov 3. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Data from a large national sample of smartphone users showed that lower-income neighborhoods practiced less physical distancing compared with higher-income neighborhoods, likely because residents of lower-income neighborhoods are more likely to work outside the home. SN - 2397-3374 (Electronic); 2397-3374 (Linking) SP - 1294-1302 ST - Neighbourhood income and physical distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States T2 - Nat Hum Behav TI - Neighbourhood income and physical distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33144713 VL - 4 ID - 1243 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The risk of vertical and perinatal transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19), the most appropriate management, and the neonate's risk of developing COVID-19 during the perinatal period are unknown. Therefore, we aimed to elucidate best practices regarding infection control in mother-newborn dyads, and identify potential risk factors associated with transmission. METHODS: In this observational cohort study, we identified all neonates born between March 22 and May 17, 2020, at three New York Presbyterian Hospitals in New York City (NY, USA) to mothers positive for SARS-CoV-2 at delivery. Mothers could practice skin-to-skin care and breastfeed in the delivery room, but had to wear a surgical mask when near their neonate and practice proper hand hygiene before skin-to-skin contact, breastfeeding, and routine care. Unless medically required, neonates were kept in a closed Giraffe isolette in the same room as their mothers, and were held by mothers for feeding after appropriate hand hygiene, breast cleansing, and placement of a surgical mask. Neonates were tested for SARS-CoV-2 by use of real-time PCR on nasopharyngeal swabs taken at 24 h, 5-7 days, and 14 days of life, and were clinically evaluated by telemedicine at 1 month of age. We recorded demographics, neonatal, and maternal clinical presentation, as well as infection control practices in the hospital and at home. FINDINGS: Of 1481 deliveries, 116 (8%) mothers tested positive for SARS-CoV-2; 120 neonates were identified. All neonates were tested at 24 h of life and none were positive for SARS-CoV-2. 82 (68%) neonates completed follow-up at day 5-7 of life. Of the 82 neonates, 68 (83%) roomed in with the mothers. All mothers were allowed to breastfeed; at 5-7 days of life, 64 (78%) were still breastfeeding. 79 (96%) of 82 neonates had a repeat PCR at 5-7 days of life, which was negative in all; 72 (88%) neonates were also tested at 14 days of life and none were positive. None of the neonates had symptoms of COVID-19. INTERPRETATION: Our data suggest that perinatal transmission of COVID-19 is unlikely to occur if correct hygiene precautions are undertaken, and that allowing neonates to room in with their mothers and direct breastfeeding are safe procedures when paired with effective parental education of infant protective strategies. FUNDING: None. AD - Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York Presbyterian-Komansky Children's Hospital, New York, NY, USA. Electronic address: chs2032@med.cornell.edu. | Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York Presbyterian-Komansky Children's Hospital, New York, NY, USA. | Division of Neonatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York Presbyterian-Komansky Children's Hospital, New York, NY, USA. | Division of Neonatology, New York Presbyterian-Queens, New York, NY, USA. | Departments of Pediatrics, New York Presbyterian-Queens, New York, NY, USA. | Division of Neonatology, New York Presbyterian-Lower Manhattan Hospital, New York, NY, USA. | Departments of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York Presbyterian-Komansky Children's Hospital, New York, NY, USA; Departments of Pediatrics, New York Presbyterian-Lower Manhattan Hospital, New York, NY, USA. AN - 32711687 AU - Salvatore, C. M. | Han, J. Y. | Acker, K. P. | Tiwari, P. | Jin, J. | Brandler, M. | Cangemi, C. | Gordon, L. | Parow, A. | DiPace, J. | DeLaMora, P. C1 - 2020-07-31 C2 - Vertical Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/073120_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30235-2 ET - 2020/07/28 IS - 10 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/transmission | Female | Follow-Up Studies | Humans | Infant, Newborn | Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/*prevention & control | Male | *Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/transmission | Pregnancy | Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/*epidemiology | SARS-CoV-2 | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://1184480960/Salvatore-2020-Neonatal management and outcome.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Salvatore, Christine M; Han, Jin-Young; Acker, Karen P; Tiwari, Priyanka; Jin, Jenny; Brandler, Michael; Cangemi, Carla; Gordon, Laurie; Parow, Aimee; DiPace, Jennifer; DeLaMora, Patricia; eng; Multicenter Study; Observational Study; England; Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020 Oct;4(10):721-727. doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30235-2. Epub 2020 Jul 23. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 116 women positive for SARS-CoV-2 gave birth to 120 neonates. | None of the neonates tested at 24 hours were positive for SARS-CoV-2 (Figure). | 58 (74%) of 78 mothers for whom data were available were symptomatic. | Of 82 neonates followed throughout the observation period: | 68 roomed with mothers, and median length of hospital stay was 2 days (range 1-21 days). | At 5-7 days of life, 64 (78%) were receiving breastmilk. | None tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 at 5-7 days or 14 days (Figure). | None showed signs or symptoms at 1 month. | Of 73 parents assessed at 14 days, 85% reported always using masks, and 96% reported appropriate hand hygiene. | Methods: Observational cohort study, March 22-May 17, 2020, at 3 hospitals in New York City. Neonates born to mothers positive for SARS-CoV-2 at delivery were followed. Neonates were tested for SARS-CoV-2 by real-time reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) on NP taken at 24 hours, 5�? days, and 14 days of life (as outpatient care); neonates were also clinically evaluated by telemedicine at 1 month of age. Mothers had to wear a surgical mask when near their neonate and practice proper hand hygiene before skin-to-skin contact, breastfeeding, and routine care and were advised to continue to wear masks and practice hygiene after going home with neonates. Limitations: Significant attrition at follow-up; self-reported mask use and hand hygiene. | Implications: In this cohort, no infections were transmitted from mother to child during and in the few weeks after birth. Keeping neonates with their mothers, including skin-to-skin contact activities such as holding and breastfeeding, appears safe if appropriate hygiene precautions are observed. Parental education and support facilitate infant protective strategies. SN - 2352-4650 (Electronic); 2352-4642 (Linking) SP - 721-727 ST - Neonatal management and outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic: an observation cohort study T2 - Lancet Child Adolesc Health TI - Neonatal management and outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic: an observation cohort study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32711687 VL - 4 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 610 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France. | University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France. AN - 32294339 AU - Helms, J. | Kremer, S. | Merdji, H. | Clere-Jehl, R. | Schenck, M. | Kummerlen, C. | Collange, O. | Boulay, C. | Fafi-Kremer, S. | Ohana, M. | Anheim, M. | Meziani, F. C1 - 2020-04-24 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/042420_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 4 DO - 10.1056/NEJMc2008597 ET - 2020/04/16 IS - 23 KW - Adult | Aged | *Betacoronavirus/genetics/isolation & purification | Brain/diagnostic imaging/*pathology | Brain Diseases/*etiology | Covid-19 | Confusion/etiology | Coronavirus Infections/*complications/pathology | Humans | Magnetic Resonance Imaging | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications/pathology | Respiratory Distress Syndrome/*complications/virology | Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction | SARS-CoV-2 | Stroke/*etiology L1 - internal-pdf://3090872104/Helms-2020-Neurologic Features in Severe SARS-.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Helms, Julie; Kremer, Stephane; Merdji, Hamid; Clere-Jehl, Raphael; Schenck, Malika; Kummerlen, Christine; Collange, Olivier; Boulay, Clotilde; Fafi-Kremer, Samira; Ohana, Mickael; Anheim, Mathieu; Meziani, Ferhat; eng; Letter; N Engl J Med. 2020 Jun 4;382(23):2268-2270. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2008597. Epub 2020 Apr 15. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key Findings; | Among 58 COVID-19 patients admitted to ICU with ARDS: | 14% presented with neurological symptoms. | 69% developed signs of agitation after sedation and neuromuscular blockers to treat ARDS were discontinued; the majority (65%) showed confusion. | 67% had diffuse reflex anomalies. | At discharge, 33% showed inattention, disorientation or poorly organized movements in response to commands. | Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for 13 patients with unexplained neurological symptoms found a range of imaging abnormalities, including 3 cases of ischemic stroke. | Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 in all 7 patients. | Methods: Observational study of 58 COVID-19 patients hospitalized with ARDS in Strasbourg, France. Neurological assessments were performed on ICU admission and at discharge; additional brain MRIs and CSF analysis were done for selected patients. Limitations: Six patients excluded due to severe illness or death. | Implications: In a small observational study, two-thirds of patients hospitalized with severe COVID-19 illness and ARDS experienced neurological impairment. It is unclear whether some of this impairment is reversible and whether it resulted from infection, host immune response, treatment withdrawal, or some combination. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 2268-2270 ST - Neurologic Features in Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Neurologic Features in Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32294339 VL - 382 ID - 86 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China, is serious and has the potential to become an epidemic worldwide. Several studies have described typical clinical manifestations including fever, cough, diarrhea, and fatigue. However, to our knowledge, it has not been reported that patients with COVID-19 had any neurologic manifestations. Objective: To study the neurologic manifestations of patients with COVID-19. Design, Setting, and Participants: This is a retrospective, observational case series. Data were collected from January 16, 2020, to February 19, 2020, at 3 designated special care centers for COVID-19 (Main District, West Branch, and Tumor Center) of the Union Hospital of Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Wuhan, China. The study included 214 consecutive hospitalized patients with laboratory-confirmed diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Main Outcomes and Measures: Clinical data were extracted from electronic medical records, and data of all neurologic symptoms were checked by 2 trained neurologists. Neurologic manifestations fell into 3 categories: central nervous system manifestations (dizziness, headache, impaired consciousness, acute cerebrovascular disease, ataxia, and seizure), peripheral nervous system manifestations (taste impairment, smell impairment, vision impairment, and nerve pain), and skeletal muscular injury manifestations. Results: Of 214 patients (mean [SD] age, 52.7 [15.5] years; 87 men [40.7%]) with COVID-19, 126 patients (58.9%) had nonsevere infection and 88 patients (41.1%) had severe infection according to their respiratory status. Overall, 78 patients (36.4%) had neurologic manifestations. Compared with patients with nonsevere infection, patients with severe infection were older, had more underlying disorders, especially hypertension, and showed fewer typical symptoms of COVID-19, such as fever and cough. Patients with more severe infection had neurologic manifestations, such as acute cerebrovascular diseases (5 [5.7%] vs 1 [0.8%]), impaired consciousness (13 [14.8%] vs 3 [2.4%]), and skeletal muscle injury (17 [19.3%] vs 6 [4.8%]). Conclusions and Relevance: Patients with COVID-19 commonly have neurologic manifestations. During the epidemic period of COVID-19, when seeing patients with neurologic manifestations, clinicians should suspect severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection as a differential diagnosis to avoid delayed diagnosis or misdiagnosis and lose the chance to treat and prevent further transmission. AD - Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. | Department of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. | Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. | Neurovascular Division, Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Saint Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona. AN - 32275288 AU - Mao, L. | Jin, H. | Wang, M. | Hu, Y. | Chen, S. | He, Q. | Chang, J. | Hong, C. | Zhou, Y. | Wang, D. | Miao, X. | Li, Y. | Hu, B. C1 - 2020-04-01 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/040120_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 1 DO - 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1127 ET - 2020/04/11 IS - 6 KW - Adult | Aged | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | China/epidemiology | Coronavirus Infections/blood/*diagnosis/*epidemiology | Female | Hospitalization/*trends | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Nervous System Diseases/blood/*diagnosis/*epidemiology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/blood/*diagnosis/*epidemiology | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://1765029913/Mao-2020-Neurologic Manifestations of Hospital.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Mao, Ling; Jin, Huijuan; Wang, Mengdie; Hu, Yu; Chen, Shengcai; He, Quanwei; Chang, Jiang; Hong, Candong; Zhou, Yifan; Wang, David; Miao, Xiaoping; Li, Yanan; Hu, Bo; eng; Multicenter Study; Observational Study; JAMA Neurol. 2020 Jun 1;77(6):683-690. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1127. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among hospitalized adults with COVID-19, 36% had neurological symptoms or myositis. | Among those with severe COVID-19, 5%�?0% had mental status changes, stroke, or myositis. | Methods: Case series of 214 hospitalized adults with lab-confirmed COVID-19 in three hospitals in Wuhan, China; 41% had severe illness (January 15 to February 19, 2020). | Implications: The high prevalence of neurologic conditions among hospitalized COVID-19 patients may warrant post-hospitalization needs for physical rehabilitation and skilled nursing. SN - 2168-6157 (Electronic); 2168-6149 (Linking) SP - 683-690 ST - Neurologic Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China T2 - JAMA Neurol TI - Neurologic Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32275288 VL - 77 Y2 - 5/11/2021 ID - 7 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Concerns regarding potential neurological complications of COVID-19 are being increasingly reported, primarily in small series. Larger studies have been limited by both geography and specialty. Comprehensive characterisation of clinical syndromes is crucial to allow rational selection and evaluation of potential therapies. The aim of this study was to investigate the breadth of complications of COVID-19 across the UK that affected the brain. METHODS: During the exponential phase of the pandemic, we developed an online network of secure rapid-response case report notification portals across the spectrum of major UK neuroscience bodies, comprising the Association of British Neurologists (ABN), the British Association of Stroke Physicians (BASP), and the Royal College of Psychiatrists (RCPsych), and representing neurology, stroke, psychiatry, and intensive care. Broad clinical syndromes associated with COVID-19 were classified as a cerebrovascular event (defined as an acute ischaemic, haemorrhagic, or thrombotic vascular event involving the brain parenchyma or subarachnoid space), altered mental status (defined as an acute alteration in personality, behaviour, cognition, or consciousness), peripheral neurology (defined as involving nerve roots, peripheral nerves, neuromuscular junction, or muscle), or other (with free text boxes for those not meeting these syndromic presentations). Physicians were encouraged to report cases prospectively and we permitted recent cases to be notified retrospectively when assigned a confirmed date of admission or initial clinical assessment, allowing identification of cases that occurred before notification portals were available. Data collected were compared with the geographical, demographic, and temporal presentation of overall cases of COVID-19 as reported by UK Government public health bodies. FINDINGS: The ABN portal was launched on April 2, 2020, the BASP portal on April 3, 2020, and the RCPsych portal on April 21, 2020. Data lock for this report was on April 26, 2020. During this period, the platforms received notification of 153 unique cases that met the clinical case definitions by clinicians in the UK, with an exponential growth in reported cases that was similar to overall COVID-19 data from UK Government public health bodies. Median patient age was 71 years (range 23-94; IQR 58-79). Complete clinical datasets were available for 125 (82%) of 153 patients. 77 (62%) of 125 patients presented with a cerebrovascular event, of whom 57 (74%) had an ischaemic stroke, nine (12%) an intracerebral haemorrhage, and one (1%) CNS vasculitis. 39 (31%) of 125 patients presented with altered mental status, comprising nine (23%) patients with unspecified encephalopathy and seven (18%) patients with encephalitis. The remaining 23 (59%) patients with altered mental status fulfilled the clinical case definitions for psychiatric diagnoses as classified by the notifying psychiatrist or neuropsychiatrist, and 21 (92%) of these were new diagnoses. Ten (43%) of 23 patients with neuropsychiatric disorders had new-onset psychosis, six (26%) had a neurocognitive (dementia-like) syndrome, and four (17%) had an affective disorder. 18 (49%) of 37 patients with altered mental status were younger than 60 years and 19 (51%) were older than 60 years, whereas 13 (18%) of 74 patients with cerebrovascular events were younger than 60 years versus 61 (82%) patients older than 60 years. INTERPRETATION: To our knowledge, this is the first nationwide, cross-specialty surveillance study of acute neurological and psychiatric complications of COVID-19. Altered mental status was the second most common presentation, comprising encephalopathy or encephalitis and primary psychiatric diagnoses, often occurring in younger patients. This study provides valuable and timely data that are urgently needed by clinicians, researchers, and funders to inform immediate steps in COVID-19 neuroscience research and health policy. FUNDING: None. AD - Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK; University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK. | Translational and Clinical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, UK; Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, UK. | The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, UK; Department of Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK. | Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. | Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK. | Forcepoint X-Labs, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. | Translational and Clinical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, UK. | Department of Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; The Encephalitis Society, Malton, UK. | Department of Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK. | UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK. | Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. | Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. | Department of Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK. | Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK. | Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, UK; Department of Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK. | Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, University College London, London, UK; Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK. | Translational and Clinical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, UK. | The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit for Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Liverpool, UK; Department of Clinical Infection Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary, and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK. Electronic address: benedict.michael@liv.ac.uk. AN - 32593341 AU - Varatharaj, A. | Thomas, N. | Ellul, M. A. | Davies, N. W. S. | Pollak, T. A. | Tenorio, E. L. | Sultan, M. | Easton, A. | Breen, G. | Zandi, M. | Coles, J. P. | Manji, H. | Al-Shahi Salman, R. | Menon, D. K. | Nicholson, T. R. | Benjamin, L. A. | Carson, A. | Smith, C. | Turner, M. R. | Solomon, T. | Kneen, R. | Pett, S. L. | Galea, I. | Thomas, R. H. | Michael, B. D. | CoroNerve Study, Group C1 - 2021-07-02 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/070220_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30287-X ET - 2020/07/01 IS - 10 KW - Adult | Age Factors | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Cerebrovascular Disorders/*etiology | Coronavirus Infections/*complications | Female | Humans | Male | Mental Disorders/*etiology | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 | Sex Factors | United Kingdom | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://1991281141/Varatharaj-2020-Neurological and neuropsychiat.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Varatharaj, Aravinthan; Thomas, Naomi; Ellul, Mark A; Davies, Nicholas W S; Pollak, Thomas A; Tenorio, Elizabeth L; Sultan, Mustafa; Easton, Ava; Breen, Gerome; Zandi, Michael; Coles, Jonathan P; Manji, Hadi; Al-Shahi Salman, Rustam; Menon, David K; Nicholson, Timothy R; Benjamin, Laura A; Carson, Alan; Smith, Craig; Turner, Martin R; Solomon, Tom; Kneen, Rachel; Pett, Sarah L; Galea, Ian; Thomas, Rhys H; Michael, Benedict D; eng; IS-HPU-1112-10117/DH_/Department of Health/United Kingdom; MR/R017352/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; MR/V033441/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; MR/V03605X/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Lancet Psychiatry. 2020 Oct;7(10):875-882. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30287-X. Epub 2020 Jun 25. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Surveillance study that found stroke and altered mental status are the two most common neurological and psychiatric manifestations in COVID-19 patients. SN - 2215-0374 (Electronic); 2215-0366 (Linking) SP - 875-882 ST - Neurological and neuropsychiatric complications of COVID-19 in 153 patients: a UK-wide surveillance study T2 - Lancet Psychiatry TI - Neurological and neuropsychiatric complications of COVID-19 in 153 patients: a UK-wide surveillance study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32593341 VL - 7 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 496 ER - TY - JOUR AB - COVID-19, a respiratory viral infection, has affected more than 10 million individuals worldwide. Common symptoms include fever, dry cough, fatigue and shortness of breath. Some patients show neurological manifestations such as headache, dizziness, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral nerve and muscle symptoms and smell and taste impairment. In previous studies, SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV were found to affect the nervous system. Given the high similarity between SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2, effects on the nervous system by SARS-CoV-2 are a possibility. We have outlined the common neurological manifestations in COVID-19 (information are up-to-date as of June 2020) and discussed the possible pathogenetic mechanisms and management options. AD - Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka. | Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka. | Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka. AN - 32974019 AU - Rahman, A. | Niloofa, R. | De Zoysa, I. M. | Cooray, A. D. | Kariyawasam, J. | Seneviratne, S. L. C1 - 2020-09-25 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/092520_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1177/2050312120957925 DP - NLM ET - 2020/09/26 KW - Covid-19 | Guillain-Barre syndrome | SARS-CoV-2 | cerebrovascular disease | neurological manifestations | taste and smell impairments | conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or | publication of this article. L1 - internal-pdf://3955816758/Rahman-2020-Neurological manifestations in COV.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Rahman, Asma; Niloofa, Roshan; De Zoysa, Ishan M; Cooray, Akila D; Kariyawasam, Jayani; Seneviratne, Suranjith L; eng; Review; England; SAGE Open Med. 2020 Sep 10;8:2050312120957925. doi: 10.1177/2050312120957925. eCollection 2020. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A review of reported neurological manifestations of COVID-19, possible mechanisms and treatment strategies. SN - 2050-3121 (Print); 2050-3121 (Linking) SP - 2050312120957925 ST - Neurological manifestations in COVID-19: A narrative review T2 - SAGE Open Med TI - Neurological manifestations in COVID-19: A narrative review UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32974019 VL - 8 ID - 946 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA ihsolomon@bwh.harvard.edu. | Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA. | Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA. | Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. AN - 32530583 AU - Solomon, I. H. | Normandin, E. | Bhattacharyya, S. | Mukerji, S. S. | Keller, K. | Ali, A. S. | Adams, G. | Hornick, J. L. | Padera, R. F., Jr. | Sabeti, P. C1 - 2020-06-19 C2 - Central Nervous System and COVID-19 Outcomes CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061920_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 3 DO - 10.1056/NEJMc2019373 ET - 2020/06/13 IS - 10 KW - Aged | Autopsy | Betacoronavirus | Brain/*pathology/virology | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*pathology | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*pathology | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://4117589857/Solomon-2020-Neuropathological Features of Cov.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Solomon, Isaac H; Normandin, Erica; Bhattacharyya, Shamik; Mukerji, Shibani S; Keller, Kiana; Ali, Ahya S; Adams, Gordon; Hornick, Jason L; Padera, Robert F Jr; Sabeti, Pardis; eng; K23 MH115812/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/; U19 AI110818/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; HHMI/Howard Hughes Medical Institute/; Letter; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; N Engl J Med. 2020 Sep 3;383(10):989-992. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2019373. Epub 2020 Jun 12. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among 18 patients who died from COVID-19, none showed signs of encephalitis or other specific brain changes. | All patients had hypoxic injury in the cerebrum and cerebellum (Figure). | SAR-CoV-2 RNA was detected at low levels (>5 copies/ml) in brain sections from 5 patients, but levels were not consistently related to interval from symptom onset to death. | No olfactory bulb damage was observed. | Methods: Postmortem with brain examination was conducted on 18 patients with RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who died April 14-29, 2020. Gross inspection, microscopic examination, quantitative RT-PCR testing and immunohistochemical analysis of brain tissue were performed. Limitations: Case series; qRT-PCR positive results may have been due to in situ presence of virions in tissues or to cross-contamination of tissues from blood that contained viral RNA. | Implications of 3 studies (Benameur et al., Hann von Weyhern et al. & Solomon et al.): 3 case-series (from Atlanta, Boston, Munich) show a spectrum of central nervous system involvement related to COVID-19: from severe symptoms affecting cortical and brainstem functions (Benameur et al.) and pronounced CNS involvement with pan-encephalitis, meningitis and brainstem neuronal cell damage (Hann von Weyhern et al.) to not showing encephalitis or other specific brain changes attributable to the virus (Solomon et al.). Observational and randomized studies can guide treatment and prevention of COVID-19-related neurological complications. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 989-992 ST - Neuropathological Features of Covid-19 T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Neuropathological Features of Covid-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32530583 VL - 383 ID - 407 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Prominent clinical symptoms of COVID-19 include CNS manifestations. However, it is unclear whether severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19, gains access to the CNS and whether it causes neuropathological changes. We investigated the brain tissue of patients who died from COVID-19 for glial responses, inflammatory changes, and the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the CNS. METHODS: In this post-mortem case series, we investigated the neuropathological features in the brains of patients who died between March 13 and April 24, 2020, in Hamburg, Germany. Inclusion criteria comprised a positive test for SARS-CoV-2 by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) and availability of adequate samples. We did a neuropathological workup including histological staining and immunohistochemical staining for activated astrocytes, activated microglia, and cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the olfactory bulb, basal ganglia, brainstem, and cerebellum. Additionally, we investigated the presence and localisation of SARS-CoV-2 by qRT-PCR and by immunohistochemistry in selected patients and brain regions. FINDINGS: 43 patients were included in our study. Patients died in hospitals, nursing homes, or at home, and were aged between 51 years and 94 years (median 76 years [IQR 70-86]). We detected fresh territorial ischaemic lesions in six (14%) patients. 37 (86%) patients had astrogliosis in all assessed regions. Activation of microglia and infiltration by cytotoxic T lymphocytes was most pronounced in the brainstem and cerebellum, and meningeal cytotoxic T lymphocyte infiltration was seen in 34 (79%) patients. SARS-CoV-2 could be detected in the brains of 21 (53%) of 40 examined patients, with SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins found in cranial nerves originating from the lower brainstem and in isolated cells of the brainstem. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the CNS was not associated with the severity of neuropathological changes. INTERPRETATION: In general, neuropathological changes in patients with COVID-19 seem to be mild, with pronounced neuroinflammatory changes in the brainstem being the most common finding. There was no evidence for CNS damage directly caused by SARS-CoV-2. The generalisability of these findings needs to be validated in future studies as the number of cases and availability of clinical data were low and no age-matched and sex-matched controls were included. FUNDING: German Research Foundation, Federal State of Hamburg, EU (eRARE), German Center for Infection Research (DZIF). AD - Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. | Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology, and Hygiene, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg-Borstel-Lubeck-Riems, Germany. | Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. | I Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. | I Department of Medicine, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg-Borstel-Lubeck-Riems, Germany. | Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology, and Hygiene, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. | Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. | Institute of Medical Systems Biology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. | Institute of Medical Systems Biology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tubingen, Germany. | Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Basics in Neuromodulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. | Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. | Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. Electronic address: m.glatzel@uke.de. AN - 33031735 AU - Matschke, J. | Lutgehetmann, M. | Hagel, C. | Sperhake, J. P. | Schroder, A. S. | Edler, C. | Mushumba, H. | Fitzek, A. | Allweiss, L. | Dandri, M. | Dottermusch, M. | Heinemann, A. | Pfefferle, S. | Schwabenland, M. | Sumner Magruder, D. | Bonn, S. | Prinz, M. | Gerloff, C. | Puschel, K. | Krasemann, S. | Aepfelbacher, M. | Glatzel, M. C1 - 2020-10-16 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/101620_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30308-2 ET - 2020/10/09 IS - 11 KW - Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Autopsy/methods | Betacoronavirus/*isolation & purification | Brain/*pathology/*virology | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/genetics/*pathology | Female | Germany/epidemiology | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Neuropathology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/genetics/*pathology | SARS-CoV-2 | Transcriptome/genetics L1 - internal-pdf://2247867120/Matschke-2020-Neuropathology of patients with.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Matschke, Jakob; Lutgehetmann, Marc; Hagel, Christian; Sperhake, Jan P; Schroder, Ann Sophie; Edler, Carolin; Mushumba, Herbert; Fitzek, Antonia; Allweiss, Lena; Dandri, Maura; Dottermusch, Matthias; Heinemann, Axel; Pfefferle, Susanne; Schwabenland, Marius; Sumner Magruder, Daniel; Bonn, Stefan; Prinz, Marco; Gerloff, Christian; Puschel, Klaus; Krasemann, Susanne; Aepfelbacher, Martin; Glatzel, Markus; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Lancet Neurol. 2020 Nov;19(11):919-929. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30308-2. Epub 2020 Oct 5. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; There was substantial evidence of destruction of neurons (astrogliosis) in all autopsied patients. | 86% had astrogliosis in all brain regions tested. | Infiltration by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and microglia (cells that act as immune defense for the brain and spinal cord) were most prominent in the brainstem and cerebellum. | Mild (n = 28) and moderate (n = 6) infiltration of meningeal compartments by cytotoxic T lymphocytes was identified in 79% of patients. | SARS-CoV-2 RNA or proteins were detected in the brain tissues of 53% of patients tested (21/40), (Figure). | Both SARS-CoV-2 RNA and protein were detectable in 20% of patients. | SARS-CoV-2 presence did not correlate with the severity of neuropathological alterations. | Methods: Post-mortem case series of neural autopsies of 43 SARS-CoV-2-confirmed patients performed between March 13 and April 24, 2020 in Hamburg, Germany. Neural tissue from six brain regions were evaluated for pathology and for the presence and distribution of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA and protein. Limitations: 93% of patients had relevant pre-existing chronic medical conditions, and 30% had pre-existing neurological disease; no controls; small sample. | Implications: These data show that SARS-CoV-2 can infiltrate the central nervous system. Frank et al.,external icon discuss the importance of understanding if neuropathological alterations with COVID-19 are from viral-induced cell destruction or from sequelae of an overstimulated systemic immune response, since these different causes would require different treatments. SN - 1474-4465 (Electronic); 1474-4422 (Linking) SP - 919-929 ST - Neuropathology of patients with COVID-19 in Germany: a post-mortem case series T2 - Lancet Neurol TI - Neuropathology of patients with COVID-19 in Germany: a post-mortem case series UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33031735 VL - 19 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 1059 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). For many viruses, tissue tropism is determined by the availability of virus receptors and entry cofactors on the surface of host cells. In this study, we found that neuropilin-1 (NRP1), known to bind furin-cleaved substrates, significantly potentiates SARS-CoV-2 infectivity, an effect blocked by a monoclonal blocking antibody against NRP1. A SARS-CoV-2 mutant with an altered furin cleavage site did not depend on NRP1 for infectivity. Pathological analysis of olfactory epithelium obtained from human COVID-19 autopsies revealed that SARS-CoV-2 infected NRP1-positive cells facing the nasal cavity. Our data provide insight into SARS-CoV-2 cell infectivity and define a potential target for antiviral intervention. AD - Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany. | German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany. | Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. | Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Gottingen, Gottingen, Germany. | Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks, University of Gottingen, Gottingen, Germany. | Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Gottingen, Germany. | Department of Virology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. | Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany. | Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences-Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. | Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. | Department of Virology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. | Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland. | Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. | Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Gottingen, Gottingen, Germany. | Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Gottingen, Gottingen, Germany. | Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik Kassel, Kassel, Germany. | Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. | Cancer Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA. | Center for Nanomedicine and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA. | Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. | Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. | Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. giuseppe.balistreri@helsinki.fi mikael.simons@dzne.de. | The Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. | Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany. giuseppe.balistreri@helsinki.fi mikael.simons@dzne.de. | Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany. AN - 33082293 AU - Cantuti-Castelvetri, L. | Ojha, R. | Pedro, L. D. | Djannatian, M. | Franz, J. | Kuivanen, S. | van der Meer, F. | Kallio, K. | Kaya, T. | Anastasina, M. | Smura, T. | Levanov, L. | Szirovicza, L. | Tobi, A. | Kallio-Kokko, H. | Osterlund, P. | Joensuu, M. | Meunier, F. A. | Butcher, S. J. | Winkler, M. S. | Mollenhauer, B. | Helenius, A. | Gokce, O. | Teesalu, T. | Hepojoki, J. | Vapalahti, O. | Stadelmann, C. | Balistreri, G. | Simons, M. C1 - 2020-11-03 C2 - Neuropilin-1 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/110320_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 13 DO - 10.1126/science.abd2985 ET - 2020/10/22 IS - 6518 KW - Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 | Animals | Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology | Betacoronavirus/genetics/*physiology | Covid-19 | Caco-2 Cells | Coronavirus Infections/*virology | Female | HEK293 Cells | Host Microbial Interactions | Humans | Lung/metabolism | Male | Metal Nanoparticles | Mice | Mice, Inbred C57BL | Mutation | Neuropilin-1/chemistry/genetics/immunology/*metabolism | Neuropilin-2/metabolism | Olfactory Mucosa/metabolism/virology | Pandemics | Peptide Fragments/metabolism | Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/genetics/metabolism | Pneumonia, Viral/*virology | Protein Binding | Protein Domains | Respiratory Mucosa/metabolism | SARS-CoV-2 | Serine Endopeptidases/genetics/metabolism | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry/*metabolism | *Virus Internalization L1 - internal-pdf://1070445870/Cantuti-Castelv-2020-Neuropilin-1 facilitates.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Variants | N1 - Cantuti-Castelvetri, Ludovico; Ojha, Ravi; Pedro, Liliana D; Djannatian, Minou; Franz, Jonas; Kuivanen, Suvi; van der Meer, Franziska; Kallio, Katri; Kaya, Tugberk; Anastasina, Maria; Smura, Teemu; Levanov, Lev; Szirovicza, Leonora; Tobi, Allan; Kallio-Kokko, Hannimari; Osterlund, Pamela; Joensuu, Merja; Meunier, Frederic A; Butcher, Sarah J; Winkler, Martin Sebastian; Mollenhauer, Brit; Helenius, Ari; Gokce, Ozgun; Teesalu, Tambet; Hepojoki, Jussi; Vapalahti, Olli; Stadelmann, Christine; Balistreri, Giuseppe; Simons, Mikael; eng; WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; ERC_/European Research Council/International; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Science. 2020 Nov 13;370(6518):856-860. doi: 10.1126/science.abd2985. Epub 2020 Oct 20. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Infectivity of cells expressing angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2, receptor for SARS-CoV-2), transmembrane protease serine-2 (TSS2, primes the Spike [S] protein), and neuropilin-1 (NRP1) with pseudovirus expressing the SARS-CoV-2 S1 protein was approximately 3-fold higher than in cells expressing either ACE2 or TSS2 alone (p <0.05) (Figure 1). | Analysis of autopsy tissue from COVID-19 patients showed co-localization of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein and NRP1 in olfactory and respiratory epithelium (Figure 2). | Methods: Cell lines were modified to express ACE2 and TSS2, the two known SARS-CoV-2 host factors, and NRP1 to assess the contribution of NRP1 to infection. Autopsy specimens from multiple airway sites were stained with antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 proteins, ACE2, and NRP1, to visualize co-localization of proteins. Limitations: Upstream research and implications for treatment or prevention of infection unclear. | Implications for 2 studies (Daly et al. & Cantuti-Castelvetri et al.) These two articles provide evidence that NRP1 facilitates SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells that express ACE2. These studies elucidate a route by which SARS-CoV-2 infects cells that do not express high levels of the ACE2 receptor and also suggests potential therapeutic options to decrease infection by blocking SARS-CoV-2-NRP1 interactions. SN - 1095-9203 (Electronic); 0036-8075 (Linking) SP - 856-860 ST - Neuropilin-1 facilitates SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and infectivity T2 - Science TI - Neuropilin-1 facilitates SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and infectivity UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33082293 VL - 370 ID - 1166 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), uses the viral spike (S) protein for host cell attachment and entry. The host protease furin cleaves the full-length precursor S glycoprotein into two associated polypeptides: S1 and S2. Cleavage of S generates a polybasic Arg-Arg-Ala-Arg carboxyl-terminal sequence on S1, which conforms to a C-end rule (CendR) motif that binds to cell surface neuropilin-1 (NRP1) and NRP2 receptors. We used x-ray crystallography and biochemical approaches to show that the S1 CendR motif directly bound NRP1. Blocking this interaction by RNA interference or selective inhibitors reduced SARS-CoV-2 entry and infectivity in cell culture. NRP1 thus serves as a host factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection and may potentially provide a therapeutic target for COVID-19. AD - School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK. | School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK. bs13866@bristol.ac.uk pete.cullen@bristol.ac.uk yohei.yamauchi@bristol.ac.uk. | School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK. | Institute for Molecular Bioscience, the University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia. | School of Biochemistry and BrisSynBio Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK. | Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. | Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland. | Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Centre (BRC), Szeged, Hungary. | Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. | Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. | Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. | Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, 138648, Singapore. | School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK. bs13866@bristol.ac.uk pete.cullen@bristol.ac.uk yohei.yamauchi@bristol.ac.uk. | Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan. AN - 33082294 AU - Daly, J. L. | Simonetti, B. | Klein, K. | Chen, K. E. | Williamson, M. K. | Anton-Plagaro, C. | Shoemark, D. K. | Simon-Gracia, L. | Bauer, M. | Hollandi, R. | Greber, U. F. | Horvath, P. | Sessions, R. B. | Helenius, A. | Hiscox, J. A. | Teesalu, T. | Matthews, D. A. | Davidson, A. D. | Collins, B. M. | Cullen, P. J. | Yamauchi, Y. C1 - 2020-11-03 C2 - Neuropilin-1 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/110320_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 13 DO - 10.1126/science.abd3072 ET - 2020/10/22 IS - 6518 KW - Amino Acid Motifs | Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 | Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology/metabolism | Betacoronavirus/*physiology | Covid-19 | Caco-2 Cells | Coronavirus Infections/virology | Crystallography, X-Ray | Furin/metabolism | HeLa Cells | Humans | Mutagenesis, Site-Directed | Neuropilin-1/antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism | Pandemics | Peptide Fragments/chemistry/metabolism | Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/genetics/metabolism | Pneumonia, Viral/virology | Protein Binding | Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs | RNA Interference | SARS-CoV-2 | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism | *Virus Internalization L1 - internal-pdf://1192673948/Daly-2020-Neuropilin-1 is a host factor for SA.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Daly, James L; Simonetti, Boris; Klein, Katja; Chen, Kai-En; Williamson, Maia Kavanagh; Anton-Plagaro, Carlos; Shoemark, Deborah K; Simon-Gracia, Lorena; Bauer, Michael; Hollandi, Reka; Greber, Urs F; Horvath, Peter; Sessions, Richard B; Helenius, Ari; Hiscox, Julian A; Teesalu, Tambet; Matthews, David A; Davidson, Andrew D; Collins, Brett M; Cullen, Peter J; Yamauchi, Yohei; eng; WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; ERC_/European Research Council/International; MR/R020566/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; MR/T028769/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; MR/V027506/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; MR/P018807/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; BB/L01386X/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Science. 2020 Nov 13;370(6518):861-865. doi: 10.1126/science.abd3072. Epub 2020 Oct 20. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The S1 fragment of the cleaved SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binds to the cell surface receptor neuropilin-1 (NRP1). | SARS-CoV-2 utilizes NRP1 for cell entry as evidenced by decreased infectivity of cells in the presence of: | NRP1 deletion (p <0.0001) (Figure). | Three different anti-NRP1 monoclonal antibodies (p <0.001). | Selective NRP1 antagonist, EG00229 (p <0.01). | Methods: Binding of the S1 fragment to NRP1 was assessed and ability of SARS-CoV-2 to use NRP1 to infect cells was measured in angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2)-expressing cell lines by knocking out NRP1 expression, blocking NRP1 with 3 different anti-NRP1 monoclonal antibodies, or using NRP1 small molecule antagonists. Limitations: Upstream research and implications for treatment or prevention of infection unclear. | Implications for 2 studies (Daly et al. & Cantuti-Castelvetri et al.) These two articles provide evidence that NRP1 facilitates SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells that express ACE2. These studies elucidate a route by which SARS-CoV-2 infects cells that do not express high levels of the ACE2 receptor and also suggests potential therapeutic options to decrease infection by blocking SARS-CoV-2-NRP1 interactions. SN - 1095-9203 (Electronic); 0036-8075 (Linking) SP - 861-865 ST - Neuropilin-1 is a host factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection T2 - Science TI - Neuropilin-1 is a host factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33082294 VL - 370 ID - 1167 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A sublineage of the Delta variant, AY.4.2, recently accounted for an increased proportion of Delta cases in United Kingdom (UK), Romania, Poland, and Denmark. Several factors may account for the increased spread of AY.4.2. Here, we evaluated the sensitivity of AY.4.2 to neutralisation by sera from Pfizer/BioNTech (BNT162b2) vaccinees. AY.4.2 was not more resistant to neutralisation relative to other circulating Delta lineages or sublineages and showed only a modest 2.3-fold reduction in neutralisation relative to the vaccine strain. In contrast, the more rare B.1.617.2+E484K variant showed a 4.2-fold reduction in neutralisation that warrants surveillance of strains with the acquired E484K mutation.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementNo particular funding was obtained for this work, which was a part of the Danish national health response to the COVID-19 pandemic.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Exemption for review by the ethical committee system and informed consent was given by the Committee on Biomedical Research Ethics - Capital Region in accordance with Danish law on surveillance projects.I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll data produced in the present work are contained in the manuscript AU - Lassauni؈re, Ria | Polacek, Charlotta | Fonager, Jannik | Bennedbæk, Marc | Boding, Lasse | Rasmussen, Morten | Fomsgaard, Anders C1 - 2021-11-19 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/11192021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1101/2021.11.08.21266075 L1 - internal-pdf://2975521006/Lassauni؈re-2021-Neutralisation of SARS-CoV-2.pdf LB - Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In sera of individuals vaccinated with BNT162b2 (n = 14) in Denmark, the AY.4.2 variant was not more resistant to neutralization than the parental Delta, showing only 2.3-fold reduction in neutralization compared to wild type. The Delta variant with the E484K mutation was found to be 4.2-fold more resistant to neutralization. SP - 2021.11.08.21266075 ST - Neutralisation of SARS-CoV-2 Delta sub-lineage AY.4.2 and B.1.617.2+E484K by BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine-elicited sera T2 - medRxiv TI - Neutralisation of SARS-CoV-2 Delta sub-lineage AY.4.2 and B.1.617.2+E484K by BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine-elicited sera UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/11/09/2021.11.08.21266075.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/11/16/2021.11.08.21266075.full.pdf ID - 2637 ER - TY - JOUR AB - SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein is critical for virus infection via engagement of ACE2, and amino acid variation in Spike is increasingly appreciated. Given both vaccines and therapeutics are designed around Wuhan-1 Spike, this raises the theoretical possibility of virus escape, particularly in immunocompromised individuals where prolonged viral replication occurs. Here we report chronic SARS-CoV-2 with reduced sensitivity to neutralising antibodies in an immune suppressed individual treated with convalescent plasma, generating whole genome ultradeep sequences by both short and long read technologies over 23 time points spanning 101 days. Although little change was observed in the overall viral population structure following two courses of remdesivir over the first 57 days, N501Y in Spike was transiently detected at day 55 and V157L in RdRp emerged. However, following convalescent plasma we observed large, dynamic virus population shifts, with the emergence of a dominant viral strain bearing D796H in S2 and Delta H69/ Delta V70 in the S1 N-terminal domain NTD of the Spike protein. As passively transferred serum antibodies diminished, viruses with the escape genotype diminished in frequency, before returning during a final, unsuccessful course of convalescent plasma. In vitro, the Spike escape double mutant bearing Delta H69/ Delta V70 and D796H conferred decreased sensitivity to convalescent plasma, whilst maintaining infectivity similar to wild type. D796H appeared to be the main contributor to decreased susceptibility, but incurred an infectivity defect. The Delta H69/ Delta V70 single mutant had two-fold higher infectivity compared to wild type and appeared to compensate for the reduced infectivity of D796H. Consistent with the observed mutations being outside the RBD, monoclonal antibodies targeting the RBD were not impacted by either or both mutations, but a non RBD binding monoclonal antibody was less potent against Delta H69/ Delta V70 and the double mutant. These data reveal strong selection on SARS-CoV-2 during convalescent plasma therapy associated with emergence of viral variants with reduced susceptibility to neutralising antibodies. AD - Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK. | Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK. | Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. | Department of Infectious Diseases, Cambridge University NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK. | Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge. | NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford and BRC Haematology Theme, University of Oxford, UK. | Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, UK. | Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK. | Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands. | NIHR Cambridge Clinical Research Facility, Cambridge, UK. | Department of Virology, Cambridge University NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust. | Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Addenbrookes Hospital. | Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA. | Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, UK. | Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Laboratory, Addenbrookes' Hospital, Cambridge, UK. | MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. | Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa. AN - 33398302 AU - Kemp, S. A. | Collier, D. A. | Datir, R. | Ferreira, I. | Gayed, S. | Jahun, A. | Hosmillo, M. | Rees-Spear, C. | Mlcochova, P. | Lumb, I. U. | Roberts, D. J. | Chandra, A. | Temperton, N. | Citiid-Nihr BioResource COVID-19 Collaboration | Covid- Genomics UK Consortium | Sharrocks, K. | Blane, E. | Briggs, J. | van, G. M. | Smith, K. | Bradley, J. R. | Smith, C. | Doffinger, R. | Ceron-Gutierrez, L. | Barcenas-Morales, G. | Pollock, D. D. | Goldstein, R. A. | Smielewska, A. | Skittrall, J. P. | Gouliouris, T. | Goodfellow, I. G. | Gkrania-Klotsas, E. | Illingworth, C. | McCoy, L. E. | Gupta, R. K. C1 - 2021-01-15 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01152021_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 29 DO - 10.1101/2020.12.05.20241927 ET - 2021/01/06 L1 - internal-pdf://2714181773/Kemp-2020-Neutralising antibodies in Spike med.pdf LA - en LB - Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Kemp, S A; Collier, D A; Datir, R; Ferreira, Iatm; Gayed, S; Jahun, A; Hosmillo, M; Rees-Spear, C; Mlcochova, P; Lumb, Ines Ushiro; Roberts, David J; Chandra, Anita; Temperton, N; (COG-UK); Sharrocks, K; Blane, E; Briggs, Jag; van, Gils Mj; Smith, Kgc; Bradley, J R; Smith, C; Doffinger, R; Ceron-Gutierrez, L; Barcenas-Morales, G; Pollock, D D; Goldstein, R A; Smielewska, A; Skittrall, J P; Gouliouris, T; Goodfellow, I G; Gkrania-Klotsas, E; Illingworth, Cjr; McCoy, L E; Gupta, R K; eng; WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; 206618/Z/17/Z/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; R01 GM083127/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/; Preprint; medRxiv. 2020 Dec 29. doi: 10.1101/2020.12.05.20241927. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: During convalescent plasma therapy for SARS-CoV-2, strong selection for viral strains with mutations associated with reduced susceptibility to neutralizing antibody can occur. SP - 2020.12.05.20241927 ST - Neutralising antibodies in Spike mediated SARS-CoV-2 adaptation T2 - medRxiv TI - Neutralising antibodies in Spike mediated SARS-CoV-2 adaptation TT - Published article: SARS-CoV-2 evolution during treatment of chronic infection UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33398302 ID - 1400 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Francis Crick Institute, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK; NIHR UCLH Clinical Research Facility, London, UK. | Francis Crick Institute, London, UK. | University College London, London, UK. | Francis Crick Institute, London, UK; Department of Infectious Disease, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK. | National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals (UCLH) Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK; NIHR UCLH Clinical Research Facility, London, UK; University College London, London, UK. | Francis Crick Institute, London, UK; University College London, London, UK. | Francis Crick Institute, London, UK. Electronic address: david.bauer@crick.ac.uk. AN - 34090624 AU - Wall, Emma C. | Wu, Mary | Harvey, Ruth | Kelly, Gavin | Warchal, Scott | Sawyer, Chelsea | Daniels, Rodney | Hobson, Philip | Hatipoglu, Emine | Ngai, Yenting | Hussain, Saira | Nicod, Jerome | Goldstone, Robert | Ambrose, Karen | Hindmarsh, Steve | Beale, Rupert | Riddell, Andrew | Gamblin, Steve | Howell, Michael | Kassiotis, George | Libri, Vincenzo | Williams, Bryan | Swanton, Charles | Gandhi, Sonia | Bauer, David L. V. C1 - 2021-06-11 | 2021-07-09 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06112021_covidupdate.html | http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07092021_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 19 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01290-3 ET - 2021/06/07 IS - 10292 KW - Adult | Antibodies, Neutralizing/*blood | Antibodies, Viral/*blood | COVID-19 Vaccines/*immunology | Humans | Middle Aged | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology L1 - internal-pdf://4018926921/Wall-2021-Neutralising antibody activity again.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Wall, Emma C | Wu, Mary | Harvey, Ruth | Kelly, Gavin | Warchal, Scott | Sawyer, Chelsea | Daniels, Rodney | Hobson, Philip | Hatipoglu, Emine | Ngai, Yenting | Hussain, Saira | Nicod, Jerome | Goldstone, Robert | Ambrose, Karen | Hindmarsh, Steve | Beale, Rupert | Riddell, Andrew | Gamblin, Steve | Howell, Michael | Kassiotis, George | Libri, Vincenzo | Williams, Bryan | Swanton, Charles | Gandhi, Sonia | Bauer, David Lv | eng | Letter | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | England | Lancet. 2021 Jun 19;397(10292):2331-2333. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01290-3. Epub 2021 Jun 3. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 2 doses of the Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccine elicited lower neutralizing antibody titers (NAbT) against SARS-CoV-2 variants compared to wild-type SARS-CoV-2 (Figure), showing a: | 2.3-fold (95% CI 1.9-2.6) decrease against D614G. | 2.6-fold (95% CI 2.2-3.1) decrease against B.1.1.7. | 4.9-fold (95% CI 4.2-5.7) decrease against B.1.351. | 5.8-fold (95% CI 5.0-6.9) decrease against B.1.617.2. | Older age correlated with reduced NAbT against wild-type SARS-CoV-2 and all variants. | Compared with 2 doses, NAbTs following 1 dose were significantly lower, and median NAbT against B.1.351 and B.1.617.2 were below the quantitative limit of detection. | Methods: Serum samples from a SARS-CoV-2 longitudinal study among UK healthcare workers (n = 250) in January 2021 were tested for neutralization against wild-type and four variants: D614G, B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and B.1.617.2. Neutralization was compared after either 1 dose (n = 149) or 2 doses (n = 159) of Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2. Limitations: Small sample size and single-ethnicity participants. | Implications: These findings suggest reduced vaccine efficacy against B.1.351 and B.1.617.2, particularly after 1 dose and in older adults. Vaccination strategies that promote 2-dose protection should be prioritized. SE - 2331 SN - 0140-6736 SP - 2331-2333 ST - Neutralising antibody activity against SARS-CoV-2 VOCs B.1.617.2 and B.1.351 by BNT162b2 vaccination T2 - Lancet TI - Neutralising antibody activity against SARS-CoV-2 VOCs B.1.617.2 and B.1.351 by BNT162b2 vaccination UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01290-3 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8175044/pdf/main.pdf VL - 397 Y2 - 2021/06/29 ID - 1824 ER - TY - JOUR AB - There are concerns about neutralizing antibodies (NAb) potency against the newly emerged VOC202012/01 (UK) and 501Y.V2 (SA) SARS-CoV-2 variants in mRNA-vaccinated subjects and in recovered COVID-19 patients. We used a viral neutralization test with a strict 100% neutralizing criterion on UK and SA clinical isolates in comparison with a globally distributed D614G SARS-CoV-2 strain. In two doses BNT162b2-vaccinated healthcare workers (HCW), despite heterogeneity in neutralizing capacity against the three SARS-CoV-2 strains, most of the sera harbored at least a NAb titer �?1:10 suggesting a certain humoral protection activity either on UK or SA variants. However, six months after mild forms of COVID-19, an important proportion of HCW displayed no neutralizing activity against SA strain. This result supports strong recommendations for vaccination of previously infected subjects.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest. AD - Sorbonne Universite, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidemiologie et de Sante Publique (iPLESP), Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Pitie Salpetriere Hospital, Department of Virology, Paris, France. | Department of Virology, Hopitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, AP-HP, Creteil, France. | Team "Viruses, Hepatology, Cancer", Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomedicale, INSERM U955, Universite Paris-Est, Creteil, France. AN - 34050731 AU - Marot, Stéphane | Malet, Isabelle | Jary, Aude | Leducq, Valentin | Abdi, Basma | Teyssou, Elisa | Soulie, Cathia | Wirden, Marc | Rodriguez, Christophe | Fourati, Slim | Pawlotsky, Jean-Michel | Boutolleau, David | Burrel, Sonia | Calvez, Vincent | Marcelin, Anne-Genevi؈ve C1 - 2021-03-19 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03192021_covidupdate.html DA - May 29 DO - 10.1101/2021.03.05.434089 ET - 2021/05/30 KW - Covid-19 | Neutralizing antibodies | SARS-CoV-2 variants | Vaccine L1 - internal-pdf://2270642638/Marot-2021-Neutralization heterogeneity of Uni.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Marot, Stephane | Malet, Isabelle | Leducq, Valentin | Abdi, Basma | Teyssou, Elisa | Soulie, Cathia | Wirden, Marc | Rodriguez, Christophe | Fourati, Slim | Pawlotsky, Jean-Michel | Boutolleau, David | Burrel, Sonia | Calvez, Vincent | Marcelin, Anne-Genevieve | Jary, Aude | eng | Clin Infect Dis. 2021 May 29. pii: 6288468. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab492. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Percentages of complete neutralization against variants three weeks after first vaccine dose were: | 52% against D614G. | 24% against B.1.1.7. | 8% against B.1.351. | 96% of all sera completely neutralized B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants 7 days after second vaccine dose. | Percentages of complete neutralization against variants 6 months after symptom onset were (Figure): | 100% against D614G and B.1.1.7. | 60% against B.1.351. | Methods: Cohort study of 15 health care workers with past mild COVID-19 from March 2020 and a group of 29 infection-naïve participants immunized with the Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2) vaccine. Convalescent sera was collected 6 months after symptom onset, and serum from vaccinees was collected at 3 weeks after 1st dose, and at 7 days after 2nd dose. Serum samples were tested for complete (100%) neutralization against three SARS-CoV-2 variants: D614G, B.1.1.7, and B.1.351. Limitations: Small sample size. | Implications: Given low levels of complete neutralization 3 weeks after first vaccine dose, recommendations for extending the dosing interval may have to be revisited as individuals may still be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Even in those with acquired immunity, complete neutralization became low after 6 months, suggesting that those with past mild COVID-19 should get vaccinated. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic) | 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - 2021.03.05.434089 ST - Neutralization heterogeneity of United Kingdom and South-African SARS-CoV-2 variants in BNT162b2-vaccinated or convalescent COVID-19 healthcare workers T2 - bioRxiv TI - Neutralization heterogeneity of United Kingdom and South-African SARS-CoV-2 variants in BNT162b2-vaccinated or convalescent COVID-19 healthcare workers TT - Published article: Neutralization heterogeneity of United Kingdom and South-African SARS-CoV-2 variants in BNT162b2-vaccinated or convalescent COVID-19 healthcare workers UR - https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2021/03/05/2021.03.05.434089.full.pdf ID - 1597 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Rapidly spreading variants of SARS-CoV-2 that have arisen in the United Kingdom and South Africa share the spike N501Y substitution, which is of particular concern because it is located in the viral receptor binding site for cell entry and increases binding to the receptor (angiotensin converting enzyme 2). We generated isogenic N501 and Y501 SARS-CoV-2. Sera of 20 participants in a previously reported trial of the mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b2 had equivalent neutralizing titers to the N501 and Y501 viruses. AN - 33442691 AU - Xie, X. | Zou, J. | Fontes-Garfias, C. R. | Xia, H. | Swanson, K. A. | Cutler, M. | Cooper, D. | Menachery, V. D. | Weaver, S. | Dormitzer, P. R. | Shi, P. Y. C1 - 2021-01-15 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01152021_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 7 DO - 10.1101/2021.01.07.425740 ET - 2021/01/15 L1 - internal-pdf://2717275293/Xie-2021-Neutralization of N501Y mutant SARS-C.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Xie, Xuping; Zou, Jing; Fontes-Garfias, Camila R; Xia, Hongjie; Swanson, Kena A; Cutler, Mark; Cooper, David; Menachery, Vineet D; Weaver, Scott; Dormitzer, Philip R; Shi, Pei-Yong; eng; R01 AI134907/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R43 AI145617/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; U19 AI142759/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; UL1 TR001439/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; Preprint; bioRxiv. 2021 Jan 7. doi: 10.1101/2021.01.07.425740. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Variants containing the N501Y spike mutation did not reduce neutralizing activity with vaccine elicited sera despite affecting the receptor binding domain. SP - 2021.01.07.425740 ST - Neutralization of N501Y mutant SARS-CoV-2 by BNT162b2 vaccine-elicited sera T2 - bioRxiv TI - Neutralization of N501Y mutant SARS-CoV-2 by BNT162b2 vaccine-elicited sera TT - Published article: Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 spike 69/70 deletion, E484K and N501Y variants by BNT162b2 vaccine-elicited sera UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33442691 ID - 1402 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Recently, a new SARS-CoV-2 lineage called B.1.1.7 has emerged in the United Kingdom that was reported to spread more efficiently than other strains. This variant has an unusually large number of mutations with 10 amino acid changes in the spike protein, raising concerns that its recognition by neutralizing antibodies may be affected. Here, we investigated SARS-CoV-2-S pseudoviruses bearing either the Wuhan reference strain or the B.1.1.7 lineage spike protein with sera of 16 participants in a previously reported trial with the mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b2. The immune sera had equivalent neutralizing titers to both variants. These data, together with the combined immunity involving humoral and cellular effectors induced by this vaccine, make it unlikely that the B.1.1.7 lineage will escape BNT162b2-mediated protection.Competing Interest StatementU.S. and O.T. are management board members and employees at BioNTech SE. A.M., A.W., J.M. and B.S. are employees at BioNTech SE. U.S., O.T. and A.M. are inventors on patents and patent applications related to RNA technology and COVID-19 vaccine. U.S., O.T., A.M., J.M. and B.S. have securities from BioNTech SE; K.A.S., W.C., H.C., R.S. and P.R.D. are employees at Pfizer and may have securities from Pfizer. AD - BioNTech, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany. | Pfizer, 401 N. Middletown Rd., Pearl River, NY 10960, USA. | BioNTech, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany. ugur.sahin@biontech.de. | TRON gGmbH - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Freiligrathstrasse 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany. AN - 33514629 AU - Muik, Alexander | Wallisch, Ann-Kathrin | Sänger, Bianca | Swanson, Kena A. | Mühl, Julia | Chen, Wei | Cai, Hui | Sarkar, Ritu | Türeci, Özlem | Dormitzer, Philip R. | Sahin, Ugur C1 - 2021-01-29 C2 - Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01292021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 12 DO - 10.1101/2021.01.18.426984 ET - 2021/01/31 IS - 6534 KW - Adult | Aged | Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood | Antibodies, Viral/blood | COVID-19/blood/*prevention & control/*virology | COVID-19 Vaccines/*immunology | China | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Neutralization Tests | SARS-CoV-2/*genetics/*immunology | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/*genetics/*immunology | United Kingdom | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://2207562082/Muik-2021-Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 lineage.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Muik, Alexander | Wallisch, Ann-Kathrin | Sanger, Bianca | Swanson, Kena A | Muhl, Julia | Chen, Wei | Cai, Hui | Maurus, Daniel | Sarkar, Ritu | Tureci, Ozlem | Dormitzer, Philip R | Sahin, Ugur | eng | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | Science. 2021 Mar 12;371(6534):1152-1153. doi: 10.1126/science.abg6105. Epub 2021 Jan 29. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: The B.1.1.7 lineage of SARS-CoV-2 that was detected in the United Kingdom in September 2020, is unlikely to escape protection by the BioNTech-Pfizer mRNA vaccine. SN - 1095-9203 (Electronic) | 0036-8075 (Linking) SP - 2021.01.18.426984 ST - Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 pseudovirus by BNT162b2 vaccine-elicited human sera T2 - bioRxiv TI - Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 pseudovirus by BNT162b2 vaccine-elicited human sera TT - Published article: Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 pseudovirus by BNT162b2 vaccine–elicited human sera UR - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2021/01/19/2021.01.18.426984.abstract | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2021/01/19/2021.01.18.426984.full.pdf VL - 371 ID - 2065 ER - TY - JOUR AB - During the current pandemic, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), has diversified considerably. As of September 2021, the World Health Organization had defined four variants of concern (alpha [B.1.1.7], beta [B.1.351], gamma [P.1], and delta [B.1.617.2 and AY]), as well as five variants of interest (eta [B.1.525], iota [B.1.526], kappa [B.1.617.1], lambda [C.37], and mu [B.1.621]).1 | | Figure 1. | | SARS-CoV-2 in Colombia and Characterization of the Mu Variant. | Mu represents the most recently recognized variant of interest.1 As of August 30, 2021, the mu variant had been detected in 39 countries (Table S1 in the Supplementary Appendix, available with the full text of this letter at NEJM.org). The epicenter of mu transmission is Colombia, where the variant was first isolated on January 11, 2021 (Figure 1A and Table S2). There was a huge surge in Covid-19 cases in Colombia from March through July 2021. Although the gamma variant was dominant during the initial phase of the surge, the mu variant outnumbered all other variants in May, and it has driven the epidemic in Colombia since that time (Figure 1A). AD - University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. | Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. | Chiba University, Chiba, Japan. | Tokai University, Kanagawa, Japan. | University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan keisato@g.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp. AN - 34731554 AU - Uriu, Keiya | Kimura, Izumi | Shirakawa, Kotaro | Takaori-Kondo, Akifumi | Nakada, Taka-aki | Kaneda, Atsushi | Nakagawa, So | Sato, Kei C1 - 2021-11-15 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/11152021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - Nov 3 DO - 10.1056/NEJMc2114706 ET - 2021/11/04 L1 - internal-pdf://3632834227/Uriu-2021-Neutralization of the SARS-CoV-2 Mu.pdf LB - Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Uriu, Keiya | Kimura, Izumi | Shirakawa, Kotaro | Takaori-Kondo, Akifumi | Nakada, Taka-Aki | Kaneda, Atsushi | Nakagawa, So | Sato, Kei | (G2P-Japan) | eng | 20fk0108451/Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development | Letter | N Engl J Med. 2021 Nov 3. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2114706. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In convalescent serum samples from 13 persons in Columbia, Mu variant was 10.6 times more resistant to neutralization compared with the parental (B.1 lineage) virus. In serum samples from 14 BNT162b2 vaccinated persons, Mu variant was 9.1 times more resistant than the parental virus. Compared with the Beta variant, the Mu variant was 2.0 times more resistant to neutralization by convalescent serum and 1.5 times by vaccinated serum. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic) | 0028-4793 (Linking) ST - Neutralization of the SARS-CoV-2 Mu Variant by Convalescent and Vaccine Serum T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Neutralization of the SARS-CoV-2 Mu Variant by Convalescent and Vaccine Serum UR - https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2114706 | https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMc2114706?articleTools=true ID - 2632 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The increasing prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with mutations in the spike protein has raised concerns that recovered individuals may not be protected from reinfection and that current vaccines will become less effective. The B.1.1.7 isolate identified in the United Kingdom and B.1.351 isolate identified in the Republic of South Africa encode spike proteins with multiple mutations in the S1 and S2 subunits. In addition, variants have been identified in Columbus, Ohio (COH.20G/677H), Europe (20A.EU2) and in domesticated minks. Analysis by antibody neutralization of pseudotyped viruses showed that convalescent sera from patients infected prior to the emergence of the variant viruses neutralized viruses with the B.1.1.7, B.1.351, COH.20G/677H Columbus Ohio, 20A.EU2 Europe and mink cluster 5 spike proteins with only a minor decrease in titer compared to that of the earlier D614G spike protein. Serum specimens from individuals vaccinated with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine neutralized D614G virus with titers that were on average 7-fold greater than convalescent sera. Vaccine elicited antibodies neutralized virus with the B.1.1.7 spike protein with titers similar to D614G virus and neutralized virus with the B.1.351 spike with, on average, a 3-fold reduction in titer (1:500), a titer that was still higher than the average titer with which convalescent sera neutralized D614G (1:139). The reduction in titer was attributable to the E484K mutation in the RBD. The B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 viruses were not more infectious than D614G on ACE2.293T cells in vitro but N501Y, an ACE2 contacting residue present in the B.1.1.7, B.1.351 and COH.20G/677H spike proteins caused higher affinity binding to ACE2, likely contributing to their increased transmissibility. These findings suggest that antibodies elicited by primary infection and by the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine are likely to maintain protective efficacy against B.1.1.7 and most other variants but that the partial resistance of virus with the B.1.351 spike protein could render some individuals less well protected, supporting a rationale for the development of modified vaccines containing E484K. AN - 33564768 AU - Tada, T. | Dcosta, B. M. | Samanovic-Golden, M. | Herati, R. S. | Cornelius, A. | Mulligan, M. J. | Landau, N. R. C1 - 2021-02-19 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Internvention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02192021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 7 DO - 10.1101/2021.02.05.430003 ET - 2021/02/11 L1 - internal-pdf://3136010118/Tada-2021-Neutralization of viruses with Europ.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Tada, Takuya; Dcosta, Belinda M; Samanovic-Golden, Marie; Herati, Ramin S; Cornelius, Amber; Mulligan, Mark J; Landau, Nathaniel R; eng; Preprint; bioRxiv. 2021 Feb 7. doi: 10.1101/2021.02.05.430003. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Vaccination is effective in protecting against B.1.1.7 but there was a 3-fold reduction in neutralizing titers for B.1.351, likely due to the E484K mutation. | For D614G, neutralizing titers among vaccinated individuals were 7-fold greater compared with titers among recovered individuals. | Convalescent sera neutralized several variant viruses, including B.1.1.7 and B.1.351, with titers similar to those measured against D614G. | Methods: Blood and isolated serum collected from 10 individuals recovered from SARS-CoV-2 and 5 healthy individuals vaccinated with the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) mRNA vaccine (days 0, 7, and 28 days post-vaccination) were used to measure antibody neutralization titers against variants including D614G, B.1.1.7, B.1.351, COH.20G/677H Columbus Ohio, 20A.EU2 Europe, and mink cluster 5. Limitations: Small sample size. | Implications for both studies (Tada et al. and Stamatatos et al.): Current COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are effective in protecting against variants among persons previously infected and uninfected with SARS-CoV-2. However, mRNA vaccines likely offer reduced protection against B.1351 in some individuals. Although persons previously infected by SARS-CoV-2 have some protection against variants, they might benefit from boosted vaccination. SP - 2021.02.05.430003 ST - Neutralization of viruses with European, South African, and United States SARS-CoV-2 variant spike proteins by convalescent sera and BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies T2 - bioRxiv TI - Neutralization of viruses with European, South African, and United States SARS-CoV-2 variant spike proteins by convalescent sera and BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies TT - Published article: Convalescent-Phase Sera and Vaccine-Elicited Antibodies Largely Maintain Neutralizing Titer against Global SARS-CoV-2 Variant Spikes UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33564768 ID - 1517 ER - TY - JOUR AD - University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX. | Pfizer Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, NY. | BioNTech, Mainz, Germany. | University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX xuxie@utmb.edu. | Pfizer Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, NY philip.dormitzer@pfizer.com. | University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX peshi@utmb.edu. AN - 33684280 AU - Liu, Y. | Liu, J. | Xia, H. | Zhang, X. | Fontes-Garfias, C. R. | Swanson, K. A. | Cai, H. | Sarkar, R. | Chen, W. | Cutler, M. | Cooper, D. | Weaver, S. C. | Muik, A. | Sahin, U. | Jansen, K. U. | Xie, X. | Dormitzer, P. R. | Shi, P. Y. C1 - 2021-02-26 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02262021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 15 DO - 10.1056/NEJMc2102017 ET - 2021/03/09 IS - 15 KW - Antibodies, Neutralizing/*blood | Antibodies, Viral/blood | COVID-19/*immunology/prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/*immunology | Humans | Mutation | SARS-CoV-2/genetics/*immunology | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics/immunology | Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology L1 - internal-pdf://3589374588/Liu-2021-Neutralizing Activity of BNT162b2-Eli.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Liu, Yang; Liu, Jianying; Xia, Hongjie; Zhang, Xianwen; Fontes-Garfias, Camila R; Swanson, Kena A; Cai, Hui; Sarkar, Ritu; Chen, Wei; Cutler, Mark; Cooper, David; Weaver, Scott C; Muik, Alexander; Sahin, Ugur; Jansen, Kathrin U; Xie, Xuping; Dormitzer, Philip R; Shi, Pei-Yong; eng; Letter; N Engl J Med. 2021 Apr 15;384(15):1466-1468. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2102017. Epub 2021 Mar 8. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A two-thirds reduction in neutralization of sera from persons who had received the BNT162b2 (Pfizer) vaccine was noted in virus with 1.351-spike mutations compared with other strains of the SARS-CoV-2. | Note: Adapted from Liu et al. Results of 50% plaque reduction neutralization testing (PRNT50) with the use of 20 samples obtained from 15 trial participants 2 weeks (circles) or 4 weeks (triangles) after the administration of the second dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine. Results are shown for serum neutralization of USA-WA1/2020 and B.1.351-spike virus. Samples that have measurably different PRNT50 values against USA-WA1/2020 and mutant viruses are indicated by solid lines. Each PRNT50 data point is the geometric mean. From NEJM, Liu et al., Neutralizing Activity of BNT162b2-Elicited Serum �?Preliminary Report. Copyright © (2021) Massachusetts Medical Society. Reprinted with permission from Massachusetts Medical Society. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 1466-1468 ST - Neutralizing Activity of BNT162b2-Elicited Serum T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Neutralizing Activity of BNT162b2-Elicited Serum UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33684280 VL - 384 ID - 1526 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 would be greatly facilitated by the identification of immunological correlates of protection in humans. However, to date, studies on protective immunity have only been performed in animal models and correlates of protection have not been established in humans. Here, we describe an outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 on a fishing vessel associated with a high attack rate. Predeparture serological and viral RT-PCR testing along with repeat testing after return to shore was available for 120 of the 122 persons on board over a median follow-up of 32.5 days (range 18.8 to 50.5 days). A total of 104 individuals had an RT-PCR positive viral test with Ct <35 or seroconverted during the follow-up period, yielding an attack rate on board of 85.2% (104/122 individuals). Metagenomic sequencing of 39 viral genomes suggested the outbreak originated largely from a single viral clade. Only three crewmembers tested seropositive prior to the boat's departure in initial serological screening and also had neutralizing and spike-reactive antibodies in follow-up assays. None of these crewmembers with neutralizing antibody titers showed evidence of bona fide viral infection or experienced any symptoms during the viral outbreak. Therefore, the presence of neutralizing antibodies from prior infection was significantly associated with protection against re-infection (Fisher's exact test, p=0.002). AD - Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA. | Division of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA. | Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. | Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. | Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA. | Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA. AN - 32817980 AU - Addetia, A. | Crawford, K. H. | Dingens, A. | Zhu, H. | Roychoudhury, P. | Huang, M. L. | Jerome, K. R. | Bloom, J. D. | Greninger, A. L. C1 - 2020-08-28 C2 - Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibodies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082820_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 14 DO - 10.1101/2020.08.13.20173161 ET - 2020/08/21 L1 - internal-pdf://1164078948/Addetia-2020-Neutralizing antibodies correlate.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Addetia, Amin; Crawford, Katharine Hd; Dingens, Adam; Zhu, Haiying; Roychoudhury, Pavitra; Huang, Meei-Li; Jerome, Keith R; Bloom, Jesse D; Greninger, Alexander L; eng; F30 AI149928/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 AI141707/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Preprint; medRxiv. 2020 Aug 14. doi: 10.1101/2020.08.13.20173161. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Prior to a voyage on a fishing vessel, 120/122 crew members had negative RT-PCR tests for SARS-CoV-2. | Six of 120 were seropositive with antibodies against the viral nucleoprotein (Figure). | Illness in a crew member prompted vessel return and testing where 104/122 (85.2%) crew members tested positive by RT-PCR or serology. | Three crew members who were seropositive with neutralizing and spike-reactive antibodies prior to the voyage did not become infected (p = 0.002). | Methods: Study of 122 crew members involved in a SARS-CoV-2 outbreak aboard a fishing vessel. Pre- and post-departure serological and RT-PCR testing performed in 120 of the 122 crew members over a median follow-up of 32.5 days and specimens positive on serologic testing were assessed for SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing and spike-binding activity. Limitations: Lack of clinical and contact information, small number of crew members with NAbs in order to better assess protection from infection. | Implications of both studies (Wu et al. & Addetia et al.): Both studies showed that NAbs naturally develop from SARS-CoV-2 infection with variable levels and might confer protection from later infection. Implications of variable levels of SARS-CoV-2–specific NAbs on protection against SARS-CoV-2 re-infections deserve further exploration. SP - 2020.08.13.20173161 ST - Neutralizing antibodies correlate with protection from SARS-CoV-2 in humans during a fishery vessel outbreak with high attack rate T2 - medRxiv TI - Neutralizing antibodies correlate with protection from SARS-CoV-2 in humans during a fishery vessel outbreak with high attack rate TT - Published article: Neutralizing Antibodies Correlate with Protection from SARS-CoV-2 in Humans during a Fishery Vessel Outbreak with a High Attack Rate UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32817980 ID - 797 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, such as 501Y.V2, with immune evasion mutations in the spike has resulted in reduced efficacy of several COVID-19 vaccines. However, the efficacy of the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine, when tested in South Africa after the emergence of 501Y.V2, was not adversely impacted. We therefore assessed the binding and neutralization capacity of n=120 South African sera (from Day 29, post-vaccination) from the Janssen phase 3 study, Ensemble. Spike binding assays using both the Wuhan-1 D614G and 501Y.V2 Spikes showed high levels of cross-reactivity. In contrast, in a subset of 27 sera, we observed significantly reduced neutralization of 501Y.V2 compared to Wuhan-1 D614G, with 22/27 (82%) of sera showing no detectable neutralization of 501Y.V2 at Day 29. These data suggest that even low levels of neutralizing antibodies may contribute to protection from moderate/severe disease. In addition, Fc effector function and T cells may play an important role in protection by this vaccine against 501Y.V2.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest. AU - Moore, Penny L. | Moyo-Gwete, Thandeka | Hermanus, Tandile | Kgagudi, Prudence | Ayres, Frances | Makhado, Zanele | Sadoff, Jerald | Le Gars, Mathieu | van Roey, Griet | Crowther, Carol | Garrett, Nigel | Bekker, Linda-Gail | Morris, Lynn | Schuitemaker, Hanneke | Gray, Glenda C1 - 2021-06-18 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06182021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.06.09.447722 L1 - internal-pdf://2522079828/Moore-2021-Neutralizing antibodies elicited by.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Although binding to 501Y.V2 (B.1.351) was reduced by 1.8-fold compared to Wuhan-1 D614G, the Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) Ad26.COV2.S vaccine elicited cross-reactive binding antibodies between variants. | 26/27 (96%) serum samples neutralized the Wuhan-1 D614G variant, but only 5 (19%) neutralized 501Y.V2 (B.1.351) (Figure). | Methods: 118 serum samples obtained in South Africa, including 88 vaccinee (Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) Ad26.COV2.S) and 30 placebo participants, were tested for neutralization capacity at Day 1 (pre-vaccination) and Day 29 (28 days post-vaccination). Neutralization of the original Wuhan-1 D614G and 501Y.V2 (B.1.351) variants were tested from a subset of 27 participants on Day 29. Limitations: Small sample size in subset. | Implications: Given Sadoff et alexternal icon. found Ad26COV2.S protected against severe COVID-19 including where there was a high prevalence of B.1.351, these data suggest that low levels of neutralizing antibodies and/or cellular immunity might contribute to protection against this variant. SP - 2021.06.09.447722 ST - Neutralizing antibodies elicited by the Ad26.COV2.S COVID-19 vaccine show reduced activity against 501Y.V2 (B.1.351), despite protection against severe disease by this variant T2 - bioRxiv TI - Neutralizing antibodies elicited by the Ad26.COV2.S COVID-19 vaccine show reduced activity against 501Y.V2 (B.1.351), despite protection against severe disease by this variant UR - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2021/06/11/2021.06.09.447722.abstract | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2021/06/11/2021.06.09.447722.full.pdf ID - 1840 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Predictive models of immune protection from COVID-19 are urgently needed to identify correlates of protection to assist in the future deployment of vaccines. To address this, we analyzed the relationship between in vitro neutralization levels and the observed protection from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection using data from seven current vaccines and from convalescent cohorts. We estimated the neutralization level for 50% protection against detectable SARS-CoV-2 infection to be 20.2% of the mean convalescent level (95% confidence interval (CI)�?�?4.4�?8.4%). The estimated neutralization level required for 50% protection from severe infection was significantly lower (3% of the mean convalescent level; 95% CI�?�?.7�?3%, P�?�?.0004). Modeling of the decay of the neutralization titer over the first 250 d after immunization predicts that a significant loss in protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection will occur, although protection from severe disease should be largely retained. Neutralization titers against some SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern are reduced compared with the vaccine strain, and our model predicts the relationship between neutralization and efficacy against viral variants. Here, we show that neutralization level is highly predictive of immune protection, and provide an evidence-based model of SARS-CoV-2 immune protection that will assist in developing vaccine strategies to control the future trajectory of the pandemic. AD - Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. | Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. | Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. | WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. | Australian Research Council Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. | Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. | School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. jamie.triccas@sydney.edu.au. | Charles Perkins Centre and Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. jamie.triccas@sydney.edu.au. | Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. m.davenport@unsw.edu.au. AN - 34002089 AU - Khoury, David S. | Cromer, Deborah | Reynaldi, Arnold | Schlub, Timothy E. | Wheatley, Adam K. | Juno, Jennifer A. | Subbarao, Kanta | Kent, Stephen J. | Triccas, James A. | Davenport, Miles P. C1 - 2021-05-28 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05282021_covidupdate.html DA - 2021/05/17 DO - 10.1038/s41591-021-01377-8 ET - 2021/05/19 IS - 7 KW - Antibodies, Neutralizing/*immunology | Antibodies, Viral/*immunology | COVID-19/immunology/*prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/*therapeutic use | Humans | Logistic Models | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology | Severity of Illness Index L1 - internal-pdf://2501061439/Khoury-2021-Neutralizing antibody levels are h.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Khoury, David S | Cromer, Deborah | Reynaldi, Arnold | Schlub, Timothy E | Wheatley, Adam K | Juno, Jennifer A | Subbarao, Kanta | Kent, Stephen J | Triccas, James A | Davenport, Miles P | eng | GNT1173027/Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) | GNT1173528/Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) | GNT1123673/Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) | GNT2002073/Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) | GNT1149990/Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) | GNT1153493/Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) | MRF2005544/Department of Health, Australian Government (Department of Health) | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | Nat Med. 2021 Jul;27(7):1205-1211. doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01377-8. Epub 2021 May 17. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Neutralizing antibody levels correlated with clinical efficacy of 7 different vaccines. | Long-term protective efficacy is predicted to decline more rapidly for vaccines with initial efficacy <90% compared with vaccines with an initial efficacy >90% (Figure). | Vaccines with >90% efficacy against wild-type SARS-CoV-2 are predicted to have good efficacy against variants with 10-fold lower neutralization. | Methods: Data from trials of 7 vaccines and from 1 convalescent cohort were used to model correlation of neutralizing antibody level with protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Modeled vaccine efficacy over time and against variants with reported lower neutralization. Limitations: Model assumes that waning of neutralization titer over time is the same for different vaccines and that the decay in titer is the same regardless of the initial starting titer. | Implications: Models show neutralization titers are highly predictive of immune protection from vaccination. Immune protection from vaccination might wane as neutralization levels decline, and booster immunization might be required within a year, particularly for vaccines with low initial efficacy. SN - 1546-170X SP - 1205-1211 ST - Neutralizing antibody levels are highly predictive of immune protection from symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection T2 - Nat Med TI - Neutralizing antibody levels are highly predictive of immune protection from symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01377-8 | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-021-01377-8.pdf VL - 27 ID - 1783 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Passive transfer of antibodies from COVID-19 convalescent patients is being used as an experimental treatment for eligible patients with SARS-CoV-2 infections. The United States Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) guidelines for convalescent plasma initially recommended target antibody titers of 160. We evaluated SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies in sera from recovered COVID-19 patients using plaque reduction neutralization tests (PRNT) at moderate (PRNT50) and high (PRNT90) stringency thresholds. We found that neutralizing activity significantly increased with time post symptom onset (PSO), reaching a peak at 31-35 days PSO. At this point, the number of sera having neutralizing titers of at least 160 was approximately 93% (PRNT50) and approximately 54% (PRNT90). Sera with high SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels (>960 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers) showed maximal activity, but not all high-titer sera contained neutralizing antibody at FDA recommended levels, particularly at high stringency. These results underscore the value of serum characterization for neutralization activity. AD - Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA. | Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, USA. | Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. | Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. | Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA. | Westchester County Department of Health, White Plains, New York, USA. | New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA. AN - 33104179 AU - Lee, W. T. | Girardin, R. C. | Dupuis, A. P. | Kulas, K. E. | Payne, A. F. | Wong, S. J. | Arinsburg, S. | Nguyen, F. T. | Mendu, D. R. | Firpo-Betancourt, A. | Jhang, J. | Wajnberg, A. | Krammer, F. | Cordon-Cardo, C. | Amler, S. | Montecalvo, M. | Hutton, B. | Taylor, J. | McDonough, K. A. C1 - 2020-11-03 C2 - Laboratory Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/110320_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 4 DO - 10.1093/infdis/jiaa673 ET - 2020/10/27 IS - 1 KW - Antibodies, Neutralizing/*blood | Antibodies, Viral/*blood | COVID-19/*therapy | Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay | Humans | Immunization, Passive | *Neutralization Tests | *covid-19 | *SARS-CoV-2 | *convalescent plasma | *neutralizing antibodies L1 - internal-pdf://0384694854/Lee-2021-Neutralizing Antibody Responses in CO.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Lee, William T; Girardin, Roxanne C; Dupuis, Alan P; Kulas, Karen E; Payne, Anne F; Wong, Susan J; Arinsburg, Suzanne; Nguyen, Freddy T; Mendu, Damodara Rao; Firpo-Betancourt, Adolfo; Jhang, Jeffrey; Wajnberg, Ania; Krammer, Florian; Cordon-Cardo, Carlos; Amler, Sherlita; Montecalvo, Marisa; Hutton, Brad; Taylor, Jill; McDonough, Kathleen A; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; J Infect Dis. 2021 Jan 4;223(1):47-55. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa673. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Neutralizing antibody (nAb) activity increased for several weeks post-symptom onset (Figure). | 93% of sera had titers �?:160 (the initial FDA recommended level for nAb for convalescent plasma donation) at the 50% viral neutralization level, 31�?5 days post-symptom onset. | 54% of sera had titers �?:160 at the 90% viral neutralization level, 31�?5 days post-symptom onset. | 24% of sera had titers of �?:160 at the 90% viral neutralization level beyond day 35. | Sera with antibody titers >1:960 generally had higher neutralizing activity, but not all contained nAbs at the initial FDA recommended levels. | Methods: Serum specimens from 3,426 COVID-19 convalescent patients were tested for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies to the receptor binding protein, spike protein, or nucleocapsid. Reactive sera were tested for ability to neutralize SARS-CoV-2 infection using plaque reduction assays. Limitations: Short follow-up period. | Implications: There may be a narrow window to collect convalescent plasma with maximal neutralizing activity for use as potential COVID-19 therapy. Findings also highlight the importance of characterizing serum neutralizing activity. SE - 47 SN - 1537-6613 (Electronic); 0022-1899 (Linking) SP - 47-55 ST - Neutralizing Antibody Responses in COVID-19 Convalescent Sera T2 - J Infect Dis TI - Neutralizing Antibody Responses in COVID-19 Convalescent Sera UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33104179 VL - 223 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1176 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Understanding how antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 evolve during infection may provide important insight into therapeutic approaches and vaccination for COVID-19. Here we profile the antibody responses of 162 COVID-19 symptomatic patients in the COVID-BioB cohort followed longitudinally for up to eight months from symptom onset to find SARS-CoV-2 neutralization, as well as antibodies either recognizing SARS-CoV-2 spike antigens and nucleoprotein, or specific for S2 antigen of seasonal beta-coronaviruses and hemagglutinin of the H1N1 flu virus. The presence of neutralizing antibodies within the first weeks from symptoms onset correlates with time to a negative swab result (p�?�?.002), while the lack of neutralizing capacity correlates with an increased risk of a fatal outcome (p�?�?.008). Neutralizing antibody titers progressively drop after 5-8 weeks but are still detectable up to 8 months in the majority of recovered patients regardless of age or co-morbidities, with IgG to spike antigens providing the best correlate of neutralization. Antibody responses to seasonal coronaviruses are temporarily boosted, and parallel those to SARS-CoV-2 without dampening the specific response or worsening disease progression. Our results thus suggest compromised immune responses to the SARS-CoV-2 spike to be a major trait of COVID-19 patients with critical conditions, and thereby inform on the planning of COVID-19 patient care and therapy prioritization. AD - Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. | Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. | DNA Enzymology & Molecular Virology Unit, Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia, Italy. | National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy. | Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy. | Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy. | Molecular Hematology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. | Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. | School of Medicine and Surgery, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. | Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. scarlatti.gabriella@hsr.it. AN - 33976165 AU - Dispinseri, S. | Secchi, M. | Pirillo, M. F. | Tolazzi, M. | Borghi, M. | Brigatti, C. | De Angelis, M. L. | Baratella, M. | Bazzigaluppi, E. | Venturi, G. | Sironi, F. | Canitano, A. | Marzinotto, I. | Tresoldi, C. | Ciceri, F. | Piemonti, L. | Negri, D. | Cara, A. | Lampasona, V. | Scarlatti, G. C1 - 2021-05-21 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05212021_covidupdate.html DA - May 11 DO - 10.1038/s41467-021-22958-8 DP - NLM ET - 2021/05/13 IS - 1 KW - Aged | Antibodies, Neutralizing/*immunology | Antibodies, Viral/immunology | Antibody Formation | Betacoronavirus/immunology | COVID-19/*immunology/*mortality/virology | Female | Humans | Immunoglobulin G/immunology | Kinetics | Longitudinal Studies | Male | Middle Aged | Neutralization Tests | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology/isolation & purification | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology | Survival Rate L1 - internal-pdf://1380706497/Dispinseri-2021-Neutralizing antibody response.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - 2041-1723; Dispinseri, Stefania; Orcid: 0000-0003-1495-6778; Secchi, Massimiliano; Pirillo, Maria Franca; Tolazzi, Monica; Borghi, Martina; Brigatti, Cristina; De Angelis, Maria Laura; Baratella, Marco; Bazzigaluppi, Elena; Venturi, Giulietta; Orcid: 0000-0002-9078-8350; Sironi, Francesca; Canitano, Andrea; Marzinotto, Ilaria; Tresoldi, Cristina; Ciceri, Fabio; Piemonti, Lorenzo; Negri, Donatella; Cara, Andrea; Orcid: 0000-0003-4967-1895; Lampasona, Vito; Scarlatti, Gabriella; Orcid: 0000-0003-2316-2689; COVID-2020-12371617/Ministero della Salute (Ministry of Health, Italy)/; 681137/EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020)/; G5817/North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)/; Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Nat Commun. 2021 May 11;12(1):2670. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-22958-8. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In a longitudinal cohort of 162 COVID-19 patients, early development of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 correlated with virus control and survival. Neutralizing antibodies and anti-spike IgG persisted in the majority of recovered patients regardless of disease severity for up to 8 months from onset of symptoms. SN - 2041-1723 SP - 2670 ST - Neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in symptomatic COVID-19 is persistent and critical for survival T2 - Nat Commun TI - Neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in symptomatic COVID-19 is persistent and critical for survival UR - https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-22958-8.pdf VL - 12 ID - 1917 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Betacoronaviruses (betaCoVs) caused the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) outbreaks, and the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic(1-4). Vaccines that elicit protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 and betaCoVs circulating in animals have the potential to prevent future betaCoV pandemics. Here, we show that macaque immunization with a multimeric SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) nanoparticle adjuvanted with 3M-052/Alum elicited cross-neutralizing antibody (cross-nAb) responses against batCoVs, SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, and SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.1.7, P.1, and B.1.351. Nanoparticle vaccination resulted in a SARS-CoV-2 reciprocal geometric mean neutralization ID50 titer of 47,216, and protection against SARS-CoV-2 in macaque upper and lower respiratory tracts. Importantly, nucleoside-modified mRNA encoding a stabilized transmembrane spike or monomeric RBD also induced SARS-CoV-1 and batCoV cross-nAbs, albeit at lower titers. These results demonstrate current mRNA vaccines may provide some protection from future zoonotic betaCoV outbreaks, and provide a platform for further development of pan-betaCoV vaccines. AD - Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA. kevin.saunders@duke.edu. | Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. kevin.saunders@duke.edu. | Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA. kevin.saunders@duke.edu. | Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA. kevin.saunders@duke.edu. | Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA. | Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA. | Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. | Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. | Center for Applied Genomics and Precision Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA. | Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA. | Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA. | Corporate Research Materials Lab, 3M Company, St Paul, MN, USA. | Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA. | Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. | Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. | BIOQUAL, Rockville, MD, USA. | Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA. barton.haynes@duke.edu. | Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA. barton.haynes@duke.edu. | Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA. barton.haynes@duke.edu. AN - 33971664 AU - Saunders, K. O. | Lee, E. | Parks, R. | Martinez, D. R. | Li, D. | Chen, H. | Edwards, R. J. | Gobeil, S. | Barr, M. | Mansouri, K. | Alam, S. M. | Sutherland, L. L. | Cai, F. | Sanzone, A. M. | Berry, M. | Manne, K. | Bock, K. W. | Minai, M. | Nagata, B. M. | Kapingidza, A. B. | Azoitei, M. | Tse, L. V. | Scobey, T. D. | Spreng, R. L. | Rountree, R. W. | DeMarco, C. T. | Denny, T. N. | Woods, C. W. | Petzold, E. W. | Tang, J. | Oguin, T. H., 3rd | Sempowski, G. D. | Gagne, M. | Douek, D. C. | Tomai, M. A. | Fox, C. B. | Seder, R. | Wiehe, K. | Weissman, D. | Pardi, N. | Golding, H. | Khurana, S. | Acharya, P. | Andersen, H. | Lewis, M. G. | Moore, I. N. | Montefiori, D. C. | Baric, R. S. | Haynes, B. F. C1 - 2021-05-21 | 2021-07-02 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategy CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05212021_covidupdate.html | http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07022021_covidupdate.html DA - May 10 DO - 10.1038/s41586-021-03594-0 ET - 2021/05/11 IS - 7864 KW - Adjuvants, Immunologic | Administration, Intranasal | Animals | Antibodies, Neutralizing/*immunology | Betacoronavirus/*immunology | COVID-19/epidemiology/*immunology/*prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology | Common Cold/immunology/*prevention & control/virology | Cross Reactions/*immunology | Disease Models, Animal | Female | Humans | Macaca/immunology | Male | Models, Molecular | Nanoparticles/chemistry | *Pandemics | SARS-CoV-2/immunology | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry/immunology | Trachea | Vaccination | Viral Vaccines/*immunology L1 - internal-pdf://1238970547/Saunders-2021-Neutralizing antibody vaccine fo.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Saunders, Kevin O; Lee, Esther; Parks, Robert; Martinez, David R; Li, Dapeng; Chen, Haiyan; Edwards, Robert J; Gobeil, Sophie; Barr, Maggie; Mansouri, Katayoun; Alam, S Munir; Sutherland, Laura L; Cai, Fangping; Sanzone, Aja M; Berry, Madison; Manne, Kartik; Bock, Kevin W; Minai, Mahnaz; Nagata, Bianca M; Kapingidza, Anyway B; Azoitei, Mihai; Tse, Longping V; Scobey, Trevor D; Spreng, Rachel L; Rountree, R Wes; DeMarco, C Todd; Denny, Thomas N; Woods, Christopher W; Petzold, Elizabeth W; Tang, Juanjie; Oguin, Thomas H 3rd; Sempowski, Gregory D; Gagne, Matthew; Douek, Daniel C; Tomai, Mark A; Fox, Christopher B; Seder, Robert; Wiehe, Kevin; Weissman, Drew; Pardi, Norbert; Golding, Hana; Khurana, Surender; Acharya, Priyamvada; Andersen, Hanne; Lewis, Mark G; Moore, Ian N; Montefiori, David C; Baric, Ralph S; Haynes, Barton F; eng; U19 AI142596/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; England; Nature. 2021 May 10. pii: 10.1038/s41586-021-03594-0. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03594-0. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Immunization of rhesus macaques with SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain protein elicited neutralizing antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 that also neutralized SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.1.7, P.1, and B.1.351; SARS-CoV-1; and bat coronaviruses. SN - 1476-4687 (Electronic); 0028-0836 (Linking) SP - 553-559 ST - Neutralizing antibody vaccine for pandemic and pre-emergent coronaviruses T2 - Nature TI - Neutralizing antibody vaccine for pandemic and pre-emergent coronaviruses UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33971664 VL - 594 ID - 1772 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: Florida’s diverse population composition includes persons from throughout Latin America and the Caribbean. This facilitated an insightful examination of disparities in 2020 Florida COVID-19 deaths not only among racial/ethnic populations in the aggregate (non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic) but also at the level of country/region of origin. | Methods: Age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) for 2020 Florida COVID-19 deaths were calculated by race, ethnicity, and country/region of origin along with mean age at death, mean number of comorbidities, and percentage of decedents who had not completed secondary education. Regression-derived mortality rate ratios (MRRs) compared death rates for each racial/ethnic/country-of-origin population to non-Hispanic whites. | Findings: The overall AAMR (per 100,000) for 18,342 Florida COVID-19 deaths in 2020 was 55.4, with a much lower AAMR for non-Hispanic Whites (39.3) than for Hispanics (86.8) or Blacks (107.6). Marked differences in AAMRs were observed for specific Black and Hispanic ethnic groups from varied countries/regions of origin. COVID-19 decedents from Mexico and Central America had the highest AAMRs (170.7 and 168.8 per 100,000, respectively), lowest age at death, lowest educational level, and fewest comorbidities. Mean comorbidities were highest for Blacks (all origins) and Cuban Hispanics. | Interpretation: Florida Blacks and Hispanics experienced disproportionately high COVID-19 mortality rates throughout 2020, with notable variability based on country/region of origin. Inequities were particularly pronounced for Hispanic populations from Mexico and Central America. To better understand these heterogeneous COVID-19 mortality trends, more nuanced racial-ethnic analyses and detailed data on social determinants of health are needed. | Funding Information: Supplemental funding was provided by the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center at University of Miami Miller School of Medicine. Research reported in this publication was also supported by the National Cancer Institute of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number P30CA240139. AU - Pinheiro, Paulo S. | Medina, Heidy N. | Espinel, Zelde | Kobetz, Erin N. | Shultz, James Michael C1 - 2021-07-30 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07302021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.2139/ssrn.3887476 L1 - internal-pdf://3408171579/SSRN-id3887476.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Age-adjusted mortality ratios (AAMR, per 100,000) for Floridians in 2020 (n = 18,342) were lower for Whites (39.3) than for Hispanics (86.8) or Blacks (107.6). There were, however, differences among Black and Hispanic ethnic identities. Mexican and Central American decedents had the highest AAMR (170.7 and 168.8) and lowest age at death, but fewest comorbidities. Compared to young non-Hispanic Whites, Mexicans and Central Americans <50 years had much higher MRRs of 8.0 [95% CI 5.9-10.5] and 7.1 [95% CI 5.3-9.6]. SN - 1556-5068 ST - New Insights Into the Burden of COVID-19 Mortality for U.S. Hispanics and Blacks �?When Examined by Country/Region of Origin T2 - SSRN TI - New Insights Into the Burden of COVID-19 Mortality for U.S. Hispanics and Blacks �?When Examined by Country/Region of Origin UR - https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3887476 ID - 2182 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVE: To investigate new-onset neurologic impairments associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS: A retrospective multicenter cohort study was conducted between January 18 and March 20, 2020, including people with confirmed COVID-19 from 56 hospitals officially designated in 3 Chinese regions; data were extracted from medical records. New-onset neurologic events as assessed by neurology consultants based on manifestations, clinical examination, and investigations were noted, in which critical events included disorders of consciousness, stroke, CNS infection, seizures, and status epilepticus. RESULTS: We enrolled 917 people with average age 48.7 years and 55% were male. The frequency of new-onset critical neurologic events was 3.5% (32/917) overall and 9.4% (30/319) among those with severe or critical COVID-19. These were impaired consciousness (n = 25) or stroke (n = 10). The risk of critical neurologic events was highly associated with age above 60 years and previous history of neurologic conditions. Noncritical events were seen in fewer than 1% (7/917), including muscle cramp, unexplained headache, occipital neuralgia, tic, and tremor. Brain CT in 28 people led to new findings in 9. Findings from lumbar puncture in 3 with suspected CNS infection, unexplained headache, or severe occipital neuralgia were unremarkable. CONCLUSIONS: People with COVID-19 aged over 60 and with neurologic comorbidities were at higher risk of developing critical neurologic impairment, mainly impaired consciousness and cerebrovascular accidents. Brain CT should be considered when new-onset brain injury is suspected, especially in people under sedation or showing an unexplained decline in consciousness. Evidence of direct acute insult of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 to the CNS is lacking. AD - From the Departments of Neurology (W.X., J.M., J.G., L.L., H.G., Y.Z., M.L., S.S., H.Z., L.C., L.H., D.Z.), Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine (D.L., G.W., W.L.), and Medical Affairs (N.L.), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery (J. Luo), Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Department of Neurology (J. Liu, D.Y., S.C.), Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing; NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre (J.W.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (J.W.S.), Chalfont St Peter, UK; and Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN) (J.W.S.), Heemstede, Netherlands. | From the Departments of Neurology (W.X., J.M., J.G., L.L., H.G., Y.Z., M.L., S.S., H.Z., L.C., L.H., D.Z.), Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine (D.L., G.W., W.L.), and Medical Affairs (N.L.), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery (J. Luo), Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University; Department of Neurology (J. Liu, D.Y., S.C.), Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing; NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre (J.W.S.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy (J.W.S.), Chalfont St Peter, UK; and Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN) (J.W.S.), Heemstede, Netherlands. zhoudong66@yahoo.de. AN - 32554771 AU - Xiong, W. | Mu, J. | Guo, J. | Lu, L. | Liu, D. | Luo, J. | Li, N. | Liu, J. | Yang, D. | Gao, H. | Zhang, Y. | Lin, M. | Shen, S. | Zhang, H. | Chen, L. | Wang, G. | Luo, F. | Li, W. | Chen, S. | He, L. | Sander, J. W. | Zhou, D. C1 - 2020-06-30 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/063020_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 15 DO - 10.1212/WNL.0000000000010034 ET - 2020/06/20 IS - 11 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Central Nervous System Diseases/epidemiology/*virology | Child | Child, Preschool | China/epidemiology | Cohort Studies | Coronavirus Infections/*complications | Female | Humans | Infant | Infant, Newborn | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications | Retrospective Studies | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://0865041411/Xiong-2020-New onset neurologic events in peop.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Xiong, Weixi; Mu, Jie; Guo, Jian; Lu, Lu; Liu, Dan; Luo, Jianfei; Li, Nian; Liu, Jing; Yang, Dan; Gao, Hui; Zhang, Yingying; Lin, Mintao; Shen, Sisi; Zhang, Hesheng; Chen, Lei; Wang, Gang; Luo, Fengming; Li, Weimin; Chen, Shengli; He, Li; Sander, Josemir W; Zhou, Dong; eng; Multicenter Study; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Neurology. 2020 Sep 15;95(11):e1479-e1487. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000010034. Epub 2020 Jun 17. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among 917 hospitalized COVID-19 patients, 32 (3.5%) developed serious neurologic conditions (impaired consciousness=22; stroke=7; both=3). | 30 (9.4%) of 319 patients with severe-critical COVID-19 developed these neurologic conditions. | SARS-CoV-2 not found in CSF of 3 who underwent lumbar puncture. | Patients age > 60 years were more likely than younger patients to develop new neurologic conditions. | Methods: Assessment of serious neurologic events among COVID-19 patients from 56 hospitals, Sichuan, Wuhan, and Chongqing, China, between January 18 to March 20, 2020. Limitations: Few children included; some patients still hospitalized at end of study, possibly under-estimating neurologic event incidence. | Implications: Patients with severe COVID-19, especially those age >60 years, may be at high risk of stroke and/or impaired consciousness. SN - 1526-632X (Electronic); 0028-3878 (Linking) SP - e1479-e1487 ST - New onset neurologic events in people with COVID-19 in 3 regions in China T2 - Neurology TI - New onset neurologic events in people with COVID-19 in 3 regions in China UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32554771 VL - 95 ID - 466 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 32386582 AU - Cousins, S. C1 - 2020-05-19 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051920_covidupdate.html DA - May 9 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31097-7 ET - 2020/05/11 IS - 10235 KW - Covid-19 | Communication | *Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/prevention & control | *Health Policy | Humans | Incidence | *Infection Control | *Leadership | Mortality/trends | New Zealand/epidemiology | *Pandemics/prevention & control | *Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/prevention & control | Public Opinion | Trust L1 - internal-pdf://1282444190/1-s2.0-S0140673620310977-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Cousins, Sophie; eng; England; Lancet. 2020 May 9;395(10235):1474. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31097-7. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: New Zealand recorded its first day of no new cases of COVID-19. This progress has been attributed to its early strict national lockdown. SE - 1474 SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 1474 ST - New Zealand eliminates COVID-19 T2 - Lancet TI - New Zealand eliminates COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32386582 VL - 395 Y2 - 2021/05/12 ID - 210 ER - TY - JOUR AD - King's College London, London, United Kingdom francesco.rubino@kcl.ac.uk. | Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. | Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom. | Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany. | University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO. | Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy. | Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore. | University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy. | Peking University, Beijing, China. | King's Health Partners, London, United Kingdom. | University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. | University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom. | University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Cameroon. | University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France. AN - 32530585 AU - Rubino, F. | Amiel, S. A. | Zimmet, P. | Alberti, G. | Bornstein, S. | Eckel, R. H. | Mingrone, G. | Boehm, B. | Cooper, M. E. | Chai, Z. | Del Prato, S. | Ji, L. | Hopkins, D. | Herman, W. H. | Khunti, K. | Mbanya, J. C. | Renard, E. C1 - 2020-06-23 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/062320_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 20 DO - 10.1056/NEJMc2018688 ET - 2020/06/13 IS - 8 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus Infections/complications/metabolism | *Diabetes Complications/metabolism | Diabetes Mellitus/*etiology | Global Health | Glucose/metabolism | Humans | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral/complications/metabolism | *Registries | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://0089820802/Rubino-2020-New-Onset Diabetes in Covid-19.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Variants | N1 - Rubino, Francesco; Amiel, Stephanie A; Zimmet, Paul; Alberti, George; Bornstein, Stefan; Eckel, Robert H; Mingrone, Geltrude; Boehm, Bernhard; Cooper, Mark E; Chai, Zhonglin; Del Prato, Stefano; Ji, Linong; Hopkins, David; Herman, William H; Khunti, Kamlesh; Mbanya, Jean-Claude; Renard, Eric; eng; Letter; N Engl J Med. 2020 Aug 20;383(8):789-790. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2018688. Epub 2020 Jun 12. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Explores the interactions of COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus and describes a global registry to track epidemiologic features and pathogenesis of new-onset diabetes with COVID-19. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 789-790 ST - New-Onset Diabetes in Covid-19 T2 - N Engl J Med TI - New-Onset Diabetes in Covid-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32530585 VL - 383 ID - 411 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A new study has begun recruiting at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, to determine how many adults in the United States without a confirmed history of infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), have antibodies to the virus. The presence of antibodies in the blood indicates a prior infection. In this “serosurvey,�?researchers will collect and analyze blood samples from as many as 10,000 volunteers to provide critical data for epidemiological models. The results will help illuminate the extent to which the novel coronavirus has spread undetected in the United States and provide insights into which communities and populations are most affected. | The study will be conducted by researchers at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), with additional support from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) and the National Cancer Institute (NCI), all parts of NIH. | “This study will give us a clearer picture of the true magnitude of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States by telling us how many people in different communities have been infected without knowing it, because they had a very mild, undocumented illness or did not access testing while they were sick,�?said Anthony S. Fauci, M.D., NIAID director. “These crucial data will help us measure the impact of our public health efforts now and guide our COVID-19 response moving forward.�? | Investigators will test participants�?blood samples for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies(link is external) , proteins the immune system produces to fight a specific infectious agent. A positive test result indicates previous infection. To date, reporting of U.S. cases of COVID-19(link is external) has mostly relied on molecular tests that determine the presence of the virus in a person’s airways using a noninvasive cotton swab. While these cotton swab-based tests rapidly and effectively identify active infection, they do not determine whether a person was previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 and recovered. | “An antibody test is looking back into the immune system’s history with a rearview mirror,�?said Matthew J. Memoli, M.D., M.S., principal investigator of the study and director of NIAID’s Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Clinical Studies Unit. “By analyzing an individual’s blood, we can determine if that person has encountered SARS-CoV-2 previously.�? | Investigators will analyze blood samples for two types of antibodies, anti-SARS-CoV-2 S protein IgG and IgM, using an ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) developed by researchers at NIAID and NIBIB. In blood samples found to contain antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, researchers may perform additional tests to evaluate the volunteers�?immune responses to the virus. These data may provide insight as to why these cases were less severe than those that lead to hospitalization. | Image of a researcher; Kaitlyn Sadtler, Ph.D., study lead and principal investigator for laboratory testing, holds up a microsampling device from the home blood collection kit used in the study.NIBIB; Healthy volunteers over the age of 18 from anywhere in the United States can participate and will be asked to consent to enrollment over the telephone. Individuals with a confirmed history of COVID-19 or current symptoms consistent with COVID-19 are not eligible to participate. | After enrollment, study participants will attend a virtual clinic visit, complete a health assessment questionnaire and provide basic demographic information—including race, ethnicity, sex, age and occupation—before submitting samples in one of two ways. Participants working at the NIH Bethesda campus will have blood drawn at the NIH Clinical Center. Other volunteers will participate in at-home blood sampling. Neoteryx, a medical device firm based in Torrance, California, will supply at-home blood collection kits. Researchers will ship each study participant a Mitra�]Home Blood Collection Kit and provide detailed instructions on collecting a microsample of blood and mailing it back for future analysis in the laboratory. | “Researchers have considerable experience using these at-home blood collection kits to track the spread of other infectious diseases like influenza, and this method is safe, effective and easy-to-use,�?said Kaitlyn Sadtler, Ph.D., study lead for laboratory testing and chief of NIBIB’s Section for Immunoengineering. “With a small finger-pick, volunteers can help scientists fight COVID-19 from their homes.�? | People interested in joining this study should contact clinicalstudiesunit@nih.gov(link sends e-mail). For more information on the COVID-19 Pandemic Serum Sampling Study Launch, see the Questions and Answers. For more information on this study, please visit ClinicalTrials.gov using identifier NCT04334954. For more information on the U.S. government response to the COVID-19 pandemic, visit www.coronavirus.gov(link is external). | ; NIAID conducts and supports research �?at NIH, throughout the United States, and worldwide �?to study the causes of infectious and immune-mediated diseases, and to develop better means of preventing, diagnosing and treating these illnesses. News releases, fact sheets and other NIAID-related materials are available on the NIAID website. AU - National Institutes of Health C1 - 2020-04-14 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/041420_covidupdate.html LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Anyone can volunteer to be screened for participation and collect their own microsample of blood at home to send in. ST - NIH begins study to quantify undetected cases of coronavirus infection T2 - National Institutes of Health Press Release TI - NIH begins study to quantify undetected cases of coronavirus infection UR - https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-begins-study-quantify-undetected-cases-coronavirus-infection ID - 41 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Hospitalized patients with advanced COVID-19 and lung involvement who received remdesivir recovered faster than similar patients who received placebo, according to a preliminary data analysis from a randomized, controlled trial involving 1063 patients, which began on February 21. The trial (known as the Adaptive COVID-19 Treatment Trial, or ACTT), sponsored by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health, is the first clinical trial launched in the United States to evaluate an experimental treatment for COVID-19. | ; An independent data and safety monitoring board (DSMB) overseeing the trial met on April 27 to review data and shared their interim analysis with the study team. Based upon their review of the data, they noted that remdesivir was better than placebo from the perspective of the primary endpoint, time to recovery, a metric often used in influenza trials. Recovery in this study was defined as being well enough for hospital discharge or returning to normal activity level. | ; Preliminary results indicate that patients who received remdesivir had a 31% faster time to recovery than those who received placebo (p<0.001). Specifically, the median time to recovery was 11 days for patients treated with remdesivir compared with 15 days for those who received placebo. Results also suggested a survival benefit, with a mortality rate of 8.0% for the group receiving remdesivir versus 11.6% for the placebo group (p=0.059). | More detailed information about the trial results, including more comprehensive data, will be available in a forthcoming report. As part of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s commitment to expediting the development and availability of potential COVID-19 treatments, the agency has been engaged in sustained and ongoing discussions with Gilead Sciences regarding making remdesivir available to patients as quickly as possible, as appropriate. The trial closed to new enrollments on April 19. NIAID will also provide an update on the plans for the ACTT trial moving forward. This trial was an adaptive trial designed to incorporate additional investigative treatments. | ; The first trial participant in the ACTT trial was an American who was repatriated after being quarantined on the Diamond Princess cruise ship that docked in Yokohama, Japan, and volunteered to participate in the study at the first study site, the University of Nebraska Medical Center/Nebraska Medicine, in February 2020. A total of 68 sites ultimately joined the study�?7 in the United States and 21 in countries in Europe and Asia. | ; Remdesivir, developed by Gilead Sciences Inc., is an investigational broad-spectrum antiviral treatment administered via daily infusion for 10 days. It has shown promise in animal models for treating SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19) infection and has been examined in various clinical trials. AU - National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases C1 - 2020-05-08 C2 - Remdesivir CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050820_covidupdate.html LA - en PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: According to a recent news release, preliminary data from a larger clinical trial, the Adaptive COVID-19 Treatment Trialexternal icon, demonstrated that recovery times among 1,063 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with mostly severe disease were 31% shorter (11 days vs 15 days; p <0.001). Mortality was lower among those who received remdesivir than those who did not (8.0% vs 11.6%), but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.059). ST - NIH Clinical Trial Shows Remdesivir Accelerates Recovery from Advanced COVID-19 T2 - News Release TI - NIH Clinical Trial Shows Remdesivir Accelerates Recovery from Advanced COVID-19 UR - https://www.niaid.nih.gov/news-events/nih-clinical-trial-shows-remdesivir-accelerates-recovery-advanced-covid-19 ID - 152 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Kathy Leung and Joseph T. Wu are with the World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China. Kuang Xu and Lawrence M. Wein are with the Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. AN - 32552029 AU - Leung, K. | Wu, J. T. | Xu, K. | Wein, L. M. C1 - 2020-06-30 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/063020_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.2105/AJPH.2020.305770 ET - 2020/06/20 IS - 8 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/transmission | Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data | Humans | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/transmission | *Politics | SARS-CoV-2 | Wisconsin/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://1675079918/Leung-2020-No Detectable Surge in SARS-CoV-2 T.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Leung, Kathy; Wu, Joseph T; Xu, Kuang; Wein, Lawrence M; eng; Editorial; Am J Public Health. 2020 Aug;110(8):1169-1170. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2020.305770. Epub 2020 Jun 18. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Analyzes data from voting in Wisconsin on April 7 and concludes that it was a low risk activity. SN - 1541-0048 (Electronic); 0090-0036 (Linking) SP - 1169-1170 ST - No Detectable Surge in SARS-CoV-2 Transmission Attributable to the April 7, 2020 Wisconsin Election T2 - Am J Public Health TI - No Detectable Surge in SARS-CoV-2 Transmission Attributable to the April 7, 2020 Wisconsin Election UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32552029 VL - 110 ID - 458 ER - TY - JOUR AB - COVID-19 is caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which jumped into the human population in late 2019 from a currently uncharacterised animal reservoir. Due to this recent association with humans, SARS-CoV-2 may not yet be fully adapted to its human host. This has led to speculations that SARS-CoV-2 may be evolving towards higher transmissibility. The most plausible mutations under putative natural selection are those which have emerged repeatedly and independently (homoplasies). Here, we formally test whether any homoplasies observed in SARS-CoV-2 to date are significantly associated with increased viral transmission. To do so, we develop a phylogenetic index to quantify the relative number of descendants in sister clades with and without a specific allele. We apply this index to a curated set of recurrent mutations identified within a dataset of 46,723 SARS-CoV-2 genomes isolated from patients worldwide. We do not identify a single recurrent mutation in this set convincingly associated with increased viral transmission. Instead, recurrent mutations currently in circulation appear to be evolutionary neutral and primarily induced by the human immune system via RNA editing, rather than being signatures of adaptation. At this stage we find no evidence for significantly more transmissible lineages of SARS-CoV-2 due to recurrent mutations. AD - UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK. lucy.dorp.12@ucl.ac.uk. | Cirad, UMR PVBMT, F-97410 St Pierre, Reunion, France. | Universite de la Reunion, UMR PVBMT, F-97490 St Denis, Reunion, France. | UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK. | Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK. | UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK. f.balloux@ucl.ac.uk. AN - 33239633 AU - van Dorp, L. | Richard, D. | Tan, C. C. S. | Shaw, L. P. | Acman, M. | Balloux, F. C1 - 2020-12-15 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/121520_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 25 DO - 10.1038/s41467-020-19818-2 ET - 2020/11/27 IS - 1 KW - Alleles | Animals | COVID-19/epidemiology/*transmission/virology | *Genetic Fitness | Genome, Viral/genetics | Host-Pathogen Interactions/*genetics | Humans | *Mutation Rate | Pandemics | Phylogeny | RNA Editing | RNA, Viral/genetics | SARS-CoV-2/*genetics/pathogenicity | Species Specificity L1 - internal-pdf://3011980551/van Dorp-2020-No evidence for increased transm.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - van Dorp, Lucy; Richard, Damien; Tan, Cedric C S; Shaw, Liam P; Acman, Mislav; Balloux, Francois; eng; MR/P007597/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; BB/R01356X/1/BB_/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom; DH_/Department of Health/United Kingdom; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Nat Commun. 2020 Nov 25;11(1):5986. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19818-2. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 185 mutations were identified that arose independently in multiple genomes. | None of these mutations was associated with an increase or decrease in virus transmissibility based on their representation in descendants of the original virus isolated from Wuhan. | The common D614G mutation did not associate with increased transmission (p = 0.28). | Methods: Phylogenetic analysis of recurrent and independent mutations in 46,723 SARS-CoV-2 genomes from 99 countries through September 21, 2020, was used to estimate the relative number of descendants in related clades with and without a specific mutation. A mutation found in many descendant genomes is presumed to not have changed in transmissibility of the virus. Limitations: Limited power to detect a statistically significant association with transmissibility; did not examine the additive effect of combined second mutations on transmissibility, virus transmissibility derived from genetic rather than biological analysis. | Combined implications for two summaries (Volz et al. & Van Dorp et al.): These two papers take different approaches to evaluating increased fitness of the 614G vs 614D variants of SARS-CoV-2 and come to different conclusions. Volz et al. shows that COVID-19 patients with the 614G variant did not have higher mortality than patients with the 614D variant. The question of increased transmissibility of 614G is therefore important to understand how this now-dominant variant impacted the overall number of cases and deaths due to COVID-19 in this pandemic. SN - 2041-1723 (Electronic); 2041-1723 (Linking) SP - 5986 ST - No evidence for increased transmissibility from recurrent mutations in SARS-CoV-2 T2 - Nat Commun TI - No evidence for increased transmissibility from recurrent mutations in SARS-CoV-2 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33239633 VL - 11 ID - 1333 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: SARS-CoV-2 infections of infants and toddlers are usually mild but can result in life-threatening disease. SARS-CoV-2 RNA been detected in the breast milk of lactating women, but the potential role of breastfeeding in transmission to infants has remained uncertain. Methods: Breast milk specimens were examined for the presence of the virus by RT-PCR and/or culture. Specimens that contained viral RNA (vRNA) were examined for the presence of subgenomic coronavirus RNA (sgRNA), a putative marker of infectivity. Culture methods were used to determine the thermal stability of SARS-CoV-2 in human milk. Results: Breast milk samples from 110 women (65 confirmed with a SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic test, 36 with symptoms but without tests, and 9 with symptoms but a negative SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic test) were tested by RT-PCR (285 samples) and/or viral culture (160 samples). Although vRNA of SARS-CoV-2 was detected in the milk of 7 of 110 (6%) women with either a confirmed infection or symptomatic illness, and in 6 of 65 (9%) of women with a positive SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic test, virus was not detected in any culture. None of the 7 milk specimens with detectable vRNA contained sgRNA. Notably, when artificially added to human milk in control experiments, infectious SARS-CoV-2 could be cultured despite several freeze-thaw cycles, as occurs in the storage and usage of human milk. Conclusions: SARS-CoV-2 RNA can be found infrequently in the breastmilk of women with recent infection, but we found no evidence that breastmilk contains infectious virus or that breastfeeding represents a risk factor for transmission of infection to infants. Key Points: Question: SARS-CoV-2 RNA has been detected in a small number of human milk samples collected from recently infected women. The role of breastfeeding in transmission of the virus to infants has remained uncertain due to the small number of specimens analyzed in any study published thus far.Findings: In a total study group of 110 women, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in milk from 6 of 65 women (9.2%) with recent confirmed infection. Neither infectious virus nor subgenomic RNA (a marker of virus infectivity) were detected in any of the samples.Meaning: We found no evidence that infectious SARS-CoV-2 is present milk from recently infected women, even if SARS-CoV-2 PCR tests are positive, providing reassurance of the safety of breastfeeding. AN - 33851178 AU - Krogstad, P. | Contreras, D. | Ng, H. | Tobin, N. | Chambers, C. D. | Bertrand, K. | Bode, L. | Aldrovandi, G. C1 - 2021-04-16 C2 - SARS CoV-2 Vitus and Antibodies in Breast Milk CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04162021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 7 DO - 10.1101/2021.04.05.21254897 ET - 2021/04/15 L1 - internal-pdf://1927932387/Krogstad-2021-No Evidence of Infectious SARS-C.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Krogstad, Paul; Contreras, Deisy; Ng, Hwee; Tobin, Nicole; Chambers, Christina D; Bertrand, Kerri; Bode, Lars; Aldrovandi, Grace; eng; Preprint; medRxiv. 2021 Apr 7. doi: 10.1101/2021.04.05.21254897. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: The breast milk of 110 women recently infected with COVID-19 infrequently contained SARS-CoV-2 RNA (6%), with no evidence of infectious virus, suggesting that breastfeeding is unlikely to cause infection in infants. SP - 2021.04.05.21254897 ST - No Evidence of Infectious SARS-CoV-2 in Human Milk: Analysis of a Cohort of 110 Lactating Women T2 - medRxiv TI - No Evidence of Infectious SARS-CoV-2 in Human Milk: Analysis of a Cohort of 110 Lactating Women UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33851178 ID - 1667 ER - TY - JOUR AB - As many countries begin to lift some of the restrictions to contain COVID-19 spread, lack of evidence of transmission in the school setting remains. We examined Irish notifications of SARS-CoV2 in the school setting before school closures on 12 March 2020 and identified no paediatric transmission. This adds to current evidence that children do not appear to be drivers of transmission, and we argue that reopening schools should be considered safe accompanied by certain measures. AD - These authors contributed equally to this article and share first authorship. | Public Health Medicine, Health Service Executive, Dublin, Ireland. AN - 32489179 AU - Heavey, L. | Casey, G. | Kelly, C. | Kelly, D. | McDarby, G. C1 - 2020-06-05 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060520_covidupdate.html DA - May DO - 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.21.2000903 ET - 2020/06/04 IS - 21 KW - Adolescent | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Child | *Coronavirus | *Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/epidemiology/transmission | Humans | Ireland | Pandemics/*prevention & control | *Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology | SARS-CoV-2 | Schools | *covid-19 | *SARS-Cov2 | *paediatric | *school | *transmission L1 - internal-pdf://1475909509/Heavey-2020-No evidence of secondary transmiss.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Heavey, Laura; Casey, Geraldine; Kelly, Ciara; Kelly, David; McDarby, Geraldine; eng; Sweden; Euro Surveill. 2020 May;25(21). doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.21.2000903. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 6 COVID-19 cases, 3 students aged 10-15 years and 3 teachers were identified; epidemiological data indicated that cases were infected outside of school (e.g., household outbreak or travel). | Within the school setting, 924 child contacts and 101 adult contacts of cases were identified; none of these contacts were diagnosed with COVID-19. | Methods: Study to trace school contacts of COVID-19 cases diagnosed in March 2020 in Ireland. Cases were identified through a national infectious disease surveillance system. All traced contacts who developed symptoms consistent with COVID-19 were referred for testing. Limitations: Small number of cases; incomplete contact tracing since only symptomatic contacts were tested. | Implications: All 6 cases were infected outside the school setting. No secondary transmission was observed in the school. This study suggests that schools may not be a high-risk setting for COVID-19 transmission. SN - 1560-7917 (Electronic); 1025-496X (Linking) SP - 2000903 ST - No evidence of secondary transmission of COVID-19 from children attending school in Ireland, 2020 T2 - Euro Surveill TI - No evidence of secondary transmission of COVID-19 from children attending school in Ireland, 2020 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32489179 VL - 25 ID - 331 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVE: To describe detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus 2 (CoV-2) in seminal fluid of patients recovering from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and to describe the expression profile of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and Transmembrane Serine Protease 2 (TMPRSS2) within the testicle. DESIGN: Observational, cross-sectional study. SETTING: Tertiary referral center. PATIENT(S): Thirty-four adult Chinese males diagnosed with COVID-19 through confirmatory quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) from pharyngeal swab samples. INTERVENTION(S): None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Identification of SARS-CoV-2 on qRT-PCR of single ejaculated semen samples. Semen quality was not assessed. Expression patterns of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in the human testis are explored through previously published single-cell transcriptome datasets. RESULT(S): Six patients (19%) demonstrated scrotal discomfort suggestive of viral orchitis around the time of COVID-19 confirmation. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2 was not detected in semen after a median of 31 days (interquartile range, 29-36 days) from COVID-19 diagnosis. Single-cell transcriptome analysis demonstrates sparse expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2, with almost no overlapping gene expression. CONCLUSION(S): Severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2 was not detected in the semen of patients recovering from COVID-19 1 month after COVID-19 diagnosis. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-mediated viral entry of SARS-CoV-2 into target host cells is unlikely to occur within the human testicle based on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression. The long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 on male reproductive function remain unknown. AD - Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China. | Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah; Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah. | Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. | Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah. | Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah. | Department of Urology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York. | Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; Wuhan Tongji Reproductive Medicine Hospital, Wuhan, People's Republic of China. | Center for Male Reproductive Medicine and Microsurgery, Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine of Cornell University, New York, New York. | Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah. Electronic address: jim.hotaling@hsc.utah.edu. AN - 32482249 AU - Pan, F. | Xiao, X. | Guo, J. | Song, Y. | Li, H. | Patel, D. P. | Spivak, A. M. | Alukal, J. P. | Zhang, X. | Xiong, C. | Li, P. S. | Hotaling, J. M. C1 - 2020-04-28 C2 - Modeling and Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/042820_covidupdate.html DA - Jun DO - 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.04.024 ET - 2020/06/03 IS - 6 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 | Betacoronavirus/genetics/*isolation & purification | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Clinical Laboratory Techniques | Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/enzymology/genetics/*virology | Cross-Sectional Studies | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/genetics | Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis/enzymology/genetics/*virology | RNA-Seq | Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction | SARS-CoV-2 | Semen/*virology | Serine Endopeptidases/genetics | Testis/enzymology/virology | Time Factors | Transcriptome | Virus Internalization | Young Adult | *covid-19 | *angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 | *coronavirus | *infertility | *male | *semen L1 - internal-pdf://2674940034/Pan-2020-No evidence of severe acute respirato.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Pan, Feng; Xiao, Xingyuan; Guo, Jingtao; Song, Yarong; Li, Honggang; Patel, Darshan P; Spivak, Adam M; Alukal, Joseph P; Zhang, Xiaoping; Xiong, Chengliang; Li, Philip S; Hotaling, James M; eng; Observational Study; Fertil Steril. 2020 Jun;113(6):1135-1139. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.04.024. Epub 2020 Apr 17. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; SARS-CoV-2 RNA was not detected in semen from 34 men who recovered from COVID-19, of whom 6 reported scrotal discomfort at the time of diagnosis. | Low expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptors (ACE2 and TMPRSS2) in testicular cells. | Methods: Observational, cross-sectional study; 34 adult men in Wuhan with confirmed COVID-19 provided one ejaculated semen sample (median time since diagnosis: 31 days; IQR: 29-36 days). RNA gene expression levels of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 examined from prior dataset of testicular cells from young, healthy adults. Limitations: Selection bias, participants had mostly mild COVID-19 symptoms; most samples collected >14 days after diagnosis (i.e., no data provided on viral shedding during illness). | Implications: Men who have recovered are unlikely to transmit SARS-CoV-2 via semen. SN - 1556-5653 (Electronic); 0015-0282 (Linking) SP - 1135-1139 ST - No evidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 in semen of males recovering from coronavirus disease 2019 T2 - Fertil Steril TI - No evidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 in semen of males recovering from coronavirus disease 2019 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32482249 VL - 113 ID - 89 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Kinesiology and Health Science (KHS), Utah State University, 7000 Old Mail Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA. debasree.dasgupta@usu.edu. | Department of Geography and Geoinformation Science, George Mason University, 4400 University Dr, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA. AN - 32602042 AU - Das Gupta, D. | Wong, D. W. S. C1 - 2020-07-10 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071020_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.17269/s41997-020-00370-x ET - 2020/07/01 IS - 4 L1 - internal-pdf://2899222791/Das Gupta-2020-No more _social distancing_ but.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | N1 - Das Gupta, Debasree; Wong, David W S; eng; Letter; Switzerland; Can J Public Health. 2020 Aug;111(4):488-489. doi: 10.17269/s41997-020-00370-x. Epub 2020 Jun 29. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Discussion of why the term social distancing is ambiguous and confusing for public health messaging. SN - 1920-7476 (Electronic); 0008-4263 (Linking) SP - 488-489 ST - No more "social distancing" but practice physical separation T2 - Can J Public Health TI - No more "social distancing" but practice physical separation UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32602042 VL - 111 ID - 500 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Yu, Nan | Li, Wei | Kang, Qingling | Zeng, Wanjiang | Feng, Ling | Wu, Jianli C1 - 2020-04-24 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/042420_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30320-0 IS - 12 L1 - internal-pdf://3293920788/Yu-2020-No SARS-CoV-2 detected in amniotic flu.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In two women recovered from COVID-19 during the first trimester of pregnancy who developed positive SARS-CoV-2 serologies, amniotic fluid from amniocenteses during the second trimester was negative for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR and negative for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG. | Methods: Retrospective review of clinical records and laboratory results. Amniotic fluid samples and sera tested for IgM and IgG by serologic tests. Amniotic fluid and throat swabs also tested by RT-PCR. Limitations: Small sample size; lack of cord blood; SARS-CoV-2 may be transient in amniotic fluid; birth outcomes not presently available. | Implications: Two case reports showed no evidence of intrauterine SARS-CoV-2 transmission (ultimate birth outcomes are pending currently). SE - 1364 SN - 14733099 SP - 1364 ST - No SARS-CoV-2 detected in amniotic fluid in mid-pregnancy T2 - Lancet Infect Dis TI - No SARS-CoV-2 detected in amniotic fluid in mid-pregnancy UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30320-0 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7176395/pdf/main.pdf VL - 20 Y2 - 2021/05/12 ID - 87 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The 2020 SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is caused by a zoonotic coronavirus transmitted to humans, similar to earlier events. Whether the other, seasonally circulating coronaviruses induce cross-reactive, potentially even cross-neutralizing, antibodies to the new species in humans is unclear. The question is particularly relevant for people with immune deficiencies, as their health depends on treatment with immunoglobulin preparations that need to contain neutralizing antibodies against the pathogens in their environment. Testing 54 intravenous immunoglobulin preparations, produced from plasma collected in Europe and the United States, confirmed highly potent neutralization of a seasonal coronavirus; however, no cross-neutralization of the new SARS-CoV-2 was seen. AD - Global Pathogen Safety, Baxter AG (part of Takeda), Vienna, Austria. | BioLife, Baxter AG (part of Takeda), Vienna, Austria. AN - 32941626 AU - Schwaiger, J. | Karbiener, M. | Aberham, C. | Farcet, M. R. | Kreil, T. R. C1 - 2020-09-29 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/092920_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 13 DO - 10.1093/infdis/jiaa593 ET - 2020/09/18 IS - 12 KW - Antibodies, Neutralizing/*immunology | Antibodies, Viral/*immunology | COVID-19/virology | Cross Reactions | Europe | Humans | Immunoglobulins, Intravenous/*immunology | Neutralization Tests | Plasma/immunology | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology | United States | Covid-19 | SARS coronavirus 2 antibody titer | SARS-CoV-2 | intravenous immunoglobulin | neutralizing antibodies | plasma | primary immunodeficiency L1 - internal-pdf://2675576795/Schwaiger-2020-No SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization by.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Schwaiger, Julia; Karbiener, Michael; Aberham, Claudia; Farcet, Maria R; Kreil, Thomas R; eng; J Infect Dis. 2020 Nov 13;222(12):1960-1964. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa593. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among 54 pre-pandemic intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) products tested, all neutralized a seasonal human coronavirus (HCoV-229E), while SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) were not detected in any product (Figure). | Testing of post-pandemic plasma samples indicated that up to 1.17% of plasma donors were positive for SARS-CoV-2 NAbs. | Methods: 54 IVIG pools of plasma donations from plasmapheresis (source, S) or recovered from whole blood donations (recovered, R) prior to the circulation of SARS-CoV-2 in the US (n = 30) and central Europe (n = 24) were tested for NAbs to HcoV-229E and SARS-CoV-2. In addition, 560 plasma pools of six donations each from March to July 2020 in Austria were tested for NAbs. Limitations: No testing for binding antibodies which may have other functional properties. | Implications: The absence of cross-reactive antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 from pre-pandemic plasma shows that currently available IVIGs cannot afford protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Presence of convalescent NABs is necessary in plasma-derived immune products to be used as a potential treatment option for COVID-19. SN - 1537-6613 (Electronic); 0022-1899 (Linking) SP - 1960-1964 ST - No SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization by Intravenous Immunoglobulins Produced From Plasma Collected Before the 2020 Pandemic T2 - J Infect Dis TI - No SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization by Intravenous Immunoglobulins Produced From Plasma Collected Before the 2020 Pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32941626 VL - 222 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 970 ER - TY - JOUR AD - From the O'Neill Institute for National Global Health Law, Washington, DC (S.H.); and the Yale School of Public Health (A.H.) and the Yale Institute for Global Health (S.B.O.) - both in New Haven, CT. AN - 33113309 AU - Halabi, S. | Heinrich, A. | Omer, S. B. C1 - 2020-11-10 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/111020_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 3 DO - 10.1056/NEJMp2030600 ET - 2020/10/29 IS - 23 KW - COVID-19/*prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/*adverse effects | *Compensation and Redress | Humans | Liability, Legal | Pandemics | Vaccination/adverse effects L1 - internal-pdf://1132841470/Halabi-2020-No-Fault Compensation for Vaccine.pdf LA - en LB - Vaccines | N1 - Halabi, Sam; Heinrich, Andrew; Omer, Saad B; eng; N Engl J Med. 2020 Dec 3;383(23):e125. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2030600. Epub 2020 Oct 28. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Discusses options for compensating individuals adversely affected by COVID-19 vaccines by modifying various systems already in place by WHO and certain countries. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - e125 ST - No-Fault Compensation for Vaccine Injury - The Other Side of Equitable Access to Covid-19 Vaccines T2 - N Engl J Med TI - No-Fault Compensation for Vaccine Injury - The Other Side of Equitable Access to Covid-19 Vaccines UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33113309 VL - 383 ID - 1215 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BackgroundEarly in the pandemic it was suggested that pre-existing use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) could lead to increased disease severity in patients with COVID-19. NSAIDs are an important analgesic, particularly in those with rheumatological disease, and are widely available to the general public without prescription. Evidence from community studies, administrative data, and small studies of hospitalised patients suggest NSAIDs are not associated with poorer COVID-19 outcomes. We aimed to characterise the safety of NSAIDs and identify whether pre-existing NSAID use was associated with increased severity of COVID-19 disease. AU - Drake, Thomas M. | Fairfield, Cameron J. | Pius, Riinu | Knight, Stephen R. | Norman, Lisa | Girvan, Michelle | Hardwick, Hayley E. | Docherty, Annemarie B. | Thwaites, Ryan S. | Openshaw, Peter J. M. | Baillie, J. Kenneth | Harrison, Ewen M. | Semple, Malcolm G. | Baillie, J. Kenneth | Semple, Malcolm G. | Openshaw, Peter J. M. | Carson, Gail | Alex, Beatrice | Bach, Benjamin | Barclay, Wendy S. | Bogaert, Debby | Chand, Meera | Cooke, Graham S. | da Silva Filipe, Ana | de Silva, Thushan | Docherty, Annemarie B. | Dunning, Jake | Fletcher, Tom | Green, Christopher A. | Harrison, Ewen M. | Hiscox, Julian A. | Ho, Antonia Y. W. | Horby, Peter W. | Ijaz, Samreen | Khoo, Say | Klenerman, Paul | Law, Andrew | Lim, Wei Shen | Mentzer, Alexander J. | Merson, Laura | Meynert, Alison M. | Moore, Shona C. | Noursadeghi, Mahdad | Palmarini, Massimo | Paxton, William A. | Pollakis, Georgios | Price, Nicholas | Rambaut, Andrew | Robertson, David L. | Russell, Clark D. | Sancho-Shimizu, Vanessa | Scott, Janet T. | Sigfrid, Louise | Solomon, Tom | Sriskandan, Shiranee | Stuart, David | Summers, Charlotte | Tedder, Richard S. | Thompson, A. A. Roger | Thomson, Emma C. | Thwaites, Ryan S. | Turtle, Lance C. W. | Zambon, Maria | Donohue, Chloe | Griffiths, Fiona | Hardwick, Hayley | Lyons, Ruth | Oosthuyzen, Wilna | Drake, Thomas M. | Fairfield, Cameron J. | Knight, Stephen R. | McLean, Kenneth A. | Murphy, Derek | Norman, Lisa | Pius, Riinu | Shaw, Catherine A. | Connor, Marie | Dalton, Jo | Gamble, Carrol | Girvan, Michelle | Halpin, Sophie | Harrison, Janet | Jackson, Clare | Marsh, Laura | Roberts, Stephanie | Saviciute, Egle | Clohisey, Sara | Hendry, Ross | Law, Andrew | Leeming, Gary | Scott-Brown, James | Wham, Murray | Greenhalf, William | McDonald, Sara | Shaw, Victoria | Keating, Se֙n | Ahmed, Katie A. | Armstrong, Jane A. | Ashworth, Milton | Asiimwe, Innocent G. | Bakshi, Siddharth | Barlow, Samantha L. | Booth, Laura | Brennan, Benjamin | Bullock, Katie | Carlucci, Nicola | Cass, Emily | Catterall, Benjamin W. A. | Clark, Jordan J. | Clarke, Emily A. | Cole, Sarah | Cooper, Louise | Cox, Helen | Davis, Christopher | Dincarslan, Oslem | Doce Carracedo, Alejandra | Dunn, Chris | Dyer, Philip | Elliott, Angela | Evans, Anthony | Finch, Lorna | Fisher, Lewis W. S. | Flaherty, Lisa | Foster, Terry | Garcia-Dorival, Isabel | Greenhalf, William | Gunning, Philip | Hartley, Catherine | Holmes, Anthony | Jensen, Rebecca L. | Jones, Christopher B. | Jones, Trevor R. | Khandaker, Shadia | King, Katharine | Kiy, Robyn T. | Koukorava, Chrysa | Lake, Annette | Lant, Suzannah | Latawiec, Diane | Lavelle-Langham, Lara | Lefteri, Daniella | Lett, Lauren | Livoti, Lucia A. | Mancini, Maria | Massey, Hannah | Maziere, Nicole | McDonald, Sarah | McEvoy, Laurence | McLauchlan, John | Metelmann, Soeren | Miah, Nahida S. | Middleton, Joanna | Mitchell, Joyce | Moore, Shona C. | Murphy, Ellen G. | Penrice-Randal, Rebekah | Pilgrim, Jack | Prince, Tessa | Reynolds, Will | Ridley, P. Matthew | Sales, Debby | Shaw, Victoria E. | Shears, Rebecca K. | Small, Benjamin | Subramaniam, Krishanthi S. | Szemiel, Agnieska | Taggart, Aislynn | Tanianis-Hughes, Jolanta | Thomas, Jordan | Trochu, Erwan | van Tonder, Libby | Wilcock, Eve | Zhang, J. Eunice | MacLean, Alan | McCafferty, Sarah | Morrice, Kirstie | Murphy, Lee | Wrobel, Nicola | Adeniji, Kayode | Agranoff, Daniel | Agwuh, Ken | Ail, Dhiraj | Aldera, Erin L. | Alegria, Ana | Angus, Brian | Ashish, Abdul | Atkinson, Dougal | Bari, Shahedal | Barlow, Gavin | Barnass, Stella | Barrett, Nicholas | Bassford, Christopher | Basude, Sneha | Baxter, David | Beadsworth, Michael | Bernatoniene, Jolanta | Berridge, John | Best, Nicola | Bothma, Pieter | Brittain-Long, Robin | Bulteel, Naomi | Burden, Tom | Burtenshaw, Andrew | Caruth, Vikki | Chadwick, David | Chadwick, David | Chambler, Duncan | Chee, Nigel | Child, Jenny | Chukkambotla, Srikanth | Clark, Tom | Collini, Paul | Cosgrove, Catherine | Cupitt, Jason | Cutino-Moguel, Maria-Teresa | Dark, Paul | Dawson, Chris | Dervisevic, Samir | Donnison, Phil | Douthwaite, Sam | DuRand, Ingrid | Dushianthan, Ahilanadan | Dyer, Tristan | Evans, Cariad | Eziefula, Chi | Fegan, Chrisopher | Finn, Adam | Fullerton, Duncan | Garg, Sanjeev | Garg, Sanjeev | Garg, Atul | Gkrania-Klotsas, Effrossyni | Godden, Jo | Goldsmith, Arthur | Graham, Clive | Hardy, Elaine | Hartshorn, Stuart | Harvey, Daniel | Havalda, Peter | Hawcutt, Daniel B. | Hobrok, Maria | Hodgson, Luke | Hormis, Anil | Jacobs, Michael | Jain, Susan | Jennings, Paul | Kaliappan, Agilan | Kasipandian, Vidya | Kegg, Stephen | Kelsey, Michael | Kendall, Jason | Kerrison, Caroline | Kerslake, Ian | Koch, Oliver | Koduri, Gouri | Koshy, George | Laha, Shondipon | Laird, Steven | Larkin, Susan | Leiner, Tamas | Lillie, Patrick | Limb, James | Linnett, Vanessa | Little, Jeff | Lyttle, Mark | MacMahon, Michael | MacNaughton, Emily | Mankregod, Ravish | Masson, Huw | Matovu, Elijah | McCullough, Katherine | McEwen, Ruth | Meda, Manjula | Mills, Gary | Minton, Jane | Mirfenderesky, Mariyam | Mohandas, Kavya | Mok, Quen | Moon, James | Moore, Elinoor | Morgan, Patrick | Morris, Craig | Mortimore, Katherine | Moses, Samuel | Mpenge, Mbiye | Mulla, Rohinton | Murphy, Michael | Nagarajan, Thapas | Nagel, Megan | Nelson, Mark | O'Shea, Matthew K. | Ostermann, Marlies | Otahal, Igor | Pais, Mark | Panchatsharam, Selva | Papakonstantinou, Danai | Papineni, Padmasayee | Paraiso, Hassan | Patel, Brij | Pattison, Natalie | Pepperell, Justin | Peters, Mark | Phull, Mandeep | Pintus, Stefania | Post, Frank | Price, David | Prout, Rachel | Rae, Nikolas | Reschreiter, Henrik | Reynolds, Tim | Richardson, Neil | Roberts, Mark | Roberts, Devender | Rose, Alistair | Rousseau, Guy | Ryan, Brendan | Saluja, Taranprit | Sarah, Sarah | Shah, Aarti | Shankar-Hari, Manu | Shanmuga, Prad | Sharma, Anil | Shawcross, Anna | Singh Pooni, Jagtur | Sizer, Jeremy | Smith, Richard | Snelson, Catherine | Spittle, Nick | Staines, Nikki | Stambach, Tom | Stewart, Richard | Subudhi, Pradeep | Szakmany, Tamas | Tatham, Kate | Thomas, Jo | Thompson, Chris | Thompson, Robert | Tridente, Ascanio | Tupper-Carey, Darell | Twagira, Mary | Ustianowski, Andrew | Vallotton, Nick | Vincent-Smith, Lisa | Visuvanathan, Shico | Vuylsteke, Alan | Waddy, Sam | Wake, Rachel | Walden, Andrew | Welters, Ingeborg | Whitehouse, Tony | Whittaker, Paul | Whittington, Ashley | Wijesinghe, Meme | Williams, Martin | Wilson, Lawrence | Winchester, Stephen | Wiselka, Martin | Wolverson, Adam | Wooton, Daniel G. | Workman, Andrew | Yates, Bryan | Young, Peter C1 - 2021-05-21 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategy CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05212021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1016/s2665-9913(21)00104-1 IS - 7 L1 - internal-pdf://3925790440/1-s2.0-S2665991321001041-main.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In an adjusted propensity score matching analysis (n = 4,205 in each group) using patient data from 255 UK healthcare centers between January 17 and August 10, 2020, people taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs during the 2 weeks prior to admission did not have poorer in-hospital mortality (p = 0.35) or admission to critical care (p = 0.89). SE - e498 SN - 26659913 SP - e498-e506 ST - Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and outcomes of COVID-19 in the ISARIC Clinical Characterisation Protocol UK cohort: a matched, prospective cohort study T2 - Lancet Rheumatol TI - Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and outcomes of COVID-19 in the ISARIC Clinical Characterisation Protocol UK cohort: a matched, prospective cohort study UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S2665-9913(21)00104-1 VL - 3 Y2 - 2021/05/24 ID - 1775 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can cause deadly healthcare-associated outbreaks. In a major London teaching hospital, 66 of 435 (15%) COVID-19 inpatient cases between 2 March and 12 April 2020 were definitely or probably hospital-acquired, through varied transmission routes. The case fatality was 36%. Nosocomial infection rates fell following comprehensive infection prevention and control measures. AD - Department of Virology, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. | Department of Infection Prevention and Control, University College London Hospitals NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. | Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom. | Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa. | Department of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom. AN - 32562422 AU - Rickman, H. M. | Rampling, T. | Shaw, K. | Martinez-Garcia, G. | Hail, L. | Coen, P. | Shahmanesh, M. | Shin, G. Y. | Nastouli, E. | Houlihan, C. F. C1 - 2020-06-30 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/063020_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 16 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa816 ET - 2020/06/21 IS - 4 KW - *covid-19 | *Cross Infection/epidemiology | Disease Outbreaks | Hospitals, Teaching | Humans | London/epidemiology | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 | *healthcare-associated infection | *infection prevention and control | *nosocomial | *transmission L1 - internal-pdf://2093419487/Rickman-2021-Nosocomial Transmission of Corona.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Rickman, Hannah M; Rampling, Tommy; Shaw, Karen; Martinez-Garcia, Gema; Hail, Leila; Coen, Pietro; Shahmanesh, Maryam; Shin, Gee Yen; Nastouli, Eleni; Houlihan, Catherine F; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Feb 16;72(4):690-693. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa816. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Of 435 SARS-CoV-2-PCR-positive inpatients, 66 (15%) were infected in the hospital (47 definite and 19 probable hospital-acquired cases). | Of patients with hospital-acquired infections, 55% had shared a room with an infected patient, 14% had been on the same floor as an infected patient and 31% had had no clear contact with infected patients. | The percentage of hospital-acquired infections decreased from 21% to 7% after visitor restrictions, staff testing, and cohorting policies were implemented. | Methods: Patients admitted to one of four London hospitals, between March 2 and April 12, 2020. A case was defined as hospital-acquired if onset of COVID-19 symptoms occurred >14 days (definite) or >7 days (probable) after admission. Limitations: Only symptomatic inpatients were tested for SARS-CoV-2, which may underrepresent asymptomatic transmissions and infections; unclear whether hospital staff were tested. | Implications: Hospital-acquired transmission can occur without proper infection prevention and control measures. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - 690-693 ST - Nosocomial Transmission of Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Retrospective Study of 66 Hospital-acquired Cases in a London Teaching Hospital T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Nosocomial Transmission of Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Retrospective Study of 66 Hospital-acquired Cases in a London Teaching Hospital UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32562422 VL - 72 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 453 ER - TY - JOUR AD - From the Department of Surgery, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor. AN - 32289215 AU - Wakam, G. K. | Montgomery, J. R. | Biesterveld, B. E. | Brown, C. S. C1 - 2020-04-21 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/042120_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 11 DO - 10.1056/NEJMp2007781 ET - 2020/04/15 IS - 24 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections | *Empathy | Humans | Pandemics/*ethics | Pneumonia, Viral | SARS-CoV-2 | Telecommunications | Terminal Care/*ethics L1 - internal-pdf://4123085573/Wakam-2020-Not Dying Alone - Modern Compassion.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Wakam, Glenn K; Montgomery, John R; Biesterveld, Ben E; Brown, Craig S; eng; T32 HS000053/HS/AHRQ HHS/; N Engl J Med. 2020 Jun 11;382(24):e88. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2007781. Epub 2020 Apr 14. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Discussion of the issue of dying alone when infected with COVID-19, including proposed solutions to help connect patients with family members while keeping everyone safe. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - e88 ST - Not Dying Alone - Modern Compassionate Care in the Covid-19 Pandemic T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Not Dying Alone - Modern Compassionate Care in the Covid-19 Pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32289215 VL - 382 ID - 65 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Epidemiologic and syndromic surveillance metrics traditionally used by public health departments can be enhanced to better predict hospitalization for coronavirus disease (COVID-19). In Montgomery County, Maryland, measurements of oxygen saturation (SpO2) by pulse oximetry obtained by the emergency medical service (EMS) were added to these traditional metrics to enhance the public health picture for decision makers. During a 78-day period, the rolling 7-day average of the percentage of EMS patients with SpO2 <94% had a stronger correlation with next-day hospital bed occupancy (Spearman rho=0.58, 95% CI 0.40-0.71) than either the rolling 7-day average of the percentage of positive tests (rho=0.55, 95% CI: 0.37-0.69) or the rolling 7-day average of the percentage of emergency department visits for COVID-19-like illness (rho=0.49, 95% CI: 0.30-0.64). Health departments should consider adding EMS data to augment COVID-19 surveillance and thus improve resource allocation. AD - Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States. | Montgomery County Fire and Rescue Service, Gaithersburg, MD, United States. | Montgomery County Public Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Program, Rockville, MD, United States. AN - 32678799 AU - Sayers, D. R. | Hulse, S. T. | Webber, B. J. | Burns, T. A. | Denicoff, A. L. C1 - 2020-08-14 C2 - Novel Surveillance Approaches CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08142020_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 31 DO - 10.2196/22331 ET - 2020/07/18 IS - 3 KW - Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/*therapy | Emergency Medical Services/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Maryland/epidemiology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/*therapy | Public Health Surveillance/*methods | *covid-19 | *ems | *SARS-CoV-2 | *emergency medical service | *prediction | *public health | *pulse oximetry | *surveillance | *testing L1 - internal-pdf://2419172871/32678799.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Sayers, David R; Hulse, Scott T; Webber, Bryant J; Burns, Timothy A; Denicoff, Anne L; eng; Canada; JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2020 Jul 31;6(3):e22331. doi: 10.2196/22331. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Journal of Medical Internet Research Public Health and Surveillance. Measurements of oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry obtained by the emergency medical service enhanced epidemiologic and syndromic surveillance metrics. SN - 2369-2960 (Electronic); 2369-2960 (Linking) SP - e22331 ST - Notes From the Field: Use of Emergency Medical Service Data to Augment COVID-19 Public Health Surveillance in Montgomery County, Maryland, From March to June 2020 T2 - JMIR Public Health Surveill TI - Notes From the Field: Use of Emergency Medical Service Data to Augment COVID-19 Public Health Surveillance in Montgomery County, Maryland, From March to June 2020 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32678799 VL - 6 ID - 700 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Introduction Tracking the COVID-19 pandemic using existing metrics such as confirmed cases and deaths are insufficient for understanding the trajectory of the pandemic and identifying the next wave of cases. In this study, we demonstrate the utility of monitoring the daily number of patients with COVID-like illness (CLI) who present to the Emergency Department (ED) as a tool that can guide local response efforts.Methods Using data from two hospitals in King County, WA, we examined the daily volume of CLI visits, and compare them to confirmed COVID cases and COVID deaths in the County. A linear regression model with varying lags is used to predict the number of daily COVID deaths from the number of CLI visits.Results CLI visits appear to rise and peak well in advance of both confirmed COVID cases and deaths in King County. Our regression analysis to predict daily deaths with a lagged count of CLI visits in the ED showed that the R2 value was maximized at 14 days.Conclusions ED CLI visits are a leading indicator of the pandemic. Adopting and scaling up a CLI monitoring approach at the local level will provide needed actionable evidence to policy makers and health officials struggling to confront this health challenge.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThe authors received no external funding for this work.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:This study received IRB approval from the University of Washington Human Subjects Division.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesCOVID-19 case and death counts are available at the website provided. Hospital data is unavailable. https://github.com/nytimes/covid-19-data AU - Duber, Herbert C. | Hall, M. Kennedy | Jablonowski, Karl | Stern, Susan A. | Mokdad, Ali H. | Flaxman, Abraham D. C1 - 2020-06-19 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061920_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.06.09.20126508 L1 - internal-pdf://0085173449/Duber-2020-A Novel Approach to Monitoring the.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Provides insight into the use of COVID-like Illness (CLI) surveillance to predict the time between CLI emergency department (ED) visits and COVID deaths in King County, WA. CDC tracks trends of CLI in 47 states by capturing ED visit data through the National Syndromic Surveillance Program. SP - 2020.06.09.20126508 ST - A Novel Approach to Monitoring the COVID-19 Pandemic using Emergency Department Discharge Diagnoses T2 - medRxiv TI - A Novel Approach to Monitoring the COVID-19 Pandemic using Emergency Department Discharge Diagnoses UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2020/06/11/2020.06.09.20126508.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/06/11/2020.06.09.20126508.full.pdf ID - 396 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Recent months have seen surges of SARS-CoV-2 infection across the globe along with considerable viral evolution. Extensive mutations in the spike protein of variants B.1.1.7, B1.351, and P.1 have raised concerns that the efficacy of current vaccines and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies could be threatened. In vitro studies have shown that one mutation, E484K, plays a crucial role in the loss of neutralizing activity of some monoclonal antibodies as well as most convalescent and vaccinee sera against variant B.1.351. In fact, two vaccine trials have recently reported lower protective efficacy in South Africa, where B.1.351 is dominant. To survey for these novel variants in our patient population in New York City, PCR assays were designed to identify viruses with two signature mutations, E484K and N501Y. We observed a steady increase in the detection rate from late December to mid-February, with an alarming rise to 12.3% in the past two weeks. Whole genome sequencing further demonstrated that most of our E484K isolates (n=49/65) fell within a single lineage: NextStrain clade 20C or Pangolin lineage B.1.526. Patients with this novel variant came from diverse neighborhoods in the metropolitan area, and they were on average older and more frequently hospitalized. Phylogenetic analyses of sequences in the database further reveal that this B.1.526 variant is scattered in the Northeast of US, and its unique set of spike mutations may also pose an antigenic challenge for current interventions. AD - Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA. | Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA. | Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA. | Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. AN - 33655278 AU - Annavajhala, M. K. | Mohri, H. | Zucker, J. E. | Sheng, Z. | Wang, P. | Gomez-Simmonds, A. | Ho, D. D. | Uhlemann, A. C. C1 - 2021-03-05 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03052021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 25 DO - 10.1101/2021.02.23.21252259 ET - 2021/03/04 L1 - internal-pdf://3417262009/Annavajhala-2021-A Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variant of.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Annavajhala, Medini K; Mohri, Hiroshi; Zucker, Jason E; Sheng, Zizhang; Wang, Pengfei; Gomez-Simmonds, Angela; Ho, David D; Uhlemann, Anne-Catrin; eng; Preprint; medRxiv. 2021 Feb 25. doi: 10.1101/2021.02.23.21252259. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; A novel variant, B.1.526, has been identified in New York. In a subset of samples flagged as potential N501Y- or E484K-harboring strains, 75% of the E484K isolates fell within the B.1.526 lineage. | Nearly all B.1.526 variants identified had common mutations in the spike protein (L5F, T95I, D253G, E484K, D614G, and A710V). | ~140 genomes, highly related to the B.1.526 variant, were found in public databases; sampled predominantly from the northeastern US. | Methods: A random sample of SARS-CoV-2 nasopharyngeal swab specimens (n = 1,142) from 4,358 infected patients at a quaternary care center in New York City during November 1, 2020–February 15, 2021 were assayed for N501Y and E484K mutations. Whole genome nanopore sequencing was done on those flagged as potential N501Y- or E484K-harboring strains (n = 65), along with samples negative for these mutational signatures with Ct values <35 (n = 65). Limitations: Single center; not geographically generalizable; subset of positive samples were tested for the two mutations; study based on clinical submissions. | Implications for both studies (West et al. and Annavajhala et al.): The B.1.526 variant emerged rapidly and may already be widespread in the northeastern US. This variant includes multiple mutations that might facilitate SARS-CoV-2 infection and spread, including through attenuation of antibody neutralization (E484K), escape from antibodies against the N-terminal domain (D253G), and ACE2 interactions that might enhance viral infectivity (S477N). Continued mitigation efforts and increased capacity for genetic surveillance will be critical to limit and detect further development and spread of mutations. SP - 2021.02.23.21252259 ST - A Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern, B.1.526, Identified in New York T2 - medRxiv TI - A Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern, B.1.526, Identified in New York UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33655278 ID - 1557 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVES: Our objective was to evaluate patient-reported oxygen saturation (SpO2 ) using pulse oximetry as a home monitoring tool for patients with initially nonsevere COVID-19 to identify need for hospitalization. METHODS: Patients were enrolled at the emergency department (ED) and outpatient testing centers. Each patient was given a home pulse oximeter and instructed to record their SpO2 every 8 hours. Patients were instructed to return to the ED for sustained home SpO2 < 92% or if they felt they needed emergent medical attention. Relative risk was used to assess the relation between hospitalization and home SpO2 < 92% in COVID-19-positive patients. RESULTS: We enrolled 209 patients with suspected COVID-19, of whom 77 patients tested positive for COVID-19 and were included. Subsequent hospitalization occurred in 22 of 77 (29%) patients. Resting home SpO2 < 92% was associated with an increased likelihood of hospitalization compared to SpO2 >/= 92% (relative risk = 7.0, 95% confidence interval = 3.4 to 14.5, p < 0.0001). Home SpO2 < 92% was also associated with increased risk of intensive care unit admission, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and septic shock. In our cohort, 50% of patients who ended up hospitalized only returned to the ED for incidental finding of low home SpO2 without worsening of symptoms. One-third (33%) of nonhospitalized patients stated that they would have returned to the ED if they did not have a pulse oximeter to reassure them at home. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that home pulse oximetry monitoring identifies need for hospitalization in initially nonsevere COVID-19 patients when a cutoff of SpO2 92% is used. Half of patients who ended up hospitalized had SpO2 < 92% without worsening symptoms. Home SpO2 monitoring also reduces unnecessary ED revisits. AD - Department of Emergency Medicine, Swedish Hospital Part of NorthShore University HealthSystem, Chicago, IL, USA. | Department of Gastroenterology, Advocate Lutheran General Hospital, Park Ridge, IL, USA. | Office of Research and Sponsored Programs, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, USA. | Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, NY, USA. AN - 32779828 AU - Shah, S. | Majmudar, K. | Stein, A. | Gupta, N. | Suppes, S. | Karamanis, M. | Capannari, J. | Sethi, S. | Patte, C. C1 - 2020-07-10 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071020_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.1111/acem.14053 ET - 2020/08/12 IS - 8 KW - Adult | COVID-19/*physiopathology | Carboxyhemoglobin/analysis | Cohort Studies | Emergency Service, Hospital | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Monitoring, Ambulatory/*methods | Oximetry/*methods | Pandemics | Patient Discharge/*statistics & numerical data | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://2485669032/Shah-2020-Novel Use of Home Pulse Oximetry Mon.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Shah, Sonia; Majmudar, Kaushal; Stein, Amy; Gupta, Nita; Suppes, Spencer; Karamanis, Marina; Capannari, Joseph; Sethi, Sanjay; Patte, Christine; eng; Acad Emerg Med. 2020 Aug;27(8):681-692. doi: 10.1111/acem.14053. Epub 2020 Jul 23. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; For patients discharged from the emergency department to home with a diagnosis of COVID and oxygen (O2) saturation >92%, developing a resting oxygen saturation <92% in COVID-19 was associated with: | ARDS (RR: 8.2 [95% CI 1.7 �?38.7]). | Septic shock (RR: 6.6 [95% CI 1.3 �?32.9]). | 33% of non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients reported that home pulse oximetry reassured them and prevented a subsequent hospital visit. | Methods: Observational study of 77 RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2-positive patients with oxygen saturation >92% who were sent home with pulse oximetry. Univariate logistic regression was conducted to assess factors associated with a ARDS and septic shock. Limitations: No control group; small sample; single setting. | Implications: Home pulse oximetry monitoring in SARS CoV-2-infected patients may identify need for hospitalization and may prevent unnecessary emergency room visits. SE - 681 SN - 1553-2712 (Electronic); 1069-6563 (Linking) SP - 681-692 ST - Novel Use of Home Pulse Oximetry Monitoring in COVID-19 Patients Discharged From the Emergency Department Identifies Need for Hospitalization T2 - Acad Emerg Med TI - Novel Use of Home Pulse Oximetry Monitoring in COVID-19 Patients Discharged From the Emergency Department Identifies Need for Hospitalization UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32779828 VL - 27 ID - 512 ER - TY - JOUR AB - There is an urgent need for a safe and protective vaccine to control the global spread of SARS-CoV-2 and prevent COVID-19. Here, we report the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccine (NVX-CoV2373) produced from the full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein stabilized in the prefusion conformation. Cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) immunized with NVX-CoV2373 and the saponin-based Matrix-M adjuvant induced anti-S antibody that was neutralizing and blocked binding to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) receptor. Following intranasal and intratracheal challenge with SARS-CoV-2, immunized macaques were protected against upper and lower infection and pulmonary disease. These results support ongoing phase 1/2 clinical studies of the safety and immunogenicity of NVX-CoV2327 vaccine (NCT04368988).HighlightsFull-length SARS-CoV-2 prefusion spike with Matrix-M1�?(NVX-CoV2373) vaccine.Induced hACE2 receptor blocking and neutralizing antibodies in macaques.Vaccine protected against SARS-CoV-2 replication in the nose and lungs.Absence of pulmonary pathology in NVX-CoV2373 vaccinated macaques.Competing Interest StatementAuthors MGX, NP, JHT, BZ, SM, KL, ADP, MJM, GG, GS and LE are current or past employees of Novavax Inc. a for-profit organization and these authors own stock or hold stock options. These interests do not alter the authors adherence to policies on sharing data and materials. MBF and PAP declare no competing interests. AD - Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA. Electronic address: mguebre-xabier@Novavax.com. | Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA. Electronic address: npatel@novavax.com. | Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA. Electronic address: jhtian@Novavax.com. | Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA. Electronic address: bzhou@Novavax.com. | Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA. Electronic address: smaciejewski@Novavavax.com. | Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA. Electronic address: klam@Novavax.com. | Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA. Electronic address: aportnoff@Novavax.com. | Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA. Electronic address: mmassare@Novavax.com. | University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. Electronic address: mfrieman@som.umaryland.edu. | Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. Electronic address: ppiedra@bcm.edu. | Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA. Electronic address: lellingsworth@novavax.com. | Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA. Electronic address: gglenn@Novavax.com. | Novavax, Inc., 21 Firstfield Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA. Electronic address: gsmith@Novavax.com. AN - 33139139 AU - Guebre-Xabier, Mimi | Patel, Nita | Tian, Jing-Hui | Zhou, Bin | Maciejewski, Sonia | Lam, Kristal | Portnoff, Alyse D. | Massare, Michael J. | Frieman, Matthew B. | Piedra, Pedro A. | Ellingsworth, Larry | Glenn, Gregory | Smith, Gale C1 - 2020-08-28 C2 - Laboratory Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082820_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 25 DO - 10.1101/2020.08.18.256578 ET - 2020/11/04 IS - 50 KW - Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology | Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/immunology/metabolism | Animals | Antibodies, Neutralizing | COVID-19/immunology/*prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/genetics/immunology/*pharmacology | Chlorocebus aethiops | Female | Humans | Immune Sera/drug effects/immunology | Macaca fascicularis | Male | Middle Aged | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics | Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology/pharmacology | Vero Cells | Viral Load | Young Adult | *covid-19 | *Matrix-M adjuvant | *NVX-CoV2373 nanoparticles | *Nonhuman primate | *SARS-CoV-2 | *Spike glycoprotein | competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared | to influence the work reported in this paper. L1 - internal-pdf://0220261661/Guebre-Xabier-2020-NVX-CoV2373 vaccine protect.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Guebre-Xabier, Mimi | Patel, Nita | Tian, Jing-Hui | Zhou, Bin | Maciejewski, Sonia | Lam, Kristal | Portnoff, Alyse D | Massare, Michael J | Frieman, Matthew B | Piedra, Pedro A | Ellingsworth, Larry | Glenn, Gregory | Smith, Gale | eng | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | Netherlands | Vaccine. 2020 Nov 25;38(50):7892-7896. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.064. Epub 2020 Oct 23. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Macaques receiving vaccine showed elevated levels of anti-spike IgG titers (Figure 1). | Immunized macaques were protected against upper and lower respiratory tract infection with SARS-CoV-2 (Figure 2). | Methods: Randomized, controlled trial of NVX-CoV2327 (a subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein) vaccine efficacy. 16 macaques (4 per group) received two injections 21 days apart of 2.5 μg vaccine with adjuvant, 5 or 25 μg vaccine with adjuvant, or placebo. Serum was collected on Days 0 and 21 (pre-immunization) and at Day 33. All animals received intranasal and intratracheal challenges with SARS-CoV-2 circa Day 35 and were tested 2 and 4 days later. | Implications: Protection from infection in this animal trial supports Phase 3 efficacy trials for humans. | SN - 1873-2518 (Electronic) | 0264-410X (Linking) SP - 2020.08.18.256578 ST - NVX-CoV2373 vaccine protects cynomolgus macaque upper and lower airways against SARS-CoV-2 challenge T2 - bioRxiv TI - NVX-CoV2373 vaccine protects cynomolgus macaque upper and lower airways against SARS-CoV-2 challenge TT - Published article: NVX-CoV2373 vaccine protects cynomolgus macaque upper and lower airways against SARS-CoV-2 challenge UR - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2020/08/19/2020.08.18.256578.abstract | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2020/08/19/2020.08.18.256578.full.pdf VL - 38 ID - 2038 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York (P.G., J.B.R., M.R., J.J.C., L.C.P., A.J., E.J.S., M.J.S., T.R.C., M.N., M.P., K.L.H., E.R., N.H., E.M.H., F.J.M., R.M.G., M.M.S.). | Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York (H.A.L., G.T.W., M.N.A.). | Weill Cornell Medicine and Columbia University, New York, New York (R.C.). AN - 32628537 AU - Goyal, P. | Ringel, J. B. | Rajan, M. | Choi, J. J. | Pinheiro, L. C. | Li, H. A. | Wehmeyer, G. T. | Alshak, M. N. | Jabri, A. | Schenck, E. J. | Chen, R. | Satlin, M. J. | Campion, T. R., Jr. | Nahid, M. | Plataki, M. | Hoffman, K. L. | Reshetnyak, E. | Hupert, N. | Horn, E. M. | Martinez, F. J. | Gulick, R. M. | Safford, M. M. C1 - 2020-07-17 C2 - Obesity Outcomes CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071720_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 17 DO - 10.7326/M20-2730 DP - NLM ET - 2020/07/07 IS - 10 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Betacoronavirus | Body Mass Index | Covid-19 | Cohort Studies | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Female | Hospital Mortality | Hospitalization | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | New York City/epidemiology | Obesity/*epidemiology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | Respiratory Insufficiency/epidemiology/*virology | Retrospective Studies | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://0967761189/Goyal-2020-Obesity and COVID-19 in New York Ci.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Goyal, Parag; Ringel, Joanna Bryan; Rajan, Mangala; Choi, Justin J; Pinheiro, Laura C; Li, Han A; Wehmeyer, Graham T; Alshak, Mark N; Jabri, Assem; Schenck, Edward J; Chen, Ruijun; Satlin, Michael J; Campion, Thomas R Jr; Nahid, Musarrat; Plataki, Maria; Hoffman, Katherine L; Reshetnyak, Evgeniya; Hupert, Nathaniel; Horn, Evelyn M; Martinez, Fernando J; Gulick, Roy M; Safford, Monika M; eng; R03 AG056446/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; Letter; Observational Study; Ann Intern Med. 2020 Nov 17;173(10):855-858. doi: 10.7326/M20-2730. Epub 2020 Jul 6. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among patients hospitalized for COVID-19: | Overweight and obesity categories were independent risk factors for respiratory failure, compared with normal body mass index (BMI) (Figure). | BMI in the underweight range was associated with mortality (Figure). | Median age of severely (“morbidly�?in Goyal et al.) obese patients was younger (52.1 years) compared with other patients. | Methods: Retrospective observational cohort study of 1,687 hospitalized adult COVID-19 patients from 2 New York City hospitals, March 3-May 15, 2020. BMI was categorized as underweight (<18.5 kg/m2), normal (18.5-24.9 kg/m2), overweight (25.0-29.9 kg/m2), mild to moderate obesity (30.0-39.9 kg/m2), and severe obesity (�?0.0 kg/m2). Cox proportional hazard ratio model was used to assess the association of BMI to respiratory failure and mortality. Limitations: One location in the US. | Implications for 2 studies (Rottoli et al. & Goyal et al.): In two studies based on hospitalized populations from two countries with differing population social and demographic characteristics, BMI greater than “normal�?was associated with respiratory failure among COVID-19 patients. In both studies, as the level of BMI rose, the risk for mortality increased; this effect was more pronounced in Rottoli et al. Both studies found an association between underweight status and death. SN - 1539-3704 (Electronic); 0003-4819 (Linking) SP - 855-858 ST - Obesity and COVID-19 in New York City: A Retrospective Cohort Study T2 - Ann Intern Med TI - Obesity and COVID-19 in New York City: A Retrospective Cohort Study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32628537 VL - 173 ID - 543 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Preliminary data suggest that people with obesity are at increased risk of severe COVID-19. However, as data on metabolic parameters (such as BMI and levels of glucose and insulin) in patients with COVID-19 are scarce, increased reporting is needed to improve our understanding of COVID-19 and the care of affected patients. AD - Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Tubingen, Germany. norbert.stefan@med.uni-tuebingen.de. | Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. norbert.stefan@med.uni-tuebingen.de. | German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany. norbert.stefan@med.uni-tuebingen.de. | Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. norbert.stefan@med.uni-tuebingen.de. | Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich, Tubingen, Germany. | Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. | German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany. | Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Science, King's College London, London, UK. | Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany. | Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. | Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. | New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. AN - 32327737 AU - Stefan, N. | Birkenfeld, A. L. | Schulze, M. B. | Ludwig, D. S. C1 - 2020-05-05 C2 - PMC7187148 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050520_covidupdate.html DA - Jul DO - 10.1038/s41574-020-0364-6 ET - 2020/04/25 IS - 7 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*complications/epidemiology | Global Health | Humans | Incidence | Metabolic Syndrome/*complications/epidemiology | Obesity/*complications/epidemiology | *Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications/epidemiology | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://0388565721/Stefan-2020-Obesity and impaired metabolic hea.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Stefan, Norbert; Birkenfeld, Andreas L; Schulze, Matthias B; Ludwig, David S; eng; Review; England; Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2020 Jul;16(7):341-342. doi: 10.1038/s41574-020-0364-6. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Measuring BMI, waist and hip circumferences, and levels of glucose and insulin, along with standard hospital parameters, can help better estimate risk of complications in COVID -19 patients. SN - 1759-5037 (Electronic); 1759-5029 (Linking) SP - 341-342 ST - Obesity and impaired metabolic health in patients with COVID-19 T2 - Nat Rev Endocrinol TI - Obesity and impaired metabolic health in patients with COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32327737 VL - 16 ID - 137 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Obesity, race/ethnicity, and other correlated characteristics have emerged as high-profile risk factors for adverse coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated outcomes, yet studies have not adequately disentangled their effects. OBJECTIVE: To determine the adjusted effect of body mass index (BMI), associated comorbidities, time, neighborhood-level sociodemographic factors, and other factors on risk for death due to COVID-19. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Kaiser Permanente Southern California, a large integrated health care organization. PATIENTS: Kaiser Permanente Southern California members diagnosed with COVID-19 from 13 February to 2 May 2020. MEASUREMENTS: Multivariable Poisson regression estimated the adjusted effect of BMI and other factors on risk for death at 21 days; models were also stratified by age and sex. RESULTS: Among 6916 patients with COVID-19, there was a J-shaped association between BMI and risk for death, even after adjustment for obesity-related comorbidities. Compared with patients with a BMI of 18.5 to 24 kg/m(2), those with BMIs of 40 to 44 kg/m(2) and greater than 45 kg/m(2) had relative risks of 2.68 (95% CI, 1.43 to 5.04) and 4.18 (CI, 2.12 to 8.26), respectively. This risk was most striking among those aged 60 years or younger and men. Increased risk for death associated with Black or Latino race/ethnicity or other sociodemographic characteristics was not detected. LIMITATION: Deaths occurring outside a health care setting and not captured in membership files may have been missed. CONCLUSION: Obesity plays a profound role in risk for death from COVID-19, particularly in male patients and younger populations. Our capitated system with more equalized health care access may explain the absence of effect of racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities on death. Our data highlight the leading role of severe obesity over correlated risk factors, providing a target for early intervention. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: Roche-Genentech. AD - Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California (S.Y.T., L.Q., V.H., R.W., H.F., Z.L., S.F.S., S.L.C., C.L.N.). | Kaiser Permanente Southern California Clinical Informatics, Pasadena, California (R.F.N.). | Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Anaheim, California (T.S.). | Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Harbor City, California (G.K.R., B.K.A.). | Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, California, and Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Los Angeles, California (A.L.S.). | The Permanente Medical Group, Oakland, California (J.S.). | Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Ontario, California (T.K.N.). | Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Fontana, California (S.B.M.). AN - 32783686 AU - Tartof, Sara Y | Lei, Qian | Hong, Vennis | Wei, Rong | Nadjafi, Ron | Fischer, Heidi | Li, Zhouxin | Shaw, Sally F. | Caparosa, Susan L. | Nau, Claudia L. | Saxena, Tanmai | Rieg, Gunter K. | Ackerson, Bradley K. | Sharp, Adam L. | Skarbinski, Jacek | Naik, Tej K. | Murali, Sameer B.e C1 - 2020-08-21 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082120_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 17 DO - 10.7326/m20-3742 ET - 2020/08/14 IS - 10 KW - Adult | Age Factors | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Asthma/epidemiology | *Betacoronavirus | Body Mass Index | Covid-19 | California/epidemiology | Cohort Studies | Comorbidity | Coronavirus Infections/*mortality | Delivery of Health Care, Integrated | Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology | Female | Humans | Hyperlipidemias/epidemiology | Hypertension/epidemiology | Male | Middle Aged | Obesity/*epidemiology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*mortality | Retrospective Studies | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | Sex Factors | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://1029501444/m20-3742.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Tartof, Sara Y | Qian, Lei | Hong, Vennis | Wei, Rong | Nadjafi, Ron F | Fischer, Heidi | Li, Zhuoxin | Shaw, Sally F | Caparosa, Susan L | Nau, Claudia L | Saxena, Tanmai | Rieg, Gunter K | Ackerson, Bradley K | Sharp, Adam L | Skarbinski, Jacek | Naik, Tej K | Murali, Sameer B | eng | Ann Intern Med. 2020 Nov 17;173(10):773-781. doi: 10.7326/M20-3742. Epub 2020 Aug 12. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Body mass index (BMI) �?5 kg/m2, compared with BMI 18.5 to 24.0, was associated with greater risk for death: adjusted risk ratio (RR) 4.18 (95% CI 2.12-26). | High BMI was more closely associated with death in persons aged �?0 years, compared with patients aged >60 years and in men, compared with women (Figure). | Methods: Retrospective cohort of 6,916 Kaiser Permanente Southern California members diagnosed with COVID-19, February 13 to May 2, 2020. Primary outcome was death up to 21 days after the diagnostic code or lab-confirmed positive test in the patient record. Data were adjusted for race/ethnicity, comorbidities, and social determinants of health. Limitations: Mortality after 21 days was not recorded; BMI measurements were up to four years prior to enrollment. | Implications: Severe obesity is associated with substantially increased risk of death in men and patients <60 years. Vigilance with care and targeted prevention efforts to reduce infection rates may mitigate COVID-associated mortality among severely obese people. SN - 1539-3704 (Electronic) | 0003-4819 (Linking) SP - 773-781 ST - Obesity and Mortality Among Patients Diagnosed With COVID-19: Results From an Integrated Health Care Organization T2 - Ann Intern Med TI - Obesity and Mortality Among Patients Diagnosed With COVID-19: Results From an Integrated Health Care Organization UR - https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/abs/10.7326/M20-3742 VL - 173 ID - 741 ER - TY - JOUR AD - New York, NY, USA. | New York, NY, USA. Electronic address: pag2014@med.cornell.edu. AN - 32439072 AU - Memtsoudis, S. G. | Ivascu, N. S. | Pryor, K. O. | Goldstein, P. A. C1 - 2020-06-02 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060220_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.1016/j.bja.2020.04.078 ET - 2020/05/23 IS - 2 KW - Acute Lung Injury/epidemiology/*etiology | Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*complications/epidemiology | Critical Care/statistics & numerical data | Critical Illness | Female | Humans | Male | Metabolic Syndrome/complications | Middle Aged | Obesity/*complications/epidemiology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications/epidemiology | Respiration, Artificial | Respiratory Function Tests | Risk Factors | Sleep Apnea, Obstructive/*complications/diagnosis/epidemiology | Treatment Outcome | *covid-19 | *osa | *morbidity | *obesity | *outcome | *risk factor L1 - internal-pdf://0993523002/Memtsoudis-2020-Obesity as a risk factor for p.pdf LA - en N1 - Memtsoudis, Stavros G; Ivascu, Natalia S; Pryor, Kane O; Goldstein, Peter A; eng; UG3 NS114947/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/; Letter; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Br J Anaesth. 2020 Aug;125(2):e262-e263. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2020.04.078. Epub 2020 May 1. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Discussion of obstructive sleep apnea as a potential contributor to COVID-19 morbidity in obese patients. SN - 1471-6771 (Electronic); 0007-0912 (Linking) SP - e262-e263 ST - Obesity as a risk factor for poor outcome in COVID-19-induced lung injury: the potential role of undiagnosed obstructive sleep apnoea T2 - Br J Anaesth TI - Obesity as a risk factor for poor outcome in COVID-19-induced lung injury: the potential role of undiagnosed obstructive sleep apnoea UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32439072 VL - 125 Y2 - 2021/05/12 ID - 302 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Electronic address: dkass@jhmi.edu. | The Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. | Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. AN - 32380044 AU - Kass, D. A. | Duggal, P. | Cingolani, O. C1 - 2020-05-15 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051520_covidupdate.html DA - May 16 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31024-2 DP - NLM ET - 2020/05/08 IS - 10236 KW - Adult | Age Factors | Aged | Body Mass Index | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*complications/epidemiology | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Obesity/*complications/epidemiology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications/epidemiology | Risk Factors L1 - internal-pdf://2279220082/Kass-2020-Obesity could shift severe COVID-19.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Kass, David A; Duggal, Priya; Cingolani, Oscar; eng; R35 HL135827/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; Letter; England; Lancet. 2020 May 16;395(10236):1544-1545. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31024-2. Epub 2020 May 4. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among COVID-19 patients, the median body mass index (BMI) was 29.3 kg/m̔ (overweight): | 25% of patients had a BMI <26.0 kg/m̔ (overweight); 25% had a BMI >34.7 kg/m̔ (severely obese). | Younger individuals admitted to the ICU were more likely to be obese (BMI �?0 kg/m2) (Figure). No difference was observed by sex (p = 0.9). | Methods: A cross-sectional study to assess the correlation between BMI and age in 265 COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU in hospitals in six US states. 58% of these patients were male. Least squares univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were conducted. Limitations: Cross-sectional design. | Implications: Among severe COVID-19 cases admitted to the ICU, those who were younger were more likely to be obese and therefore at greater risk of severe illness and death. Further examination of the relationship between obesity and severity of COVID-19 in younger patients is needed. SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 1544-1545 ST - Obesity could shift severe COVID-19 disease to younger ages T2 - Lancet TI - Obesity could shift severe COVID-19 disease to younger ages UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32380044 VL - 395 ID - 197 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Natural and vaccine-induced immunity will play a key role in controlling the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 variants have the potential to evade natural and vaccine-induced immunity.Methods In a longitudinal cohort study of healthcare workers (HCWs) in Oxfordshire, UK, we investigated the protection from symptomatic and asymptomatic PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection conferred by vaccination (Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2, Oxford-AstraZeneca ChAdOx1 nCOV-19) and prior infection (determined using anti-spike antibody status), using Poisson regression adjusted for age, sex, temporal changes in incidence and role. We estimated protection conferred after one versus two vaccinations and from infections with the B.1.1.7 variant identified using whole genome sequencing.Results 13,109 HCWs participated; 8285 received the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine (1407 two doses) and 2738 the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine (49 two doses). Compared to unvaccinated seronegative HCWs, natural immunity and two vaccination doses provided similar protection against symptomatic infection: no HCW vaccinated twice had symptomatic infection, and incidence was 98% lower in seropositive HCWs (adjusted incidence rate ratio 0.02 [95%CI <0.01-0.18]). Two vaccine doses or seropositivity reduced the incidence of any PCR-positive result with or without symptoms by 90% (0.10 [0.02-0.38]) and 85% (0.15 [0.08-0.26]) respectively. Single-dose vaccination reduced the incidence of symptomatic infection by 67% (0.33 [0.21-0.52]) and any PCR-positive result by 64% (0.36 [0.26-0.50]). There was no evidence of differences in immunity induced by natural infection and vaccination for infections with S-gene target failure and B.1.1.7.Conclusion Natural infection resulting in detectable anti-spike antibodies and two vaccine doses both provide robust protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection, including against the B.1.1.7 variant.Summary Natural infection resulting in detectable anti-spike antibodies and two vaccine doses both provided �?85% protection against symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection in healthcare workers, including against the B.1.1.7 variant. Single dose vaccination reduced symptomatic infection by 67%.Competing Interest StatementDWE declares lecture fees from Gilead, outside the submitted work. RJC is a founder shareholder and consultant to MIROBio, outside the submitted work. No other author has a conflict of interest to declare.Funding StatementThis work was supported by the UK Government's Department of Health and Social Care. This work was also supported by the National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU) in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at Oxford University in partnership with Public Health England (PHE) (NIHR200915), the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, and benefactions from the Huo Family Foundation and Andrew Spokes. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the National Institute for Health Research, the Department of Health or Public Health England. This study is affiliated with Public Health England's SARS-CoV-2 Immunity & Reinfection EvaluatioN (SIREN) study.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Deidentified data were obtained from the Infections in Oxfordshire Research Database which has generic Research Ethics Committee, Health Research Authority and Confidentiality Advisory Group approvals (19/SC/0403, 19/CAG/0144).All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript as been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThe datasets analysed during the current study are not publicly available as they contain personal data but are available from the Infections in Oxfordshire Research Database (https://oxfordbrc.nihr.ac.uk/research-themes-overview/antimicrobial-resistance-and-modernising-microbiology/infections-in-oxfordshire-research-database-iord/), subject to an application and research proposal meeting the ethical and governance requirements of the Database. Sequence data generated during the study are available from the European Nucleotide Archive under study accession number PRJEB43319. AD - Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK. | Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at University of Oxford in partnership with Public Health England, Oxford, UK. | Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Research, University of Oxford, UK. | Medical School, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | National Infection Service, Public Health England Colindale, UK. | Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. | Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. AN - 34216472 AU - Lumley, Sheila F. | Rodger, Gillian | Constantinides, Bede | Sanderson, Nicholas | Chau, Kevin K. | Street, Teresa L. | O’Donnell, Denise | Howarth, Alison | Hatch, Stephanie B. | Marsden, Brian D. | Cox, Stuart | James, Tim | Warren, Fiona | Peck, Liam J. | Ritter, Thomas G. | de Toledo, Zoe | Warren, Laura | Axten, David | Cornall, Richard J. | Jones, E. Yvonne | Stuart, David I. | Screaton, Gavin | Ebner, Daniel | Hoosdally, Sarah | Chand, Meera | Crook, Derrick W. | O’Donnell, Anne-Marie | Conlon, Christopher P. | Pouwels, Koen B. | Walker, A. Sarah | Peto, Tim E. A. | Hopkins, Susan | Walker, Timothy M. | Stoesser, Nicole E. | Matthews, Philippa C. | Jeffery, Katie | Eyre, David W. C1 - 2021-03-26 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03262021_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 3 DO - 10.1101/2021.03.09.21253218 ET - 2021/07/04 KW - SARS-CoV-2 | antibody | healthcare worker | immunity | vaccine L1 - internal-pdf://3561248195/Lumley-2021-An observational cohort study on t.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Lumley, Sheila F | Rodger, Gillian | Constantinides, Bede | Sanderson, Nicholas | Chau, Kevin K | Street, Teresa L | O'Donnell, Denise | Howarth, Alison | Hatch, Stephanie B | Marsden, Brian D | Cox, Stuart | James, Tim | Warren, Fiona | Peck, Liam J | Ritter, Thomas G | de Toledo, Zoe | Warren, Laura | Axten, David | Cornall, Richard J | Jones, E Yvonne | Stuart, David I | Screaton, Gavin | Ebner, Daniel | Hoosdally, Sarah | Chand, Meera | Crook, Derrick W | O'Donnell, Anne-Marie | Conlon, Christopher P | Pouwels, Koen B | Walker, A Sarah | Peto, Tim E A | Hopkins, Susan | Walker, Timothy M | Stoesser, Nicole E | Matthews, Philippa C | Jeffery, Katie | Eyre, David W | eng | MR/N00065X/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom | Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Jul 3. pii: 6314286. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab608. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Either 2 vaccine doses or natural infection provided �?5% protection against symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection in healthcare workers (Figure): | 2 vaccine doses: 90% lower incidence (0.10 adjusted incident rate ratio [aIRR], 95% CI 0.02-0.38); natural infection: 85% lower incidence (aIRR 0.15, 95% CI 0.08-0.26). | Single-dose vaccination reduced the incidence of symptomatic infection by 67% (aIRR 0.33, 95% CI 0.21-0.52) and any PCR-positive result by 64% (aIRR 0.36, 95% CI 0.26-0.50). | No evidence of differences in immunity induced by natural infection and vaccination for infections with S-gene target failure and the circulating variant, B.1.1.7. | Methods: Longitudinal cohort study of 1 versus 2 dose vaccine effectiveness among healthcare workers in England (n = 13,109) between April 23, 2020, and February 28, 2021. Vaccines include BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech; n = 8,285) and ChAdOx1 nCOV-19 (Oxford AstraZeneca; n = 2,738). The Thermo Fisher TaqPath PCR diagnostic assay was used to determine gene target failure, indicative of B.1.1.7. Incident rate calculated using Poisson regression model, adjusting for age, sex, occupational role, and temporal changes in incidence. Limitations: Findings might not be generalizable to the population; priority was given to staff who were at greater risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection; limited power to detect differences between vaccines. | Implications: Natural infection resulting in detectable antibodies and two vaccine doses provide protection against SARS-CoV-2 (re)infection, including against the B.1.1.7 variant. These findings could help inform post vaccination policies. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic) | 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - 2021.03.09.21253218 ST - An observational cohort study on the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and B.1.1.7 variant infection in healthcare workers by antibody and vaccination status T2 - medRxiv TI - An observational cohort study on the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and B.1.1.7 variant infection in healthcare workers by antibody and vaccination status TT - Published article: An observational cohort study on the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and B.1.1.7 variant infection in healthcare workers by antibody and vaccination status UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/03/12/2021.03.09.21253218.full.pdf ID - 1614 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France. Electronic address: Sophie.caillard@chru-strasbourg.fr. | Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Hopital Universitaire Necker-Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France. | Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, University of Rouen, Rouen, France. | Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France. | Department of Transplantation, Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Hopital Edouard Herriot, Hospices civils de Lyon, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France. | Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Hopitaux Universitaires de Marseille, Hopital Conception, Marseille, France. | Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France. | Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, University of Lille, Lille, France. | Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, University of Tours, Tours, France. | Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Hopital Pasteur 2, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France. | Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Rennes, Rennes, France. | Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, University of Limoges, Limoges, France. | Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, University of Reims, Reims, France. | Nephrology and Renal Transplantation Department Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Hopital Tenon, Paris, France. | Department of Nephrology, University of Besancon, Besancon, France. | Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, University of Caen, Caen, France. | Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, University of Angers, Angers, France. AN - 34029554 AU - Caillard, Sophie | Chavarot, Nathalie | Bertrand, Dominique | Kamar, Nassim | Thaunat, Olivier | Moal, Valerie | Masset, Christophe | Hazzan, Marc | Gatault, Philippe | Sicard, Antoine | Chemouny, Jonathan M. | Rerolle, Jean Philippe | Colosio, Charlotte | Francois, Hél؈ne | Bamoulid, Jamal | Bouvier, Nicolas | Duveau, Agn؈s | Anglicheau, Dany | Blancho, Gilles C1 - 2021-06-04 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06042021_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.1016/j.kint.2021.05.011 ET - 2021/05/25 IS - 2 KW - *COVID-19/diagnosis | COVID-19 Vaccines/*administration & dosage | Humans | *Kidney Transplantation | *Transplant Recipients L1 - internal-pdf://0031588228/1-s2.0-S0085253821005093-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Caillard, Sophie | Chavarot, Nathalie | Bertrand, Dominique | Kamar, Nassim | Thaunat, Olivier | Moal, Valerie | Masset, Christophe | Hazzan, Marc | Gatault, Philippe | Sicard, Antoine | Chemouny, Jonathan M | Rerolle, Jean Philippe | Colosio, Charlotte | Francois, Helene | Bamoulid, Jamal | Bouvier, Nicolas | Duveau, Agnes | Anglicheau, Dany | Blancho, Gilles | eng | Letter | Kidney Int. 2021 Aug;100(2):477-479. doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2021.05.011. Epub 2021 May 23. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 55 solid organ transplant recipients developed COVID-19 after receiving 2 doses of mRNA vaccine. | Symptoms began a median of 22 days after the second vaccine dose (Figure). | 15 cases required hospitalization; of these, 6 were admitted to an intensive care unit, and 3 died. | Of 25 patients with post-vaccination serology, 24 were antibody negative; 1 was antibody positive but had low titers. | Methods: Case series of 55 solid organ transplant recipients (52 kidney and 3 kidney-pancreas) who developed COVID-19 after receiving 2 doses of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines. Each case received the second dose of vaccine between February 8 and April 22, 2021. Limitations: Total number of solid organ transplant recipients (i.e., denominator) is unclear. | Implications: Vaccinated transplant patients should consider continuing non-pharmaceutical preventive measures such as wearing a face mask and maintaining social distance. The potential value of post-vaccination serology to assess immune responses in vulnerable groups should be further evaluated. SN - 0085-2538 SP - 477-479 ST - Occurrence of severe COVID-19 in vaccinated transplant patients T2 - Kidney Int TI - Occurrence of severe COVID-19 in vaccinated transplant patients UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2021.05.011 VL - 100 Y2 - 2021/06/29 ID - 1800 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Resolve to Save Lives, an initiative of Vital Strategies New York, New York. AN - 33205992 AU - Frieden, T. R. | Cash-Goldwasser, S. C1 - 2020-12-01 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/120120_covidupdate.html DA - Mar DO - 10.7326/M20-7499 ET - 2020/11/19 IS - 3 KW - COVID-19/*prevention & control | Humans | *Masks L1 - internal-pdf://0452220148/m20-7499.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Frieden, Thomas R; Cash-Goldwasser, Shama; eng; Ann Intern Med. 2021 Mar;174(3):421-422. doi: 10.7326/M20-7499. Epub 2020 Nov 18. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: point out the limitations of using antibody tests with specificity of 97.5% as the primary measure of “infection�?in [Bundgaard et al.]. SN - 1539-3704 (Electronic); 0003-4819 (Linking) SP - 421-422 ST - Of Masks and Methods T2 - Ann Intern Med TI - Of Masks and Methods UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33205992 VL - 174 ID - 1287 ER - TY - JOUR AB - As of May 1, 2020, more than 3�?00�?00 people worldwide have been infected with the novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The CDC has highlighted key symptoms that may suggest coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), including cough, shortness of breath or difficulty breathing, fever, chills, muscle pain, sore throat, and new loss of smell or taste.The inclusion of loss of smell or taste among these symptoms follows the emergence of evidence that suggests that COVID-19 frequently impairs the sense of smell. For example, in a study from Iran, 59 of 60 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 were found to have an impaired sense of smell according to psychophysical olfactory testing. Olfactory dysfunction (OD), defined as the reduced or distorted ability to smell during sniffing (orthonasal olfaction) or eating (retronasal olfaction), is often reported in mild or even asymptomatic cases; in a study from Italy, 64% of 202 mildly symptomatic patients reported impaired olfaction. AD - Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany. | UCL Ear Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom. AN - 32432682 AU - Whitcroft, K. L. | Hummel, T. C1 - 2020-05-29 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052920_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 23 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.8391 ET - 2020/05/21 IS - 24 KW - Betacoronavirus/isolation & purification | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | *Clinical Laboratory Techniques | Coronavirus Infections/*complications/diagnosis | Humans | Olfaction Disorders/diagnosis/*etiology/therapy | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://2190610566/Whitcroft-2020-Olfactory Dysfunction in COVID-.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Whitcroft, Katherine Lisa; Hummel, Thomas; eng; Review; JAMA. 2020 Jun 23;323(24):2512-2514. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.8391. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: COVID-19-associated olfactory dysfunction should prompt SARS-CoV-2 testing, self-isolation, and possible treatment if dysfunction extends beyond two weeks. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 2512-2514 ST - Olfactory Dysfunction in COVID-19: Diagnosis and Management T2 - JAMA TI - Olfactory Dysfunction in COVID-19: Diagnosis and Management UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32432682 VL - 323 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 284 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The newly identified severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes COVID-19, a pandemic respiratory disease. Moreover, thromboembolic events throughout the body, including in the CNS, have been described. Given the neurological symptoms observed in a large majority of individuals with COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 penetrance of the CNS is likely. By various means, we demonstrate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and protein in anatomically distinct regions of the nasopharynx and brain. Furthermore, we describe the morphological changes associated with infection such as thromboembolic ischemic infarction of the CNS and present evidence of SARS-CoV-2 neurotropism. SARS-CoV-2 can enter the nervous system by crossing the neural-mucosal interface in olfactory mucosa, exploiting the close vicinity of olfactory mucosal, endothelial and nervous tissue, including delicate olfactory and sensory nerve endings. Subsequently, SARS-CoV-2 appears to follow neuroanatomical structures, penetrating defined neuroanatomical areas including the primary respiratory and cardiovascular control center in the medulla oblongata. AD - Department of Neuropathology, Charite-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universitat Berlin, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany. | Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany. | German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin, CCCC (Campus Mitte), Berlin, Germany. | Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Gottingen, Germany. | Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks, University of Gottingen, Gottingen, Germany. | Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Gottingen, Germany. | Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens (ZBS), Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany. | Institute of Virology, Charite-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universitat Berlin, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health and German Centre for Infection Research, Berlin, Germany. | Institute of Pathology, Charite-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universitat Berlin, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany. | Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Medical Department, Charite-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universitat Berlin, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany. | Center for Digital Health, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) and Charite-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universitat Berlin and Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany. | Health Data Science Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. | Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, Charite-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universitat Berlin, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany. | Institute of Neuropathology, University of the Saarland, Homburg, Germany. | Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Gottingen, Gottingen, Germany. | Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Gottingen, Gottingen, Germany. | Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center Gottingen, Gottingen, Germany. | Department of Neurology, Charite-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universitat Berlin, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany. | Cluster of Excellence, NeuroCure, Berlin, Germany. | German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany. | Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany. | Charite-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universitat Berlin, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, and iPATH.Berlin, Berlin, Germany. | Institute of Pathology, DRK Kliniken Berlin, Berlin, Germany. | Department of Neuropathology, Charite-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universitat Berlin, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany. frank.heppner@charite.de. | Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany. frank.heppner@charite.de. | Cluster of Excellence, NeuroCure, Berlin, Germany. frank.heppner@charite.de. | German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany. frank.heppner@charite.de. AN - 33257876 AU - Meinhardt, J. | Radke, J. | Dittmayer, C. | Franz, J. | Thomas, C. | Mothes, R. | Laue, M. | Schneider, J. | Brunink, S. | Greuel, S. | Lehmann, M. | Hassan, O. | Aschman, T. | Schumann, E. | Chua, R. L. | Conrad, C. | Eils, R. | Stenzel, W. | Windgassen, M. | Rossler, L. | Goebel, H. H. | Gelderblom, H. R. | Martin, H. | Nitsche, A. | Schulz-Schaeffer, W. J. | Hakroush, S. | Winkler, M. S. | Tampe, B. | Scheibe, F. | Kortvelyessy, P. | Reinhold, D. | Siegmund, B. | Kuhl, A. A. | Elezkurtaj, S. | Horst, D. | Oesterhelweg, L. | Tsokos, M. | Ingold-Heppner, B. | Stadelmann, C. | Drosten, C. | Corman, V. M. | Radbruch, H. | Heppner, F. L. C1 - 2020-12-15 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/121520_covidupdate.html DA - Feb DO - 10.1038/s41593-020-00758-5 ET - 2020/12/02 IS - 2 KW - Brain/*virology | COVID-19/*virology | Central Nervous System | Humans | Olfactory Mucosa/*virology | RNA, Viral/genetics | SARS-CoV-2/*pathogenicity | Smell/physiology | Virus Internalization L1 - internal-pdf://1745734167/Meinhardt-2021-Olfactory transmucosal SARS-CoV.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Meinhardt, Jenny; Radke, Josefine; Dittmayer, Carsten; Franz, Jonas; Thomas, Carolina; Mothes, Ronja; Laue, Michael; Schneider, Julia; Brunink, Sebastian; Greuel, Selina; Lehmann, Malte; Hassan, Olga; Aschman, Tom; Schumann, Elisa; Chua, Robert Lorenz; Conrad, Christian; Eils, Roland; Stenzel, Werner; Windgassen, Marc; Rossler, Larissa; Goebel, Hans-Hilmar; Gelderblom, Hans R; Martin, Hubert; Nitsche, Andreas; Schulz-Schaeffer, Walter J; Hakroush, Samy; Winkler, Martin S; Tampe, Bjorn; Scheibe, Franziska; Kortvelyessy, Peter; Reinhold, Dirk; Siegmund, Britta; Kuhl, Anja A; Elezkurtaj, Sefer; Horst, David; Oesterhelweg, Lars; Tsokos, Michael; Ingold-Heppner, Barbara; Stadelmann, Christine; Drosten, Christian; Corman, Victor Max; Radbruch, Helena; Heppner, Frank L; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Nat Neurosci. 2021 Feb;24(2):168-175. doi: 10.1038/s41593-020-00758-5. Epub 2020 Nov 30. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Provides evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can invade the nervous system and occurs at the neural–mucosal interface by transmucosal entry via regional nervous structures. SN - 1546-1726 (Electronic); 1097-6256 (Linking) SP - 168-175 ST - Olfactory transmucosal SARS-CoV-2 invasion as a port of central nervous system entry in individuals with COVID-19 T2 - Nat Neurosci TI - Olfactory transmucosal SARS-CoV-2 invasion as a port of central nervous system entry in individuals with COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33257876 VL - 24 ID - 1345 ER - TY - JOUR AB - On Nov 25, 2021, about 23 months since the first reported case of COVID-19 and after a global estimated 260 million cases and 5·2 million deaths,1 a new SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern (VoC), omicron,2 was reported. Omicron emerged in a COVID-19-weary world in which anger and frustration with the pandemic are rife amid widespread negative impacts on social, mental, and economic wellbeing. Although previous VoCs emerged in a world in which natural immunity from COVID-19 infections was common, this fifth VoC has emerged at a time when vaccine immunity is increasing in the world. | The emergence of the alpha, beta, and delta SARS-CoV-2 VoCs were associated with new waves of infections, sometimes across the entire world.3 For example, the increased transmissibility of the delta VoC was associated with, among others, a higher viral load,4 longer duration of infectiousness,5 and high rates of reinfection, because of its ability to escape from natural immunity,6 which resulted in the delta VoC rapidly becoming the globally dominant variant. The delta VoC continues to drive new waves of infection and remains the dominant VoC during the fourth wave in many countries. Concerns about lower vaccine efficacy because of new variants have changed our understanding of the COVID-19 endgame, disabusing the world of the notion that global vaccination is by itself adequate for controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection. Indeed, VoCs have highlighted the importance of vaccination in combination with existing public health prevention measures, such as masks, as a pathway to viral endemicity.7 AN - 34871545 AU - Karim, Salim S. Abdool | Karim, Quarraisha Abdool C1 - 2021-12-10 C2 - PMC8640673 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/12102021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02758-6 IS - 10317 L1 - internal-pdf://1436673389/Karim-2021-Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant_ a new c.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In a commentary that reported data from the Department of Health, Government of South Africaexternal icon, COVID-19 cases in South Africa increased from a mean of 280 cases/day during the week before the detection of the Omicron variant to a mean of 800 cases/day the following week. In Gauteng province, data currently indicate that the number of cases doubled faster than was observed during the same phase of the previous 3 waves. SE - 2126 SN - 0140-6736 SP - 2126-2128 ST - Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant: a new chapter in the COVID-19 pandemic T2 - Lancet TI - Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant: a new chapter in the COVID-19 pandemic UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02758-6 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8640673/pdf/main.pdf VL - 398 Y2 - 2021/12/14 ID - 2696 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We propose here that one of the potential mechanisms for the relapse of the COVID-19 infection could be a cellular transport pathway associated with the release of the SARS-CoV-2-loaded exosomes and other extracellular vesicles. It is possible that this "Trojan horse" strategy represents possible explanation for the re-appearance of the viral RNA in the recovered COVID-19 patients 7-14 day post discharge, suggesting that viral material was hidden within such exosomes or extracellular vesicles during this "silence" time period and then started to re-spread again. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma. AD - Department of Endemic Medicine and Hepatogastroenterology, Kasr Alainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. | Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. | Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA. | Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino, Russia. AN - 32643586 AU - Elrashdy, F. | Aljaddawi, A. A. | Redwan, E. M. | Uversky, V. N. C1 - 2020-07-21 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072120_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 9 DO - 10.1080/07391102.2020.1790426 ET - 2020/07/10 IS - 15 KW - Covid-19 | SARS-CoV-2 | exosome | extracellular vesicle | reinfection L1 - internal-pdf://2806642642/Elrashdy-2020-On the potential role of exosome.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Elrashdy, Fatma; Aljaddawi, Abdullah A; Redwan, Elrashdy M; Uversky, Vladimir N; eng; England; J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2020 Jul 9:1-12. doi: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1790426. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Hypothesizing the potential mechanisms for the re-appearance of viral RNA in recovered COVID-19 patients through a “Trojan horse�?strategy where viral RNA material remains hidden within exosomes or extracellular vesicles. SN - 1538-0254 (Electronic); 0739-1102 (Linking) SP - 1-12 ST - On the potential role of exosomes in the COVID-19 reinfection/reactivation opportunity T2 - J Biomol Struct Dyn TI - On the potential role of exosomes in the COVID-19 reinfection/reactivation opportunity UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32643586 VL - 39 ID - 568 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Since SARS-CoV-2 appeared in the human population, the scientific community has scrambled to gather as much information as possible to find good strategies for the containment and treatment of this pandemic virus. Here, we performed a systematic review of the current (pre)published SARS-CoV-2 literature with a focus on the evidence concerning SARS-CoV-2 distribution in human tissues and viral shedding in body fluids. In addition, this evidence is aligned with published ACE2 entry-receptor (single cell) expression data across the human body to construct a viral distribution and ACE2 receptor body map. We highlight the broad organotropism of SARS-CoV-2, as many studies identified viral components (RNA, proteins) in multiple organs, including the pharynx, trachea, lungs, blood, heart, vessels, intestines, brain, male genitals and kidneys. This also implicates the presence of viral components in various body fluids such as mucus, saliva, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, semen and breast milk. The main SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor, ACE2, is expressed at different levels in multiple tissues throughout the human body, but its expression levels do not always correspond with SARS-CoV-2 detection, indicating that there is a complex interplay between virus and host. Together, these data shed new light on the current view of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and lay the foundation for better diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 patients. AD - HIV Cure Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University & Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium. AN - 33125439 AU - Trypsteen, W. | Van Cleemput, J. | Snippenberg, W. V. | Gerlo, S. | Vandekerckhove, L. C1 - 2020-11-17 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/111720_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009037 ET - 2020/10/31 IS - 10 KW - Antiviral Agents/*pharmacology | Betacoronavirus/*drug effects/pathogenicity | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*drug therapy/virology | Female | Humans | Lung/metabolism/*virology | Male | Pandemics | Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/drug effects/metabolism | Pneumonia, Viral/*drug therapy/virology | Receptors, Virus/drug effects/metabolism | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://2397951633/Trypsteen-2020-On the whereabouts of SARS-CoV-.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Trypsteen, Wim; Van Cleemput, Jolien; Snippenberg, Willem van; Gerlo, Sarah; Vandekerckhove, Linos; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Systematic Review; PLoS Pathog. 2020 Oct 30;16(10):e1009037. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009037. eCollection 2020 Oct. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A review of 186 studies demonstrating the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in organs and tissues throughout the body. SN - 1553-7374 (Electronic); 1553-7366 (Linking) SP - e1009037 ST - On the whereabouts of SARS-CoV-2 in the human body: A systematic review T2 - PLoS Pathog TI - On the whereabouts of SARS-CoV-2 in the human body: A systematic review UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33125439 VL - 16 ID - 1228 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Division of Infectious Diseases, China Medical University Children's Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. | School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan. AN - 32875675 AU - Hsu, Y. L. | Lin, H. C. | Wei, H. M. | Lai, H. C. | Hwang, K. P. C1 - 2020-09-15 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091520_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1111/irv.12778 ET - 2020/09/03 IS - 6 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/prevention & control | Disease Transmission, Infectious/prevention & control | Humans | Influenza, Human/*epidemiology/pathology/prevention & control | Pandemics/prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/prevention & control | SARS-CoV-2 | Seasons | Taiwan/epidemiology | *covid-19 | *hand hygiene | *influenza | *mask wearing L1 - internal-pdf://1217793350/Hsu-2020-One benefit of COVID-19 measures in T.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Hsu, Yu-Lung; Lin, Hsiao-Chuan; Wei, Hsiu-Mei; Lai, Huan-Cheng; Hwang, Kao-Pin; eng; Letter; England; Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2020 Nov;14(6):757-758. doi: 10.1111/irv.12778. Epub 2020 Sep 1. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: This letter notes that during the period after Taiwan’s first COVID�?9 case, the number of people with influenza per week and the number of people with severe complications from influenza were significantly lower relative to the same period in 2019. SN - 1750-2659 (Electronic); 1750-2640 (Linking) SP - 757-758 ST - One benefit of COVID-19 measures in Taiwan: The reduction of influenza infections and severe complications T2 - Influenza Other Respir Viruses TI - One benefit of COVID-19 measures in Taiwan: The reduction of influenza infections and severe complications UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32875675 VL - 14 ID - 889 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Ever since the coronavirus pandemic began, battles have raged over testing: Which tests should be given, to whom, and how often? Now, epidemiologists and public health experts are opening a new debate. They say testing centers should report not just whether a person is positive, but also a number known as the cycle threshold (CT) value, which indicates how much virus an infected person harbors. | Advocates point to new research indicating that CT values could help doctors flag patients at high risk for serious disease. Recent findings also suggest the numbers could help officials determine who is infectious and should therefore be isolated and have their contacts tracked down. CT value is an imperfect measure, advocates concede. But whether to add it to test results “is one of the most pressing questions out there,�?says Michael Mina, a physician and epidemiologist at Harvard University’s T.H. Chan School of Public Health; | Related; a man in a hospital bed; Hidden immune weakness found in 14% of gravely ill COVID-19 patients; A health care worker in protective gear collects a swab sample to be tested for the coronavirus disease. | WHO unveils global plan to fairly distribute COVID-19 vaccine, but challenges await; women working in a prison laundry facility; Pandemic inspires new push to shrink jails and prisons; See all of our coverage of the coronavirus outbreak; Standard tests identify SARS-CoV-2 infections by isolating and amplifying viral RNA using a procedure known as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which relies on multiple cycles of amplification to produce a detectable amount of RNA. The CT value is the number of cycles necessary to spot the virus; PCR machines stop running at that point. If a positive signal isn’t seen after 37 to 40 cycles, the test is negative. But samples that turn out positive can start out with vastly different amounts of virus, for which the CT value provides an inverse measure. A test that registers a positive result after 12 rounds, for a CT value of 12, starts out with more than 10 million times as much viral genetic material as a sample with a CT value of 35. | But the same sample can give different CT values on different testing machines, and different swabs from the same person can give different results. “The CT value isn’t an absolute scale,�?says Marta Gaglia, a virologist at Tufts University. That makes many clinicians wary, Mina says. “Clinicians are cautious by nature,�?Mina says. “They say, ‘If we can’t rely on it, it’s not reliable.’�?In an August letter in Clinical Infectious Diseases, members of the College of American Pathologists urged caution in interpreting CT values. | Nevertheless, Mina, Gaglia, and others argue that knowing whether CT values are high or low can be highly informative. “Even with all the imperfections, knowing the viral load can be extremely powerful,�?Mina says. | Early studies showed that patients in the first days of infection have CT values below 30, and often below 20, indicating a high level of virus; as the body clears the coronavirus, CT values rise gradually. More recent studies have shown that a higher viral load can profoundly impact a person’s contagiousness and reflect the severity of disease. | In a study published this week in Clinical Infectious Diseases, researchers led by Bernard La Scola, an infectious diseases expert at IHU-Méditerranée Infection, examined 3790 positive samples with known CT values to see whether they harbored viable virus, indicating the patients were likely infectious. La Scola and his colleagues found that 70% of samples with CT values of 25 or below could be cultured, compared with less than 3% of the cases with CT values above 35. “It’s fair to say that having a higher viral load is associated with being more infectious,�?says Monica Gandhi, an infectious diseases specialist at the University of California, San Francisco. | Conversely, people often test positive for weeks or even months after they recover but have high CT values, suggesting the PCR has identified genetic material from noninfectious viral debris. Current guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and World Health Organization, which call for patients to isolate themselves for 10 days after onset of symptoms, recognize they are not likely to be infectious after that period. But Mina and others say the recent findings also suggest that a patient who has undergone multiple tests with high CT values is likely at the tail end of their infection and need not isolate themselves. He adds that contact tracers should triage their efforts based on CT values. “If 100 files land on my desk [as a contact tracer], I will prioritize the highest viral loads first, because they are the most infectious,�?Mina says. | Broad access to CT values could also help epidemiologists track outbreaks, Mina says. If researchers see many low CT values, they could conclude an outbreak is expanding. But if nearly all CT values are high, an outbreak is likely waning. “We have to stop thinking of people as positive or negative, and ask how positive?�?Mina says. | CT values could also help clinicians flag patients most at risk for severe disease and death. A report in June from researchers at Weill Cornell Medicine found that among 678 hospitalized patients, 35% of those with a CT value of 25 or less died, compared with 17.6% with a CT value of 25 to 30 and 6.2% with a CT value above 30. In August, researchers in Brazil found that among 875 patients, those with a CT value of 25 or below were more likely to have severe disease or die. | Gandhi agrees that having access to CT values could help clinicians identify people at high risk for developing symptoms. Nevertheless, she and others note that a high viral load doesn’t necessarily lead to disease; some 40% of people who contract SARS-CoV-2 stay healthy even though they have a similar amount of virus to patients who fall ill. “As a physician, having the CT value is not the only thing I will use�?to diagnose and track patients, says Chanu Rhee, a hospital epidemiologist at Brigham and Women’s Hospital. “But I do still find it helpful.�? AU - Service, Robert F. C1 - 2020-10-09 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100920_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1126/science.abf0366 LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Ct values, which are proportional to viral loads, theoretically could be useful to guide patient care, but variations in Ct values due to assay design or instrument performance make standardization challenging. SN - 0036-8075 | 1095-9203 ST - One number could help reveal how infectious a COVID-19 patient is. Should test results include it? T2 - Science Magazine TI - One number could help reveal how infectious a COVID-19 patient is. Should test results include it? UR - https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/09/one-number-could-help-reveal-how-infectious-covid-19-patient-should-test-results ID - 1022 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Medium- to long-term outcomes of the novel pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS) or multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) are unknown. Short-term, 40-day, and 6-month outcomes have been published previously. AD - Paediatric Critical Care, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom. | Paediatric Intensive Care, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom. | Paediatric Intensive Care, Evelina Children's Hospital, London, United Kingdom. | Paediatric Intensive Care, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom. AN - 34459875 AU - Davies, Patrick | du Pré, Pascale | Lillie, Jon | Kanthimathinathan, Hari Krishnan C1 - 2021-09-10 C2 - PMC8406209 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09102021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - Aug 30 DO - 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2993 ET - 2021/08/31 L1 - internal-pdf://3721529208/Davies-2021-One-Year Outcomes of Critical Care.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Davies, Patrick | du Pre, Pascale | Lillie, Jon | Kanthimathinathan, Hari Krishnan | eng | JAMA Pediatr. 2021 Aug 30. pii: 2783539. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2993. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 68 pediatric patients followed for 1 year after hospitalization for pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS) or multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) in the United Kingdom, most children recovered with no long-term sequelae and none died. When tested more than 50 days postadmission, �?7% of their blood test results were normal. However, 6 (9%) children had ongoing echocardiographic abnormalities with aneurysmal changes, and 2 (3%) children had critical care readmissions for other reasons. SN - 2168-6203 ST - One-Year Outcomes of Critical Care Patients Post–COVID-19 Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children T2 - JAMA Pediatrics TI - One-Year Outcomes of Critical Care Patients Post–COVID-19 Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2993 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/articlepdf/2783539/jamapediatrics_davies_2021_ld_210022_1629993053.04292.pdf Y2 - 9/13/2021 ID - 2281 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The cardiovascular complications of acute COVID-19 are well described; however, a comprehensive characterization of the post-acute cardiovascular manifestations of COVID-19 at one year has not been undertaken. Here we use the US Department of Veterans Affairs national healthcare databases to build a cohort of 151,195 people with COVID-19, 3,670,087 contemporary and 3,656,337 historical controls to estimate risks and 1-year burdens of a set of pre-specified incident cardiovascular outcomes. We show that beyond the first 30 days of infection, people with COVID-19 are at increased risk of incident cardiovascular disease spanning several categories including cerebrovascular disorders, dysrhythmias, ischemic and non-ischemic heart disease, pericarditis, myocarditis, heart failure, and thromboembolic disease. The risks and burdens were evident among those who were non-hospitalized during the acute phase of the infection and increased in a graded fashion according to care setting of the acute infection (non-hospitalized, hospitalized, and admitted to intensive care). Taken together, our results provide evidence that risk and 1-year burden of cardiovascular disease in survivors of acute COVID-19 are substantial. Care pathways of people who survived the acute episode of COVID-19 should include attention to cardiovascular health and disease. AU - Ziyad, Al-Aly | Benjamin, Bowe | Yan, Xie | Evan, Xu C1 - 2021-10-15 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10152021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - 2021/10/18 DO - 10.21203/rs.3.rs-940278/v1 L1 - internal-pdf://1542259304/Ziyad-2021-One-year Risks and Burdens of Incid.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: United States veterans with SARS-CoV-2 infection (n = 151,195) had an increased risk of incident cardiovascular outcomes �?0 days post-infection, compared with 3,670,087 contemporary controls, including cerebrovascular disorders (hazard ratio [HR] 1.48, 95% CI 1.40-1.57), dysrhythmias (HR 1.66, CI 1.60-1.72), and major adverse cardiovascular events (HR 1.55, CI 1.50-1.60). Risk increased for veterans hospitalized or admitted to the ICU for COVID-19. SN - 2693-5015 ST - One-year Risks and Burdens of Incident Cardiovascular Disease in COVID-19: Cardiovascular Manifestations of Long COVID T2 - Res Sq TI - One-year Risks and Burdens of Incident Cardiovascular Disease in COVID-19: Cardiovascular Manifestations of Long COVID UR - https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-940278/v1 | https://assets.researchsquare.com/files/rs-940278/v1/5380295d-8158-4b36-af69-210bf1e66fc1.pdf?c=1634087293 ID - 2484 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 32984795 AU - Burki, T. C1 - 2020-10-06 C2 - Vaccines CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100620_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30227-2 ET - 2020/09/29 IS - 10 KW - *Anti-Vaccination Movement | COVID-19/*prevention & control/psychology | COVID-19 Vaccines/*therapeutic use | Humans | Social Media L1 - internal-pdf://1241325149/Burki-2020-The online anti-vaccine movement in.pdf LA - en LB - Vaccines | N1 - Burki, Talha; eng; News; England; Lancet Digit Health. 2020 Oct;2(10):e504-e505. doi: 10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30227-2. Epub 2020 Sep 22. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Discusses the extent of anti-vaccine content on social media and presents the impact of anti-vax groups using different social media platforms to strengthen their movement. SN - 2589-7500 (Electronic); 2589-7500 (Linking) SP - e504-e505 ST - The online anti-vaccine movement in the age of COVID-19 T2 - Lancet Digit Health TI - The online anti-vaccine movement in the age of COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32984795 VL - 2 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 994 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Center for Population-Level Bioethics and Department of Philosophy, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901; nir.eyal@rutgers.edu. | Department of Health Behavior, Society, and Policy, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854. | Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, and Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115N.E. declares no competing interest. M.L. receives research support from Pfizer, unrelated to COVID-19. AN - 32699147 AU - Eyal, N. | Lipsitch, M. C1 - 2020-07-31 C2 - Vaccine Development CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/073120_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 11 DO - 10.1073/pnas.2014154117 DP - NLM ET - 2020/07/24 IS - 32 KW - Covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | Clinical Trials as Topic/*ethics | Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control | Humans | Pandemics/*ethics/prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control | Viral Vaccines/adverse effects/*standards L1 - internal-pdf://2872644659/Eyal-2020-Opinion_ It's ethical to test promis.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Eyal, Nir; Lipsitch, Marc; eng; Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020 Aug 11;117(32):18898-18901. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2014154117. Epub 2020 Jul 22. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Presents an ethical case for testing vaccine efficacy even in the face of challenges to equipoise based on early data. SN - 1091-6490 (Electronic); 0027-8424 (Linking) SP - 18898-18901 ST - Opinion: It's ethical to test promising coronavirus vaccines against less-promising ones T2 - Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A TI - Opinion: It's ethical to test promising coronavirus vaccines against less-promising ones UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32699147 VL - 117 ID - 620 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Wolfe, Jace | Smith, Joanna | Neumann, Sara | Miller, Sharon | Schafer, Erin C. | Birath, Amy Lynn | Childress, Tina | McNally, Catharine | McNiece, Caleb | Madell, Jane | Spangler, Carrie | Caraway, Teresa H. | Jones, Christine C1 - 2020-10-30 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/103020_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1097/01.HJ.0000717184.65906.b9 IS - 9 L1 - internal-pdf://1781143010/Optimizing_Communication_in_Schools_and_Other.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Article details the challenges that face masks pose for individuals with hearing loss and presents a number of potential solutions, including clear face masks or shields and hearing-assisted technologies. SE - 40,42,43,44,45 SN - 0745-7472 SP - 40,42,43,44,45 ST - Optimizing Communication in Schools and Other Settings During COVID-19 T2 - The Hearing Journal TI - Optimizing Communication in Schools and Other Settings During COVID-19 UR - https://journals.lww.com/thehearingjournal/Fulltext/2020/09000/Optimizing_Communication_in_Schools_and_Other.12.aspx VL - 73 ID - 1141 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Paris University, Paris Translational Research Center for Organ Transplantation, INSERM, UMR-S970, Paris, France; Department of Kidney Transplantation, Necker Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France. Electronic address: alexandre.loupy@inserm.fr. | Paris University, Paris Translational Research Center for Organ Transplantation, INSERM, UMR-S970, Paris, France; Department of Kidney Transplantation, Necker Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France. | Paris University, Paris Translational Research Center for Organ Transplantation, INSERM, UMR-S970, Paris, France; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. | Agence de la Biomedecine, Saint Denis la Plaine, France. | Agence de la Biomedecine, Saint Denis la Plaine, France; INSERM U1018, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Universite Paris Sud, Villejuif, France. AN - 32407668 AU - Loupy, A. | Aubert, O. | Reese, P. P. | Bastien, O. | Bayer, F. | Jacquelinet, C. C1 - 2020-05-19 C2 - Collateral Effects of COVID-19 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051920_covidupdate.html DA - May 23 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31040-0 ET - 2020/05/15 IS - 10237 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus Infections | Humans | Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral | SARS-CoV-2 | *Tissue and Organ Procurement L1 - internal-pdf://1865119736/1-s2.0-S0140673620310400-main.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | N1 - Loupy, Alexandre; Aubert, Olivier; Reese, Peter P; Bastien, Olivier; Bayer, Florian; Jacquelinet, Christian; eng; Letter; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Comment; England; Lancet. 2020 May 23;395(10237):e95-e96. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31040-0. Epub 2020 May 11. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Cadaver organ transplants decreased 91% in France and 51% in the US (Figure) during the COVID-19; Reduction driven by decreases in kidney transplants. | Methods: Retrospective study of daily transplantation counts by organ type collected from French and American national registries, between early March and mid-April 2020. Limitations: Unclear what dates were compared to calculate the percentage decrease; no transplant counts pre-COVID for comparison. | Implications of 3 studies (Lazzerini et al., Kansagra et al., & Loupy et al.): The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely impacted the timely receipt of urgently needed, non-COVID-19-related medical care, including stroke management, organ transplantation, and pediatric emergency care. SE - e95 SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - e95-e96 ST - Organ procurement and transplantation during the COVID-19 pandemic T2 - Lancet TI - Organ procurement and transplantation during the COVID-19 pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32407668 VL - 395 Y2 - 2021/05/12 ID - 220 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Although guidance documents have been published regarding organ donation from individuals with a prior history of COVID-19 infection, no data exist regarding successful recovery and transplantation from deceased donors with a history of or positive testing suggesting a prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we report a case series of six deceased donors with a history of COVID-19 from whom 13 organs were recovered and transplanted through several of the nation's organ procurement organizations (OPOs). In addition, at least two potential donors were authorized for donation but with no organs were successfully allocated and did not proceed to recovery. No transmission of SARS-CoV-2 was reported from the six donors to recipients, procurement teams, or hospital personnel. Although more studies are needed, organ donation from deceased donors who have recovered from COVID-19 should be considered. AD - University of Wisconsin Organ and Tissue Donation Program, Madison, WI, USA. | Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA. | Indiana Donor Network, Indianapolis, IN, USA. | Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians, New York, NY, USA. | LiveOnNY, New York, NY, USA. AN - 33174324 AU - Neidlinger, N. A. | Smith, J. A. | D'Alessandro, A. M. | Roe, D. | Taber, T. E. | Pereira, M. R. | Friedman, A. L. C1 - 2020-11-24 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/112420_covidupdate.html DA - Apr DO - 10.1111/tid.13503 ET - 2020/11/12 IS - 2 KW - Adult | Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/chemistry/virology | COVID-19/*diagnosis/immunology/transmission | COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing | COVID-19 Serological Testing | Female | *Heart Transplantation | Humans | *Kidney Transplantation | *Liver Transplantation | Male | Middle Aged | SARS-CoV-2 | Tissue Donors | *Tissue and Organ Harvesting | Young Adult | Covid-19 | Coronavirus | deceased donor | donor-derived infection | transmission L1 - internal-pdf://0353494968/Neidlinger-2021-Organ recovery from deceased d.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Neidlinger, Nikole A; Smith, Jeannina A; D'Alessandro, Anthony M; Roe, David; Taber, Tim E; Pereira, Marcus R; Friedman, Amy L; eng; Denmark; Transpl Infect Dis. 2021 Apr;23(2):e13503. doi: 10.1111/tid.13503. Epub 2020 Dec 1. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Despite a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection in 6 deceased donors, no transmission to 13 organ recipients was seen. SN - 1399-3062 (Electronic); 1398-2273 (Linking) SP - e13503 ST - Organ recovery from deceased donors with prior COVID-19: A case series T2 - Transpl Infect Dis TI - Organ recovery from deceased donors with prior COVID-19: A case series UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33174324 VL - 23 ID - 1259 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We conducted a serological study to define correlates of immunity against SARS-CoV-2. Compared to those with mild coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases, individuals with severe disease exhibited elevated virus-neutralizing titers and antibodies against the nucleocapsid (N) and the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein. Age and sex played lesser roles. All cases, including asymptomatic individuals, seroconverted by 2 weeks after PCR confirmation. Spike RBD and S2 and neutralizing antibodies remained detectable through 5-7 months after onset, whereas alpha-N titers diminished. Testing 5,882 members of the local community revealed only 1 sample with seroreactivity to both RBD and S2 that lacked neutralizing antibodies. This fidelity could not be achieved with either RBD or S2 alone. Thus, inclusion of multiple independent assays improved the accuracy of antibody tests in low-seroprevalence communities and revealed differences in antibody kinetics depending on the antigen. We conclude that neutralizing antibodies are stably produced for at least 5-7 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. AD - Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA. | Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA. | Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA; Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA. | Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA. | Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA. | Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA. | Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA. | Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA; Functional Genomics Core, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. | Department of Pathology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA. | Office of the Senior Vice-President for Health Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. | University of Arizona Genomics Core and the Arizona Research Labs, University of Arizona Genetics Core, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. | Functional Genomics Core, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. | Division of Geriatrics, General Medicine and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA. | Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA. | Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona Health Sciences Biobank, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. | BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. | University of Arizona Genomics Core and the Arizona Research Labs, University of Arizona Genetics Core, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. | Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA; BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. Electronic address: nikolich@arizona.edu. | Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Tucson, AZ, USA; BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. Electronic address: deeptab@arizona.edu. AN - 33129373 AU - Ripperger, T. J. | Uhrlaub, J. L. | Watanabe, M. | Wong, R. | Castaneda, Y. | Pizzato, H. A. | Thompson, M. R. | Bradshaw, C. | Weinkauf, C. C. | Bime, C. | Erickson, H. L. | Knox, K. | Bixby, B. | Parthasarathy, S. | Chaudhary, S. | Natt, B. | Cristan, E. | El Aini, T. | Rischard, F. | Campion, J. | Chopra, M. | Insel, M. | Sam, A. | Knepler, J. L. | Capaldi, A. P. | Spier, C. M. | Dake, M. D. | Edwards, T. | Kaplan, M. E. | Scott, S. J. | Hypes, C. | Mosier, J. | Harris, D. T. | LaFleur, B. J. | Sprissler, R. | Nikolich-Zugich, J. | Bhattacharya, D. C1 - 2020-10-27 C2 - Laboratory Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102720_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 17 DO - 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.10.004 ET - 2020/11/02 IS - 5 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood | Antibodies, Viral/blood | Arizona/epidemiology | Betacoronavirus/*immunology/isolation & purification | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Clinical Laboratory Techniques/*methods | Coronavirus Infections/blood/diagnosis/*epidemiology/*immunology | Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins | Female | Humans | *Immunity, Humoral | Male | Middle Aged | Nucleocapsid Proteins/immunology | Pandemics | Phosphoproteins | Pneumonia, Viral/blood/diagnosis/*epidemiology/*immunology | Prevalence | Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs | SARS-CoV-2 | Seroepidemiologic Studies | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry/immunology | Young Adult | *covid-19 | *S2 domain | *SARS-CoV-2 | *antibodies | *neutralization | *nucleocapsid protein | *orthogonal serological tests | *receptor binding domain | *serological test | *serology | *spike protein | University has been licensed by Sana Biotechnology. J.N.Z. is on the scientific | advisory board of and receives research funding from Young Blood, Inc. R.S. is a | founder and chief scientific officer of Geneticure. R.W. is currently an employee | of Vir Biotechnology. A provisional patent application related to this work has | been filed with the US Patent Office. L1 - internal-pdf://0678189567/Ripperger-2020-Orthogonal SARS-CoV-2 Serologic.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Ripperger, Tyler J; Uhrlaub, Jennifer L; Watanabe, Makiko; Wong, Rachel; Castaneda, Yvonne; Pizzato, Hannah A; Thompson, Mallory R; Bradshaw, Christine; Weinkauf, Craig C; Bime, Christian; Erickson, Heidi L; Knox, Kenneth; Bixby, Billie; Parthasarathy, Sairam; Chaudhary, Sachin; Natt, Bhupinder; Cristan, Elaine; El Aini, Tammer; Rischard, Franz; Campion, Janet; Chopra, Madhav; Insel, Michael; Sam, Afshin; Knepler, James L; Capaldi, Andrew P; Spier, Catherine M; Dake, Michael D; Edwards, Taylor; Kaplan, Matthew E; Scott, Serena Jain; Hypes, Cameron; Mosier, Jarrod; Harris, David T; LaFleur, Bonnie J; Sprissler, Ryan; Nikolich-Zugich, Janko; Bhattacharya, Deepta; eng; R01 AG057701/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; R01 AI129945/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 AG020719/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; R37 AG020719/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; T32 AG058503/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; R01 AI099108/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; K08 HL141623/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Immunity. 2020 Nov 17;53(5):925-933.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.10.004. Epub 2020 Oct 14. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 6.5% of the negative control group were reactive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies to the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein (Figure 1A). | 13 of 73 samples (17.8%) with anti-RBD reactivity failed to neutralize SARS-CoV-2 (Figure 1B). | If neutralization is considered the true measure of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, the positive predictive value of anti-RBD reactivity alone was 82%. | IgG antibody titers to SARS-CoV-2 S2 protein correlated well with neutralizing titers (Figure 2). | Orthogonal testing with anti-RBD and anti-S2 achieved an empirically defined false positive rate of 0.02%. | Methods: To validate assay performance, testing for antibodies to RBD, N and S and neutralizing activity was performed using samples from 5,882 community volunteers from a low seroprevalence area, 129 persons with COVID-19 and 320 samples obtained prior to 2020. Limitations: May have missed individuals who seroreverted by time community cohort was tested; follow up limited to a maximum of 226 days. | Implications: Because the positive predictive value of a test may be poor in low prevalence communities and serologic testing may not predict neutralization capacity, use of multiple independent assays may predict neutralization capacity and minimize false positive results. SN - 1097-4180 (Electronic); 1074-7613 (Linking) SP - 925-933 e4 ST - Orthogonal SARS-CoV-2 Serological Assays Enable Surveillance of Low-Prevalence Communities and Reveal Durable Humoral Immunity T2 - Immunity TI - Orthogonal SARS-CoV-2 Serological Assays Enable Surveillance of Low-Prevalence Communities and Reveal Durable Humoral Immunity UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33129373 VL - 53 ID - 1130 ER - TY - JOUR AD - University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. | Azienda Regionale Emergenza Urgenza, Milan, Italy. | Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy. | Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) di Lodi, Lodi, Italy. | ASST di Mantova, Mantua, Italy. | ASST di Cremona, Cremona, Italy. | Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy s.savastano@smatteo.pv.it. AN - 32348640 AU - Baldi, E. | Sechi, G. M. | Mare, C. | Canevari, F. | Brancaglione, A. | Primi, R. | Klersy, C. | Palo, A. | Contri, E. | Ronchi, V. | Beretta, G. | Reali, F. | Parogni, P. | Facchin, F. | Bua, D. | Rizzi, U. | Bussi, D. | Ruggeri, S. | Oltrona Visconti, L. | Savastano, S. | Lombardia, CARe Researchers C1 - 2020-05-05 C2 - PMC7204428 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050520_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 30 DO - 10.1056/NEJMc2010418 ET - 2020/04/30 IS - 5 KW - Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Female | Humans | Incidence | Italy/epidemiology | Male | Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest/*epidemiology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://3947047543/Baldi-2020-Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest duri.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | N1 - Baldi, Enrico; Sechi, Giuseppe M; Mare, Claudio; Canevari, Fabrizio; Brancaglione, Antonella; Primi, Roberto; Klersy, Catherine; Palo, Alessandra; Contri, Enrico; Ronchi, Vincenza; Beretta, Giorgio; Reali, Francesca; Parogni, Pierpaolo; Facchin, Fabio; Bua, Davide; Rizzi, Ugo; Bussi, Daniele; Ruggeri, Simone; Oltrona Visconti, Luigi; Savastano, Simone; eng; Letter; N Engl J Med. 2020 Jul 30;383(5):496-498. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2010418. Epub 2020 Apr 29. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA) increased by 58%, and deaths from OHCA increase by 11%, during the six weeks after the first confirmed case of COVID-19 in Italy on February 20, 2020 compared with the same period in 2019 (Figure 2). | The increase in OHCA followed the time course of the COVID-19 outbreak (Figure 2). | 28% of OHCA cases had suspected symptoms of COVID-19 or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. | Methods: Retrospective analysis of OHCA data from four provinces in Northern Italy between February 20 and March 31, 2020, compared with the same period in 2019. Suspected symptoms of COVID-19 were fever lasting �? days before OHCA with cough, dyspnea, or both cough and dyspnea. Limitations: Ecological study. | Implications of both studies (De Filippo et al. & Baldi et al.): Fewer people may be seeking needed care for acute coronary heart disease due to the COVID-19 pandemic. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 496-498 ST - Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest during the Covid-19 Outbreak in Italy T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest during the Covid-19 Outbreak in Italy UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32348640 VL - 383 ID - 127 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential impact of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) responses and outcomes in 2 U.S. communities with relatively low infection rates. BACKGROUND: Studies in areas with high COVID-19 infection rates indicate that the pandemic has had direct and indirect effects on community responses to OHCA and negative impacts on survival. Data from areas with lower infection rates are lacking. METHODS: Cases of OHCA in Multnomah County, Oregon, and Ventura County, California, with attempted resuscitation by emergency medical services (EMS) from March 1 to May 31, 2020, and from March 1 to May 31, 2019, were evaluated. RESULTS: In a comparison of 231 OHCA in 2019 to 278 in 2020, the proportion of cases receiving bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was lower in 2020 (61% to 51%, respectively; p = 0.02), and bystander use of automated external defibrillators (AEDs) declined (5% to 1%, respectively; p = 0.02). EMS response time increased (6.6 +/- 2.0 min to 7.6 +/- 3.0 min, respectively; p < 0.001), and fewer OHCA cases survived to hospital discharge (14.7% to 7.9%, respectively; p = 0.02). Incidence rates did not change significantly (p > 0.07), and coronavirus infection rates were low (Multnomah County, 143/100,000; Ventura County, 127/100,000 as of May 31) compared to rates of approximately 1,600 to 3,000/100,000 in the New York City region at that time. CONCLUSIONS: The community response to OHCA was altered from March to May 2020, with less bystander CPR, delays in EMS response time, and reduced survival from OHCA. These results highlight the pandemic's indirect negative impact on OHCA, even in communities with relatively low incidence of COVID-19 infection, and point to potential opportunities for countering the impact. AD - Center for Cardiac Arrest Prevention, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Health System, Los Angeles, California, USA. | Ventura County Emergency Medical Services, Ventura, California, USA. | Department of Emergency Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA. | Center for Cardiac Arrest Prevention, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Health System, Los Angeles, California, USA. Electronic address: kyndaron.reinier@cshs.org. AN - 33478713 AU - Uy-Evanado, A. | Chugh, H. S. | Sargsyan, A. | Nakamura, K. | Mariani, R. | Hadduck, K. | Salvucci, A. | Jui, J. | Chugh, S. S. | Reinier, K. C1 - 2020-08-28 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082820_covidupdate.html DA - Jan DO - 10.1016/j.jacep.2020.08.010 ET - 2021/01/23 IS - 1 KW - Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | COVID-19/epidemiology | California/epidemiology | Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation/*trends | Defibrillators | Electric Countershock/trends | Emergency Medical Services/*trends | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Oregon/epidemiology | Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest/epidemiology/mortality/*therapy | SARS-CoV-2 | Survival Rate/trends | Time Factors | United States/epidemiology | *covid-19 | *out-of-hospital cardiac arrest | *resuscitation | National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) grants R01 HL147358 and R01 | HL145675. Dr. Chugh holds the Pauline and Harold Price Chair in Cardiac | Electrophysiology at Cedars-Sinai, Los Angeles. All other authors have reported | that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to | disclose. L1 - internal-pdf://1494730583/Uy-Evanado-2021-Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Uy-Evanado, Audrey; Chugh, Harpriya S; Sargsyan, Arayik; Nakamura, Kotoka; Mariani, Ronald; Hadduck, Katy; Salvucci, Angelo; Jui, Jonathan; Chugh, Sumeet S; Reinier, Kyndaron; eng; R01 HL145675/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; R01 HL147358/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2021 Jan;7(1):6-11. doi: 10.1016/j.jacep.2020.08.010. Epub 2020 Aug 14. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In 2020 (Figure): | Emergency Medical Services (EMS) response time increased, (6.6 vs 7.6 minutes, p <0.001). | Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation decreased (61% vs 51%, p = 0.02). | Use of automated external defibrillators decreased (5% to 1%, p = 0.02). | Survival to hospital discharge for OHCA decreased (14.7% to 7.9%, p = 0.02). | Methods: Consecutive patients with out-of-hospital cardia arrests (OHCA) were enrolled to assess EMS and bystander response and outcomes from March 1 to May 31, 2019 compared with the same period in 2020 in two U.S. communities with relatively low SARS-CoV-2 infection rates. Limitations: Not a systematic sample; potential reasons for findings not given. | Implications: The COVID-19 pandemic might adversely affect survival to hospital discharge from OHCA, even in areas with relatively low COVID-19 incidence. Community and EMS response during the ongoing pandemic and future outbreaks should be optimized to improve survival after OHCA. SN - 2405-5018 (Electronic); 2405-500X (Linking) SP - 6-11 ST - Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Response and Outcomes During the COVID-19 Pandemic T2 - JACC Clin Electrophysiol TI - Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Response and Outcomes During the COVID-19 Pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33478713 VL - 7 ID - 794 ER - TY - JOUR AB - An outbreak caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant (B.1.617.2) spread from one inpatient in a secondary care hospital to three primary care facilities, resulting in 58 infections including 18 deaths in patients and 45 infections in healthcare workers (HCW). Only one of the deceased cases was fully vaccinated. Transmission occurred despite the use of personal protective equipment by the HCW, as advised in national guidelines, and a high two-dose COVID-19 vaccination coverage among permanent staff members in the COVID-19 cohort ward. AD - Translational Immunology Program, Helsinki University and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. | Infectious Diseases Unit, Kanta-Hame Central Hospital, Hameenlinna, Finland. | Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. | ECDC Fellowship Programme, Field Epidemiology path (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden. AN - 34328076 AU - Hetemäki, Iivo | Kääriäinen, Sohvi | Alho, Pirjo | Mikkola, Janne | Savolainen-Kopra, Carita | Ikonen, Niina | Nohynek, Hanna | Lyytikäinen, Outi C1 - 2021-08-13 C2 - Variants CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08132021_covidupdate.html DA - Jul DO - 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.30.2100636 ET - 2021/07/31 IS - 30 KW - health care associated infection | COVID-19 | infection control | SARS-CoV-2 | VOC L1 - internal-pdf://2934828935/Hetemäki-2021-An outbreak caused by the SARS-C.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Hetemaki, Iivo | Kaariainen, Sohvi | Alho, Pirjo | Mikkola, Janne | Savolainen-Kopra, Carita | Ikonen, Niina | Nohynek, Hanna | Lyytikainen, Outi | eng | Sweden | Euro Surveill. 2021 Jul;26(30). doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.30.2100636. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In May 2021, an outbreak in a Finnish hospital linked to a single patient with Delta (B.1.617.2) spread to 3 other healthcare facilities, resulting in 103 infections among 58 patients and 45 healthcare workers (HCW), with 18 deaths. Despite reported use of personal protective equipment (PPE), breakthrough infections occurred among 24 fully or partially vaccinated HCWs, >90% with BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) vaccine. Findings suggest the need to bolster prevention strategies in healthcare settings, including vaccination as well as correct and consistent use of PPE. SN - 1560-7917 (Electronic) | 1025-496X (Linking) SP - 2100636 ST - An outbreak caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant (B.1.617.2) in a secondary care hospital in Finland, May 2021 T2 - Euro Surveill TI - An outbreak caused by the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant (B.1.617.2) in a secondary care hospital in Finland, May 2021 UR - https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.30.2100636 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8323455/pdf/eurosurv-26-30-1.pdf VL - 26 ID - 2220 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused epidemic spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the Seattle, Washington, metropolitan area, with morbidity and mortality concentrated among residents of skilled nursing facilities. The prevalence of COVID-19 among older adults in independent/assisted living is not understood. Objectives: To conduct surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 and describe symptoms of COVID-19 among residents and staff of an independent/assisted living community. Design, Setting, and Participants: In March 2020, public health surveillance of staff and residents was conducted on site at an assisted and independent living residence for older adults in Seattle, Washington, after exposure to 2 residents who were hospitalized with COVID-19. Exposures: Surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 infection in a congregate setting implementing social isolation and infection prevention protocols. Main Outcomes and Measures: SARS-CoV-2 real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed on nasopharyngeal swabs from residents and staff; a symptom questionnaire was completed assessing fever, cough, and other symptoms for the preceding 14 days. Residents were retested for SARS-CoV-2 7 days after initial screening. Results: Testing was performed on 80 residents; 62 were women (77%), with mean age of 86 (range, 69-102) years. SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 3 of 80 residents (3.8%); none felt ill, 1 male resident reported resolved cough and 1 loose stool during the preceding 14 days. Virus was also detected in 2 of 62 staff (3.2%); both were symptomatic. One week later, resident SARS-CoV-2 testing was repeated and 1 new infection detected (asymptomatic). All residents remained in isolation and were clinically stable 14 days after the second test. Conclusions and Relevance: Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in asymptomatic residents highlights challenges in protecting older adults living in congregate settings. In this study, symptom screening failed to identify residents with infections and all 4 residents with SARS-CoV-2 remained asymptomatic after 14 days. Although 1 asymptomatic infection was found on retesting, a widespread facility outbreak was avoided. Compared with skilled nursing settings, in assisted/independent living communities, early surveillance to identify asymptomatic persons among residents and staff, in combination with adherence to recommended preventive strategies, may reduce viral spread. AD - Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle. | Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle. | Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle. | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia. | Public Health Seattle, King County, Washington. | School of Nursing, Department of Biobehavioral Nursing and Health Informatics, University of Washington, Seattle. | Era Living Retirement Communities, Seattle, Washington. | Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Seattle, Washington. AN - 32437547 AU - Roxby, A. C. | Greninger, A. L. | Hatfield, K. M. | Lynch, J. B. | Dellit, T. H. | James, A. | Taylor, J. | Page, L. C. | Kimball, A. | Arons, M. | Munanga, A. | Stone, N. | Jernigan, J. A. | Reddy, S. C. | Lewis, J. | Cohen, S. A. | Jerome, K. R. | Duchin, J. S. | Neme, S. C1 - 2020-06-30 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/063020_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 1 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.2233 ET - 2020/05/22 IS - 8 KW - Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Assisted Living Facilities/*organization & administration | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Clinical Laboratory Techniques/*methods | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis | Female | Housing for the Elderly | Humans | Male | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis | Prevalence | SARS-CoV-2 | Washington/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://0513011722/Roxby-2020-Outbreak Investigation of COVID-19.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Roxby, Alison C; Greninger, Alexander L; Hatfield, Kelly M; Lynch, John B; Dellit, Timothy H; James, Allison; Taylor, Joanne; Page, Libby C; Kimball, Anne; Arons, Melissa; Munanga, Albert; Stone, Nimalie; Jernigan, John A; Reddy, Sujan C; Lewis, James; Cohen, Seth A; Jerome, Keith R; Duchin, Jeffrey S; Neme, Santiago; eng; JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Aug 1;180(8):1101-1105. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.2233. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; After 2 residents were hospitalized for COVID-19, an older adult care facility initiated universal testing. | 41% of residents and 28% of staff reported COVID-19-like symptoms at time of testing. | 3 infected residents (all asymptomatic) and 2 staff members (both mildly symptomatic) were identified. | At retesting a week later, 1 additional asymptomatic, infected resident identified. | Other inventions included physical distancing, visitor bans, and enhanced disinfection. | These efforts subsequently controlled transmission; no new infections were diagnosed. | Methods: All 80 residents and all 62 staff in an independent/assisted living community screened for symptoms and tested for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR, Seattle, March 2020. Residents re-tested 7 days later. Limitations: Half of residents lived independently, may not be generalizable to all older adult care facilities. | Implications: Universal SARS-CoV-2 testing (rather than symptom screening) and enhanced infection control measures can halt transmission in older adult residential facilities. SE - 1101 SN - 2168-6114 (Electronic); 2168-6106 (Linking) SP - 1101-1105 ST - Outbreak Investigation of COVID-19 Among Residents and Staff of an Independent and Assisted Living Community for Older Adults in Seattle, Washington T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - Outbreak Investigation of COVID-19 Among Residents and Staff of an Independent and Assisted Living Community for Older Adults in Seattle, Washington UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32437547 VL - 180 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 462 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Correctional and detention facilities are disproportionately affected by COVID-19 due to shared space, contact between staff and detained persons, and movement within facilities of detained persons, many with pre-existing medical conditions. On March 18, 2020, Cook County Jail, one of the United States�?largest, identified its first suspected case of COVID-19 in a detained person.Methods This analysis includes SARS-CoV-2 cases confirmed by molecular detection among detained persons and Cook County Sheriff’s Office staff. We examined occurrence of symptomatic cases in each building and proportions of asymptomatic detained persons testing positive. We describe timing of interventions including social distancing, mask use, and expanded testing and show outbreak trajectory in the jail versus contemporaneous case counts in Chicago.Results During March 1–April 30, 907 symptomatic and asymptomatic cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection were detected among detained persons (n = 628) and staff (n = 279), with nine deaths. Symptomatic cases occurred in all housing divisions; in 9/13 buildings, staff cases occurred first. Among asymptomatic detained persons in quarantine, 23.6% tested positive. Visitation stopped March 15, programmatic activities were suspended March 23, cells were converted into single occupancy beginning March 26, and universal masking was implemented for staff (April 2) and detained persons (April 13). Cases at the jail declined while cases in Chicago increased.Conclusion Aggressive intervention strategies coupled with widespread diagnostic testing of detained and staff populations can limit introduction and mitigate transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection in correctional and detention facilities.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementNo external funding was received for the execution of this study or manuscript preparation.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:This study was reviewed by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Chicago Department of Public Health, Cook County Health, and Cook County Sheriff's Office institutional review boards or the equivalent entity and deemed not to be research involving human subjects and public health response.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData were provided by the Cook County Sheriff's Office, Chicago Department of Public Health, Cermak Health Services, and Cook County Health. Access to data submitted into the Illinois' National Electronic Disease Surveillance System was provided by Chicago Department of Public Health. Data represent protected health information (PHI), and cannot be made available in raw form. Results are presented in aggregate in this manuscript. Authors had access to data. AU - Zawitz, Chad | Welbel, Sharon | Ghinai, Isaac | Mennella, Connie | Levin, Rebecca | Samala, Usha | Smith, Michelle Bryant | Gubser, Jane | Jones, Bridgette | Varela, Kate | Kirbiyik, Uzay | Rafinski, Josh | Fitzgerald, Anne | Orris, Peter | Bahls, Alex | Black, Stephanie R. | Binder, Alison M. | Armstrong, Paige A. C1 - 2020-07-24 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072420_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.07.12.20148494 L1 - internal-pdf://1628572506/Zawitz-2020-Outbreak of COVID-19 and Intervent.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 907 SARS-CoV-2 infections were detected among detained persons (n = 628) and staff (n = 279), with nine deaths: | Staff cases began a median of 3 days prior to cases among detained persons. | Cases increased rapidly, peaking on April 7 among detained persons; cases fell among detained persons 1 week after decreasing among staff (Figure 1). | Interventions to improve infection control (handwashing, personal protective equipment use, enhanced disinfection) and physical distancing (single-occupancy cells, movement restrictions, stopping visitation) were associated with a reduction in new cases. | New infections in the jail decreased while they were rising among Chicago residents (Figure 2). | Methods: Between March 1 and April 30, 2020, in Cook County Jail (CCJ), widespread SARS-CoV-2 testing and infection control interventions were implemented. All detained persons with COVID-19 symptoms received RT-PCR testing and were medically isolated for 14 days. Ratios of new cases to cumulative cases were calculated for each week among the jail’s staff and detained persons, as well as for residents of Chicago. Limitations: Not all staff were tested; comparative effectiveness of mitigation strategies cannot be assessed. | Implications: SARS-CoV-2 can spread rapidly in crowded settings and transmission can be reduced with widespread diagnostic testing and implementation of infection control and physical distancing SP - 2020.07.12.20148494 ST - Outbreak of COVID-19 and Interventions in One of the Largest Jails in the United States �?Cook County, IL, 2020 T2 - medRxiv TI - Outbreak of COVID-19 and Interventions in One of the Largest Jails in the United States �?Cook County, IL, 2020 TT - Published article: Outbreak of COVID-19 and interventions in a large jail �?Cook County, IL, United States, 2020 UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/07/14/2020.07.12.20148494.full.pdf ID - 576 ER - TY - JOUR AB - To the Editor—With great interest we read the appeal to address airborne transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by Morawska and Milton in Clinical Infectious Diseases [1]. Recently, we were involved in an outbreak in a Dutch nursing home that was likely to be the result of aerosol transmission in a setting of inadequate ventilation. This outbreak therefore illustrates the risks for which the authors are warning us.In total, 17 (81%) residents from 1 of the 7 wards in a nursing home with psychogeriatric residents were diagnosed with COVID-19 as confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) (Figure 1) [2]. Subsequently, 17 (50%) healthcare workers (HCWs) of the same ward also tested positive. In contrast, all tests of the 106 HCWs and 95 residents in the 6 other wards were negative. In the week of this outbreak a low prevalence of COVID-19 was reported, only 493 (0.77%) positive cases were detected in The Netherlands, whereas the weekly rate was 8391 (21.5%) during the national peak in April 2020 [3]. AD - Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. | Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. AN - 32857130 AU - de Man, P. | Paltansing, S. | Ong, D. S. Y. | Vaessen, N. | van Nielen, G. | Koeleman, J. G. M. C1 - 2020-09-08 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090820_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 28 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa1270 ET - 2020/08/29 IS - 1 KW - Aerosols | *covid-19 | Disease Outbreaks | Humans | Nursing Homes | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://3746179625/de Man-2020-Outbreak of COVID-19 in a nursing.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - de Man, Peter; Paltansing, Sunita; Ong, David S Y; Vaessen, Norbert; van Nielen, Gerard; Koeleman, Johannes G M; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Aug 28. pii: 5898577. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1270. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; On one nursing home ward with a new energy-efficient ventilation system, 17 (81%) residents and 17 (50%) health care workers tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 over two weeks (Figure). | Tests of residents (95) and health care workers (106) on other wards ventilated with outside air were negative. | SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected on 1 of 2 air conditioner filters (Ct value 43) and in 3 of 8 ventilation cabinet dust filters (Ct values 37-40) through which indoor air was recirculated on the affected ward (Figure). | Methods: Epidemiologic investigation with clinical and environmental sampling for SARS CoV-2 among 21 nursing home residents, 34 health care workers, air conditioning and ventilation systems. At the time of the study there was very low community prevalence such that multiple introduction of SARS-CoV-2 into the ward was unlikely. Limitations: Transmission through droplets or direct contact cannot be excluded; relatedness of viral isolates was not confirmed using whole-genomic sequencing. | Implications: Ventilation with outside air might help prevent aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in congregate living facilities. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - 170-171 ST - Outbreak of COVID-19 in a nursing home associated with aerosol transmission as a result of inadequate ventilation T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Outbreak of COVID-19 in a nursing home associated with aerosol transmission as a result of inadequate ventilation UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32857130 VL - 73 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 839 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: In December 2019, a newly identified coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, China, causing respiratory disease (COVID-19) presenting with fever, cough and frequently pneumonia. WHO has set the strategic objective to interrupt virus spread of SARS-CoV-2 worldwide. An outbreak in Bavaria, Germany, starting end of January 2020, gave the opportunity to study transmission events, incubation period, and attack rates. | Methods: A case was defined as a person with SARS-CoV-2-infection confirmed by PCR. Case interviews were conducted to i) describe timing of onset and nature of symptoms, ii) identify and classify contacts. High-risk contacts were actively followed and monitored for symptoms, low-risk contacts were tested upon self-reporting of symptoms. Whole genome sequencing was used to confirm epidemiological links and clarify transmission events where contact histories were ambiguous; integration with epidemiological data enabled precise reconstruction of exposure events and incubation periods. | Results: Case #0 was a Chinese person who visited Germany for professional reasons. Sixteen subsequent cases emerged in four transmission generations. Signature mutations occurred upon foundation of generation 2, as well as in one patient pertaining to generation 4. Median incubation period and serial interval were 4.0 days, respectively. Transmissions occurred frequently pre-symptomatic, at day of symptom onset and during prodromal phase (symptoms other than fever and cough for �? day at beginning of illness phase). Attack rates were 75% among members of a household cluster in common isolation, 10% among household contacts only together until isolation of case, and 5% among non-household high-risk contacts. | Conclusions: While our cases present with predominately mild, non-specific symptoms, infectiousness before or on the day of symptom onset or during prodromal phase is substantial. Additionally, the incubation period is often very short, false-negative tests may occur. Although the outbreak was apparently controlled, successful long-term and global containment of COVID-19 may be difficult to achieve. | Funding Statement: Contributions by C. D. and V. M. C. were funded by the German Ministry of Health (Konsiliarlabor für Coronaviren), as well as the German Center for Infection Research. S.B., T.W., K.P., N.M, and T.S.B. are fellows of the ECDC Fellowship Programme, supported financially by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). | Declaration of Interests: The authors declared no competing interest. | Ethics Approval Statement: The outbreak investigation was conducted as part of the authoritative, official tasks of the county health departments as well as the state health department of the Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, supported by the Robert Koch Institute. As conducted in response to a public health emergency, this study was exempt from institutional review board approval. AD - Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany; Institute of Social Medicine and Health Systems Research, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany. Electronic address: merle.boehmer@lgl.bayern.de. | Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany. | Institute of Virology, Charite University Medicine, Berlin, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Munich and Associated Partner Site Charite, Berlin, Germany. | Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany. | Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany; Postgraduate Training for Applied Epidemiology, Berlin, Germany; ECDC Fellowship Programme, Field Epidemiology Path, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden. | Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany; ECDC Fellowship Programme, Field Epidemiology Path, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden. | Postgraduate Training for Applied Epidemiology, Berlin, Germany; ECDC Fellowship Programme, Field Epidemiology Path, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden. | Institute of Virology, Charite University Medicine, Berlin, Germany. | German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Munich and Associated Partner Site Charite, Berlin, Germany; Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany. | German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Munich and Associated Partner Site Charite, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Virology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany. | Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany; Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany. | Institute of Virology, Charite University Medicine, Berlin, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Munich and Associated Partner Site Charite, Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: christian.drosten@charite.de. AN - 32422201 AU - Böhmer, Merle M. | Buchholz, Udo | Corman, Victor M. | Hoch, Martin | Katz, Katharina | Marosevic, Durdica V. | Böhm, Stefanie | Woudenberg, Tom | Ackermann, Nikolaus | Konrad, Regina | Eberle, Ute | Treis, Bianca | Dangel, Alexandra | Bengs, Katja | Fingerle, Volker | Berger, Anja | Hörmansdorfer, Stefan | Ippisch, Siegfried | Wicklein, Bernd | Grahl, Andreas | Pörtner, Kirsten | Muller, Nadine | Zeitlmann, Nadine | Boender, T. Sonia | Cai, Wei | Reich, Andreas | an der Heiden, Maria | Rexroth, Ute | Hamouda, Osamah | Schneider, Julia | Veith, Talitha | Mühlemann, Barbara | Wölfel, Roman | Antwerpen, Markus | Walter, Mathias | Protzer, Ulrike | Liebl, Bernhard | Haas, Walter | Sing, Andreas | Drosten, Christian | Zapf, Andreas C1 - 2020-04-14 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/041420_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.2139/ssrn.3551335 ET - 2020/05/19 IS - 8 KW - COVID-19 | SARS-CoV-2 | Outbreak | Germany | Attack rate | Transmission L1 - internal-pdf://2826226715/SSRN-id3551335.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Bohmer, Merle M | Buchholz, Udo | Corman, Victor M | Hoch, Martin | Katz, Katharina | Marosevic, Durdica V | Bohm, Stefanie | Woudenberg, Tom | Ackermann, Nikolaus | Konrad, Regina | Eberle, Ute | Treis, Bianca | Dangel, Alexandra | Bengs, Katja | Fingerle, Volker | Berger, Anja | Hormansdorfer, Stefan | Ippisch, Siegfried | Wicklein, Bernd | Grahl, Andreas | Portner, Kirsten | Muller, Nadine | Zeitlmann, Nadine | Boender, T Sonia | Cai, Wei | Reich, Andreas | An der Heiden, Maria | Rexroth, Ute | Hamouda, Osamah | Schneider, Julia | Veith, Talitha | Muhlemann, Barbara | Wolfel, Roman | Antwerpen, Markus | Walter, Mathias | Protzer, Ulrike | Liebl, Bernhard | Haas, Walter | Sing, Andreas | Drosten, Christian | Zapf, Andreas | eng | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Aug;20(8):920-928. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30314-5. Epub 2020 May 15. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; A visitor from China with COVID-19 initiated a chain of transmission over four transmission generations in Germany; median incubation period was 4 days (range: 1�? days). | 8 of 16 diagnosed were infected during time that the source was pre-symptomatic or during the very earliest onset of symptoms. | Attack rates were highest in family clusters and diminished with decreasing contact (Figure). | Methods: Outbreak investigation with contact tracing and interviews in Bavaria, Germany. Cases were confirmed by RT-PCR; whole genome sequencing verified epidemiological links. Researchers calculated attack rates among monitored contacts. Limitations: Focused exclusively on human-to-human and not indirect (e.g., fomite) transmission. | Implications: Contact tracing can provide insights into human-to-human chains of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Half of transmission events likely occurred before, or on the day of, symptom onset. Attack rates decreased with decreasing contact. SN - 1474-4457 (Electronic) | 1473-3099 (Linking) SP - 920-928 ST - Outbreak of COVID-19 in Germany Resulting from a Single Travel-Associated Primary Case T2 - SSRN TI - Outbreak of COVID-19 in Germany Resulting from a Single Travel-Associated Primary Case TT - Published article: Investigation of a COVID-19 Outbreak in Germany Resulting From A Single Travel-associated Primary Case: A Case Series UR - https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3551335 VL - 20 ID - 1875 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: An outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) occurred on the U.S.S. Theodore Roosevelt, a nuclear-powered aircraft carrier with a crew of 4779 personnel. METHODS: We obtained clinical and demographic data for all crew members, including results of testing by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). All crew members were followed up for a minimum of 10 weeks, regardless of test results or the absence of symptoms. RESULTS: The crew was predominantly young (mean age, 27 years) and was in general good health, meeting U.S. Navy standards for sea duty. Over the course of the outbreak, 1271 crew members (26.6% of the crew) tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection by rRT-PCR testing, and more than 1000 infections were identified within 5 weeks after the first laboratory-confirmed infection. An additional 60 crew members had suspected Covid-19 (i.e., illness that met Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists clinical criteria for Covid-19 without a positive test result). Among the crew members with laboratory-confirmed infection, 76.9% (978 of 1271) had no symptoms at the time that they tested positive and 55.0% had symptoms develop at any time during the clinical course. Among the 1331 crew members with suspected or confirmed Covid-19, 23 (1.7%) were hospitalized, 4 (0.3%) received intensive care, and 1 died. Crew members who worked in confined spaces appeared more likely to become infected. CONCLUSIONS: SARS-CoV-2 spread quickly among the crew of the U.S.S. Theodore Roosevelt. Transmission was facilitated by close-quarters conditions and by asymptomatic and presymptomatic infected crew members. Nearly half of those who tested positive for the virus never had symptoms. AD - From the U.S. Navy Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Falls Church (M.R.K., B.L.G.), and the Navy and Marine Corps Public Health Center, Portsmouth (J.R.G., A.J.R., T.L., A.M.V.T., G.D., R.J.H.) - both in Virginia; U.S. Navy Seventh Fleet, Yokosuka, Japan (C.L.S.); U.S. Pacific Fleet, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii (M.B.M.); the U.S. Naval Hospital Guam, Apra Harbor (N.O., D.H., R.F.); and the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda (T.H.B.), and the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring (A.W.A.) - both in Maryland. AN - 33176077 AU - Kasper, M. R. | Geibe, J. R. | Sears, C. L. | Riegodedios, A. J. | Luse, T. | Von Thun, A. M. | McGinnis, M. B. | Olson, N. | Houskamp, D. | Fenequito, R. | Burgess, T. H. | Armstrong, A. W. | DeLong, G. | Hawkins, R. J. | Gillingham, B. L. C1 - 2020-11-24 C2 - Transmission in Military Settings CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/112420_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 17 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2019375 ET - 2020/11/12 IS - 25 KW - Adult | Aircraft | COVID-19/diagnosis/*epidemiology/mortality/transmission | COVID-19 Testing | Comorbidity | *Disease Outbreaks | Disease Transmission, Infectious/*statistics & numerical data | Female | Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data | Humans | Male | *Military Personnel | Odds Ratio | Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction | SARS-CoV-2/*isolation & purification | *Ships | United States L1 - internal-pdf://3992772334/Kasper-2020-An Outbreak of Covid-19 on an Airc.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Kasper, Matthew R; Geibe, Jesse R; Sears, Christine L; Riegodedios, Asha J; Luse, Tina; Von Thun, Annette M; McGinnis, Michael B; Olson, Niels; Houskamp, Daniel; Fenequito, Robert; Burgess, Timothy H; Armstrong, Adam W; DeLong, Gerald; Hawkins, Robert J; Gillingham, Bruce L; eng; N Engl J Med. 2020 Dec 17;383(25):2417-2426. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2019375. Epub 2020 Nov 11. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 1,271 (27%) of 4,779 previously healthy navy crew members (mean age = 27) of an aircraft carrier became infected with SARS-CoV-2 (Figure). | The first three cases presented after 13 days at sea. | Four days later, the carrier docked in Guam and all crew were quarantined in separate hotel rooms. | 77% (978/1,271) of crewmembers with confirmed COVID-19 were asymptomatic at the time of initial test and only about half (55%) later developed symptoms; overall, 572 (45%) of confirmed infections remained asymptomatic. | 23 crew were hospitalized, four in the ICU, and one death occurred. | Methods: Retrospective review of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among 4,779 crew of an aircraft carrier between March 11 and May 18, 2020. All crew who tested positive by RT-PCR were placed in isolation and underwent symptom monitoring twice a day. Limitations: Contact tracing did not include other potential contacts. | Implications from 2 studies Kasper et al. & Letizia et al.: In close quarters, rapid extensive transmission of SARS-CoV-2 may occur. To protect service members, Michaelexternal icon, N. suggests a mandatory 14-day quarantine prior to confinement in close quarters, but Letizia et al.external icon suggest that even two weeks of prior self-quarantine plus two-weeks on-base quarantine was not adequate. These data provide evidence of the need to test asymptomatic individuals, particularly when dealing with young, healthy individuals, especially in settings with close quarters. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 2417-2426 ST - An Outbreak of Covid-19 on an Aircraft Carrier T2 - N Engl J Med TI - An Outbreak of Covid-19 on an Aircraft Carrier UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33176077 VL - 383 ID - 1265 ER - TY - JOUR AB - During July 2021, 469 cases of COVID-19 associated with multiple summer events and large public gatherings in a town in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, were identified among Massachusetts residents; vaccination coverage among eligible Massachusetts residents was 69%. Approximately three quarters (346; 74%) of cases occurred in fully vaccinated persons (those who had completed a 2-dose course of mRNA vaccine [Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna] or had received a single dose of Janssen [Johnson & Johnson] vaccine �?4 days before exposure). Genomic sequencing of specimens from 133 patients identified the B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, in 119 (89%) and the Delta AY.3 sublineage in one (1%). Overall, 274 (79%) vaccinated patients with breakthrough infection were symptomatic. Among five COVID-19 patients who were hospitalized, four were fully vaccinated; no deaths were reported. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) cycle threshold (Ct) values in specimens from 127 vaccinated persons with breakthrough cases were similar to those from 84 persons who were unvaccinated, not fully vaccinated, or whose vaccination status was unknown (median = 22.77 and 21.54, respectively). The Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 is highly transmissible (1); vaccination is the most important strategy to prevent severe illness and death. On July 27, CDC recommended that all persons, including those who are fully vaccinated, should wear masks in indoor public settings in areas where COVID-19 transmission is high or substantial.* Findings from this investigation suggest that even jurisdictions without substantial or high COVID-19 transmission might consider expanding prevention strategies, including masking in indoor public settings regardless of vaccination status, given the potential risk of infection during attendance at large public gatherings that include travelers from many areas with differing levels of transmission. AN - 34351882 AU - Brown, C. M. | Vostok, J. | Johnson, H. | Burns, M. | Gharpure, R. | Sami, S. | Sabo, R. T. | Hall, N. | Foreman, A. | Schubert, P. L. | Gallagher, G. R. | Fink, T. | Madoff, L. C. | Gabriel, S. B. | MacInnis, B. | Park, D. J. | Siddle, K. J. | Harik, V. | Arvidson, D. | Brock-Fisher, T. | Dunn, M. | Kearns, A. | Laney, A. S. C1 - 2021-08-13 C2 - Variants CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08132021_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 6 DO - 10.15585/mmwr.mm7031e2 DP - NLM ET - 2021/08/06 IS - 31 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | COVID-19/*epidemiology/*transmission | COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage | Child | Child, Preschool | *Crowding | *Disease Outbreaks | Female | Humans | Infant | Male | Massachusetts/epidemiology | Middle Aged | Young Adult | Journal Editors form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. Stacey B. | Gabriel reports receiving grants from CDC. Bronwyn MacInnis, Katherine Siddle, and | Daniel Park report receiving grants from CDC and the National Institutes of Health. | Taylor Brock-Fisher reports receiving a grant from the Community Tracing | Collaborative. No other potential conflicts of interest were disclosed. L1 - internal-pdf://1739949343/Brown-2021-Outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 Infections.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - 1545-861x; Brown, Catherine M; Vostok, Johanna; Johnson, Hillary; Burns, Meagan; Gharpure, Radhika; Sami, Samira; Sabo, Rebecca T; Hall, Noemi; Foreman, Anne; Schubert, Petra L; Gallagher, Glen R; Fink, Timelia; Madoff, Lawrence C; Gabriel, Stacey B; MacInnis, Bronwyn; Park, Daniel J; Siddle, Katherine J; Harik, Vaira; Arvidson, Deirdre; Brock-Fisher, Taylor; Dunn, Molly; Kearns, Amanda; Laney, A Scott; Journal Article; United States; MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021 Aug 6;70(31):1059-1062. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7031e2. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: [cited in Elliott et al. summary] SN - 0149-2195 SP - 1059-1062 ST - Outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 Infections, Including COVID-19 Vaccine Breakthrough Infections, Associated with Large Public Gatherings - Barnstable County, Massachusetts, July 2021 T2 - MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep TI - Outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 Infections, Including COVID-19 Vaccine Breakthrough Infections, Associated with Large Public Gatherings - Barnstable County, Massachusetts, July 2021 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8367314/pdf/mm7031e2.pdf VL - 70 ID - 2221 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Elderly residents in nursing homes are at very high risk of life-threatening COVID-19-related outcomes. In this report, an epidemiological and serological investigation of a SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in an Italian nursing home is described. Among the residents, all but one (19/20) were regularly vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2. In mid-February 2021, a non-vaccinated staff member of the nursing home was diagnosed with the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Following the outbreak investigation, a total of 70% (14/20) of residents aged 77-100 years were found positive. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the outbreak was caused by the SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern 202012/01 (the so-called "UK variant"). However, all but one positive subjects (13/14) were fully asymptomatic. The only symptomatic patient was a vaccinated 86-year-old female with a highly compromised health background and deceased approximately two weeks later. The subsequent serological investigation showed that the deceased patient was the only vaccinated subject that did not develop the anti-spike protein antibody response, therefore being likely a vaccine non-responder. Although the available mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine was not able to prevent several asymptomatic infections, it was able to avert most symptomatic disease cases caused by the SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern 202012/01 in nursing home residents. AD - Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy. | Hygiene Unit, San Martino Policlinico Hospital-IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, 16132 Genoa, Italy. | Laboratory Medicine, San Martino Policlinico Hospital-IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, 16132 Genoa, Italy. | Local Health Unit 4, 16043 Chiavari, Italy. AN - 34199663 AU - Orsi, Andrea | Domnich, Alexander | Pace, Vanessa De | Ricucci, Valentina | Caligiuri, Patrizia | Bottiglieri, Livio | Vagge, Rosanna | Cavalleri, Maurizio A. | Orlandini, Francesco | Bruzzone, Bianca | Icardi, Giancarlo C1 - 2021-06-18 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06182021_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 2 DO - 10.3390/vaccines9060591 ET - 2021/07/03 IS - 6 KW - Covid-19 | Italy | SARS-CoV-2 | elderly | nursing home | vaccination L1 - internal-pdf://3679325500/Orsi-2021-Outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 Lineage 20I_5.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Orsi, Andrea | Domnich, Alexander | Pace, Vanessa De | Ricucci, Valentina | Caligiuri, Patrizia | Bottiglieri, Livio | Vagge, Rosanna | Cavalleri, Maurizio A | Orlandini, Francesco | Bruzzone, Bianca | Icardi, Giancarlo | eng | Case Reports | Switzerland | Vaccines (Basel). 2021 Jun 2;9(6). pii: vaccines9060591. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9060591. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Following an outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in Italy, in which all residents but 1 (19/20) were fully vaccinated with Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2, 70% of residents tested positive by RT-PCR. 13/14 positive residents were asymptomatic. The symptomatic resident (age 86) died approximately 2 weeks after testing positive. Sequencing revealed the 20I/501Y.V1 lineage (B.1.1.7) in 6 samples including from the resident who died. SN - 2076-393X SP - 591 ST - Outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 Lineage 20I/501Y.V1 in a Nursing Home Underlines the Crucial Role of Vaccination in Both Residents and Staff T2 - Vaccines TI - Outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 Lineage 20I/501Y.V1 in a Nursing Home Underlines the Crucial Role of Vaccination in Both Residents and Staff UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/9/6/591 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8228066/pdf/vaccines-09-00591.pdf VL - 9 ID - 1853 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BackgroundThe Bergamo province, which is extensively affected by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic, is a natural observatory of virus manifestations in the general population. In the past month we recorded an outbreak of Kawasaki disease; we aimed to evaluate incidence and features of patients with Kawasaki-like disease diagnosed during the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic. AU - Verdoni, Lucio | Mazza, Angelo | Gervasoni, Annalisa | Martelli, Laura | Ruggeri, Maurizio | Ciuffreda, Matteo | Bonanomi, Ezio | D'Antiga, Lorenzo C1 - 2020-05-22 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052220_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31103-x IS - 10239 L1 - internal-pdf://0759024206/1-s2.0-S014067362031103X-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; After the start of the COVID-19 epidemic, incidence rate of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) (which has signs and symptoms similar to Kawasaki disease) exceeded the incidence rate of Kawasaki disease prior to the start of the epidemic (10 vs 0.3 cases/month respectively). | 8/10 (80%) MIS-C cases had a positive RT-PCR and/or serology test result for COVID-19. | Compared with those with Kawasaki disease, patients with MIS-C were: | Older (average: 7.5 vs 3 years), and had higher BMIs, lower white blood cell and platelet counts, heart abnormalities measured via echocardiogram (60% vs 10%), multiple markers of systemic inflammation, and a severe drop in blood pressure (50% vs 0%). | Methods: In one Italian hospital, 10 cases of MIS-C were identified after the start of the COVID-19 epidemic. Authors compared clinical presentation and treatment of these 10 cases with 19 cases of Kawasaki disease diagnosed before the outbreak. RT-PCR and serologic testing for SARS-CoV-2 was conducted among cases identified after the start of the epidemic. Limitations: Small sample size; one hospital. | Implications: MIS-C is a new inflammatory syndrome that has been described among children and is likely related to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Given its severity, further research is urgently needed to fully understand the epidemiology, treatment, and prevention of MIS-C. SE - 1771 SN - 01406736 SP - 1771-1778 ST - An outbreak of severe Kawasaki-like disease at the Italian epicentre of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic: an observational cohort study T2 - Lancet TI - An outbreak of severe Kawasaki-like disease at the Italian epicentre of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic: an observational cohort study UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31103-X VL - 395 Y2 - 2021/05/12 ID - 243 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Summary Background Residents of prisons have experienced disproportionate COVID-19-related health harms. To control outbreaks, many prisons in the USA restricted in-person activities, which are now resuming even as viral variants proliferate. This study aims to use mathematical modelling to assess the risks and harms of COVID-19 outbreaks in prisons under a range of policies, including resumption of activities. Methods We obtained daily resident-level data for all California state prisons from Jan 1, 2020, to May 15, 2021, describing prison layouts, housing status, sociodemographic and health characteristics, participation in activities, and COVID-19 testing, infection, and vaccination status. We developed a transmission-dynamic stochastic microsimulation parameterised by the California data and published literature. After an initial infection is introduced to a prison, the model evaluates the effect of various policy scenarios on infections and hospitalisations over 200 days. Scenarios vary by vaccine coverage, baseline immunity (0%, 25%, or 50%), resumption of activities, and use of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) that reduce transmission by 75%. We simulated five prison types that differ by residential layout and demographics, and estimated outcomes with and without repeated infection introductions over the 200 days. Findings If a viral variant is introduced into a prison that has resumed pre-2020 contact levels, has moderate vaccine coverage (ranging from 36% to 76% among residents, dependent on age, with 40% coverage for staff), and has no baseline immunity, 23�?4% of residents are expected to be infected over 200 days. High vaccination coverage (90%) coupled with NPIs reduces cumulative infections to 2�?4%. Even in prisons with low room occupancies (ie, no more than two occupants) and low levels of cumulative infections (ie, <10%), hospitalisation risks are substantial when these prisons house medically vulnerable populations. Risks of large outbreaks (>20% of residents infected) are substantially higher if infections are repeatedly introduced. Interpretation Balancing benefits of resuming activities against risks of outbreaks presents challenging trade-offs. After achieving high vaccine coverage, prisons with mostly one-to-two-person cells that have higher baseline immunity from previous outbreaks can resume in-person activities with low risk of a widespread new outbreak, provided they maintain widespread NPIs, continue testing, and take measures to protect the medically vulnerable. Funding Horowitz Family Foundation, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Science Foundation, Open Society Foundation, Advanced Micro Devices. AD - Stanford Health Policy, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. Electronic address: tessryckman@gmail.com. | Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. | Stanford Health Policy, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. | California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, Elk Grove, CA, USA. | Stanford Health Policy, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Law School, Stanford, CA, USA. | Division of Public Administration, Center for Research and Teaching in Economics, Aguascalientes, Mexico. | Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA. AN - 34364404 AU - Ryckman, Theresa | Chin, Elizabeth T. | Prince, Lea | Leidner, David | Long, Elizabeth | Studdert, David M. | Salomon, Joshua A. | Alarid-Escudero, Fernando | Andrews, Jason R. | Goldhaber-Fiebert, Jeremy D. C1 - 2021-08-13 C2 - Transmission Risk and Dynamics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08132021_covidupdate.html DA - 2021/08/06/ DO - 10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00162-6 ET - 2021/08/09 IS - 10 L1 - internal-pdf://3056201114/1-s2.0-S2468266721001626-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Ryckman, Theresa | Chin, Elizabeth T | Prince, Lea | Leidner, David | Long, Elizabeth | Studdert, David M | Salomon, Joshua A | Alarid-Escudero, Fernando | Andrews, Jason R | Goldhaber-Fiebert, Jeremy D | eng | R37 DA015612/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ | England | Lancet Public Health. 2021 Oct;6(10):e760-e770. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00162-6. Epub 2021 Aug 6. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In a simulation model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in a prison assuming moderate vaccination coverage (36%�?6% for residents, 40% for staff), no non-pharmaceutical intervention (NPI), and no baseline immunity, 200-day cumulative risk of infection after introduction of a new variant would be 74% for dormitories and 54% for cells (Figure). | Layering NPIs assumed to be 75% effective would reduce cumulative risk of infection to 71% for dormitories and 25% for cells. | Achieving a best-case scenario of 90% vaccination along with 75% effective NPIs would further reduce cumulative risk of infection to 54% for dormitories and 10% for cells. | Hospitalization rate per 1,000 residents in prisons with moderate vaccination coverage, no NPIs, and no baseline immunity by occupancy type would be 12 for dormitories and 5 for cells. | 90% vaccination would reduce hospitalization rate to 6 for dormitories and 2 for cells. | Methods: Data from the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, including occupancy type (e.g., cells and dormitories) and daily resident information from January 2020–May 2021 were used to model how key factors including vaccination coverage, baseline immunity, NPIs, and activity closure (e.g., work, schooling, and visitation) would impact 200-day cumulative risk of infection, hospitalization and death from COVID-19 after introduction of a single SARS-CoV-2 variant infection. Limitations: New admissions, releases, transfers, and waning immunity were not assessed; findings might not be generalizable. | Implications: SARS-CoV-2 variants could spread rapidly in group settings such as correctional facilities. High vaccination coverage and effective NPIs, along with ongoing screening and testing, might slow transmission. SN - 2468-2667 SP - e760-e770 ST - Outbreaks of COVID-19 variants in US prisons: a mathematical modelling analysis of vaccination and reopening policies T2 - Lancet Public Health TI - Outbreaks of COVID-19 variants in US prisons: a mathematical modelling analysis of vaccination and reopening policies UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468266721001626 VL - 6 ID - 2222 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Whiteriver Indian Hospital, Indian Health Service, Whiteriver, Arizona. AN - 34546375 AU - Close, Ryan M. | Jones, T. Shaifer | Jentoft, Christopher | McAuley, James B. C1 - 2021-10-01 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10012021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - Sep 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.25866 ET - 2021/09/22 IS - 9 KW - Adolescent | Adult | *American Natives | Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/*therapeutic use | Arizona/epidemiology | COVID-19/*drug therapy/mortality | Female | *Hospital Mortality | *Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Retrospective Studies | Rural Population | SARS-CoV-2 | Severity of Illness Index | Treatment Outcome | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://2154124545/Close-2021-Outcome Comparison of High-Risk Nat.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Close, Ryan M | Jones, T Shaifer | Jentoft, Christopher | McAuley, James B | eng | Comparative Study | JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Sep 1;4(9):e2125866. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.25866. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among Native American people eligible for monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment (n = 481) at a rural acute care facility in Arizona, 201 COVID-19 patients received mAb and experienced lower odds of death (OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.29-0.66) than eligible patients who did not receive mAb. SN - 2574-3805 SP - e2125866-e2125866 ST - Outcome Comparison of High-Risk Native American Patients Who Did or Did Not Receive Monoclonal Antibody Treatment for COVID-19 T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Outcome Comparison of High-Risk Native American Patients Who Did or Did Not Receive Monoclonal Antibody Treatment for COVID-19 UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.25866 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/articlepdf/2784401/close_2021_ld_210190_1631627517.46983.pdf VL - 4 Y2 - 10/4/2021 ID - 2414 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Radboudumc Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. | Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. | Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. | Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands. | Life and Medical Sciences Institute, Department for Genomics & Immunoregulation, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. | Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. AN - 32789513 AU - van de Veerdonk, F. L. | Kouijzer, I. J. E. | de Nooijer, A. H. | van der Hoeven, H. G. | Maas, C. | Netea, M. G. | Bruggemann, R. J. M. C1 - 2020-08-25 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082520_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 3 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.17708 ET - 2020/08/14 IS - 8 KW - Adult | Aged | Betacoronavirus | Bradykinin/*analogs & derivatives/*metabolism/therapeutic use | Bradykinin B2 Receptor Antagonists/*therapeutic use | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*drug therapy/metabolism/virology | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Oxygen/blood | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*drug therapy/metabolism/virology | Receptor, Bradykinin B2/*metabolism | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://0271652221/van de Veerdonk-2020-Outcomes Associated With.pdf LA - en LB - Vaccines | N1 - van de Veerdonk, Frank L; Kouijzer, Ilse J E; de Nooijer, Aline H; van der Hoeven, Hans G; Maas, Coen; Netea, Mihai G; Bruggemann, Roger J M; eng; JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Aug 3;3(8):e2017708. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.17708. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Case-control study of 10 patients with COVID-19 treated with icatibant showing improved short-term oxygenation compared with matched controls. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e2017708 ST - Outcomes Associated With Use of a Kinin B2 Receptor Antagonist Among Patients With COVID-19 T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Outcomes Associated With Use of a Kinin B2 Receptor Antagonist Among Patients With COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32789513 VL - 3 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 773 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to cause considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. Case reports of hospitalized patients suggest that COVID-19 prominently affects the cardiovascular system, but the overall impact remains unknown. Objective: To evaluate the presence of myocardial injury in unselected patients recently recovered from COVID-19 illness. Design, Setting, and Participants: In this prospective observational cohort study, 100 patients recently recovered from COVID-19 illness were identified from the University Hospital Frankfurt COVID-19 Registry between April and June 2020. Exposure: Recent recovery from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, as determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction on swab test of the upper respiratory tract. Main Outcomes and Measures: Demographic characteristics, cardiac blood markers, and cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging were obtained. Comparisons were made with age-matched and sex-matched control groups of healthy volunteers (n = 50) and risk factor-matched patients (n = 57). Results: Of the 100 included patients, 53 (53%) were male, and the mean (SD) age was 49 (14) years. The median (IQR) time interval between COVID-19 diagnosis and CMR was 71 (64-92) days. Of the 100 patients recently recovered from COVID-19, 67 (67%) recovered at home, while 33 (33%) required hospitalization. At the time of CMR, high-sensitivity troponin T (hsTnT) was detectable (greater than 3 pg/mL) in 71 patients recently recovered from COVID-19 (71%) and significantly elevated (greater than 13.9 pg/mL) in 5 patients (5%). Compared with healthy controls and risk factor-matched controls, patients recently recovered from COVID-19 had lower left ventricular ejection fraction, higher left ventricle volumes, and raised native T1 and T2. A total of 78 patients recently recovered from COVID-19 (78%) had abnormal CMR findings, including raised myocardial native T1 (n = 73), raised myocardial native T2 (n = 60), myocardial late gadolinium enhancement (n = 32), or pericardial enhancement (n = 22). There was a small but significant difference between patients who recovered at home vs in the hospital for native T1 mapping (median [IQR], 1119 [1092-1150] ms vs 1141 [1121-1175] ms; P = .008) and hsTnT (4.2 [3.0-5.9] pg/dL vs 6.3 [3.4-7.9] pg/dL; P = .002) but not for native T2 mapping. None of these measures were correlated with time from COVID-19 diagnosis (native T1: r = 0.07; P = .47; native T2: r = 0.14; P = .15; hsTnT: r = -0.07; P = .50). High-sensitivity troponin T was significantly correlated with native T1 mapping (r = 0.33; P < .001) and native T2 mapping (r = 0.18; P = .01). Endomyocardial biopsy in patients with severe findings revealed active lymphocytic inflammation. Native T1 and T2 were the measures with the best discriminatory ability to detect COVID-19-related myocardial pathology. Conclusions and Relevance: In this study of a cohort of German patients recently recovered from COVID-19 infection, CMR revealed cardiac involvement in 78 patients (78%) and ongoing myocardial inflammation in 60 patients (60%), independent of preexisting conditions, severity and overall course of the acute illness, and time from the original diagnosis. These findings indicate the need for ongoing investigation of the long-term cardiovascular consequences of COVID-19. AD - Institute for Experimental and Translational Cardiovascular Imaging, DZHK Centre for Cardiovascular Imaging, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. | Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy. | Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. | Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. | Department of Cardiology, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. | Department of Hospital Therapy No. 1, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia. | Institute for Cardiac Diagnostic and Therapy, Berlin, Germany. AN - 32730619 AU - Puntmann, V. O. | Carerj, M. L. | Wieters, I. | Fahim, M. | Arendt, C. | Hoffmann, J. | Shchendrygina, A. | Escher, F. | Vasa-Nicotera, M. | Zeiher, A. M. | Vehreschild, M. | Nagel, E. C1 - 2020-08-07 C2 - Cardiovascular Damage and COVID-19 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/080720_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 1 DO - 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.3557 ET - 2020/07/31 IS - 11 KW - Adult | COVID-19/*complications/epidemiology/mortality/virology | Cardiomyopathies/diagnostic imaging/virology | Cardiovascular Diseases/*diagnostic imaging/epidemiology/metabolism/virology | Case-Control Studies | Cohort Studies | Contrast Media/administration & dosage | Female | Gadolinium | Germany/epidemiology | Humans | Magnetic Resonance Imaging/*methods | Male | Middle Aged | Myocarditis/etiology/virology | Myocardium/pathology | Prospective Studies | Recovery of Function | SARS-CoV-2/*genetics | Stroke Volume | Troponin T/blood | Ventricular Function, Left/physiology L1 - internal-pdf://1235955294/Puntmann-2020-Outcomes of Cardiovascular Magne.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Puntmann, Valentina O; Carerj, M Ludovica; Wieters, Imke; Fahim, Masia; Arendt, Christophe; Hoffmann, Jedrzej; Shchendrygina, Anastasia; Escher, Felicitas; Vasa-Nicotera, Mariuca; Zeiher, Andreas M; Vehreschild, Maria; Nagel, Eike; eng; Observational Study; JAMA Cardiol. 2020 Nov 1;5(11):1265-1273. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.3557. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 78% of 100 patients recovered from COVID-19 had inflammation of the heart muscle (myocarditis) and lining (pericarditis) on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cardiac MRI). | 60% had evidence of ongoing heart inflammation independent of preexisting conditions, severity and overall course of the COVID-19, and time from the original diagnosis. | Compared with healthy controls (n = 50) and risk factor–matched controls (n = 57), recovered patients had biomarkers signaling cardiac injury (i.e., increased cardiac enzymes) and weakened cardiac function (i.e., decreased ejection fraction). | 76% had elevated high-sensitivity troponin T, (a marker of cardiac injury) and levels were correlated with changes in cardiac function as measured by native T1- and T2-weighted mapping (Figure). | Methods: Prospective observational cohort study of 100 patients without a known prior history of cardiovascular problems and recently recovered from COVID-19 (33% were hospitalized, 67% recovered at home) in Frankfurt, Germany, between April and June 2020. Participants (median age 49 years, 53% male) underwent cardiac MRI and measurement of biomarkers indicating myocardial injury. Median time between diagnosis and cardiac MRI was 71 days (IQR 64-92). Heart function was compared with age and sex-matched healthy controls (n = 50) and risk factor-matched controls (n = 57). Limitations: Small sample size; adults only. | Implications for 3 studies (Puntmann et al., Lindner et al., & Raad et al.): SARS-CoV-2 infection appears to cause heart damage that might last beyond the acute phase. The finding of the three studies indicate the need for research to fully understand how SARS-CoV-2 virus affects patients�?hearts—and for how long. Potential preventive strategies and longitudinal care models may be needed for patients recovering from COVID-19 with transient or permanent cardiac injury. SN - 2380-6591 (Electronic) SP - 1265-1273 ST - Outcomes of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients Recently Recovered From Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) T2 - JAMA Cardiol TI - Outcomes of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Patients Recently Recovered From Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32730619 VL - 5 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 658 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Given the pressing need to reopen economic activity prior to the availability of a vaccine, the US and other nations are investing in contact tracing as a core component of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) response. An estimated 75% of infected contacts need to be quarantined to contain COVID-19. We evaluated case investigation and contact tracing outcomes in San Francisco, California, during shelter-in-place restrictions. AD - Population Health Division, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, California. | Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco. AN - 33136116 AU - Sachdev, D. D. | Brosnan, H. K. | Reid, M. J. A. | Kirian, M. | Cohen, S. E. | Nguyen, T. Q. | Scheer, S. C1 - 2020-11-17 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/111720_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 1 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.5670 ET - 2020/11/03 IS - 3 KW - Adult | COVID-19/*transmission | *Contact Tracing | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | *Physical Distancing | San Francisco L1 - internal-pdf://1833825417/Sachdev-2021-Outcomes of Contact Tracing in Sa.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Sachdev, Darpun D; Brosnan, Hannah K; Reid, Michael J A; Kirian, Michelle; Cohen, Stephanie E; Nguyen, Trang Q; Scheer, Susan; eng; JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Mar 1;181(3):381-383. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.5670. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; COVID-19 contact tracing program reached more than 85.4% of cases (Figure) and 83.8% of contacts. | The secondary attack rate was higher among household compared with non-household contacts (111 of 983 [11.3%] and 9 of 231 [3.9%], respectively; p <0.001). | Median time from symptom onset for a case to notifying and testing the contact was 6 days. | The median time from symptom onset to receipt of test results was 5 days. | Case interviews occurred on average 1 day after the test result and the first contact was notified on average 1 day after that. | Methods: Case investigation and contact tracing for 1,394 COVID-19 cases identified in San Francisco, California between April 13 and June 8, 2020. The study period included dates after which universal testing for COVID-19 contacts, regardless of symptoms, was recommended. The proportion of people who were interviewed and for whom close contacts were identified, with at least 1 contact being notified, was calculated. Median number of days (with IQR) taken to process each step was reported. Limitations: Underreporting of close contacts. | Implications: In order to maximize the impact of contact tracing on mitigating the spread of COVID-19, metrics such as these are needed, and efforts must be made to address testing delays and to improve contact identification. SN - 2168-6114 (Electronic); 2168-6106 (Linking) SP - 381-383 ST - Outcomes of Contact Tracing in San Francisco, California-Test and Trace During Shelter-in-Place T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - Outcomes of Contact Tracing in San Francisco, California-Test and Trace During Shelter-in-Place UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33136116 VL - 181 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1232 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Despite limited and conflicting data on the use of hydroxychloroquine in patients with Covid-19, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has authorized the emergency use of this drug when clinical trials are unavailable or infeasible. Hydroxychloroquine, alone or in combination with azithromycin, is being widely used in Covid-19 therapy based on anecdotal and limited observational evidence. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of data from patients hospitalized with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in all United States Veterans Health Administration medical centers until April 11, 2020. Patients were categorized based on their exposure to hydroxychloroquine alone (HC) or with azithromycin (HC+AZ) as treatments in addition to standard supportive management for Covid-19. The two primary outcomes were death and the need for mechanical ventilation. We determined the association between treatment and the primary outcomes using competing risk hazard regression adjusting for clinical characteristics via propensity scores. Discharge and death were taken into account as competing risks and subdistribution hazard ratios are presented. RESULTS: A total of 368 patients were evaluated (HC, n=97; HC+AZ, n=113; no HC, n=158). Rates of death in the HC, HC+AZ, and no HC groups were 27.8%, 22.1%, 11.4%, respectively. Rates of ventilation in the HC, HC+AZ, and no HC groups were 13.3%, 6.9%, 14.1%, respectively. Compared to the no HC group, the risk of death from any cause was higher in the HC group (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.61; 95% CI, 1.10 to 6.17; P=0.03) but not in the HC+AZ group (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.56 to 2.32; P=0.72). The risk of ventilation was similar in the HC group (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.43; 95% CI, 0.53 to 3.79; P=0.48) and in the HC+AZ group (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.16 to 1.12; P=0.09), compared to the no HC group. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we found no evidence that use of hydroxychloroquine, either with or without azithromycin, reduced the risk of mechanical ventilation in patients hospitalized with Covid-19. An association of increased overall mortality was identified in patients treated with hydroxychloroquine alone. These findings highlight the importance of awaiting the results of ongoing prospective, randomized, controlled studies before widespread adoption of these drugs. AD - Dorn Research Institute, Columbia VA Health Care System, Columbia, South Carolina, USA. | Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Outcomes Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA. | Center for Advanced Vision Science, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA. | Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA. | Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA. | Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA. | Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA. AN - 32511622 AU - Magagnoli, J. | Narendran, S. | Pereira, F. | Cummings, T. | Hardin, J. W. | Sutton, S. S. | Ambati, J. C1 - 2020-04-24 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/042420_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 21 DO - 10.1101/2020.04.16.20065920 ET - 2020/06/09 L1 - internal-pdf://3236328628/Magagnoli-2020-Outcomes of hydroxychloroquine.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Magagnoli, Joseph; Narendran, Siddharth; Pereira, Felipe; Cummings, Tammy; Hardin, James W; Sutton, S Scott; Ambati, Jayakrishna; eng; Preprint; medRxiv. 2020 Apr 21. doi: 10.1101/2020.04.16.20065920. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; COVID-19 patients treated with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) had an increased risk of death compared with patients treated with standard care after adjusting for disease severity (Figure). | Patients treated with HCQ did not have an increased risk of requiring mechanical ventilation (Figure). | Methods: Nationwide, retrospective cohort study of 393 male COVID-19 patients hospitalized in Veterans Health Administration medical centers between March 9, 2020 and April 11, 2020. Patients all received standard care and were grouped according to additional treatment: (1) HCQ alone (n = 97); (2) HCQ and azithromycin (HCQ-AZ) (n = 113); or (3) no additional treatment (n = 158). Hazard ratios were used to compare the risk of death and mechanical ventilation for patients treated with HCQ alone or with HCQ-AZ compared with no HCQ. Propensity score models were used to account for non-randomized assignment to the treatment groups, and hazard ratios were calculated that adjusted for baseline covariates, including demographics, comorbidities, vital signs, and laboratory values. Limitations: Convenience sample; no safety data reported, entirely male sample. | Implications: Findings from a non-randomized convenience sample suggest that HCQ offered no benefit and may have increased risk of death among COVID-19 patients. SP - 2020.04.16.20065920 ST - Outcomes of hydroxychloroquine usage in United States veterans hospitalized with Covid-19 T2 - medRxiv TI - Outcomes of hydroxychloroquine usage in United States veterans hospitalized with Covid-19 TT - Published article: Outcomes of Hydroxychloroquine Usage in United States Veterans Hospitalized with COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32511622 ID - 85 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Limited data on vertical and perinatal transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and health outcomes of neonates born to mothers with symptomatic or asymptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are available. Studies are needed to inform evidence-based infection prevention and control (IP&C) policies. Objective: To describe the outcomes of neonates born to mothers with perinatal SARS-CoV-2 infection and the IP&C practices associated with these outcomes. Design, Setting, and Participants: This retrospective cohort analysis reviewed the medical records for maternal and newborn data for all 101 neonates born to 100 mothers positive for or with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection from March 13 to April 24, 2020. Testing for SARS-CoV-2 was performed using Cobas (Roche Diagnostics) or Xpert Xpress (Cepheid) assays. Newborns were admitted to well-baby nurseries (WBNs) (82 infants) and neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) (19 infants) in 2 affiliate hospitals at a large academic medical center in New York, New York. Newborns from the WBNs roomed-in with their mothers, who were required to wear masks. Direct breastfeeding after appropriate hygiene was encouraged. Exposures: Perinatal exposure to maternal asymptomatic/mild vs severe/critical COVID-19. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was newborn SARS-CoV-2 testing results. Maternal COVID-19 status was classified as asymptomatic/mildly symptomatic vs severe/critical. Newborn characteristics and clinical courses were compared across maternal COVID-19 severity. Results: In total, 141 tests were obtained from 101 newborns (54 girls [53.5%]) on 0 to 25 days of life (DOL-0 to DOL-25) (median, DOL-1; interquartile range [IQR], DOL-1 to DOL-3). Two newborns had indeterminate test results, indicative of low viral load (2.0%; 95% CI, 0.2%-7.0%); 1 newborn never underwent retesting but remained well on follow-up, and the other had negative results on retesting. Maternal severe/critical COVID-19 was associated with newborns born approximately 1 week earlier (median gestational age, 37.9 [IQR, 37.1-38.4] vs 39.1 [IQR, 38.3-40.2] weeks; P = .02) and at increased risk of requiring phototherapy (3 of 10 [30.0%] vs 6 of 91 [7.0%]; P = .04) compared with newborns of mothers with asymptomatic/mild COVID-19. Fifty-five newborns were followed up in a new COVID-19 Newborn Follow-up Clinic at DOL-3 to DOL-10 and remained well. Twenty of these newborns plus 3 newborns followed up elsewhere had 32 nonroutine encounters documented at DOL-3 to DOL-25, and none had evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection, including 6 with negative retesting results. Conclusions and Relevance: No clinical evidence of vertical transmission was identified in 101 newborns of mothers positive for or with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection, despite most newborns rooming-in and direct breastfeeding practices. AD - Division of Child and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York. | NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York. | Division of Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York. | Sackler Institute, Zuckerman Institute, and the Columbia Population Research Center, Columbia University, New York, New York. | Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York. | Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York. | Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York. | Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York. | Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York. | Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York. | Department of Population and Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York. AN - 33044493 AU - Dumitriu, D. | Emeruwa, U. N. | Hanft, E. | Liao, G. V. | Ludwig, E. | Walzer, L. | Arditi, B. | Saslaw, M. | Andrikopoulou, M. | Scripps, T. | Baptiste, C. | Khan, A. | Breslin, N. | Rubenstein, D. | Simpson, L. L. | Kyle, M. H. | Friedman, A. M. | Hirsch, D. S. | Miller, R. S. | Fernandez, C. R. | Fuchs, K. M. | Keown, M. K. | Glassman, M. E. | Stephens, A. | Gupta, A. | Sultan, S. | Sibblies, C. | Whittier, S. | Abreu, W. | Akita, F. | Penn, A. | D'Alton, M. E. | Orange, J. S. | Goffman, D. | Saiman, L. | Stockwell, M. S. | Gyamfi-Bannerman, C. C1 - 2020-10-20 C2 - COVID-19 in Pregnancy CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102020_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 1 DO - 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.4298 ET - 2020/10/13 IS - 2 KW - COVID-19/epidemiology/*transmission | COVID-19 Testing/*statistics & numerical data | Female | Humans | Infant, Newborn | Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/*statistics & numerical data | Male | New York City | Outcome Assessment, Health Care | Pregnancy | Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/*epidemiology | Pregnancy Outcome/*epidemiology | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://2940092602/Dumitriu-2021-Outcomes of Neonates Born to Mot.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Dumitriu, Dani; Emeruwa, Ukachi N; Hanft, Erin; Liao, Grace V; Ludwig, Elizabeth; Walzer, Lauren; Arditi, Brittany; Saslaw, Minna; Andrikopoulou, Maria; Scripps, Tessa; Baptiste, Caitlin; Khan, Adrita; Breslin, Noelle; Rubenstein, David; Simpson, Lynn L; Kyle, Margaret H; Friedman, Alexander M; Hirsch, Daniel S; Miller, Russell S; Fernandez, Cristina R; Fuchs, Karin M; Keown, M Kathleen; Glassman, Melissa E; Stephens, Ashley; Gupta, Archana; Sultan, Sally; Sibblies, Caroline; Whittier, Susan; Abreu, Wanda; Akita, Francis; Penn, Anna; D'Alton, Mary E; Orange, Jordan S; Goffman, Dena; Saiman, Lisa; Stockwell, Melissa S; Gyamfi-Bannerman, Cynthia; eng; JAMA Pediatr. 2021 Feb 1;175(2):157-167. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.4298. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 2% (95% CI 0.2%-7.0%) of neonates born to mothers with COVID-19 had positive test results for SARS-CoV-2. | None showed clinical signs of COVID-19. | No evidence of vertical or postnatal transmission in neonates who roomed with their mothers or who were breastfed. | Neonates born to mothers with severe COVID-19 were more likely than those born to mothers with asymptomatic or mild infection to be born earlier, median gestational age 37.9 vs 39.1 weeks (p = 0.02) and to require phototherapy for hyperbilirubinemia, 0% vs 7.0% (p = 0.04). | Methods: A retrospective cohort study of neonates (n = 101) born to mothers either suspected or confirmed positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection in two New York City hospitals from March 13 to April 24, 2020. Neonates were admitted to either nurseries (n = 82, roomed with their mothers who wore masks) or to intensive care units (n = 19). Direct breastfeeding was encouraged. Neonate and maternal clinical characteristics and clinical courses were reviewed. The primary outcome was newborn SARS-CoV-2 test results. Limitations: Results collected from a COVID-19 hotspot may not be generalizable; all mothers studied were infected in the third trimester, with most at term; limited follow-up at the end of the observation period. | Implications for 2 studies (Brandt et al. & Dumitriu et al.): Increased risk for adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes associated with COVID-19 appears to be limited to pregnant persons with severe COVID-19. As incidence of mother-to-newborn transmission appears to be low, separating mothers with COVID-19 from their newborns and restricting direct breastfeeding does not appear warranted. Steps to minimize exposure to SARS-CoV-2 should be taken in pregnant women, given the possibility of severe COVID-19 disease and risk of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. SN - 2168-6211 (Electronic); 2168-6203 (Linking) SP - 157-167 ST - Outcomes of Neonates Born to Mothers With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection at a Large Medical Center in New York City T2 - JAMA Pediatr TI - Outcomes of Neonates Born to Mothers With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection at a Large Medical Center in New York City UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33044493 VL - 175 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 1083 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Residents in long-term care facilities are at particularly high risk of infection and poor outcomes associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Early in the course of the pandemic, testing recommendations by the Centers for Disease Control advised testing residents and staff solely based on the presence of typical symptoms. Despite these efforts, there have been widespread outbreaks across long-term care facilities in the US, with high mortality rates. AD - Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. | Department of Cardiology, St Agnes Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland. AN - 32662818 AU - Bigelow, B. F. | Tang, O. | Barshick, B. | Peters, M. | Sisson, S. D. | Peairs, K. S. | Katz, M. J. C1 - 2020-07-24 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072420_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 1 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.3738 ET - 2020/07/15 IS - 1 KW - *Assisted Living Facilities | Asymptomatic Infections/epidemiology | COVID-19/*diagnosis/epidemiology/mortality | COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing | Carrier State/*diagnosis/epidemiology | Contact Tracing | Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data | Humans | Long-Term Care | Maryland/epidemiology | Mass Screening | *Nursing Homes | SARS-CoV-2 | United States L1 - internal-pdf://1069824491/Bigelow-2021-Outcomes of Universal COVID-19 Te.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Bigelow, Benjamin F; Tang, Olive; Barshick, Bryan; Peters, Matthew; Sisson, Stephen D; Peairs, Kimberly S; Katz, Morgan J; eng; F30 DK120160/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/; JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Jan 1;181(1):127-129. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.3738. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Universal testing of 893 residents revealed an additional 354 (39.6%) people testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 beyond 153 people testing positive on the basis of symptoms: | Universal testing increased the number of persons testing positive from 153 to 507 (231% increase). | 4% of all positive cases were asymptomatic in this elderly population. | Within 14 days of testing (in 7 facilities, N=426): | 4% symptomatic positive cases were hospitalized; 8.7% died (Figure). | 0% asymptomatic positive cases were hospitalized; 4.6% died (Figure). | 6% of negative cases were hospitalized, 2.0% died (Figure). | Methods: Universal testing via NP swabs was conducted in 11 long-term care facilities in Maryland where testing had been targeted based on symptoms. Follow-up was conducted at 7 facilities following universal point-prevalence testing to describe 14-day outcomes (hospitalization and mortality). Limitations: Symptom status was based on staff reports; only 7 facilities were included in follow-up; attributable cause for the 2-week outcomes for persons who tested negative were not described. | Implications: Symptom-based testing may miss a substantial number of cases in residential facilities due to high rates of asymptomatic cases and may not be adequate for outbreak-control efforts in these settings. SN - 2168-6114 (Electronic); 2168-6106 (Linking) SP - 127-129 ST - Outcomes of Universal COVID-19 Testing Following Detection of Incident Cases in 11 Long-term Care Facilities T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - Outcomes of Universal COVID-19 Testing Following Detection of Incident Cases in 11 Long-term Care Facilities UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32662818 VL - 181 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 575 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: While risk of outdoor transmission of respiratory viral infections is hypothesized to be low, there are limited data on SARS-CoV-2 transmission in outdoor compared to indoor settings. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed papers indexed in PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science and preprints in Europe PMC through 12 August 2020 that described cases of human transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Reports of other respiratory virus transmission were included for reference. RESULTS: Five identified studies found a low proportion of reported global SARS-CoV-2 infections occurred outdoors (<10%) and the odds of indoor transmission was very high compared to outdoors (18.7 times; 95% confidence interval, 6.0-57.9). Five studies described influenza transmission outdoors and 2 adenovirus transmission outdoors. There was high heterogeneity in study quality and individual definitions of outdoor settings, which limited our ability to draw conclusions about outdoor transmission risks. In general, factors such as duration and frequency of personal contact, lack of personal protective equipment, and occasional indoor gathering during a largely outdoor experience were associated with outdoor reports of infection. CONCLUSIONS: Existing evidence supports the wide-held belief that risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission is lower outdoors but there are significant gaps in our understanding of specific pathways. AD - Joint Medical Program, University of California Berkeley-University of California San Francisco, Berkeley, California, USA. | Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. | Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA. AN - 33249484 AU - Bulfone, T. C. | Malekinejad, M. | Rutherford, G. W. | Razani, N. C1 - 2020-12-22 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/122220_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 24 DO - 10.1093/infdis/jiaa742 ET - 2020/11/30 IS - 4 KW - COVID-19/*transmission | *Disease Transmission, Infectious | *Environmental Exposure | Humans | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification | *covid-19 | *SARS-CoV-2 | *coronaviruses | *outdoor | *transmission L1 - internal-pdf://2116225550/Bulfone-2021-Outdoor Transmission of SARS-CoV-.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Bulfone, Tommaso Celeste; Malekinejad, Mohsen; Rutherford, George W; Razani, Nooshin; eng; Systematic Review; J Infect Dis. 2021 Feb 24;223(4):550-561. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa742. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Analysis of 12 studies of respiratory infections suggest a lower but not zero risk of infection in outdoor settings, and relaxed mitigation efforts when outdoors may nullify this generally lower risk of infection. SN - 1537-6613 (Electronic); 0022-1899 (Linking) SP - 550-561 ST - Outdoor Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and Other Respiratory Viruses: A Systematic Review T2 - J Infect Dis TI - Outdoor Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and Other Respiratory Viruses: A Systematic Review UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33249484 VL - 223 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1363 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background There is concern about medium to long-term adverse outcomes following acute COVID-19, but little relevant evidence exists. We aimed to investigate whether risks of hospital admission and death, overall and by specific cause, are raised following discharge from a COVID-19 hospitalisation.Methods and Findings Working on behalf of NHS-England, we used linked primary care and hospital data in OpenSAFELY to compare risks of hospital admission and death, overall and by specific cause, between people discharged from COVID-19 hospitalisation (February-December 2020), and (i) demographically-matched controls from the 2019 general population; (ii) people discharged from influenza hospitalisation in 2017-19. We used Cox regression adjusted for personal and clinical characteristics.24,673 post-discharge COVID-19 patients, 123,362 general population controls, and 16,058 influenza controls were followed for �?15 days. Overall risk of hospitalisation or death (30968 events) was higher in the COVID-19 group than general population controls (adjusted-HR 2.23, 2.14-2.31) but similar to the influenza group (adjusted-HR 0.94, 0.91-0.98). All-cause mortality (7439 events) was highest in the COVID-19 group (adjusted-HR 4.97, 4.58-5.40 vs general population controls and 1.73, 1.60-1.87 vs influenza controls). Risks for cause-specific outcomes were higher in COVID-19 survivors than general population controls, and largely comparable between COVID-19 and influenza patients. However, COVID-19 patients were more likely than influenza patients to be readmitted/die due to their initial infection/other lower respiratory tract infection (adjusted-HR 1.37, 1.22-1.54), and to experience mental health or cognitive-related admission/death (adjusted-HR 1.36, 1.01-2.83); in particular, COVID-19 survivors with pre-existing dementia had higher risk of dementia death. One limitation of our study is that reasons for hospitalisation/death may have been misclassified in some cases due to inconsistent use of codes.Conclusions People discharged from a COVID-19 hospital admission had markedly higher risks for rehospitalisation and death than the general population, suggesting a substantial extra burden on healthcare. Most risks were similar to those observed after influenza hospitalisations; but COVID-19 patients had higher risks of all-cause mortality, readmissions/death due to the initial infection, and dementia death, highlighting the importance of post-discharge monitoring.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis work was jointly funded by UKRI, NIHR and Asthma UK-BLF [COV0076; MR/V015737/] and the Longitudinal Health and Wellbeing strand of the National Core Studies programme. The OpenSAFELY data science platform is funded by the Wellcome Trust. TPP provided technical expertise and infrastructure within their data centre pro bono in the context of a national emergency. BG has received research funding from the Laura and John Arnold Foundation, the NHS National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), the NIHR School of Primary Care Research, the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, the Mohn-Westlake Foundation, NIHR Applied Research Collaboration Oxford and Thames Valley, the Wellcome Trust, the Good Thinking Foundation, Health Data Research UK, the Health Foundation, the World Health Organisation, UKRI, Asthma UK, the British Lung Foundation, and the Longitudinal Health and Wellbeing strand of the National Core Studies programme; he also receives personal income from speaking and writing for lay audiences on the misuse of science. LS reports grants from Wellcome, MRC, NIHR, UKRI, British Council, GSK, British Heart Foundation, and Diabetes UK outside this work. KB holds a Senior Research Fellowship from Wellcome (220283/Z/20/Z). CWG is supported by a Wellcome Intermediate Clinical Fellowship (201440/Z/16/Z). HIM is funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Immunisation, a partnership between Public Health England and LSHTM. EW holds rants from MRC. ID golds grants from NIHR and GSK. HF holds a UKRI fellowship. RME is funded by HDR UK (grant: MR/S003975/1) and MRC (grant: MC_PC 19065). The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NIHR, NHS England, Public Health England or the Department of Health and Social Care. Funders had no role in the study design, collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the article for publication.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The study was approved by the Health Research Authority (REC reference 20/LO/0651) and by the LSHTM Ethics Board (ref 21863).All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll data were linked, stored and analysed securely within the OpenSAFELY platform https://opensafely.org/. Data include pseudonymized data such as coded diagnoses, medications and physiological parameters. No free text data are included. All code is shared openly for review and re-use under MIT open license (https://github.com/opensafely/post-admission-admissions-research). Detailed pseudonymised patient data is potentially re-identifiable and therefore not shared. We rapidly delivered the OpenSAFELY data analysis platform without prior funding to deliver timely analyses on urgent research questions in the context of the global Covid-19 health emergency: now that the platform is established we are developing a formal process for external users to request access in collaboration with NHS England; updates on this process are available on OpenSAFELY.org. AU - Bhaskaran, Krishnan | Rentsch, Christopher T. | Hickman, George | Hulme, William J. | Schultze, Anna | Curtis, Helen J. | Wing, Kevin | Warren-Gash, Charlotte | Tomlinson, Laurie | Bates, Chris J. | Mathur, Rohini | MacKenna, Brian | Mahalingasivam, Viyaasan | Wong, Angel | Walker, Alex J. | Morton, Caroline E. | Grint, Daniel | Mehrkar, Amir | Eggo, Rosalind M. | Inglesby, Peter | Douglas, Ian J. | McDonald, Helen I. | Cockburn, Jonathan | Williamson, Elizabeth J. | Evans, David | Parry, John | Hester, Frank | Harper, Sam | Evans, Stephen J. W. | Bacon, Sebastian | Smeeth, Liam | Goldacre, Ben C1 - 2021-07-30 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07302021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.07.16.21260628 L1 - internal-pdf://2949613840/Bhaskaran-2021-Overall and cause-specific hosp.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 24,673 post-discharge COVID-19 patients in England followed for �?15 days, overall risk of hospitalization or death (30,968 events) was similar to that of 16,058 influenza controls. They were, however, more likely than influenza patients to be readmitted or die due to lower respiratory tract infections (adjusted HR 1.37, 1.22-1.54) or cognitive-related illness (adjusted HR 1.36, 1.01-2.83). SP - 2021.07.16.21260628 ST - Overall and cause-specific hospitalisation and death after COVID-19 hospitalisation in England: cohort study in OpenSAFELY using linked primary care, secondary care and death registration data T2 - medRxiv TI - Overall and cause-specific hospitalisation and death after COVID-19 hospitalisation in England: cohort study in OpenSAFELY using linked primary care, secondary care and death registration data UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/07/19/2021.07.16.21260628.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/07/19/2021.07.16.21260628.full.pdf ID - 2174 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The arrival of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to the United States in early 2020 disrupted traditional clinical services and care. Health care institutions largely focused on managing the surge of COVID-19 patients while minimizing the risk of exposure and spread to those without the virus. To protect clinicians and patients, institutions mandated personal protective equipment for everyone, implemented visitation restrictions that bar visitors from assisting their loved ones in medical settings, and eliminated in-person medical interpreters. These safeguards jeopardize the ability of the 17% of all US adults with a hearing loss to effectively communicate with their clinicians, thus impeding their quality of care. AD - University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Family Medicine, Ann Arbor. | Interpreter Services, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor. AN - 32692807 AU - McKee, M. | Moran, C. | Zazove, P. C1 - 2020-07-28 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072820_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 1 DO - 10.1001/jamaoto.2020.1705 ET - 2020/07/22 IS - 9 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Comorbidity | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Deafness/*epidemiology/rehabilitation | Health Services Accessibility/*organization & administration | Hearing Loss/*epidemiology/rehabilitation | Humans | *Pandemics | Persons With Hearing Impairments/*rehabilitation | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://1595367410/McKee-2020-Overcoming Additional Barriers to C.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | N1 - McKee, Michael; Moran, Christa; Zazove, Philip; eng; Review; JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020 Sep 1;146(9):781-782. doi: 10.1001/jamaoto.2020.1705. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Highlights feasible strategies that can be used to mitigate communication barriers for healthcare workers when caring for deaf and hard of hearing patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. SN - 2168-619X (Electronic); 2168-6181 (Linking) SP - 781-782 ST - Overcoming Additional Barriers to Care for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Patients During COVID-19 T2 - JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg TI - Overcoming Additional Barriers to Care for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Patients During COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32692807 VL - 146 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 605 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21231 USA. Electronic address: mknoll2@jhu.edu. | Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21231 USA. AN - 33306990 AU - Knoll, Maria Deloria | Wonodi, Chizoba C1 - 2020-12-22 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/122220_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 9 DO - 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32623-4 ET - 2020/12/12 IS - 10269 KW - Brazil | *covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | Humans | SARS-CoV-2 | South Africa | United Kingdom | *Viral Vaccines L1 - internal-pdf://1879715228/1-s2.0-S0140673620326234-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Knoll, Maria Deloria | Wonodi, Chizoba | eng | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | Comment | England | Lancet. 2021 Jan 9;397(10269):72-74. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32623-4. Epub 2020 Dec 8. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: describes how this vaccine [ChAdOx1 N-CoV-19] has advantages for global distribution. SE - 72 SN - 01406736 SP - 72-74 ST - Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine efficacy T2 - Lancet TI - Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine efficacy UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32623-4 VL - 397 Y2 - 2021/05/14 ID - 1349 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Veterans Affairs Medical Center, White River Junction, Vermont, USA. | Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA. | The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA. | VA Office of Systems Redesign and Improvement, White River Junction, Vermont, USA. | National Center for PTSD, White River Junction, Vermont, USA. AN - 32362030 AU - Riblet, N. B. | Stevens, S. P. | Watts, B. V. | Shiner, B. C1 - 2020-05-15 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051520_covidupdate.html DA - Jan DO - 10.1111/jrh.12456 ET - 2020/05/04 IS - 1 KW - *psychological resilience | *rural health | *social interaction | *social support | *suicide L1 - internal-pdf://0020529655/Riblet-2021-A pandemic of Body, Mind, and Spir.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Riblet, Natalie B; Stevens, Susan P; Watts, Bradley V; Shiner, Brian; eng; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. | England; J Rural Health. 2021 Jan;37(1):207-210. doi: 10.1111/jrh.12456. Epub 2020 May 30. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Calls for heightened attention to suicide risk among rural populations in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. SN - 1748-0361 (Electronic); 0890-765X (Linking) SP - 207-210 ST - A pandemic of Body, Mind, and Spirit: The Burden of "Social Distancing" in Rural Communities During an Era of Heightened Suicide Risk T2 - J Rural Health TI - A pandemic of Body, Mind, and Spirit: The Burden of "Social Distancing" in Rural Communities During an Era of Heightened Suicide Risk UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32362030 VL - 37 ID - 194 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Clinical Virology, University College London Hospitals, London W1T 4EU, UK; Department of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK; Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK. | Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK. | Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK. | Institute of Epidemiology and Healthcare, University College London, London, UK. | The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK. | Advanced Pathogen Diagnostics Unit, University College London Hospitals, London W1T 4EU, UK; Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK. | Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK. | Division of Medicine, University College London Hospitals, London W1T 4EU, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK. | The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK. | Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK. | The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK. Electronic address: george.kassiotis@crick.ac.uk. | Department of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK. | Macmillan Cancer Centre, University College London Hospitals, London W1T 4EU, UK; Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK; The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK. Electronic address: charles.swanton@crick.ac.uk. | Department of Clinical Virology, University College London Hospitals, London W1T 4EU, UK; Advanced Pathogen Diagnostics Unit, University College London Hospitals, London W1T 4EU, UK; Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK. Electronic address: e.nastouli@ucl.ac.uk. AN - 32653078 AU - Houlihan, C. F. | Vora, N. | Byrne, T. | Lewer, D. | Kelly, G. | Heaney, J. | Gandhi, S. | Spyer, M. J. | Beale, R. | Cherepanov, P. | Moore, D. | Gilson, R. | Gamblin, S. | Kassiotis, G. | McCoy, L. E. | Swanton, C. | Crick, Covid-Consortium | Hayward, A. | Nastouli, E. | Safer Investigators C1 - 2020-07-21 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072120_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 25 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31484-7 DP - NLM ET - 2020/07/13 IS - 10246 KW - Adult | Antibodies, Viral/*blood | Betacoronavirus/*immunology | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*blood/transmission | Cross Infection/*blood/transmission/virology | *Health Personnel | Humans | Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional | London | Occupational Exposure | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*blood/transmission | Prospective Studies | Risk Assessment | SARS-CoV-2 | *Seroconversion L1 - internal-pdf://1822419968/Houlihan-2020-Pandemic peak SARS-CoV-2 infecti.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Houlihan, Catherine F; Vora, Nina; Byrne, Thomas; Lewer, Dan; Kelly, Gavin; Heaney, Judith; Gandhi, Sonia; Spyer, Moira J; Beale, Rupert; Cherepanov, Peter; Moore, David; Gilson, Richard; Gamblin, Steve; Kassiotis, George; McCoy, Laura E; Swanton, Charles; Hayward, Andrew; Nastouli, Eleni; eng; MC_PC_19082/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; MC_U117597139/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; MR/T001127/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; Letter; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Lancet. 2020 Jul 25;396(10246):e6-e7. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31484-7. Epub 2020 Jul 9. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 44% (87/200) of healthcare workers (HCWs) had evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection at any timepoint, detected either by serology or RT-PCR. | 42 (21%) HCWs tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR in at least one swab, of which 38% did not report any symptoms. There were 10 HCWs that seroconverted (Figure). | Among 33 HCWs who tested positive by serology but tested negative by RT-PCR, 32 remained negative by RT-PCR during one-month follow-up but one tested positive by RT-PCR on days 8 and 13 after enrollment. | Methods: A prospective cohort study among 200 high-risk HCWs in a London hospital between March 26 and April 8, 2020. NP swabs for RT-PCR were collected twice per week with symptom data, and blood samples monthly for serology testing. All HCWs used PPE during patient interactions. Limitations: Single hospital with short duration of follow up. | Implications: HCWs caring for COVID-19 patients are at high risk of infection and should be prioritized for PPE and vaccines when they become available. Those entering the study with detectable anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies but not detectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA �?findings consistent with recent resolved infection �?may have been protected against reinfection. SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - e6-e7 ST - Pandemic peak SARS-CoV-2 infection and seroconversion rates in London frontline health-care workers T2 - Lancet TI - Pandemic peak SARS-CoV-2 infection and seroconversion rates in London frontline health-care workers UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32653078 VL - 396 ID - 563 ER - TY - JOUR AB - One explanation for why people engage in frightening fictional experiences is that these experiences can act as simulations of actual experiences from which individuals can gather information and model possible worlds. Conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, this study (n = 310) tested whether past and current engagement with thematically relevant media fictions, including horror and pandemic films, was associated with greater preparedness for and psychological resilience toward the pandemic. Since morbid curiosity has previously been associated with horror media use during the COVID-19 pandemic, we also tested whether trait morbid curiosity was associated with pandemic preparedness and psychological resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic. We found that fans of horror films exhibited greater resilience during the pandemic and that fans of "prepper" genres (alien-invasion, apocalyptic, and zombie films) exhibited both greater resilience and preparedness. We also found that trait morbid curiosity was associated with positive resilience and interest in pandemic films during the pandemic. Taken together, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that exposure to frightening fictions allow audiences to practice effective coping strategies that can be beneficial in real-world situations. AD - Department of Comparative Human Development, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. | Institute for Mind and Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. | Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University. | Department of English, School of Communication and Culture, Aarhus University, Denmark. | Interacting Minds Centre, Aarhus University, Denmark. AN - 32952249 AU - Scrivner, C. | Johnson, J. A. | Kjeldgaard-Christiansen, J. | Clasen, M. C1 - 2020-09-29 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/092920_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 1 DO - 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110397 DP - NLM ET - 2020/09/22 KW - Covid-19 | Emotion regulation | Fiction | Horror | Morbid curiosity | Resilience | Simulation L1 - internal-pdf://1754679626/Scrivner-2021-Pandemic practice_ Horror fans a.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Scrivner, Coltan; Johnson, John A; Kjeldgaard-Christiansen, Jens; Clasen, Mathias; eng; England; Pers Individ Dif. 2021 Jan 1;168:110397. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110397. Epub 2020 Sep 15. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Horror fandom was significantly associated with lower psychological distress during the current COVID-19 pandemic (p = 0.006) but not with positive resilience or pandemic preparedness. | Fandom of prepper genres (zombie, apocalyptic, alien-invasion) was associated with lower psychological distress (p = 0.030) and greater COVID-19 pandemic preparedness (p = 0.014). | Morbid curiosity (a trait that motivates a person to learn about dangerous or threatening phenomena) was significantly associated with positive resilience during the pandemic (p <0.001). | Watching pandemic films in the past was significantly related to pandemic preparedness (p = 0.003) (Figure). | Methods: 322 US adults recruited and surveyed online in April 2020 with questions on movie genre fandom, COVID-19 pandemic preparedness, pandemic psychological resilience and personality traits. Limitations: Not representative or generalizable; no causality can be inferred; limited confounding covariates. | Implications: Fans of horror or prepper fiction and films and those with morbid curiosity may be more psychologically resilient and prepared during the COVID-19 pandemic. More research would need to be done before recommending engagement with horror or prepper media to increase resilience. SN - 0191-8869 (Print); 0191-8869 (Linking) SP - 110397 ST - Pandemic practice: Horror fans and morbidly curious individuals are more psychologically resilient during the COVID-19 pandemic T2 - Pers Individ Dif TI - Pandemic practice: Horror fans and morbidly curious individuals are more psychologically resilient during the COVID-19 pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32952249 VL - 168 ID - 967 ER - TY - JOUR AU - The Lancet, Child | Adolescent, Health C1 - 2020-04-14 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/041420_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1016/s2352-4642(20)30105-x IS - 5 L1 - internal-pdf://0272337350/1-s2.0-S235246422030105X-main.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Vaccines | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: With at least 188 countries implementing country-wide school closures, the editors review the impact on children and their caregivers. SE - 341 SN - 23524642 SP - 341 ST - Pandemic school closures: risks and opportunities T2 - Lancet Child Adolesc Health TI - Pandemic school closures: risks and opportunities UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30105-X VL - 4 Y2 - 2021/05/12 ID - 39 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Maura, Kelly C1 - 2020-08-11 C2 - Pandemic Effects on Mental Health CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/081120_covidupdate.html DA - 2020/09/01/ DO - 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2020.07.009 IS - 3 L1 - internal-pdf://1950998985/1-s2.0-S0196064420305515-main.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Suicide by an emergency physician at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic introduces efforts to reduce stigma and provide psychiatric and psychotherapeutic support for physicians. SE - A21 SN - 01960644 SP - A21-A24 ST - The Pandemic’s Psychological Toll T2 - Ann Emerg Med TI - The Pandemic’s Psychological Toll UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196064420305515 VL - 76 ID - 686 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background On September 20, 2021, Pfizer announced encouraging effectiveness and safety results from their COVID-19 vaccine clinical trials in 5-11 years old children. This study aims to assess parents�?perceptions and intention to vaccinate their 5-11 years old children and to determine the socio-demographic, health-related and behavioral factors, as well as the role of incentives beyond these factors, in predicting this intention.Methods A cross-sectional representative online survey among parents of children aged 5-11 years in Israel (n=1,012). The survey was carried out between September 23 and October 4, 2021, at a critical time, immediately after Pfizer’s announcement. Two multivariate regressions were performed to determine predictors of parents�?intention to vaccinate their 5-11 years old children against COVID-19 in the coming winter and how soon they intend to do so.Results Overall, 57% of the participants reported their intention to vaccinate their 5-11 years old children against COVID-19 in the coming winter. This intention was higher for participants over the age of 40. Perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and cues to action, as well as two incentives - vaccine availability and receiving a ‘green pass�?- were all significant predictors of this intention. When asked about how soon they intend to vaccinate their 5-11 years old children, 27% of the participants responded immediately; 26% within three months; and 24% within more than three months. Participants having a family member suffering from a chronic disease as well as those whose children were vaccinated against influenza in the previous winter intend to vaccinate their children sooner. Perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and cues to action, were all found to be significant predictors of this sense of urgency. Similar to the intention to vaccinate children in the coming winter, while vaccine availability and receiving a ‘green pass�?were found to be positive significant predictors of how soon parents intend to vaccinate their children, other incentives such as monetary rewards or monetary penalties were not found to be significant predictors. Parental concerns centered around the safety of the vaccine (64%), fear of severe side effects (60%), and fear that clinical trials and the authorization process were carried out too quickly (56%).Conclusions This study provides up-to-date information on the rates of the intention of parents to vaccinate their 5-11 years old children, how soon they intend to do so, and the predictors of those intentions, which is essential for health policy makers and healthcare providers for planning vaccination campaigns. Moreover, as vaccine safety and side effects were found to be key parental concerns, it is important to release post-approval safety data regarding the vaccine to the public as soon as such is available. Finally, our findings underscore the important role of vaccine accessibility and receiving a ‘green pass�?over other incentives in promoting parents�?intentions to vaccinate their children.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis study did not receive any fundingAuthor DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The study was approved by the Ethics Committee for Non-clinical Studies at Bar-Ilan University in Israel. The ethics form was signed by the committee head on September 14, 2021.I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThe datasets generated during the current study are not publicly available but are available from the corresponding author on a reasonable request. AU - Shmueli, Liora C1 - 2021-11-19 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/11192021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1101/2021.11.05.21265900 L1 - internal-pdf://1976621310/Shmueli-2021-Parents�?intention to vaccinate t.pdf LB - Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among parents of children aged 5�?1 years in Israel who were surveyed September 23–October 4, 2021 (n = 1,012), 27% intended to vaccinate their children against COVID-19 immediately (within 1 month of availability), 26% intended to vaccinate between 1�? months, 24% would wait, and 23% would not vaccinate their children at all. The main reasons provided for not vaccinating immediately included: concerns about vaccine safety in children (64%), fear of severe side effects (60%), and fear that the clinical trials and authorization process were carried out too quickly (56%). Additional reasons included feeling that COVID-19 isn’t dangerous for children so there is no reason to vaccinate them (33%), and belief that vaccine effectiveness was low (25%). SP - 2021.11.05.21265900 ST - Parents�?intention to vaccinate their 5-11 years old children with the COVID-19 vaccine: rates, predictors and the role of incentives T2 - medRxiv TI - Parents�?intention to vaccinate their 5-11 years old children with the COVID-19 vaccine: rates, predictors and the role of incentives UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/11/09/2021.11.05.21265900.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/11/09/2021.11.05.21265900.full.pdf ID - 2642 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Since the initial reports of COVID-19 in December 2019, the world has been gripped by the disastrous acute respiratory disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. There are an ever-increasing number of reports of neurological symptoms in patients, from severe (encephalitis), to mild (hyposmia), suggesting the potential for neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2. This Perspective investigates the hypothesis that the reliance on self-reporting of hyposmia has resulted in an underestimation of neurological symptoms in COVID-19 patients. While the acute effect of the virus on the nervous system function is vastly overshadowed by the respiratory effects, we propose that it will be important to monitor convalescent individuals for potential long-term implications that may include neurodegenerative sequelae such as viral-associated parkinsonism. As it is possible to identify premorbid harbingers of Parkinson's disease, we propose long-term screening of SARS-CoV-2 cases post-recovery for these expressions of neurodegenerative disease. An accurate understanding of the incidence of neurological complications in COVID-19 requires long-term monitoring for sequelae after remission and a strategized health policy to ensure healthcare systems all over the world are prepared for a third wave of the virus in the form of parkinsonism. AD - Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia. | Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia. | Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Parkville, Australia. | Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia. AN - 32986683 AU - Beauchamp, L. C. | Finkelstein, D. I. | Bush, A. I. | Evans, A. H. | Barnham, K. J. C1 - 2020-10-13 C2 - COVID-19 and Neurological Issues CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/101320_covidupdate.html DO - 10.3233/JPD-202211 DP - NLM ET - 2020/09/29 IS - 4 KW - Agnosia/virology | Covid-19 | Coinfection/complications | Coronavirus Infections/*complications/psychology | Humans | Pandemics | Parkinsonian Disorders/*psychology/*virology | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications/psychology | *covid-19 | *Parkinson's disease | *SARS-CoV-2 | *parkinsonism L1 - internal-pdf://0379624785/Beauchamp-2020-Parkinsonism as a Third Wave of.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Beauchamp, Leah C; Finkelstein, David I; Bush, Ashley I; Evans, Andrew H; Barnham, Kevin J; eng; Netherlands; J Parkinsons Dis. 2020;10(4):1343-1353. doi: 10.3233/JPD-202211. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Authors propose monitoring persons with history of neurologic symptoms from SARS-CoV-2 infection for potential long-term effects that may include sequelae such as viral-associated parkinsonism. SN - 1877-718X (Electronic); 1877-7171 (Linking) SP - 1343-1353 ST - Parkinsonism as a Third Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic? T2 - J Parkinsons Dis TI - Parkinsonism as a Third Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic? UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32986683 VL - 10 ID - 1046 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 32605712 AU - Brelie, L. F. | Becker, C. | Brelie, C. V. C1 - 2020-07-14 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071420_covidupdate.html DA - May 1 DO - 10.3238/arztebl.2020.0328 DP - NLM ET - 2020/07/02 IS - 18 KW - Acute Disease | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*complications/*diagnosis | Early Diagnosis | Humans | Olfaction Disorders/*etiology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications/*diagnosis | Symptom Assessment L1 - internal-pdf://1536847606/Brelie-2020-Parosmia as an Early Symptom of Ac.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Brelie, Linda For der; Becker, Christoph; Brelie, Christian von der; eng; Germany; Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2020 May 1;117(18):328. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2020.0328. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Parosmia in a 30-year-old otherwise asymptomatic woman, preceding complete loss of smell and taste and could be a new early symptom of SARS-CoV-2 infection. SN - 1866-0452 (Electronic); 1866-0452 (Linking) SP - 328 ST - Parosmia as an Early Symptom of Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection T2 - Dtsch Arztebl Int TI - Parosmia as an Early Symptom of Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32605712 VL - 117 ID - 525 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The global pandemic of COVID-19 has been associated with infections and deaths among health-care workers. This Viewpoint of infectious aerosols is intended to inform appropriate infection control measures to protect health-care workers. Studies of cough aerosols and of exhaled breath from patients with various respiratory infections have shown striking similarities in aerosol size distributions, with a predominance of pathogens in small particles (<5 mum). These are immediately respirable, suggesting the need for personal respiratory protection (respirators) for individuals in close proximity to patients with potentially virulent pathogens. There is no evidence that some pathogens are carried only in large droplets. Surgical masks might offer some respiratory protection from inhalation of infectious aerosols, but not as much as respirators. However, surgical masks worn by patients reduce exposures to infectious aerosols to health-care workers and other individuals. The variability of infectious aerosol production, with some so-called super-emitters producing much higher amounts of infectious aerosol than most, might help to explain the epidemiology of super-spreading. Airborne infection control measures are indicated for potentially lethal respiratory pathogens such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. AD - Pulmonary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. Electronic address: kevin.fennelly@nih.gov. AN - 32717211 AU - Fennelly, K. P. C1 - 2020-08-04 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/080420_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30323-4 ET - 2020/07/28 IS - 9 KW - Aerosols | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*transmission/virology | Health Personnel | Humans | Infection Control/*methods | Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional/*prevention & control | Inhalation Exposure/*prevention & control | Pandemics | Particle Size | Pneumonia, Viral/*transmission/virology | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://4244402124/Fennelly-2020-Particle sizes of infectious aer.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Fennelly, Kevin P; eng; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural; Review; England; Lancet Respir Med. 2020 Sep;8(9):914-924. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30323-4. Epub 2020 Jul 24. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Reviews the literature on aerosols generated by persons with respiratory infections and calls for re-evaluating infection control guidelines to account for the predominance of small particles within infectious aerosols. SN - 2213-2619 (Electronic); 2213-2600 (Linking) SP - 914-924 ST - Particle sizes of infectious aerosols: implications for infection control T2 - Lancet Respir Med TI - Particle sizes of infectious aerosols: implications for infection control UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32717211 VL - 8 ID - 643 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The mainstay of control of the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic is vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Within a year, several vaccines have been developed and millions of doses delivered. Reporting of adverse events is a critical postmarketing activity. METHODS: We report findings in 23 patients who presented with thrombosis and thrombocytopenia 6 to 24 days after receiving the first dose of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AstraZeneca). On the basis of their clinical and laboratory features, we identify a novel underlying mechanism and address the therapeutic implications. RESULTS: In the absence of previous prothrombotic medical conditions, 22 patients presented with acute thrombocytopenia and thrombosis, primarily cerebral venous thrombosis, and 1 patient presented with isolated thrombocytopenia and a hemorrhagic phenotype. All the patients had low or normal fibrinogen levels and elevated d-dimer levels at presentation. No evidence of thrombophilia or causative precipitants was identified. Testing for antibodies to platelet factor 4 (PF4) was positive in 21 patients, negative in 1 patient, and equivocal in 1 patient. On the basis of the pathophysiological features observed in these patients, we recommend that treatment with platelet transfusions be avoided because of the risk of progression in thrombotic symptoms and that the administration of a nonheparin anticoagulant agent and intravenous immune globulin be considered for the first occurrence of these symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 remains critical for control of the Covid-19 pandemic. A pathogenic PF4-dependent syndrome, unrelated to the use of heparin therapy, can occur after the administration of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine. Rapid identification of this rare syndrome is important because of the therapeutic implications. AD - From the Department of Haematology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (M.S., M.L.), National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre (M.S., M.L.), Special Coagulation, Health Services Laboratories (D.S.), Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London (D.G.), and National Institute for Health Research Great Ormond Street Biomedical Research Centre (D.G.), London, the Department of Haematology, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton (R.L.), National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Bristol (A.P.), National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit, University of Liverpool, Liverpool (T.S.), the Department of Haematology, Mid Essex Hospitals, Chelmsford (P.K.), the Department of Haematology, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge (W.T.), and the Department of Haematology, University Hospitals Birmingham, and Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (W.L.) - all in the United Kingdom; and the Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam (M.L.). AN - 33861525 AU - Scully, M. | Singh, D. | Lown, R. | Poles, A. | Solomon, T. | Levi, M. | Goldblatt, D. | Kotoucek, P. | Thomas, W. | Lester, W. C1 - 2021-04-23 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04232021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 16 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2105385 ET - 2021/04/17 IS - 23 KW - Adult | Aged | Algorithms | Antibodies, Viral/blood | Anticoagulants/adverse effects | Autoantibodies/*blood | COVID-19/prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects/*immunology | Female | Flow Cytometry | Heparin/adverse effects | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Platelet Factor 4/*immunology | Thrombocytopenia/etiology/*immunology | Thrombosis/etiology/*immunology L1 - internal-pdf://1381096690/Scully-2021-Pathologic Antibodies to Platelet.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Scully, Marie; Singh, Deepak; Lown, Robert; Poles, Anthony; Solomon, Tom; Levi, Marcel; Goldblatt, David; Kotoucek, Pavel; Thomas, William; Lester, William; eng; N Engl J Med. 2021 Apr 16. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2105385. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 23 patients (14 female, ages 21-77 years), presented with acute thrombocytopenia and thrombosis 6 to 24 days after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination. | Fibrinogen levels were low or normal and D-dimer levels were elevated at presentation. | 7 died. | Antibodies to platelet factor 4 (PF4) were positive in 22 patients and negative in 1 patient. | Methods: Patients with suspected vaccine-induced thrombosis and thrombocytopenia in the UK underwent antibody assays, including those for PF4 and functional heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Limitations: Case series. | Implications: Some patients receiving the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (Oxford-AstraZeneca) vaccine may develop a pathogenic PF4-dependent syndrome. These findings are consistent with other reports of pulmonary embolism and thrombocytopeniaexternal icon, ophthalmic vein thrombosis and ischemic strokeexternal icon, and intracranial venous sinus thrombosisexternal icon after the administration of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, and thrombotic thrombocytopeniaexternal icon after administration of Ad26.COV2.S (Johnson & Johnson/Janssen) vaccine. Clinicians should avoid platelet transfusions in suspected vaccine-induced thrombosis and thrombocytopenia and should consider administering a non-heparin anticoagulant and intravenous immune globulin. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 2202-2211 ST - Pathologic Antibodies to Platelet Factor 4 after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccination T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Pathologic Antibodies to Platelet Factor 4 after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccination UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33861525 VL - 384 ID - 1694 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China. | Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China. | Department of Pathology, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, 430023, China. | Hubei Chongxin Judicial Expertise Center, Wuhan, Hubei, 430415, China. | Research Center for Translational Medicine, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, 430023, China. | Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology and Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430023, China. | Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China. 907505@qq.com. | Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China. aihua_liao@sina.com. | Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China. shuiqiaoyuan@hust.edu.cn. AN - 33318629 AU - Ma, X. | Guan, C. | Chen, R. | Wang, Y. | Feng, S. | Wang, R. | Qu, G. | Zhao, S. | Wang, F. | Wang, X. | Zhang, D. | Liu, L. | Liao, A. | Yuan, S. C1 - 2021-02-19 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02192021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb DO - 10.1038/s41423-020-00604-5 ET - 2020/12/16 IS - 2 KW - Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Biopsy | COVID-19/genetics/*pathology/*virology | Gene Ontology | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | SARS-CoV-2/*physiology | *Spermatogenesis | Testis/*pathology/ultrastructure | Transcriptome/genetics L1 - internal-pdf://0133748547/Ma-2021-Pathological and molecular examination.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Ma, Xixiang; Guan, Chuhuai; Chen, Rong; Wang, Yunyun; Feng, Shenglei; Wang, Rongshuai; Qu, Guoqiang; Zhao, Sijia; Wang, Fengli; Wang, Xiaoli; Zhang, Dingyu; Liu, Liang; Liao, Aihua; Yuan, Shuiqiao; eng; Letter; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; China; Cell Mol Immunol. 2021 Feb;18(2):487-489. doi: 10.1038/s41423-020-00604-5. Epub 2020 Dec 14. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Examination of testicular biopsy samples from 5 COVID-19 cases showed significant degeneration of germ cells and upregulation of 32 inflammatory cytokines compared with 3 uninfected controls, illustrating the potential impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on male fertility. SN - 2042-0226 (Electronic); 1672-7681 (Linking) SP - 487-489 ST - Pathological and molecular examinations of postmortem testis biopsies reveal SARS-CoV-2 infection in the testis and spermatogenesis damage in COVID-19 patients T2 - Cell Mol Immunol TI - Pathological and molecular examinations of postmortem testis biopsies reveal SARS-CoV-2 infection in the testis and spermatogenesis damage in COVID-19 patients UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33318629 VL - 18 ID - 1507 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), involves multiple organs. Testicular involvement is largely unknown. OBJECTIVE: To determine the pathological changes and whether SARS-CoV-2 can be detected in the testes of deceased COVID-19 patients. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Postmortem examination of the testes from 12 COVID-19 patients was performed using light and electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry for lymphocytic and histiocytic markers. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect the virus in testicular tissue. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Seminiferous tubular injury was assessed as none, mild, moderate, or severe according to the extent of tubular damage. Leydig cells in the interstitium were counted in ten 400x microscopy fields. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Microscopically, Sertoli cells showed swelling, vacuolation and cytoplasmic rarefaction, detachment from tubular basement membranes, and loss and sloughing into lumens of the intratubular cell mass. Two, five, and four of 11 cases showed mild, moderate, and severe injury, respectively. The mean number of Leydig cells in COVID-19 testes was significantly lower than in the control group (2.2 vs 7.8, p < 0.001). In the interstitium there was edema and mild inflammatory infiltrates composed of T lymphocytes and histiocytes. Transmission EM did not identify viral particles in three cases. RT-PCR detected the virus in one of 12 cases. CONCLUSIONS: Testes from COVID-19 patients exhibited significant seminiferous tubular injury, reduced Leydig cells, and mild lymphocytic inflammation. We found no evidence of SARS-CoV-2 virus in the testes in the majority (90%) of the cases by RT-PCR, and in none by electron microscopy. These findings can provide evidence-based guidance for sperm donation and inform management strategies to mitigate the risk of testicular injury during the COVID-19 disease course. PATIENT SUMMARY: We examined the testes of deceased COVID-19 patients. We found significant damage to the testicular parenchyma. However, virus was not detected in testes in the majority of cases. AD - Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. | Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. | Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tufts Medical Center and Tufts School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. | Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tufts Medical Center and Tufts School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: mzhou3@tuftsmedicalcenter.org. | Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. Electronic address: niexiuyishi@126.com. AN - 32563676 AU - Yang, M. | Chen, S. | Huang, B. | Zhong, J. M. | Su, H. | Chen, Y. J. | Cao, Q. | Ma, L. | He, J. | Li, X. F. | Li, X. | Zhou, J. J. | Fan, J. | Luo, D. J. | Chang, X. N. | Arkun, K. | Zhou, M. | Nie, X. C1 - 2020-06-12 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061220_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 15 DO - 10.1016/j.euf.2020.05.009 ET - 2020/06/22 IS - 5 KW - Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Cell Count | Coronavirus Infections/metabolism/*pathology/physiopathology | Humans | Inflammation | Leydig Cells/pathology/ultrastructure | Male | Microscopy, Electron | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/metabolism | Pneumonia, Viral/metabolism/*pathology/physiopathology | Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction | SARS-CoV-2 | Seminiferous Tubules/*pathology/ultrastructure | Sertoli Cells/pathology/ultrastructure | Spermatogenesis/physiology | Testis/metabolism/*pathology/ultrastructure/virology | Fertility | Postmortem needle autopsy | Testis L1 - internal-pdf://1391418852/Yang-2020-Pathological Findings in the Testes.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Yang, Ming; Chen, Shuo; Huang, Bo; Zhong, Jing-Min; Su, Hua; Chen, Ya-Jun; Cao, Qin; Ma, Lin; He, Jun; Li, Xue-Fei; Li, Xiang; Zhou, Jun-Jie; Fan, Jun; Luo, Dan-Ju; Chang, Xiao-Na; Arkun, Knarik; Zhou, Ming; Nie, Xiu; eng; Netherlands; Eur Urol Focus. 2020 Sep 15;6(5):1124-1129. doi: 10.1016/j.euf.2020.05.009. Epub 2020 May 31. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In a series of 11 male autopsies, seminiferous tubular injury was mild (<10% seminiferous tubules affected), moderate (10%-50% tubules affected) or severe (>50% tubules affected) (Figure 1). | The ACE2 receptor (a target for SARS-CoV-2 virus) was expressed on cells in testicular tissues (Figure 2). | SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in 1 of 11 testicular samples; virus was not visualized by electron microscopy in any samples. | Methods: A postmortem analysis of testicular samples from 11 COVID-19 cases from Tongji Medical College in China. Samples were analyzed by light and electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Limitations: Limited samples from one hospital. | Implications: There may be a pathological effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on testicular tissue. Further study is needed to determine the mechanism of injury. SN - 2405-4569 (Electronic); 2405-4569 (Linking) SP - 1124-1129 ST - Pathological Findings in the Testes of COVID-19 Patients: Clinical Implications T2 - Eur Urol Focus TI - Pathological Findings in the Testes of COVID-19 Patients: Clinical Implications UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32563676 VL - 6 ID - 371 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Black patients hospitalized with COVID-19 may have worse outcomes than White patients because of excess individual risk or because Black patients are disproportionately cared for in hospitals with worse outcomes for all.To examine differences in COVID-19 hospital mortality rates between Black and White patients and to assess whether the mortality rates reflect differences in patient characteristics by race or by the hospitals to which Black and White patients are admitted.This cohort study assessed Medicare beneficiaries admitted with a diagnosis of COVID-19 to 1188 US hospitals from January 1, 2020, through September 21, 2020.Hospital admission for a diagnosis of COVID-19.The primary composite outcome was inpatient death or discharge to hospice within 30 days of admission. We estimated the association of patient-level characteristics (including age, sex, zip code–level income, comorbidities, admission from a nursing facility, and days since January 1, 2020) with differences in mortality or discharge to hospice among Black and White patients. To examine the association with the hospital itself, we adjusted for the specific hospitals to which patients were admitted. We used simulation modeling to estimate the mortality among Black patients had they instead been admitted to the hospitals where White patients were admitted.Of the 44�?17 Medicare beneficiaries included in the study, 24�?81 (55%) were women; mean (SD) age was 76.3 (10.5) years; 33�?59 participants (76%) were White, and 10�?58 (24%) were Black. Overall, 2634 (8%) White patients and 1100 (10%) Black patients died as inpatients, and 1670 (5%) White patients and 350 (3%) Black patients were discharged to hospice within 30 days of hospitalization, for a total mortality-equivalent rate of 12.86% for White patients and 13.48% for Black patients. Black patients had similar odds of dying or being discharged to hospice (odds ratio [OR], 1.06; 95% CI, 0.99-1.12) in an unadjusted comparison with White patients. After adjustment for clinical and sociodemographic patient characteristics, Black patients were more likely to die or be discharged to hospice (OR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.03-1.19). This difference became indistinguishable when adjustment was made for the hospitals where care was delivered (odds ratio, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.94-1.10). In simulations, if Black patients in this sample were instead admitted to the same hospitals as White patients in the same distribution, their rate of mortality or discharge to hospice would decline from the observed rate of 13.48% to the simulated rate of 12.23% (95% CI for difference, 1.20%-1.30%).This cohort study found that Black patients hospitalized with COVID-19 had higher rates of hospital mortality or discharge to hospice than White patients after adjustment for the personal characteristics of those patients. However, those differences were explained by differences in the hospitals to which Black and White patients were admitted. AU - Asch, David A. | Islam, Md Nazmul | Sheils, Natalie E. | Chen, Yong | Doshi, Jalpa A. | Buresh, John | Werner, Rachel M. C1 - 2021-06-25 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06252021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.12842 IS - 6 L1 - internal-pdf://3707586105/Asch-2021-Patient and Hospital Factors Associa.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Testing | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: After adjustment for clinical and sociodemographic patient characteristics, Black COVID-19 patients admitted to 1,188 hospitals (January–September 2020) were more likely than White patients to die or be discharged to hospice within 30 days of admission (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.11; 95% CI 1.03-1.19). After additional adjustment for hospital fixed effects there was no difference in mortality between Black and White patients (aOR 1.02; 95% CI 0.94-1.10), suggesting higher mortality of Black patients was associated with the hospitals at which they disproportionately received care. SE - e2112842 SN - 2574-3805 SP - e2112842-e2112842 ST - Patient and Hospital Factors Associated With Differences in Mortality Rates Among Black and White US Medicare Beneficiaries Hospitalized With COVID-19 Infection T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Patient and Hospital Factors Associated With Differences in Mortality Rates Among Black and White US Medicare Beneficiaries Hospitalized With COVID-19 Infection UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.12842 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/articlepdf/2781182/asch_2021_oi_210385_1623278330.33124.pdf VL - 4 Y2 - 6/29/2021 ID - 1864 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: There have been insufficient data for African patients with COVID-19 who are critically ill. The African COVID-19 Critical Care Outcomes Study (ACCCOS) aimed to determine which resources, comorbidities, and critical care interventions are associated with mortality in this patient population. AU - Biccard, Bruce M. | Gopalan, Pragasan Dean | Miller, Malcolm | Michell, William Lance | Thomson, David | Ademuyiwa, Adesoji | Aniteye, Ernest | Calligaro, Greg | Chaibou, Maman Sani | Dhufera, Hailu Tamiru | Elfagieh, Mohamed | Elfiky, Mahmoud | Elhadi, Muhammed | Fawzy, Maher | Fredericks, David | Gebre, Meseret | Bayih, Abebe Genetu | Hardy, Anneli | Joubert, Ivan | Kifle, Fitsum | Kluyts, Hyla-Louise | Macleod, Kieran | Mekonnen, Zelalem | Mer, Mervyn | Morais, Atilio | Msosa, Vanessa | Mulwafu, Wakisa | Ndonga, Andrew | Ngumi, Zipporah | Omigbodun, Akinyinka | Owoo, Christian | Paruk, Fathima | Piercy, Jenna Louise | Scribante, Juan | Seman, Yakob | Taylor, Elliott H. | van Straaten, Dawid | Elfiky, Mahmoud | Fawzy, Maher | Awad, Ahmed | Hussein, Hend | Shaban, Mahmoud | Elbadawy, Merihan | Elmehrath, Ahmed O. | Cordie, Ahmed | Elganainy, Mohamed | El-Shazly, Mostafa | Essam, Mahmoud | Abdelwahab, Omar A. | Ali, Aboubakr | Hussein, Aliae Mohamed | kamel, Emad Zarief | Monib, Fatma A. | Ahmed, Islam | Saad, Mahmoud M. | Al-Quossi, Mohammed Ali | Rafaat, Nashwa | Galal, Islam | labib, Beshoui | Omran, Dalia Omran | Fawzy, Maher | Elfiky, Mahmoud | Azzam, Ahmed | Azab, Mohammed | Ghozy, Sherief | Tawheed, Ahmed | Gamal, Mahmoud | El Kassas, Mohamed | Azzam, Aml | Ahmed, Neama | NasrEldin, Yasmin | Abdelsalam, Ali | Abdewahab, Omar | Elganainy, Mohamed | Elmandouh, Omar | Dhufera, Hailu Tamiru | Gebre, Meseret | Bayih, Abebe Genetu | Kifle, Fitsum | Mekonnen, Zelalem | Seman, Yakob | Addisie, Abebe | Eshete, Akine | Kifle, Fitsum | Desita, Kokeb | Araya, Hiruy | Agidew, Yared | Andabo, Addisu Desalegn | Tesfaye, Emnet | Yesuf, Elias Ali | Hailemariam, Gelaw | Sime, Habtamu | Fekadu, Dame | Mohammed, Menbeu Sultan | Gebremedhin, Yemane | Taye, Yoseph | Mebrate, Tamiru Assefa | Gemechu, Tirunesh Busha | Bedane, Tigist Tesfaye | Abera, Elias Tewabe | Teshome, Ayele | Aniteye, Ernest | Owoo, Christian | Doku, Alfred | Owoo, Christian | Afriyie-Mensah, Jane Sandra | Lawson, Aba | Owoo, Christian | Sottie, Daniel Akwanfo | Addae, Emma | Ofosu-Appiah, Ernest | Obeng, William | Ndonga, Andrew | Ngumi, Zipporah | Ndonga, Andrew | Mugera, Anne | Bitta, Caesar | Elfagieh, Mohamed | Elhadi, Muhammed | Huwaysh, Mohammed Abdalraheem | Yahya, Mohammed Mahdi Ali | Mohammed, Alsnosy Abdullah Khalefa | Majeed, Amrajaa Alsalihin Mohammed | Mohammed, Amkhatirah Emad Mousay | Majeed, Elsalhein | Abusalama, Abdurraouf A. | Altayr, Ehab | Abubaker, Taha | Alkaseek, Akram Mohammed | Abdulhafith, Butaina | Alziyituni, Zainab | Gamra, Marwa F. | Anaiba, Mohamed Muftah | Khel, Samer | Abdelkabir, Mohammed | Abdeewi, Saedah | Adam, Safia | Alhadi, Abdulmueti | Alsoufi, Ahmed | Binnawara, Muhannad | Msherghi, Ahmed | Bouhuwaish, Ahmad Elmabri Mohammad | Taher, Ahmed S. A. | Msosa, Vanessa | Mulwafu, Wakisa | Masoo, Francis | Chikumbanje, Singatiya Stella | Chisala, Palesa | Mabedi, Delia | Morais, Atilio | Carlos, Antonio | Morais, Atilio | Lorenzoni, Cesaltina | Mambo, Jorge | Isabel Chissaque, Isabel | Mouzinho Saide, Mouzinho | Chaibou, Maman Sani | Mamane, Maikassoua | Amadou, Foumakoye | Adesoji Ademuyiwa, Adesoji Ademuyiwa | Akinyinka Omigbodun, Akinyinka Omigbodun | Adeyeye, Ademola | Akinmade, Akinola | Momohsani, Yakubu | Bamigboye, John | Orshio, Donald | Isamade, Erdoo Suckie | Embu, Henry | Nuhu, Samuel | Ojiakor, Samuel | Nuhu, Ahmed | Kwayabura, Salisu | Fowotade, Adeola | Sanusi, Arinola | Osinaike, Babatunde | Idowu, Olusola | Adekanmbi, Olukemi | Amali, Abdullahi Oteikwu | Ibrahim, Sanusi | Adamu, Adamu Abba | Kida, Ibrahim | Otokwala, Job | Essam, Mahmoud | Alagbe-Briggs, Olubusola | Ojum, Sylvanus | Fathima Paruk, Fathima Paruk | Juan Scribante, Juan Scribante | Mdladla, Aurence | Mabotja, Tebogo | Naidoo, Ria | Matos-Puig, Roel | Ramkillawan, Arisha | Smith, Michelle | Arnold-Day, Christel | Thomson, David | Calligaro, Greg | Joubert, Ivan | Jagga, Jagga | Piercy, Jenna | Michell, Lance | Devenish, Liam | Miller, Malcolm | Fernandes, Nicole | Gopalan, Pragasan Dean | Pershad, Santosh | Grabowski, Nicola | Rammego, Mapule | Zwane, Sabelo | Dhlamini, Masikhanyise Elizabeth | Neuhoff, Matthew | Fodo, Tobisa | Usenbo, Anthony | Mrara, Busisiwe | Kabambi, Freddy | Cloete, Estie | De Caires, Leonel | Dickerson, Roger | Louw, Candice | Theron, Alida | Herselman, Ryan | Badenhorst, Jannes | Moletsane, Godfrey | Loots, Helene | Vorster, Frans Christiaan | Paruk, Fathima | Chausse, Julian | Neuhoff, Matthew | Sebastian, Melinda | Grabowski, Nicola | Rheeder, Paul | van Hougenhouck-Tulleken, Wesley | Snyman, Carin | Adeleke, Durotolu | Esterhuizen, Jovan | de Man, Leoni | Mosola, Matema | van der Linde, Pieter | Swart, Reinier | Maasdorp, Shaun | Martins, Tina | Govender, Veneshree C1 - 2021-05-28 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05282021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00441-4 IS - 10288 L1 - internal-pdf://1023945429/1-s2.0-S0140673621004414-main.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Access to intensive medical care was lower than needed to manage critically ill COVID-19 patients in 10 African countries: | 45% of patients referred for critical care were not admitted. | Mortality following admission to critical care facilities for COVID-19 was 48.2% (95% CI 46.4%-50.0%) compared with 31.5% (95% CI 27.5%-35.5%) globally. | Delay in admission due to a shortage of resources (OR: 2.14, 95% CI 1.42�?.22) was associated with mortality. | Methods: 30-day follow-up of 3,140 adults hospitalized in 64 intensive- or high-care units for COVID-19 in Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, and South Africa from May to December 2020. 57 hospitals provided additional information on hospital characteristics and intervention availability. Limitations: Data unavailable for lower-tier hospitals and referred patients who were not admitted. | Implications: Patient outcomes will likely continue to be compromised until critical care resource scarcity is addressed. SE - 1885 SN - 0140-6736 SP - 1885-1894 ST - Patient care and clinical outcomes for patients with COVID-19 infection admitted to African high-care or intensive care units (ACCCOS): a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study T2 - Lancet TI - Patient care and clinical outcomes for patients with COVID-19 infection admitted to African high-care or intensive care units (ACCCOS): a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00441-4 VL - 397 Y2 - 2021/06/29 ID - 1781 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The longer-term consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection are uncertain. Consecutive patients hospitalised with COVID-19 were prospectively recruited to this observational study (n=163). At 8-12 weeks postadmission, survivors were invited to a systematic clinical follow-up. Of 131 participants, 110 attended the follow-up clinic. Most (74%) had persistent symptoms (notably breathlessness and excessive fatigue) and limitations in reported physical ability. However, clinically significant abnormalities in chest radiograph, exercise tests, blood tests and spirometry were less frequent (35%), especially in patients not requiring supplementary oxygen during their acute infection (7%). Results suggest that a holistic approach focusing on rehabilitation and general well-being is paramount. AD - Academic Respiratory Unit, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK. | Bristol Centre for Antimicrobial Research (BCARE), North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK. | Medicines Discovery Institute Cardiff, Cardiff University, Cardiff, South Glamorgan, UK. | Academic Respiratory Unit, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK Nick.Maskell@bristol.ac.uk. AN - 33273026 AU - Arnold, D. T. | Hamilton, F. W. | Milne, A. | Morley, A. J. | Viner, J. | Attwood, M. | Noel, A. | Gunning, S. | Hatrick, J. | Hamilton, S. | Elvers, K. T. | Hyams, C. | Bibby, A. | Moran, E. | Adamali, H. I. | Dodd, J. W. | Maskell, N. A. | Barratt, S. L. C1 - 2020-12-22 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/122220_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 3 DO - 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-216086 ET - 2020/12/05 IS - 4 KW - respiratory infection | viral infection L1 - internal-pdf://2005274758/Arnold-2020-Patient outcomes after hospitalisa.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Testing | N1 - Arnold, David T; Hamilton, Fergus W; Milne, Alice; Morley, Anna J; Viner, Jason; Attwood, Marie; Noel, Alan; Gunning, Samuel; Hatrick, Jessica; Hamilton, Sassa; Elvers, Karen T; Hyams, Catherine; Bibby, Anna; Moran, Ed; Adamali, Huzaifa I; Dodd, James William; Maskell, Nicholas A; Barratt, Shaney L; eng; DRF-2018-11-ST2-065/DH_/Department of Health/United Kingdom; MR/T005114/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; England; Thorax. 2020 Dec 3. pii: thoraxjnl-2020-216086. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-216086. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: At 8-12 weeks post-admission, 74% of COVID-19 survivors had persistent symptoms and limitations in reported physical ability, and 35% had abnormalities in chest radiograph, exercise tests, blood tests and spirometry. SN - 1468-3296 (Electronic); 0040-6376 (Linking) SP - 399-401 ST - Patient outcomes after hospitalisation with COVID-19 and implications for follow-up: results from a prospective UK cohort T2 - Thorax TI - Patient outcomes after hospitalisation with COVID-19 and implications for follow-up: results from a prospective UK cohort UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33273026 VL - 76 ID - 1356 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Vaccine-associated myocarditis is an unusual entity that has been described for the smallpox vaccine, but only anecdotal case reports have been described for other vaccines. Whether COVID-19 vaccination may be linked to the occurrence of myocarditis is unknown.To describe a group of 7 patients with acute myocarditis over 3 months, 4 of whom had recent messenger RNA (mRNA) COVID-19 vaccination.All patients referred for cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging at Duke University Medical Center were asked to participate in a prospective outcomes registry. Two searches of the registry database were performed: first, to identify patients with acute myocarditis for the 3-month period between February 1 and April 30 for 2017 through 2021, and second, to identify all patients with possible vaccine-associated myocarditis for the past 20 years. Once patients with possible vaccine-associated myocarditis were identified, data available in the registry were supplemented by additional data collection from the electronic health record and a telephone interview.mRNA COVID-19 vaccine.Occurrence of acute myocarditis by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging.In the 3-month period between February 1 and April 30, 2021, 7 patients with acute myocarditis were identified, of which 4 occurred within 5 days of COVID-19 vaccination. Three were younger male individuals (age, 23-36 years) and 1 was a 70-year-old female individual. All 4 had received the second dose of an mRNA vaccine (2 received mRNA-1273 [Moderna], and 2 received BNT162b2 [Pfizer]). All presented with severe chest pain, had biomarker evidence of myocardial injury, and were hospitalized. Coincident testing for COVID-19 and respiratory viruses provided no alternative explanation. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging findings were typical for myocarditis, including regional dysfunction, late gadolinium enhancement, and elevated native T1 and T2.In this study, magnetic resonance imaging findings were found to be consistent with acute myocarditis in 7 patients; 4 of whom had preceding COVID-19 vaccination. Further investigation is needed to determine associations of COVID-19 vaccination and myocarditis. AD - Duke Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Center, Durham, North Carolina. | Division of Cardiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. | Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. | Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. AN - 34185046 AU - Kim, Han W. | Jenista, Elizabeth R. | Wendell, David C. | Azevedo, Clerio F. | Campbell, Michael J. | Darty, Stephen N. | Parker, Michele A. | Kim, Raymond J. C1 - 2021-07-09 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07092021_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 29 DO - 10.1001/jamacardio.2021.2828 ET - 2021/06/30 L1 - internal-pdf://1005010959/Kim-2021-Patients With Acute Myocarditis Follo.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Kim, Han W | Jenista, Elizabeth R | Wendell, David C | Azevedo, Clerio F | Campbell, Michael J | Darty, Stephen N | Parker, Michele A | Kim, Raymond J | eng | JAMA Cardiol. 2021 Jun 29. pii: 2781602. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2021.2828. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings for Montgomery et al. and Kim et al.: | The Military Health System identified 23 cases of acute myocarditis among >2.8 M vaccinees (Montgomery et al). At a tertiary care center in North Carolina (NC) that serves a population of >560,000 vaccinees, 4 cases were found (Kim et al). | Both BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 were represented among cases: in the military, 7 received BNT162b2 and 16, mRNA-1273; in NC, 2 received BNT162b2 and 2, mRNA-1273. | All cases reported symptoms within 5 days after 2nd dose. Ages: median 25 years (20-51) for the military and 23, 24, 36 and 70 years for NC. | All presented with severe acute chest pain, had abnormal electrocardiogram results, and elevated troponin. Tests did not uncover alternative etiologies or underlying heart disease. All recovered uneventfully. | Methods: Adverse events identified through referrals within the military Defense Health System and review of Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS) reports were used to find cases for a retrospective review (Montgomery et al.). A database of cardiac magnetic imaging at a NC tertiary care center was searched for patients diagnosed with acute myocarditis between February–April in 2017�?021 with recent history of vaccination (Kim et al.). Combined Limitations: Lack of control groups precludes ability to establish causal relationship or estimate rates of myocarditis in vaccinated versus non-vaccinated populations. | Implications for both studies (Montgomery et al. and Kim et al.): As described in an editorialexternal icon, the mechanisms underlying these events are not yet known although are likely to be an immune mediated response to the mRNA SARS-CoV vaccines. Although surveillance is both informal and formal, including VAERS, Clinical Immunization Safety Assessment Project, V-safe, and reports to journals, editors of JAMA Cardiologyexternal icon suggest the system as a whole is invaluable. SN - 2380-6583 ST - Patients With Acute Myocarditis Following mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination T2 - JAMA Cardiol TI - Patients With Acute Myocarditis Following mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2021.2828 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/articlepdf/2781602/jamacardiology_kim_2021_br_210003_1624549095.14284.pdf Y2 - 7/16/2021 ID - 1945 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) of the joints, gut and skin are treated with inhibitors of inflammatory cytokines. These cytokines are involved in the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Investigating anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses in IMIDs we observe a reduced incidence of SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion in IMID patients treated with cytokine inhibitors compared to patients receiving no such inhibitors and two healthy control populations, despite similar social exposure. Hence, cytokine inhibitors seem to at least partially protect from SARS-CoV-2 infection. AD - Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitatsklinikum Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany. | Deutsches Zentrum fuer Immuntherapie (DZI), FAU Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitatsklinikum Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany. | Department of Dermatology, FAU Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitatsklinikum Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany. | Department of Internal Medicine 1, FAU Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitatsklinikum Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany. | Institute of Biochemistry, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, FAU Erlangen-Nuremberg, Fahrstrasse 17, 91054, Erlangen, Germany. | Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, FAU Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitatsklinikum Erlangen, Krankenhausstrasse 12, 91054, Erlangen, Germany. | Rheumatology Clinical Practice Erlangen, Mohrendorferstrasse 1c, 91056, Erlangen, Germany. | Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, FAU Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitatsklinikum Erlangen, Schlossgarten 4, 91054, Erlangen, Germany. | Rheumatology Section, Sozialstiftung Bamberg, Buger Strasse 80-82, 96049, Bamberg, Germany. | Rheumatology Practice Bamberg, Hainstrasse 6, 96047, Bamberg, Germany. | Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitatsklinikum Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany. georg.schett@uk-erlangen.de. | Deutsches Zentrum fuer Immuntherapie (DZI), FAU Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitatsklinikum Erlangen, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany. georg.schett@uk-erlangen.de. AN - 32709909 AU - Simon, D. | Tascilar, K. | Kronke, G. | Kleyer, A. | Zaiss, M. M. | Heppt, F. | Meder, C. | Atreya, R. | Klenske, E. | Dietrich, P. | Abdullah, A. | Kliem, T. | Corte, G. | Morf, H. | Leppkes, M. | Kremer, A. E. | Ramming, A. | Pachowsky, M. | Schuch, F. | Ronneberger, M. | Kleinert, S. | Maier, C. | Hueber, A. J. | Manger, K. | Manger, B. | Berking, C. | Tenbusch, M. | Uberla, K. | Sticherling, M. | Neurath, M. F. | Schett, G. C1 - 2020-08-04 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/080420_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 24 DO - 10.1038/s41467-020-17703-6 ET - 2020/07/28 IS - 1 KW - Adult | Antibodies, Viral/blood | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/*immunology | Cytokines/*antagonists & inhibitors | Female | Humans | Immune System Diseases/*drug therapy | Immunoglobulin G/blood | Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/*immunology | Prevalence | Risk | *Seroconversion L1 - internal-pdf://1287621490/Simon-2020-Patients with immune-mediated infla.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Simon, David; Tascilar, Koray; Kronke, Gerhard; Kleyer, Arnd; Zaiss, Mario M; Heppt, Franz; Meder, Christine; Atreya, Raja; Klenske, Entcho; Dietrich, Peter; Abdullah, Abdullah; Kliem, Thorsten; Corte, Giulia; Morf, Harriet; Leppkes, Moritz; Kremer, Andreas E; Ramming, Andreas; Pachowsky, Milena; Schuch, Florian; Ronneberger, Monika; Kleinert, Stefan; Maier, Clara; Hueber, Axel J; Manger, Karin; Manger, Bernhard; Berking, Carola; Tenbusch, Matthias; Uberla, Klaus; Sticherling, Michael; Neurath, Markus F; Schett, Georg; eng; CRC1181/Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation)/International; Mascara/Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung (Federal Ministry of Education and Research)/International; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Nat Commun. 2020 Jul 24;11(1):3774. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-17703-6. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMID) treated with cytokine inhibitors (0.7%) was lower than non-healthcare worker controls (NHCs, i.e., healthy persons without known IMID) (2.3%), (relative risk [RR] 0.32, 95% CI 0.11�?.99). | The prevalence among IMID patients not treated with cytokine inhibitors (3.1%) did not differ significantly (RR 1.21, 95% CI 0.50-2.90) from prevalence in NHCs. | The prevalence among health care professionals involved in the treatment of IMID patients (HC control) was significantly higher than among the NHC control cohort, indicating that their exposure to SARS-CoV-2 may be higher than in the general population (RR 2.36, 95% CI 1.03�?.43; p�?�?.043); Methods: Descriptive study of 753 patients with IMID (534 were on cytokine inhibitors for treatment of IMID, 259 were not treated with cytokine inhibitors for IMID), 285 health care professionals and 971 NHCs from multiple clinics in Germany (February-April 2020). Prevalence of IgG against the spike protein domain S1 was used to compare differences in infection rates among groups. Limitations: Low number of persons with positive serology; potential false positive antibody results; potential unmeasured confounders. | Implications: Cytokine inhibitor use in IMID patients may provide protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection; however, larger clinical studies are needed to confirm these results. SN - 2041-1723 (Electronic); 2041-1723 (Linking) SP - 3774 ST - Patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases receiving cytokine inhibitors have low prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion T2 - Nat Commun TI - Patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases receiving cytokine inhibitors have low prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32709909 VL - 11 ID - 634 ER - TY - JOUR AD - From the Divisions of Neurology (Y.G., A.C.Y.C.) and Infectious Diseases (D.L.L.B., J.S.), Department of Medicine, National University Health System; and Department of Diagnostic Imaging (A.M.), National University Hospital, Singapore. | From the Divisions of Neurology (Y.G., A.C.Y.C.) and Infectious Diseases (D.L.L.B., J.S.), Department of Medicine, National University Health System; and Department of Diagnostic Imaging (A.M.), National University Hospital, Singapore. Amanda_chan@nuhs.edu.sg. AN - 32439822 AU - Goh, Y. | Beh, D. L. L. | Makmur, A. | Somani, J. | Chan, A. C. Y. C1 - 2020-10-13 C2 - COVID-19 and Neurological Issues CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/101320_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 25 DO - 10.1212/WNL.0000000000009863 ET - 2020/05/23 IS - 8 KW - Adult | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Comorbidity | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Facial Paralysis/*epidemiology | Humans | Male | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | SARS-CoV-2 | Singapore/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://0873948411/Goh-2020-Pearls & Oy-sters_ Facial nerve palsy.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Goh, Yihui; Beh, Darius L L; Makmur, Andrew; Somani, Jyoti; Chan, Amanda C Y; eng; Case Reports; Neurology. 2020 Aug 25;95(8):364-367. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000009863. Epub 2020 May 21. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Case report of patient with COVID-19 and facial nerve palsy. SN - 1526-632X (Electronic); 0028-3878 (Linking) SP - 364-367 ST - Pearls & Oy-sters: Facial nerve palsy in COVID-19 infection T2 - Neurology TI - Pearls & Oy-sters: Facial nerve palsy in COVID-19 infection UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32439822 VL - 95 ID - 1045 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The COVID-19 pandemic has been characterized by disproportionally higher rates of disease, hospitalization, and death among adults from historically marginalized racial/ethnic groups. Whether a similar association exists in children is not as well established because data that directly examine race/ethnicity and pediatric COVID-19 risk and also account for socioeconomic factors are sparse. Given the uncertainty around the natural history and prognosis of COVID-19 in children, understanding how race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status influence pediatric outcomes will help determine who is most at risk so that equitable care can be provided. AD - Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. | Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts. | Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. | Office of Health Equity and Inclusion, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. AN - 34152377 AU - Dennis-Heyward, Evida A. | Shah, Snehal N. C1 - 2021-07-02 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07022021_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 1 DO - 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.1682 ET - 2021/06/22 IS - 9 KW - *covid-19 | Child | Health Status Disparities | Healthcare Disparities | Humans | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://0982193887/Dennis-Heyward-2021-Pediatric COVID-19 Dispari.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Natural History | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Dennis-Heyward, Evida A | Shah, Snehal N | eng | Editorial | Comment | JAMA Pediatr. 2021 Sep 1;175(9):898-900. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.1682. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: emphasized that race likely impacts health through racism and race-associated experiences, opportunities, and access. SN - 2168-6203 SP - 898-900 ST - Pediatric COVID-19 Disparities and Prioritizing Equity—Children Are Not Spared T2 - JAMA Pediatr TI - Pediatric COVID-19 Disparities and Prioritizing Equity—Children Are Not Spared UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.1682 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/articlepdf/2780971/jamapediatrics_dennisheyward_2021_ed_210013_1622826722.89276.pdf VL - 175 Y2 - 7/16/2021 ID - 1927 ER - TY - JOUR AB - COVID-19 is the illness caused by infection with the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Although myalgia is common in adults, it has not been noted as a common symptom in children. There have been a few reported cases of COVID-19-associated rhabdomyolysis in adults. This case report describes a 16-year-old boy who presented with fever, myalgias, mild shortness of breath with exertion, and dark-colored urine. COVID-19 PCR was positive. His initial creatinine kinase (CK) level was 427,656 U/L. Serum creatinine was normal for age. He was treated with isotonic intravenous fluids containing sodium bicarbonate to maintain urine output of 100-200 mL/h and urine pH > 7.0. His serum creatinine remained normal throughout the hospital stay and he was discharged on hospital day 12 with a CK of 6526 U/L. To our knowledge, no pediatric cases of COVID-19-associated rhabdomyolysis have been previously reported. Adult cases of rhabdomyolysis have been reported and a few reports have noted patients with elevated CK levels without rhabdomyolysis. Given this pediatric case of COVID-19-associated rhabdomyolysis, pediatric clinicians should be aware of this complication and manage fluids appropriately in order to prevent acute kidney injury. AD - Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York, New Hyde Park, NY, USA. | Department of Pediatrics, Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York, New Hyde Park, NY, USA. | Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York, New Hyde Park, NY, USA. csethna@northwell.edu. AN - 32447505 AU - Gefen, A. M. | Palumbo, N. | Nathan, S. K. | Singer, P. S. | Castellanos-Reyes, L. J. | Sethna, C. B. C1 - 2020-06-02 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060220_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.1007/s00467-020-04617-0 DP - NLM ET - 2020/05/25 IS - 8 KW - Adolescent | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*complications/diagnosis | Creatine Kinase/blood | Humans | Male | Myalgia/etiology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications/diagnosis | Rhabdomyolysis/blood/diagnosis/*etiology | SARS-CoV-2 | *Children | *Coronavirus | *Creatine kinase | *SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://1890527047/Gefen-2020-Pediatric COVID-19-associated rhabd.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Gefen, Ashley M; Palumbo, Nancy; Nathan, Suresh K; Singer, Pamela S; Castellanos-Reyes, Laura J; Sethna, Christine B; eng; Case Reports; Germany; Pediatr Nephrol. 2020 Aug;35(8):1517-1520. doi: 10.1007/s00467-020-04617-0. Epub 2020 May 23. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: 16-year-old boy is the first pediatric case of severe rhabdomyolysis associated with COVID-19 infection. SN - 1432-198X (Electronic); 0931-041X (Linking) SP - 1517-1520 ST - Pediatric COVID-19-associated rhabdomyolysis: a case report T2 - Pediatr Nephrol TI - Pediatric COVID-19-associated rhabdomyolysis: a case report UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32447505 VL - 35 ID - 300 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND As a result of low numbers of pediatric cases early in the COVID-19 pandemic, pediatric household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 remains an understudied topic. This study sought to determine whether there are differences in the odds of household transmission for younger children compared to older children.METHODS We assembled a cohort of all individuals in Ontario, Canada with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection between June 1 and December 31, 2020. The cohort was restricted to individuals residing in private households (N=132,232 cases in 89,191 households), identified through an address matching algorithm. Analysis focused on households in which the index case was aged <18 years. Logistic regression models were fit to estimate the association between age group of pediatric index cases (0-3, 4-8, 9-13, and 14-17 years) and odds of household transmission.RESULTS A total of 6,280 households had pediatric index cases, and 1,717 (27.3%) experienced secondary transmission. Children aged 0-3 years had the highest odds of household transmission compared to children aged 14-17 years (model adjusted for gender, month of disease onset, testing delay, and average family size: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.17-1.75). This association was similarly observed in sensitivity analyses defining secondary cases as 2-14 days or 4-14 days after the index case, and stratified analyses by presence of symptoms, association with a school/childcare outbreak, or school/childcare reopening. Children aged 4-8 years and 9-13 years also had increased odds of transmission (4-8: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.18-1.67; 9-13: 1.13, 95% CI: 0.97-1.32).CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that younger children are more likely to transmit SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to older children, and the highest odds of transmission was observed for children aged 0-3 years. Differential infectivity of pediatric age groups has implications for infection prevention controls within households, as well as schools/childcare, to minimize risk of household secondary transmission.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis study was supported by Public Health Ontario.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:We obtained ethics approval from Public Health Ontario's Research Ethics Board.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData sharing requests should be directed to Public Health Ontario. AD - Health Protection, Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. | Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. | Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. | Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. | Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. | Unity Health Toronto-St Joseph's Health Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. | Division of Infectious Diseases, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. | Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. AN - 34398179 AU - Paul, Lauren A. | Daneman, Nick | Schwartz, Kevin L. | Science, Michelle | Brown, Kevin A. | Whelan, Michael | Chan, Ellen | Buchan, Sarah A. C1 - 2021-04-09 C2 - Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04092021_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 16 DO - 10.1101/2021.03.29.21254565 ET - 2021/08/17 L1 - internal-pdf://1716511641/Paul-2021-Pediatric household transmission of.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Paul, Lauren A | Daneman, Nick | Schwartz, Kevin L | Science, Michelle | Brown, Kevin A | Whelan, Michael | Chan, Ellen | Buchan, Sarah A | eng | JAMA Pediatr. 2021 Aug 16. pii: 2783022. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2770. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In 6,280 households in Ontario Canada, children aged 0-3 years or 4-8 years were more likely to transmit SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to children aged 14-17. SN - 2168-6211 (Electronic) | 2168-6203 (Linking) SP - 2021.03.29.21254565 ST - Pediatric household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection T2 - medRxiv TI - Pediatric household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/03/31/2021.03.29.21254565.full.pdf ID - 1647 ER - TY - JOUR AB - RATIONALE: Pediatric COVID-19 studies have been mostly restricted to case reports and small case series, which have prevented the identification of specific pediatric lung disease patterns in COVID-19. The overarching goal of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to provide the first comprehensive summary of the findings of published studies thus far describing COVID-19 lung imaging data in the pediatric population. METHODS: A systematic literature search of PubMed was performed to identify studies assessing lung-imaging features of COVID-19 pediatric patients (0-18 years). A single-arm meta-analysis was conducted to obtain the pooled prevalence and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). RESULTS: A total of 29 articles (n = 1026 children) based on chest computerized tomography (CT) images were included. The main results of this comprehensive analysis are as follows: (1) Over a third of pediatric patients with COVID-19 (35.7%, 95% CI: 27.5%-44%) had normal chest CT scans and only 27.7% (95% CI: 19.9%-35.6%) had bilateral lesions. (2) The most typical pediatric chest CT findings of COVID-19 were ground-glass opacities (GGO) (37.2%, 95% CI: 29.3%-45%) and the presence of consolidations or pneumonic infiltrates (22.3%, 95% CI: 17.8%-26.9%). (3) The lung imaging findings in children with COVID-19 were overall less frequent and less severe than in adult patients. (4) Typical lung imaging features of viral respiratory infections in the pediatric population such as increased perihilar markings and hyperinflation were not reported in children with COVID-19. CONCLUSION: Chest CT manifestations in children with COVID-19 could potentially be used for early identification and prompt intervention in the pediatric population. AD - Division of Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA. | Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA. | Division of Pediatric Radiology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA. | Department of Radiology, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA. | Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. | Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA. AN - 32926572 AU - Nino, G. | Zember, J. | Sanchez-Jacob, R. | Gutierrez, M. J. | Sharma, K. | Linguraru, M. G. C1 - 2020-09-25 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/092520_covidupdate.html DA - Jan DO - 10.1002/ppul.25070 ET - 2020/09/15 IS - 1 KW - Adolescent | Adult | COVID-19/*diagnostic imaging/pathology | Child | Child, Preschool | Female | Humans | Infant | Lung/*diagnostic imaging/pathology | Male | *Radiography, Thoracic | Sensitivity and Specificity | *Tomography, X-Ray Computed | *SARS-CoV-2 | *lung CT scan | *meta-analysis | *pediatric COVID-19 L1 - internal-pdf://0028661369/Nino-2021-Pediatric lung imaging features of C.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Nino, Gustavo; Zember, Jonathan; Sanchez-Jacob, Ramon; Gutierrez, Maria J; Sharma, Karun; Linguraru, Marius George; eng; R41 HL145669/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; HL141237 and/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; HL145669/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; Meta-Analysis; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Systematic Review; Pediatr Pulmonol. 2021 Jan;56(1):252-263. doi: 10.1002/ppul.25070. Epub 2020 Nov 2. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 35.7% of pediatric COVID-19 patients had normal chest CT scans. | Most common chest CT findings in pediatric COVID-19 patients were ground-glass opacities 37.2%, (95% CI 29.3% �?45%), pneumonic infiltrates or consolidations 22.3%, (95% CI 17.8% �?%), and bilateral involvement 27.7% (95% CI 19.9% �?35.6%) (Table). | Typical lung imaging features of viral infections in the pediatric population, such as perihilar markings and hyperinflation, were not present in pediatric COVID-19 patients. | Methods: A meta-analysis of 29 studies including 1,026 children 0-18 years with RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 to obtain the pooled chest CT scan features. Limitations: Variation in CT reporting practices could have influenced results; only one database was included in the systematic search limiting the inclusion of international studies; a risk-of-bias assessment was not done; authors did not describe methods for data transformation or synthesis. | Implications: CT scan abnormalities in the pediatric COVID-19 population are distinct from typical lung images of viral respiratory infections. When compared with adults, children with COVID-19 had greater variability in CT findings and more commonly had normal chest CT scans. SN - 1099-0496 (Electronic); 1099-0496 (Linking) SP - 252-263 ST - Pediatric lung imaging features of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis T2 - Pediatr Pulmonol TI - Pediatric lung imaging features of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32926572 VL - 56 ID - 952 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVES: As schools plan for re-opening, understanding the potential role children play in the coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the factors that drive severe illness in children is critical. STUDY DESIGN: Children ages 0-22 years with suspected severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection presenting to urgent care clinics or being hospitalized for confirmed/suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection or multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) at Massachusetts General Hospital were offered enrollment in the Massachusetts General Hospital Pediatric COVID-19 Biorepository. Enrolled children provided nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal, and/or blood specimens. SARS-CoV-2 viral load, ACE2 RNA levels, and serology for SARS-CoV-2 were quantified. RESULTS: A total of 192 children (mean age, 10.2 +/- 7.0 years) were enrolled. Forty-nine children (26%) were diagnosed with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection; an additional 18 children (9%) met the criteria for MIS-C. Only 25 children (51%) with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection presented with fever; symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection, if present, were nonspecific. Nasopharyngeal viral load was highest in children in the first 2 days of symptoms, significantly higher than hospitalized adults with severe disease (P = .002). Age did not impact viral load, but younger children had lower angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 expression (P = .004). Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and Immunoglobulin G (IgG) to the receptor binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein were increased in severe MIS-C (P < .001), with dysregulated humoral responses observed. CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals that children may be a potential source of contagion in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic despite having milder disease or a lack of symptoms; immune dysregulation is implicated in severe postinfectious MIS-C. AD - Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Electronic address: lyonker@mgh.harvard.edu. | Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. | Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA. | Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Boston, MA. | Department of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA. | Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. | Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. | Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. | Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. | Department of Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. | Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. | Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA. | Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA; Department of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA. | Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. | Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA. | Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Center for Engineering in Medicine, Department of Surgery, Boston, MA. | Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, Boston, MA. | Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA. | Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. AN - 32827525 AU - Yonker, L. M. | Neilan, A. M. | Bartsch, Y. | Patel, A. B. | Regan, J. | Arya, P. | Gootkind, E. | Park, G. | Hardcastle, M. | St John, A. | Appleman, L. | Chiu, M. L. | Fialkowski, A. | De la Flor, D. | Lima, R. | Bordt, E. A. | Yockey, L. J. | D'Avino, P. | Fischinger, S. | Shui, J. E. | Lerou, P. H. | Bonventre, J. V. | Yu, X. G. | Ryan, E. T. | Bassett, I. V. | Irimia, D. | Edlow, A. G. | Alter, G. | Li, J. Z. | Fasano, A. C1 - 2020-08-28 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082820_covidupdate.html DA - Dec DO - 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.08.037 ET - 2020/08/23 KW - Adolescent | Age Factors | *COVID-19/diagnosis/epidemiology/immunology/transmission | COVID-19 Testing | Child | Child, Preschool | Comorbidity | Female | Humans | Infant | Infant, Newborn | Male | Massachusetts/epidemiology | Pandemics | Severity of Illness Index | Viral Load | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://1643954160/Yonker-2020-Pediatric Severe Acute Respiratory.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Yonker, Lael M; Neilan, Anne M; Bartsch, Yannic; Patel, Ankit B; Regan, James; Arya, Puneeta; Gootkind, Elizabeth; Park, Grace; Hardcastle, Margot; St John, Anita; Appleman, Lori; Chiu, Michelle L; Fialkowski, Allison; De la Flor, Denis; Lima, Rosiane; Bordt, Evan A; Yockey, Laura J; D'Avino, Paolo; Fischinger, Stephanie; Shui, Jessica E; Lerou, Paul H; Bonventre, Joseph V; Yu, Xu G; Ryan, Edward T; Bassett, Ingrid V; Irimia, Daniel; Edlow, Andrea G; Alter, Galit; Li, Jonathan Z; Fasano, Alessio; eng; R01 HD100022/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/; R37 DK039773/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/; R01 DK104344/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/; R01 DK072381/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/; K24 AI141036/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 DK039773/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/; K08 HL143183/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; U01CK000490/ACL/ACL HHS/; K08 HD094638/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. | J Pediatr. 2020 Dec;227:45-52.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.08.037. Epub 2020 Aug 20. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 25.5% tested positive for SARS-CoV-2; 9.4% were diagnosed with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). | Viral load (VL) was higher in NP specimens than in OP specimens in children who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, p = 0.01 (Figure 1) and did not correlate with age. | Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression (the receptor for SARS-CoV-2 infection) was related to testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 or diagnosis with MIS-C, p = 0.004, but was not related to VL (Figure 2). | Methods: Sample of 192 children aged 0-22 years with suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 or MIS-C, Boston, MA. Participants provided NP (n = 83), OP (n = 105), and/or blood specimens (n = 100). SARS-CoV-2 viral load, ACE2 gene expression, and SARS-CoV-2 serology were measured. Limitations: An enrolled cohort that may not be representative of overall pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infections. Low proportion of children provided each specimen type; low numbers of children <5 years in sample. | Implications: Children might have high levels of virus in upper airways despite showing few symptoms and might be effective transmitters regardless of age. Findings could help inform guidance for operating schools and daycare institutions. SN - 1097-6833 (Electronic); 0022-3476 (Linking) SP - 45-52 e5 ST - Pediatric Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): Clinical Presentation, Infectivity, and Immune Responses T2 - J Pediatr TI - Pediatric Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): Clinical Presentation, Infectivity, and Immune Responses UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32827525 VL - 227 ID - 796 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVES The impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on vaccination coverage, critical to preventing vaccine-preventable diseases, has not been assessed during the reopening period.METHODS Vaccine uptake and vaccination coverage for recommended vaccines and for measles-containing vaccines at milestone ages were assessed in a large cohort of children aged 0 to 18 years in Southern California during January to August 2020 and were compared with those in the same period in 2019. Differences in vaccine uptake and vaccination coverage (recommended vaccines and measles-containing vaccines) in prepandemic (January to March), stay-at-home (April to May), and reopening (June to August) periods in 2020 and 2019 were compared.RESULTS Total and measles-containing vaccine uptake declined markedly in all children during the pandemic period in 2020 compared with 2019, but recovered in children aged 0 to 23 months. Among children aged 2 to 18 years, measles-containing vaccine uptake recovered, but total vaccine uptake remained lower. Vaccination coverage (recommended and measles-containing vaccines) declined and remained reduced among most milestone age cohorts �?4 months during the pandemic period, whereas recommended vaccination coverage in older children decreased during the reopening period in 2020 compared with 2019.CONCLUSIONS Pediatric vaccine uptake decreased dramatically during the pandemic, resulting in decreased vaccination coverage that persisted or worsened among several age cohorts during the reopening period. Additional strategies, including immunization tracking, reminders, and recall for needed vaccinations, particularly during virtual visits, will be required to increase vaccine uptake and vaccination coverage and reduce the risk of outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases. AU - Ackerson, Bradley K. | Sy, Lina S. | Glenn, Sungching C. | Qian, Lei | Park, Claire H. | Riewerts, Robert J. | Jacobsen, Steven J. C1 - 2021-06-25 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06252021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1542/peds.2020-047092 IS - 1 L1 - internal-pdf://3587722183/Ackerson-2021-Pediatric Vaccination During the.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Compared to January–August 2019, complete childhood vaccination coverage among children aged 0�?8 years in an integrated healthcare system in Southern California (n >980,000) declined during the same period in 2020. At age 16 months, measles vaccination coverage in July 2020 was 81% compared to 89% in 2019. SE - e2020047092 SN - 0031-4005 | 1098-4275 SP - e2020047092 ST - Pediatric Vaccination During the COVID-19 Pandemic T2 - Pediatrics TI - Pediatric Vaccination During the COVID-19 Pandemic UR - https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/early/2021/06/16/peds.2020-047092.full.pdf VL - 148 ID - 1869 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Mask wearing contributes to the reduction of transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In Switzerland, compulsory use of masks was introduced in indoor public spaces and later in schools. In the canton of Zurich, masks were introduced for secondary school children (grades 7-9) from November 2020, and for primary school children (grades 4-6) from February 2021�?along with other protective measures against SARS-CoV-2. This study explored perceptions towards the usefulness of masks in school and public in a cohort of children and adolescents in the canton of Zurich, Switzerland, in January �?May 2021.Methods School children aged 10 to 17 years enrolled in Ciao Corona, a prospective school-based cohort study, responded to nested online surveys between January 12 to March 24 2021 (Q1) and March 10 to May 16 2021 (Q2). Secondary school children were surveyed at Q1 and Q2, and primary school children at Q2 only. Surveys for parents and their children included questions on children’s perception of the usefulness of masks and mask wearing behavior. Associations between perceived usefulness of masks and child’s school level, gender, and parents�?educational attainment were analyzed with Pearson’s and McNemar’s chi-squared tests. Free-text comments provided by children were classified into categories of expressed attitude towards mask wearing.Results 595 (54% girls) and 1118 (52% girls) school children responded to online questionnaires at Q1 and Q2, respectively. More than half of school children perceived masks to be useful at school (Q1:60% and Q2:57%) and in public (Q1:69% and Q2:60%). Girls perceived masks as useful more often than boys (at Q2 at school: 61% versus 53%, in public: 64% versus 57%), and children of parents with high educational attainment more often than those of parents with lower educational attainment (at Q2 at school: 61% versus 49%, in public: 63% versus 54%). There were no differences in the perceived usefulness of masks among children in primary versus secondary school. At Q1 and Q2 each, about 20% of children provided individual statements about masks, of which 36% at Q1 and 16% at Q2 reported side-effects and discomfort such as skin irritations, headache or difficulties breathing during physical education.Conclusion Approximately 60% of school children perceived masks at school and in public places as useful. A small but non-negligible proportion of children reported discomfort and side-effects that should be considered to ensure high adherence to mask wearing among school children.Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04448717 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04448717CONTRIBUTION TO THE FIELD STATEMENT Worldwide about 150 countries fully closed their schools at some point during the coronavirus pandemic, while other countries �?such as Switzerland �?kept schools open almost all the time. However, among other protective measures, children in secondary school (aged approximately 14-16 years) had to wear masks since November 2020, and older children in primary school (aged 11-13 years) �?since February 2021.As part of the large study Ciao Corona based in schools in Switzerland, we wanted to learn how children perceive the usefulness of masks in school and public. Children and their parents completed questionnaires in January-March (595 secondary school children) and March-May 2021 (1118 secondary and primary school children).We found that about 60% of children perceived masks to be useful at school and in public. Girls perceived masks as useful more often than boys, and children of parents with university or college education more often than those of parents with lower education. About 7�?9% of children reported side-effects and discomfort such as skin irritations, headache or difficulties breathing during physical education. Although side-effects were not frequently reported, they should be considered to ensure high adherence to mask wearing among school children.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no co peting interest.Clinical TrialNCT04448717Clinical Protocols https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-020-01495-z Funding StatementThis study is part of Corona Immunitas research network, coordinated by the Swiss School of Public Health (SSPH+), and funded by fundraising of SSPH+ that includes funds of the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health and private funders (ethical guidelines for funding stated by SSPH+ will be respected), by funds of some Cantons of Switzerland and by institutional funds of the Universities. Additional funding, specific to this study is available from the University of Zurich Foundation. The funder/sponsor did not have any role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Canton of Zurich, Switzerland (2020-01336). All participants provided written informed consent before being enrolled in the study.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThe raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, on reasonable request. AU - Ammann, Priska | Ulyte, Agne | Haile, Sarah R. | Puhan, Milo A. | Kriemler, Susi | Radtke, Thomas C1 - 2021-09-17 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09172021_covidupdate.html#anchor_PreventionStrategies DO - 10.1101/2021.09.04.21262907 L1 - internal-pdf://4080045191/Ammann-2021-Perceptions towards mask use in sc.pdf internal-pdf://3268709511/Ammann-2021-Perceptions towards mask use in s1.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 60% of school children perceived mask wearing as beneficial to reducing SARS-CoV-2 transmission at school and in public. | Girls were more likely than boys (61% vs. 53%; p = .018), and students of parents with higher education were more likely than those with less education (61% vs 49%; p< .001) to perceive masks as useful at school (Figure). | Primary and secondary students had similar perceptions about masks. | 7�?% of students reported side-effects (skin irritations, headache, or difficulties breathing during physical education) from wearing masks. | Methods: School children (age 10-17 years) in Zurich, Switzerland responded to online questionnaires (Q1 and Q2) as part of a prospective school-based cohort study of SARS-CoV-2; Q1: January–March 2021 (n = 595, secondary, 8th�?th grades); Q2: March–May 2021 (n = 596, primary, 5th�?th grades; and n = 522 secondary). Limitations: 44% item response rate for the mask questionnaires; more than 60% of parents had higher education, not representative of the general population. | Implications: For a safer in-person learning experience, mask wearing at school has been recommended as one prevention strategy against COVID-19 in K�?2 schools. Understanding youth perception of masks, including benefits and harms, is important to ensure compliance at school and in public. | Note: Adapted from Ammann et al. Perceived use of mask wearing at school A) between girls and boys B) according to parents�?educational level: low education, high education; primary and secondary school students in Zurich, Switzerland, March–May 2021. Numbers on top of bars are counts. Licensed under CC-BY-NC 4.0. SP - 2021.09.04.21262907 ST - Perceptions towards mask use in school children during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: the Ciao Corona Study T2 - medRxiv TI - Perceptions towards mask use in school children during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: the Ciao Corona Study UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/09/08/2021.09.04.21262907.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/09/08/2021.09.04.21262907.full.pdf ID - 2327 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for SARS-CoV-2 antigens (Ag) that can be performed at point of care (POC) can supplement molecular testing and help mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic. Deployment of an Ag RDT requires an understanding of its operational and performance characteristics under real-world conditions and in relevant subpopulations. We evaluated the Abbott BinaxNOW COVID-19 Ag card in a high-throughput, drive-through, free community testing site in Massachusetts using anterior nasal (AN) swab reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) for clinical testing. Individuals presenting for molecular testing in two of seven lanes were offered the opportunity to also receive BinaxNOW testing. Dual AN swabs were collected from symptomatic and asymptomatic children (90%. Finally, SARS-CoV-2 RNA in saliva samples was shown to be stable, with no changes in viral loads over 24 hours at both room temperature and 4 degrees C. Although the dilution of SARS-CoV-2 in ORs precluded its acceptability as a sample type, posterior oropharyngeal saliva was an acceptable alternative sample type for SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection. AD - Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Department Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. Electronic address: babadyn@mskcc.org. | Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. | Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. | Department Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. | Department Nursing, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York. AN - 33217552 AU - Babady, N. E. | McMillen, T. | Jani, K. | Viale, A. | Robilotti, E. V. | Aslam, A. | Diver, M. | Sokoli, D. | Mason, G. | Shah, M. K. | Korenstein, D. | Kamboj, M. C1 - 2020-12-15 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/121520_covidupdate.html DA - Jan DO - 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2020.10.018 ET - 2020/11/21 IS - 1 KW - COVID-19/*diagnosis | COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing/*methods | Humans | Molecular Diagnostic Techniques | Mouth/virology | Nose/virology | Oropharynx/virology | RNA, Viral/*analysis | Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction | SARS-CoV-2/*genetics/immunology | Saliva/*virology | Viral Load/methods L1 - internal-pdf://4234650917/Babady-2021-Performance of Severe Acute Respir.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Babady, N Esther; McMillen, Tracy; Jani, Krupa; Viale, Agnes; Robilotti, Elizabeth V; Aslam, Anoshe; Diver, Maureen; Sokoli, Desiree; Mason, Greg; Shah, Monika K; Korenstein, Deborah; Kamboj, Mini; eng; P30 CA008748/CA/NCI NIH HHS/; Comparative Study; J Mol Diagn. 2021 Jan;23(1):3-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2020.10.018. Epub 2020 Nov 17. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Results suggest that saliva is an acceptable alternative to NP swabs for SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection by RT-PCR. SN - 1943-7811 (Electronic); 1525-1578 (Linking) SP - 3-9 ST - Performance of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Real-Time RT-PCR Tests on Oral Rinses and Saliva Samples T2 - J Mol Diagn TI - Performance of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Real-Time RT-PCR Tests on Oral Rinses and Saliva Samples UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33217552 VL - 23 Y2 - 2021/05/14 ID - 1336 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We measured plasma and/or serum antibody responses to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 in 343 North American patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 (of which 93% required hospitalization) up to 122 days after symptom onset and compared them to responses in 1548 individuals whose blood samples were obtained prior to the pandemic. After setting seropositivity thresholds for perfect specificity (100%), we estimated sensitivities of 95% for IgG, 90% for IgA, and 81% for IgM for detecting infected individuals between 15 and 28 days after symptom onset. While the median time to seroconversion was nearly 12 days across all three isotypes tested, IgA and IgM antibodies against RBD were short-lived with median times to seroreversion of 71 and 49 days after symptom onset. In contrast, anti-RBD IgG responses decayed slowly through 90 days with only 3 seropositive individuals seroreverting within this time period. IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 RBD were strongly correlated with anti-S neutralizing antibody titers, which demonstrated little to no decrease over 75 days since symptom onset. We observed no cross-reactivity of the SARS-CoV-2 RBD-targeted antibodies with other widely circulating coronaviruses (HKU1, 229 E, OC43, NL63). These data suggest that RBD-targeted antibodies are excellent markers of previous and recent infection, that differential isotype measurements can help distinguish between recent and older infections, and that IgG responses persist over the first few months after infection and are highly correlated with neutralizing antibodies. AD - Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. | Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. | Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. | Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. | Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA. | Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. | Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. | Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. | Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. rcharles@mgh.harvard.edu. AN - 33033172 AU - Iyer, A. S. | Jones, F. K. | Nodoushani, A. | Kelly, M. | Becker, M. | Slater, D. | Mills, R. | Teng, E. | Kamruzzaman, M. | Garcia-Beltran, W. F. | Astudillo, M. | Yang, D. | Miller, T. E. | Oliver, E. | Fischinger, S. | Atyeo, C. | Iafrate, A. J. | Calderwood, S. B. | Lauer, S. A. | Yu, J. | Li, Z. | Feldman, J. | Hauser, B. M. | Caradonna, T. M. | Branda, J. A. | Turbett, S. E. | LaRocque, R. C. | Mellon, G. | Barouch, D. H. | Schmidt, A. G. | Azman, A. S. | Alter, G. | Ryan, E. T. | Harris, J. B. | Charles, R. C. C1 - 2020-10-20 C2 - Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102020_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 8 DO - 10.1126/sciimmunol.abe0367 ET - 2020/10/10 IS - 52 KW - Adult | Aged | Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology | Antibodies, Viral/blood/*immunology | Betacoronavirus/genetics/*immunology | Biomarkers/blood | Covid-19 | Cohort Studies | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/virology | Cross Reactions | Dried Blood Spot Testing | Female | Humans | Immunoglobulin A/blood/immunology | Immunoglobulin G/blood/immunology | Immunoglobulin M/blood/immunology | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/virology | Protein Domains/*immunology | SARS-CoV-2 | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry/*immunology L1 - internal-pdf://3867048646/Iyer-2020-Persistence and decay of human antib.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Iyer, Anita S; Jones, Forrest K; Nodoushani, Ariana; Kelly, Meagan; Becker, Margaret; Slater, Damien; Mills, Rachel; Teng, Erica; Kamruzzaman, Mohammad; Garcia-Beltran, Wilfredo F; Astudillo, Michael; Yang, Diane; Miller, Tyler E; Oliver, Elizabeth; Fischinger, Stephanie; Atyeo, Caroline; Iafrate, A John; Calderwood, Stephen B; Lauer, Stephen A; Yu, Jingyou; Li, Zhenfeng; Feldman, Jared; Hauser, Blake M; Caradonna, Timothy M; Branda, John A; Turbett, Sarah E; LaRocque, Regina C; Mellon, Guillaume; Barouch, Dan H; Schmidt, Aaron G; Azman, Andrew S; Alter, Galit; Ryan, Edward T; Harris, Jason B; Charles, Richelle C; eng; T32 AI007245/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 T32GM007753/NH/NIH HHS/; R01 AI135115/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; T32 GM007753/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/; R01 AI146779/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; U01 CK000490/CK/NCEZID CDC HHS/; U01CK000490/ACL/ACL HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Sci Immunol. 2020 Oct 8;5(52). pii: 5/52/eabe0367. doi: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abe0367. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; IgA and IgM antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein were short-lived. | Median time to seroreversion (return to seronegative) was 70.5 (95% CI 58.5-87.5) and 48.9 days (95% CI 43.8-55.6), respectively. | IgG responses were maintained with only 4% seroreversion within 90 days. | IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 RBD were strongly correlated with neutralizing antibody titers (r = 0.87) (Figure). | Neutralizing antibody titers demonstrated little or no decrease at 75 days post-symptom onset. | No cross-reactivity of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 RBD with other widely circulating coronaviruses (HKU1, 229 E, OC43, NL63) was observed. | Methods: Study used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) to monitor levels of IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and RBD in 343 patients with RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (with 93% requiring hospitalization), up to 122 days post-symptom onset. In a subset of 15 individuals with samples collected up to 75 days post-symptom onset, neutralizing antibody responses against the spike protein were measured. Cross-reactivity of antibodies to other coronaviruses was also evaluated. Limitations: Cohort of SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals was skewed toward those with severe disease. | Implications for 3 studies (Iyer et al., Isho et al., & Boonyaratanakornkit et al.): Serum IgG responses to SARS-CoV-2 appear to be sustained for at least 3 months and are highly correlated with SARS-CoV-2 nAb. Because direct assessment of neutralizing activity requires specialized laboratories, SARS-CoV-2 IgG titers from relatively easy-to-perform commercial assays may serve as a surrogate for assessment of neutralizing activity. Serum IgG is also correlated with saliva IgG which might serve as a marker for systemic immunity. Decreasing nAb titers over time raise concern for re-infection and could impact implementation of immunization programs and monitoring for herd immunity. SN - 2470-9468 (Electronic); 2470-9468 (Linking) SP - eabe0367 ST - Persistence and decay of human antibody responses to the receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in COVID-19 patients T2 - Sci Immunol TI - Persistence and decay of human antibody responses to the receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in COVID-19 patients UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33033172 VL - 5 ID - 1094 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA. | Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA. | Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA. | Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. | Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA. | Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA. AN - 33176080 AU - Choi, B. | Choudhary, M. C. | Regan, J. | Sparks, J. A. | Padera, R. F. | Qiu, X. | Solomon, I. H. | Kuo, H. H. | Boucau, J. | Bowman, K. | Adhikari, U. D. | Winkler, M. L. | Mueller, A. A. | Hsu, T. Y. | Desjardins, M. | Baden, L. R. | Chan, B. T. | Walker, B. D. | Lichterfeld, M. | Brigl, M. | Kwon, D. S. | Kanjilal, S. | Richardson, E. T. | Jonsson, A. H. | Alter, G. | Barczak, A. K. | Hanage, W. P. | Yu, X. G. | Gaiha, G. D. | Seaman, M. S. | Cernadas, M. | Li, J. Z. C1 - 2020-12-01 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/120120_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 3 DO - 10.1056/NEJMc2031364 ET - 2020/11/12 IS - 23 KW - Antiphospholipid Syndrome/*complications | COVID-19/*complications/diagnosis | Fatal Outcome | Humans | *Immunocompromised Host | Male | Middle Aged | SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification | Viral Load L1 - internal-pdf://1122052055/Choi-2020-Persistence and Evolution of SARS-Co.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Choi, Bina; Choudhary, Manish C; Regan, James; Sparks, Jeffrey A; Padera, Robert F; Qiu, Xueting; Solomon, Isaac H; Kuo, Hsiao-Hsuan; Boucau, Julie; Bowman, Kathryn; Adhikari, U Das; Winkler, Marisa L; Mueller, Alisa A; Hsu, Tiffany Y-T; Desjardins, Michael; Baden, Lindsey R; Chan, Brian T; Walker, Bruce D; Lichterfeld, Mathias; Brigl, Manfred; Kwon, Douglas S; Kanjilal, Sanjat; Richardson, Eugene T; Jonsson, A Helena; Alter, Galit; Barczak, Amy K; Hanage, William P; Yu, Xu G; Gaiha, Gaurav D; Seaman, Michael S; Cernadas, Manuela; Li, Jonathan Z; eng; NIAID 5P30AI060354/Harvard University Center for AIDS Research/International; UL1 TR001102/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; R01 AI128344/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; P30 AI060354/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; 1UL1TR001102/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; T32 AI007387/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; K08 AI139361/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Case Reports; Letter; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; N Engl J Med. 2020 Dec 3;383(23):2291-2293. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2031364. Epub 2020 Nov 11. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Whole-genome SARS-CoV-2 sequencing of serial specimens taken from a patient hospitalized 3 times over 154 days showed changes in spike protein at a rate suggestive of viral evolution within a persistent infection. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 2291-2293 ST - Persistence and Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in an Immunocompromised Host T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Persistence and Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in an Immunocompromised Host UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33176080 VL - 383 ID - 1290 ER - TY - JOUR AB - While the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 has been extensively studied in blood, relatively little is known about the antibody response in saliva and its relationship to systemic antibody levels. Here, we profiled by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) IgG, IgA and IgM responses to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (full length trimer) and its receptor-binding domain (RBD) in serum and saliva of acute and convalescent patients with laboratory-diagnosed COVID-19 ranging from 3-115 days post-symptom onset (PSO), compared to negative controls. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses were readily detected in serum and saliva, with peak IgG levels attained by 16-30 days PSO. Longitudinal analysis revealed that anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA and IgM antibodies rapidly decayed, while IgG antibodies remained relatively stable up to 105 days PSO in both biofluids. Lastly, IgG, IgM and to a lesser extent IgA responses to spike and RBD in the serum positively correlated with matched saliva samples. This study confirms that serum and saliva IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 are maintained in the majority of COVID-19 patients for at least 3 months PSO. IgG responses in saliva may serve as a surrogate measure of systemic immunity to SARS-CoV-2 based on their correlation with serum IgG responses. AD - Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. | Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada. | Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. | Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. | Department of Microbiology, at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada. | Combined Containment Level 3 Unit, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. | Mammalian Cell Expression, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada. | Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. | College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada. | Department of Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Diagnostics, Division of Microbiology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre; Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute; and Division of Infectious Diseases, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. | Canadian Blood Services, Edmonton, AB & Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada. | St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute. | Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. | Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. | Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. jen.gommerman@utoronto.ca gingras@lunenfeld.ca. | Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada. jen.gommerman@utoronto.ca gingras@lunenfeld.ca. AN - 33033173 AU - Isho, B. | Abe, K. T. | Zuo, M. | Jamal, A. J. | Rathod, B. | Wang, J. H. | Li, Z. | Chao, G. | Rojas, O. L. | Bang, Y. M. | Pu, A. | Christie-Holmes, N. | Gervais, C. | Ceccarelli, D. | Samavarchi-Tehrani, P. | Guvenc, F. | Budylowski, P. | Li, A. | Paterson, A. | Yue, F. Y. | Marin, L. M. | Caldwell, L. | Wrana, J. L. | Colwill, K. | Sicheri, F. | Mubareka, S. | Gray-Owen, S. D. | Drews, S. J. | Siqueira, W. L. | Barrios-Rodiles, M. | Ostrowski, M. | Rini, J. M. | Durocher, Y. | McGeer, A. J. | Gommerman, J. L. | Gingras, A. C. C1 - 2020-10-20 C2 - Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102020_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 8 DO - 10.1126/sciimmunol.abe5511 ET - 2020/10/10 IS - 52 KW - Adult | Antibodies, Viral/*blood | Antigens, Viral/*immunology | Betacoronavirus/*immunology | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*immunology/virology | Cross-Sectional Studies | Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay | Female | Humans | Immunoglobulin A/blood/immunology | Immunoglobulin G/blood/immunology | Immunoglobulin M/blood/immunology | Longitudinal Studies | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*immunology/virology | SARS-CoV-2 | Saliva/*immunology | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/*immunology L1 - internal-pdf://3725384548/Isho-2020-Persistence of serum and saliva anti.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Isho, Baweleta; Abe, Kento T; Zuo, Michelle; Jamal, Alainna J; Rathod, Bhavisha; Wang, Jenny H; Li, Zhijie; Chao, Gary; Rojas, Olga L; Bang, Yeo Myong; Pu, Annie; Christie-Holmes, Natasha; Gervais, Christian; Ceccarelli, Derek; Samavarchi-Tehrani, Payman; Guvenc, Furkan; Budylowski, Patrick; Li, Angel; Paterson, Aimee; Yue, Feng Yun; Marin, Lina M; Caldwell, Lauren; Wrana, Jeffrey L; Colwill, Karen; Sicheri, Frank; Mubareka, Samira; Gray-Owen, Scott D; Drews, Steven J; Siqueira, Walter L; Barrios-Rodiles, Miriam; Ostrowski, Mario; Rini, James M; Durocher, Yves; McGeer, Allison J; Gommerman, Jennifer L; Gingras, Anne-Claude; eng; Observational Study; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Sci Immunol. 2020 Oct 8;5(52). pii: 5/52/eabe5511. doi: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abe5511. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; IgG antibodies to both the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and its receptor-binding domain (RBD) peaked in serum by 16�?0 days post-symptom onset and were sustained through 105�?15 days (Figure). | IgM and IgA also peaked in serum by 16�?0 days but then steadily declined such that they were at 66%�?4% of their maximal levels by 115 days (Figure). | IgG and IgM levels against the spike protein and RBD were correlated across 71 paired serum and saliva samples. | Methods: Study used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) to monitor IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies levels to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and RBD in acute and convalescent serum from 439 persons and saliva from 128 persons, 3�?15 days post-symptom onset. Antibody levels were compared to negative controls. Limitations: Antibody responses beyond 115 days post-symptom onset were not studied. | Implications for 3 studies (Iyer et al., Isho et al., & Boonyaratanakornkit et al.): Serum IgG responses to SARS-CoV-2 appear to be sustained for at least 3 months and are highly correlated with SARS-CoV-2 nAb. Because direct assessment of neutralizing activity requires specialized laboratories, SARS-CoV-2 IgG titers from relatively easy-to-perform commercial assays may serve as a surrogate for assessment of neutralizing activity. Serum IgG is also correlated with saliva IgG which might serve as a marker for systemic immunity. Decreasing nAb titers over time raise concern for re-infection and could impact implementation of immunization programs and monitoring for herd immunity. SN - 2470-9468 (Electronic); 2470-9468 (Linking) SP - eabe5511 ST - Persistence of serum and saliva antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike antigens in COVID-19 patients T2 - Sci Immunol TI - Persistence of serum and saliva antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike antigens in COVID-19 patients UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33033173 VL - 5 ID - 1093 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The antiviral drug remdesivir has been shown clinically effective for treatment of COVID-19. We here demonstrate suppressive but not curative effect of remdesivir in an immunocompromised patient. A man in his fifties treated with chemoimmunotherapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia experienced a 9-week course of COVID-19 with high fever and severe viral pneumonia. During two 10-day courses of remdesivir starting 24 and 45 days after fever onset, pneumonia and spiking fevers remitted, but relapsed after discontinuation. Kinetics of temperature, C-reactive protein, and lymphocyte counts mirrored the remitting/relapsing SARS-CoV-2 infection. Combination therapy or longer treatment duration may be needed in immunocompromised patients. AD - Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. | Department of Hematology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. AN - 32702095 AU - Helleberg, M. | Niemann, C. U. | Moestrup, K. S. | Kirk, O. | Lebech, A. M. | Lane, C. | Lundgren, J. C1 - 2020-08-04 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/080420_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 1 DO - 10.1093/infdis/jiaa446 ET - 2020/07/24 IS - 7 KW - Adenosine Monophosphate/*analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use | Alanine/*analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use | Antiviral Agents/*therapeutic use | Betacoronavirus/*drug effects | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/complications/*drug therapy/virology | Fever/drug therapy/virology | Humans | Immunocompromised Host | Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/*complications/drug therapy | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/complications/*drug therapy/virology | SARS-CoV-2 | Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/*drug therapy/virology | Time Factors | Treatment Outcome | *covid-19 | *SARS-CoV-2 | *case report | *immunocompromised | *remdesivir L1 - internal-pdf://0506732093/Helleberg-2020-Persistent COVID-19 in an Immun.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Helleberg, Marie; Niemann, Carsten Utoft; Moestrup, Kasper Sommerlund; Kirk, Ole; Lebech, Anne-Mette; Lane, Clifford; Lundgren, Jens; eng; Case Reports; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; J Infect Dis. 2020 Sep 1;222(7):1103-1107. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa446. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Remdesivir could suppress but not eradicate SARS-CoV-2 infection in an immunocompromised patient with persistent COVID-19. SN - 1537-6613 (Electronic); 0022-1899 (Linking) SP - 1103-1107 ST - Persistent COVID-19 in an Immunocompromised Patient Temporarily Responsive to Two Courses of Remdesivir Therapy T2 - J Infect Dis TI - Persistent COVID-19 in an Immunocompromised Patient Temporarily Responsive to Two Courses of Remdesivir Therapy UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32702095 VL - 222 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 648 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: To better understand SARS-CoV-2 shedding duration and infectivity, we estimated SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding duration, described characteristics associated with viral RNA shedding resolution1, and determined if replication-competent viruses could be recovered >/=10 days after symptom onset among individuals with mild to moderate COVID-19. METHODS: We collected serial nasopharyngeal specimens at various time points from 109 individuals with rRT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 in Utah and Wisconsin. We calculated probability of viral RNA shedding resolution using the Kaplan-Meier estimator and evaluated characteristics associated with shedding resolution using Cox proportional hazards regression. We attempted viral culture for 35 rRT-PCR-positive nasopharyngeal specimens collected >/=10 days after symptom onset. RESULTS: The likelihood of viral RNA shedding resolution at 10 days after symptom onset was approximately 3%. Time to shedding resolution was shorter among participants aged <18 years (adjusted hazards ratio [aHR]: 3.01; 95% CI: 1.6-5.6) and longer among those aged >/=50 years (aHR: 0.50; 95% CI: 0.3-0.9) compared to participants aged 18-49 years. No replication-competent viruses were recovered. CONCLUSIONS: Although most patients were positive for SARS-CoV-2 for >/=10 days after symptom onset, our findings suggest that individuals with mild to moderate COVID-19 are unlikely to be infectious >/=10 days after symptom onset. AD - COVID-19 Response Team and Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC, Atlanta, USA. | Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC, and Utah Department of Health, Salt Lake City, USA. | COVID-19 Response Team and Laboratory Leadership Service, CDC, Atlanta, USA. | COVID-19 Response Team, CDC, Atlanta, USA. | Utah Public Health Laboratory, Taylorsville, USA. | Salt Lake County (UT) Health Department, Salt Lake City, USA. | Davis County (UT) Health Department, Clearfield, USA. | Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Madison, USA. | City of Milwaukee Health Department, Milwaukee, USA. | Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC, and Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Madison, USA. | Utah Department of Health, Salt Lake City, USA. AN - 33649773 AU - Owusu, D. | Pomeroy, M. A. | Lewis, N. M. | Wadhwa, A. | Yousaf, A. R. | Whitaker, B. | Dietrich, E. | Hall, A. J. | Chu, V. | Thornburg, N. | Christensen, K. | Kiphibane, T. | Willardson, S. | Westergaard, R. | Dasu, T. | Pray, I. W. | Bhattacharyya, S. | Dunn, A. | Tate, J. E. | Kirking, H. L. | Matanock, A. | Household Transmission Study, Team C1 - 2021-03-12 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03122021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 27 DO - 10.1093/infdis/jiab107 ET - 2021/03/03 KW - Covid-19 | SARS-CoV-2 | infectious period | infectivity | viral culture | viral shedding L1 - internal-pdf://1271751816/Owusu-2021-Persistent SARS-CoV-2 RNA Shedding.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Owusu, Daniel; Pomeroy, Mary A; Lewis, Nathaniel M; Wadhwa, Ashutosh; Yousaf, Anna R; Whitaker, Brett; Dietrich, Elizabeth; Hall, Aron J; Chu, Victoria; Thornburg, Natalie; Christensen, Kimberly; Kiphibane, Tair; Willardson, Sarah; Westergaard, Ryan; Dasu, Trivikram; Pray, Ian W; Bhattacharyya, Sanjib; Dunn, Angela; Tate, Jacqueline E; Kirking, Hannah L; Matanock, Almea; eng; J Infect Dis. 2021 Feb 27. pii: 6154064. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiab107. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; No replication-competent virus was recovered in any cultures of specimens collected 10-36 days after symptom onset. | The likelihood of resolution of viral RNA shedding 10 days after symptom onset was 3%. | Compared to adults aged 18-49 years, shedding resolved sooner among youth, <18 years, (adjusted hazards ratio [aHR]: 3.01; 95% CI: 1.6�?.6) and later among those �?0 years (aHR: 0.50; 95% CI: 0.3�?.9). | Methods: Observational cohort study of RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19 patients (n = 109) from March–May 2020, in Utah and Wisconsin. Serial nasopharyngeal (NP) specimens were analyzed to determine SARS-CoV-2 viral shedding and associated characteristics. Viral culture was attempted in a subset (n = 35) of specimens collected 10-36 days after symptom onset. | Implications: Individuals with mild to moderate COVID-19 are unlikely to be infectious �?0 days after symptom onset even if they test positive for SARS-CoV-2. Findings support current guidance on home isolation for persons infected with SARS-CoV-2. SN - 1537-6613 (Electronic); 0022-1899 (Linking) ST - Persistent SARS-CoV-2 RNA Shedding without Evidence of Infectiousness: A Cohort Study of Individuals with COVID-19 T2 - J Infect Dis TI - Persistent SARS-CoV-2 RNA Shedding without Evidence of Infectiousness: A Cohort Study of Individuals with COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33649773 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1578 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Approximately 10% of patients with Covid-19 experience symptoms beyond 3-4 weeks. Patients call this “long Covid�? We sought to document the lived experience of such patients, their accounts of accessing and receiving healthcare, and their ideas for improving services.Method We held 55 individual interviews and 8 focus groups (n = 59) with people recruited from UK-based long Covid patient support groups, social media and snowballing. We restricted some focus groups to health professionals since they had already self-organised into online communities. Participants were invited to tell their personal stories and comment on others�?stories. Data were audiotaped, transcribed, anonymised and coded using NVIVO. Analysis incorporated sociological theories of illness, healing, peer support, the clinical relationship, access to care, and service redesign.Results The sample was 70% female, aged 27-73 years, and comprised White British (74%), Asian (11%), White Other (7%), Black (4%), and Mixed (4%). 27 were doctors and 23 other health professionals. 10% had been hospitalised. Analysis revealed a confusing illness with many, varied and often relapsing-remitting symptoms and uncertain prognosis; a heavy sense of loss and stigma; difficulty accessing and navigating services; difficulty being taken seriously and achieving a diagnosis; disjointed and siloed care (including inability to access specialist services); variation in standards (e.g. inconsistent criteria for seeing, investigating and referring patients); variable quality of the therapeutic relationship (some participants felt well supported while others felt “fobbed off�?; and possible critical events (e.g. deterioration after being unable to access services). Emotional touch points in participants�?experiences informed ideas for improving services.Conclusion Quality principles for a long Covid service should include ensuring access to care, reducing burden of illness, taking clinical responsibility and providing continuity of care, multi-disciplinary rehabilitation, evidence-based investigation and management, and further development of the knowledge base and clinical services.Study registration NCT04435041Competing Interest StatementTG is currently sitting on the oversight group for the long Covid guideline at the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. TG and EL provided evidence to the House of Lords Select Committee on long Covid. CR and ST are members of a long Covid patient support group. Other authors have no relevant interests to declare.Clinical TrialNCT04435041Funding StatementThis research is funded from the following sources: National Institute for Health Research (BRC-1215-20008), ESRC (ES/V010069/1), and Wellcome Trust (WT104830MA). Funders had no say in the planning, execution or writing up of the paper.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Leicester Central Research Ethics Committee (IRAS Project ID: 283196; REC ref 20/EM0128)All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAnonymised data from this qualitative study can be made available to other qualitative r searchers on discussion with the authors. AU - Ladds, Emma | Rushforth, Alex | Wieringa, Sietse | Taylor, Sharon | Rayner, Clare | Husain, Laiba | Greenhalgh, Trisha C1 - 2020-10-27 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102720_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.10.13.20211854 L1 - internal-pdf://0128095086/Ladds-2020-Persistent symptoms after Covid-19_.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Participants described their experience with COVID-19 as follows: | A frightening, confusing and debilitating illness often with relapsing-remitting symptoms. | Accessing care is complex, difficult and exhausting. | Interactions with healthcare providers who listened, believed, and effectively treated patients was less common than with providers who perceived symptoms as less serious or who failed to offer support. | Poor experience is exacerbated by absence of medical knowledge and guidance. | Emotional touch points included feelings of anger, frustration, fear, and hopelessness. | Methods: Qualitative data were gathered from 55 individual interviews, 8 focus groups (n = 59) and 11 symptom diaries between May and September 2020. Participants included persons from the UK with history of COVID-19 and symptoms lasting >3 weeks. Data were coded and analyzed according to sociological theories of illness experience, self-care, peer support, the clinical relationship, access to care, and service redesign. Limitations: Sample mainly female and white. | Implications: Healthcare providers should understand that patients�?COVID-19 experience is physically and emotionally burdensome and care should involve compassionate communication and continuity of care. SP - 2020.10.13.20211854 ST - Persistent symptoms after Covid-19: qualitative study of 114 “long Covid�?patients and draft quality criteria for services T2 - medRxiv TI - Persistent symptoms after Covid-19: qualitative study of 114 “long Covid�?patients and draft quality criteria for services TT - Published article: Persistent symptoms after Covid-19: qualitative study of 114 “long Covid�?patients and draft quality principles for services UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/10/14/2020.10.13.20211854.full.pdf ID - 1132 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Long COVID is defined as the persistence of symptoms beyond 3 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. To better understand the long-term course and etiology of symptoms we analyzed a cohort of COVID-19 patients prospectively.Patients were included at 5 months after acute COVID-19 in this prospective, non-interventional follow-up study. Patients followed until 12 months after COVID-19 symptom onset (n=96, 32.3% hospitalised, 55.2% females) were included in this analysis of symptoms, quality of life (based on a SF-12 survey), laboratory parameters including antinuclear antibodies (ANA), and SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels.At month 12, only 22.9% of patients were completely free of symptoms and the most frequent symptoms were reduced exercise capacity (56.3%), fatigue (53.1%), dyspnoea (37.5%), concentration problems (39.6%), problems finding words (32.3%), and sleeping problems (26.0%). Females showed significantly more neurocognitive symptoms than males.ANA titres were �?:160 in 43.6% of patients at 12 months post COVID-19 symptom onset, and neurocognitive symptom frequency was significantly higher in the group with an ANA titre �?:160 compared to <1:160. Compared to patients without symptoms, patients with at least one long COVID symptom at 12 months did not differ significantly with respect to their SARS-CoV-2-antibody levels, but had a significantly reduced physical and mental life quality compared to patients without symptoms.Neurocognitive long COVID symptoms can persist at least for one year after COVID-19 symptom onset, and reduce life quality significantly. Several neurocognitive symptoms were associated with ANA titre elevations. This may indicate autoimmunity as cofactor in aetiology of long COVID. AD - Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. | Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. | Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany, and Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany. | Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. | Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. AN - 34223884 AU - Seeßle, Jessica | Waterboer, Tim | Hippchen, Theresa | Simon, Julia | Kirchner, Marietta | Lim, Adeline | Müller, Barbara | Merle, Uta C1 - 2021-07-16 C2 - COVID-19 and Persistent Symptoms CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07162021_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 5 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciab611 ET - 2021/07/06 KW - ANA titers | Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) | life quality | long COVID | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) L1 - internal-pdf://2069329950/Seeßle-2021-Persistent symptoms in adult patie.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Seessle, Jessica | Waterboer, Tim | Hippchen, Theresa | Simon, Julia | Kirchner, Marietta | Lim, Adeline | Muller, Barbara | Merle, Uta | eng | Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Jul 5. pii: 6315216. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab611. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 77.1% of patients reported 1 or more COVID-19 symptoms persisting up to 12 months post infection. | 56.3% reported reduced exercise capacity, 53.1% fatigue, 37.5% trouble breathing and 39.6% concentration problems (Figure). | At 12 months post COVID-19 symptom onset, antinuclear antibody (ANA) titers were �?:160 in 43.6% of patients. | Women with ANA titers �?:160 had a higher frequency of problems concentrating compared with than those with lower titers (66.7% vs. 26.1%). | Methods: Prospective cohort study tracked symptoms, quality of life, and antibody levels in 96 patients in Germany treated for acute COVID-19 between February 22, 2020 and April 18, 2020. Both in- and outpatients were enrolled. Limitations: 50 patients of the original 146 were lost to follow-up after 5 months, which may lead to overestimation of symptom frequency at 12 months if those lost to follow-up had fewer symptoms. | Implications for Seeßle et al. and Nehme et al.: Symptoms can remain for months after initial COVID-19 diagnosis. Healthcare systems may have increased burden from persistent symptoms in COVID-19 patients. SN - 1058-4838 ST - Persistent symptoms in adult patients one year after COVID-19: a prospective cohort study T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Persistent symptoms in adult patients one year after COVID-19: a prospective cohort study UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab611 Y2 - 7/19/2021 ID - 1963 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In Italy, a large proportion of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) presented with symptoms (71.4% of 31�?45 confirmed cases as of June 3, 2020). Common symptoms include cough, fever, dyspnea, musculoskeletal symptoms (myalgia, joint pain, fatigue), gastrointestinal symptoms, and anosmia/dysgeusia. However, information is lacking on symptoms that persist after recovery. We assessed persistent symptoms in patients who were discharged from the hospital after recovery from COVID-19. AD - Geriatrics Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy. AN - 32644129 AU - Carfi, A. | Bernabei, R. | Landi, F. | Gemelli Against, Covid-Post-Acute Care Study Group C1 - 2020-07-21 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072120_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 11 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.12603 ET - 2020/07/10 IS - 6 KW - Adult | Aged | Arthralgia/*etiology | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Chest Pain/etiology | Coronavirus Infections/*complications | Dyspnea/*etiology | Fatigue/*etiology | Female | Follow-Up Studies | Humans | Italy | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications | SARS-CoV-2 | Symptom Assessment L1 - internal-pdf://0726963202/Carfi-2020-Persistent Symptoms in Patients Aft.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Carfi, Angelo; Bernabei, Roberto; Landi, Francesco; eng; JAMA. 2020 Aug 11;324(6):603-605. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.12603. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among the 143 recovered COVID-19 patients, 87% still had symptoms an average of 60 days after hospital discharge. | 44% reported worsened quality of life. | Most common lingering symptoms: fatigue (53%), shortness of breath (43%), and joint pain (27%) (Figure). | Methods: Assessment of 143 hospital discharged patients recovering from COVID-19, between April 21 and May 29, 2020, Rome, Italy. Limitations: No information on pre-coronavirus symptoms or symptom severity. | Implications: Continued monitoring of recovered COVID-19 patients for long-term effects may be needed. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 603-605 ST - Persistent Symptoms in Patients After Acute COVID-19 T2 - JAMA TI - Persistent Symptoms in Patients After Acute COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32644129 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 561 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is filling the headlines these days. Although it is known that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may be associated with skin manifestations, a limited number of images are available in the literature at this time. This observation reports dermatologic findings associated with a confirmed case of COVID-19. AD - Dermatology Department, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain. AN - 32352487 AU - Diaz-Guimaraens, B. | Dominguez-Santas, M. | Suarez-Valle, A. | Pindado-Ortega, C. | Selda-Enriquez, G. | Bea-Ardebol, S. | Fernandez-Nieto, D. C1 - 2020-05-08 C2 - Skin Lesions in COVID-19 Patients CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050820_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 1 DO - 10.1001/jamadermatol.2020.1741 ET - 2020/05/01 IS - 7 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*complications/*diagnosis | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications/*diagnosis | Purpura/*pathology/*virology | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://3633268581/Diaz-Guimaraens-2020-Petechial Skin Rash Assoc.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Diaz-Guimaraens, Borja; Dominguez-Santas, Miguel; Suarez-Valle, Ana; Pindado-Ortega, Cristina; Selda-Enriquez, Gerald; Bea-Ardebol, Sonia; Fernandez-Nieto, Diego; eng; Case Reports; JAMA Dermatol. 2020 Jul 1;156(7):820-822. doi: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2020.1741. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The patient developed red macules, papules, and petechiae (pinpoint, round spots that appear on the skin as a result of bleeding), affecting the buttocks, legs, and abdomen before the initiation of antiviral treatment. | Lesions resolved 5 days after treatment. | Methods: Case report of a 48-year-old man with a history of high blood pressure presented to the emergency department in March 2020 with skin rash, fever, chest pain, and shortness of breath. The patient was hospitalized and treated with hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir-ritonavir, and azithromycin. Limitations: Single case. | Implications of 3 studies (Galv֙n Casasexternal icon et al., Landa et al. & Diaz-Guimaraens et al.): A spectrum of skin lesions are associated with COVID-19 and warrant further investigation. The presence and timing of certain skin lesions may help clinicians identify early or late stage COVID-19 illness in people who are otherwise asymptomatic or have mild symptoms. SN - 2168-6084 (Electronic); 2168-6068 (Linking) SP - 820-822 ST - Petechial Skin Rash Associated With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection T2 - JAMA Dermatol TI - Petechial Skin Rash Associated With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32352487 VL - 156 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 142 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) presents an unprecedented challenge to identify effective drugs for prevention and treatment. Given the rapid pace of scientific discovery and clinical data generated by the large number of people rapidly infected by SARS-CoV-2, clinicians need accurate evidence regarding effective medical treatments for this infection. Observations: No proven effective therapies for this virus currently exist. The rapidly expanding knowledge regarding SARS-CoV-2 virology provides a significant number of potential drug targets. The most promising therapy is remdesivir. Remdesivir has potent in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2, but it is not US Food and Drug Administration approved and currently is being tested in ongoing randomized trials. Oseltamivir has not been shown to have efficacy, and corticosteroids are currently not recommended. Current clinical evidence does not support stopping angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers in patients with COVID-19. Conclusions and Relevance: The COVID-19 pandemic represents the greatest global public health crisis of this generation and, potentially, since the pandemic influenza outbreak of 1918. The speed and volume of clinical trials launched to investigate potential therapies for COVID-19 highlight both the need and capability to produce high-quality evidence even in the middle of a pandemic. No therapies have been shown effective to date. AD - Department of Pharmacy, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas. | Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas. | Pharmacy Service, VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas. AN - 32282022 AU - Sanders, J. M. | Monogue, M. L. | Jodlowski, T. Z. | Cutrell, J. B. C1 - 2020-04-21 C2 - Treatments for COVID-19 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/042120_covidupdate.html DA - May 12 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.6019 ET - 2020/04/14 IS - 18 KW - Adenosine Monophosphate/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use | Adrenal Cortex Hormones/therapeutic use | Alanine/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use | Amides/therapeutic use | Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists/therapeutic use | Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use | Antiviral Agents/*therapeutic use | Azithromycin/therapeutic use | *Betacoronavirus/drug effects/physiology | Covid-19 | Chloroquine/therapeutic use | Coronavirus Infections/*drug therapy/epidemiology | Humans | Hydroxychloroquine/therapeutic use | Immunoglobulins/therapeutic use | Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use | Indoles/therapeutic use | Lopinavir/therapeutic use | Oseltamivir/therapeutic use | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*drug therapy/epidemiology | Pyrazines/therapeutic use | Ribavirin/therapeutic use | Ritonavir/therapeutic use | SARS-CoV-2 | Withholding Treatment L1 - internal-pdf://1415802538/Sanders-2020-Pharmacologic Treatments for Coro.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Sanders, James M; Monogue, Marguerite L; Jodlowski, Tomasz Z; Cutrell, James B; eng; Review; JAMA. 2020 May 12;323(18):1824-1836. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.6019. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Literature review of the current evidence for different treatment options, including select repurposed drugs, investigational drugs, and adjunctive therapies. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1824-1836 ST - Pharmacologic Treatments for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Review T2 - JAMA TI - Pharmacologic Treatments for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Review UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32282022 VL - 323 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 64 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Bacillus Calmette−Guérin (BCG) is widely used in national vaccination programs worldwide. It is accepted that BCG alleviates both pathogen and allergy induced respiratory diseases that could also include Covid-19. To investigate this possibility, we randomly assigned 60 Covid-19 patients, after admission to the hospital with pneumonia and requirement for oxygen therapy in a 1:1 ratio to receive either a single adult dose of intradermal BCG or normal saline with concomitant standard of care (SoC) medications. Primary endpoints were favorable prognosis of Covid-19 as deduced from resolution of pneumonia, viremia and secondary outcome were enumeration of ICU admissions, duration thereof and mortalities.Results Both primary and secondary endpoints were significantly improved in the BCG+SoC group. This could be seen from reduction in oxygen requirement due to Covid-19 associated pneumonia decreasing from day 3-4, improved radiological resolution from day 7-15. There were a total of 6 (10%) adverse events in the study of which 2 deaths and 4 ICU admissions were in SoC group (1 ICU admission culminated in death of the subject) and in contrast only 1 ICU admission in the BCG+SoC group. While there was an increase in Covid-19 specific IgG levels in the BCG+SoC group, there was no evidence of BCG induced cytokine storm in this group. Four patients showed localized inflammatory response at the injection site in the BCG+SoC group.Conclusions BCG+SoC administration resulted in a significantly higher percentage of patients with favorable outcomes than did SoC. A third of the patients were naïve for childhood BCG vaccination. This mimicked elderly patients in countries with no universal vaccination policy for BCG. No BCG related adversity was seen in this group. The study shows that BCG is a safe, cost-effective treatment that can be introduced as a standard of care in patients with moderate Covid-19 that can reduce requirement of oxygen supplemented beds and disease burden in low resource countries, with additional long-term benefits of reducing risk for tuberculosis.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Clinical TrialCTRI/2020/05/025013Funding StatementThe study was sponsored through permissions and grants from Medical Education & Drugs Department (MEDD), Govt. of Maharashtra and from M/S Icertis Solutions Private Ltd, respectively.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Ethics Committee of BJMC & Sassoon General Hospital no. BJMC/IEC/pharmac/ND0420059-059 dated 17.04.2020All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll data referred to in the manuscript will be provided after due permission from the State Government of Maharashtra after publication and submission to the Drug Controller General of India. Data when provided will be on a case to case basis and for research purposes only. AU - Padmanabhan, Usha | Mukherjee, Sanjay | Borse, Rohidas | Joshi, Sameer | Deshmukh, Rajesh C1 - 2020-11-17 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/111720_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.10.28.20221630 L1 - internal-pdf://1064443824/Padmanabhan-2020-Phase II Clinical trial for E.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Randomized controlled trial of Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) plus standard of care vs standard of care in 60 COVID-19 patients showed significant improvement in the primary outcome of the ratio of oxygen saturation to fraction of inspired oxygen, an independent indicator of acute respiratory distress syndrome with BCG. SP - 2020.10.28.20221630 ST - Phase II Clinical trial for Evaluation of BCG as potential therapy for COVID-19 T2 - medRxiv TI - Phase II Clinical trial for Evaluation of BCG as potential therapy for COVID-19 UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/11/03/2020.10.28.20221630.full.pdf ID - 1237 ER - TY - JOUR AB - SARS-CoV-2 has caused a severe, ongoing outbreak of COVID-19 in Massachusetts with 111,070 confirmed cases and 8,433 deaths as of August 1, 2020. To investigate the introduction, spread, and epidemiology of COVID-19 in the Boston area, we sequenced and analyzed 772 complete SARS-CoV-2 genomes from the region, including nearly all confirmed cases within the first week of the epidemic and hundreds of cases from major outbreaks at a conference, a nursing facility, and among homeless shelter guests and staff. The data reveal over 80 introductions into the Boston area, predominantly from elsewhere in the United States and Europe. We studied two superspreading events covered by the data, events that led to very different outcomes because of the timing and populations involved. One produced rapid spread in a vulnerable population but little onward transmission, while the other was a major contributor to sustained community transmission, including outbreaks in homeless populations, and was exported to several other domestic and international sites. The same two events differed significantly in the number of new mutations seen, raising the possibility that SARS-CoV-2 superspreading might encompass disparate transmission dynamics. Our results highlight the failure of measures to prevent importation into MA early in the outbreak, underscore the role of superspreading in amplifying an outbreak in a major urban area, and lay a foundation for contact tracing informed by genetic data. AD - Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. | Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. | Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA. | Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. | Harvard Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. | Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. | Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. | Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. | Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. | Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. | lnstitute for Research, Quality, and Policy in Homeless Health Care, Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program, Boston, MA, USA. | Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston. | Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. | Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. | lnstitute for Medical Engineering and Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. | Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA. | Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. | Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. | University of Massachusetts Medical School, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Worcester, MA 01655. | Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA. | Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. | Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 4000 Jones Bridge Rd, Chevy Chase, MD 20815. AN - 32869040 AU - Lemieux, J. E. | Siddle, K. J. | Shaw, B. M. | Loreth, C. | Schaffner, S. F. | Gladden-Young, A. | Adams, G. | Fink, T. | Tomkins-Tinch, C. H. | Krasilnikova, L. A. | DeRuff, K. C. | Rudy, M. | Bauer, M. R. | Lagerborg, K. A. | Normandin, E. | Chapman, S. B. | Reilly, S. K. | Anahtar, M. N. | Lin, A. E. | Carter, A. | Myhrvold, C. | Kemball, M. E. | Chaluvadi, S. | Cusick, C. | Flowers, K. | Neumann, A. | Cerrato, F. | Farhat, M. | Slater, D. | Harris, J. B. | Branda, J. | Hooper, D. | Gaeta, J. M. | Baggett, T. P. | O'Connell, J. | Gnirke, A. | Lieberman, T. D. | Philippakis, A. | Burns, M. | Brown, C. M. | Luban, J. | Ryan, E. T. | Turbett, S. E. | LaRocque, R. C. | Hanage, W. P. | Gallagher, G. R. | Madoff, L. C. | Smole, S. | Pierce, V. M. | Rosenberg, E. | Sabeti, P. C. | Park, D. J. | Maclnnis, B. L. C1 - 2020-09-08 C2 - Phylogenetic Analysis CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090820_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 25 DO - 10.1101/2020.08.23.20178236 ET - 2020/09/02 L1 - internal-pdf://0013592745/Lemieux-2020-Phylogenetic analysis of SARS-CoV.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Lemieux, Jacob E; Siddle, Katherine J; Shaw, Bennett M; Loreth, Christine; Schaffner, Stephen F; Gladden-Young, Adrianne; Adams, Gordon; Fink, Timelia; Tomkins-Tinch, Christopher H; Krasilnikova, Lydia A; DeRuff, Katherine C; Rudy, Melissa; Bauer, Matthew R; Lagerborg, Kim A; Normandin, Erica; Chapman, Sinead B; Reilly, Steven K; Anahtar, Melis N; Lin, Aaron E; Carter, Amber; Myhrvold, Cameron; Kemball, Molly E; Chaluvadi, Sushma; Cusick, Caroline; Flowers, Katelyn; Neumann, Anna; Cerrato, Felecia; Farhat, Maha; Slater, Damien; Harris, Jason B; Branda, John; Hooper, David; Gaeta, Jessie M; Baggett, Travis P; O'Connell, James; Gnirke, Andreas; Lieberman, Tami D; Philippakis, Anthony; Burns, Meagan; Brown, Catherine M; Luban, Jeremy; Ryan, Edward T; Turbett, Sarah E; LaRocque, Regina C; Hanage, William P; Gallagher, Glen R; Madoff, Lawrence C; Smole, Sandra; Pierce, Virginia M; Rosenberg, Eric; Sabeti, Pardis C; Park, Daniel J; Maclnnis, Bronwyn L; eng; K99 HG010669/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/; R37 AI147868/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 AI148784/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; U54 GM088558/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/; U19 AI110818/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; U01CK000490/ACL/ACL HHS/; Preprint; medRxiv. 2020 Aug 25. doi: 10.1101/2020.08.23.20178236. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Eighty-two independent introductions of genetically distinct SARS-CoV-2 virus into Boston were identified during the study period. | One superspreading event causing >90 COVID-19 cases occurred at a conference and 28/28 sequenced viruses from associated cases contained the C2416T allele. | Virus with this allele spread in Boston after the event, comprising 35.1% of analyzed specimens. | Of 193 samples collected in association with a homeless shelter with superspreading events, 54.4% contained allele C2416T. | Methods: Phylogenetic analysis of complete and partial genome sequences of virus from NP samples tested from 772 persons collected between January and May 2020. Superspreading events, defined as eight or more secondary infections from a primary source, were evaluated. Limitations: Non-randomized sampling and incomplete state-level data. | Implications for 2 studies (Lemieux et al. and Chong et al.): Phylogeny can be used to give insights into local and regional epidemiology as well as global epidemiology, as described by Gomez-Carballa et al. (Mapping genome variation of SARS-CoV-2 worldwide highlights the impact of COVID-19 super-spreadersexternal icon. Genome Research) and to identify superspreading events and their ability to cause sustained community transmission. Superspreading events that result in ongoing transmission may be the result of selection for greater viral fitness or special characteristics of infected populations, such as increased mobility or decreased control measures. SP - 2020.08.23.20178236 ST - Phylogenetic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in the Boston area highlights the role of recurrent importation and superspreading events T2 - medRxiv TI - Phylogenetic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in the Boston area highlights the role of recurrent importation and superspreading events TT - Published article: Phylogenetic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in Boston highlights the impact of superspreading events UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32869040 ID - 843 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Regular physical activity (PA) is known to reduce the risk of serious community-acquired infections. We examined the association of PA with the morbidity and mortality resulting from coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection in the South Korean population. Patients who tested positive for severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 and who underwent public health screening between 2014 and 2017 (n = 6288) were included. Age- and sex-matched controls (n = 125,772) were randomly selected from the Korean National Health Insurance Service database. Leisure-time PA was assessed using a self-reported questionnaire. The mean PA levels were lower in the patient than in the control group (558.2 +/- 516.3 vs. 580.2 +/- 525.7 metabolic equivalent of task (MET)-min/week, p = 0.001). Patients with moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) were associated with a lower risk of COVID-19 morbidity (odds ratio (OR), 0.90; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.86-0.95). In addition, a standard deviation (SD) increment in MET/week (525.3 MET-min/week) was associated with a 4% decrease in the risk of COVID-19 morbidity (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.93-0.99). MVPA and an SD increment in MET/week were associated with lower mortality (MVPA: OR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.26-0.87; per SD increment: OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.48-0.88). Higher levels of regular PA were associated with a lower risk of COVID-19 infection and mortality, highlighting the importance of maintaining appropriate levels of PA along with social distancing amid the COVID-19 pandemic. AD - Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea. | Department of Big Data Strategy, National Health Insurance Service, Wonju 26464, Korea. | Department of Sport Science, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Korea. | Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea. | Division of Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea. | Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea. AN - 33917558 AU - Cho, D. H. | Lee, S. J. | Jae, S. Y. | Kim, W. J. | Ha, S. J. | Gwon, J. G. | Choi, J. | Kim, D. W. | Kim, J. Y. C1 - 2021-04-23 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04232021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 6 DO - 10.3390/jcm10071539 DP - NLM ET - 2021/05/01 IS - 7 KW - Covid-19 | mortality | physical activity | severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 L1 - internal-pdf://2058751946/Cho-2021-Physical Activity and the Risk of COV.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Cho, Dong-Hyuk; Lee, Sun Ju; Jae, Sae Young; Kim, Woo Joo; Ha, Seong Jun; Gwon, Jun Gyo; Choi, Jimi; Kim, Dong Wook; Kim, Jang Young; eng; Switzerland; J Clin Med. 2021 Apr 6;10(7). pii: jcm10071539. doi: 10.3390/jcm10071539. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A study of COVID-19 patients (N = 6,288) and matched controls showed that higher levels of physical activity were associated with a lower risk of SARS CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease morbidity and mortality. SN - 2077-0383 (Print); 2077-0383 (Linking) ST - Physical Activity and the Risk of COVID-19 Infection and Mortality: A Nationwide Population-Based Case-Control Study T2 - J Clin Med TI - Physical Activity and the Risk of COVID-19 Infection and Mortality: A Nationwide Population-Based Case-Control Study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33917558 VL - 10 ID - 1687 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between physical distancing interventions and incidence of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) globally. DESIGN: Natural experiment using interrupted time series analysis, with results synthesised using meta-analysis. SETTING: 149 countries or regions, with data on daily reported cases of covid-19 from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and data on the physical distancing policies from the Oxford covid-19 Government Response Tracker. PARTICIPANTS: Individual countries or regions that implemented one of the five physical distancing interventions (closures of schools, workplaces, and public transport, restrictions on mass gatherings and public events, and restrictions on movement (lockdowns)) between 1 January and 30 May 2020. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of covid-19 before and after implementation of physical distancing interventions, estimated using data to 30 May 2020 or 30 days post-intervention, whichever occurred first. IRRs were synthesised across countries using random effects meta-analysis. RESULTS: On average, implementation of any physical distancing intervention was associated with an overall reduction in covid-19 incidence of 13% (IRR 0.87, 95% confidence interval 0.85 to 0.89; n=149 countries). Closure of public transport was not associated with any additional reduction in covid-19 incidence when the other four physical distancing interventions were in place (pooled IRR with and without public transport closure was 0.85, 0.82 to 0.88; n=72, and 0.87, 0.84 to 0.91; n=32, respectively). Data from 11 countries also suggested similar overall effectiveness (pooled IRR 0.85, 0.81 to 0.89) when school closures, workplace closures, and restrictions on mass gatherings were in place. In terms of sequence of interventions, earlier implementation of lockdown was associated with a larger reduction in covid-19 incidence (pooled IRR 0.86, 0.84 to 0.89; n=105) compared with a delayed implementation of lockdown after other physical distancing interventions were in place (pooled IRR 0.90, 0.87 to 0.94; n=41). CONCLUSIONS: Physical distancing interventions were associated with reductions in the incidence of covid-19 globally. No evidence was found of an additional effect of public transport closure when the other four physical distancing measures were in place. Earlier implementation of lockdown was associated with a larger reduction in the incidence of covid-19. These findings might support policy decisions as countries prepare to impose or lift physical distancing measures in current or future epidemic waves. AD - Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK nazrul.islam@ndph.ox.ac.uk. | MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. | Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA. | Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA. | Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA. | Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK. | Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. | Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA. AN - 32669358 AU - Islam, N. | Sharp, S. J. | Chowell, G. | Shabnam, S. | Kawachi, I. | Lacey, B. | Massaro, J. M. | D'Agostino, R. B., Sr. | White, M. C1 - 2020-07-24 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072420_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 15 DO - 10.1136/bmj.m2743 ET - 2020/07/17 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Communicable Disease Control/*methods | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/*prevention & control | Humans | Incidence | Internationality | Interrupted Time Series Analysis | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/*prevention & control | SARS-CoV-2 | *Social Isolation L1 - internal-pdf://1163888698/Islam-2020-Physical distancing interventions a.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Islam, Nazrul; Sharp, Stephen J; Chowell, Gerardo; Shabnam, Sharmin; Kawachi, Ichiro; Lacey, Ben; Massaro, Joseph M; D'Agostino, Ralph B Sr; White, Martin; eng; MC_U137686857/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; MC_UU_00006/7/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; MC_UU_12026/3/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; MR/K023187/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; England; BMJ. 2020 Jul 15;370:m2743. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m2743. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; All but 2 included countries implemented at least 3 of 5 physical distancing interventions (Figure). | Introducing any intervention was associated with a 13% reduction in COVID-19 incidence (IRR 0.87, 95% CI 0.85-0.89). | Public transport closure was not associated with additional reduction in incidence (Figure). | Earlier implementation of lockdown was associated with a larger reduction in incidence (pooled IRR 0.86, 95% CI 0.84 to 0.89). | Methods: Natural experiment (149 countries) using interrupted time series analysis to model incidence of COVID-19 between January 1 and May 30, 2020; meta-analysis used to estimate the impact of 5 interventions: (1) school closure; (2) workplace closure; (3) restrictions on mass gatherings; (4) public transport closure; and (5) ‘lockdown�? including stay-at-home orders) on change in incidence. Limitations: Qualitative differences in the countries�?physical distancing measures may not have been adequately accounted for; compliance was not assessed. | Implications: Physical distancing interventions, implemented earlier in an outbreak, are associated with reductions in cases. These results may inform policy decisions as countries respond to current or future epidemic waves. SN - 1756-1833 (Electronic); 0959-8138 (Linking) SP - m2743 ST - Physical distancing interventions and incidence of coronavirus disease 2019: natural experiment in 149 countries T2 - BMJ TI - Physical distancing interventions and incidence of coronavirus disease 2019: natural experiment in 149 countries UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32669358 VL - 370 ID - 580 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes COVID-19 and is spread person-to-person through close contact. We aimed to investigate the effects of physical distance, face masks, and eye protection on virus transmission in health-care and non-health-care (eg, community) settings. METHODS: We did a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the optimum distance for avoiding person-to-person virus transmission and to assess the use of face masks and eye protection to prevent transmission of viruses. We obtained data for SARS-CoV-2 and the betacoronaviruses that cause severe acute respiratory syndrome, and Middle East respiratory syndrome from 21 standard WHO-specific and COVID-19-specific sources. We searched these data sources from database inception to May 3, 2020, with no restriction by language, for comparative studies and for contextual factors of acceptability, feasibility, resource use, and equity. We screened records, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias in duplicate. We did frequentist and Bayesian meta-analyses and random-effects meta-regressions. We rated the certainty of evidence according to Cochrane methods and the GRADE approach. This study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42020177047. FINDINGS: Our search identified 172 observational studies across 16 countries and six continents, with no randomised controlled trials and 44 relevant comparative studies in health-care and non-health-care settings (n=25 697 patients). Transmission of viruses was lower with physical distancing of 1 m or more, compared with a distance of less than 1 m (n=10 736, pooled adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.18, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.38; risk difference [RD] -10.2%, 95% CI -11.5 to -7.5; moderate certainty); protection was increased as distance was lengthened (change in relative risk [RR] 2.02 per m; pinteraction=0.041; moderate certainty). Face mask use could result in a large reduction in risk of infection (n=2647; aOR 0.15, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.34, RD -14.3%, -15.9 to -10.7; low certainty), with stronger associations with N95 or similar respirators compared with disposable surgical masks or similar (eg, reusable 12-16-layer cotton masks; pinteraction=0.090; posterior probability >95%, low certainty). Eye protection also was associated with less infection (n=3713; aOR 0.22, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.39, RD -10.6%, 95% CI -12.5 to -7.7; low certainty). Unadjusted studies and subgroup and sensitivity analyses showed similar findings. INTERPRETATION: The findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis support physical distancing of 1 m or more and provide quantitative estimates for models and contact tracing to inform policy. Optimum use of face masks, respirators, and eye protection in public and health-care settings should be informed by these findings and contextual factors. Robust randomised trials are needed to better inform the evidence for these interventions, but this systematic appraisal of currently best available evidence might inform interim guidance. FUNDING: World Health Organization. AD - Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; The Research Institute of St Joe's Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada. | Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Clinical Research Institute, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon. | Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada. | Clinical Research Institute, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon. | Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Michael G DeGroote Cochrane Canada and GRADE Centres, Hamilton, ON, Canada. Electronic address: schuneh@mcmaster.ca. AN - 32497510 AU - Chu, D. K. | Akl, E. A. | Duda, S. | Solo, K. | Yaacoub, S. | Schunemann, H. J. | Covid- Systematic Urgent Review Group Effort study authors C1 - 2020-06-09 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060920_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 27 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31142-9 ET - 2020/06/05 IS - 10242 KW - *Betacoronavirus | COVID-19/*prevention & control/transmission | *Communicable Disease Control | Coronavirus Infections/*prevention & control/transmission | *Eye Protective Devices | Humans | *Masks | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Physical Distancing | Pneumonia, Viral/*prevention & control/transmission | SARS-CoV-2 | *Social Isolation L1 - internal-pdf://3299273499/1-s2.0-S0140673620311429-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Chu, Derek K; Akl, Elie A; Duda, Stephanie; Solo, Karla; Yaacoub, Sally; Schunemann, Holger J; (SURGE); eng; Meta-Analysis; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Systematic Review; England; Lancet. 2020 Jun 27;395(10242):1973-1987. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31142-9. Epub 2020 Jun 1. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Meta-analysis of data from observational studies indicated that physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection were protective against COVID-19, SARS, or MERS (Figure A). | Protective effect of distancing may double with additional meter added. | Use of N95 or similar respirator was highly protective; use of 12�?6-layer cotton masks demonstrated protection (Figure B). (Insufficient data to assess homemade face coverings.); Methods: Systematic review and meta-analyses of data from 44 comparative studies (25,697 patients) in healthcare and non-healthcare settings from 10 countries, published 2003–May 3, 2020. Certainty of evidence rated according to Cochrane methods and GRADE approach. Limitations: Limited data from non-healthcare settings; only 2 studies with US-based COVID-19 data, results might not be generalizable to US. | Implications: Physical distance, face masks, and eye protection prevent person-to-person spread of coronaviruses. No single intervention is fully protective; combination use is recommended. SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 1973-1987 ST - Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis T2 - Lancet TI - Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32497510 VL - 395 Y2 - 2021/05/12 ID - 346 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVES: To compare hospitalisation rates, intensive care unit (ICU) admissions and mortality for patients with COVID-19 who were consistently inactive, doing some activity or consistently meeting physical activity guidelines. METHODS: We identified 48 440 adult patients with a COVID-19 diagnosis from 1 January 2020 to 21 October 2020, with at least three exercise vital sign measurements from 19 March 2018 to 18 March 2020. We linked each patient's self-reported physical activity category (consistently inactive=0-10 min/week, some activity=11-149 min/week, consistently meeting guidelines=150+ min/week) to the risk of hospitalisation, ICU admission and death after COVID-19 diagnosis. We conducted multivariable logistic regression controlling for demographics and known risk factors to assess whether inactivity was associated with COVID-19 outcomes. RESULTS: Patients with COVID-19 who were consistently inactive had a greater risk of hospitalisation (OR 2.26; 95% CI 1.81 to 2.83), admission to the ICU (OR 1.73; 95% CI 1.18 to 2.55) and death (OR 2.49; 95% CI 1.33 to 4.67) due to COVID-19 than patients who were consistently meeting physical activity guidelines. Patients who were consistently inactive also had a greater risk of hospitalisation (OR 1.20; 95% CI 1.10 to 1.32), admission to the ICU (OR 1.10; 95% CI 0.93 to 1.29) and death (OR 1.32; 95% CI 1.09 to 1.60) due to COVID-19 than patients who were doing some physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Consistently meeting physical activity guidelines was strongly associated with a reduced risk for severe COVID-19 outcomes among infected adults. We recommend efforts to promote physical activity be prioritised by public health agencies and incorporated into routine medical care. AD - Department of Family and Sports Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, Fontana, California, USA Robert.E.Sallis@kp.org. | Research and Evaluation, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Pasadena, California, USA. | University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA. | Department of Family and Sports Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, Fontana, California, USA. | Economics Department, Pomona College, Claremont, California, USA. AN - 33849909 AU - Sallis, R. | Young, D. R. | Tartof, S. Y. | Sallis, J. F. | Sall, J. | Li, Q. | Smith, G. N. | Cohen, D. A. C1 - 2021-05-07 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05072021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 13 DO - 10.1136/bjsports-2021-104080 ET - 2021/04/15 IS - 19 KW - Covid-19 | exercise | physical activity | of the study. L1 - internal-pdf://4284351592/Sallis-2021-Physical inactivity is associated.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Sallis, Robert; Young, Deborah Rohm; Tartof, Sara Y; Sallis, James F; Sall, Jeevan; Li, Qiaowu; Smith, Gary N; Cohen, Deborah A; eng; England; Br J Sports Med. 2021 Apr 13. pii: bjsports-2021-104080. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-104080. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Consistent prior physical inactivity was associated with higher odds for hospitalization (adjusted OR [aOR] 2.26; 95% CI 1.81 to 2.83), ICU admission (aOR 1.73; 95% CI 1.18 to 2.55), and death (aOR 2.49; 95% CI 1.33 to 4.67) compared with COVID-19 patients who were consistently active (met aerobic physical activity guidelinesexternal icon). | 6.4% of COVID-19 patients met aerobic physical activity guidelines and 14.4% were consistently inactive. | 8.7% of COVID-19 patients were hospitalized, 2.5% were admitted to the ICU and 1.6% died. | Methods: Observational study using electronic health records from 48,440 adult COVID-19 Kaiser Permanente, Southern California patients (January and October 2020). Prior physical activity was categorized as consistently active/meeting physical activity guidelines (>150 min/week), some activity (11�?49 min/week) and consistently inactive (0�?0 min/week). Multivariable logistic regression model controlled for demographics and known risk factors. Limitations: Physical activity was self-reported; sparse data for adults who met the physical activity guidelines. | Implications: Regular physical activity may reduce the risk for severe COVID-19 outcomes among infected adults. Physical activity should be encouraged for many reasons, including to potentially reduce adverse COVID-19 outcomes. SN - 1473-0480 (Electronic); 0306-3674 (Linking) SP - bjsports-2021-104080 ST - Physical inactivity is associated with a higher risk for severe COVID-19 outcomes: a study in 48 440 adult patients T2 - Br J Sports Med TI - Physical inactivity is associated with a higher risk for severe COVID-19 outcomes: a study in 48 440 adult patients UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33849909 VL - 55 ID - 1726 ER - TY - JOUR AB - PURPOSE: This study aimed to explore how the COVID-19 pandemic and physical distancing measures have impacted the well-being and sexual health among adolescent sexual minority males (ASMM) during the initial phase of physical distancing mandates in the U.S. METHODS: From March 27, 2020, to May 8, 2020, U.S. ASMM (N = 151; aged 14-17 years) completed the online baseline survey of a sexual health intervention trial. COVID-19-related closed- and open-ended questions were included. A mixed-methods approach assessed COVID-19-related changes in well-being and sexual health by outness with an accepting guardian. RESULTS: The majority (57%) of participants reported being worried about COVID-19. Almost all (91%) were physically distancing. Participants noted that COVID-19 changed school, home, work, and family life. Participants highlighted that COVID-19 reduced their ability to socialize and had a deleterious effect on their mental health. In the past 3 months, participants reported seeing sexual partners in person less often, masturbating and viewing pornography more often, and sexting and messaging on men-seeking-men websites/phone applications about the same amount. Many described being physically distanced from sexual partners, and some noted an increase in their use of virtual ways to connect with partners (e.g., video chatting). There were no differences by outness with an accepting guardian in quantitative or qualitative responses. CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide a snapshot of the initial effects of the COVID-19 pandemic among a convenience sample of U.S. ASMM and underscore the need to provide access to resources sensitive to their social, developmental, and sexual health needs during this crisis. AD - Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. Electronic address: knel@bu.edu. | Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. | Center for AIDS Intervention Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. | Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. | Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Institute for Sexual and Gender Minority Health and Wellbeing, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois. AN - 33039273 AU - Nelson, K. M. | Gordon, A. R. | John, S. A. | Stout, C. D. | Macapagal, K. C1 - 2020-10-23 C2 - COVID-19 and Health Disparities CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102320_covidupdate.html DA - Dec DO - 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.08.027 ET - 2020/10/12 IS - 6 KW - Adolescent | *Adolescent Health | *covid-19 | Humans | Internet | Male | Sexual Partners/*psychology | Sexual and Gender Minorities/*statistics & numerical data | Surveys and Questionnaires | United States | *asmm | *Adolescents | *Mental health | *Sexual health | *Sexual minority | *ymsm L1 - internal-pdf://1877632582/1-s2.0-S1054139X20305103-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Nelson, Kimberly M; Gordon, Allegra R; John, Steven A; Stout, Claire D; Macapagal, Katharyn; eng; K01 MH118939/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/; K23 MH109346/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; J Adolesc Health. 2020 Dec;67(6):756-762. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.08.027. Epub 2020 Oct 7. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: The COVID-19 pandemic and physical distancing measures reduced social connectedness and changed sexual behaviors of adolescent sexual minority males and could further increase health disparities in this population. SN - 1879-1972 (Electronic); 1054-139X (Linking) SP - 756-762 ST - "Physical Sex Is Over for Now": Impact of COVID-19 on the Well-Being and Sexual Health of Adolescent Sexual Minority Males in the U.S T2 - J Adolesc Health TI - "Physical Sex Is Over for Now": Impact of COVID-19 on the Well-Being and Sexual Health of Adolescent Sexual Minority Males in the U.S UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33039273 VL - 67 ID - 1102 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BackgroundThe impact of COVID-19 on physical and mental health and employment after hospitalisation with acute disease is not well understood. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of COVID-19-related hospitalisation on health and employment, to identify factors associated with recovery, and to describe recovery phenotypes. AD - Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK. | Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. | Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK. | Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK. | Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK. | UCL Respiratory, Department of Medicine, University College London, London, UK. | Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK. | Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Newcastle upon Tyne Teaching Hospitals Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. | Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK; Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK. | Infection Research Group, Hull University Teaching Hospitals, Hull, UK. | NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK. | Lane Fox Respiratory Service, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. | Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK; Belfast Health & Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK. | Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK. | Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK, University College London, London, UK. | Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, UK; Lungs for Living Research Centre, University College London, London, UK. | National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK. | Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK. | Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. | Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK, University College London, London, UK; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK. | Hywel Dda University Health Board, Wales, UK; University of Swansea, Swansea, UK; Respiratory Innovation Wales, Llanelli, UK. | Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. | Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK. | NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Department of Acute Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. | Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK; Queen Mary University of London, London, UK. | Oxford Respiratory Trials Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Kadoorie Centre for Critical Care Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK; Respiratory Medicine, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, UK. | King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre and King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. | Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK. | Cambridge NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK; NIHR Cambridge Clinical Research Facility, Cambridge, UK. | University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK. | MRC Human Immunology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Division of Infection, Immunity & Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. | Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospital, London, UK. | Asthma UK and British Lung Foundation, London, UK. | Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK; Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK. | Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK. Electronic address: ceb17@le.ac.uk. AN - 34627560 AU - Evans, Rachael A. | McAuley, Hamish | Harrison, Ewen M. | Shikotra, Aarti | Singapuri, Amisha | Sereno, Marco | Elneima, Omer | Docherty, Annemarie B. | Lone, Nazir I. | Leavy, Olivia C. | Daines, Luke | Baillie, J. Kenneth | Brown, Jeremy S. | Chalder, Trudie | De Soyza, Anthony | Diar Bakerly, Nawar | Easom, Nicholas | Geddes, John R. | Greening, Neil J. | Hart, Nick | Heaney, Liam G. | Heller, Simon | Howard, Luke | Hurst, John R. | Jacob, Joseph | Jenkins, R. Gisli | Jolley, Caroline | Kerr, Steven | Kon, Onn M. | Lewis, Keir | Lord, Janet M. | McCann, Gerry P. | Neubauer, Stefan | Openshaw, Peter J. M. | Parekh, Dhruv | Pfeffer, Paul | Rahman, Najib M. | Raman, Betty | Richardson, Matthew | Rowland, Matthew | Semple, Malcolm G. | Shah, Ajay M. | Singh, Sally J. | Sheikh, Aziz | Thomas, David | Toshner, Mark | Chalmers, James D. | Ho, Ling-Pei | Horsley, Alex | Marks, Michael | Poinasamy, Krisnah | Wain, Louise V. | Brightling, Christopher E. | Abel, K. | Adamali, H. | Adeloye, D. | Adeyemi, O. | Adeyemi, F. | Ahmad, S. | Ahmed, R. | Ainsworth, M. | Alamoudi, A. | Aljaroof, M. | Allan, L. | Allen, R. | Alli, A. | Al-Sheklly, B. | Altmann, D. | Anderson, D. | Andrews, M. | Angyal, A. | Antoniades, C. | Arbane, G. | Armour, C. | Armstrong, N. | Armstrong, L. | Arnold, H. | Arnold, D. | Ashworth, M. | Ashworth, A. | Assefa-Kebede, H. | Atkin, P. | Atkins, H. | Atkins, A. | Aul, R. | Avram, C. | Baggott, R. | Baguley, D. | Baillie, J. K. | Bain, S. | Bakali, M. | Bakau, M. | Baldry, E. | Baldwin, D. | Ballard, C. | Bambrough, J. | Barker, R. E. | Barratt, S. | Barrett, F. | Basu, N. | Batterham, R. | Baxendale, H. | Bayes, H. | Bayley, M. | Beadsworth, M. | Beirne, P. | Bell, R. | Bell, D. | Berry, C. | Betts, S. | Bhui, K. | Bishop, L. | Blaikely, J. | Bloomfield, C. | Bloss, A. | Bolger, A. | Bolton, C. E. | Bonnington, J. | Botkai, A. | Bourne, M. | Bourne, C. | Bradley, E. | Bramham, K. | Brear, L. | Breen, G. | Breeze, J. | Briggs, A. | Bright, E. | Brightling, C. E. | Brill, S. | Brindle, K. | Broad, L. | Broome, M. | Brown, J. S. | Brown, M. | Brown, J. | Brown, J. | Brown, R. | Brown, V. | Brown, A. | Brown, M. | Brown, A. | Brugha, T. | Brunskill, N. | Buch, M. | Bularga, A. | Bullmore, E. | Burn, D. | Burns, G. | Busby, J. | Buttress, A. | Byrne, S. | Cairns, P. | Calder, P. C. | Calvelo, E. | Card, B. | Carr, L. | Carson, G. | Carter, P. | Cavanagh, J. | Chalder, T. | Chalmers, J. D. | Chambers, R. 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C1 - 2021-10-15 C2 - PMC8497028 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10152021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - Oct 7 DO - 10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00383-0 ET - 2021/10/11 L1 - internal-pdf://3831956134/PIIS2213260021003830.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Natural History | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Evans, Rachael A | McAuley, Hamish | Harrison, Ewen M | Shikotra, Aarti | Singapuri, Amisha | Sereno, Marco | Elneima, Omer | Docherty, Annemarie B | Lone, Nazir I | Leavy, Olivia C | Daines, Luke | Baillie, J Kenneth | Brown, Jeremy S | Chalder, Trudie | De Soyza, Anthony | Diar Bakerly, Nawar | Easom, Nicholas | Geddes, John R | Greening, Neil J | Hart, Nick | Heaney, Liam G | Heller, Simon | Howard, Luke | Hurst, John R | Jacob, Joseph | Jenkins, R Gisli | Jolley, Caroline | Kerr, Steven | Kon, Onn M | Lewis, Keir | Lord, Janet M | McCann, Gerry P | Neubauer, Stefan | Openshaw, Peter J M | Parekh, Dhruv | Pfeffer, Paul | Rahman, Najib M | Raman, Betty | Richardson, Matthew | Rowland, Matthew | Semple, Malcolm G | Shah, Ajay M | Singh, Sally J | Sheikh, Aziz | Thomas, David | Toshner, Mark | Chalmers, James D | Ho, Ling-Pei | Horsley, Alex | Marks, Michael | Poinasamy, Krisnah | Wain, Louise V | Brightling, Christopher E | eng | England | Lancet Respir Med. 2021 Oct 7. pii: S2213-2600(21)00383-0. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00383-0. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 1,077 COVID-19 patients discharged from United Kingdom hospitals (March–November 2020), 29% felt fully recovered on follow-up assessments 2�? months after discharge. Among 767 patients with available data on physical, mental, and cognitive outcomes, 4 recovery phenotype clusters were identified: very severe mental and physical impairment (MPI), severe MPI, moderate MPI with poor cognition, and mild physical impairment. SN - 2213-2600 ST - Physical, cognitive, and mental health impacts of COVID-19 after hospitalisation (PHOSP-COVID): a UK multicentre, prospective cohort study T2 - Lancet Respir Med TI - Physical, cognitive, and mental health impacts of COVID-19 after hospitalisation (PHOSP-COVID): a UK multicentre, prospective cohort study UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00383-0 Y2 - 2021/10/18 ID - 2493 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVES: No agent has yet been proven to be effective for the treatment of patients with severe COVID-19. METHODS: We conducted a pilot prospective open, single-arm multicentre study on off-label use of tocilizumab (TCZ) involving 63 hospitalised adult patients (56 males, age 62.6+/-12.5) with severe COVID-19. Clinical and laboratory parameters were prospectively collected at baseline, day 1, 2, 7 and 14. No moderate-to-severe adverse events attributable to TCZ were recorded. RESULTS: We observed a significant improvement in the levels of ferritin, C-reactive protein, D-dimer. The ratio of the partial pressure of oxygen (Pa02) to the fraction of inspired oxygen (Fi02) improved (mean+/-SD Pa02/Fi02 at admission: 152+/-53; at day 7: 283.73+/-115.9, at day 14: 302.2+/-126, p<0.05). The overall mortality was 11%; D-dimer level at baseline, but not IL-6 levels were predictors of mortality. TCZ administration within 6 days from admission in the hospital was associated with an increased likelihood of survival (HR 2.2 95%CI 1.3-6.7, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In hospitalised adult patients with severe COVID-19, TCZ could be a safe option. An improvement in respiratory and laboratory parameters was observed. Future controlled trials in patients with severe illness are urgently needed to confirm the definite benefit with IL-6 target therapy. AD - CMID, Centre of Research of Immunopathology and Rare Diseases, Coordinating Centre of the Network for Rare Diseases of Piemonte and Valle d'Aosta, ASL Citta di Torino, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, and ASL Citta di Torino, Italy. | ASL Citta di Torino, Italy. | CMID, Centre of Research of Immunopathology and Rare Diseases, Coordinating Centre of the Network for Rare Diseases of Piemonte and Valle d'Aosta, ASL Citta di Torino, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, and ASL Citta di Torino, Italy. dario.roccatello@unito.it. AN - 32359035 AU - Sciascia, S. | Apra, F. | Baffa, A. | Baldovino, S. | Boaro, D. | Boero, R. | Bonora, S. | Calcagno, A. | Cecchi, I. | Cinnirella, G. | Converso, M. | Cozzi, M. | Crosasso, P. | De Iaco, F. | Di Perri, G. | Eandi, M. | Fenoglio, R. | Giusti, M. | Imperiale, D. | Imperiale, G. | Livigni, S. | Manno, E. | Massara, C. | Milone, V. | Natale, G. | Navarra, M. | Oddone, V. | Osella, S. | Piccioni, P. | Radin, M. | Roccatello, D. | Rossi, D. C1 - 2020-05-12 C2 - Tocilizumab CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051220_covidupdate.html DA - May-Jun DP - NLM ET - 2020/05/03 IS - 3 KW - Aged | Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/*therapeutic use | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*therapy | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Off-Label Use | Pandemics | Pilot Projects | Pneumonia, Viral/*therapy | Prospective Studies | Receptors, Interleukin-6/antagonists & inhibitors | SARS-CoV-2 | Treatment Outcome L1 - internal-pdf://0543173780/32359035.pdf LA - en N1 - Sciascia, Savino; Apra, Franco; Baffa, Alessandra; Baldovino, Simone; Boaro, Daniela; Boero, Roberto; Bonora, Stefano; Calcagno, Andrea; Cecchi, Irene; Cinnirella, Giacoma; Converso, Marcella; Cozzi, Martina; Crosasso, Paola; De Iaco, Fabio; Di Perri, Giovanni; Eandi, Mario; Fenoglio, Roberta; Giusti, Massimo; Imperiale, Daniele; Imperiale, Gianlorenzo; Livigni, Sergio; Manno, Emilpaolo; Massara, Carlo; Milone, Valeria; Natale, Giuseppe; Navarra, Mauro; Oddone, Valentina; Osella, Sara; Piccioni, Pavilio; Radin, Massimo; Roccatello, Dario; Rossi, Daniela; eng; Multicenter Study; Italy; Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2020 May-Jun;38(3):529-532. Epub 2020 May 1. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 14 days after tocilizumab (TCZ) administration, 52 (89%) patients were alive. | Median levels of some inflammatory markers improved within 1 day of TCZ administration. | No moderate-to-severe adverse events were reported. | Methods: Patients with severe COVID-19 in four hospitals in Italy (N = 63) were given TCZ intravenously (8 mg/kg) or subcutaneously (324 mg); a second administration within 24 hours was given to 52 patients. Patient outcomes were analyzed at baseline, day 1, 2, 7, and 14. Limitations: No control group. | Implications of 3 studies (Toniati et al., Sciascia et al., & Xu et al.): Preliminary data suggest improved survival among patients with severe or critical COVID-19 treated with TCZ. Larger randomized clinical trials are needed, and underway, to assess the potential utility and efficacy of TCZ for treatment of patients with severe or critical COVID-19. SN - 0392-856X (Print); 0392-856X (Linking) SP - 529-532 ST - Pilot prospective open, single-arm multicentre study on off-label use of tocilizumab in patients with severe COVID-19 T2 - Clin Exp Rheumatol TI - Pilot prospective open, single-arm multicentre study on off-label use of tocilizumab in patients with severe COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32359035 VL - 38 ID - 164 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: As schools consider reopening for in-person instruction prior to availability of a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine, families may be weighing their priorities regarding school attendance. Objective: To characterize the association of planned in-person school attendance during the COVID-19 pandemic with factors, including family socioeconomic characteristics, and parent attitudes and beliefs about their child's school attendance. Design, Setting, and Participants: Cross-sectional survey study. Data were collected from June 2, 2020, to June 5, 2020, weighted to reflect population norms, and analyzed using ordered probit regression. A sample of US parents (of children ages 5-17 years) were recruited using a nonprobability survey panel with stratification by socioeconomic characteristics. Main Outcomes and Measures: The main outcome was parent-reported plan to send their child to school or keep their child home, conditional on their school opening for in-person instruction. Additional measures assessed family socioeconomic characteristics, medical vulnerability, worry about COVID-19 and multisystem inflammatory syndrome, confidence in their child's school, and homeschooling difficulties. Results: The sample of 730 parents was balanced by parent sex (53% women) with successful oversampling for Black (28%; n = 201) and Hispanic (27%; n = 200) participants. In estimates weighted to US population norms, 31% (95% CI, 27% to 34%) of participants indicated they would probably or definitely keep their child home this fall, and 49% indicated that they would probably or definitely send their child to school this fall. Factors associated with planning to keep children home included lower income (38% with incomes <$50000 vs 21% with incomes $100000-$150000 per year; difference, 17%; 95% CI, 9% to 26%), being unemployed (40% unemployed vs 26% employed; difference, 14%; 95% CI, 5% to 25%), and having a flexible job (33% with flexible jobs vs 19% with inflexible jobs; difference, 14%; 95% CI, 5% to 30%). Planning to keep children home was also associated with fear of COVID-19 (B = 0.19; P < .001), fear of multisystem inflammatory syndrome (B = 0.12; P = .04), confidence in schools (B = -0.22; P < .001), and challenges of homeschooling (B = -0.12; P = .01). Race and ethnicity were not significantly associated with plans to keep children home. Conclusions and Relevance: In this survey study, many parents planned to keep children home in fall 2020. Schools need to act soon to address parental concerns and provide options for what will be available for them should they opt to keep their child home. Structural barriers, such as lack of workplace flexibility and potential school-level inequities in implementation of preventive measures, must be acknowledged and addressed where possible. AD - Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington. | Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle. | Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle. AN - 32797152 AU - Kroshus, E. | Hawrilenko, M. | Tandon, P. S. | Christakis, D. A. C1 - 2020-08-25 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082520_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 14 DO - 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.3864 ET - 2020/08/17 IS - 11 L1 - internal-pdf://4220891872/Kroshus-2020-Plans of US Parents Regarding Sch.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Kroshus, Emily; Hawrilenko, Matt; Tandon, Pooja S; Christakis, Dimitri A; eng; JAMA Pediatr. 2020 Aug 14. pii: 2769634. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.3864. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; About 30% of US parents would probably or definitely keep their child at home, and 49% would probably or definitely send their child to school this fall, assuming in-person school instruction was available. The remainder were equally likely to choose one or the other. | Factors positively associated with plans to keep children at home included lower income, being unemployed, having a job that allows flexible hours/telework, having a child in Grades 3-5, and living with one or more medically vulnerable person (Figure). | Plans to keep children at home were positively associated with fear of COVID-19, fear of multisystem inflammatory syndrome, and lack of confidence in schools, while negatively associated with challenges with homeschooling. | Race and ethnicity were not significantly associated with plans to keep children at home. | Methods: 730 US parents of children ages 5-17 years (weighted to US population norms) completed an online survey in June 2020. Multivariable regression estimated probability of school attendance plans. Limitations: Response rate not reported; limited to respondents with computer and mobile phone access; no information on co-parenting situations. | Implications: Back-to-school plans should address concerns of parents. Structural barriers to returning to school, such as lack of flexibility and potential differential levels of school readiness, should be considered. SN - 2168-6211 (Electronic); 2168-6203 (Linking) SP - 1093-1101 ST - Plans of US Parents Regarding School Attendance for Their Children in the Fall of 2020: A National Survey T2 - JAMA Pediatr TI - Plans of US Parents Regarding School Attendance for Their Children in the Fall of 2020: A National Survey UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32797152 VL - 174 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 775 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In a national online survey of 2,074 US parents conducted in March 2021, 49.4% reported plans to vaccinate their child for COVID-19 when available. Lower income and less education were associated with greater parental vaccine hesitancy/resistance, while safety, effectiveness and lack of need were the primary reasons for vaccine hesitancy/resistance.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis project was funded by the Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health (ISPH) of the City University of New York (CUNY) Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy (SPH).Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Ethics approval was received from the CUNY School of Public Health and Health Policy institutional review board.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.Yesstudy data are available upon request(COVID-19)Coronavirus disease 2019(US)United States(PR)Prevalence ratio(aPR)adjusted prevalence ratio(CI)confidence interval AU - Teasdale, Chloe A. | Borrell, Luisa N. | Kimball, Spencer | Rinke, Michael L. | Rane, Madhura | Fleary, Sasha A. | Nash, Denis C1 - 2021-05-21 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05212021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.05.12.21256874 L1 - internal-pdf://1658061298/Teasdale-2021-Plans to vaccinate children for.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Only half of US parents (49.4%) reported plans to have their youngest child receive a COVID-19 vaccine: | Of these parents, 78.2% had concerns about safety and effectiveness and 23.0% perceived lack of need. | A parent’s willingness to be vaccine their child strongly correlated with their willingness to be vaccinated themselves (Figure). | Parents with lower likelihood of vaccinating their child were female (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR]: 0.69, 95% CI 0.62-0.77), high school educated or less (aPR: 0.73; 95% CI 0.62-0.86), and lower income (household income of <$25,000, aPR: 0.75, 95% CI 0.64-0.88). | ; Methods: Community-based, non-probability online survey of 2,047 parents/caregivers >18 years old of children <12 years of age, as of March 2021. Poisson regression models were fitted to estimate prevalence ratios (adjusted for demographic and household characteristics) that compared parents planning and not planning to vaccinate. Limitations: Did not include data on adolescents; excluded parents without access to the internet. | Implications: Focused outreach and educational efforts might be required to reach child vaccination levels needed to curb viral transmission. SP - 2021.05.12.21256874 ST - Plans to vaccinate children for COVID-19: a survey of US parents T2 - medRxiv TI - Plans to vaccinate children for COVID-19: a survey of US parents UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/05/13/2021.05.12.21256874.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/05/13/2021.05.12.21256874.full.pdf ID - 1765 ER - TY - JOUR AB - There is an urgent need to understand the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In particular, thrombotic complications in patients with COVID-19 are common and contribute to organ failure and mortality. Patients with severe COVID-19 present with hemostatic abnormalities that mimic disseminated intravascular coagulopathy associated with sepsis, with the major difference being increased risk of thrombosis rather than bleeding. However, whether severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection alters platelet function to contribute to the pathophysiology of COVID-19 remains unknown. In this study, we report altered platelet gene expression and functional responses in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. RNA sequencing demonstrated distinct changes in the gene-expression profile of circulating platelets of COVID-19 patients. Pathway analysis revealed differential gene-expression changes in pathways associated with protein ubiquitination, antigen presentation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. The receptor for SARS-CoV-2 binding, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), was not detected by messenger RNA (mRNA) or protein in platelets. Surprisingly, mRNA from the SARS-CoV-2 N1 gene was detected in platelets from 2 of 25 COVID-19 patients, suggesting that platelets may take-up SARS-COV-2 mRNA independent of ACE2. Resting platelets from COVID-19 patients had increased P-selectin expression basally and upon activation. Circulating platelet-neutrophil, -monocyte, and -T-cell aggregates were all significantly elevated in COVID-19 patients compared with healthy donors. Furthermore, platelets from COVID-19 patients aggregated faster and showed increased spreading on both fibrinogen and collagen. The increase in platelet activation and aggregation could partially be attributed to increased MAPK pathway activation and thromboxane generation. These findings demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with platelet hyperreactivity, which may contribute to COVID-19 pathophysiology. AD - Molecular Medicine Program. | Department of Internal Medicine. | Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Huntsman Cancer Institute. | Department of Pathology, and. | Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; and. | Department of Internal Medicine, George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center, and. | Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, UT. AN - 32573711 AU - Manne, B. K. | Denorme, F. | Middleton, E. A. | Portier, I. | Rowley, J. W. | Stubben, C. | Petrey, A. C. | Tolley, N. D. | Guo, L. | Cody, M. | Weyrich, A. S. | Yost, C. C. | Rondina, M. T. | Campbell, R. A. C1 - 2020-07-10 C2 - Laboratory Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071020_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 10 DO - 10.1182/blood.2020007214 DP - NLM ET - 2020/06/24 IS - 11 KW - Betacoronavirus/*isolation & purification | Biomarkers | Blood Coagulation Disorders/genetics/metabolism/*pathology/virology | Blood Platelets/metabolism/*pathology/virology | Covid-19 | Case-Control Studies | Coronavirus Infections/*complications/genetics/metabolism/virology | Female | Follow-Up Studies | Gene Expression Profiling | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications/genetics/metabolism/virology | Prognosis | Prospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 | *Transcriptome L1 - internal-pdf://3883246467/Manne-2020-Platelet gene expression and functi.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Manne, Bhanu Kanth; Denorme, Frederik; Middleton, Elizabeth A; Portier, Irina; Rowley, Jesse W; Stubben, Chris; Petrey, Aaron C; Tolley, Neal D; Guo, Li; Cody, Mark; Weyrich, Andrew S; Yost, Christian C; Rondina, Matthew T; Campbell, Robert A; eng; K99 HL135265/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; S10 RR026802/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/; R01 HL130541/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; R01 HD093826/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/; R01 HL142804/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; I01 CX001696/CX/CSRD VA/; R00 HL135265/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; R35 HL145237/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; R56 AG059877/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; K01 AG059892/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; R01 AG048022/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; R01 HL144957/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; P30 CA042014/CA/NCI NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. | Blood. 2020 Sep 10;136(11):1317-1329. doi: 10.1182/blood.2020007214. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Platelets from COVID-19 patients display hyperreactivity. | Platelet-neutrophil, platelet-monocyte, and platelet-T-cell aggregates (CD4+ and CD8+) were higher in COVID-19 patients compared with healthy donors (Figure 1). | Thrombopoietin levels increased despite stable platelet counts. | Hyperreactivity reduced when platelets were pre-treated with aspirin. | Platelets also exhibited increased aggregation, adhesion, and spreading in COVID-19 patients compared with healthy donors (Figure 2). | Methods: Prospective clinical study comparing platelet responses in hospitalized COVID-19 patients (n=41), and age-, gender-, and race-matched healthy donors (n=41). Limitations: Small sample size; unable to examine clinical outcomes since no COVID-19 patients were diagnosed with thrombotic complications during study period. | Implications: SARS-CoV-2 infection increased platelet aggregation and hyperreactivity and this may contribute to COVID-19 disease outcomes including thrombotic events. Therapies modulating platelet activity may improve outcomes in COVID-19 patients. SN - 1528-0020 (Electronic); 0006-4971 (Linking) SP - 1317-1329 ST - Platelet gene expression and function in patients with COVID-19 T2 - Blood TI - Platelet gene expression and function in patients with COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32573711 VL - 136 ID - 514 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BackgroundHealth-care workers constitute a high-risk population for acquisition of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Capacity for acute diagnosis via PCR testing was limited for individuals with mild to moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection in the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic and a substantial proportion of health-care workers with suspected infection were not tested. We aimed to investigate the performance of point-of-care and laboratory serology assays and their utility in late case identification, and to estimate SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence. AU - Pallett, Scott J. C. | Rayment, Michael | Patel, Aatish | Fitzgerald-Smith, Sophia A. M. | Denny, Sarah J. | Charani, Esmita | Mai, Annabelle L. | Gilmour, Kimberly C. | Hatcher, James | Scott, Christopher | Randell, Paul | Mughal, Nabeela | Jones, Rachael | Moore, Luke S. P. | Davies, Gary W. C1 - 2020-08-04 C2 - Laboratory Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/080420_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30315-5 IS - 9 L1 - internal-pdf://0989519164/Pallett-2020-Point-of-care serological assays.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; While one point-of-care (POC) serological assay displayed reasonable sensitivity (93.4%) and specificity (99.0%), the other POC assay had reduced sensitivity (88.2%) and specificity (94.0%) (Table). | The laboratory serological assay also displayed reduced sensitivity (85.7%). | The estimated seroprevalence of IgG for symptomatic healthcare workers (HCWs) was 44.7% (95% CI 42.0�?7.4) and for asymptomatic HCWs was 10.6% (95% CI 7.6-13.6). | Methods: Two-part prospective study with a multicenter cohort of HCWs who delivered direct clinical care to SARS-CoV-2-infected patients and experienced mild-to-moderate COVID-19 symptoms with onset at least 14 days before serological testing, between April 8 and June 12, 2020. (1) Performance evaluation of 2 POC serological assays, Encode SARS-CoV-2 split IgM/IgG One Step Rapid Test Device (Zhuhai Encode Medical Engineering, Zhuhai, China) and Onsite CTK Biotech COVID-19 IgG/IgM Rapid Test (CTK Biotech, Poway, CA, USA), and one laboratory serological assay, EDI Novel Coronavirus COVID-19 IgG ELISA kit (Epitope Diagnostics, San Diego, CA, USA), compared with PCR for SARS-CoV-2 infection; RT-PCR testing was done where possible between days 1 to 7 from symptom onset. (2) Seroprevalence analysis using the POC serological assays among symptomatic (n = 1,299) and asymptomatic (n = 405) HCWs. Positive and negative predictive values based on test performance characteristics were calculated for use in symptomatic and asymptomatic HCWs and in the UK general population (based on a previously estimatedexternal icon 2.7% prevalence). Limitations: Only 2 point of care tests examined; laboratory immunoassay detected IgG to the nucleocapsid protein only and not to the spike protein or receptor binding domain; no information on targets used in POC assays. | Implications: POC tests to measure serologic response to SARS-CoV-2 infection could prove useful for serosurveillance, and performance of these tests needs to be properly assessed within intended populations. The low positive predictive values (<73%) of the POC tests examined here should be taken into account, and strategies to mitigate false positive results should be considered (see Peeling et al. The time to do serosurveys for COVID-19 is nowexternal icon. Lancet Respiratory Medicine). SE - 885 SN - 22132600 SP - 885-894 ST - Point-of-care serological assays for delayed SARS-CoV-2 case identification among health-care workers in the UK: a prospective multicentre cohort study T2 - Lancet Respir Med TI - Point-of-care serological assays for delayed SARS-CoV-2 case identification among health-care workers in the UK: a prospective multicentre cohort study UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30315-5 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7380925/pdf/main.pdf VL - 8 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 640 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVES: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the most devastating pandemic to affect humanity in a century. In this article, we assessed tests as a policy instrument and policy enactment to contain COVID-19 and potentially reduce mortalities. STUDY DESIGN: A model was devised to estimate the factors that influenced the death rate across 121 nations and by income group. RESULTS: Nations with a higher proportion of people aged 65+ years had a higher fatality rate (P = 0.00014). Delaying policy enactment led to a higher case fatality rate (P = 0.0013). A 10% delay time to act resulted in a 3.7% higher case fatality rate. This study found that delaying policies for international travel restrictions, public information campaigns, and testing policies increased the fatality rate. Tests also impacted the case fatality rate, and nations with 10% more cumulative tests per million people showed a 2.8% lower mortality rate. Citizens of nations who can access more destinations without the need to have a prior visa have a significant higher mortality rate than those who need a visa to travel abroad (P = 0.0040). CONCLUSION: Tests, as a surrogate of policy action and earlier policy enactment, matter for saving lives from pandemics as such policies reduce the transmission rate of the pandemic. AD - P. O. Box 7, Miki-cho Post Office, Ikenobe 3011-2, Kagawa-ken, 761-0799, Japan. Electronic address: jaimetex@yahoo.com. | 805 TRU Way, Department of Economics, Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops, British Columbia, V2C 0C8, Canada. Electronic address: ptsigaris@tru.ca. AN - 32971478 AU - Teixeira da Silva, J. A. | Tsigaris, P. C1 - 2020-08-28 C2 - Health Policy CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082820_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.08.008 ET - 2020/09/25 KW - Aged | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Clinical Laboratory Techniques/statistics & numerical data | Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/epidemiology/*mortality/*prevention & control | Global Health/*statistics & numerical data | Health Education | Humans | Models, Statistical | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/*mortality/*prevention & control | *Public Policy | Travel/legislation & jurisprudence | Crude death rate | Mortality rate | Public health policies | SARS-CoV-2 | Stringency index L1 - internal-pdf://4054974330/Teixeira da Sil-2020-Policy determinants of CO.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Teixeira da Silva, Jaime A; Tsigaris, Panagiotis; eng; Netherlands; Public Health. 2020 Oct;187:140-142. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2020.08.008. Epub 2020 Aug 18. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Delays in policy implementation (testing, international travel restrictions, public health information campaigns) led to a higher case fatality rate internationally than countries with more rapid policy implementation rates (p = 0.0013). SN - 1476-5616 (Electronic); 0033-3506 (Linking) SP - 140-142 ST - Policy determinants of COVID-19 pandemic-induced fatality rates across nations T2 - Public Health TI - Policy determinants of COVID-19 pandemic-induced fatality rates across nations UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32971478 VL - 187 ID - 783 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We report the observation that 14.5% of COVID-19 patients had positive RT-PCR testing again after discharge. We describe correlations between laboratory parameters and treatment duration (P = .002) and time to virus recrudescence (P = .008), suggesting the need for additional measures to confirm illness resolution in COVID-19 patients. AD - Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China. AN - 32266381 AU - Yuan, J. | Kou, S. | Liang, Y. | Zeng, J. | Pan, Y. | Liu, L. C1 - 2020-04-21 C2 - Recurrent/Persistent RT-PCR Positivity After Recovery CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/042120_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 19 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa398 ET - 2020/04/09 IS - 16 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use | COVID-19/*diagnosis/drug therapy | COVID-19 Testing | Child | China | Female | Humans | Male | Medical Records | Middle Aged | *Patient Discharge | RNA, Viral/genetics | *Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction | SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification | Young Adult | * coronavirus | *covid-19 | *D-dimer level | *discharged patients | *recurrent viral activity L1 - internal-pdf://0605196035/Yuan-2020-Polymerase Chain Reaction Assays Rev.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Yuan, Jing; Kou, Shanglong; Liang, Yanhua; Zeng, Jianfeng; Pan, Yanchao; Liu, Lei; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Nov 19;71(16):2230-2232. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa398. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among 172 COVID-19 patients who were discharged after �? negative RT-PCR tests at least 24 hours apart, 14.5% (n = 25) subsequently had �? positive PCR results. | 6.3% (n = 11) from NP swabs (average 5.2 days after discharge). | 8.1% (n = 14) from anal swabs (Note: RT-PCR positivity of anal swabs does not correlate with infectiousness). | Among patients re-admitted due to positive post-discharge RT-PCR tests, few had symptoms (8 reported mild cough) and all had improved (n = 12) or stable (n = 8) chest CT findings. | Average time from last negative to recurrent positive 7.32 �u 3.86 days. | Methods: NP and anal swabs were collected every 3 days for 14 days after hospital discharge from 172 COVID-19 patients. Limitations: Methods of specimen collection, handling, and storage not described; cycle threshold values of post-discharge positive results not reported; limited clinical data; chest CT results not reported for 5 patients; and results not stratified by anatomical site of specimen collection. | Implications of two studies (Yuan et al. & Xiao et al.): Sporadic positive RT-PCR test results can recur after clinical recovery and �? sequential negative tests. The significance of these positive results is unclear in the absence of Ct values and attempts to recover virus in culture. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - 2230-2232 ST - Polymerase Chain Reaction Assays Reverted to Positive in 25 Discharged Patients With COVID-19 T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Polymerase Chain Reaction Assays Reverted to Positive in 25 Discharged Patients With COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32266381 VL - 71 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 58 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BackgroundThe extent to which children and adolescents contribute to SARS-CoV-2 transmission remains not fully understood. Novel high-capacity testing methods may provide real-time epidemiological data in educational settings helping to establish a rational approach to prevent and minimize SARS-CoV-2 transmission. We investigated whether pooling of samples for SARS-CoV-2 detection by RT-qPCR is a sensitive and feasible high-capacity diagnostic strategy for surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 infections in schools. AD - Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. | Institute of Virology, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. | Department I of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. | German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany. | Department of General Pediatrics and Neonatology, Saarland University Homburg, Homburg, Germany. | Institute of Virology, Saarland University Homburg, Homburg, Germany. | Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children s Hospital, University Hospital Dusseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Dusseldorf, Germany. | Institute of Virology, University Hospital Dusseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Dusseldorf, Germany. | Department of Pediatrics I, University Children's Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany. | Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany. | Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Dr. v. Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany. | Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. | Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. | Institute of Medical Statistics and Computational Biology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. | Public Health Department Cologne, Cologne, Germany. | Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Uniclinic RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. AN - 34458708 AU - Joachim, Alexander | Dewald, Felix | Su֙rez, Isabelle | Zemlin, Michael | Lang, Isabelle | Stutz, Regine | Marthaler, Anna | Bosse, Hans Martin | Lübke, Nadine | Münch, Juliane | Bernard, Marie-Annett | Jeltsch, Kathrin | Tönshoff, Burkhard | Weidner, Niklas | Kräusslich, Hans-Georg | Birzele, Lena | Hübner, Johannes | Schmied, Patricia | Meyer-Bühn, Melanie | Horemheb-Rubio, Gibran | Cornely, Oliver A. | Haverkamp, Heinz | Wiesmüller, Gerhard | Fätkenheuer, Gerd | Hero, Barbara | Kaiser, Rolf | Dötsch, Jörg | Rybniker, Jan | Cosgun, Zülfü C. | Hünseler, Christoph | Schönenkorb, Jana | Wurm, Juliane | Klein, Florian | Heger, Eva | Knops, Elena | Sierra-Arag�Qn, Saleta | Kretschmer, Alina Chloé | Sprute, Rosanne | Kossow, Annelene | Hellmich, Martin | Shah-Hosseini, Kija | Weiss, Michael | Goedicke-Fritz, Sybelle | Kaiser, Elisabeth | Meyer, Sascha | Seiwert, Nastasja | Smola, Sigrun | Pfuhl, Thorsten | Lohse, Stefan | Schupp, Anna-Kathrin | Timm, Jörg | Gröne, Nehle | Lesmann, Hellen | Bredahl, Renate | Schneble, Lukas | Turinsky, Martin | Patry, Christian | Hoffmann, Georg F. | Müller, Barbara | Börner, Kathleen | Schnitzler, Paul | Heuser, Anke-Mareil | Welker, Andreas | von Both, Ulrich | Kern, Anna C1 - 2021-09-10 C2 - PMC8384501 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09102021_covidupdate.html#anchor_Testing DA - Sep DO - 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101082 ET - 2021/08/31 KW - Covid-19 | Pooled testing | RT-qPCR | SARS-CoV-2 | School | Surveillance L1 - internal-pdf://1139476422/1-s2.0-S258953702100362X-main.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Variants | N1 - Joachim, Alexander | Dewald, Felix | Suarez, Isabelle | Zemlin, Michael | Lang, Isabelle | Stutz, Regine | Marthaler, Anna | Bosse, Hans Martin | Lubke, Nadine | Munch, Juliane | Bernard, Marie-Annett | Jeltsch, Kathrin | Tonshoff, Burkhard | Weidner, Niklas | Krausslich, Hans-Georg | Birzele, Lena | Hubner, Johannes | Schmied, Patricia | Meyer-Buhn, Melanie | Horemheb-Rubio, Gibran | Cornely, Oliver A | Haverkamp, Heinz | Wiesmuller, Gerhard | Fatkenheuer, Gerd | Hero, Barbara | Kaiser, Rolf | Dotsch, Jorg | Rybniker, Jan | eng | England | EClinicalMedicine. 2021 Sep;39:101082. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101082. Epub 2021 Aug 25. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Of 2,218 PCR tests conducted on 21,978 specimens, 41 (1.8%) pooled results were positive. | Upon retesting of individual specimens, 36 students were identified to have SARS-CoV-2 infection. | 47% (17/36) of students with SARS-CoV-2 infection were identified in a single school. | Number of SARS-CoV-2 infections in secondary schools identified did not differ by swab method. | Methods: In a study evaluating pooled SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing, 3,970 students at 14 schools in Germany were randomized to either oropharyngeal, buccal, or saliva swab specimen collection, 2�? times/week for 3 weeks during November–December 2020. Specimens with positive pooled test results were retested individually the same day or the following day. Limitations: Volunteers not necessarily representative of the overall population; nasopharyngeal swabs were not assessed. | Implications: Conducting PCR tests on pooled specimens at least twice weekly might be a feasible way for schools to identify SARS-CoV-2 infections among students and apply timely isolation and quarantine measures. SN - 2589-5370 SP - 101082 ST - Pooled RT-qPCR testing for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance in schools - a cluster randomised trial T2 - EClinicalMedicine TI - Pooled RT-qPCR testing for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance in schools - a cluster randomised trial UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101082 VL - 39 Y2 - 2021/09/13 ID - 2295 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A low anti-spike antibody response of 28.6% was observed 28 days after BNT162b2 vaccine second dose among 133 solid organ transplant-recipients without previous COVID-19. No serious adverse events were recorded. Four severe COVID-19 cases were reported between or after the two doses. Our data suggests to change the vaccine strategy. AD - Sorbonne Universite, Unite medicale de transplantation hepatique, AP-HP, Hopital Pitie-Salpetriere, 75013, Paris France. | Sorbonne Universite, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidemiologie et de Sante publique (iPLESP), AP-HP, Hopital Pitie-Salpetriere, Laboratoire de virologie, F-75013 Paris, France. | Sorbonne Universite, Chirurgie urologique, Transplantation renale, AP-HP, Hopital Pitie-Salpetriere, 75013 Paris, France. | Sorbonne Universite, Chirurgie cardiaque et thoracique, AP-HP, Hopital Pitie-Salpetriere, 75013, Paris, France. | Sorbonne Universite, Service d'Hepato-gastroenterologie, AP-HP, Hopital Pitie-Salpetriere, 75013, Paris, France. AN - 34166499 AU - Mazzola, Alessandra | Todesco, Eve | Drouin, Sarah | Hazan, Fanny | Marot, Stéphane | Thabut, Dominique | Varnous, Sheida | Soulié, Cathia | Barrou, Benoît | Marcelin, Anne-Genevi؈ve | Conti, Filomena C1 - 2021-07-02 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07022021_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 24 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciab580 ET - 2021/06/25 KW - COVID-19 disease | SARS-CoV-2 vaccination | SOT-recipients | anti-spike antibodies | humoral response L1 - internal-pdf://1281199127/Mazzola-2021-Poor Antibody Response after Two.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Mazzola, Alessandra | Todesco, Eve | Drouin, Sarah | Hazan, Fanny | Marot, Stephane | Thabut, Dominique | Varnous, Sheida | Soulie, Cathia | Barrou, Benoit | Marcelin, Anne-Genevieve | Conti, Filomena | eng | Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Jun 24. pii: 6309017. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab580. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Compared to 100% of a group of healthy controls (n = 25), only 28.6% of 133 solid-organ transplant recipients without previous COVID-19 infection were seropositive 28 days after the 2nd dose of BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech). Seroconversion was 37.5%, 16.6%, and 34.8% in liver, kidney, and heart recipients, respectively. Fewer than 2 years between transplantation and 1st vaccine was associated with negative serologic response (aOR, 2.87; 95% CI (1.06-7.75)). SN - 1058-4838 ST - Poor Antibody Response after Two Doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in Transplant Recipients T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Poor Antibody Response after Two Doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in Transplant Recipients UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab580 Y2 - 7/16/2021 ID - 1935 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The advent of COVID-19 vaccines will play a major role in helping to end the pandemic that has killed millions worldwide. Vaccine candidates have demonstrated robust humoral responses and have protected against infection. However, efficacy trials were focused on individuals with no prior exposure to SARS-CoV-2, and, as a result, little is known about immune responses induced by these mRNA vaccines in individuals who recovered from COVID-19. Here, we evaluated immune responses in 32 subjects who received two-dose BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination. In individuals naive to SARS-CoV-2, we observed robust increases in humoral and antigen-specific antibody-secreting cell (ASC) responses following each dose of vaccine, whereas individuals with prior exposure to SARS-CoV-2 demonstrated strong humoral and antigen-specific ASC responses to the first dose but muted responses to the second dose of the vaccine for the time points studied. These data highlight an important gap in our knowledge and may have major implications for how these vaccines should be used to prevent COVID-19. One sentence summary: Immune responses to the booster dose of mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 are poor in subjects with a prior history of SARS-CoV-2 infection. AD - NYU Langone Vaccine Center, Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine; New York, NY, USA. | Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine; New York, NY, USA. AN - 33594383 AU - Samanovic, M. I. | Cornelius, A. R. | Wilson, J. P. | Karmacharya, T. | Gray-Gaillard, S. L. | Allen, J. R. | Hyman, S. W. | Moritz, G. | Ali, M. | Koralov, S. B. | Mulligan, M. J. | Herati, R. S. C1 - 2021-02-19 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Internvention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02192021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 9 DO - 10.1101/2021.02.07.21251311 ET - 2021/02/18 L1 - internal-pdf://0944785719/Samanovic-2021-Poor antigen-specific responses.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Samanovic, Marie I; Cornelius, Amber R; Wilson, Jimmy P; Karmacharya, Trishala; Gray-Gaillard, Sophie L; Allen, Joseph Richard; Hyman, Sara Wesley; Moritz, Gali; Ali, Mahnoor; Koralov, Sergei B; Mulligan, Mark J; Herati, Ramin Sedaghat; eng; Preprint; medRxiv. 2021 Feb 9. doi: 10.1101/2021.02.07.21251311. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; After the first vaccine dose, median fold-change in S1 protein antibodies was significantly greater in SARS-CoV-2-experienced patients than SARS-CoV-2-naïve patients (47 vs 2.6) (Figure A). | After the second vaccine dose, median fold-change was significantly lower in SARS-CoV-2-experienced patients than SARS-CoV-2-naïve patients (1.4 vs 13) (Figure A). | Similarly, S1-protein antigen-specific antibody secreting cell (ASC) responses were robust in SARS-CoV-2-experienced patients after the first dose but minimal after the second dose and were minimal in SARS-CoV-2-naïve patients after the first dose but more robust after the second dose (Figure B). | Methods: 32 persons (19 SARS-CoV-2-naïve and 13 SARS-CoV-2-experienced) received two doses of BNT162b2 (Pfizer) mRNA vaccine. Samples were collected at various timepoints including baseline, after first dose, before second dose and after second dose. Antibody titers and ASC cell responses were quantified by ELISA and ELISpot, respectively. Limitations: Small sample size. | Implications: A single vaccine dose for persons with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection may offer sufficient protection. However, the extent of protection offered and whether T cell responses are adequately stimulated by one dose in these persons remains unclear. Another recent studyexternal icon observed similar findings after the first dose of the BNT162b2 (Pfizer) mRNA vaccine in healthcare workers with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. SP - 2021.02.07.21251311 ST - Poor antigen-specific responses to the second BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine dose in SARS-CoV-2-experienced individuals T2 - medRxiv TI - Poor antigen-specific responses to the second BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine dose in SARS-CoV-2-experienced individuals UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33594383 ID - 1519 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background All adults in the Unites States now have access to COVID-19 vaccines. During the vaccination process, Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) fact sheets are provided.Objective To analyze the ease of reading (i.e., readability) of the EUA-approved fact sheets for the vaccines currently available in the United States, the V-Safe adverse event survey script, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website on COVID-19 vaccines.Design We analyzed the readability of Pfizer, Moderna, and Janssen EUA fact sheets, as well as the V-Safe survey script and the vaccine-related information on the CDC website.Measurements Readability factors include the following: average length of paragraphs, sentences, and words; font size and style; use of passive voice; the Gunning-Fog index; the Flesch Reading Ease index; and the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level index.Results Only the V-Safe adverse event survey script met readability standards for adequate comprehension. The mean readability scores of the EUA fact sheets and the CDC website were as follows: Flesch Reading Ease score (mean 44.35); Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (mean 10.48); and Gunning-Fog index (mean 11.8). These scores indicate that a 10th-12th grade-level education is necessary to comprehend these documents.Conclusion The average person in the United States would have difficulty understanding the information provided in the EUA fact sheets and CDC COVID-19 vaccine website; however, the V-Safe survey was written at an appropriate reading level. To ensure that the public fully understands information regarding COVID-19 vaccines, simplified information material should be developed.Competing Interest StatementDr. Poland is the chair of a Safety Evaluation Committee for novel investigational vaccine trials being conducted by Merck Research Laboratories. Dr. Poland provides consultative advice on vaccine development to Merck & Co., Medicago, GlaxoSmithKline, Sanofi Pasteur, Johnson & Johnson/Janssen Global Services LLC, Emergent Biosolutions, Dynavax, Genentech, Eli Lilly and Company, Kentucky Bioprocessing, Bavarian Nordic, AstraZeneca, Exelixis, Regeneron, Janssen, Vyriad, Moderna, and Genevant Sciences, Inc. These activities have been reviewed by the Mayo Clinic Conflict of Interest Review Board and are conducted in compliance with Mayo Clinic Conflict of Interest policies. Dr. Poland holds patents related to vaccinia, influenza, and measles peptide vaccines. Dr. Poland has received grant funding from ICW Ventures for preclinical studies on a peptide-based COVID-19 vaccine. This research has been reviewed by the Mayo Clinic Conflict of Interest Review Board and was conducted in compliance with Mayo Clinic Conflict of Interest policies. The remaining two authors, Luke S. Bothun, Scott E. Feeder, M.S., do not have any disclosures.Funding StatementNot fundedAuthor DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Not requiredAll necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAvailable upon request AU - Bothun, Luke S. | Feeder, Scott E. | Poland, Gregory A. C1 - 2021-06-25 C2 - Social, Behavioral, and Communication Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06252021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.06.11.21258778 L1 - internal-pdf://1208509598/Bothun-2021-Poor Readability of COVID-19 Vacci.pdf LA - en LB - Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: With 1 exception, the readability of EUA vaccine fact sheets (BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BionNTech), mRNA-1273 (Moderna), Ad26.COV2.S (Johnson & Johnson/Janssen)) and the CDC website on COVID-19 vaccines were judged as inadequately comprehensible to much of the US population. Only the V-Safe adverse event survey did not require comprehension at a 10th- to 12th-grade level when ranked by the Flesch Reading Ease Test, the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level Test, and the Gunning-Fog Index. In 2003 nearly half US adults were estimated to read at <7th-grade level. SP - 2021.06.11.21258778 ST - Poor Readability of COVID-19 Vaccine Information for the General Public: A Lost Opportunity T2 - medRxiv TI - Poor Readability of COVID-19 Vaccine Information for the General Public: A Lost Opportunity UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/06/15/2021.06.11.21258778.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/06/15/2021.06.11.21258778.full.pdf ID - 1872 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance Emerging evidence suggests many people have persistent symptoms after acute COVID-19 illness.Objective To estimate the prevalence and correlates of persistent COVID-19 symptoms 30 and 60 days post onset using a population-based sample.Design & Setting The Michigan COVID-19 Recovery Surveillance Study is a population-based cross-sectional survey of a probability sample of adults with confirmed COVID-19 in the Michigan Disease Surveillance System (MDSS). Respondents completed a survey online or via telephone in English, Spanish, or Arabic between June - December 2020.Participants Living non-institutionalized adults (aged 18+) in MDSS with COVID-19 onset through mid-April 2020 were eligible for selection (n=28,000). Among 2,000 adults selected, 629 completed the survey. We excluded 79 cases during data collection due to ineligibility, 6 asymptomatic cases, 7 proxy reports, and 24 cases missing outcome data, resulting in a sample size of 593. The sample was predominantly female (56.1%), aged 45 and older (68.2%), and Non-Hispanic White (46.3%) or Black (34.8%).Exposures Demographic (age, sex, race/ethnicity, and annual household income) and clinical factors (smoking status, body mass index, diagnosed comorbidities, and illness severity).Main outcomes and Measures We defined post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) as persistent symptoms 30+ days (30-day COVID-19) or 60+ days (60-day COVID-19) post COVID-19 onset.Results 30- and 60-day COVID-19 were highly prevalent (52.5% and 35.0%), even among respondents reporting mild symptoms (29.2% and 24.5%) and non-hospitalized respondents (43.7% and 26.9%, respectively). Low income was statistically significantly associated with 30-day COVID-19 in adjusted models. Respondents reporting very severe (vs. mild) symptoms had 2.25 times higher prevalence of 30-day COVID-19 (Adjusted Prevalence Ratio [aPR] 2.25, 95% CI 1.46-3.46) and 1.71 times higher prevalence of 60-day COVID-19 (aPR 1.71, 95% 1.02-2.88). Hospitalized (vs. non-hospitalized) respondents had about 40% higher prevalence of both 30-day (aPR 1.37, 95% CI 1.12-1.69) and 60-day COVID-19 (aPR 1.40, 95% CI 1.02-1.93).Conclusions and Relevance PASC is highly prevalent among cases with severe initial symptoms, and, to a lesser extent, cases with mild and moderate symptoms.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis work was supported by funds from the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, the Michigan Public Health Institute, the University of Michigan Institute for Data Science, and the University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The University of Michigan institutional review board reviewed the study and determined it was exempt from ongoing IRB review due to the use of secondary de-identified data.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThe MI CReSS data is not yet available for public download. AU - Hirschtick, Jana L. | Titus, Andrea R. | Slocum, Elizabeth | Power, Laura E. | Hirschtick, Robert E. | Elliott, Michael R. | McKane, Patricia | Fleischer, Nancy L. C1 - 2021-03-19 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03192021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.03.08.21252905 L1 - internal-pdf://1932097302/Hirschtick-2021-Population-based estimates of.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Persistent symptoms were highly prevalent �?0 days (5%) and �?0 days (35.0%) post COVID-19 onset, even among persons reporting mild symptoms (29.2% and 24.5%, respectively). | Persons reporting very severe (vs. mild) symptoms were more likely to have symptoms at �?0 (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] 2.25, 95% CI 1.46-3.46) and �?0 (aPR 1.71, 95% 1.02-2.88) days. | The most common symptoms at �?0 days were fatigue and shortness of breath (Figure). | Compared with higher-income (�?75,000) persons, persons with lower income were more likely to have symptoms at �?0 days (<$35,000, aPR 1.40, 95% CI 1.09-1.79; $35,000-$74,999, aPR 1.38, 95% CI 1.09-1.75). | Methods: Population-based cross-sectional survey of a probability sample (n = 593) of non-institutionalized adults with confirmed COVID-19 in the Michigan Disease Surveillance System (MDSS) who completed an online or telephone survey in English, Spanish, or Arabic, between June and December 2020. Limitations: Potential response and recall bias; might overrepresent persons more likely to obtain SARS-CoV-2 testing (e.g., with more severe disease or higher income). | Implications: Millions of COVID-19 survivors might face post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection requiring availability of treatment as well as guidance for patients, their caregivers, and health care providers. SP - 2021.03.08.21252905 ST - Population-based estimates of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) prevalence and characteristics: A cross-sectional study T2 - medRxiv TI - Population-based estimates of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) prevalence and characteristics: A cross-sectional study TT - Published article: Population-based estimates of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) prevalence and characteristics UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/03/10/2021.03.08.21252905.full.pdf ID - 1595 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Since the beginning of the COVID-19 epidemic, there is an ongoing debate and research regarding the possible ways of virus transmission. We conducted an epidemiological investigation which revealed a cluster of five COVID-19 cases, linked to playing squash at a sports venue in Maribor, Slovenia. Acquired data raises possibility that the transmission occurred indirectly through contaminated objects in changing room or squash hall or via aerosolisation in squash hall. AD - National Institute of Public Health, Regional Unit Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia. AN - 32600479 AU - Brlek, A. | Vidovic, S. | Vuzem, S. | Turk, K. | Simonovic, Z. C1 - 2020-06-30 C2 - Transmission C7 - e120 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/063020_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 19 DB - Cambridge Core DO - 10.1017/S0950268820001326 DP - Cambridge University Press ET - 2020/07/01 KW - Betacoronavirus/physiology | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/*transmission | Humans | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis/*transmission | Racquet Sports | SARS-CoV-2 | Slovenia/epidemiology | Sports and Recreational Facilities | Ventilation | *covid-19 | *epidemiology | *outbreaks | *pandemic | *transmission L1 - internal-pdf://2891479219/Brlek-2020-Possible indirect transmission of C.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Brlek, A; Vidovic, S; Vuzem, S; Turk, K; Simonovic, Z; eng; Case Reports; England; Epidemiol Infect. 2020 Jun 19;148:e120. doi: 10.1017/S0950268820001326. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Investigation of recent traveler with SARS-CoV-2 infection (case A, diagnosed March 5) identified 4 more persons with SARS-CoV-2, all of whom played squash at the same court on March 4, 2020. | A was pre-symptomatic, played against B during 5:30-6:30 pm; A & B left by 7:00 (Figure). | C & D played from 7:15�?:00 pm, then spoke with case E, showered, and left by 8:30. Case E played against a non-case from 8:00�?:45 pm (Figure). | All five persons played on the same squash court but did not share equipment. | Person A developed symptoms hours after the game on March 4, 2020. | Persons B, C, D, and E developed symptoms and tested positive in subsequent days (Figure). | No other contact between cases were reported. | Methods: Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 cases, Slovenia, March, 2020. Limitations: Community transmission was possible but thought to be unlikely at the time; viral genotyping was unavailable to help support the epidemiologic evidence that these infections were related. | Implications: SARS-CoV-2 was likely transmitted through fomites or aerosols under unique circumstances that amplified transmission risk: intense and prolonged respiratory droplet generation in a small poorly ventilated space from a person on the cusp of illness onset. SN - 1469-4409 (Electronic); 0950-2688 (Linking) SP - e120 ST - Possible indirect transmission of COVID-19 at a squash court, Slovenia, March 2020: case report T2 - Epidemiol Infect TI - Possible indirect transmission of COVID-19 at a squash court, Slovenia, March 2020: case report UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32600479 VL - 148 ID - 454 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is highly infectious, with multiple possible routes of transmission. Controversy exists regarding whether SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted in utero from an infected mother to her infant before birth. A series of 9 pregnant women found no mother-child transmission. We report a newborn with elevated IgM antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 born to a mother with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). AD - Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China. | Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Hospital of Central Command Theater in PLA, Wuhan, Hubei, China. | Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital to Army Medical University, Chongqing, China. AN - 32215581 AU - Dong, L. | Tian, J. | He, S. | Zhu, C. | Wang, J. | Liu, C. | Yang, J. C1 - 2020-04-01 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/040120_covidupdate.html DA - May 12 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.4621 ET - 2020/03/28 IS - 18 KW - Adult | Antibodies, Viral/blood | Antibody Specificity | *Betacoronavirus/immunology/isolation & purification | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Cesarean Section/methods | Clinical Laboratory Techniques/methods | Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/immunology/therapy/*transmission | Female | Fetal Diseases/virology | Humans | Immunoglobulin G/blood | Immunoglobulin M/blood | Infant, Newborn | *Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical | Mothers | Nasopharynx/virology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis/immunology/therapy/*transmission | Pregnancy | *Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/blood/diagnosis | Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction | SARS-CoV-2 | Sensitivity and Specificity | Time Factors L1 - internal-pdf://0683064522/Dong-2020-Possible Vertical Transmission of SA.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Dong, Lan; Tian, Jinhua; He, Songming; Zhu, Chuchao; Wang, Jian; Liu, Chen; Yang, Jing; eng; Case Reports; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA. 2020 May 12;323(18):1846-1848. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.4621. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; An infant born by caesarian section to a mother with COVID-19 exhibited elevated anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM antibodies (IgM is not transferrable to fetus via placenta) two hours post-delivery (Figure). | Mother’s vaginal secretions at delivery and breast milk were negative by for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. | Infant had serial negative tests for SARS-CoV-2 RNA by NP swabs and a normal chest CT. | Methods: Case report from Renmin Hospital, in Wuhan China. Mother and infant underwent chest CT. NP swabs tested by RT-PCR. Limitations: IgM assays can be falsely positive in infants (IgM values declined in this report seems more rapidly than expected, see commentaryexternal icon). | Implications: Consistent with existing published dataexternal icon, there continues to be no evidence of perinatal SARS-CoV-2 transmission. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1846-1848 ST - Possible Vertical Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 From an Infected Mother to Her Newborn T2 - JAMA TI - Possible Vertical Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 From an Infected Mother to Her Newborn UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32215581 VL - 323 Y2 - 5/11/2021 ID - 5 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Long-term health sequelae of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are a major public health concern. However, evidence on post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (post COVID-19) is still limited, particularly for children and adolescents. Utilizing comprehensive healthcare data on more than 45 percent of the German population from January 2019 through December 2020, we investigated post COVID-19 in children/adolescents and adults.Methods From a total of 38 million individuals, we identified all patients with laboratory confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 through June 30, 2020. A control cohort was assigned using 1:5 exact matching on age, sex, and propensity score matching on prevalent medical conditions. COVID-19 and control cohorts were followed for incident morbidity outcomes documented at least three months after the date of COVID-19 diagnosis, which was used as the index date for both groups. Overall, 96 pre-defined outcomes were aggregated into 13 diagnosis/symptom complexes and three domains (physical health, mental health, physical/mental overlap domain). We used Poisson regression to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRRs) with 95%-confidence intervals (95%-CI).Results The study population included 157,134 individuals (11,950 children/adolescents and 145,184 adults) with confirmed COVID-19. COVID-19 and control cohort were well-balanced regarding covariates. For all health outcomes combined, incidence rates (IRs) in the COVID-19 cohort were significantly higher than those in the control cohort in both children/adolescents (IRR=1.30, 95%-CI=[1.25-1.35], IR COVID-19=436.91, IR Control=335.98) and adults (IRR=1.33, 95%-CI=[1.31-1.34], IR COVID-19=615.82, IR Control=464.15). The relative magnitude of increased documented morbidity was similar for the physical, mental, and physical/mental overlap domain. In the COVID-19 cohort, incidence rates were significantly higher in all 13 diagnosis/symptom complexes in adults and in ten diagnosis/symptom complexes in children/adolescents. IRR estimates were similar for the age groups 0-11 and 12-17. Incidence rates in children/adolescents were consistently lower than those in adults. Among the specific outcomes with the highest IRR and an incidence rate of at least 1/100 person-years in the COVID-19 cohort in children and adolescents were malaise/fatigue/exhaustion (IRR=2.28, 95%-CI=[1.71-3.06], IR COVID-19=12.58, IR Control=5.51), cough (IRR=1.74, 95%-CI=[1.48-2.04], IR COVID-19=36.56, IR Control=21.06), and throat/chest pain (IRR=1.72, 95%-CI=[1.39-2.12], IR COVID-19=20.01, IR Control=11.66). In adults, these included dysgeusia (IRR=6.69, 95%-CI=[5.88-7.60], IR COVID-19=12.42, IR Control=1.86), fever (IRR=3.33, 95%-CI=[3.01-3.68], IR COVID-19=11.53, IR Control=3.46), and dyspnea (IRR=2.88, 95%-CI=[2.74-3.02], IR COVID-19=43.91, IR Control=15.27).Conclusions This large, matched cohort study indicates substantial new-onset post COVID-19 morbidity in pediatric and adult populations based on routine health care documentation. Further investigation is required to assess the persistence and long-term health impact of post COVID-19 conditions, especially in children and adolescents.Competing Interest StatementAV, FT, JJ, JS, JW, MR, MS, and ON report institutional funding for parts of this project from the German BMBF. Unrelated to this study, FT reports payments for lectures from Dresden International University. JA reports grants from the Federal State of Saxony. Unrelated to this study, JS reports grants for investigator-initiated research from the German GBA, the BMG, BMBF, EU, Federal State of Saxony, Novartis, Sanofi, ALK, and Pfizer. He also participated in advisory board meetings for Sanofi, Lilly, and ALK. MB reports payment for data analysis which is presented in this paper from DAK‐Gesundheit. Unrelated to this study, MB reports grants from German GBA and Sanofi Pasteur and consulting fees from Janssen‐Cilag. He participated in an advisory board for GSK. NT is member of the Steering Committee of the German Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases (DGPI) and is th DGPI-mandated person for the pediatric expert group on long-COVID in children and adolescents. SB is Head of Analytics and Data Science at AOK PLUS, Dresden, Germany. Unrelated to this study, STSCH reports payments for a guest lecture at TU Berlin. The other authors declare that they have no competing interest.Funding StatementAV, FT, JJ, JS, JW, MR, MS, and ON report institutional funding for parts of this project from the German BMBF (grant number: 01KX2021).Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The ethics committee of the TU Dresden approved this study (approval number: BO-EK (COVID)-482102021).I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesIndividual-level data are not publicly available due to legal and data protection restrictions. Aggregate statistics are available upon reasonable request to the authors. AU - Roessler, Martin | Tesch, Falko | Batram, Manuel | Jacob, Josephine | Loser, Friedrich | Weidinger, Oliver | Wende, Danny | Vivirito, Annika | Toepfner, Nicole | Seifert, Martin | Nagel, Oliver | König, Christina | Jucknewitz, Roland | Armann, Jakob Peter | Berner, Reinhard | Treskova-Schwarzbach, Marina | Hertle, Dagmar | Scholz, Stefan | Stern, Stefan | Ballesteros, Pedro | Baßler, Stefan | Bertele, Barbara | Repschläger, Uwe | Richter, Nico | Riederer, Cordula | Sobik, Franziska | Schramm, Anja | Schulte, Claudia | Wieler, Lothar | Walker, Jochen | Scheidt-Nave, Christa | Schmitt, Jochen C1 - 2021-11-05 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/11052021_covidupdate.html#anchor_NaturalHistory DO - 10.1101/2021.10.21.21265133 L1 - internal-pdf://2387310382/Roessler-2021-Post COVID-19 in children, adole.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Physical and mental health conditions that are considered “post COVID-19 conditions�?were more common among children (IRR 1.30, 95% CI 1.25-1.35) and adults (IRR 1.33, 95% CI 1.31-1.34) who had COVID-19 within the prior 3 months than among matched controls who had no history of infection (Figure). | Among children, the conditions with the highest IRRs were malaise/fatigue/exhaustion, cough, and throat/chest pain. | Among adults, the conditions with the highest IRRs were dysgeusia, fever, and dyspnea. | The overall incidence of post COVID-19 conditions was 41% higher among adults than children (615.82 vs. 439.91 per 1,000 person-years, respectively) within the 3 months after COVID-19. | Methods: Cohort study using health insurance data; each COVID-19 patient (11,950 children aged 0�?7 years and 145,184 adults with COVID-19 in 2020) matched to 5 controls based on age, sex, and propensity score on prevalent medical conditions, Germany. 96 pre-defined outcomes were aggregated into 13 diagnosis/symptom complexes and 3 domains. Limitations: Short follow-up duration; might not be generalizable to the United States; persons with undiagnosed SARS-CoV-2 infections could have been misclassified as controls. | | Implications: Post COVID-19 morbidity affects both children/adolescents and adults and indicates extended healthcare needs. SP - 2021.10.21.21265133 ST - Post COVID-19 in children, adolescents, and adults: results of a matched cohort study including more than 150,000 individuals with COVID-19 T2 - medRxiv TI - Post COVID-19 in children, adolescents, and adults: results of a matched cohort study including more than 150,000 individuals with COVID-19 UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/10/22/2021.10.21.21265133.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/10/22/2021.10.21.21265133.full.pdf ID - 2586 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVES: This study aims to analyze the incidence of Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (PCS) and its components, and to evaluate the acute infection phase associated risk factors. METHODS: A prospective cohort study of adult patients who had recovered from COVID-19 (27th February to 29th April 2020) confirmed by PCR or subsequent seroconversion, with a systematic assessment 10-14 weeks after disease onset. PCS was defined as the persistence of at least one clinically relevant symptom, or abnormalities in spirometry or chest radiology. Outcome predictors were analyzed by multiple logistic regression (OR; 95%CI). RESULTS: Two hundred seventy seven patients recovered from mild (34.3%) or severe (65.7%) forms of SARS-CoV-2 infection were evaluated 77 days (IQR 72-85) after disease onset. PCS was detected in 141 patients (50.9%; 95%CI 45.0-56.7%). Symptoms were mostly mild. Alterations in spirometry were noted in 25/269 (9.3%), while in radiographs in 51/277 (18.9%). No baseline clinical features behaved as independent predictors of PCS development. CONCLUSIONS: A Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome was detected in a half of COVID19 survivors. Radiological and spirometric changes were mild and observed in less than 25% of patients. No baseline clinical features behaved as independent predictors of Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome development. AD - Endocrinology and Nutrition department, Alicante General University Hospital - Alicante Institute of Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain; Clinical Medicine department, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, Spain. Electronic address: omorenoperez@hotmail.es. | Unit of Infectious Diseases, Alicante General University Hospital, Alicante Institute of Health and Institute of Sanitary and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain. Electronic address: merino_luc@gva.es. | Pneumology department, Alicante General University Hospital - Alicante Institute of Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain. | Clinical Medicine department, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, Spain; Rheumatology department, Alicante General University Hospital Alicante Institute of Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain. | Clinical Medicine department, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, Spain; Internal Medicine department, Alicante General University Hospital - Alicante Institute of Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain. Electronic address: jose.ramosr@umh.es. | Radiology department, Alicante General University Hospital - Alicante Institute of Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain. | Pneumology department, Alicante General University Hospital - Alicante Institute of Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain. Electronic address: asensio_san@gva.es. | Neurology department, Alicante General University Hospital - Alicante Institute of Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain. Electronic address: sanchez_ros@gva.es. | Internal Medicine department, Alicante General University Hospital - Alicante Institute of Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain. | Clinical Medicine department, Miguel Hernandez University, Elche, Spain; Unit of Infectious Diseases, Alicante General University Hospital, Alicante Institute of Health and Institute of Sanitary and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain. Electronic address: boix_vic@gva.es. AN - 33450302 AU - Moreno-Perez, O. | Merino, E. | Leon-Ramirez, J. M. | Andres, M. | Ramos, J. M. | Arenas-Jimenez, J. | Asensio, S. | Sanchez, R. | Ruiz-Torregrosa, P. | Galan, I. | Scholz, A. | Amo, A. | Gonzalez-delaAleja, P. | Boix, V. | Gil, J. | Covid Alc research group C1 - 2021-01-29 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01292021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar DO - 10.1016/j.jinf.2021.01.004 ET - 2021/01/16 IS - 3 KW - Adult | *covid-19 | Cohort Studies | Humans | Incidence | Prospective Studies | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | *Associated factors | *Cohort study | *Diagnostic imaging | *Health-related quality of life | *Life quality | *Sequelae | *Spirometry | *Symptoms | *Syndrome L1 - internal-pdf://0502823556/Moreno-Perez-2021-Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Moreno-Perez, Oscar; Merino, Esperanza; Leon-Ramirez, Jose-Manuel; Andres, Mariano; Ramos, Jose Manuel; Arenas-Jimenez, Juan; Asensio, Santos; Sanchez, Rosa; Ruiz-Torregrosa, Paloma; Galan, Irene; Scholz, Alexander; Amo, Antonio; Gonzalez-delaAleja, Pilar; Boix, Vicente; Gil, Joan; eng; England; J Infect. 2021 Mar;82(3):378-383. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2021.01.004. Epub 2021 Jan 12. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among a prospective cohort of 277 patients who recovered from COVID-19 between February and April 2020, 141 (50.9%; 95% CI 45.0-56.7) had post-acute COVID-19 syndrome defined as persistence of at least one clinically relevant symptom, or abnormalities in spirometry or chest radiology on an evaluation 10-14 weeks after disease onset. SN - 1532-2742 (Electronic); 0163-4453 (Linking) SP - 378-383 ST - Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Incidence and risk factors: A Mediterranean cohort study T2 - J Infect TI - Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Incidence and risk factors: A Mediterranean cohort study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33450302 VL - 82 Y2 - 2021/05/14 ID - 1443 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BackgroundIndividuals admitted to hospital for COVID-19 might have persisting symptoms (so-called long COVID) and delayed complications after discharge. However, little is known regarding the risk for those not admitted to hospital. We therefore examined prescription drug and health-care use after SARS-CoV-2 infection not requiring hospital admission. AU - Lund, Lars Christian | Hallas, Jesper | Nielsen, Henrik | Koch, Anders | Mogensen, Stine Hasling | Brun, Nikolai Constantin | Christiansen, Christian Fynbo | Thomsen, Reimar Wernich | Pottegård, Anton C1 - 2021-05-21 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05212021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1016/s1473-3099(21)00211-5 IS - 10 L1 - internal-pdf://2006986771/1-s2.0-S1473309921002115-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Compared to SARS-CoV-2-negative persons, 2 weeks to 6 months after infection, SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals who initially did not require hospitalization would more often: | Receive a hospital diagnosis of venous thromboembolism (aRR 1.77, 95% CI 1.09-2.86) or dyspnea (aRR 2.00, 95% CI 1.62-2.48). | Initiate short-acting β2-agonist bronchodilator therapy (aRR 1.32, 95% CI 1.09-1.60). | Visit general practitioners (aRR 1.18, 95% CI 1.15-1.22) and outpatient hospital clinics (aRR 1.10, 95% CI 1.05-1.16). | There was no increased risk of diagnoses other than venous thromboembolism and dyspnea. | Methods: Population-based cohort study used Danish prescription, patient, and health insurance registries to match SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals (n = 8,983) to a SARS-CoV-2-negative reference population (n = 80,894), February 27 to May 31, 2020. Study outcomes were delayed acute complications, chronic disease, hospital visits due to persisting symptoms, and prescription drug use. Limitations: Follow-up period was only 6 months. | Implications: Risk of severe delayed complications after SARS-CoV-2 infection that did not require hospitalization is low. SE - 1373 SN - 14733099 SP - 1373-1382 ST - Post-acute effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection in individuals not requiring hospital admission: a Danish population-based cohort study T2 - Lancet Infect Dis TI - Post-acute effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection in individuals not requiring hospital admission: a Danish population-based cohort study UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00211-5 VL - 21 Y2 - 2021/05/24 ID - 1766 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BackgroundWhile the leading symptoms during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are acute and the majority of patients fully recover, a significant fraction of patients now increasingly experience long-term health consequences. However, most data available focus on health-related events after severe infection and hospitalisation. We present a longitudinal, prospective analysis of health consequences in patients who initially presented with no or minor symptoms of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Hence, we focus on mild COVID-19 in non-hospitalised patients. AD - Department I of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany. | Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), 50937 Cologne, Germany. | German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Bonn-Cologne, Germany. | Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany. | Cologne Center for Genomics and West German Genome Center, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany. | Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany. | Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany. | Department of Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Cologne, 50937, Cologne, Germany. | Department III of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany. | Cologne Cardiovascular Research Center (CCRC) and Heart Center, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany. | Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. | Center of Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Dusseldorf, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. AN - 34027514 AU - Augustin, Max | Schommers, Philipp | Stecher, Melanie | Dewald, Felix | Gieselmann, Lutz | Gruell, Henning | Horn, Carola | Vanshylla, Kanika | Cristanziano, Veronica Di | Osebold, Luise | Roventa, Maria | Riaz, Toqeer | Tschernoster, Nikolai | Altmueller, Janine | Rose, Leonard | Salomon, Susanne | Priesner, Vanessa | Luers, Jan Christoffer | Albus, Christian | Rosenkranz, Stephan | Gathof, Birgit | Fätkenheuer, Gerd | Hallek, Michael | Klein, Florian | Su֙rez, Isabelle | Lehmann, Clara C1 - 2021-05-28 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05282021_covidupdate.html DA - Jul DO - 10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100122 ET - 2021/05/25 KW - Ageusia | Anosmia | Covid-19 | Fatigue | Long COVID | Long-term health consequences | Pcs | Post infectious syndrome | Post-COVID syndrome | SARS-CoV-2 | Shortness of breath L1 - internal-pdf://0474193550/1-s2.0-S2666776221000995-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Augustin, Max | Schommers, Philipp | Stecher, Melanie | Dewald, Felix | Gieselmann, Lutz | Gruell, Henning | Horn, Carola | Vanshylla, Kanika | Cristanziano, Veronica Di | Osebold, Luise | Roventa, Maria | Riaz, Toqeer | Tschernoster, Nikolai | Altmueller, Janine | Rose, Leonard | Salomon, Susanne | Priesner, Vanessa | Luers, Jan Christoffer | Albus, Christian | Rosenkranz, Stephan | Gathof, Birgit | Fatkenheuer, Gerd | Hallek, Michael | Klein, Florian | Suarez, Isabelle | Lehmann, Clara | eng | England | Lancet Reg Health Eur. 2021 Jul;6:100122. doi: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100122. Epub 2021 May 18. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Between April 6 and December 2, 2020, symptoms such as shortness of breath or loss of taste and smell were observed in 27.8% (123/442) of non-hospitalized persons in Germany with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection 4 months after diagnosis and in 34.8% (123/353) 7 months after diagnosis. SN - 2666-7762 SP - 100122 ST - Post-COVID syndrome in non-hospitalised patients with COVID-19: a longitudinal prospective cohort study T2 - Lancet Reg Health Eur TI - Post-COVID syndrome in non-hospitalised patients with COVID-19: a longitudinal prospective cohort study UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100122 VL - 6 Y2 - 2021/06/29 ID - 1793 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Qin, De-an | Wu, Wen | Hu, Yan-jun | Wang, Zi-jiang | Han, Xin-li | Yan, Hui-bin | Ma, Ji | Wu, Wen | Hu, Yan-jun | Wang, Zi-jiang | Han, Xin-li | Yan, Hui-bin | Ma, Ji C1 - 2020-08-04 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/080420_covidupdate.html DO - 10.2139/ssrn.3629461 KW - Post-COVID-19 effect | Knee pain | Adolescents | School reopening L1 - internal-pdf://2260509014/SSRN-id3629461.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Increasing knee pain in adolescents after school reopening may be due to prolonged home stay resulting in physical decline and the rapidly increasing physical exercises after school reopening. SN - 1556-5068 ST - A Post-COVID-19 Effect: Increasing Sport-Related Knee Pain in Adolescents after School Reopening T2 - SSRN TI - A Post-COVID-19 Effect: Increasing Sport-Related Knee Pain in Adolescents after School Reopening UR - https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3629461 ID - 651 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVE: To assess post-discharge persistent symptoms and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of patients hospitalized in a COVID-19 ward unit more than 100 days after their admission. METHODS: All eligible patients were contacted by phone by trained physicians and were asked to answer to a dedicated questionnaire. Patients managed in hospital ward without needing intensive care were compared with those who were transferred in intensive care units (ICU). RESULTS: We included 120 patients after a mean (+/-SD) of 110.9 (+/-11.1) days following admission. The most frequently reported persistent symptoms were fatigue (55%), dyspnoea (42%), loss of memory (34%), concentration and sleep disorders (28% and 30.8%, respectively). Comparisons between ward- and ICU patients led to no statistically significant differences regarding those symptoms. In both group, EQ-5D (mobility, self-care, pain, anxiety or depression, usual activity) was altered with a slight difference in pain in the ICU group. CONCLUSION: Most patients requiring hospitalization for COVID-19 still have persistent symptoms. While there were few differences between HRQoL between ward and ICU patients, our findings must be confirmed in larger cohorts, including more severe patients. AD - Departement of Internal Medicine, AP-HP.Nord, Beaujon Hospital, University of Paris, Clichy, France. | Department of Radiology, AP-HP.Nord, Beaujon Hospital, University of Paris, Clichy, France. | Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, AP-HP.Nord, Beaujon Hospital, University of Paris, Clichy, France. | Departement of Internal Medicine, AP-HP.Nord, Beaujon Hospital, University of Paris, Clichy, France; Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, INSERM U1018, Villejuif, France. Electronic address: yann.nguyen2@aphp.fr. AN - 32853602 AU - Garrigues, E. | Janvier, P. | Kherabi, Y. | Le Bot, A. | Hamon, A. | Gouze, H. | Doucet, L. | Berkani, S. | Oliosi, E. | Mallart, E. | Corre, F. | Zarrouk, V. | Moyer, J. D. | Galy, A. | Honsel, V. | Fantin, B. | Nguyen, Y. C1 - 2020-09-04 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090420_covidupdate.html DA - Dec DO - 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.08.029 ET - 2020/08/28 IS - 6 KW - Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Anxiety/epidemiology | COVID-19/*epidemiology | Fatigue/epidemiology | Female | *Hospitalization | Humans | Intensive Care Units | Male | Middle Aged | Pain/epidemiology | *Patient Discharge | *Quality of Life | SARS-CoV-2 | Surveys and Questionnaires | *Covid-19 | *Health-related quality of life | *Persistent symptoms | interest in link with the present study. L1 - internal-pdf://0267488568/Garrigues-2020-Post-discharge persistent sympt.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Garrigues, Eve; Janvier, Paul; Kherabi, Yousra; Le Bot, Audrey; Hamon, Antoine; Gouze, Helene; Doucet, Lucile; Berkani, Sabryne; Oliosi, Emma; Mallart, Elise; Corre, Felix; Zarrouk, Virginie; Moyer, Jean-Denis; Galy, Adrien; Honsel, Vasco; Fantin, Bruno; Nguyen, Yann; eng; Letter; England; J Infect. 2020 Dec;81(6):e4-e6. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.08.029. Epub 2020 Aug 25. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The most frequently reported persistent symptoms were fatigue (55%), dyspnea (42%), loss of memory (34%) and concentration (28%) and sleep disorders (30.8%). | Of persons working prior to COVID-19, 69% had returned to work. | Except for pain, there was no statistically significant difference between ward and ICU groups. | Methods: Single-center study between March 15 and April 14, 2020 assessing persistent COVID-19 symptoms in 279 post-hospital discharge patients (mean 110.9 days after hospitalization) with phone questionnaire to assess post-discharge clinical symptoms and quality of life. Differences between ward and ICU patients were evaluated. Limitations: Limited sample size and response rate; single center. | Implications: Symptoms may persist after SARS-CoV-2 infection. For some COVID-19 patients, long-term follow-up and assessing their need for rehabilitation programs might be needed. SN - 1532-2742 (Electronic); 0163-4453 (Linking) SP - e4-e6 ST - Post-discharge persistent symptoms and health-related quality of life after hospitalization for COVID-19 T2 - J Infect TI - Post-discharge persistent symptoms and health-related quality of life after hospitalization for COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32853602 VL - 81 ID - 833 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Although the SARS-CoV-2 virus is transmitted mainly through the respiratory tract, possible transmission by transfusion from asymptomatic carriers should be explored. As yet there are no reports of transfusion transmission of COVID-19. Haemovigilance findings within a three-month surveillance period during the new coronavirus pandemic are presented. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Due to great demand and shortage, blood sessions in outpatient facilities were organized during the high prevalence period of COVID-19, alongside a national plan to monitor the evolving public health situation by random molecular screening of high-risk groups of the population. Haemovigilance protocols were implemented as well as surveillance for any COVID-19 case reported post-transfusion. A 14-day quarantine and follow-up molecular and antibody testing of any COVID-19 positive case was obligatory. RESULTS: Post-donation, post-transfusion information and molecular testing of swab samples collected from three asymptomatic donors at risk for COVID-19, revealed the case of an immunosupressed patient who had been transfused with whole blood derived platelets from a donor subsequently diagnosed with COVID-19. The recipient exhibited no symptoms of the disease. Molecular and antibody testing results were negative. CONCLUSION: Haemovigilance provided information supporting the absence of transfusion transmission of COVID-19, thus strengthening the hypothesis that, even if it cannot yet be definitively ruled out, COVID-19 is not transmitted through blood transfusion. As of early June 2020, a perfect test does not exist, therefore haemovigilance along with the implementation of strict proactive measures is crucial to identify eluding asymptomatic individuals and ensure blood safety during the pandemic. AD - Coordinating Centre for Haemovigilance and Surveillance of Transfusion, Hellenic National Public Health Organization,, Athens, Greece. Electronic address: cpolitis11@yahoo.gr. | Blood transfusion service, Sotiria thoracic diseases hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece. | Laboratory of microbiology, medical school, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece. | Haematology department, Sotiria thoracic diseases hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece. | Panteion university of social and political sciences, Athens, Greece. | Coordinating Centre for Haemovigilance and Surveillance of Transfusion, Hellenic National Public Health Organization,, Athens, Greece. | Public health laboratories, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece. AN - 33096208 AU - Politis, C. | Papadaki, M. | Politi, L. | Kourti, G. | Richardson, C. | Asariotou, M. | Tsakris, A. | Mentis, A. C1 - 2020-10-30 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/103020_covidupdate.html DA - Feb DO - 10.1016/j.tracli.2020.10.007 ET - 2020/10/24 IS - 1 KW - Adult | Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use | Asymptomatic Infections | Blood Component Transfusion/*adverse effects | *Blood Donors | *Blood Safety | COVID-19/blood/diagnosis/prevention & control/*transmission | COVID-19 Testing | Contact Tracing | Donor Selection/*standards | Female | Greece/epidemiology | Humans | Immunocompromised Host | Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy/therapy | Male | Middle Aged | *Pandemics | Platelet-Rich Plasma | Police | SARS-CoV-2/*isolation & purification | Viremia/blood/diagnosis/*transmission | Haemovigilance | SARS-CoV-2 | Transfusion transmission L1 - internal-pdf://2369633988/Politis-2021-Post-donation information and hae.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Politis, C; Papadaki, M; Politi, L; Kourti, G; Richardson, C; Asariotou, M; Tsakris, A; Mentis, A; eng; Case Reports; France; Transfus Clin Biol. 2021 Feb;28(1):55-59. doi: 10.1016/j.tracli.2020.10.007. Epub 2020 Oct 20. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: An immunosuppressed patient who was transfused with whole blood-derived platelets from a donor who was later diagnosed with COVID-19 did not develop symptoms of disease and never tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. SN - 1953-8022 (Electronic); 1246-7820 (Linking) SP - 55-59 ST - Post-donation information and haemovigilance reporting for COVID-19 in Greece: Information supporting the absence of SARS-CoV-2 possible transmission through blood components T2 - Transfus Clin Biol TI - Post-donation information and haemovigilance reporting for COVID-19 in Greece: Information supporting the absence of SARS-CoV-2 possible transmission through blood components UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33096208 VL - 28 ID - 1148 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The persistence of SARS-CoV-2 after death of infected individuals is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in different organs in correlation with tissue damage and post-mortem viral dynamics in COVID-19 deceased. Twenty-eight patients (17 males, 11 females; age 66-96 years; mean 82.9, median 82.5 years) diagnosed with COVID-19 were studied. Swabs were taken post-mortem during autopsy (N = 19) from the throat, both lungs, intestine, gallbladder, and brain or without autopsy (N = 9) only from the throat. Selective amplification of target nucleic acid from the samples was achieved by using primers for ORF1a/b non-structural region and the structural protein envelope E-gene of the virus. The results of 125 post-mortem and 47 ante-mortem swabs were presented as cycle threshold (Ct) values and categorized as strong, moderate, and weak. Viral RNA was detected more frequently in the lungs and throat than in the intestine. Blood, bile, and the brain were negative. Consecutive throat swabs were positive up to 128 h after death without significant increase of Ct values. All lungs showed diffuse alveolar damage, thrombosis, and infarction and less frequently bronchopneumonia irrespective of Ct values. In 30% the intestine revealed focal ischemic changes. Nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2 was detected by immunohistochemistry in bronchial and intestinal epithelium, bronchial glands, and pneumocytes. In conclusion, viral RNA is still present several days after death, most frequently in the respiratory tract and associated with severe and fatal organ damage. Potential infectivity cannot be ruled out post-mortem. AD - Department of Pathology, Hospital Graz II, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Medical University of Graz, Goestingerstrasse 22, AT-8020, Graz, Austria. | Diagnostic & Research Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, AT-8010, Graz, Austria. | Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology with Intensive Care 13H1, Department of Internal Medicine III, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringerguertel 18-20, AT-1090, Vienna, Austria. | Department of Pathology, Hospital Graz II, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Medical University of Graz, Goestingerstrasse 22, AT-8020, Graz, Austria. sigurd.lax@kages.at. | School of Medicine, Clinical Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Huemerstrasse 3-5, AT-4020, Linz, Austria. sigurd.lax@kages.at. AN - 32815036 AU - Skok, K. | Stelzl, E. | Trauner, M. | Kessler, H. H. | Lax, S. F. C1 - 2020-09-01 C2 - Post-Mortem Pathology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090120_covidupdate.html DA - Feb DO - 10.1007/s00428-020-02903-8 ET - 2020/08/21 IS - 2 KW - Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Autopsy | COVID-19/*pathology/*virology | Female | Humans | Immunohistochemistry | Male | Prospective Studies | RNA, Viral/analysis | SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification/*physiology | Severity of Illness Index | *Viral Tropism | Covid-19 | Immunohistochemistry bowel | Pcr | Post-mortem | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://4281249560/Skok-2021-Post-mortem viral dynamics and tropi.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Skok, Kristijan; Stelzl, Evelyn; Trauner, Michael; Kessler, Harald H; Lax, Sigurd F; eng; Germany; Virchows Arch. 2021 Feb;478(2):343-353. doi: 10.1007/s00428-020-02903-8. Epub 2020 Aug 20. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The degree of organ damage seen did not correlate with levels of viral load estimated from Ct values. | Throat swabs positive for SARS-CoV-2 up to 128 hours (>5 days) after death. | Multiple organs positive for SARS-CoV-2; highest levels of virus seen in specimens from the respiratory system (Figure). | Methods: Post-mortem specimens for testing by RT-PCR were obtained from decedents with symptomatic, confirmed COVID-19 in Graz, Austria, March 24 to May 13, 2020. Time from symptom onset to death ranged from 4 to 36 days. The number of swabs obtained per person ranged from 1-10 before and after death. Limitations: Various organs tested for each autopsy; no viral culture; small numbers. | Implications for 3 studies (Hanley et al., Skok et al., & Dolhnikoff et al.): Although the lungs are the primary site of infection and injury, virus found outside of the lungs may be common in severe COVID-19 and be seen in all age groups. Injury as a result of tissue invasion or inflammatory response is likely. SN - 1432-2307 (Electronic); 0945-6317 (Linking) SP - 343-353 ST - Post-mortem viral dynamics and tropism in COVID-19 patients in correlation with organ damage T2 - Virchows Arch TI - Post-mortem viral dynamics and tropism in COVID-19 patients in correlation with organ damage UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32815036 VL - 478 ID - 803 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Since January 2020, more than 7.8 million cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and 215�?00 deaths have occurred in the US. In response to the pandemic, vaccine development has been moving at record speed through strong public or private partnerships, with nearly 200 vaccine candidates in development or in trials. In the US, 8 vaccine candidates have received federal support under Operation Warp Speed, and 4—from Moderna, Pfizer/BioNTech, Oxford/AstraZeneca, and Janssen—have entered phase 3 trials. Vaccines will be critical for the prevention and control of COVID-19 in the US and worldwide, yet these efforts cannot succeed without public confidence in a vaccination program. Demonstrating vaccine efficacy and safety during clinical trials and implementing a robust postlicensure vaccine safety monitoring system as the vaccine is deployed in larger, more diverse populations is central to public confidence and enabling timely and accurate policy decisions for population-level use. AD - Stanford Children's Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. | Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock. | Arkansas Department of Health, Little Rock. | Global Health, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle. AN - 33064152 AU - Lee, G. M. | Romero, J. R. | Bell, B. P. C1 - 2020-10-27 C2 - Vaccines CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102720_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 17 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.19692 ET - 2020/10/17 IS - 19 KW - COVID-19/*prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/*adverse effects | Clinical Trials, Phase IV as Topic | Drug Development | Humans | Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype | Influenza Vaccines | *Product Surveillance, Postmarketing | Public Health Surveillance | United States L1 - internal-pdf://1724110138/Lee-2020-Postapproval Vaccine Safety Surveilla.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Lee, Grace M; Romero, Jose R; Bell, Beth P; eng; JAMA. 2020 Nov 17;324(19):1937-1938. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.19692. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Authors argue a combination of passive, enhanced-passive, active and novel approach to surveillance and harmonized safety endpoints will be necessary to monitor safety of COVID-19 vaccines. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1937-1938 ST - Postapproval Vaccine Safety Surveillance for COVID-19 Vaccines in the US T2 - JAMA TI - Postapproval Vaccine Safety Surveillance for COVID-19 Vaccines in the US UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33064152 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1121 ER - TY - JOUR AB - After rigorous clinical trials of vaccines for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have established safety and efficacy, and after vaccines are deployed, evaluating vaccine performance in actual clinical settings will be essential for understanding the risks and benefits of vaccination programs. However, unique aspects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may pose challenges for these postmarketing approaches for evaluating vaccines. This Viewpoint describes potential methodologic challenges with using the commonly applied “test-negative�?case-control design for evaluating COVID-19 vaccines and proposes potential solutions for consideration. AD - COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia. | Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington. AN - 33064144 AU - Patel, M. M. | Jackson, M. L. | Ferdinands, J. C1 - 2020-12-01 C2 - Vaccines CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/120120_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 17 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.19328 ET - 2020/10/17 IS - 19 KW - Bias | COVID-19/*prevention & control | *COVID-19 Vaccines | Case-Control Studies | Humans | Immunogenicity, Vaccine | Observational Studies as Topic | Product Surveillance, Postmarketing/*methods | SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification L1 - internal-pdf://3982374306/Patel-2020-Postlicensure Evaluation of COVID-1.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Patel, Manish M; Jackson, Michael L; Ferdinands, Jill; eng; JAMA. 2020 Nov 17;324(19):1939-1940. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.19328. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Effectiveness of many COVID-19 vaccines may need to be evaluated using a “test-negative�?design rather than a randomized trial, the challenges of which are discussed. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1939-1940 ST - Postlicensure Evaluation of COVID-19 Vaccines T2 - JAMA TI - Postlicensure Evaluation of COVID-19 Vaccines UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33064144 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1282 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Approximately 15% of individuals affected by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) develop severe disease, and 5% to 6% are critically ill (respiratory failure and/or multiple organ dysfunction or failure). Severely ill and critically ill patients have a high mortality rate, especially with older age and coexisting medical conditions. Because there are still insufficient data on cause of death, we describe postmortem examinations in a case series of patients with COVID-19. AD - Institute of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University Medical Center Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany. | Department of Hematology and Clinical Oncology, University Medical Center Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany. | Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology, University Medical Center Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany. | Department of Gastroenterology, University Medical Center Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany. AN - 32437497 AU - Schaller, T. | Hirschbuhl, K. | Burkhardt, K. | Braun, G. | Trepel, M. | Markl, B. | Claus, R. C1 - 2020-06-16 C2 - Pulmonology and Cardiac Pathology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061620_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 23 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.8907 ET - 2020/05/22 IS - 24 KW - Aged | Aged, 80 and over | *Autopsy | Betacoronavirus/*isolation & purification | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*pathology | Female | Humans | Liver/pathology | Lung/*pathology | Male | Middle Aged | Myocardium/pathology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*pathology | Respiratory System/*virology | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://1003420668/Schaller-2020-Postmortem Examination of Patien.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Schaller, Tina; Hirschbuhl, Klaus; Burkhardt, Katrin; Braun, Georg; Trepel, Martin; Markl, Bruno; Claus, Rainer; eng; JAMA. 2020 Jun 23;323(24):2518-2520. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.8907. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Lungs from 10 German patients showed diffuse alveolar damage (Figure). | Destructive fibrotic scarring in one immunocompromised patient. | Bleeding and clots were not observed. | Mild inflammation of the heart and heart lining were seen in 4 and 2 patients, respectively, but did not meet criteria for true myocarditis. | Methods: Autopsies of 10 patients with COVID-19 (64�?0 years), April 4�?9, 2020, Germany. Patients had pre-existing comorbidities including hypertension (6), coronary disease (5), obesity (2), an enlarged heart (2), and emphysema (2). Limitations: Small sample size; race/ethnicity were not reported. | Implications for 3 studies (Carsana et al., Fox et al. & Schaller et al.): As with SARS, diffuse alveolar damage was the cause of death in these COVID-19 patients. Unlike SARS, blood clots in lung blood vessels contributed to some deaths, and is consistent with prior reported observations of excess pulmonary embolism covered in Science Update 2020-05-12. Better understanding of abnormal clotting and bleeding in COVID-19 and factors that influence outcomes may inform clinical practice and the search for new treatments. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 2518-2520 ST - Postmortem Examination of Patients With COVID-19 T2 - JAMA TI - Postmortem Examination of Patients With COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32437497 VL - 323 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 374 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) symptoms can be mistaken for vaccine-related side effects during initial days after immunization. Among 4,081 vaccinated healthcare workers in Israel, 22 (0.54%) developed COVID-19 from 1-10 days (median 3.5 days) after immunization. Clinicians should not dismiss postvaccination symptoms as vaccine-related and should promptly test for COVID-19. AN - 33522478 AU - Amit, S. | Beni, S. A. | Biber, A. | Grinberg, A. | Leshem, E. | Regev-Yochay, G. C1 - 2021-02-12 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02122021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr DO - 10.3201/eid2704.210016 ET - 2021/02/02 IS - 4 KW - Adult | Adverse Outcome Pathways | *COVID-19/diagnosis/epidemiology/prevention & control | *COVID-19 Serological Testing/methods/statistics & numerical data | COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage/*adverse effects | Diagnosis, Differential | Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/diagnosis | Female | Health Personnel/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Israel/epidemiology | Male | SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification | *Vaccination/adverse effects/methods/statistics & numerical data | *covid-19 | *Israel | *sars | *SARS-CoV-2 | *coronavirus | *coronavirus disease | *healthcare workers | *respiratory infections | *severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 | *vaccination | *vaccines | *viruses | *zoonoses L1 - internal-pdf://3437891200/Amit-2021-Postvaccination COVID-19 among Healt.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Amit, Sharon; Beni, Sharon Alexsandra; Biber, Asaf; Grinberg, Amir; Leshem, Eyal; Regev-Yochay, Gili; eng; Emerg Infect Dis. 2021 Apr;27(4):1220-1222. doi: 10.3201/eid2704.210016. Epub 2021 Feb 1. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 4,081 healthcare workers (HCW), 22 (0.54%) had laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 after receiving the first dose of the Pfizer BNT162b2 vaccine; median time to symptom onset after immunization was 3.5 days. See CDC guidance on postvaccine considerations among HCW. SN - 1080-6059 (Electronic); 1080-6040 (Linking) SP - 1220-1222 ST - Postvaccination COVID-19 among Healthcare Workers, Israel T2 - Emerg Infect Dis TI - Postvaccination COVID-19 among Healthcare Workers, Israel UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33522478 VL - 27 ID - 1486 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic continues, with devasting consequences for human lives and the global economy(1,2). The discovery and development of virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies could be one approach to treat or prevent infection by this coronavirus. Here we report the isolation of sixty-one SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies from five patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 and admitted to hospital with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Among these are nineteen antibodies that potently neutralized authentic SARS-CoV-2 in vitro, nine of which exhibited very high potency, with 50% virus-inhibitory concentrations of 0.7 to 9 ng ml(-1). Epitope mapping showed that this collection of nineteen antibodies was about equally divided between those directed against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and those directed against the N-terminal domain (NTD), indicating that both of these regions at the top of the viral spike are immunogenic. In addition, two other powerful neutralizing antibodies recognized quaternary epitopes that overlap with the domains at the top of the spike. Cryo-electron microscopy reconstructions of one antibody that targets the RBD, a second that targets the NTD, and a third that bridges two separate RBDs showed that the antibodies recognize the closed, 'all RBD-down' conformation of the spike. Several of these monoclonal antibodies are promising candidates for clinical development as potential therapeutic and/or prophylactic agents against SARS-CoV-2. AD - Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA. | Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. | Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. | State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China. | Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Health@InnoHK, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China. | Department of Microbiology & Immunology Flow Cytometry Core, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA. | Human Immune Monitoring Core, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA. | Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. | AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China. | Department of Biochemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA. | Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA. yh3253@cumc.columbia.edu. | Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA. lss8@columbia.edu. | Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. lss8@columbia.edu. | Department of Biochemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. lss8@columbia.edu. | Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA. dh2994@cumc.columbia.edu. AN - 32698192 AU - Liu, L. | Wang, P. | Nair, M. S. | Yu, J. | Rapp, M. | Wang, Q. | Luo, Y. | Chan, J. F. | Sahi, V. | Figueroa, A. | Guo, X. V. | Cerutti, G. | Bimela, J. | Gorman, J. | Zhou, T. | Chen, Z. | Yuen, K. Y. | Kwong, P. D. | Sodroski, J. G. | Yin, M. T. | Sheng, Z. | Huang, Y. | Shapiro, L. | Ho, D. D. C1 - 2020-08-11 C2 - Neutralizing Antibodies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/081120_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.1038/s41586-020-2571-7 ET - 2020/07/23 IS - 7821 KW - Animals | Antibodies, Monoclonal/analysis/chemistry/immunology/ultrastructure | Antibodies, Neutralizing/analysis/chemistry/*immunology/ultrastructure | Antibodies, Viral/analysis/chemistry/*immunology/ultrastructure | Betacoronavirus/chemistry/*immunology/ultrastructure | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*immunology/prevention & control | Cryoelectron Microscopy | Disease Models, Animal | Epitope Mapping | Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/chemistry/*immunology/ultrastructure | Female | Humans | Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/chemistry/immunology/ultrastructure | Lung/pathology/virology | Male | Mesocricetus | Models, Molecular | Neutralization Tests | Pandemics/prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*immunology/prevention & control | SARS-CoV-2 | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/*chemistry/*immunology/ultrastructure L1 - internal-pdf://1301884740/Liu-2020-Potent neutralizing antibodies agains.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Liu, Lihong; Wang, Pengfei; Nair, Manoj S; Yu, Jian; Rapp, Micah; Wang, Qian; Luo, Yang; Chan, Jasper F-W; Sahi, Vincent; Figueroa, Amir; Guo, Xinzheng V; Cerutti, Gabriele; Bimela, Jude; Gorman, Jason; Zhou, Tongqing; Chen, Zhiwei; Yuen, Kwok-Yung; Kwong, Peter D; Sodroski, Joseph G; Yin, Michael T; Sheng, Zizhang; Huang, Yaoxing; Shapiro, Lawrence; Ho, David D; eng; U24 GM129539/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/; GM103310/NH/NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Nature. 2020 Aug;584(7821):450-456. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2571-7. Epub 2020 Jul 22. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Identification of 61 different SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (NAb) (Figure 1). | Nine were highly potent (able to neutralize the virus in vitro at concentrations of 9 ng/mL or less) and bound the top area of the spike protein: four to the receptor binding domain, three to the N-terminal domain, and two to novel nearby epitopes (Figure 2). | Methods: Plasma from 40 COVID-19 patients was screened for NAbs against SARS-CoV-2: 5 patients with the highest titers were selected for analysis and monoclonal antibody isolation. 252 unique antibodies that bound the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein were examined for neutralizing activity. | Implications for Liu et al. and Brouwer et al: Both studies demonstrated that naturally occurring, genetically diverse NAbs bind multiple sites on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, towards the top of the spike. Vaccines that mimic these sites could potentially elicit NAbs that block SARS-CoV-2 infection. Along with guiding vaccine design, several of these antibodies are promising candidates for clinical development to treat or prevent SARS CoV-2 infection and COVID-19. SN - 1476-4687 (Electronic); 0028-0836 (Linking) SP - 450-456 ST - Potent neutralizing antibodies against multiple epitopes on SARS-CoV-2 spike T2 - Nature TI - Potent neutralizing antibodies against multiple epitopes on SARS-CoV-2 spike UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32698192 VL - 584 ID - 671 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has had a large impact on global health, travel, and economy. Therefore, preventative and therapeutic measures are urgently needed. Here, we isolated monoclonal antibodies from three convalescent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients using a SARS-CoV-2 stabilized prefusion spike protein. These antibodies had low levels of somatic hypermutation and showed a strong enrichment in VH1-69, VH3-30-3, and VH1-24 gene usage. A subset of the antibodies was able to potently inhibit authentic SARS-CoV-2 infection at a concentration as low as 0.007 micrograms per milliliter. Competition and electron microscopy studies illustrate that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein contains multiple distinct antigenic sites, including several receptor-binding domain (RBD) epitopes as well as non-RBD epitopes. In addition to providing guidance for vaccine design, the antibodies described here are promising candidates for COVID-19 treatment and prevention. AD - Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands. | Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands. | Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. | Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, 3015GD, Netherlands. | Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Amsterdam, Netherlands and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1006AD Amsterdam, Netherlands. | IBIS Technologies BV, 7521PR Enschede, Netherlands. | Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288GJ Rijswijk, Netherlands. | Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands. | Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands. m.j.vangils@amsterdamumc.nl r.w.sanders@amsterdamumc.nl g.j.debree@amsterdamumc.nl. | Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands. m.j.vangils@amsterdamumc.nl r.w.sanders@amsterdamumc.nl g.j.debree@amsterdamumc.nl. | Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA. AN - 32540902 AU - Brouwer, P. J. M. | Caniels, T. G. | van der Straten, K. | Snitselaar, J. L. | Aldon, Y. | Bangaru, S. | Torres, J. L. | Okba, N. M. A. | Claireaux, M. | Kerster, G. | Bentlage, A. E. H. | van Haaren, M. M. | Guerra, D. | Burger, J. A. | Schermer, E. E. | Verheul, K. D. | van der Velde, N. | van der Kooi, A. | van Schooten, J. | van Breemen, M. J. | Bijl, T. P. L. | Sliepen, K. | Aartse, A. | Derking, R. | Bontjer, I. | Kootstra, N. A. | Wiersinga, W. J. | Vidarsson, G. | Haagmans, B. L. | Ward, A. B. | de Bree, G. J. | Sanders, R. W. | van Gils, M. J. C1 - 2020-08-11 C2 - Neutralizing Antibodies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/081120_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 7 DO - 10.1126/science.abc5902 ET - 2020/06/17 IS - 6504 KW - Adult | Aged | Antibodies, Monoclonal/*immunology | Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood/*immunology | Antibodies, Viral/blood/*immunology | Antibody Affinity | Antigens, Viral/immunology | B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology | Betacoronavirus/*immunology | Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies/immunology | Covid-19 | Cell Line, Tumor | Coronavirus Infections/*immunology/prevention & control/therapy | Epitopes/immunology | Female | Humans | Immunologic Memory | Immunophenotyping | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics/prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*immunology/prevention & control/therapy | Protein Domains | Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs/immunology | Receptors, Coronavirus | Receptors, Virus/metabolism | SARS-CoV-2 | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry/*immunology L1 - internal-pdf://0021970269/Brouwer-2020-Potent neutralizing antibodies fr.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Brouwer, Philip J M; Caniels, Tom G; van der Straten, Karlijn; Snitselaar, Jonne L; Aldon, Yoann; Bangaru, Sandhya; Torres, Jonathan L; Okba, Nisreen M A; Claireaux, Mathieu; Kerster, Gius; Bentlage, Arthur E H; van Haaren, Marlies M; Guerra, Denise; Burger, Judith A; Schermer, Edith E; Verheul, Kirsten D; van der Velde, Niels; van der Kooi, Alex; van Schooten, Jelle; van Breemen, Marielle J; Bijl, Tom P L; Sliepen, Kwinten; Aartse, Aafke; Derking, Ronald; Bontjer, Ilja; Kootstra, Neeltje A; Wiersinga, W Joost; Vidarsson, Gestur; Haagmans, Bart L; Ward, Andrew B; de Bree, Godelieve J; Sanders, Rogier W; van Gils, Marit J; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Science. 2020 Aug 7;369(6504):643-650. doi: 10.1126/science.abc5902. Epub 2020 Jun 15. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 19 SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein were identified. | 2 highly potent NAbs (able neutralize the virus at concentrations of 9 ng/ml or less) bound to the receptor binding domain of the spike protein. | Methods: Isolated and examined 323 unique antibodies produced by 3 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 approximately 4 weeks after symptom onset. 84 antibodies showing high-affinity binding to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein were further examined for neutralization activity. | Implications for Liu et al. and Brouwer et al: Both studies demonstrated that naturally occurring, genetically diverse NAbs bind multiple sites on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, towards the top of the spike. Vaccines that mimic these sites could potentially elicit NAbs that block SARS-CoV-2 infection. Along with guiding vaccine design, several of these antibodies are promising candidates for clinical development to treat or prevent SARS CoV-2 infection and COVID-19. SN - 1095-9203 (Electronic); 0036-8075 (Linking) SP - 643-650 ST - Potent neutralizing antibodies from COVID-19 patients define multiple targets of vulnerability T2 - Science TI - Potent neutralizing antibodies from COVID-19 patients define multiple targets of vulnerability UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32540902 VL - 369 ID - 672 ER - TY - JOUR AB - There is a desperate need for effective therapies and vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 to mitigate the growing economic crisis that has ensued from societal lockdown. Vaccines are being developed at an unprecedented speed and are already in clinical trials, without preclinical testing for safety and efficacy. Yet, safety evaluation of candidate vaccines must not be overlooked. AD - Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. akiko.iwasaki@yale.edu. | Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA. akiko.iwasaki@yale.edu. | Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. AN - 32317716 AU - Iwasaki, A. | Yang, Y. C1 - 2020-05-05 C2 - PMC7187142 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050520_covidupdate.html DA - Jun DO - 10.1038/s41577-020-0321-6 ET - 2020/04/23 IS - 6 KW - Animals | Antibodies, Viral/*biosynthesis/immunology | Betacoronavirus/*immunology | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | Coronavirus Infections/*immunology/prevention & control | Humans | Mice | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*immunology | SARS-CoV-2 | Viral Vaccines/adverse effects/*immunology L1 - internal-pdf://3003934295/Iwasaki-2020-The potential danger of suboptima.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Iwasaki, Akiko; Yang, Yexin; eng; R01 AI127429/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; England; Nat Rev Immunol. 2020 Jun;20(6):339-341. doi: 10.1038/s41577-020-0321-6. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: There is a risk of paradoxical increased susceptibility to infection from a vaccine effect known as antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). ADE should be fully examined as part of vaccine safety assessment. SN - 1474-1741 (Electronic); 1474-1733 (Linking) SP - 339-341 ST - The potential danger of suboptimal antibody responses in COVID-19 T2 - Nat Rev Immunol TI - The potential danger of suboptimal antibody responses in COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32317716 VL - 20 ID - 133 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In late March 2020, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) released projections of US national health spending that predicted growth from the 2019 level of 17.8% of gross domestic product (GDP) to 19.7% over the next 10 years. Through no fault of their own, the CMS prognosticators are poised to take their place in history beside economist Irving Fischer, who announced that “stock prices have reached what looks like a permanently high plateau�?shortly before the market crash of 1929 that marked the start of the Great Depression. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is likely to result in year-over-year changes in both health care spending and GDP that are without precedent. Because the ratio of these 2 numbers, the share of health care in the GDP, receives so much attention in public policy, it is worth thinking about how large these changes may be, and more importantly, what they mean. AD - Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service, New York University, New York, New York. | University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. AN - 32338730 AU - Glied, S. | Levy, H. C1 - 2020-05-05 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050520_covidupdate.html DA - May 26 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.6644 ET - 2020/04/28 IS - 20 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*economics | Cost of Illness | *Gross Domestic Product | *Health Expenditures | Humans | Pandemics/*economics | Pneumonia, Viral/*economics | SARS-CoV-2 | United States L1 - internal-pdf://3106303996/Glied-2020-The Potential Effects of Coronaviru.pdf LA - en N1 - Glied, Sherry; Levy, Helen; eng; JAMA. 2020 May 26;323(20):2001-2002. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.6644. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Projected effect of COVID-19 on national health expenditure and the share of health care in the GDP. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 2001-2002 ST - The Potential Effects of Coronavirus on National Health Expenditures T2 - JAMA TI - The Potential Effects of Coronavirus on National Health Expenditures UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32338730 VL - 323 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 132 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic could lead to disruptions to provision of HIV services for people living with HIV and those at risk of acquiring HIV in sub-Saharan Africa, where UNAIDS estimated that more than two-thirds of the approximately 38 million people living with HIV resided in 2018. We aimed to predict the potential effects of such disruptions on HIV-related deaths and new infections in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS: In this modelling study, we used five well described models of HIV epidemics (Goals, Optima HIV, HIV Synthesis, an Imperial College London model, and Epidemiological MODeling software [EMOD]) to estimate the effect of various potential disruptions to HIV prevention, testing, and treatment services on HIV-related deaths and new infections in sub-Saharan Africa lasting 6 months over 1 year from April 1, 2020. We considered scenarios in which disruptions affected 20%, 50%, and 100% of the population. FINDINGS: A 6-month interruption of supply of antiretroviral therapy (ART) drugs across 50% of the population of people living with HIV who are on treatment would be expected to lead to a 1.63 times (median across models; range 1.39-1.87) increase in HIV-related deaths over a 1-year period compared with no disruption. In sub-Saharan Africa, this increase amounts to a median excess of HIV deaths, across all model estimates, of 296 000 (range 229 023-420 000) if such a high level of disruption occurred. Interruption of ART would increase mother-to-child transmission of HIV by approximately 1.6 times. Although an interruption in the supply of ART drugs would have the largest impact of any potential disruptions, effects of poorer clinical care due to overstretched health facilities, interruptions of supply of other drugs such as co-trimoxazole, and suspension of HIV testing would all have a substantial effect on population-level mortality (up to a 1.06 times increase in HIV-related deaths over a 1-year period due to disruptions affecting 50% of the population compared with no disruption). Interruption to condom supplies and peer education would make populations more susceptible to increases in HIV incidence, although physical distancing measures could lead to reductions in risky sexual behaviour (up to 1.19 times increase in new HIV infections over a 1-year period if 50% of people are affected). INTERPRETATION: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the primary priority for governments, donors, suppliers, and communities should focus on maintaining uninterrupted supply of ART drugs for people with HIV to avoid additional HIV-related deaths. The provision of other HIV prevention measures is also important to prevent any increase in HIV incidence. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. AD - Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Abdul Latif Jameel Institute for Disease and Emergency Analytics, Imperial College London, London, UK. | Department of Decision Sciences, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa. | Avenir Health, Glastonbury, CT, USA. | Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. | Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK. Electronic address: andrew.phillips@ucl.ac.uk. | Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK. | National AIDS Council of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe. | National AIDS Council of Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi. | Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA. | WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. | UNAIDS, Geneva, Switzerland. | New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. AN - 32771089 AU - Jewell, B. L. | Mudimu, E. | Stover, J. | Ten Brink, D. | Phillips, A. N. | Smith, J. A. | Martin-Hughes, R. | Teng, Y. | Glaubius, R. | Mahiane, S. G. | Bansi-Matharu, L. | Taramusi, I. | Chagoma, N. | Morrison, M. | Doherty, M. | Marsh, K. | Bershteyn, A. | Hallett, T. B. | Kelly, S. L. | H. I. V. Modelling Consortium C1 - 2020-08-14 C2 - COVID-19 Impact on HIV Prevention CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08142020_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1016/S2352-3018(20)30211-3 ET - 2020/08/11 IS - 9 KW - Africa South of the Sahara/epidemiology | Anti-HIV Agents/*supply & distribution/therapeutic use | Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active | Betacoronavirus/*pathogenicity | Covid-19 | Condoms/supply & distribution | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/mortality/transmission/virology | Female | Global Health/trends | HIV Infections/*epidemiology/mortality/transmission/virology | HIV-1/drug effects/growth & development | Humans | Incidence | Infant, Newborn | Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & control/statistics & | numerical data | Male | *Models, Statistical | *Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/mortality/transmission/virology | SARS-CoV-2 | Sexual Behavior/psychology/statistics & numerical data | Survival Analysis L1 - internal-pdf://0951853083/1-s2.0-S2352301820302113-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Jewell, Britta L; Mudimu, Edinah; Stover, John; Ten Brink, Debra; Phillips, Andrew N; Smith, Jennifer A; Martin-Hughes, Rowan; Teng, Yu; Glaubius, Robert; Mahiane, Severin Guy; Bansi-Matharu, Loveleen; Taramusi, Isaac; Chagoma, Newton; Morrison, Michelle; Doherty, Meg; Marsh, Kimberly; Bershteyn, Anna; Hallett, Timothy B; Kelly, Sherrie L; eng; 001/WHO_/World Health Organization/International; MC_PC_19012/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; MR/R015600/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Netherlands; Lancet HIV. 2020 Sep;7(9):e629-e640. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(20)30211-3. Epub 2020 Aug 6. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Interruption of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for 50% of people living with HIV increased predicted mortality by 63% and incidence by 9% across 5 models (Figure). | All models predicted an increase in AIDS-related deaths. | Methods: Estimation of effect of potential disruptions to HIV services on HIV-related deaths and new HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa over one year from April 1, 2020. Predictions were based on five mathematical models with disruptions affecting 20%, 50%, and 100% of the population for six months. Limitations: Different models were based on epidemics in different combinations of sub-Saharan countries; not all models incorporated estimates for all prevention methods; no stratification for subpopulations. | Implications for 2 studies (Jewell et al. & Davey et al.): To minimize excess HIV-related deaths in severely affected countries, continuation of ART for people living with HIV needs to be assured. Prevention outreach for especially vulnerable populations should also be emphasized. SN - 2352-3018 (Electronic); 2352-3018 (Linking) SP - e629-e640 ST - Potential effects of disruption to HIV programmes in sub-Saharan Africa caused by COVID-19: results from multiple mathematical models T2 - Lancet HIV TI - Potential effects of disruption to HIV programmes in sub-Saharan Africa caused by COVID-19: results from multiple mathematical models UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32771089 VL - 7 ID - 712 ER - TY - JOUR AB - As the COVID-19 pandemic causes upheaval in New York City (NYC), 1 consequence is the accessibility of sexual health services. The NYC STD Prevention Training Center at Columbia University administered an online provider survey to understand how the COVID-19 pandemic is affecting the availability of sexual health care services regionally. AD - From the New York City STD Prevention Training Center (PTC), Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health. | Department of Sociomedical Sciences, New York City STD Prevention Training Center (PTC), Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health. | New York City STD Prevention Training Center (PTC), Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health. | New York City STD Prevention Training Center (PTC). | New York City STD Prevention Training Center (PTC), Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY. AN - 32520878 AU - Nagendra, G. | Carnevale, C. | Neu, N. | Cohall, A. | Zucker, J. C1 - 2020-06-19 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061920_covidupdate.html DA - Jul DO - 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001198 ET - 2020/06/11 IS - 7 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/virology | Health Services Accessibility/*organization & administration | Humans | New York City/epidemiology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/virology | Reproductive Health Services/*supply & distribution | SARS-CoV-2 | *Sexual Health L1 - internal-pdf://3970875029/Nagendra-2020-The Potential Impact and Availab.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Nagendra, Gowri; Carnevale, Caroline; Neu, Natalie; Cohall, Alwyn; Zucker, Jason; eng; L30 AI133789/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Sex Transm Dis. 2020 Jul;47(7):434-436. doi: 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000001198. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Survey of sexual health clinicians on impact of COVID-19 on clinic services. CDC guidance for STD clinics and HIV prevention providers has focused on prioritizing patients with STD symptoms pdf iconand providing PrEP when in-person evaluation is limited, as well as encouraging health departments and community based organizations to supplement HIV prevention efforts with HIV self-testing programs. SN - 1537-4521 (Electronic); 0148-5717 (Linking) SP - 434-436 ST - The Potential Impact and Availability of Sexual Health Services During the COVID-19 Pandemic T2 - Sex Transm Dis TI - The Potential Impact and Availability of Sexual Health Services During the COVID-19 Pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32520878 VL - 47 ID - 397 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Recent studies have indicated that females with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have a lower morbidity, severe case rate, and mortality and better outcome than those of male individuals. However, the reasons remained to be addressed. METHODS: To find the factors that potentially protect females from COVID-19, we recruited all confirmed patients hospitalized at 3 branches of Tongji Hospital (N = 1902), and analyzed the correlation between menstrual status (n = 509, including 68 from Mobile Cabin Hospital), female hormones (n = 78), and cytokines related to immunity and inflammation (n = 263), and the severity/clinical outcomes in female patients <60 years of age. RESULTS: Nonmenopausal female patients had milder severity and better outcome compared with age-matched men (P < .01 for both). Menopausal patients had longer hospitalization times than nonmenopausal patients (hazard ratio [HR], 1.91 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.06-3.46]; P = .033). Both anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) and estradiol (E2) showed a negative correlation with severity of infection (adjusted HR, 0.146 [95% CI, .026-.824], P = .029 and 0.304 [95% CI, .092-1.001], P = .05, respectively). E2 levels were negatively correlated with interleukin (IL) 2R, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha in the luteal phase (P = .033, P = .048, P = .054, and P = .023) and C3 in the follicular phase (P = .030). CONCLUSIONS: Menopause is an independent risk factor for female COVID-19 patients. AMH and E2 are potential protective factors, negatively correlated with COVID-19 severity, among which E2 is attributed to its regulation of cytokines related to immunity and inflammation. AD - Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. | National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrical and Gynecological Diseases, Wuhan, China. | Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. | Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China. AN - 32697835 AU - Ding, T. | Zhang, J. | Wang, T. | Cui, P. | Chen, Z. | Jiang, J. | Zhou, S. | Dai, J. | Wang, B. | Yuan, S. | Ma, W. | Ma, L. | Rong, Y. | Chang, J. | Miao, X. | Ma, X. | Wang, S. C1 - 2020-07-31 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/073120_covidupdate.html DA - May 4 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa1022 ET - 2020/07/23 IS - 9 KW - *covid-19 | China/epidemiology | Cross-Sectional Studies | Female | Gonadal Steroid Hormones | Humans | Male | Retrospective Studies | *SARS-CoV-2 | *e2 | *cross-sectional study | *female hormones | *menstrual status L1 - internal-pdf://3890331886/Ding-2021-Potential Influence of Menstrual Sta.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Ding, Ting; Zhang, Jinjin; Wang, Tian; Cui, Pengfei; Chen, Zhe; Jiang, Jingjing; Zhou, Su; Dai, Jun; Wang, Bo; Yuan, Suzhen; Ma, Wenqing; Ma, Lingwei; Rong, Yueguang; Chang, Jiang; Miao, Xiaoping; Ma, Xiangyi; Wang, Shixuan; eng; Multicenter Study; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Clin Infect Dis. 2021 May 4;72(9):e240-e248. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1022. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Compared with age-matched male patients, pre-menopausal female patients were less likely to have severe COVID-19, had lower mortality, and were more likely to be discharged from hospital (Figure). | Menopausal female patients did not differ from age-matched male patients. | Among female patients <60 years of age, menopausal patients had longer hospitalization times than non-menopausal patients, hazard ratio (HR) 1.91 (95% CI 1.06-3.46), adjusted for age, comorbidities and severity of disease. | In patients with measures of serum levels of sex hormones, anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) and estradiol were inversely associated with severity of infection. | For AMH, adjusted HR 0.15 (95% CI 0.03-0.82). | For estradiol, adjusted HR 0.30 (95% CI 0.09-1.00). | Methods: Cross-sectional clinical study among COVID-19-confirmed patients (N = 1,902) hospitalized in; Wuhan, China, between January 28 and March 8, 2020. Female patients, stratified by menopausal status (defined as amenorrhea for >1 year), were compared to age-matched male patients and evaluated for severity of disease and clinical outcomes, mortality, and discharge. 435 female patients <60 years were also stratified by menopausal status and compared for the same outcomes. 78 female patients were assessed for serum levels of sex hormones. Limitations: Non-randomized study; hospitalized sample; small numbers for some analyses. | Implications: Post-menopausal females might be at higher risk for complications from COVID-19 than women who have not experienced menopause. AMH and estradiol might be potential protective factors against COVID-19. Hormone supplement might be a potential therapy for female COVID-19 patients. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - e240-e248 ST - Potential Influence of Menstrual Status and Sex Hormones on Female Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection: A Cross-sectional Multicenter Study in Wuhan, China T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Potential Influence of Menstrual Status and Sex Hormones on Female Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection: A Cross-sectional Multicenter Study in Wuhan, China UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32697835 VL - 72 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 628 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Brazil was dominated by two lineages designated as B.1.1.28 and B.1.1.33. Two SARS-CoV-2 variants harboring mutations at the receptor-binding domain of the Spike (S) protein, designated as lineages P.1 and P.2, evolved within lineage B.1.1.28 and are rapidly spreading in Brazil. Lineage P.1 is considered a Variant of Concern (VOC) because of the presence of multiple mutations in the S protein (including K417T, E484K, N501Y), while lineage P.2 only harbors mutation S:E484K and is considered a Variant of Interest (VOI). Here we report the identification of a new SARS-CoV-2 VOI within lineage B.1.1.33 that also harbors mutation S:E484K and was detected in Brazil between November 2020 and February 2021. This VOI displayed four non-synonymous lineage-defining mutations (NSP3:A1711V, NSP6:F36L, S:E484K, and NS7b:E33A) and was designated as lineage N.9. The VOI N.9 probably emerged in August 2020 and has spread across different Brazilian states from the Southeast, South, North and Northeast regions.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest. AU - Resende, Paola Cristina | Gräf, Tiago | Paixão, Anna Carolina Dias | Appolinario, Luciana | Lopes, Renata Serrano | da Fonseca Mendonça, Ana Carolina | da Rocha, Alice Sampaio Barreto | Motta, Fernando Couto | Neto, Lidio Gonçalves Lima | Khouri, Ricardo | de Oliveira, Camila Indiani | Santos-Muccillo, Pedro | Bezerra, Joao Felipe | Teixeira, Dalane Loudal Florentino | Riediger, Irina | do Carmo Debur, Maria | Ribeiro-Rodrigues, Rodrigo | Leite, Anderson Brandao | do Santos, Cliomar Alves | Gregianini, Tatiana Schäffer | Fernandes, Sandra Bianchini | Bernardes, André Felipe Leal | Cavalcanti, Andrea Cony | Miyajima, F֙bio | Sachhi, Claudio | Mattos, Tirza | da Costa, Cristiano Fernandes | Delatorre, Edson | Wallau, Gabriel L. | Naveca, Felipe G. | Bello, Gonzalo | Siqueira, Marilda Mendonça C1 - 2021-03-26 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03262021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.03.12.434969 L1 - internal-pdf://1551856602/Resende-2021-A potential SARS-CoV-2 variant of.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; A new SARS-CoV-2 variant of interest (VOI) N.9, within lineage B.1.1.33, with 4 non-synonymous lineage-defining mutations (NSP3:A1711V, NSP6:F36L, S:E484K, and NS7b:E33A), was detected in Brazil between November 2020 and February 2021. | N.9 probably emerged in the Summer of 2020 (estimated to be August 15, 2020; 95% High Posterior Density June 16–September 22, 2020), and has been identified in 10 different Brazilian states (Figure). | Methods: The nextclade toolexternal icon was used to identify B.1.1.33 lineage mutations among SARS-CoV-2 samples from Brazil sequenced by the Fiocruz COVID-19 Genomic Surveillance Network between March 12, 2020, and January 27, 2021; or that were available in Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Dataexternal icon as of March 1, 2021. Used Bayesian reconstruction to estimate timing of VOI N.9 emergence. Limitations: Effects of VOI N.9 on transmission, severity, diagnosis, and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are unknown. | Implications: The E484K mutation has been associated with resistance to monoclonal antibodies and reduced neutralization potency of sera from convalescent and vaccinated individuals. The rapid dispersion of VOI N.9 across Brazil and the presence of the E484K mutation warrant monitoring for evidence of impact on effectiveness of treatments and vaccines, and surveillance for further spread, including in the US. SP - 2021.03.12.434969 ST - A potential SARS-CoV-2 variant of interest (VOI) harboring mutation E484K in the Spike protein was identified within lineage B.1.1.33 circulating in Brazil T2 - bioRxiv TI - A potential SARS-CoV-2 variant of interest (VOI) harboring mutation E484K in the Spike protein was identified within lineage B.1.1.33 circulating in Brazil TT - Published article: A Potential SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Interest (VOI) Harboring Mutation E484K in the Spike Protein Was Identified within Lineage B.1.1.33 Circulating in Brazil UR - https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2021/03/13/2021.03.12.434969.full.pdf ID - 1615 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has created a global public health crisis and severe economic disruption. There are currently no effective therapies to prevent, treat, or cure COVID-19. To meet this need, the scientific community has mobilized to develop vaccines and drugs to prevent and treat COVID-19. Trials are underway to assess the effectiveness of existing drugs that hold promise in treating COVID-19. While the results of these trials are eagerly awaited, the US Food and Drug Administration recently authorized use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for emergency treatment of COVID-19. AU - Mehta, Bella | Salmon, Jane | Ibrahim, Said C1 - 2020-04-14 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/041420_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1001/jamahealthforum.2020.0438 IS - 4 L1 - internal-pdf://0127243534/Mehta-2020-Potential Shortages of Hydroxychlor.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Brings attention to how shortages of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) might affect socioeconomically vulnerable patients with lupus treated with HCQ and in remission. SE - e200438 SN - 2689-0186 SP - e200438-e200438 ST - Potential Shortages of Hydroxychloroquine for Patients with Lupus During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic T2 - JAMA Health Forum TI - Potential Shortages of Hydroxychloroquine for Patients with Lupus During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamahealthforum.2020.0438 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama-health-forum/articlepdf/2764607/mehta_2020_is_200039_1617912649.73995.pdf VL - 1 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 40 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection can cause acute respiratory distress syndrome, hypercoagulability, hypertension, and multiorgan dysfunction. Effective antivirals with safe clinical profile are urgently needed to improve the overall prognosis. In an analysis of a randomly collected cohort of 124 patients with COVID-19, we found that hypercoagulability as indicated by elevated concentrations of D-dimers was associated with disease severity. By virtual screening of a U.S. FDA approved drug library, we identified an anticoagulation agent dipyridamole (DIP) in silico, which suppressed SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro. In a proof-of-concept trial involving 31 patients with COVID-19, DIP supplementation was associated with significantly decreased concentrations of D-dimers (P < 0.05), increased lymphocyte and platelet recovery in the circulation, and markedly improved clinical outcomes in comparison to the control patients. In particular, all 8 of the DIP-treated severely ill patients showed remarkable improvement: 7 patients (87.5%) achieved clinical cure and were discharged from the hospitals while the remaining 1 patient (12.5%) was in clinical remission. AD - Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China. | Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China. | Dawu County People's Hospital, Xiaogan 432826, China. | State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China. | Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China. | Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. | Department of Infectious Disease and Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, China. | Center for Innovative Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation (QNLM), School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China. | Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic 3052, Australia. | School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China. | Cardiovascular Department, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518000, China. | State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Science, Innovation Center for Traditional Tibetan Medicine Modernization and Quality Control, Medical College, Tibet University, Lhasa 850000, China. | Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (MOE), Hubei Province Engineering and Technology Research Center for Fluorinated Pharmaceuticals, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China. AN - 32318327 AU - Liu, X. | Li, Z. | Liu, S. | Sun, J. | Chen, Z. | Jiang, M. | Zhang, Q. | Wei, Y. | Wang, X. | Huang, Y. Y. | Shi, Y. | Xu, Y. | Xian, H. | Bai, F. | Ou, C. | Xiong, B. | Lew, A. M. | Cui, J. | Fang, R. | Huang, H. | Zhao, J. | Hong, X. | Zhang, Y. | Zhou, F. | Luo, H. B. C1 - 2020-05-01 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050120_covidupdate.html DA - Jul DO - 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.04.008 DP - NLM ET - 2020/04/23 IS - 7 KW - Covid-19 | D-dimer | Dipyridamole | SARS-CoV-2 | Severe cases | Treatment L1 - internal-pdf://2842336800/Liu-2020-Potential therapeutic effects of dipy.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Liu, Xiaoyan; Li, Zhe; Liu, Shuai; Sun, Jing; Chen, Zhanghua; Jiang, Min; Zhang, Qingling; Wei, Yinghua; Wang, Xin; Huang, Yi-You; Shi, Yinyi; Xu, Yanhui; Xian, Huifang; Bai, Fan; Ou, Changxing; Xiong, Bei; Lew, Andrew M; Cui, Jun; Fang, Rongli; Huang, Hui; Zhao, Jincun; Hong, Xuechuan; Zhang, Yuxia; Zhou, Fuling; Luo, Hai-Bin; eng; Netherlands; Acta Pharm Sin B. 2020 Jul;10(7):1205-1215. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.04.008. Epub 2020 Apr 20. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Investigators proposed using dipyridamole to treat COVID-19 because of a potential dual benefit: | It is a drug used to treat blood clots, which are a form of coagulopathy that is an emerging problem among persons with severe COVID-19. | The investigators also observed coincidentally that dipyridamole reduced replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. | COVID-19 patients treated with dipyridamole had multiple benefits compared with those who were not treated with dipyridamole, most notably decreased mortality (7% vs 24%). | Methods: The authors first tested whether dipyridamole reduced SARS-CoV2 replication in vitro. Then they investigated in a “proof-of-concept�?open label randomized controlled trial whether dipyridamole improved clinical outcomes among 31 patients from 2 Chinese hospitals: 14 patients on dipyridamole, 17 patients not on dipyridamole; all received ribavirin and corticoids plus standard care. Limitations: Small sample size; trial not blinded; no study arm using an alternative blood thinner was included; clinical recovery was not quantified with RT-PCR data or viral cultures to assess the antiviral effect of dipyridamole. | Implications: Dipyridamole improved clinical outcomes among a small sample of COVID-19 patients. Further research on the issue of dipyridamole for treatment of COVID-19 is needed. SN - 2211-3835 (Print); 2211-3835 (Linking) SP - 1205-1215 ST - Potential therapeutic effects of dipyridamole in the severely ill patients with COVID-19 T2 - Acta Pharm Sin B TI - Potential therapeutic effects of dipyridamole in the severely ill patients with COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32318327 VL - 10 ID - 121 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is primarily transmitted person-to-person through the aerosolization of droplets containing contaminated nasopharyngeal secretions. Povidone iodine (PI) solutions at concentrations as low as 0.5% rapidly inactivate SARS-CoV-2 in vitro with contact times as short as 15 seconds. We investigated whether nasopharyngeal application of PI could reduce the viral load of patients with nonsevere coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptoms. AD - Emergency Department, University Hospital of Poitiers, Poitiers, France. | Virology laboratory, University Hospital of Poitiers, Poitiers, France. | Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, University Hospital of Poitiers, Poitiers, France. AN - 33538761 AU - Guenezan, J. | Garcia, M. | Strasters, D. | Jousselin, C. | Leveque, N. | Frasca, D. | Mimoz, O. C1 - 2021-02-12 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02122021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 1 DO - 10.1001/jamaoto.2020.5490 ET - 2021/02/05 IS - 4 KW - Aged | Anti-Infective Agents, Local/*administration & dosage/adverse effects | COVID-19/*virology | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | *Mouthwashes | *Nasal Sprays | Nasopharynx/*virology | Povidone-Iodine/*administration & dosage/adverse effects | SARS-CoV-2 | Thyrotropin/blood/drug effects | *Viral Load L1 - internal-pdf://2690375209/Guenezan-2021-Povidone Iodine Mouthwash, Gargl.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Guenezan, Jeremy; Garcia, Magali; Strasters, Deidre; Jousselin, Clement; Leveque, Nicolas; Frasca, Denis; Mimoz, Olivier; eng; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2021 Apr 1;147(4):400-401. doi: 10.1001/jamaoto.2020.5490. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: ln a randomized clinical trial of 24 persons, nasal decolonization with povidone iodine (PI) was found to be effective at reducing viral titers in the nasopharynx; however, 42% of persons exposed to PI developed thyroid dysfunction which resolved after discontinuation. SN - 2168-619X (Electronic); 2168-6181 (Linking) SP - 400-401 ST - Povidone Iodine Mouthwash, Gargle, and Nasal Spray to Reduce Nasopharyngeal Viral Load in Patients With COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial T2 - JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg TI - Povidone Iodine Mouthwash, Gargle, and Nasal Spray to Reduce Nasopharyngeal Viral Load in Patients With COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33538761 VL - 147 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1484 ER - TY - JOUR AD - From the Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (G.A.); and the Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.S.). AN - 32871061 AU - Alter, G. | Seder, R. C1 - 2020-09-11 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091120_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 29 DO - 10.1056/NEJMe2028079 ET - 2020/09/02 IS - 18 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus Infections | Humans | Iceland | *Immunity, Humoral | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://0811638117/Alter-2020-The Power of Antibody-Based Surveil.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Alter, Galit; Seder, Robert; eng; Editorial; Comment; N Engl J Med. 2020 Oct 29;383(18):1782-1784. doi: 10.1056/NEJMe2028079. Epub 2020 Sep 1. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Seroprevalence surveys may be useful to estimate prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in populations SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 1782-1784 ST - The Power of Antibody-Based Surveillance T2 - N Engl J Med TI - The Power of Antibody-Based Surveillance UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32871061 VL - 383 ID - 881 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The use of personal protective equipment (PPE) has skyrocketed, as providers don masks, glasses, and gowns to protect their eyes, noses, and mouths from COVID-19. Yet these same facial features express human individuality, and are crucial to nonverbal communication. Isolated ICU patients may develop "post intensive-care syndrome," which mimics PTSD with sometimes debilitating consequences. While far from a complete solution, PPE Portraits (disposable portrait picture stickers - 4" x 5") have the potential to humanize care. Preparing for a larger effectiveness evaluation on patient and provider experience, we collected initial qualitative implementation insights during Spring 2020's chaotic surge preparation. Front-line providers reported more comfort with patient interactions while wearing PPE Portraits: "It makes it feel less like a disaster zone [for the patient]." A brief pilot showed signs of significant adoption: a participating physician requested PPE Portraits at their clinic, shift nurses had taken PPE Portraits with them to inpatient services, and masked medical assistant team-members requested PPE Portraits to wear over scrubs. We believe PPE Portraits may support patient care and health, and even potentially healthcare team function and provider wellness. While we await data on these effects, we hope hospitals can use our findings to speed their own implementation testing. AD - Division of Primary Care and Population Health, Stanford School of Medicine, 1265 Welch Rd, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. catibj@stanford.edu. | Division of Primary Care and Population Health, Stanford School of Medicine, 1265 Welch Rd, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. | Occidental College, 1600 Campus Road, Los Angeles, 90041, CA, USA. | Stanford Health Care, 211 Quarry Road, Palo Alto, 94304, CA, USA. | Division of Palliative Care, UMass Memorial Medical Center, 55 Lake Avenue, Worcester, 01655, MA, USA. | VA Center for Innovation to Implementation, 795 Willow, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA. AN - 32410125 AU - Brown-Johnson, C. | Vilendrer, S. | Heffernan, M. B. | Winter, S. | Khong, T. | Reidy, J. | Asch, S. M. C1 - 2020-05-26 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052620_covidupdate.html DA - Jul DO - 10.1007/s11606-020-05875-2 DP - NLM ET - 2020/05/16 IS - 7 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/psychology/therapy | *Health Personnel | Humans | Interpersonal Relations | *Pandemics | *Patient Care Management/ethics/methods/trends | Personal Protective Equipment | *Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/psychology/therapy | *Portraits as Topic | *Protective Clothing | SARS-CoV-2 | *Social Identification | Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders/*prevention & control L1 - internal-pdf://3993863294/Brown-Johnson-2020-PPE Portraits-a Way to Huma.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Brown-Johnson, Cati; Vilendrer, Stacie; Heffernan, Mary Beth; Winter, Shira; Khong, Thanh; Reidy, Jennifer; Asch, Steven M; eng; J Gen Intern Med. 2020 Jul;35(7):2240-2242. doi: 10.1007/s11606-020-05875-2. Epub 2020 May 14. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A way to humanize PPE by placing provider’s photo on PPE. SN - 1525-1497 (Electronic); 0884-8734 (Linking) SP - 2240-2242 ST - PPE Portraits-a Way to Humanize Personal Protective Equipment T2 - J Gen Intern Med TI - PPE Portraits-a Way to Humanize Personal Protective Equipment UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32410125 VL - 35 ID - 249 ER - TY - JOUR AB - T cell reactivity against SARS-CoV-2 was observed in unexposed people; however, the source and clinical relevance of the reactivity remains unknown. It is speculated that this reflects T cell memory to circulating ‘common cold�?coronaviruses. It will be important to define specificities of these T cells and assess their association with COVID-19 disease severity and vaccine responses. AD - Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA. alex@lji.org. | Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA. alex@lji.org. | Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA. shane@lji.org. | Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA. shane@lji.org. AN - 32636479 AU - Sette, A. | Crotty, S. C1 - 2020-07-17 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071720_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.1038/s41577-020-0389-z ET - 2020/07/09 IS - 8 KW - Betacoronavirus/*immunology | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*immunology | Humans | Immunologic Memory/immunology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*immunology | SARS-CoV-2 | T-Lymphocytes/immunology | Vaccines/immunology L1 - internal-pdf://0791992898/Sette-2020-Pre-existing immunity to SARS-CoV-2.pdf LA - en LB - Vaccines | N1 - Sette, Alessandro; Crotty, Shane; eng; U19 AI142742/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; 75N93019C00050/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; U19 AI142720/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Review; England; Nat Rev Immunol. 2020 Aug;20(8):457-458. doi: 10.1038/s41577-020-0389-z. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Pre-existing T cell immunity might be related to prior common cold coronavirus exposure for some people. SN - 1474-1741 (Electronic); 1474-1733 (Linking) SP - 457-458 ST - Pre-existing immunity to SARS-CoV-2: the knowns and unknowns T2 - Nat Rev Immunol TI - Pre-existing immunity to SARS-CoV-2: the knowns and unknowns UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32636479 VL - 20 ID - 539 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND AND AIMS: COVID-19 is a dominant pulmonary disease, with multisystem involvement, depending upon comorbidities. Its profile in patients with pre-existing chronic liver disease (CLD) is largely unknown. We studied the liver injury patterns of SARS-Cov-2 in CLD patients, with or without cirrhosis. METHODS: Data was collected from 13 Asian countries on patients with CLD, known or newly diagnosed, with confirmed COVID-19. RESULTS: Altogether, 228 patients [185 CLD without cirrhosis and 43 with cirrhosis] were enrolled, with comorbidities in nearly 80%. Metabolism associated fatty liver disease (113, 61%) and viral etiology (26, 60%) were common. In CLD without cirrhosis, diabetes [57.7% vs 39.7%, OR = 2.1 (1.1-3.7), p = 0.01] and in cirrhotics, obesity, [64.3% vs. 17.2%, OR = 8.1 (1.9-38.8), p = 0.002] predisposed more to liver injury than those without these. Forty three percent of CLD without cirrhosis presented as acute liver injury and 20% cirrhotics presented with either acute-on-chronic liver failure [5 (11.6%)] or acute decompensation [4 (9%)]. Liver related complications increased (p < 0.05) with stage of liver disease; a Child-Turcotte Pugh score of 9 or more at presentation predicted high mortality [AUROC 0.94, HR = 19.2 (95 CI 2.3-163.3), p < 0.001, sensitivity 85.7% and specificity 94.4%). In decompensated cirrhotics, the liver injury was progressive in 57% patients, with 43% mortality. Rising bilirubin and AST/ALT ratio predicted mortality among cirrhosis patients. CONCLUSIONS: SARS-Cov-2 infection causes significant liver injury in CLD patients, decompensating one fifth of cirrhosis, and worsening the clinical status of the already decompensated. The CLD patients with diabetes and obesity are more vulnerable and should be closely monitored. AD - Department of Hepatology and Liver Transplant, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, 110070, India. shivsarin@gmail.com. | Department of Hepatology and Liver Transplant, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, 110070, India. | Humanity and Health Clinical Trial Center, Hong Kong SAR, China. | Department of Hepatology, NAFLD Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China. | Fuyang Second People's Hospital, Fuyang, China. | Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases Department, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt. | Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Daegu, South Korea. | CHESS Center, Institute of Portal Hypertension, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China. | Institute of Digestive and Liver Diseases, St. Luke's Medical Center, Global City, Philippines. | Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University Gyeongju Hospital, Gyeongju, South Korea. | Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and Thai Red Cross, Bangkok, Thailand. | Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand. | Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea. | Department of Internal Medicine, Fatima University Medical Center, Valenzuela, Philippines. | Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulan Bator, Mongolia. | Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. | National Center for Communicable Diseases, Ulan Bator, Mongolia. | Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology "Dharmais", National Cancer Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia. | Chiba University, Chiba, Japan. | Department of Medicine, WGO Training Center, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan. | Department of Hepatology, Selayang Hospital, Batu Caves, Malaysia. | Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. | Division of Hepatobiliary, Cipto Mangunkusuamo Hospital, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia. | Hepatologist, Manipal Hospital, New Delhi, India. | Department of Hepatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. | Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. | Liver Transplant Surgery, Medanta, The Medicity, Gurugram, Haryana, India. | Hepatologist and Gastroenterologist, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, India. | Faculty of Medicine, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospitall, Universitas, Jakarta, Indonesia. | Kariadi Hospital, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia. | Yerevan Medical University, Yerevan, Armenia. | Department of Gastroenterology, T.N. Medical College, B.Y.L. Nair. Ch. Hospital, Mumbai, India. | Department of Gastroenterology, Seth GSMC and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India. | Department of Gastroenterology, Yamanashi Prefectural Central Hospital, Kofu, Yamanashi, Japan. | The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. AN - 32623632 AU - Sarin, S. K. | Choudhury, A. | Lau, G. K. | Zheng, M. H. | Ji, D. | Abd-Elsalam, S. | Hwang, J. | Qi, X. | Cua, I. H. | Suh, J. I. | Park, J. G. | Putcharoen, O. | Kaewdech, A. | Piratvisuth, T. | Treeprasertsuk, S. | Park, S. | Wejnaruemarn, S. | Payawal, D. A. | Baatarkhuu, O. | Ahn, S. H. | Yeo, C. D. | Alonzo, U. R. | Chinbayar, T. | Loho, I. M. | Yokosuka, O. | Jafri, W. | Tan, S. | Soo, L. I. | Tanwandee, T. | Gani, R. | Anand, L. | Esmail, E. S. | Khalaf, M. | Alam, S. | Lin, C. Y. | Chuang, W. L. | Soin, A. S. | Garg, H. K. | Kalista, K. | Batsukh, B. | Purnomo, H. D. | Dara, V. P. | Rathi, P. | Al Mahtab, M. | Shukla, A. | Sharma, M. K. | Omata, M. | Apasl Covid Task Force, Apasl Covid Liver Injury Spectrum Study C1 - 2020-07-14 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071420_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1007/s12072-020-10072-8 DP - NLM ET - 2020/07/06 IS - 5 KW - *Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure/diagnosis/virology | Asia/epidemiology | Betacoronavirus/isolation & purification | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/physiopathology/therapy | Disease Progression | Female | Humans | *Liver Cirrhosis/diagnosis/epidemiology/etiology | Liver Function Tests/methods/statistics & numerical data | Male | Middle Aged | *Pandemics | Patient Acuity | *Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/physiopathology/therapy | Prognosis | Risk Assessment | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | Acute liver injury | Chronic liver disease | SARS CoV2 L1 - internal-pdf://2063470647/Sarin-2020-Pre-existing liver disease is assoc.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Sarin, Shiv Kumar; Choudhury, Ashok; Lau, George K; Zheng, Ming-Hua; Ji, Dong; Abd-Elsalam, Sherief; Hwang, Jaeseok; Qi, Xiaolong; Cua, Ian Homer; Suh, Jeong Ill; Park, Jun Gi; Putcharoen, Opass; Kaewdech, Apichat; Piratvisuth, Teerha; Treeprasertsuk, Sombat; Park, Sooyoung; Wejnaruemarn, Salisa; Payawal, Diana A; Baatarkhuu, Oidov; Ahn, Sang Hoon; Yeo, Chang Dong; Alonzo, Uzziel Romar; Chinbayar, Tserendorj; Loho, Imelda M; Yokosuka, Osamu; Jafri, Wasim; Tan, Soeksiam; Soo, Lau Ing; Tanwandee, Tawesak; Gani, Rino; Anand, Lovkesh; Esmail, Eslam Saber; Khalaf, Mai; Alam, Shahinul; Lin, Chun-Yu; Chuang, Wan-Long; Soin, A S; Garg, Hitendra K; Kalista, Kemal; Batsukh, Badamnachin; Purnomo, Hery Djagat; Dara, Vijay Pal; Rathi, Pravin; Al Mahtab, Mamun; Shukla, Akash; Sharma, Manoj K; Omata, Masao; (APCOLIS Study-NCT 04345640); eng; Hepatol Int. 2020 Sep;14(5):690-700. doi: 10.1007/s12072-020-10072-8. Epub 2020 Jul 4. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among 228 COVID-19 patients with pre-existing chronic liver disease (CLD), severe COVID-19 and acute liver injury were seen among those without cirrhosis (n = 185), compensated cirrhosis (n = 25) and decompensated cirrhosis (n = 18) (Figure 1a and 1b). | Mortality increased significantly among persons with cirrhosis and persons with decompensated cirrhosis compared with persons with CLD without cirrhosis (Figure 2). | Methods: Analysis of 228 COVID-19 patients with CLD (185 without cirrhosis; 43 with cirrhosis). January-April 2020. Predictors of severity of liver injury was analyzed. Severe disease includes severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute kidney, heart or circulatory failure, altered sensorium. Limitations: Small sample of cirrhotics; criteria for cirrhosis with liver injury not defined. | Implications: COVID-19 patients with pre-existing liver complications are at higher risk for severe complications and death. SN - 1936-0541 (Electronic); 1936-0533 (Linking) SP - 690-700 ST - Pre-existing liver disease is associated with poor outcome in patients with SARS CoV2 infection; The APCOLIS Study (APASL COVID-19 Liver Injury Spectrum Study) T2 - Hepatol Int TI - Pre-existing liver disease is associated with poor outcome in patients with SARS CoV2 infection; The APCOLIS Study (APASL COVID-19 Liver Injury Spectrum Study) UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32623632 VL - 14 ID - 518 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: Psychiatric morbidities have been associated with a risk of severe infections through compromised immunity, health behaviours, or both. However, data are scarce on the association between multiple types of pre-pandemic psychiatric disorders and COVID-19. We aimed to assess the association between pre-pandemic psychiatric disorders and the subsequent risk of COVID-19 using UK Biobank. Methods: For this cohort analysis, we included participants from UK Biobank who were registered in England and excluded individuals who died before Jan 31, 2020, (the start of the COVID-19 outbreak in the UK) or had withdrawn from UK Biobank. Participants diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder before Jan 31 were included in the group of individuals with pre-pandemic psychiatric disorders, whereas participants without a diagnosis before the outbreak were included in the group of individuals without pre-pandemic psychiatric disorders. We used the Public Health England dataset, UK Biobank hospital data, and death registers to collect data on COVID-19 cases. To examine the relationship between pre-pandemic psychiatric disorders and susceptibility to COVID-19, we used logistic regression models to estimate odds ratios (ORs), controlling for multiple confounders and somatic comorbidities. Key outcomes were all COVID-19, COVID-19 specifically diagnosed in inpatient care, and COVID-19-related deaths. ORs were also estimated separately for each psychiatric disorder and on the basis of the number of pre-pandemic psychiatric disorders. As a positive disease control, we repeated analyses for hospitalisation for other infections. Findings: We included 421 014 UK Biobank participants in our study and assessed their COVID-19 status between Jan 31 and July 26, 2020. 50 809 participants were diagnosed with psychiatric disorders before the outbreak, while 370 205 participants had no psychiatric disorders. The mean age at outbreak was 67.80 years (SD 8.12). We observed an elevated risk of COVID-19 among individuals with pre-pandemic psychiatric disorders compared with that of individuals without such conditions. The fully adjusted ORs were 1.44 (95% CI 1.28-1.62) for All COVID-19 cases, 1.55 (1.34-1.78) for Inpatient COVID-19 cases, and 2.03 (1.59-2.59) for COVID-19-related deaths. We observed excess risk, defined as risk that increased with the number of pre-pandemic psychiatric disorders, across all diagnostic categories of pre-pandemic psychiatric disorders. We also observed an association between psychiatric disorders and elevated risk of hospitalisation due to other infections (OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.58-1.93). Interpretation: Our findings suggest that pre-existing psychiatric disorders are associated with an increased risk of COVID-19. These findings underscore the need for surveillance of and care for populations with pre-existing psychiatric disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic. Funding: National Natural Science Foundation of China. AD - West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. | Medical Big Data Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. | Division of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. | Department of Anaesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and the Research Units of West China, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China. | Clinical Research Centre for Breast Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. | Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. | Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. | Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. | Centre of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. AN - 33521769 AU - Yang, H. | Chen, W. | Hu, Y. | Chen, Y. | Zeng, Y. | Sun, Y. | Ying, Z. | He, J. | Qu, Y. | Lu, D. | Fang, F. | Valdimarsdottir, U. A. | Song, H. C1 - 2020-12-08 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/120820_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1016/S2666-7568(20)30013-1 ET - 2021/02/02 IS - 2 L1 - internal-pdf://0619596386/Yang-2020-Pre-pandemic psychiatric disorders a.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Yang, Huazhen; Chen, Wenwen; Hu, Yao; Chen, Yilong; Zeng, Yu; Sun, Yajing; Ying, Zhiye; He, Junhui; Qu, Yuanyuan; Lu, Donghao; Fang, Fang; Valdimarsdottir, Unnur A; Song, Huan; eng; Lancet Healthy Longev. 2020 Nov;1(2):e69-e79. doi: 10.1016/S2666-7568(20)30013-1. Epub 2020 Oct 26. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: underscore the need for surveillance and care of populations with pre-existing psychiatric disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic. SN - 2666-7568 (Electronic); 2666-7568 (Linking) SP - e69-e79 ST - Pre-pandemic psychiatric disorders and risk of COVID-19: a UK Biobank cohort analysis T2 - Lancet Healthy Longev TI - Pre-pandemic psychiatric disorders and risk of COVID-19: a UK Biobank cohort analysis UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33521769 VL - 1 Y2 - 2021/05/14 ID - 1309 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, in addition to the more routine public health measures, many countries have implemented "lockdowns"-closing borders, restricting international travel, and placing severe limitations on individual movement and group gatherings. While lockdowns may be an important tool to limit transmission, they come at a potentially great cost with regard to economic impact, mental health consequences, and increased morbidity and mortality from non-COVID-19 diseases. Furthermore, implementation of the required draconian measures may be difficult in some settings because of logistical, economic, and sociocultural impediments, especially in many low- and middle-income countries. Governments and health authorities must chart a course on how to "unlock" or control transmission where lockdowns are not feasible. "Precision physical distancing"-distancing tailored and optimized to specific physical, social, cultural, political, and economic contexts and to specific groups and settings-is proposed and discussed here as an important tool in the control of COVID-19. It has the advantages of being low cost, adaptable to diverse sociocultural and economic settings through community ownership and local action, and more easily monitored and potentially enforced than less precise measures. Precision physical distancing can be one important component of a sustainable long-term solution that is proportionate to the risk yet does not have a disproportionate impact on society and the economy, allowing a partial return to normal activities, with the community as an essential partner. AD - Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom. | UK Public Health Rapid Support Team, Public Health England/London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom. AN - 32431273 AU - Bausch, D. G. C1 - 2020-05-29 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052920_covidupdate.html DA - Jul DO - 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0359 ET - 2020/05/21 IS - 1 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*prevention & control | Humans | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*prevention & control | Public Health/*standards | Quarantine/*standards | SARS-CoV-2 | Social Isolation L1 - internal-pdf://1659603608/Bausch-2020-Precision Physical Distancing for.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Bausch, Daniel G; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020 Jul;103(1):22-24. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0359. Epub 2020 May 16. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Precision physical distancing may provide a sustainable long-term solution to resuming normal activities. SN - 1476-1645 (Electronic); 0002-9637 (Linking) SP - 22-24 ST - Precision Physical Distancing for COVID-19: An Important Tool in Unlocking the Lockdown T2 - Am J Trop Med Hyg TI - Precision Physical Distancing for COVID-19: An Important Tool in Unlocking the Lockdown UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32431273 VL - 103 ID - 274 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has become the primary method to diagnose viral diseases, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). RT-PCR detects RNA, not infectious virus; thus, its ability to determine duration of infectivity of patients is limited. Infectivity is a critical determinant in informing public health guidelines/interventions. Our goal was to determine the relationship between E gene SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR cycle threshold (Ct) values from respiratory samples, symptom onset to test (STT), and infectivity in cell culture. METHODS: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, we took SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR-confirmed positive samples and determined their ability to infect Vero cell lines. RESULTS: Ninety RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2-positive samples were incubated on Vero cells. Twenty-six samples (28.9%) demonstrated viral growth. Median tissue culture infectious dose/mL was 1780 (interquartile range, 282-8511). There was no growth in samples with a Ct > 24 or STT > 8 days. Multivariate logistic regression using positive viral culture as a binary predictor variable, STT, and Ct demonstrated an odds ratio (OR) for positive viral culture of 0.64 (95% confidence interval [CI], .49-.84; P < .001) for every 1-unit increase in Ct. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for Ct vs positive culture was OR, 0.91 (95% CI, .85-.97; P < .001), with 97% specificity obtained at a Ct of > 24. CONCLUSIONS: SARS-CoV-2 Vero cell infectivity was only observed for RT-PCR Ct < 24 and STT < 8 days. Infectivity of patients with Ct > 24 and duration of symptoms > 8 days may be low. This information can inform public health policy and guide clinical, infection control, and occupational health decisions. Further studies of larger size are needed. AD - Cadham Provincial Laboratory, Manitoba Health, Winnipeg, Canada. | Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. | Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. | National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. | Department of Anaesthesiology and Medicine, Section of Critical Care, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. AN - 32442256 AU - Bullard, J. | Dust, K. | Funk, D. | Strong, J. E. | Alexander, D. | Garnett, L. | Boodman, C. | Bello, A. | Hedley, A. | Schiffman, Z. | Doan, K. | Bastien, N. | Li, Y. | Van Caeseele, P. G. | Poliquin, G. C1 - 2020-06-05 C2 - Laboratory Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060520_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 17 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa638 DP - NLM ET - 2020/05/23 IS - 10 KW - Animals | *covid-19 | Chlorocebus aethiops | Cross-Sectional Studies | Humans | RNA, Viral | Retrospective Studies | *SARS-CoV-2 | Vero Cells | *rt-pcr | *infectivity | *public health L1 - internal-pdf://3664911898/Bullard-2020-Predicting Infectious Severe Acut.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Bullard, Jared; Dust, Kerry; Funk, Duane; Strong, James E; Alexander, David; Garnett, Lauren; Boodman, Carl; Bello, Alexander; Hedley, Adam; Schiffman, Zachary; Doan, Kaylie; Bastien, Nathalie; Li, Yan; Van Caeseele, Paul G; Poliquin, Guillaume; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Dec 17;71(10):2663-2666. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa638. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Of 90 samples that tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR, 26 (29%) were culture positive consistent with the presence of replication-competent virus. | Positive culture samples had lower median cycle threshold (Ct) values (17 vs. 27; Figure 1 �?lower Ct value equates to higher viral RNA burden) and a lesser median number of days between symptom onset and RT-PCR test than negative culture samples: 3 vs. 7 days (Figure 2). | None of the samples that had a Ct value >24 or that were tested >8 days after symptom onset yielded a positive culture. | Methods: 90 samples obtained from people who tested RT-PCR positive for SARS CoV-2 were cultured. Relationships between Ct values (number of RT-PCR replication cycles needed to detect SARS-CoV-2), days between symptom onset and RT-PCR test, and positive viral culture were assessed. Limitations: Date of symptom onset was based on self-report; presence of replication-competent virus may not indicate infectivity; Ct values across different PCR platforms have not been standardized. | Implications: In the absence of viral culture, samples that test RT-PCR positive for SARS-CoV-2 with low Ct values (in this study <24) or were tested �? days since illness onset could indicate presence of replication-competent virus. Specimens collected after 8 days and with high Ct values may not contain infectious virus. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - 2663-2666 ST - Predicting Infectious Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 From Diagnostic Samples T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Predicting Infectious Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 From Diagnostic Samples UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32442256 VL - 71 ID - 318 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Currently, physicians are limited in their ability to provide an accurate prognosis for COVID-19 positive patients. Existing scoring systems have been ineffective for identifying patient decompensation. Machine learning (ML) may offer an alternative strategy. A prospectively validated method to predict the need for ventilation in COVID-19 patients is essential to help triage patients, allocate resources, and prevent emergency intubations and their associated risks. METHODS: In a multicenter clinical trial, we evaluated the performance of a machine learning algorithm for prediction of invasive mechanical ventilation of COVID-19 patients within 24 h of an initial encounter. We enrolled patients with a COVID-19 diagnosis who were admitted to five United States health systems between March 24 and May 4, 2020. RESULTS: 197 patients were enrolled in the REspirAtory Decompensation and model for the triage of covid-19 patients: a prospective studY (READY) clinical trial. The algorithm had a higher diagnostic odds ratio (DOR, 12.58) for predicting ventilation than a comparator early warning system, the Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS). The algorithm also achieved significantly higher sensitivity (0.90) than MEWS, which achieved a sensitivity of 0.78, while maintaining a higher specificity (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In the first clinical trial of a machine learning algorithm for ventilation needs among COVID-19 patients, the algorithm demonstrated accurate prediction of the need for mechanical ventilation within 24 h. This algorithm may help care teams effectively triage patients and allocate resources. Further, the algorithm is capable of accurately identifying 16% more patients than a widely used scoring system while minimizing false positive results. AD - Cabell Huntington Hospital, Huntington, WV, USA; Marshall University School of Medicine, Huntington, WV, USA. | Dascena, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA. | Dascena, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA. Electronic address: anna@dascena.com. | Kidney Care and Transplant Associates of New England, Springfield, MA, USA. | Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cooper University Hospital/Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA. | Cape Regional Medical Center, Cape May Court House, NJ, USA. | Department of Intensive Care, Erasme University Hospital, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. AN - 32798922 AU - Burdick, H. | Lam, C. | Mataraso, S. | Siefkas, A. | Braden, G. | Dellinger, R. P. | McCoy, A. | Vincent, J. L. | Green-Saxena, A. | Barnes, G. | Hoffman, J. | Calvert, J. | Pellegrini, E. | Das, R. C1 - 2020-08-21 C2 - Prediction and Clinical Support Tools CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082120_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.103949 DP - NLM ET - 2020/08/18 KW - Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Algorithms | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Clinical Laboratory Techniques/*methods/statistics & numerical data | Computational Biology | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis/drug therapy/*physiopathology/therapy | Female | Humans | *Machine Learning | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis/*physiopathology/therapy | Prognosis | Prospective Studies | Respiration, Artificial | Respiratory Insufficiency/*diagnosis/*physiopathology/therapy | SARS-CoV-2 | Sensitivity and Specificity | Triage/methods/statistics & numerical data | United States/epidemiology | *covid-19 | *Mechanical ventilation | *Prediction L1 - internal-pdf://0750746933/Burdick-2020-Prediction of respiratory decompe.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Burdick, Hoyt; Lam, Carson; Mataraso, Samson; Siefkas, Anna; Braden, Gregory; Dellinger, R Phillip; McCoy, Andrea; Vincent, Jean-Louis; Green-Saxena, Abigail; Barnes, Gina; Hoffman, Jana; Calvert, Jacob; Pellegrini, Emily; Das, Ritankar; eng; Clinical Trial; Multicenter Study; Comput Biol Med. 2020 Sep;124:103949. doi: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.103949. Epub 2020 Aug 6. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Shows a machine learning algorithm predicts ventilation needs among COVID-19 patients more accurately than an existing scoring system and might assist care teams effectively triage patients and allocate resources. SN - 1879-0534 (Electronic); 0010-4825 (Linking) SP - 103949 ST - Prediction of respiratory decompensation in Covid-19 patients using machine learning: The READY trial T2 - Comput Biol Med TI - Prediction of respiratory decompensation in Covid-19 patients using machine learning: The READY trial UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32798922 VL - 124 ID - 752 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVES: The assessment of illness severity at admission can contribute to decreased mortality in patients with the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) and Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) scoring systems at admission for the prediction of mortality risk in COVID-19 patients. METHODS: We included 140 critically ill COVID-19 patients. Data on demographics, clinical characteristics, and laboratory findings at admission were used to calculate SOFA and qSOFA against the in-hospital outcomes (survival or death) that were ascertained from the medical records. The predictive accuracy of both scoring systems was evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS: The area under the ROC curve for SOFA in predicting mortality was 0.890 (95% CI: 0.826-0.955), which was higher than that of qSOFA (0.742, 95% CI 0.657-0.816). An optimal cutoff of >/=3 for SOFA had sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 90.00%, 83.18%, 50.00%, and 97.80%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This novel report indicates that SOFA could function as an effective adjunctive risk-stratification tool at admission for critical COVID-19 patients. The performance of qSOFA is accepted but inferior to that of SOFA. AD - Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, PR China; China International Emergency Medical Team, Sichuan, PR China. | China International Emergency Medical Team, Sichuan, PR China; Department of Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, PR China; COVID19 Medical Team (Hubei) of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, PR China; COVID-19 Ward of Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, PR China. | COVID-19 Ward of Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, PR China; Oncology Department of Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, East Campus, PR China. | Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, PR China. Electronic address: liusijia@wchscu.cn. AN - 33142178 AU - Liu, S. | Yao, N. | Qiu, Y. | He, C. C1 - 2020-07-24 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072420_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.07.019 ET - 2020/11/04 IS - 10 KW - Age Factors | Aged | COVID-19/*mortality | Comorbidity | Emergency Service, Hospital/statistics & numerical data | Female | Hospital Mortality | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | *Organ Dysfunction Scores | Pandemics | Predictive Value of Tests | ROC Curve | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 | Mortality | Novel coronavirus disease | Quick sequential organ failure assessment | Sequential organ failure assessment | declared there are no conflicts of interest. L1 - internal-pdf://2685530406/Liu-2020-Predictive performance of SOFA and qS.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Liu, Sijia; Yao, Ni; Qiu, Yanru; He, Chengqi; eng; Validation Study; Am J Emerg Med. 2020 Oct;38(10):2074-2080. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.07.019. Epub 2020 Jul 12. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores in critically ill COVID-19 patients may predict mortality risk. SN - 1532-8171 (Electronic); 0735-6757 (Linking) SP - 2074-2080 ST - Predictive performance of SOFA and qSOFA for in-hospital mortality in severe novel coronavirus disease T2 - Am J Emerg Med TI - Predictive performance of SOFA and qSOFA for in-hospital mortality in severe novel coronavirus disease UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33142178 VL - 38 ID - 585 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the disparities in healthcare delivery in the US. Many communities had, and continue to have, limited access to COVID-19 testing, making it difficult to track the spread and impact of COVID-19 in early days of the outbreak. To address this issue we monitored severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA at the population-level using municipal wastewater influent from 19 cities across the state of Minnesota during the COVID-19 outbreak in Summer 2020. Viral RNA was detected in wastewater continually for 20-weeks for cities ranging in populations from 500 to >1, 000, 000. Using a novel indexing method, we were able to compare the relative levels of SARS-CoV-2 RNA for each city during this sampling period. Our data showed that viral RNA trends appeared to precede clinically confirmed cases across the state by several days. Lag analysis of statewide trends confirmed that wastewater SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels preceded new clinical cases by 15-17 days. At the regional level, new clinical cases lagged behind wastewater viral RNA anywhere from 4- 20 days. Our data illustrates the advantages of monitoring at the population-level to detect outbreaks. Additionally, by tracking infections with this unbiased approach, resources can be directed to the most impacted communities before the need outpaces the capacity of local healthcare systems. AN - 33532795 AU - Melvin, R. G. | Chaudhry, N. | Georgewill, O. | Freese, R. | Simmons, G. E. C1 - 2021-02-05 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02052021_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 30 DO - 10.1101/2021.01.23.21250376 ET - 2021/02/04 L1 - internal-pdf://1442649398/Melvin-2021-Predictive power of SARS-CoV-2 was.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Melvin, Richard G; Chaudhry, Nabiha; Georgewill, Onimitein; Freese, Rebecca; Simmons, Glenn E; eng; UL1 TR002494/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; Preprint; medRxiv. 2021 Jan 30. doi: 10.1101/2021.01.23.21250376. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In Minnesota, wastewater SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels, using RT-PCR to amplify 2 nucleocapsid gene targets (N1 and N2), predicted new clinical cases with a lag of 15 days for N1 (r = 0.73, p <0.001) and 17 days for N2 (r = 0.77, p <0.001) (Figure). | Methods: Compared Minnesota Department of Health COVID-19 case data with indexed SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels in municipal wastewater from 19 Minnesota cities in summer 2020. Developed a novel index (Melvin’s Index) of wastewater SARS-CoV-2 viral load, standardized based on a plant virus that is abundant in human feces, to control for factors such as treatment facility capacity, flow rate, and population size. Successively lagged Melvin’s Index values in 1-day increments to find the lag time (between observing an increase in SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater and the appearance of confirmed new COVID-19 positive tests) that maximized correlation (r) between Melvin’s Index and new confirmed cases. Limitations: Variations in clinical SARS-CoV-2 testing might affect correlation with population wastewater viral load. | Implications: Wastewater surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 might allow early detection of local outbreaks, especially where access to healthcare services is limited. A studyexternal icon in Barcelona found SARS-CoV-2 was detected in sewage collected 41 days before the first COVID-19 case. SP - 2021.01.23.21250376 ST - Predictive power of SARS-CoV-2 wastewater surveillance for diverse populations across a large geographical range T2 - medRxiv TI - Predictive power of SARS-CoV-2 wastewater surveillance for diverse populations across a large geographical range UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33532795 ID - 1477 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We aimed to examine independent predictive factors for the severity and survival of COVID-19 disease, from routine blood parameters, especially the blood urea nitrogen (BUN)/creatinine (Cr) ratio. A total of 139 patients with COVID-19 were investigated at Siirt State Hospital. According to the disease severity, the patients were categorized as three groups (moderate: 85, severe: 54, and critical: 20). Then, patients were divided into two groups: nonsevere (moderate) and severe (severe and critical). Demographic, clinical data, and routine blood parameters were analyzed. In multivariate model adjusted for potential confounders BUN/Cr ratio (odds ratio [OR] = 1.70; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.20-2.40; P = .002) and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) (OR = 2.21; 95% CI: 1.20-4.30; P < .001) were independent predictive factors for disease severity. In multivariate Cox proportional hazard model BUN/Cr ratio (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.02; 95% CI: 1.01-1.05; P = .030), and NLR (HR = 1.17; 95% CI: 1.06-1.30; P = .020) were independent predictors for survival of COVID-19 disease. The optimal thresholds of the BUN/Cr ratio at 33.5 and 51.7 had the superior possibility for severe disease and mortality, area under the curve (AUC) were 0.98 and 0.95, respectively. The optimal thresholds of NLR at 3.27 and 5.72 had a superior possibility for severe disease and mortality, AUC were 0.87 and 0.85, respectively. BUN/Cr and NLR are independent predictors for COVID-19 patient severity and survival. Routine evaluation of BUN/Cr and NLR can help identify high-risk cases with COVID-19. AD - Department of Urology, Siirt State Hospital, Siirt, Turkey. | Department of Biochemistry, Siirt State Hospital, Siirt, Turkey. AN - 32662893 AU - Ok, F. | Erdogan, O. | Durmus, E. | Carkci, S. | Canik, A. C1 - 2020-07-24 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072420_covidupdate.html DA - Feb DO - 10.1002/jmv.26300 ET - 2020/07/15 IS - 2 KW - Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | *Blood Urea Nitrogen | COVID-19/blood/*diagnosis/mortality | Creatinine/*blood | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Odds Ratio | Predictive Value of Tests | Prognosis | Proportional Hazards Models | ROC Curve | Retrospective Studies | Survival Analysis | Turkey | *covid-19 | *coronavirus | *creatinine | *neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio L1 - internal-pdf://1659137730/Ok-2021-Predictive values of blood urea nitrog.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Ok, Fesih; Erdogan, Omer; Durmus, Emrullah; Carkci, Serkan; Canik, Aggul; eng; J Med Virol. 2021 Feb;93(2):786-793. doi: 10.1002/jmv.26300. Epub 2020 Jul 22. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Evaluation of the blood urea nitrogen/creatine and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratios might help identify high‐risk cases with COVID�?9. SN - 1096-9071 (Electronic); 0146-6615 (Linking) SP - 786-793 ST - Predictive values of blood urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio and other routine blood parameters on disease severity and survival of COVID-19 patients T2 - J Med Virol TI - Predictive values of blood urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio and other routine blood parameters on disease severity and survival of COVID-19 patients UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32662893 VL - 93 ID - 591 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Public polling indicates that vaccine uptake will be suboptimal when COVID-19 vaccines become available. Formative research seeking an understanding of weak vaccination intentions is urgently needed. METHODS: Nationwide online survey of 804 U.S. English-speaking adults. Compensated participants were recruited from the U.S. through an internet survey panel of 2.5 million residents developed by a commercial survey firm. Recruitment was based on quota sampling to produce a U.S. Census-matched sample representative of the nation with regard to region of residence, sex, and age. RESULTS: COVID-19 vaccination intentions were weak, with 14.8% of respondents being unlikely to get vaccinated and another 23.0% unsure. Intent to vaccinate was highest for men, older people, individuals who identified as white and non-Hispanic, the affluent and college-educated, Democrats, those who were married or partnered, people with pre-existing medical conditions, and those vaccinated against influenza during the 2019-2020 flu season. In a multiple linear regression, significant predictors of vaccination intent were general vaccine knowledge (beta = 0.311, p < .001), rejection of vaccine conspiracies (beta = -0.117, p = .003), perceived severity of COVID-19 (beta = 0.273, p < .001), influenza vaccine uptake (beta = 0.178, p < .001), having >/= 5 pre-existing conditions (beta = 0.098, p = .003), being male (beta = 0.119, p < .001), household income of >/= $120,000 (beta = 0.110, p = .004), identifying as a Democrat (beta = 0.075, p < .029), and not relying upon social media for virus information (beta = -0.090, p <002). Intent to vaccinate was lower for Fox News (57.3%) than CNN/MSNBC viewers (76.4%) (chi2(1) = 12.68, p < .001). Political party differences in threat appraisals and vaccine conspiracy beliefs are described. CONCLUSIONS: Demographic characteristics, vaccine knowledge, perceived vulnerability to COVID-19, risk factors for COVID-19, and politics likely contribute to vaccination hesitancy. AD - Department of Communication, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States. Electronic address: jbruiz@ucdavis.edu. | Department of Communication, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States. Electronic address: rabell@ucdavis.edu. AN - 33461833 AU - Ruiz, J. B. | Bell, R. A. C1 - 2021-01-22 C2 - Social, Behavioral, and Communication Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01222021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 12 DO - 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.01.010 ET - 2021/01/20 IS - 7 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | COVID-19/*prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/*administration & dosage | Female | Humans | *Intention | Male | Middle Aged | Surveys and Questionnaires | United States | Vaccination/*psychology | Young Adult | *covid-19 | *Conspiracy beliefs | *Coronavirus | *Media | *Social media | *Vaccine | competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared | to influence the work reported in this paper. L1 - internal-pdf://1040397404/Ruiz-2021-Predictors of intention to vaccinate.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Ruiz, Jeanette B; Bell, Robert A; eng; Netherlands; Vaccine. 2021 Feb 12;39(7):1080-1086. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.01.010. Epub 2021 Jan 9. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Of 804 participants, 62.2% were likely and 14.8% unlikely to be vaccinated; 23.0% were unsure. | Intent to vaccinate was higher among men (71.9%) than women (53.8%), White (67.2%) than among Black (59.8%), or Asian (56.5%) persons, and among non-Hispanic (63.7%) than Hispanic (47.3%) persons. | Predictors of intent to vaccinate were vaccine knowledge, not believing vaccine conspiracies, perceiving COVID-19 as a threat, past year influenza vaccine, �? pre-existing conditions, male sex, household income �?120,000, Democratic party identity, and preferring COVID-19 information sources other than social media. | Methods: Nationwide online survey of US English-speaking adults from an internet survey panel of 2.5 million residents on June 15 and 16, 2020. Limitations: Participants were surveyed before phase 3 vaccine effectiveness and safety trial data were available. Might have missed Spanish speakers and people without internet access. | ; Implications for both studies (Fisher et al. & Ruiz et al.): Increased vaccine hesitancy was more frequent among non-Hispanic Black or Hispanic persons in both studies. Credible information about vaccine safety and effectiveness might improve uptake. Later surveys (Nikolovski et alexternal icon.) suggest that COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among vulnerable populations might have increased with news reports on effective vaccines. Reducing vaccine hesitancy will require a multifaceted approach, including trustworthy information, effective communication, and trusted messengers, potentially including community leaders, clinicians, and social media influencers. SN - 1873-2518 (Electronic); 0264-410X (Linking) SP - 1080-1086 ST - Predictors of intention to vaccinate against COVID-19: Results of a nationwide survey T2 - Vaccine TI - Predictors of intention to vaccinate against COVID-19: Results of a nationwide survey UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33461833 VL - 39 ID - 1436 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) are recommended for COVID-19 mitigation. However, the effectiveness of NPIs in preventing SARS-CoV-2 transmission remains poorly quantified.Methods We conducted a test-negative design case-control study enrolling cases (testing positive for SARS-CoV-2) and controls (testing negative) with molecular SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic test results reported to California Department of Public Health between 24 February-26 September, 2021. We used conditional logistic regression to assess predictors of case status among participants who reported contact with an individual known or suspected to have been infected with SARS-CoV-2 (“high-risk exposure�? within �?4 days of testing.Results 643 of 1280 cases (50.2%) and 204 of 1263 controls (16.2%) reported high-risk exposures �?4 days before testing. Adjusted odds of case status were 2.94-fold (95% confidence interval: 1.66-5.25) higher when high-risk exposures occurred with household members (vs. other contacts), 2.06-fold (1.03-4.21) higher when exposures occurred indoors (vs. not indoors), and 2.58-fold (1.50-4.49) higher when exposures lasted �? hours (vs. shorter durations) among unvaccinated and partially-vaccinated individuals; excess risk associated with such exposures was mitigated among fully-vaccinated individuals. Mask usage by participants or their contacts during high-risk exposures reduced adjusted odds of case status by 48% (8-72%). Adjusted odds of case status were 68% (32-84%) and 77% (59-87%) lower for partially- and fully-vaccinated participants, respectively, than for unvaccinated participants. Benefits of mask usage were greatest when exposures lasted �? hours, occurred indoors, or involved non-household contacts.Conclusions NPIs reduced the likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 infection following high-risk exposure. Vaccine effectiveness was substantial for partially and fully vaccinated persons.KEY POINTSSARS-CoV-2 infection risk was greatest for unvaccinated participants when exposures to known or suspected cases occurred indoors or lasted �? hours.Face mask usage when participants were exposed to a known or suspect case reduced odds of infection by 48%.Competing Interest StatementJAL discloses receipt of grants and honoraria from Pfizer, Inc. unrelated to this work.Funding StatementThe study was supported by the California Department of Public Health. JP, JO, and JFM were supported by a grant from the ELC program of the US CDC (program number 0187.0150). JAL was supported by NIH/NIAID (grant R01-AI14812701). Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The study protocol was granted a non-research determination by the State of California Health and Human Services Agency Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects (project number: 2021-034).I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesDirect data requests to the corresponding uthor at jlewnard{at}berkeley.edu AU - Andrejko, Kristin L. | Pry, Jake | Myers, Jennifer F. | Openshaw, John | Watt, James | Birkett, Nozomi | DeGuzman, Jennifer L. | Li, Sophia S. | Barbaduomo, Camilla M. | Fang, Anna T. | Tran, Vivian H. | Javadi, Mahsa H. | Frost, Paulina M. | Dong, Zheng N. | Jain, Seema | Lewnard, Joseph A. | on behalf of the California, Covid-Case-Control Study Team C1 - 2021-11-05 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/11052021_covidupdate.html#anchor_Vaccines DO - 10.1101/2021.10.20.21265295 L1 - internal-pdf://3278993198/Andrejko-2021-Predictors of SARS-CoV-2 infecti.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among persons reporting a high-risk exposure, wearing a face mask during the exposure reduced the odds of infection by 48% (95% CI 9%-71%), and vaccination reduced the odds of infection by 77% (95% CI 59%-87%). | Among unvaccinated and partially vaccinated persons, exposures that occurred indoors, lasted �? hours, or were from a household member were associated with greater odds of infection (aOR 2.06 [95% CI 1.03-4.21], 2.58 [95% CI 1.50-4.49], and 2.94 [95% CI 1.66-5.25], respectively) (Figure). | The excess risk associated with these exposures was attenuated among fully vaccinated individuals. | Methods: Case-control study among persons (643 cases and 204 controls) with molecular SARS-CoV-2 test results reported to California Department of Public Health during February–September 2021 and who reported a high-risk exposure (social contact with a person known or suspected to have SARS-CoV-2 infection) within 14 days prior to testing. Predictors of positive tests assessed using multivariable conditional logistic regression. Limitations: Vaccination coverage was low, and Delta (B.1.617.2) variant was not widespread during study; type of masks used not reported; underpowered to make certain comparisons. | | Implications: Masks and vaccination significantly reduce the risk of infection in real world settings. SP - 2021.10.20.21265295 ST - Predictors of SARS-CoV-2 infection following high-risk exposure T2 - medRxiv TI - Predictors of SARS-CoV-2 infection following high-risk exposure UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/10/23/2021.10.20.21265295.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/10/23/2021.10.20.21265295.full.pdf ID - 2584 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Zoonotic introduction of novel coronaviruses may encounter preexisting immunity in humans. Using diverse assays for antibodies recognizing SARS-CoV-2 proteins, we detected preexisting humoral immunity. SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (S)-reactive antibodies were detectable using a flow cytometry-based method in SARS-CoV-2-uninfected individuals and were particularly prevalent in children and adolescents. They were predominantly of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) class and targeted the S2 subunit. By contrast, SARS-CoV-2 infection induced higher titers of SARS-CoV-2 S-reactive IgG antibodies targeting both the S1 and S2 subunits, and concomitant IgM and IgA antibodies, lasting throughout the observation period. SARS-CoV-2-uninfected donor sera exhibited specific neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-2 S pseudotypes. Distinguishing preexisting and de novo immunity will be critical for our understanding of susceptibility to and the natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection. AD - Retroviral Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK. | Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK. | Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK. | Cell Biology of Infection Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK. | Signalling and Structural Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK. | Structural Biology of Disease Processes Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK. | Structural Biology STP, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK. | Flow Cytometry STP, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK. | University College London Hospitals (UCLH) NHS Trust, London NW1 2BU, UK. | Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London (UCL), London WC1E 6BT, UK. | Department of Population, Policy and Practice, Great Ormond Street Institute for Child Health (ICH), UCL, London WC1N 1EH, UK. | Peptide Chemistry, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK. | Public Health Wales, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK. | Centre for Adolescent Rheumatology Versus Arthritis at UCL, UCLH, Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH), London WC1N 3JH, UK. | UCL Great Ormond Street Institute for Child Health (ICH), UCL, London WC1N 1EH, UK. | Centre for Rheumatology Research, Division of Medicine, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, UK. | Cancer Evolution and Genome Instability Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK. | Neurodegeneration Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK. | AhRimmunity Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK. | Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London (UCL), London WC1E 6BT, UK. george.kassiotis@crick.ac.uk e.nastouli@ucl.ac.uk peter.cherepanov@crick.ac.uk l.mccoy@ucl.ac.uk. | Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK. george.kassiotis@crick.ac.uk e.nastouli@ucl.ac.uk peter.cherepanov@crick.ac.uk l.mccoy@ucl.ac.uk. | University College London Hospitals (UCLH) NHS Trust, London NW1 2BU, UK. george.kassiotis@crick.ac.uk e.nastouli@ucl.ac.uk peter.cherepanov@crick.ac.uk l.mccoy@ucl.ac.uk. | Retroviral Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK. george.kassiotis@crick.ac.uk e.nastouli@ucl.ac.uk peter.cherepanov@crick.ac.uk l.mccoy@ucl.ac.uk. | Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK. AN - 33159009 AU - Ng, K. W. | Faulkner, N. | Cornish, G. H. | Rosa, A. | Harvey, R. | Hussain, S. | Ulferts, R. | Earl, C. | Wrobel, A. G. | Benton, D. J. | Roustan, C. | Bolland, W. | Thompson, R. | Agua-Doce, A. | Hobson, P. | Heaney, J. | Rickman, H. | Paraskevopoulou, S. | Houlihan, C. F. | Thomson, K. | Sanchez, E. | Shin, G. Y. | Spyer, M. J. | Joshi, D. | O'Reilly, N. | Walker, P. A. | Kjaer, S. | Riddell, A. | Moore, C. | Jebson, B. R. | Wilkinson, M. | Marshall, L. R. | Rosser, E. C. | Radziszewska, A. | Peckham, H. | Ciurtin, C. | Wedderburn, L. R. | Beale, R. | Swanton, C. | Gandhi, S. | Stockinger, B. | McCauley, J. | Gamblin, S. J. | McCoy, L. E. | Cherepanov, P. | Nastouli, E. | Kassiotis, G. C1 - 2020-12-08 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/120820_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 11 DO - 10.1126/science.abe1107 ET - 2020/11/08 IS - 6522 KW - Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Amino Acid Sequence | Animals | Antibodies, Viral/*blood | COVID-19/blood/*immunology | Epitope Mapping | Female | HEK293 Cells | Humans | *Immunity, Humoral | Immunoglobulin A/blood | Immunoglobulin G/blood | Immunoglobulin M/blood | Male | Middle Aged | SARS-CoV-2/chemistry/*immunology | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry/*immunology | Viral Zoonoses/blood/immunology | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://0499673006/Ng-2020-Preexisting and de novo humoral immuni.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Ng, Kevin W; Faulkner, Nikhil; Cornish, Georgina H; Rosa, Annachiara; Harvey, Ruth; Hussain, Saira; Ulferts, Rachel; Earl, Christopher; Wrobel, Antoni G; Benton, Donald J; Roustan, Chloe; Bolland, William; Thompson, Rachael; Agua-Doce, Ana; Hobson, Philip; Heaney, Judith; Rickman, Hannah; Paraskevopoulou, Stavroula; Houlihan, Catherine F; Thomson, Kirsty; Sanchez, Emilie; Shin, Gee Yen; Spyer, Moira J; Joshi, Dhira; O'Reilly, Nicola; Walker, Philip A; Kjaer, Svend; Riddell, Andrew; Moore, Catherine; Jebson, Bethany R; Wilkinson, Meredyth; Marshall, Lucy R; Rosser, Elizabeth C; Radziszewska, Anna; Peckham, Hannah; Ciurtin, Coziana; Wedderburn, Lucy R; Beale, Rupert; Swanton, Charles; Gandhi, Sonia; Stockinger, Brigitta; McCauley, John; Gamblin, Steve J; McCoy, Laura E; Cherepanov, Peter; Nastouli, Eleni; Kassiotis, George; eng; 22203/VAC_/Versus Arthritis/United Kingdom; MR/R008698/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; MC_PC_19082/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; 102898/B/13/Z/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Science. 2020 Dec 11;370(6522):1339-1343. doi: 10.1126/science.abe1107. Epub 2020 Nov 6. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies were detected in persons presumed uninfected with SARS-CoV-2 (Figure 1): | 16 (5.3%) of 302 archived specimens from adults. | 21 (43.8%) of 48 archived specimens from 1�?6-year-olds. | Unlike samples from SARS-CoV-2-uninfected persons which only had IgG, sera from infected persons was also positive for IgM and IgA. | Neutralizing activity was comparable in both groups (Figure 2). | Methods: SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was expressed on cell lines and incubated with sera from 170 COVID-19 patients, archived specimens collected during 2011-2018 from 302 SARS-CoV-2-uninfected adults and 48 SARS-CoV-2-uninfected children and adolescents in the UK. Antibody binding to spike protein and ability of patient sera to neutralize SARS-CoV-2 was assessed. Limitations: Small sample size and limited generalizability. | Implications for three studies (Ng et al., Tso et al. & Anderson et al.): Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 proteins are not uncommon in pre-pandemic samples, suggesting cross-reactivity from prior infection with seasonal coronaviruses. Ng et al. saw high pre-existing SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in children/adolescents with neutralizing activity, whereas Anderson et al. did not and showed 2 lines of evidence suggesting no impact of pre-existing immunity on SARS-CoV-2 infection or outcomes. The biological implications of these findings regarding existing protective immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection remains unclear. Cross-reactivity needs to be considered in designing and conducting serosurveys to assess the extent of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a population. SN - 1095-9203 (Electronic); 0036-8075 (Linking) SP - 1339-1343 ST - Preexisting and de novo humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in humans T2 - Science TI - Preexisting and de novo humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in humans UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33159009 VL - 370 ID - 1302 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVE: Few large cohort studies have reported data on maternal, fetal, perinatal and neonatal outcomes associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in pregnancy. We report the outcome of infected pregnancies from a collaboration formed early during the pandemic between the investigators of two registries, the UK and Global Pregnancy and Neonatal outcomes in COVID-19 (PAN-COVID) study and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Section on Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine (SONPM) National Perinatal COVID-19 Registry. METHODS: This was an analysis of data from the PAN-COVID registry (1 January to 25 July 2020), which includes pregnancies with suspected or confirmed maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection at any stage in pregnancy, and the AAP-SONPM National Perinatal COVID-19 registry (4 April to 8 August 2020), which includes pregnancies with positive maternal testing for SARS-CoV-2 from 14 days before delivery to 3 days after delivery. The registries collected data on maternal, fetal, perinatal and neonatal outcomes. The PAN-COVID results are presented overall for pregnancies with suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separately in those with confirmed infection. RESULTS: We report on 4005 pregnant women with suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (1606 from PAN-COVID and 2399 from AAP-SONPM). For obstetric outcomes, in PAN-COVID overall and in those with confirmed infection in PAN-COVID and AAP-SONPM, respectively, maternal death occurred in 0.5%, 0.5% and 0.2% of cases, early neonatal death in 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.3% of cases and stillbirth in 0.5%, 0.6% and 0.4% of cases. Delivery was preterm (< 37 weeks' gestation) in 12.0% of all women in PAN-COVID, in 16.1% of those women with confirmed infection in PAN-COVID and in 15.7% of women in AAP-SONPM. Extreme preterm delivery (< 27 weeks' gestation) occurred in 0.5% of cases in PAN-COVID and 0.3% in AAP-SONPM. Neonatal SARS-CoV-2 infection was reported in 0.9% of all deliveries in PAN-COVID overall, in 2.0% in those with confirmed infection in PAN-COVID and in 1.8% in AAP-SONPM; the proportions of neonates tested were 9.5%, 20.7% and 87.2%, respectively. The rates of a small-for-gestational-age (SGA) neonate were 8.2% in PAN-COVID overall, 9.7% in those with confirmed infection and 9.6% in AAP-SONPM. Mean gestational-age-adjusted birth-weight Z-scores were -0.03 in PAN-COVID and -0.18 in AAP-SONPM. CONCLUSIONS: The findings from the UK and USA registries of pregnancies with SARS-CoV-2 infection were remarkably concordant. Preterm delivery affected a higher proportion of women than expected based on historical and contemporaneous national data. The proportions of pregnancies affected by stillbirth, a SGA infant or early neonatal death were comparable to those in historical and contemporaneous UK and USA data. Although maternal death was uncommon, the rate was higher than expected based on UK and USA population data, which is likely explained by underascertainment of women affected by milder or asymptomatic infection in pregnancy in the PAN-COVID study, although not in the AAP-SONPM study. The data presented support strong guidance for enhanced precautions to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy, particularly in the context of increased risks of preterm delivery and maternal mortality, and for priority vaccination of pregnant women and women planning pregnancy. Copyright (c) 2021 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. AD - Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK. | Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK. | Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL, USA. | Centre for Trials Research, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK. AN - 33620113 AU - Mullins, E. | Hudak, M. L. | Banerjee, J. | Getzlaff, T. | Townson, J. | Barnette, K. | Playle, R. | Perry, A. | Bourne, T. | Lees, C. C. | Pan-Covid investigators | the National Perinatal, Covid-Registry Study Group C1 - 2021-03-05 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03052021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr DO - 10.1002/uog.23619 DP - NLM ET - 2021/02/24 IS - 4 KW - Adult | *COVID-19/diagnosis/epidemiology/prevention & control/transmission | Female | Fetal Growth Retardation/diagnosis/epidemiology/virology | Humans | Infant, Newborn | Infant, Small for Gestational Age | Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/statistics & numerical data | Male | Maternal Mortality | Pandemics | Perinatal Death | Pregnancy | *Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/diagnosis/epidemiology/prevention & control | Pregnancy Outcome/*epidemiology | Premature Birth/diagnosis/epidemiology/virology | Registries | Stillbirth/epidemiology | United Kingdom/epidemiology | United States/epidemiology | *SARS-CoV-2 | *coronavirus | *fetal growth restriction | *outcome | *perinatal | *preterm delivery | *stillbirth L1 - internal-pdf://1132233516/Mullins-2021-Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes o.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Mullins, E; Hudak, M L; Banerjee, J; Getzlaff, T; Townson, J; Barnette, K; Playle, R; Perry, A; Bourne, T; Lees, C C; eng; MC_PC_19066/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; National Institute of Health and Research; United Kingdom Research Institute; University of Florida College of Medicine Division of Neonatology; Observational Study; England; Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2021 Apr;57(4):573-581. doi: 10.1002/uog.23619. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Maternal deaths were uncommon in both the PAN-COVID (UK) and AAP SONPM (US) registries, 0.50% and 0.17%, respectively. | Pre-term deliveries in the PAN-COVID cohort were higher than expected when compared with UK vital statistics records (12.0% vs. 7.5%) and higher in AAP SONPM when compared with 2018 US vital records (15.7% vs 10.0%). | Neonatal deaths during the study time period were comparable to historical data. | Methods: Observational cohort study of pregnancy outcomes among women with SARS-CoV-2 infection using 2 national registries: the UK and Global Pregnancy and Neonatal outcomes in COVID-19 (PAN-COVID) registry including suspected and confirmed cases (n = 1,601), from January 1, 2020–July 25, 2020; and the US American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Neonatal Perinatal Medicine (AAP SONPM) National Perinatal COVID-19 registry (n = 2,399), from April 4, 2020–August 8, 2020. Limitations: Pre-term delivery rates may be inflated due to decisions to induce labor early to prevent adverse birth outcomes; limited inclusion of women with asymptomatic infection in the PAN-COVID study. | Implications: Pregnant women and women who plan on becoming pregnant should utilize all methods to reduce their risk of infection. SN - 1469-0705 (Electronic); 0960-7692 (Linking) SP - 573-581 ST - Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes of COVID-19: coreporting of common outcomes from PAN-COVID and AAP-SONPM registries T2 - Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol TI - Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes of COVID-19: coreporting of common outcomes from PAN-COVID and AAP-SONPM registries UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33620113 VL - 57 ID - 1563 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVE: To describe differences in outcomes between pregnant women with and without coronavirus dsease 2019 (COVID-19). DESIGN: Prospective cohort study of pregnant women consecutively admitted for delivery, and universally tested via nasopharyngeal (NP) swab for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. All infants of mothers with COVID-19 underwent SARS-CoV-2 testing. SETTING: Three New York City hospitals. POPULATION: Pregnant women >20 weeks of gestation admitted for delivery. METHODS: Data were stratified by SARS-CoV-2 result and symptomatic status, and were summarised using parametric and nonparametric tests. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence and outcomes of maternal COVID-19, obstetric outcomes, neonatal SARS-CoV-2, placental pathology. RESULTS: Of 675 women admitted for delivery, 10.4% were positive for SARS-CoV-2, of whom 78.6% were asymptomatic. We observed differences in sociodemographics and comorbidities among women with symptomatic COVID-10 versus asymptomatic COVID-19 versus no COVID-19. Caesarean delivery rates were 46.7% in symptomatic COVID-19, 45.5% in asymptomatic COVID-19 and 30.9% in women without COVID-19 (P = 0.044). Postpartum complications (fever, hypoxia, readmission) occurred in 12.9% of women with COVID-19 versus 4.5% of women without COVID-19 (P < 0.001). No woman required mechanical ventilation, and no maternal deaths occurred. Among 71 infants tested, none were positive for SARS-CoV-2. Placental pathology demonstrated increased frequency of fetal vascular malperfusion, indicative of thrombi in fetal vessels, in women with COVID-19 versus women without COVID-19 (48.3% versus 11.3%, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Among pregnant women with COVID-19 at delivery, we observed increased caesarean delivery rates and increased frequency of maternal complications in the postpartum period. Additionally, intraplacental thrombi may have maternal and fetal implications for COVID-19 remote from delivery. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: COVID-19 at delivery: more caesarean deliveries, postpartum complications and intraplacental thrombi. AD - Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA. | Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, New York Presbyterian Queens, Queens, NY, USA. | Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, New York Presbyterian Lower Manhattan Hospital, New York, NY, USA. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York Presbyterian Lower Manhattan Hospital, New York, NY, USA. AN - 32633022 AU - Prabhu, M. | Cagino, K. | Matthews, K. C. | Friedlander, R. L. | Glynn, S. M. | Kubiak, J. M. | Yang, Y. J. | Zhao, Z. | Baergen, R. N. | DiPace, J. I. | Razavi, A. S. | Skupski, D. W. | Snyder, J. R. | Singh, H. K. | Kalish, R. B. | Oxford, C. M. | Riley, L. E. C1 - 2020-07-17 C2 - COVID-19 Outcomes Among Pregnant Women and Neonate CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071720_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1111/1471-0528.16403 DP - NLM ET - 2020/07/08 IS - 12 KW - Adult | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Case-Control Studies | Cesarean Section | *Clinical Laboratory Techniques | Cohort Studies | Coronavirus Infections/complications/*diagnosis/*epidemiology | Female | Hospitalization | Humans | Infant, Newborn | Male | New York City | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/complications/*diagnosis/*epidemiology | Pregnancy | Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/*diagnosis/*epidemiology | SARS-CoV-2 | *covid-19 | *SARS-CoV-2 | *placental pathology | *postpartum complications | *pregnancy | *vertical transmission L1 - internal-pdf://0544549790/Prabhu-2020-Pregnancy and postpartum outcomes.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Prabhu, M; Cagino, K; Matthews, K C; Friedlander, R L; Glynn, S M; Kubiak, J M; Yang, Y J; Zhao, Z; Baergen, R N; DiPace, J I; Razavi, A S; Skupski, D W; Snyder, J R; Singh, H K; Kalish, R B; Oxford, C M; Riley, L E; eng; England; BJOG. 2020 Nov;127(12):1548-1556. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.16403. Epub 2020 Aug 13. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 4% of pregnant women tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 at labor and delivery admission; | Of positive cases, 78.6% were asymptomatic; new symptoms/clinical worsening occurred post-partum among 13%. | Black and Hispanic women comprised larger proportions of women diagnosed with COVID-19; 7% with COVID-19 were Black vs 4.1% without COVID-19. | 1% with COVID-19 were Hispanic vs 8.3% without COVID-19. | Women with COVID-19 had higher rates of Cesarean delivery (45.7% with COVID-19 vs 30.9% without) and post-partum complications such as fever, hypoxia, and readmission (12.9% with COVID-19 vs 4.5% without) (Figure). None died. | 71 of 73 infants born to women with COVID-19 were tested for SARS-CoV-2; none was positive. However, maternal COVID-19 was associated with fetal vascular malperfusion (48.3% with COVID-19 vs 11.3% without) (Figure). | Methods: Prospective cohort study of 675 pregnant women tested for SARS-CoV-2 and their infants, March 24-April 20, 2020. Study examined maternal SARS-CoV-2 prevalence and outcomes, neonatal outcomes, and placental pathology. Limitations: Possible biases in self-reported symptoms; high rates of missing data for race/ethnicity; only 1 site assessed placental pathology. | Implications for 2 studies (Prabhu et al. and Knight et al.): There is a disproportionate burden of COVID-19 among pregnant women from Black and other racial/ethnic minority groups though SARS-CoV-2 transmission to infants appears to be infrequent. Compared with uninfected pregnant women, those with COVID-19 had higher rates of post-partum complications and fetal vascular malperfusion. SN - 1471-0528 (Electronic); 1470-0328 (Linking) SP - 1548-1556 ST - Pregnancy and postpartum outcomes in a universally tested population for SARS-CoV-2 in New York City: a prospective cohort study T2 - BJOG TI - Pregnancy and postpartum outcomes in a universally tested population for SARS-CoV-2 in New York City: a prospective cohort study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32633022 VL - 127 ID - 536 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Many vaccine-related adverse events are associated with otolaryngologic manifestations. In particular, the incidence of sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) was examined after influenza vaccination in a large-scale study that demonstrated no association between vaccination and the rate of SSNHL. Anecdotal reports are rapidly emerging from the otolaryngology community of SSNHL occurring after inoculation by SARS-CoV-2 vaccines that are currently in use in the US under US Food and Drug Administration Emergency Use Authorizations. Recognizing the important public health implications of any association between COVID-19 vaccination and SSNHL, and motivated by patients who presented to our practice (Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore, Maryland) with audiometrically confirmed unilateral SSNHL that occurred within 24 hours of COVID-19 vaccination, we sought to (1) estimate the national incidence of SSNHL after COVID-19 vaccination using data from the Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS) maintained by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and (2) compare this with the expected incidence of SSNHL in the wider population. AU - Formeister, Eric J. | Chien, Wade | Agrawal, Yuri | Carey, John P. | Stewart, C. Matthew | Sun, Daniel Q. C1 - 2021-05-28 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05282021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1001/jamaoto.2021.0869 IS - 7 L1 - internal-pdf://4011908265/Formeister-2021-Preliminary Analysis of Associ.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: There was no association between vaccination with mRNA vaccines and incident sudden hearing loss based on data reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System between December 14, 2020 and March 2, 2021. SE - 674 SN - 2168-6181 ST - Preliminary Analysis of Association Between COVID-19 Vaccination and Sudden Hearing Loss Using US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System Data T2 - JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg TI - Preliminary Analysis of Association Between COVID-19 Vaccination and Sudden Hearing Loss Using US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System Data UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoto.2021.0869 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaotolaryngology/articlepdf/2780288/jamaotolaryngology_formeister_2021_ld_210005_1621000102.24512.pdf VL - 147 Y2 - 6/29/2021 ID - 1797 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of a global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that has led to more than 3 million deaths worldwide. Safe and effective vaccines are now available, including the mRNA-1273 prototype vaccine, which encodes for the Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein stabilized in the prefusion conformation by 2 proline substitutions. This vaccine showed 94% efficacy in prevention of symptomatic COVID-19 disease in a phase 3 clinical study. Recently, SARS-CoV-2 variants have emerged, some of which have shown decreased susceptibility to neutralization by vaccine-induced antibody, most notably the B.1.351 variant, although the overall impact on vaccine efficacy remains to be determined. In addition, recent evidence of waning antibody levels after infection or vaccination point to the need for periodic boosting of immunity. Here we present the preliminary evaluation of a clinical study on the use of the prototype mRNA-1273 or modified COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, designed to target emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants as booster vaccines in participants previously vaccinated approximately 6 months earlier with two doses of the prototype vaccine, mRNA-1273. The modified vaccines include a monovalent mRNA-1273.351 encoding for the S protein found in the B.1.351 variant and multivalent mRNA-1273.211 comprising a 1:1 mix of mRNA-1273 and mRNA-1273.351. As single 50 µg booster vaccinations, both mRNA-1273 and mRNA-1273.351 had acceptable safety profiles and were immunogenic. Antibody neutralization titers against B.1.351 and P.1 variants measured by SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus neutralization (PsVN) assays before the booster vaccinations, approximately 6 to 8 months after the primary series, were low or below the assay limit of quantification, although geometric mean titers versus the wild-type strain remained above levels likely to be protective. Two weeks after the booster vaccinations, titers against the wild-type original strain, B.1.351, and P.1 variants increased to levels similar to or higher than peak titers after the primary series vaccinations. Although both mRNA-1273 and mRNA-1273.351 boosted neutralization of the wild-type original strain, and B.1.351 and P.1 variants, mRNA-1273.351 appeared to be more effective at increasing neutralization of the B.1.351 virus versus a boost with mRNA-1273. The vaccine trial is ongoing and boosting of clinical trial participants with the multivalent mRNA-1273.211 is currently being evaluated.Competing Interest StatementK.W., A.C., M.K., L.M., L.M., A.H, N.N., W.H., J.O., H.B., H.L., Y.P., B.N., B.D., R.P., A.C., J.M., B.L., R.M., and D.E. are employees of Moderna, Inc., and may hold stock/stock options in the company.Clinical TrialNCT04405076Funding StatementThis work was supported in whole or in part with Federal funds from the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, under Contract No. 75A50120C00034, and Moderna, Inc.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The trial was conducted in accordance with the International Council for Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use, Good Clinical Practice Guidance, and applicable government regulations. The central Institutional Review Board approved the protocol and consent forms. All participants provided written informed consent before enrollment. The Central IRB for the P201 study was Advarra IRB, 6100 Merriweather Dr., Suite 600, Columbia, MD 21044, Phone: 410.884.2900All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as Clin calTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData sharing statement: Moderna is committed to sharing data supporting the findings of eligible studies. The results of this study are preliminary and the study is ongoing. Access to patient-level data and supporting clinical documents with qualified external researchers may be available upon request once the trial is complete. AU - Wu, Kai | Choi, Angela | Koch, Matthew | Ma, LingZhi | Hill, Anna | Nunna, Naveen | Huang, Wenmei | Oestreicher, Judy | Colpitts, Tonya | Bennett, Hamilton | Legault, Holly | Paila, Yamuna | Nestorova, Biliana | Ding, Baoyu | Pajon, Rolando | Miller, Jacqueline M. | Leav, Brett | Carfi, Andrea | McPhee, Roderick | Edwards, Darin K. C1 - 2021-05-14 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05142021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.05.05.21256716 L1 - internal-pdf://3450278185/Wu-2021-Preliminary Analysis of Safety and Imm.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Participants receiving a 3rd “booster�?dose of the Moderna vaccine had high neutralizing antibody titers similar to that seen after the initial vaccine series (Figure). | Similar neutralizing antibody titers were seen after boosting with the Moderna mRNA prototype vaccine compared to a booster dose of the Moderna mRNA-1273.351 vaccine modified to encode for the B.1.351 variant spike protein. | There were approximately 2-fold higher neutralizing antibody titers against B.1.351 after boosting with the variant vaccine (1400) compared with the prototype vaccine (864) (Figure). | Similar safety profiles were seen with either the prototype or variant booster vaccine. | Methods: Between 169 and 198 days after the second dose of the Moderna vaccine, a cohort 20 participants received a booster dose of either 50 µg of mRNA-1273 vaccine or 50 µg of mRNA-1273.351. Sera taken from participants on days 1, 8, 15, 29, 57 and 181 were analyzed for neutralizing antibody against SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses using the D614G, B.1.351, and P.1 variant sequences of the spike protein. Participants were contacted by phone every 4 weeks to assess safety. Limitations: Small sample size; only data for day 1 and day 15 samples are included in this early report. | Implications: Booster vaccines increased waning neutralizing antibody titers to levels similar to or higher than peak titers after the primary series vaccinations. SP - 2021.05.05.21256716 ST - Preliminary Analysis of Safety and Immunogenicity of a SARS-CoV-2 Variant Vaccine Booster T2 - medRxiv TI - Preliminary Analysis of Safety and Immunogenicity of a SARS-CoV-2 Variant Vaccine Booster UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/05/06/2021.05.05.21256716.full.pdf ID - 1742 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy. | Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy. | Global Health Research Institute, Istituto di Igiene, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy. | Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Child's Health, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia. | Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK. | Research and Clinical Center for Neuropsychiatry, Moscow, Russia. | Geriatric Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy. AN - 33835507 AU - Buonsenso, D. | Munblit, D. | De Rose, C. | Sinatti, D. | Ricchiuto, A. | Carfi, A. | Valentini, P. C1 - 2021-04-23 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04232021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 9 DO - 10.1111/apa.15870 ET - 2021/04/10 IS - n/a KW - *COVID-19/complications | Child | Humans | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://2158894641/Buonsenso-2021-Preliminary evidence on long CO.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Buonsenso, Danilo; Munblit, Daniel; De Rose, Cristina; Sinatti, Dario; Ricchiuto, Antonia; Carfi, Angelo; Valentini, Piero; eng; Norway; Acta Paediatr. 2021 Apr 9. doi: 10.1111/apa.15870. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In one hospital in Italy, 42.6% of children and adolescents �?8 years diagnosed with COVID�?9 (N = 129) reported at least one symptom >60 days after infection. SN - 1651-2227 (Electronic); 0803-5253 (Linking) SP - 2208-2211 ST - Preliminary evidence on long COVID in children T2 - Acta Paediatr TI - Preliminary evidence on long COVID in children UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33835507 VL - n/a ID - 1686 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Many pregnant persons in the United States are receiving messenger RNA (mRNA) coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) vaccines, but data are limited on their safety in pregnancy. METHODS: From December 14, 2020, to February 28, 2021, we used data from the "v-safe after vaccination health checker" surveillance system, the v-safe pregnancy registry, and the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) to characterize the initial safety of mRNA Covid-19 vaccines in pregnant persons. RESULTS: A total of 35,691 v-safe participants 16 to 54 years of age identified as pregnant. Injection-site pain was reported more frequently among pregnant persons than among nonpregnant women, whereas headache, myalgia, chills, and fever were reported less frequently. Among 3958 participants enrolled in the v-safe pregnancy registry, 827 had a completed pregnancy, of which 115 (13.9%) resulted in a pregnancy loss and 712 (86.1%) resulted in a live birth (mostly among participants with vaccination in the third trimester). Adverse neonatal outcomes included preterm birth (in 9.4%) and small size for gestational age (in 3.2%); no neonatal deaths were reported. Although not directly comparable, calculated proportions of adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes in persons vaccinated against Covid-19 who had a completed pregnancy were similar to incidences reported in studies involving pregnant women that were conducted before the Covid-19 pandemic. Among 221 pregnancy-related adverse events reported to the VAERS, the most frequently reported event was spontaneous abortion (46 cases). CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary findings did not show obvious safety signals among pregnant persons who received mRNA Covid-19 vaccines. However, more longitudinal follow-up, including follow-up of large numbers of women vaccinated earlier in pregnancy, is necessary to inform maternal, pregnancy, and infant outcomes. AD - From the Immunization Safety Office, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (T.T.S., T.R.M., P.L. Moro, L.P., P.L. Marquez, C.K.O., C.L., B.C.Z., J.M.G.), and the Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases (S.W.M.), National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, the Division of Birth Defects and Infant Disorders, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities (S.Y.K., V.K.B., C.J.G., D.M.M.-D.), the Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (T.O., K.T.C., S.R.E., A.N.S.), the World Trade Center Health Program, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (R.L.), and the Epidemic Intelligence Service (K.T.C.) - all at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta; and the Division of Epidemiology, Office of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (M.A., A.M.-J.). AN - 33882218 AU - Shimabukuro, Tom T. | Kim, Shin Y. | Myers, Tanya R. | Moro, Pedro L. | Oduyebo, Titilope | Panagiotakopoulos, Lakshmi | Marquez, Paige L. | Olson, Christine K. | Liu, Ruiling | Chang, Karen T. | Ellington, Sascha R. | Burkel, Veronica K. | Smoots, Ashley N. | Green, Caitlin J. | Licata, Charles | Zhang, Bicheng C. | Alimchandani, Meghna | Mba-Jonas, Adamma | Martin, Stacey W. | Gee, Julianne M. | Meaney-Delman, Dana M. C1 - 2021-07-23 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07232021_covidupdate.html DA - 2021/06/17 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2104983 ET - 2021/04/22 IS - 24 KW - Abortion, Spontaneous/epidemiology | Adolescent | Adult | Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems | COVID-19 Vaccines/*adverse effects/immunology | Female | Humans | Infant, Newborn | Infant, Small for Gestational Age | Middle Aged | *Pregnancy | Premature Birth/epidemiology | Public Health Surveillance/methods | Registries | United States/epidemiology | Vaccines, Synthetic/adverse effects | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://2717575076/Shimabukuro-2021-Preliminary Findings of mRNA.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Shimabukuro, Tom T | Kim, Shin Y | Myers, Tanya R | Moro, Pedro L | Oduyebo, Titilope | Panagiotakopoulos, Lakshmi | Marquez, Paige L | Olson, Christine K | Liu, Ruiling | Chang, Karen T | Ellington, Sascha R | Burkel, Veronica K | Smoots, Ashley N | Green, Caitlin J | Licata, Charles | Zhang, Bicheng C | Alimchandani, Meghna | Mba-Jonas, Adamma | Martin, Stacey W | Gee, Julianne M | Meaney-Delman, Dana M | eng | N Engl J Med. 2021 Jun 17;384(24):2273-2282. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2104983. Epub 2021 Apr 21. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Vaccination with BNT162b2...appears to be effective and safe in pregnant woman, a demographic currently without published Phase 3 data. SN - 0028-4793 SP - 2273-2282 ST - Preliminary Findings of mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine Safety in Pregnant Persons T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Preliminary Findings of mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine Safety in Pregnant Persons UR - https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2104983 | https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa2104983?articleTools=true VL - 384 Y2 - 2021/07/26 ID - 2139 ER - TY - JOUR AD - University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. Electronic address: dvoradavey@ucla.edu. | Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation, Cape Town, South Africa. | University of Cape Town School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Cape Town, South Africa. | University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. | University of California Los Angeles David Geffen SchOol of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA. AN - 32758479 AU - Davey, D. L. J. | Bekker, L. G. | Mashele, N. | Gorbach, P. | Coates, T. J. | Myer, L. C1 - 2020-08-14 C2 - COVID-19 Impact on HIV Prevention CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08142020_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1016/S2352-3018(20)30226-5 ET - 2020/08/08 IS - 11 KW - Adult | Anti-HIV Agents/*administration & dosage | Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity | Covid-19 | Cohort Studies | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/transmission/virology | Fear/psychology | Female | HIV Infections/*epidemiology/*prevention & control/transmission/virology | HIV-1/pathogenicity | Humans | *Pandemics | Patient Compliance/*psychology/statistics & numerical data | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/transmission/virology | Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis | Pregnancy | Psychological Distance | SARS-CoV-2 | South Africa/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://4172437763/Davey-2020-PrEP retention and prescriptions fo.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Davey, Dvora L Joseph; Bekker, Linda-Gail; Mashele, Nyiko; Gorbach, Pamina; Coates, Thomas J; Myer, Landon; eng; Letter; Netherlands; Lancet HIV. 2020 Nov;7(11):e735. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(20)30226-5. Epub 2020 Aug 3. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among HIV-negative women in prenatal and postpartum care, 57% missed pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) study visits during the COVID-19 lockdown, compared to 34% during the pre-lockdown period, odds ratio (OR) 2.36 (95% CI 1.73-3.16). | For 1-month visits, 29% of women missed visits pre-lockdown, compared with 63% during lockdown, p <0.05 (Figure). | For 3-month visits, 41% of women missed visits pre-lockdown, compared with 55% during lockdown, p <0.05 (Figure). | Methods: Cohort of 414 HIV-negative pregnant women receiving PrEP, Cape Town, South Africa with scheduled visits 1 and 3 months after initial visit. Missed visits pre-lockdown (August 2019 �?March 27, 2020) were compared with lockdown (March 28 �?June 1, 2020). Limitations: Unadjusted analysis. | Implications for 2 studies (Jewell et al. & Davey et al.): To minimize excess HIV-related deaths in severely affected countries, continuation of ART for people living with HIV needs to be assured. Prevention outreach for especially vulnerable populations should also be emphasized. SN - 2352-3018 (Electronic); 2352-3018 (Linking) SP - e735 ST - PrEP retention and prescriptions for pregnant women during COVID-19 lockdown in South Africa T2 - Lancet HIV TI - PrEP retention and prescriptions for pregnant women during COVID-19 lockdown in South Africa UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32758479 VL - 7 ID - 714 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In just a few weeks�?time, leaders across the globe will have to start making decisions about lifting lockdown policies, with considerable social, economic and political consequences. We propose a framework for what is arguably the most difficult health challenge that governments have faced since the beginning of this century: a responsible lockdown exit strategy. AD - Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. | Universite de Namur, Namur, Belgium. | Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. mgoldman@i3health.eu. AN - 32405055 AU - Gilbert, M. | Dewatripont, M. | Muraille, E. | Platteau, J. P. | Goldman, M. C1 - 2020-06-05 C2 - Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060520_covidupdate.html DA - May DO - 10.1038/s41591-020-0871-y ET - 2020/05/15 IS - 5 KW - Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Clinical Laboratory Techniques/methods | Contact Tracing/legislation & jurisprudence/methods | Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/epidemiology/*prevention & control/transmission | *Decision Making/ethics/physiology | *Government | Government Employees/psychology | Government Regulation | Health Risk Behaviors | Humans | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/*prevention & control/transmission | Politics | Quarantine/*methods/*organization & administration | Risk Reduction Behavior | Social Isolation | *Social Responsibility | Strategic Planning/*standards L1 - internal-pdf://2977627476/Gilbert-2020-Preparing for a responsible lockd.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Gilbert, Marius; Dewatripont, Mathias; Muraille, Eric; Platteau, Jean-Philippe; Goldman, Michel; eng; Nat Med. 2020 May;26(5):643-644. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-0871-y. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A framework for a “lockdown exit strategy�?that emphasizes continued social distancing, increasing testing capacity, and implementing contact tracing to limit transmission as businesses and schools open up. SN - 1546-170X (Electronic); 1078-8956 (Linking) SP - 643-644 ST - Preparing for a responsible lockdown exit strategy T2 - Nat Med TI - Preparing for a responsible lockdown exit strategy UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32405055 VL - 26 ID - 327 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA. | Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA. | Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA. | Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA pcm10@uw.edu. | Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA. AN - 32493788 AU - Mays, J. A. | Greninger, A. L. | Jerome, K. R. | Lynch, J. B. | Mathias, P. C. C1 - 2020-06-12 C2 - Asymptomatic Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061220_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 23 DO - 10.1128/JCM.01193-20 DP - NLM ET - 2020/06/05 IS - 8 KW - Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Betacoronavirus/*isolation & purification | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/virology | *Epidemiological Monitoring | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/virology | Prevalence | SARS-CoV-2 | Washington/epidemiology | procedures | surveillance L1 - internal-pdf://2692665131/Mays-2020-Preprocedural Surveillance Testing f.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Mays, James A; Greninger, Alexander L; Jerome, Keith R; Lynch, John B; Mathias, Patrick C; eng; Letter; J Clin Microbiol. 2020 Jul 23;58(8). pii: JCM.01193-20. doi: 10.1128/JCM.01193-20. Print 2020 Jul 23. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; <1% of asymptomatic individuals in the Seattle region seeking medical care without known exposure to COVID-19 tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. | This rate was lower than the rate observed among symptomatic hospitalized patients (10%) and asymptomatic patients with known exposure (8%) in the same region. | Methods: In the University of Washington hospital system, 2,056 asymptomatic individuals without known exposure had RT-PCR testing before undergoing a surgical or aerosol-generating procedure. Limitations: No follow-up of RT-PCR positive asymptomatic individuals to verify whether they developed symptoms later. | Implications for 3 studies (Yang et al., Chau et al. and Mays et al.): Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in asymptomatic persons may depend on the level of community spread and is likely to vary by region. Asymptomatic persons can transmit to others although virus in the respiratory tract of asymptomatic persons appears to be present in lower concentrations and for a shorter period than in symptomatic persons, suggesting a shorter period of infectiousness. Infection control practices, including self-isolation and contact tracing, remain necessary for asymptomatic infected persons. | See Oran et al.external icon for a summary of findings from studies on asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. SN - 1098-660X (Electronic); 0095-1137 (Linking) ST - Preprocedural Surveillance Testing for SARS-CoV-2 in an Asymptomatic Population in the Seattle Region Shows Low Rates of Positivity T2 - J Clin Microbiol TI - Preprocedural Surveillance Testing for SARS-CoV-2 in an Asymptomatic Population in the Seattle Region Shows Low Rates of Positivity UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32493788 VL - 58 ID - 349 ER - TY - JOUR AB - �?4 days—no work, no outings. Please stay home.”It is a conversation unfolding thousands of times daily across the US, as the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic spreads. On the telephone, via video consultation, or—increasingly rare these days—during an actual office visit, a primary care physician tells a patient, “Your symptoms sound like COVID-19.”And many patients—the 25-year-old man working to stock grocery shelves, the 50-year-old woman driving a city bus, the restaurant line-order cook preparing takeout—ask anxiously, incredulously, or tearfully: “Stay home from work? I can’t.�?Or “No puedo.�? AD - Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. | Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts. | Alston & Bird LLP, Atlanta, Georgia. AN - 32720994 AU - Sommers, B. D. | Coburn, B. E. C1 - 2020-08-28 C2 - Health Policy CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082820_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 28 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.12209 ET - 2020/07/29 IS - 4 KW - Covid-19 | *Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology | Humans | Pandemics/*legislation & jurisprudence | *Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology | *Primary Health Care | Quarantine/legislation & jurisprudence | Sick Leave/*legislation & jurisprudence | United States L1 - internal-pdf://2984080007/Sommers-2020-Prescribing Paid Sick Leave-An Im.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Testing | N1 - Sommers, Benjamin D; Coburn, Brett E; eng; JAMA. 2020 Jul 28;324(4):324-325. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.12209. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Families First Coronavirus Response Act allows employees to obtain paid leave for up to 80 hours if they have or are suspected to have COVID-19 and can’t work from home. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 324-325 ST - Prescribing Paid Sick Leave-An Important Tool for Primary Care During the Pandemic T2 - JAMA TI - Prescribing Paid Sick Leave-An Important Tool for Primary Care During the Pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32720994 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 781 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The possibility of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission by fomites or environmental surfaces has been suggested. It is unclear if SARS-CoV-2 can be detected in outdoor public areas. The objective of the current study was to assess the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in environmental samples collected at public playgrounds and water fountains, in a country with high disease prevalence. Environmental samples were collected from six cities in central Israel. Samples were collected from drinking fountains and high-touch recreational equipment at playgrounds. Sterile pre-moistened swabs were used to collect the samples, put in viral transfer media and transferred to the laboratory. Viral detection was achieved by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, targeting four genes. Forty-three samples were collected from playground equipment and 25 samples from water fountains. Two of the 43 (4.6%) samples from playground equipment and one (4%) sample from a drinking fountain tested positive. It is unclear whether the recovery of viral RNA on outdoor surfaces also indicates the possibility of acquiring the virus. Adherence to environmental and personal hygiene in urban settings seems prudent. AD - Pediatric Emergency Unit Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel. | Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. | Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel. | Faculty of Life Science, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel. | Molecular Laboratory, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel. | Pediatric Infectious Diseases Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel. | Division of Internal Medicine, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel. AN - 33678202 AU - Kozer, E. | Rinott, E. | Kozer, G. | Bar-Haim, A. | Benveniste-Levkovitz, P. | Klainer, H. | Perl, S. | Youngster, I. C1 - 2021-03-19 C2 - Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 C7 - e67 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03192021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 8 DB - Cambridge Core DO - 10.1017/S0950268821000546 DP - Cambridge University Press ET - 2021/03/09 KW - COVID-19/*transmission | COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing | Drinking Water | Equipment Contamination/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Israel | *Parks, Recreational | *Play and Playthings | RNA, Viral/*analysis | Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction | SARS-CoV-2/*genetics | *covid-19 | *SARS-CoV-2 | *fomites | *playgrounds | *water fountains L1 - internal-pdf://0229283602/Kozer-2021-Presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA on playg.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Kozer, Eran; Rinott, Ehud; Kozer, Guy; Bar-Haim, Adina; Benveniste-Levkovitz, Patricia; Klainer, Hodaya; Perl, Sivan; Youngster, Ilan; eng; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; England; Epidemiol Infect. 2021 Mar 8;149:e67. doi: 10.1017/S0950268821000546. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Environmental samples (n = 43) from 6 Israeli cities with high SARS-CoV-2 prevalence detected SARS-CoV-2 (RT-PCR) in 4.6% of playground equipment samples and 4% of water fountain samples all located in shaded areas; all samples exposed to sunlight were negative. SN - 1469-4409 (Electronic); 0950-2688 (Linking) SP - e67 ST - Presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA on playground surfaces and water fountains T2 - Epidemiol Infect TI - Presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA on playground surfaces and water fountains UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33678202 VL - 149 ID - 1585 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a rapidly unfolding pandemic, overwhelming health care systems worldwide1. Clinical manifestations of Coronavirus-disease 2019 (COVID-19) vary broadly, ranging from asymptomatic infection to acute respiratory failure and death2, yet the underlying mechanisms for this high variability are still unknown. Similarly, the role of host immune responses in viral clearance of COVID-19 remains unresolved. For SARS-CoV (2002/03), however, it has been reported that CD4+ T cell responses correlated with positive outcomes3,4, whereas T cell immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 have not yet been characterized. Here, we describe an assay that allows direct detection and characterization of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (S)-reactive CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood. We demonstrate the presence of S-reactive CD4+ T cells in 83% of COVID-19 patients, as well as in 34% of SARS-CoV-2 seronegative healthy donors (HD), albeit at lower frequencies. Strikingly, S-reactive CD4+ T cells in COVID-19 patients equally targeted N-terminal and C-terminal epitopes of S whereas in HD S-reactive CD4+ T cells reacted almost exclusively to the C-terminal epitopes that are a) characterized by higher homology with spike glycoprotein of human endemic “common cold�?coronaviruses (hCoVs), and b) contains the S2 subunit of S with the cytoplasmic peptide (CP), the fusion peptide (FP), and the transmembrane domain (TM) but not the receptor-binding domain (RBD). In contrast to S-reactive CD4+ T cells in HD, S-reactive CD4+ T cells from COVID-19 patients co-expressed CD38 and HLA-DR, indivative of their recent in vivo activation. Our study is the first to directly measure SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cell responses providing critical tools for large scale testing and characterization of potential cross-reactive cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2. The presence of pre-existing SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells in a subset of SARS-CoV-2 naïve HD is of high interest but larger scale prospective cohort studies are needed to assess whether their presence is a correlate of protection or pathology for COVID-19. Results of such studies will be key for a mechanistic understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, adaptation of containment methods and to support vaccine development.Competing Interest StatementThe authors Jürgen Schmitz, Stefan Miltenyi, Florian Kern, Ulf Reimer, Holger Wenschuh are employed at non-academic cooperations.Funding StatementWe thank Ulf Klein (Leeds, UK) und Hans-Peter Herzel (Berlin) for critical discussion. This work was supported by the German Research Foundation (KFO339 to J.B and F.F., SFB-TR84 projects A4, B6 to S.H., B8 to M.M., C6 to M.W., C8, C10 to L.E.S., C9 to M.W, N.S., and by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF-RAPID to S.H., C.D., and CAPSyS to M.W., N.S.).Author DeclarationsAll relevant ethical guidelines have been followed; any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained and details of the IRB/oversight body are included in the manuscript.YesAll necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll data referred two the manuscript ist available. AU - Braun, Julian | Loyal, Lucie | Frentsch, Marco | Wendisch, Daniel | Georg, Philipp | Kurth, Florian | Hippenstiel, Stefan | Dingeldey, Manuela | Kruse, Beate | Fauchere, Florent | Baysal, Emre | Mangold, Maike | Henze, Larissa | Lauster, Roland | Mall, Marcus A. | Beyer, Kirsten | Röhmel, Jobst | Schmitz, Jürgen | Miltenyi, Stefan | Demuth, Ilja | Müller, Marcel A. | Witzenrath, Martin | Suttorp, Norbert | Kern, Florian | Reimer, Ulf | Wenschuh, Holger | Drosten, Christian | Corman, Victor M. | Giesecke-Thiel, Claudia | Sander, Leif Erik | Thiel, Andreas C1 - 2020-05-26 C2 - Immunity Against Reinfection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052620_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.04.17.20061440 L1 - internal-pdf://2323162405/Braun-2020-Presence of SARS-CoV-2-reactive T c.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 15 of 18 (83%) COVID-19 patients with varying disease severity and 23 of 68 (34%) SARS-CoV-2 seronegative healthy donors had helper T cells specific to SARS-CoV-2; the latter finding may be consistent with cross-reactive T cell recognition from prior infection with “common cold�?coronaviruses. | Methods: Helper T cells in blood samples collected from 18 patients with mild to critical COVID-19 and 68 healthy controls were tested for reactivity to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Limitations: Presence of killer T cells not determined; time from symptom onset to sampling (time available to mount an immune response) was shorter for COVID-19 patients with critical compared with mild or moderate disease (range 2�?1 vs 5�?9 days). | Implications of 4 studies (Robbiani et al., Grifoni et al., Braun et al. & Chandrashekar et al.): Most people with COVID-19 develop neutralizing antibodies and helper T cells specific for SARS-CoV-2 that may help prevent reinfection. Similar defenses prevented reinfection of rhesus macaques with SARS-CoV-2. Studies are underway to ascertain whether a similar protective effect of natural infection with SARS-CoV-2 occurs in humans, which can help inform vaccine development. | SP - 2020.04.17.20061440 ST - Presence of SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells in COVID-19 patients and healthy donors T2 - medRxiv TI - Presence of SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells in COVID-19 patients and healthy donors TT - Published article: SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells in healthy donors and patients with COVID-19 UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2020/04/22/2020.04.17.20061440.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/04/22/2020.04.17.20061440.full.pdf ID - 259 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: There is limited information describing the presenting characteristics and outcomes of US patients requiring hospitalization for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with COVID-19 hospitalized in a US health care system. Design, Setting, and Participants: Case series of patients with COVID-19 admitted to 12 hospitals in New York City, Long Island, and Westchester County, New York, within the Northwell Health system. The study included all sequentially hospitalized patients between March 1, 2020, and April 4, 2020, inclusive of these dates. Exposures: Confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection by positive result on polymerase chain reaction testing of a nasopharyngeal sample among patients requiring admission. Main Outcomes and Measures: Clinical outcomes during hospitalization, such as invasive mechanical ventilation, kidney replacement therapy, and death. Demographics, baseline comorbidities, presenting vital signs, and test results were also collected. Results: A total of 5700 patients were included (median age, 63 years [interquartile range {IQR}, 52-75; range, 0-107 years]; 39.7% female). The most common comorbidities were hypertension (3026; 56.6%), obesity (1737; 41.7%), and diabetes (1808; 33.8%). At triage, 30.7% of patients were febrile, 17.3% had a respiratory rate greater than 24 breaths/min, and 27.8% received supplemental oxygen. The rate of respiratory virus co-infection was 2.1%. Outcomes were assessed for 2634 patients who were discharged or had died at the study end point. During hospitalization, 373 patients (14.2%) (median age, 68 years [IQR, 56-78]; 33.5% female) were treated in the intensive care unit care, 320 (12.2%) received invasive mechanical ventilation, 81 (3.2%) were treated with kidney replacement therapy, and 553 (21%) died. As of April 4, 2020, for patients requiring mechanical ventilation (n = 1151, 20.2%), 38 (3.3%) were discharged alive, 282 (24.5%) died, and 831 (72.2%) remained in hospital. The median postdischarge follow-up time was 4.4 days (IQR, 2.2-9.3). A total of 45 patients (2.2%) were readmitted during the study period. The median time to readmission was 3 days (IQR, 1.0-4.5) for readmitted patients. Among the 3066 patients who remained hospitalized at the final study follow-up date (median age, 65 years [IQR, 54-75]), the median follow-up at time of censoring was 4.5 days (IQR, 2.4-8.1). Conclusions and Relevance: This case series provides characteristics and early outcomes of sequentially hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 in the New York City area. AD - Institute of Health Innovations and Outcomes Research, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York. | Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health, Hempstead, New York. | Department of Information Services, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York. | Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York. AN - 32320003 AU - Richardson, S. | Hirsch, J. S. | Narasimhan, M. | Crawford, J. M. | McGinn, T. | Davidson, K. W. | the Northwell, Covid-Research Consortium | Barnaby, D. P. | Becker, L. B. | Chelico, J. D. | Cohen, S. L. | Cookingham, J. | Coppa, K. | Diefenbach, M. A. | Dominello, A. J. | Duer-Hefele, J. | Falzon, L. | Gitlin, J. | Hajizadeh, N. | Harvin, T. G. | Hirschwerk, D. A. | Kim, E. J. | Kozel, Z. M. | Marrast, L. M. | Mogavero, J. N. | Osorio, G. A. | Qiu, M. | Zanos, T. P. C1 - 2020-04-28 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/042820_covidupdate.html DA - May 26 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.6775 ET - 2020/04/23 IS - 20 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Child | Child, Preschool | *Comorbidity | Coronavirus Infections/complications/*epidemiology/mortality | Diabetes Complications | Female | Hospitalization | Humans | Hypertension/complications | Infant | Infant, Newborn | Male | Middle Aged | New York City/epidemiology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/complications/*epidemiology/mortality | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | Treatment Outcome | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://3063140887/Richardson-2020-Presenting Characteristics, Co.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Richardson, Safiya; Hirsch, Jamie S; Narasimhan, Mangala; Crawford, James M; McGinn, Thomas; Davidson, Karina W; Barnaby, Douglas P; Becker, Lance B; Chelico, John D; Cohen, Stuart L; Cookingham, Jennifer; Coppa, Kevin; Diefenbach, Michael A; Dominello, Andrew J; Duer-Hefele, Joan; Falzon, Louise; Gitlin, Jordan; Hajizadeh, Negin; Harvin, Tiffany G; Hirschwerk, David A; Kim, Eun Ji; Kozel, Zachary M; Marrast, Lyndonna M; Mogavero, Jazmin N; Osorio, Gabrielle A; Qiu, Michael; Zanos, Theodoros P; eng; K23 HL145114/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; R01 LM012836/LM/NLM NIH HHS/; R24 AG064191/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; JAMA. 2020 May 26;323(20):2052-2059. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.6775. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Mortality among COVID-19 patients who completed their hospitalization or died was 21%. | 88% of patients who received invasive mechanical ventilation died, including 97% of those aged >65. | Most ICU patients and patients with invasive mechanical ventilation, acute kidney injury, kidney replacement therapy, and acute hepatic injury died (Figure). | Mortality rates were higher for men than women regardless of age. | Methods: Sequential case series of all COVID-19 patients admitted to 12 hospitals in New York City, Long Island, and Westchester County, New York, between March 1 and April 4, 2020 (N = 5,700). Outcomes were assessed for 2,634 patients who were discharged or had died at the study end point. Limitations: Only included patients in one health system; no adjustment for potential confounders; time for intubation to death not reported so impossible to understand risk of imminent death at time of hospital presentation (late presentation) vs in-hospital risk. | Implications: In one New York City health system, 1 in 5 hospitalized COVID-19 patients died, including most ICU patients and 7 of 8 that required mechanical ventilation. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 2052-2059 ST - Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 in the New York City Area T2 - JAMA TI - Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 in the New York City Area UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32320003 VL - 323 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 102 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The presence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the retina of deceased patients with COVID-19 has been suggested through real-time reverse polymerase chain reaction and immunological methods to detect its main proteins. The eye has shown abnormalities associated with COVID-19 infection, and retinal changes were presumed to be associated with secondary microvascular and immunological changes.To demonstrate the presence of presumed SARS-CoV-2 viral particles and its relevant proteins in the eyes of patients with COVID-19.The retina from enucleated eyes of patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection were submitted to immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy processing at a hospital in São Paulo, Brazil, from June 23 to July 2, 2020. After obtaining written consent from the patients�?families, enucleation was performed in patients deceased with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. All patients were in the intensive care unit, received mechanical ventilation, and had severe pulmonary involvement by COVID-19.Presence of presumed SARS-CoV-2 viral particles by immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy processing.Three patients who died of COVID-19 were analyzed. Two patients were men, and 1 was a woman. The age at death ranged from 69 to 78 years. Presumed S and N COVID-19 proteins were seen by immunofluorescence microscopy within endothelial cells close to the capillary flame and cells of the inner and the outer nuclear layers. At the perinuclear region of these cells, it was possible to observe by transmission electron microscopy double-membrane vacuoles that are consistent with the virus, presumably containing COVID-19 viral particles.The present observations show presumed SARS-CoV-2 viral particles in various layers of the human retina, suggesting that they may be involved in some of the infection’s ocular clinical manifestations. AD - Instituto Nacional de Ciencia e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens-INBEB, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. | Laboratorio de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. | Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens-CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. | Sao Paulo Hospital, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Instituto da Visao-IPEPO, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Hospital Municipal de Barueri Dr. Francisco Moran, Barueri, Brazil. | Mc Gill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. AN - 34323931 AU - Araujo-Silva, Carlla A. | Marcos, Alléxya A. A. | Marinho, Paula M. | Branco, Ana M. C. | Roque, Alexandre | Romano, André C. | Matuoka, Mateus L. | Farah, Michel | Burnier, Miguel | Moraes, Nara F. | Tierno, Paulo F. G. M. M. | Schor, Paulo | Sakamoto, Victoria | Nascimento, Heloisa | de Sousa, Wanderley | Belfort, Rubens, Jr C1 - 2021-08-06 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08062021_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 1 DO - 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.2795 ET - 2021/07/30 IS - 9 L1 - internal-pdf://2644142770/Araujo-Silva-2021-Presumed SARS-CoV-2 Viral Pa.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Araujo-Silva, Carlla A | Marcos, Allexya A A | Marinho, Paula M | Branco, Ana M C | Roque, Alexandre | Romano, Andre C | Matuoka, Mateus L | Farah, Michel | Burnier, Miguel | Moraes, Nara F | Tierno, Paulo F G M M | Schor, Paulo | Sakamoto, Victoria | Nascimento, Heloisa | de Sousa, Wanderley | Belfort, Rubens Jr | eng | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | JAMA Ophthalmol. 2021 Sep 1;139(9):1015-1021. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.2795. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In 3 patients who died of COVID-19 in 2020, SARS-CoV-2 viral particles (presumed S and N proteins) were found in cells of the inner and outer nuclear layers of the retina, within endothelial cells close to the capillary flame, possibly explaining ocular manifestations of COVID-19. SN - 2168-6165 SP - 1015-1021 ST - Presumed SARS-CoV-2 Viral Particles in the Human Retina of Patients With COVID-19 T2 - JAMA Ophthalmol TI - Presumed SARS-CoV-2 Viral Particles in the Human Retina of Patients With COVID-19 UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.2795 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/articlepdf/2782445/jamaophthalmology_araujosilva_2021_oi_210044_1626881197.33441.pdf VL - 139 Y2 - 8/9/2021 ID - 2191 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: On February 27, 2020, the first patient with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was reported in the Netherlands. During the following weeks, at 2 Dutch teaching hospitals, 9 health care workers (HCWs) received a diagnosis of COVID-19, 8 of whom had no history of travel to China or northern Italy, raising the question of whether undetected community circulation was occurring. Objective: To determine the prevalence and clinical presentation of COVID-19 among HCWs with self-reported fever or respiratory symptoms. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study was performed in 2 teaching hospitals in the southern part of the Netherlands in March 2020, during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Health care workers employed in the participating hospitals who experienced fever or respiratory symptoms were asked to voluntarily participate in a screening for infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Data analysis was performed in March 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures: The prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection was determined by semiquantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction on oropharyngeal samples. Structured interviews were conducted to document symptoms for all HCWs with confirmed COVID-19. Results: Of 9705 HCWs employed (1722 male [18%]), 1353 (14%) reported fever or respiratory symptoms and were tested. Of those, 86 HCWs (6%) were infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (median age, 49 years [range, 22-66 years]; 15 [17%] male), representing 1% of all HCWs employed. Most HCWs experienced mild disease, and only 46 (53%) reported fever. Eighty HCWs (93%) met a case definition of fever and/or coughing and/or shortness of breath. Only 3 (3%) of the HCWs identified through the screening had a history of travel to China or northern Italy, and 3 (3%) reported having been exposed to an inpatient with a known diagnosis of COVID-19 before the onset of symptoms. Conclusions and Relevance: Within 2 weeks after the first Dutch case was detected, a substantial proportion of HCWs with self-reported fever or respiratory symptoms were infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, likely as a result of acquisition of the virus in the community during the early phase of local spread. The high prevalence of mild clinical presentations, frequently not including fever, suggests that the currently recommended case definition for suspected COVID-19 should be used less stringently. AD - Department of Infection Control, Amphia Hospital, Breda, the Netherlands. | Amphia Academy Infectious Disease Foundation, Amphia Hospital, Breda, the Netherlands. | Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands. | Laboratory for Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands. | Department of Infection Control, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands. | Microvida Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Bravis Hospital, Roosendaal, the Netherlands. | Microvida Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Amphia Hospital, Breda, the Netherlands. | Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. | Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. AN - 32437576 AU - Kluytmans-van den Bergh, M. F. Q. | Buiting, A. G. M. | Pas, S. D. | Bentvelsen, R. G. | van den Bijllaardt, W. | van Oudheusden, A. J. G. | van Rijen, M. M. L. | Verweij, J. J. | Koopmans, M. P. G. | Kluytmans, Jajw C1 - 2020-06-02 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060220_covidupdate.html DA - May 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.9673 ET - 2020/05/22 IS - 5 KW - Adult | Aged | Betacoronavirus/*isolation & purification | Covid-19 | Community-Acquired Infections/*epidemiology/*virology | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/*virology | Cross Infection/epidemiology/virology | Cross-Sectional Studies | Female | Health Personnel | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Netherlands/epidemiology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/*virology | Prevalence | SARS-CoV-2 | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://3861432733/Kluytmans-van d-2020-Prevalence and Clinical P.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Kluytmans-van den Bergh, Marjolein F Q; Buiting, Anton G M; Pas, Suzan D; Bentvelsen, Robbert G; van den Bijllaardt, Wouter; van Oudheusden, Anne J G; van Rijen, Miranda M L; Verweij, Jaco J; Koopmans, Marion P G; Kluytmans, Jan A J W; eng; Comparative Study; JAMA Netw Open. 2020 May 1;3(5):e209673. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.9673. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 6% of symptomatic healthcare workers (HCW) at two Dutch hospitals tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in early March (86/1,353). | One-quarter (21/86) of those infected had no direct patient contact. | Symptoms were mild; most frequently reported symptoms were cough and fatigue (Figure). | Methods: 9,705 HCW at two hospitals were screened for symptoms between March 7 and 12, 2020; SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR testing of OP swabs was performed for workers reporting fever or respiratory symptoms in the last 10 days. Limitations: Likely an underestimate since asymptomatic workers were not tested. | Implications: HCW who test positive for SARS-CoV-2 can have mild symptoms. SARS-CoV-2 screening of HCW can support prevention and control measures in hospitals. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e209673 ST - Prevalence and Clinical Presentation of Health Care Workers With Symptoms of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in 2 Dutch Hospitals During an Early Phase of the Pandemic T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Prevalence and Clinical Presentation of Health Care Workers With Symptoms of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in 2 Dutch Hospitals During an Early Phase of the Pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32437576 VL - 3 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 306 ER - TY - JOUR AB - During the ongoing coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, farmworkers in the United States are considered essential personnel and continue in-person work. We conducted prospective surveillance for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and antibody prevalence among farmworkers in Salinas Valley, California, during June 15–November 30, 2020. We observed 22.1% (1,514/6,864) positivity for SARS-CoV-2 infection among farmworkers compared with 17.2% (1,255/7,305) among other adults from the same communities (risk ratio 1.29, 95% CI 1.20�?.37). In a nested study enrolling 1,115 farmworkers, prevalence of current infection was 27.7% among farmworkers reporting >1 COVID-19 symptom and 7.2% among farmworkers without symptoms (adjusted odds ratio 4.16, 95% CI 2.85�?.06). Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies increased from 10.5% (95% CI 6.0%�?8.4%) during July 16–August 31 to 21.2% (95% CI 16.6%�?7.4%) during November 1�?0. High SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence among farmworkers underscores the need for vaccination and other preventive interventions. AN - 33657340 AU - Lewnard, Joseph A. | Mora, Ana M. | Nkwocha, Oguchi | Kogut, Katherine | Rauch, Stephen A. | Morga, Norma | Hernandez, Samantha | Wong, Marcus P. | Huen, Karen | Andrejko, Kristin | Jewell, Nicholas P. | Parra, Kimberly L. | Holland, Nina | Harris, Eva | Cuevas, Maximiliano | Eskenazi, Brenda C1 - 2021-04-30 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04302021_covidupdate.html DA - May DO - 10.3201/eid2705.204949 ET - 2021/03/04 IS - 5 KW - respiratory infections | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 | SARS-CoV-2 | SARS | COVID-19 | coronavirus disease | zoonoses | viruses | coronavirus | farmworkers | infection prevalence | serosurvey | essential workers | Salinas Valley | California | United States L1 - internal-pdf://3349164583/Lewnard-2021-Prevalence and Clinical Profile o.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Lewnard, Joseph A | Mora, Ana M | Nkwocha, Oguchi | Kogut, Katherine | Rauch, Stephen A | Morga, Norma | Hernandez, Samantha | Wong, Marcus P | Huen, Karen | Andrejko, Kristin | Jewell, Nicholas P | Parra, Kimberly L | Holland, Nina | Harris, Eva | Cuevas, Maximiliano | Eskenazi, Brenda | eng | R01 AI148127/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | R24 ES028529/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ | Emerg Infect Dis. 2021 May;27(5):1330-1342. doi: 10.3201/eid2705.204949. Epub 2021 Mar 3. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Clinical surveillance found 28.5% (95% CI 20.1-37.4%) higher probability of SARS-CoV-2 infection among farmworkers (22.1%) compared with other adults from the same communities (17.2%), between June 15 and November 30, 2020 (Figure). | Among farmworkers in a cross-sectional study, prevalence of current infection was 27.7% in those reporting >= 1 COVID-19 symptom in the prior 2 weeks compared with 7.2% in those without symptoms (adjusted OR 4.16; 95% CI 2.85-6.06). | Methods: Clinical surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 infection based on oropharyngeal swabs at a community and migrant health center in Monterey County, California (6,864 farmworkers and 7,305 other adults in the same communities). A cross-sectional study of farmworkers (n = 1,115) recruited at clinic visit and through outreach assessed for SARS-CoV-2 infection and SARS-CoV-2 symptoms. Limitations: Results not generalizable to all farmworkers. | Implications: SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and prevention efforts should prioritize farmworkers, who may be disproportionately impacted. SE - 1330 SN - 1080-6040; 1080-6059 SP - 1330-1342 ST - Prevalence and Clinical Profile of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection among Farmworkers, California, USA, June–November 2020 T2 - Emerg Infect Dis TI - Prevalence and Clinical Profile of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection among Farmworkers, California, USA, June–November 2020 UR - https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/27/5/20-4949_article | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8084509/pdf/20-4949.pdf VL - 27 ID - 1715 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Charleston Area Medical Center Institute (CAMC) for Academic Medicine and CAMC Health, Education and Research Institute, Charleston, West Virginia. | Charleston Area Medical Center Institute (CAMC) for Academic Medicine and CAMC Health, Education and Research Institute, Charleston, West Virginia; West Virginia University, Charleston Division, Charleston, West Virginia. | Brigham and Women's Hospital Heart & Vascular Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. | Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. Electronic address: Alkhouli.Mohamad@mayo.edu. AN - 32690214 AU - Annie, F. | Bates, M. C. | Nanjundappa, A. | Bhatt, D. L. | Alkhouli, M. C1 - 2020-06-26 C2 - Modeling and Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/062620_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 1 DO - 10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.06.010 ET - 2020/07/22 KW - Adult | Betacoronavirus | Brain Ischemia/*complications/mortality | Covid-19 | Comorbidity | Coronavirus Infections/*complications | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications | Prevalence | SARS-CoV-2 | Stroke/*complications/mortality | Survival Analysis L1 - internal-pdf://0606877441/Annie-2020-Prevalence and Outcomes of Acute Is.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Annie, Frank; Bates, Mark C; Nanjundappa, Aravinda; Bhatt, Deepak L; Alkhouli, Mohamad; eng; Letter; Am J Cardiol. 2020 Sep 1;130:169-170. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2020.06.010. Epub 2020 Jun 14. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 0.7% of COVID-19 patients aged �?50 years had an acute stroke. | These patients had a higher prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, heart failure, nicotine dependence, obesity, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, prior stroke, and kidney dysfunction. | There were significantly more deaths in patients with stroke than those without, 15.6% of vs. 0.6%, respectively (Figure). | Methods: Evaluation of all-cause mortality in an observational cohort of 9,358 patients aged �?50 years with COVID-19 infection at 37 global health care settings, January 20-April 24, 2020 with data from TriNetx Research Network. Difference in all-cause mortality between those with and without stroke was assessed. Limitations: Timing of presentation with stroke in relation to testing for SARS CoV-2 unclear; data primarily from large health care settings; no control group without COVID-19 infection. | Implications: Stroke occurs in COVID-19 patients �?50 years and there is lower probability of survival; these results may guide clinical management of young COVID-19 patients with co-morbidities. SN - 1879-1913 (Electronic); 0002-9149 (Linking) SP - 169-170 ST - Prevalence and Outcomes of Acute Ischemic Stroke Among Patients 33,000 students), secondary attack rates for SARS-CoV-2 infections were low, likely owing to comprehensive mitigation measures prior to the emergence of the Delta variant. Of 1,327 contacts who were tested for SARS-CoV-2, only 29 staff and students who tested positive were from probable in-school transmissions. Inconsistent mask use and staff eating lunch together were associated with an increased risk of transmission. SP - 2021.09.22.21263900 ST - Prevalence and risk factors for in-school transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Massachusetts K-12 public schools, 2020-2021 T2 - medRxiv TI - Prevalence and risk factors for in-school transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Massachusetts K-12 public schools, 2020-2021 UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/09/26/2021.09.22.21263900.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/09/26/2021.09.22.21263900.full.pdf ID - 2451 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVE: As a result of the pandemic of COVID-19, the public have been experiencing psychological distress. However, the prevalence of psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic remains unknown. Our objective was to evaluate the prevalence of psychological distress during COVID-19 outbreak and their risk factors, especially their internal paths and causality. METHODS: A nationwide cross-sectional survey of the prevalence of mental disorders was conducted. We used Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) to estimate the prevalence of anxiety and depression. The internal paths and the causality of the psychological health were analyzed using a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach. RESULTS: A total of 24,789 respondents completed the survey. We found that the overall prevalence of anxiety, depression, combination of anxiety, and depression were 51.6% (95% CI: 51.0-52.2), 47.5% (95% CI: 46.9-48.1), and 24.5% (95% CI: 24.0-25.0), respectively. The risk of psychological disorders in men was higher than that in women. The status of psychological health was different across different age groups, education levels, occupations, and income levels. The SEM analysis revealed that inadequate material supplies, low income, low education, lack of knowledge or confidence of the epidemic, and lack of exercise are major risk factors for psychological distress. CONCLUSIONS: The evidence from this survey poses serious challenges related to the high prevalence of psychological distress, but also offers strategies to deal with the mental health problems caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. AD - Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China. | Department of Respiration, Shantou Central Hospital, Affiliated Shantou Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shantou, China. | Department of Infectious Diseases Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China. | Department of Hospital Office, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China. | Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Zhejiang Province, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China. | Department of Clinical Research, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China. AN - 32869541 AU - Wu, M. | Han, H. | Lin, T. | Chen, M. | Wu, J. | Du, X. | Su, G. | Wu, D. | Chen, F. | Zhang, Q. | Zhou, H. | Huang, D. | Wu, B. | Wu, J. | Lai, T. C1 - 2020-09-11 C2 - Mental Health CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091120_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1002/brb3.1818 ET - 2020/09/02 IS - 11 KW - Adult | Anxiety Disorders/*epidemiology/psychology | COVID-19/*psychology | China/epidemiology | Cross-Sectional Studies | Depressive Disorder/*epidemiology/psychology | Female | Health Surveys/statistics & numerical data | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Prevalence | *Psychological Distress | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | Young Adult | *covid-19 | *anxiety | *depression | *structural equation modeling L1 - internal-pdf://0923586589/Wu-2020-Prevalence and risk factors of mental.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Wu, Mindan; Han, Huanqin; Lin, Tingkui; Chen, Min; Wu, Jun; Du, Xufei; Su, Guomei; Wu, Dong; Chen, Fagui; Zhang, Qichuan; Zhou, Hailin; Huang, Dan; Wu, Bin; Wu, Jiayuan; Lai, Tianwen; eng; 81873404/National Natural Science Foundation of China/International; 2018A0303130269;/Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation/International; 2020B1515020004/Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation/International; LCYJ2018C001/the Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University Clinical Research Program/International; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Brain Behav. 2020 Nov;10(11):e01818. doi: 10.1002/brb3.1818. Epub 2020 Sep 1. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A survey assessing 24,789 respondents in China found an association between lack of exercise, low income, low education, inadequate supplies, and psychological distress. SN - 2162-3279 (Electronic) SP - e01818 ST - Prevalence and risk factors of mental distress in China during the outbreak of COVID-19: A national cross-sectional survey T2 - Brain Behav TI - Prevalence and risk factors of mental distress in China during the outbreak of COVID-19: A national cross-sectional survey UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32869541 VL - 10 ID - 864 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Despite the high level of morbidity and mortality worldwide, there is increasing evidence for asymptomatic carriers of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. We analyzed blood specimens from 1,559 healthy blood donors, collected in the greater New York metropolitan area between the months of March and July 2020 for antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 virus. Using our proprietary technology, SERA (Serum Epitope Repertoire Analysis), we observed a significant increase in SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity rates over the four-month period, from 0% [95% CI: 0 - 1.5%] (March) to 11.6% [6.0 - 21.2%] (July). Follow-up ELISA tests using S1 and nucleocapsid viral proteins confirmed most of these results. Our findings are consistent with seroprevalence studies within the region and with reports that SARS-COV-2 infections can be asymptomatic or cause only mild symptoms.IMPORTANCE The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has caused vast morbidity and mortality worldwide, yet several studies indicate that there may be a significant number of infected people who are asymptomatic or exhibit mild symptoms. In this study, samples were collected from healthy blood donors in a region of rapidly increasing disease burden (New York metropolitan area) and we hypothesized that a subset would be seropositive to SARS-CoV-2. People who experienced mild or no symptoms during SARS-CoV-2 infection may represent a source for convalescent plasma donors.Competing Interest StatementSerimmune employees (K.K., E.B.J., G.J., W.H., R.W., J.S., S.K., P.D.) receive salary and stock options from Serimmune.Funding StatementSARS-CoV-2 sample collection and curation by the Yale IMPACT team was supported by the Yale COVID-19 resource research fund.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital IRB and Yale IMPACT COVID-19 resource research IRBAll necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData from SERA assay is not available. AU - Kamath, Kathy | Baum-Jones, Elisabeth | Jordan, Gregory | Haynes, Winston | Waitz, Rebecca | Shon, John | Kujawa, Steve | Fitzgibbons, Lyn | Kessler, Debra | Luchsinger, Larry | Daugherty, Patrick C1 - 2020-11-03 C2 - Laboratory Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/110320_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.10.19.20215368 L1 - internal-pdf://3831576242/Kamath-2020-Prevalence of antibodies to SARS-C.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 68 of 1,559 blood donor samples had IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. | Seropositivity rate increased from 0% (95% CI 0-1.5%) in March 2020 to 11.6% (95% CI 6.0-21.2%) in July 2020. | Methods: Screen for antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in samples from 1,559 healthy blood donors from the greater New York metropolitan area between March and July 2020. Limitations: Unclear what proportion of donors were asymptomatic cases. | Implications: Although the pandemic significantly affected the greater New York metropolitan area, seropositivity for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was low indicating that the population is far from reaching a threshold for herd immunity. SP - 2020.10.19.20215368 ST - Prevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in healthy blood donors in New York T2 - medRxiv TI - Prevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in healthy blood donors in New York UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/10/21/2020.10.19.20215368.full.pdf ID - 1174 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread rapidly throughout the world since the first cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were observed in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. It has been suspected that infected persons who remain asymptomatic play a significant role in the ongoing pandemic, but their relative number and effect have been uncertain. The authors sought to review and synthesize the available evidence on asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Asymptomatic persons seem to account for approximately 40% to 45% of SARS-CoV-2 infections, and they can transmit the virus to others for an extended period, perhaps longer than 14 days. Asymptomatic infection may be associated with subclinical lung abnormalities, as detected by computed tomography. Because of the high risk for silent spread by asymptomatic persons, it is imperative that testing programs include those without symptoms. To supplement conventional diagnostic testing, which is constrained by capacity, cost, and its one-off nature, innovative tactics for public health surveillance, such as crowdsourcing digital wearable data and monitoring sewage sludge, might be helpful. AD - Scripps Research Translational Institute, Scripps Research, La Jolla, California (D.P.O., E.J.T.). AN - 32491919 AU - Oran, D. P. | Topol, E. J. C1 - 2020-06-12 C2 - Asymptomatic Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061220_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 1 DO - 10.7326/M20-3012 ET - 2020/06/04 IS - 5 KW - Asymptomatic Diseases/*epidemiology | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Humans | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | Prevalence | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://4156268210/m20-3012.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Oran, Daniel P; Topol, Eric J; eng; Review; Video-Audio Media; Ann Intern Med. 2020 Sep 1;173(5):362-367. doi: 10.7326/M20-3012. Epub 2020 Jun 3. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: a summary of findings from studies on asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. SN - 1539-3704 (Electronic); 0003-4819 (Linking) SP - 362-367 ST - Prevalence of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection : A Narrative Review T2 - Ann Intern Med TI - Prevalence of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection : A Narrative Review UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32491919 VL - 173 ID - 352 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Myocarditis is a leading cause of sudden death in competitive athletes. Myocardial inflammation is known to occur with SARS-CoV-2. Different screening approaches for detection of myocarditis have been reported. The Big Ten Conference requires comprehensive cardiac testing including cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging for all athletes with COVID-19, allowing comparison of screening approaches.To determine the prevalence of myocarditis in athletes with COVID-19 and compare screening strategies for safe return to play.Big Ten COVID-19 Cardiac Registry principal investigators were surveyed for aggregate observational data from March 1, 2020, through December 15, 2020, on athletes with COVID-19. For athletes with myocarditis, presence of cardiac symptoms and details of cardiac testing were recorded. Myocarditis was categorized as clinical or subclinical based on the presence of cardiac symptoms and CMR findings. Subclinical myocarditis classified as probable or possible myocarditis based on other testing abnormalities. Myocarditis prevalence across universities was determined. The utility of different screening strategies was evaluated.SARS-CoV-2 by polymerase chain reaction testing.Myocarditis via cardiovascular diagnostic testing.Representing 13 universities, cardiovascular testing was performed in 1597 athletes (964 men [60.4%]). Thirty-seven (including 27 men) were diagnosed with COVID-19 myocarditis (overall 2.3%; range per program, 0%-7.6%); 9 had clinical myocarditis and 28 had subclinical myocarditis. If cardiac testing was based on cardiac symptoms alone, only 5 athletes would have been detected (detected prevalence, 0.31%). Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for all athletes yielded a 7.4-fold increase in detection of myocarditis (clinical and subclinical). Follow-up CMR imaging performed in 27 (73.0%) demonstrated resolution of T2 elevation in all (100%) and late gadolinium enhancement in 11 (40.7%).In this cohort study of 1597 US competitive athletes with CMR screening after COVID-19 infection, 37 athletes (2.3%) were diagnosed with clinical and subclinical myocarditis. Variability was observed in prevalence across universities, and testing protocols were closely tied to the detection of myocarditis. Variable ascertainment and unknown implications of CMR findings underscore the need for standardized timing and interpretation of cardiac testing. These unique CMR imaging data provide a more complete understanding of the prevalence of clinical and subclinical myocarditis in college athletes after COVID-19 infection. The role of CMR in routine screening for athletes safe return to play should be explored further. AD - Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus. | School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington. | University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore. | University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. | Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington. | University of Iowa Stead Family Children's Hospital, Iowa City. | Ohio State University, Columbus. | Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis. | Michigan State University, East Lansing. | University of Nebraska, Lincoln. | University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison. | Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. | University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. | Indiana University, Bloomington. | Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois. | University of Maryland at College Park, College Park. | Penn State Health Sports Medicine, State College, Pennsylvania. | Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey. | Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey. | University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha. AN - 34042947 AU - Daniels, Curt J. | Rajpal, Saurabh | Greenshields, Joel T. | Rosenthal, Geoffrey L. | Chung, Eugene H. | Terrin, Michael | Jeudy, Jean | Mattson, Scott E. | Law, Ian H. | Borchers, James | Kovacs, Richard | Kovan, Jeffrey | Rifat, Sami F. | Albrecht, Jennifer | Bento, Ana I. | Albers, Lonnie | Bernhardt, David | Day, Carly | Hecht, Suzanne | Hipskind, Andrew | Mjaanes, Jeffrey | Olson, David | Rooks, Yvette L. | Somers, Emily C. | Tong, Matthew S. | Wisinski, Jeffrey | Womack, Jason | Esopenko, Carrie | Kratochvil, Christopher J. | Rink, Lawrence D. | Big Ten COVID-19 Cardiac Registry Investigators C1 - 2021-06-04 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06042021_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 1 DO - 10.1001/jamacardio.2021.2065 ET - 2021/05/28 IS - 9 KW - Adult | *Athletes | COVID-19/*complications/epidemiology | Female | Humans | Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine | Male | Mass Screening/*methods | Myocarditis/diagnosis/*epidemiology/etiology | *Pandemics | Prevalence | *Registries | *SARS-CoV-2 | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://0604488529/Daniels-2021-Prevalence of Clinical and Subcli.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Daniels, Curt J | Rajpal, Saurabh | Greenshields, Joel T | Rosenthal, Geoffrey L | Chung, Eugene H | Terrin, Michael | Jeudy, Jean | Mattson, Scott E | Law, Ian H | Borchers, James | Kovacs, Richard | Kovan, Jeffrey | Rifat, Sami F | Albrecht, Jennifer | Bento, Ana I | Albers, Lonnie | Bernhardt, David | Day, Carly | Hecht, Suzanne | Hipskind, Andrew | Mjaanes, Jeffrey | Olson, David | Rooks, Yvette L | Somers, Emily C | Tong, Matthew S | Wisinski, Jeffrey | Womack, Jason | Esopenko, Carrie | Kratochvil, Christopher J | Rink, Lawrence D | eng | Observational Study | JAMA Cardiol. 2021 Sep 1;6(9):1078-1087. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2021.2065. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among 1,597 college athletes who had cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging after SARS-CoV-2 infection, 37 (2.3%, 95% CI 1.6%-3.2%) were diagnosed with clinical (9) or subclinical (28) myocarditis. | Based on cardiac symptoms alone, only 5 athletes would have would have been screened and diagnosed with myocarditis. | The prevalence of myocarditis per university ranged from 0% to 7.6% with 3 universities reporting 0 cases. | Methods: Observational study of SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR positive athletes from 13 of 14 Big Ten universities between March 1 and December 15, 2020. Cardiac symptoms and details about cardiac testing were reported for athletes with myocarditis. Myocarditis was categorized as either clinical or subclinical based on symptoms and CMR findings. Limitations: Prior to September 2020, not all athletes who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection underwent CMR imaging, potentially affecting prevalence estimates; myocarditis prevalence may not be representative of general population. | Implications: Comprehensive testing with CMR imaging identified many more athletes with myocarditis following SARS-CoV-2 infection than would have been identified by symptoms alone or by less intensive screening. An accompanying editorial by Udelson et al. outlines challenges in widespread use of CMR screening and suggests “the more practical and more widely available approach of testing with ECG, echocardiography, and serum troponin likely improves specificity and decreases burden of potentially unwarranted athletic restriction.�? SN - 2380-6583 SP - 1078-1087 ST - Prevalence of Clinical and Subclinical Myocarditis in Competitive Athletes With Recent SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Results From the Big Ten COVID-19 Cardiac Registry T2 - JAMA Cardiol TI - Prevalence of Clinical and Subclinical Myocarditis in Competitive Athletes With Recent SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Results From the Big Ten COVID-19 Cardiac Registry UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2021.2065 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/articlepdf/2780548/jamacardiology_daniels_2021_oi_210042_1621956607.12677.pdf VL - 6 Y2 - 6/29/2021 ID - 1801 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Healthcare workers (HCWs) who serve on the front lines of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have been at increased risk for infection due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in some settings. Healthcare-acquired infection has been reported in similar epidemics, but there are limited data on the prevalence of COVID-19 among HCWs and their associated clinical outcomes in the United States. METHODS: We established 2 high-throughput employee testing centers in Seattle, Washington, with drive-through and walk-through options for symptomatic employees in the University of Washington Medicine system and its affiliated organizations. Using data from these testing centers, we report the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among symptomatic employees and describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes among employees with COVID-19. RESULTS: Between 12 March 2020 and 23 April 2020, 3477 symptomatic employees were tested for COVID-19 at 2 employee testing centers; 185 (5.3%) employees tested positive for COVID-19. The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 was similar when comparing frontline HCWs (5.2%) with nonfrontline staff (5.5%). Among 174 positive employees reached for follow-up at least 14 days after diagnosis, 6 reported COVID-related hospitalization; all recovered. CONCLUSIONS: During the study period, we observed that the prevalence of positive SARS-CoV-2 tests among symptomatic HCWs was comparable to that of symptomatic nonfrontline staff. Reliable and rapid access to testing for employees is essential to preserve the health, safety, and availability of the healthcare workforce during this pandemic and to facilitate the rapid return of SARS-CoV-2-negative employees to work. AD - Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. | Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. | Population Health, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA. | Allied Ambulatory Care Services, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA. | Patient Care Services, University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest, Seattle, Washington, USA. | Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA. | Respiratory Therapy, University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest, Seattle, Washington, USA. | Employee Health, University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest, Seattle, Washington, USA. | Infection Prevention and Control, University of Washington Medical Center-Northwest, Seattle, Washington, USA. | Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA. | Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA. | Clinical Trials Office, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. | Patient Care Services, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA. | Primary Care and Population Health, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA. | Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. | Allergy and Infectious Diseases/Department of Medicine Research Collaboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. AN - 32548613 AU - Mani, N. S. | Budak, J. Z. | Lan, K. F. | Bryson-Cahn, C. | Zelikoff, A. | Barker, G. E. C. | Grant, C. W. | Hart, K. | Barbee, C. J. | Sandoval, M. D. | Dostal, C. L. | Corcorran, M. | Ungerleider, H. M. | Gates, J. O. | Olin, S. V. | Bryan, A. | Hoffman, N. G. | Marquis, S. R. | Harvey, M. L. | Nasenbeny, K. | Mertens, K. | Chew, L. D. | Greninger, A. L. | Jerome, K. R. | Pottinger, P. S. | Dellit, T. H. | Liu, C. | Pergam, S. A. | Neme, S. | Lynch, J. B. | Kim, H. N. | Cohen, S. A. C1 - 2020-06-26 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/062620_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 17 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa761 ET - 2020/06/18 IS - 10 KW - *covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Health Personnel | Humans | Prevalence | SARS-CoV-2 | Washington/epidemiology | *employee health | *healthcare workers L1 - internal-pdf://2243502121/Mani-2020-Prevalence of Coronavirus Disease 20.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Mani, Nandita S; Budak, Jehan Z; Lan, Kristine F; Bryson-Cahn, Chloe; Zelikoff, Allison; Barker, Gwendolyn E C; Grant, Carolyn W; Hart, Kristi; Barbee, Carrie J; Sandoval, Marissa D; Dostal, Christine L; Corcorran, Maria; Ungerleider, Hal M; Gates, Jeff O; Olin, Svaya V; Bryan, Andrew; Hoffman, Noah G; Marquis, Sara R; Harvey, Michelle L; Nasenbeny, Keri; Mertens, Kathleen; Chew, Lisa D; Greninger, Alexander L; Jerome, Keith R; Pottinger, Paul S; Dellit, Timothy H; Liu, Catherine; Pergam, Steven A; Neme, Santiago; Lynch, John B; Kim, H Nina; Cohen, Seth A; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Dec 17;71(10):2702-2707. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa761. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 5% of symptomatic hospital staff tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. | Frontline and non-frontline staff had similar prevalences (5.2% and 5.5%, respectively). | Fever, myalgias/arthralgias, and anosmia were more frequently reported among persons with positive test results (Figure). | Prevalences of chronic health conditions (including immunosuppression) were similar among persons with positive and negative test results (Figure). | 6/174 (3%) of those contacted during the 14-day follow-up period after diagnosis reported hospitalization due to COVID-19. | Methods: 3,477 symptomatic hospital staff were tested for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. SARS-CoV-2 prevalence and baseline characteristics were assessed for frontline and non-frontline staff. Limitations: Prevalence likely underestimated since only symptomatic staff tested; anosmia was added as a symptom later in the study. | Implications: Similar SARS-CoV-2 prevalences were seen in frontline and non-frontline healthcare workers suggesting that factors other than face-to-face patient contact may contribute to acquisition of SARS-CoV-2 infection among hospital employees. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - 2702-2707 ST - Prevalence of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection and Outcomes Among Symptomatic Healthcare Workers in Seattle, Washington T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Prevalence of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection and Outcomes Among Symptomatic Healthcare Workers in Seattle, Washington UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32548613 VL - 71 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 431 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVES: The global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) may disproportionately affect persons in congregate settings, including those in residential substance use treatment facilities. To limit the spread of SARS-CoV-2 through congregate settings, universal testing may be necessary. We aimed to determine the point prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in a residential treatment program setting and to understand the unique challenges of Covid-19 transmission in this setting. METHODS: We performed a case series of SARS-CoV-2 rT-PCR testing via nasopharyngeal in a residential substance use treatment program for women in Boston. Staff and residents of the treatment program were tested for SARS-CoV-2. The primary outcome was SARS-CoV-2 test result. RESULTS: A total of 31 residents and staff were tested. Twenty-seven percent (6/22) of the residents and 44% (4/9) of staff tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. All of the SARS-CoV-2 positive residents resided in the same residential unit. Two positive cases resided together with 2 negative cases in a 4-person room. Two other positive cases resided together in a 2-person room. One positive case resided with 2 negative cases in a 3-person room. One positive case resided with a negative case in a 2-person room. Based on test results, residents were cohorted by infection status and continued to participate in addiction treatment on-site. CONCLUSIONS: SARS-CoV-2 infection was common among staff and residents within a residential substance use treatment program for women in Boston. Universal SARS-CoV-2 testing in residential substance use programs can be instituted to reduce the risk of further transmission and continue addiction treatment programming when accompanied by adequate space, supplies, and staffing. AD - Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA (BMC) (JAB, TCB, SDK); Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA (JAB, TCB, SDK); Victory Programs, Inc, Boston, MA (EB, SJP); Department of Medicine, Clinical Addiction Research and Education Unit, Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine and BMC, Boston, MA (SDK, SDK, AYW); Grayken Center for Addiction, BMC, Boston, MA (JAB, SDK, SDK, AYW). AN - 32530889 AU - Barocas, J. A. | Blackstone, E. | Bouton, T. C. | Kimmel, S. D. | Caputo, A. | Porter, S. J. | Walley, A. Y. C1 - 2020-06-23 C2 - Epidemiology C6 - NIHMS1677359 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/062320_covidupdate.html DA - Sep/Oct DO - 10.1097/ADM.0000000000000700 DP - NLM ET - 2020/06/13 IS - 5 KW - Adult | Betacoronavirus/genetics | Boston/epidemiology | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Clinical Laboratory Techniques | Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/*epidemiology/genetics | Female | Health Personnel/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | Prevalence | Residential Treatment/*statistics & numerical data | SARS-CoV-2 | Substance Abuse Treatment Centers/*statistics & numerical data | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://0864292529/Prevalence_of_Covid_19_Infection_and_Subsequen.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Barocas, Joshua A; Blackstone, Elizabeth; Bouton, Tara C; Kimmel, Simeon D; Caputo, Andrea; Porter, Sarah J; Walley, Alexander Y; eng; T32 DA013911/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/; UM1 DA049412/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; J Addict Med. 2020 Sep/Oct;14(5):e261-e263. doi: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000000700. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; At a residential substance use treatment facility with shared rooms, 6/22 (27%) of residents and 4/9 (44%) of staff tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. | After testing, disinfection, and separating residents by infection status (cohorting), no residents in the COVID-19 negative unit developed symptoms during the next 2 weeks. | Residential addiction treatment continued. | Methods: NP RT-PCR testing of all 22 residents and 9/10 staff at a residential substance use treatment facility, April 2020. Limitations: No antibody testing to ascertain past infection; no follow-up RT-PCR testing to detect new asymptomatic infections. | Implications: Rapid universal testing and cohorting may allow residential facilities to continue operating during the COVID-19 pandemic. SN - 1935-3227 (Electronic); 1932-0620 (Linking) SP - e261-e263 ST - Prevalence of Covid-19 Infection and Subsequent Cohorting in a Residential Substance Use Treatment Program in Boston, MA T2 - J Addict Med TI - Prevalence of Covid-19 Infection and Subsequent Cohorting in a Residential Substance Use Treatment Program in Boston, MA UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32530889 VL - 14 ID - 425 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the policies to contain it have been a near ubiquitous exposure in the US with unknown effects on depression symptoms. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of and risk factors associated with depression symptoms among US adults during vs before the COVID-19 pandemic. Design, Setting, and Participants: This nationally representative survey study used 2 population-based surveys of US adults aged 18 or older. During COVID-19, estimates were derived from the COVID-19 and Life Stressors Impact on Mental Health and Well-being study, conducted from March 31, 2020, to April 13, 2020. Before COVID-19 estimates were derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, conducted from 2017 to 2018. Data were analyzed from April 15 to 20, 2020. Exposures: The COVID-19 pandemic and outcomes associated with the measures to mitigate it. Main Outcomes and Measures: Depression symptoms, defined using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 cutoff of 10 or higher. Categories of depression symptoms were defined as none (score, 0-4), mild (score, 5-9), moderate (score, 10-14), moderately severe (score, 15-19), and severe (score, >/=20). Results: A total of 1470 participants completed the COVID-19 and Life Stressors Impact on Mental Health and Well-being survey (completion rate, 64.3%), and after removing those with missing data, the final during-COVID-19 sample included 1441 participants (619 participants [43.0%] aged 18-39 years; 723 [50.2%] men; 933 [64.7%] non-Hispanic White). The pre-COVID-19 sample included 5065 participants (1704 participants [37.8%] aged 18-39 years; 2588 [51.4%] women; 1790 [62.9%] non-Hispanic White). Depression symptom prevalence was higher in every category during COVID-19 compared with before (mild: 24.6% [95% CI, 21.8%-27.7%] vs 16.2% [95% CI, 15.1%-17.4%]; moderate: 14.8% [95% CI, 12.6%-17.4%] vs 5.7% [95% CI, 4.8%-6.9%]; moderately severe: 7.9% [95% CI, 6.3%-9.8%] vs 2.1% [95% CI, 1.6%-2.8%]; severe: 5.1% [95% CI, 3.8%-6.9%] vs 0.7% [95% CI, 0.5%-0.9%]). Higher risk of depression symptoms during COVID-19 was associated with having lower income (odds ratio, 2.37 [95% CI, 1.26-4.43]), having less than $5000 in savings (odds ratio, 1.52 [95% CI, 1.02-2.26]), and exposure to more stressors (odds ratio, 3.05 [95% CI, 1.95-4.77]). Conclusions and Relevance: These findings suggest that prevalence of depression symptoms in the US was more than 3-fold higher during COVID-19 compared with before the COVID-19 pandemic. Individuals with lower social resources, lower economic resources, and greater exposure to stressors (eg, job loss) reported a greater burden of depression symptoms. Post-COVID-19 plans should account for the probable increase in mental illness to come, particularly among at-risk populations. AD - Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts. | Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island. | Columbia Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York. | Hassenfeld Child Health Innovation Institute, Providence, Rhode Island. AN - 32876685 AU - Ettman, C. K. | Abdalla, S. M. | Cohen, G. H. | Sampson, L. | Vivier, P. M. | Galea, S. C1 - 2020-09-11 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091120_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.19686 ET - 2020/09/03 IS - 9 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Depression/*epidemiology/psychology | Educational Status | Female | Humans | Income/*statistics & numerical data | Male | Marital Status/statistics & numerical data | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Patient Health Questionnaire | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | Prevalence | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | Severity of Illness Index | Stress, Psychological/*epidemiology/psychology | United States/epidemiology | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://2019555227/Ettman-2020-Prevalence of Depression Symptoms.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Natural History | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Ettman, Catherine K; Abdalla, Salma M; Cohen, Gregory H; Sampson, Laura; Vivier, Patrick M; Galea, Sandro; eng; T32 AG023482/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Sep 1;3(9):e2019686. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.19686. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; During the COVID-19 pandemic period (March-April), depression symptoms were reported three times more often across all demographic groups than during a comparison pre-pandemic period (Figure 1). | 27.8% of persons had depression symptoms during the pandemic period, compared with 8.5% who had symptoms before the pandemic. | Severity of depression symptoms was also greater during the pandemic period compared with before (Figure 2). | Lower income, <$5,000 in savings, or experiencing COVID-19-related stressors (e.g., losing a job, knowing someone who died of COVID-19, having financial problems) were all associated with increased depression. | Methods: Data were collected about depression symptoms during a nationally representative survey of 1,441 US adults conducted from March 31 to April 13, 2020 and were compared with data collected during the nationally representative 2017-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Both surveys used the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 in to assess for depression symptoms. Limitations: Two cross-sectional data sources compared that might lead to between-group differences; small sample size for certain demographic groups. | Implications: Prevalence of depression symptoms has increased three-fold since prior to the pandemic. Mental health resources should be allocated for persons at higher risk of depression, particularly those with lower social and economic resources. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e2019686 ST - Prevalence of Depression Symptoms in US Adults Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Prevalence of Depression Symptoms in US Adults Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32876685 VL - 3 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 874 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis-Lariboisiere-Fernand-Widal, Paris, France; Universite de Paris, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unite de Mycologie Moleculaire, Centre National de Reference Mycoses Invasives et Antifongiques, France. Electronic address: alexandre.alanio@pasteur.fr. | Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis-Lariboisiere-Fernand-Widal, Paris, France; Universite de Paris, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unite de Mycologie Moleculaire, Centre National de Reference Mycoses Invasives et Antifongiques, France. | Medecine Intensive Reanimation, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis-Lariboisiere-Fernand-Widal, Paris, France; Universite de Paris, Paris, France. | Reanimation Medicale et Toxicologique, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis-Lariboisiere-Fernand-Widal, Paris, France; Universite de Paris, Paris, France; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, Paris, France. AN - 32445626 AU - Alanio, A. | Delliere, S. | Fodil, S. | Bretagne, S. | Megarbane, B. C1 - 2020-05-29 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052920_covidupdate.html DA - Jun DO - 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30237-X ET - 2020/05/24 IS - 6 KW - Aged | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*complications/virology | Female | Humans | Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis/*epidemiology/virology | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications/virology | Prevalence | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://2882139496/Alanio-2020-Prevalence of putative invasive pu.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Alanio, Alexandre; Delliere, Sarah; Fodil, Sofiane; Bretagne, Stephane; Megarbane, Bruno; eng; Letter; England; Lancet Respir Med. 2020 Jun;8(6):e48-e49. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30237-X. Epub 2020 May 20. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; One-third of ventilated COVID-19 patients had invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), a severe disease affecting the lungs that is caused by fungal (Aspergillus) infection. | Compared with those without IPA, patients with IPA had higher rates of hypertension (6/9 vs. 6/18; p = 0.046) and similar mortality rates (4/9 vs 7/18; p = 0.99). | Methods: Prospective observational study in 27 critically ill COVID-19 patients. Traditional methods used in IPA diagnosis, such as a CT scan or bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), are difficult to conduct in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Investigators broadened diagnostic criteria to include (1) positive BAL culture as a stand-alone criterion, or (2) two of the following: positive RT-PCR results for Aspergillus fumigatus in serum or respiratory samples, beta-d-glucan (a component of fungal cell walls) in serum samples, positive bronchial aspiration culture, or galactomannan (cell wall component of Aspergillus) in serum or respiratory samples. Limitations: Small sample size. | Implications: Although mortality rates were similar between IPA and non-IPA patients in this limited sample, the role of Aspergillus infection in COVID-19-related lung inflammation is unknown. SN - 2213-2619 (Electronic); 2213-2600 (Linking) SP - e48-e49 ST - Prevalence of putative invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in critically ill patients with COVID-19 T2 - Lancet Respir Med TI - Prevalence of putative invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in critically ill patients with COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32445626 VL - 8 Y2 - 2021/05/12 ID - 287 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We report SARS-CoV-2 antibody positivity among market and city bus depot workers in Lima, Peru. Among 1,285 vendors from eight markets, prevalence ranged from 27-73%. Among 488 workers from three city bus depots, prevalence ranged from 11-47%. Self-reported symptoms were infrequent. AD - Socios En Salud Sucursal Peru, Lima, Peru. | Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas - UPC, Lima, Peru. | Direccion de Redes Integradas de Salud Lima Norte (DIRIS), Lima, Peru. | University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. | Division of Global Health Equity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. | Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. | Partners In Health, Boston, MA, USA. AN - 33881476 AU - Tovar, M. | Peinado, J. | Palomino, S. | Llanos, F. | Ramirez, C. | Valderrama, G. | Calderon, R. I. | Williams, R. B. | Velasquez, G. E. | Mitnick, C. D. | Franke, M. F. | Lecca, L. C1 - 2021-04-30 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04302021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 21 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciab323 ET - 2021/04/22 KW - Covid-19 | essential work | frontline worker L1 - internal-pdf://3833992645/Tovar-2021-Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Tovar, Marco; Peinado, Jesus; Palomino, Santiago; Llanos, Fernando; Ramirez, Claudio; Valderrama, Gisella; Calderon, Roger I; Williams, Roger B; Velasquez, Gustavo E; Mitnick, Carole D; Franke, Molly F; Lecca, Leonid; eng; K08 AI141740/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; P30 AI060354/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Apr 21. pii: 6243873. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab323. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; SARS-CoV-2 antibody positivity ranged from 27% to 73% in market workers at 8 different markets. | SARS-CoV-2 antibody positivity was 11%, 32% and 47% among workers at 3 bus depots. | Antibody positivity among bus drivers was 8%, 27%, and 42% at the corresponding depots. | Methods: Day-long SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing campaigns were conducted at 8 markets and 3 bus depots between June 5 and July 18, 2020. Participating market workers (n = 1,285) and bus depot workers (n = 488) received rapid SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing using the Standard Q COVID-19 IgG/IgM Duo. Prevalence of antibody positivity (combined IgG/IgM) was reported. Limitation: Sampling from the workplace can introduce healthy worker bias potentially underestimating past (or current) SARS-CoV-2 infection. | Implications: High prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among market and bus depot workers suggests a critical need for prioritizing frontline workers for vaccination. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) ST - Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among market and city bus depot workers in Lima, Peru T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among market and city bus depot workers in Lima, Peru UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33881476 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1701 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Many patients receiving dialysis in the USA share the socioeconomic characteristics of underserved communities, and undergo routine monthly laboratory testing, facilitating a practical, unbiased, and repeatable assessment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) seroprevalence. METHODS: For this cross-sectional study, in partnership with a central laboratory that receives samples from approximately 1300 dialysis facilities across the USA, we tested the remainder plasma of 28 503 randomly selected adult patients receiving dialysis in July, 2020, using a spike protein receptor binding domain total antibody chemiluminescence assay (100% sensitivity, 99.8% specificity). We extracted data on age, sex, race and ethnicity, and residence and facility ZIP codes from the anonymised electronic health records, linking patient-level residence data with cumulative and daily cases and deaths per 100 000 population and with nasal swab test positivity rates. We standardised prevalence estimates according to the overall US dialysis and adult population, and present estimates for four prespecified strata (age, sex, region, and race and ethnicity). FINDINGS: The sampled population had similar age, sex, and race and ethnicity distribution to the US dialysis population, with a higher proportion of older people, men, and people living in majority Black and Hispanic neighbourhoods than in the US adult population. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 was 8.0% (95% CI 7.7-8.4) in the sample, 8.3% (8.0-8.6) when standardised to the US dialysis population, and 9.3% (8.8-9.9) when standardised to the US adult population. When standardised to the US dialysis population, seroprevalence ranged from 3.5% (3.1-3.9) in the west to 27.2% (25.9-28.5) in the northeast. Comparing seroprevalent and case counts per 100 000 population, we found that 9.2% (8.7-9.8) of seropositive patients were diagnosed. When compared with other measures of SARS-CoV-2 spread, seroprevalence correlated best with deaths per 100 000 population (Spearman's rho=0.77). Residents of non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic neighbourhoods experienced higher odds of seropositivity (odds ratio 3.9 [95% CI 3.4-4.6] and 2.3 [1.9-2.6], respectively) compared with residents of predominantly non-Hispanic white neighbourhoods. Residents of neighbourhoods in the highest population density quintile experienced increased odds of seropositivity (10.3 [8.7-12.2]) compared with residents of the lowest density quintile. County mobility restrictions that reduced workplace visits by at least 5% in early March, 2020, were associated with lower odds of seropositivity in July, 2020 (0.4 [0.3-0.5]) when compared with a reduction of less than 5%. INTERPRETATION: During the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, fewer than 10% of the US adult population formed antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, and fewer than 10% of those with antibodies were diagnosed. Public health efforts to limit SARS-CoV-2 spread need to especially target racial and ethnic minority and densely populated communities. FUNDING: Ascend Clinical Laboratories. AD - Division of Nephrology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Electronic address: sanand2@stanford.edu. | Division of Nephrology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA. | Ascend Clinical Laboratory, Redwood City, CA, USA. | Division of Infectious Diseases & Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA. | Division of Nephrology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, and Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA. AN - 32987007 AU - Anand, S. | Montez-Rath, M. | Han, J. | Bozeman, J. | Kerschmann, R. | Beyer, P. | Parsonnet, J. | Chertow, G. M. C1 - 2020-10-06 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100620_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 25 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32009-2 ET - 2020/09/29 IS - 10259 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Antibodies, Viral/*blood | COVID-19/*blood/*epidemiology | Cross-Sectional Studies | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Prevalence | *Renal Dialysis | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology | Seroepidemiologic Studies | United States/epidemiology | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://1182071194/Anand-2020-Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Anand, Shuchi; Montez-Rath, Maria; Han, Jialin; Bozeman, Julie; Kerschmann, Russell; Beyer, Paul; Parsonnet, Julie; Chertow, Glenn M; eng; K23 DK101826/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/; K24 DK085446/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/; England; Lancet. 2020 Sep 25. pii: S0140-6736(20)32009-2. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32009-2. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Less than 10% of US adults on dialysis had evidence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, less than 10% of those with antibodies were diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection. | Risk of seropositivity was increased for those who lived in (Figure): | non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic neighborhoods (OR 3.9 95% CI 3.4-4.6); neighborhoods with highest population density compared to those with the lowest density (OR 10.3, 95% CI 8.7-12.2); When compared with descriptive measures of SARS-CoV-2 spread, there was a high correlation of seroprevalence with deaths per 100,000 population (Spearman’s ρ = 0.77). | Methods: Cross-sectional study of 28,503 randomly selected adult patients who underwent dialysis in July 2020 at 1,300 US dialysis facilities. Antibody to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was tested in leftover plasma samples from dialysis. Demographic data from anonymized electronic health records were linked to patient-level residence data with cumulative and daily COVID-19 cases and deaths per 100,000. Standardized estimates of age, sex, region, and race and ethnicity in US dialysis and adult population were used. Limitations: Seroprevalence estimates from the US dialysis population may not be generalizable to the US adult population and did not account for state-level or county-level estimates. | Implications: Fewer than 10% of US adults had antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 with regional and demographic differences. As pointed out in a commentary by Flower et alexternal icon., even though persons who receive dialysis may not be representative of the general population, dialysis patients may be a good sentinel group for serosurveillance given regular blood tests, established vascular access, and a high proportion of patients with multiple risk factors for COVID-19. SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 1335-1344 ST - Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in a large nationwide sample of patients on dialysis in the USA: a cross-sectional study T2 - Lancet TI - Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in a large nationwide sample of patients on dialysis in the USA: a cross-sectional study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32987007 VL - 396 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 990 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The greater New York City (NYC) area, including the 5 boroughs and surrounding counties, has a high incidence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and health care personnel (HCP) working there have a high exposure risk. HCP have expressed concerns about access to testing so that infection spread to patients, other HCP, and their families can be minimized. The Northwell Health System, the largest in New York State, sought to address this concern by offering voluntary antibody testing to all HCP. We investigated the prevalence of antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) among HCP and associations with demographics, primary work location and type, and suspicion of virus exposure. AD - Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York. | Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York. | Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health, Hempstead, New York. | Northwell Health Laboratories, Northwell Health, Lake Success, New York. AN - 32780804 AU - Moscola, J. | Sembajwe, G. | Jarrett, M. | Farber, B. | Chang, T. | McGinn, T. | Davidson, K. W. | Northwell Health, Covid-Research Consortium C1 - 2020-08-21 C2 - Seroprevalence Studies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082120_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 1 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.14765 ET - 2020/08/12 IS - 9 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Antibodies, Viral/*blood | Betacoronavirus/*immunology | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/immunology | Female | *Health Personnel | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | New York City/epidemiology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/immunology | Prevalence | SARS-CoV-2 | Seroepidemiologic Studies | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://4129741698/Moscola-2020-Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodi.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Moscola, Joseph; Sembajwe, Grace; Jarrett, Mark; Farber, Bruce; Chang, Tylis; McGinn, Thomas; Davidson, Karina W; eng; R01 LM012836/LM/NLM NIH HHS/; R24 AG064191/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; JAMA. 2020 Sep 1;324(9):893-895. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.14765. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 13.7% of healthcare workers (HCW) tested antibody-positive; with prevalence comparable to that of randomly sampled adults in New York State (14.0%). | Previous positive RT-PCR test and high suspicion of infection were associated with seropositivity (Table). | There were no significant differences in seropositivity rates across age, race, job function, work location, direct patient care, or COVID-19 patient care. | Methods: Antibody testing performed in 40,329 HCW, between April 20 and June 23, 2020, greater New York City area. Limitations: Only 56% of HCW offered testing accepted; multiple assays used; potential selection bias; high percentage of missing data for some variables; multiple possible sources of exposure (home, community, work). | Implications for 3 studies (Atchison et al., Moscola et al. & Ward et al.): National surveys of antibody prevalence provide assessments of populations at greatest risk for previous infection, which may be used to target prevention approaches and assess potential development of herd immunity. Self-testing for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies appears sufficiently acceptable and valid to support large scale serosurveys. Seroprevalence rates in HCW that were comparable to general population suggest availability and appropriate use of PPE can mitigate exposure risk among these essential workers (see Jeremias et al. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among health care workers in a tertiary care hospital.external icon JAMA Internal Medicine). SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 893-895 ST - Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Health Care Personnel in the New York City Area T2 - JAMA TI - Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Health Care Personnel in the New York City Area UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32780804 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 739 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Serosurveys help to ascertain burden of infection. Prior severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) serosurveys in New York City (NYC) used nonrandom samples. During June–October 2020, the NYC Health Department conducted a population-based survey estimating SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence in NYC adults.Participants were recruited from the NYC 2020 Community Health Survey. We estimated citywide and stratified antibody prevalence using a hybrid design: serum tested with the DiaSorin LIAISON SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 IgG assay and self-reported antibody test results were used together. We estimated univariate frequencies and 95% confidence intervals (CI), accounting for complex survey design. Two-sided P values ≤�?05 were statistically significant.There were 1074 respondents; 497 provided blood and 577 provided only a self-reported antibody test result. Weighted prevalence was 24.3% overall (95% CI, 20.7%�?8.3%). Latino (30.7%; 95% CI, 24.1%�?8.2%; P�?lt;�?01) and black (30.7%; 95% CI, 21.9%�?1.2%; P�?�?02) respondents had a higher weighted prevalence compared with white respondents (17.4%; 95% CI, 12.5%�?3.7%).By October 2020, nearly 1 in 3 black and 1 in 3 Latino NYC adults had SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, highlighting unequal impacts of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on black and Latino NYC adults. AD - New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Long Island City, New York, USA. | COVID-19 Response State, Tribal, Local, and Territorial Support Task Force, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. AN - 34086923 AU - Parrott, Jannae C | Maleki, Ariana N | Vassor, Valerie E | Osahan, Sukhminder | Hsin, Yusyin | Sanderson, Michael | Fernandez, Steven | Levanon Seligson, Amber | Hughes, Scott | Wu, Jing | DeVito, Andrea K | LaVoie, Stephen P | Rakeman, Jennifer L | Gould, L Hannah | Alroy, Karen A C1 - 2021-06-18 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06182021_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 15 DO - 10.1093/infdis/jiab296 ET - 2021/06/05 IS - 2 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Antibodies, Viral/*blood | COVID-19/epidemiology | Ethnic Groups/statistics & numerical data | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | New York City/epidemiology | Prevalence | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology | Seroepidemiologic Studies | Young Adult | *New York City | *SARS-CoV-2 | *antibody prevalence | *population-based | *seroprevalence L1 - internal-pdf://2279143688/Parrott-2021-Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodi.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Parrott, Jannae C | Maleki, Ariana N | Vassor, Valerie E | Osahan, Sukhminder | Hsin, Yusyin | Sanderson, Michael | Fernandez, Steven | Levanon Seligson, Amber | Hughes, Scott | Wu, Jing | DeVito, Andrea K | LaVoie, Stephen P | Rakeman, Jennifer L | Gould, L Hannah | Alroy, Karen A | eng | CC/CDC HHS/ | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. | J Infect Dis. 2021 Jul 15;224(2):188-195. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiab296. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In a survey of 1,074 adults conducted between June and October 2020, weighted SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence was 24.3% overall (95% CI 20.7%-28.3%). Latino (30.7%, 95% CI 24.1%-38.2%) and Black (30.7%, 95% CI 21.9%-41.2%) respondents had a higher weighted prevalence compared with White respondents (17.4%, 95% CI 12.5%-23.7%). SN - 0022-1899 SP - 188-195 ST - Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in New York City Adults, June–October 2020: A Population-Based Survey T2 - J Infect Dis TI - Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in New York City Adults, June–October 2020: A Population-Based Survey UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiab296 VL - 224 Y2 - 6/29/2021 ID - 1850 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Spain is one of the European countries most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Serological surveys are a valuable tool to assess the extent of the epidemic, given the existence of asymptomatic cases and little access to diagnostic tests. This nationwide population-based study aims to estimate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Spain at national and regional level. METHODS: 35 883 households were selected from municipal rolls using two-stage random sampling stratified by province and municipality size, with all residents invited to participate. From April 27 to May 11, 2020, 61 075 participants (75.1% of all contacted individuals within selected households) answered a questionnaire on history of symptoms compatible with COVID-19 and risk factors, received a point-of-care antibody test, and, if agreed, donated a blood sample for additional testing with a chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay. Prevalences of IgG antibodies were adjusted using sampling weights and post-stratification to allow for differences in non-response rates based on age group, sex, and census-tract income. Using results for both tests, we calculated a seroprevalence range maximising either specificity (positive for both tests) or sensitivity (positive for either test). FINDINGS: Seroprevalence was 5.0% (95% CI 4.7-5.4) by the point-of-care test and 4.6% (4.3-5.0) by immunoassay, with a specificity-sensitivity range of 3.7% (3.3-4.0; both tests positive) to 6.2% (5.8-6.6; either test positive), with no differences by sex and lower seroprevalence in children younger than 10 years (<3.1% by the point-of-care test). There was substantial geographical variability, with higher prevalence around Madrid (>10%) and lower in coastal areas (<3%). Seroprevalence among 195 participants with positive PCR more than 14 days before the study visit ranged from 87.6% (81.1-92.1; both tests positive) to 91.8% (86.3-95.3; either test positive). In 7273 individuals with anosmia or at least three symptoms, seroprevalence ranged from 15.3% (13.8-16.8) to 19.3% (17.7-21.0). Around a third of seropositive participants were asymptomatic, ranging from 21.9% (19.1-24.9) to 35.8% (33.1-38.5). Only 19.5% (16.3-23.2) of symptomatic participants who were seropositive by both the point-of-care test and immunoassay reported a previous PCR test. INTERPRETATION: The majority of the Spanish population is seronegative to SARS-CoV-2 infection, even in hotspot areas. Most PCR-confirmed cases have detectable antibodies, but a substantial proportion of people with symptoms compatible with COVID-19 did not have a PCR test and at least a third of infections determined by serology were asymptomatic. These results emphasise the need for maintaining public health measures to avoid a new epidemic wave. FUNDING: Spanish Ministry of Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, and Spanish National Health System. AD - National Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. Electronic address: mpollan@isciii.es. | National Centre for Epidemiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. | National Centre for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. | Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Boston, MA, USA. | National Centre for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. | Deputy Directorate of Information Technologies, Ministry of Health, Madrid, Spain. | Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain. | National School of Public Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. | General Secretary of Health, Ministry of Health, Madrid, Spain. | Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain. | General Secretariat, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. | Directorate, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. AN - 32645347 AU - Pollan, M. | Perez-Gomez, B. | Pastor-Barriuso, R. | Oteo, J. | Hernan, M. A. | Perez-Olmeda, M. | Sanmartin, J. L. | Fernandez-Garcia, A. | Cruz, I. | Fernandez de Larrea, N. | Molina, M. | Rodriguez-Cabrera, F. | Martin, M. | Merino-Amador, P. | Leon Paniagua, J. | Munoz-Montalvo, J. F. | Blanco, F. | Yotti, R. | Ene-Covid Study Group C1 - 2020-07-14 C2 - Population-based Seroprevalence Studies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071420_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 22 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31483-5 ET - 2020/07/10 IS - 10250 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Antibodies, Viral/blood | Betacoronavirus/immunology | Covid-19 | Child | Child, Preschool | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Female | Humans | Immunoassay | Immunoglobulin G/blood | Immunoglobulin M/blood | Infant | Infant, Newborn | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | Point-of-Care Testing | Prevalence | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | Seroepidemiologic Studies | Spain/epidemiology | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://0456609088/Pollan-2020-Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Spain.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Pollan, Marina; Perez-Gomez, Beatriz; Pastor-Barriuso, Roberto; Oteo, Jesus; Hernan, Miguel A; Perez-Olmeda, Mayte; Sanmartin, Jose L; Fernandez-Garcia, Aurora; Cruz, Israel; Fernandez de Larrea, Nerea; Molina, Marta; Rodriguez-Cabrera, Francisco; Martin, Mariano; Merino-Amador, Paloma; Leon Paniagua, Jose; Munoz-Montalvo, Juan F; Blanco, Faustino; Yotti, Raquel; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Lancet. 2020 Aug 22;396(10250):535-544. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31483-5. Epub 2020 Jul 6. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In a nationwide Spanish survey, seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection was 5.0% (95% CI 4.7�?.4) using a point-of-care (POC) test and 4.6% (95% CI 4.3�?.0) by immunoassay (Figure). | No difference by sex. | Lower seroprevalence in children age < 10 years (<3.1% by POC test). | Higher prevalence around Madrid (>10%) and lower in coastal areas (<3%). | An estimated 21.9%-35.8% of seropositive participants were asymptomatic. | Only 19.5% (95% CI: 16.3�?3.2) of symptomatic, seropositive participants reported a previous PCR test. | Methods: Nationwide population-based seroprevalence study, April 27-May 11, 2020. 61,075 participants had testing for antibody by POC and immunoassay tests. Limitations: Potential false-positive results. | Implications for both studies (Pollan et al. & Erikstrup et al.): The prevalence of persons with evidence of prior infection exceeded the rate of reported COVID-19 diagnoses. Seroprevalence studies can better help understand true rates of infection and infection-related fatalities. SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 535-544 ST - Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Spain (ENE-COVID): a nationwide, population-based seroepidemiological study T2 - Lancet TI - Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Spain (ENE-COVID): a nationwide, population-based seroepidemiological study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32645347 VL - 396 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 520 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Center for Outcomes Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas. | Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas. | Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston, Texas. | Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas. | Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York. AN - 32716512 AU - Vahidy, F. S. | Bernard, D. W. | Boom, M. L. | Drews, A. L. | Christensen, P. | Finkelstein, J. | Schwartz, R. L. C1 - 2020-08-07 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/080720_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.16451 ET - 2020/07/28 IS - 7 KW - Academic Medical Centers | Adult | *Asymptomatic Diseases | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Cross-Sectional Studies | Epidemiological Monitoring | Female | Health Personnel/*statistics & numerical data | Hospitals, Community | Humans | Male | *Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | Prevalence | SARS-CoV-2 | Texas/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://4050817494/Vahidy-2020-Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Vahidy, Farhaan S; Bernard, David W; Boom, Marc L; Drews, Ashley L; Christensen, Paul; Finkelstein, Jeremy; Schwartz, Roberta L; eng; JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Jul 1;3(7):e2016451. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.16451. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Overall test positivity across 5 weeks was 3.9% (95% CI 3.2%-4.7%). | Among 2,617 clinical healthcare workers (HCW), SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with working with COVID-19 patients (Figure): | Staff working on COVID-19 wards (n = 1,992) had test positivity of 5.4% (95% CI 4.5%-6.5%). | Staff working on non-COVID-19 wards (n = 625) had test positivity of 0.6% (95% CI 0.2%-1.7%). | Methods: Cross-sectional study in 2,787 staff from one academic medical center and 5 hospitals and 85 community residents in Houston, TX who reported no symptoms of COVID-19. NP swabs were collected from study participants and tested by PCR. Staff were categorized as clinical HCW working in COVID-19 wards (n = 1,992) or other wards (n = 625), or as non-clinical (n = 170). Limitations: Potential ascertainment bias from convenience sampling. | Implications: Higher infection rates among COVID-19–facing clinical HCWs suggest nosocomial infection and highlight the need for consistent infection control and testing throughout hospital systems. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e2016451 ST - Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Asymptomatic Health Care Workers in the Greater Houston, Texas, Area T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Asymptomatic Health Care Workers in the Greater Houston, Texas, Area UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32716512 VL - 3 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 652 ER - TY - JOUR AB - New York City and its surrounding metro area have emerged as an epicenter of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak worldwide. A recent population survey for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies among those in New York state shows a prevalence of 21.2% in New York City and 16.7% in Long Island. Across the US, up to 11% of reported COVID-19 cases were found to be in health care professionals, but the true prevalence of COVID-19 among health care workers is unknown. The aim of the present study is to establish the rate of COVID-19 among health care workers by widespread screening for SARS-CoV-2 exposure. AD - Department of Medicine, St Francis Hospital, The Heart Center, Roslyn, New York. | Department of Biostatistics, St Francis Hospital, The Heart Center, Roslyn, New York. | Department of Laboratory Medicine, St Francis Hospital, The Heart Center, Roslyn, New York. AN - 32780100 AU - Jeremias, A. | Nguyen, J. | Levine, J. | Pollack, S. | Engellenner, W. | Thakore, A. | Lucore, C. C1 - 2020-08-21 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082120_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 1 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.4214 ET - 2020/08/12 IS - 12 KW - Adult | *COVID-19/diagnosis/epidemiology/prevention & control | *COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing/methods/statistics & numerical data | *COVID-19 Serological Testing/methods/statistics & numerical data | Disease Transmission, Infectious/prevention & control | Female | Health Personnel/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Infection Control/organization & administration | Male | New York/epidemiology | Personal Protective Equipment/statistics & numerical data/supply & distribution | Prevalence | Professional Impairment/*statistics & numerical data | SARS-CoV-2/*isolation & purification | Tertiary Care Centers/statistics & numerical data L1 - internal-pdf://1405600926/Jeremias-2020-Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infecti.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Jeremias, Allen; Nguyen, James; Levine, Joseph; Pollack, Simcha; Engellenner, William; Thakore, Avni; Lucore, Charles; eng; JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Dec 1;180(12):1707-1709. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.4214. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Demonstrates seroprevalence among HCW is comparable to the general population when HCW use appropriate PPE. SN - 2168-6114 (Electronic); 2168-6106 (Linking) SP - 1707-1709 ST - Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Health Care Workers in a Tertiary Community Hospital T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Health Care Workers in a Tertiary Community Hospital UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32780100 VL - 180 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 743 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In the United States, 567�?15 people were homeless on a single night in January 2019. The congregate nature and hygienic challenges of shelter life create the potential for rapid transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in this vulnerable population.On March 13, 2020, the Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program (BHCHP), in partnership with city and state public health agencies and community partners, rolled out a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) response strategy that included respiratory symptom screening at shelter front doors, expedited referrals for SARS-CoV-2 testing and isolation for those with respiratory symptoms, dedicated treatment settings for individuals with positive test results, and contact tracing of confirmed COVID-19 cases. AD - Institute for Research, Quality, and Policy in Homeless Health Care, Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program, Boston, Massachusetts. | Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. AN - 32338732 AU - Baggett, T. P. | Keyes, H. | Sporn, N. | Gaeta, J. M. C1 - 2020-05-08 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050820_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 2 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.6887 ET - 2020/04/28 IS - 21 KW - Adult | Age Distribution | *Betacoronavirus | Boston/epidemiology | Covid-19 | Contact Tracing/statistics & numerical data | Continental Population Groups/statistics & numerical data | Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/*epidemiology | Female | Homeless Persons/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis/*epidemiology | Prevalence | SARS-CoV-2 | Sex Distribution | Symptom Assessment/statistics & numerical data | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://4215787924/Baggett-2020-Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infectio.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Baggett, Travis P; Keyes, Harrison; Sporn, Nora; Gaeta, Jessie M; eng; JAMA. 2020 Jun 2;323(21):2191-2192. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.6887. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 0% (147/408) of homeless shelter residents had positive RT-PCR test results for SARS-CoV-2. | Among the 147 residents with positive RT-PCR test results, 87.8% were asymptomatic; cough was the most common symptom reported (7.5%) (Figure). | Methods: Descriptive study of SARS-CoV-2 infection and symptoms in a large homeless shelter in Boston, April 2020. NP swabs were tested by RT-PCR. Limitations: Single shelter; some symptomatic persons were removed from analysis by prior symptom screening or self-referral to outside care. | Implications: Asymptomatic persons in homeless shelters should also be tested because symptom screening alone may miss a substantial portion of infections. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 2191-2192 ST - Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Residents of a Large Homeless Shelter in Boston T2 - JAMA TI - Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Residents of a Large Homeless Shelter in Boston UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32338732 VL - 323 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 148 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: With millions of SARS-CoV-2 infections worldwide, increasing numbers of patients are coming forward with long-term clinical effects of the disease lasting several weeks to months. Objective: To characterize symptoms 7 to 9 months after diagnosis of COVID-19. Design: Self-reported surveys and semistructured telephone interviews at enrollment and 30 to 45 days and 7 to 9 months from diagnosis. Setting: From 18 March to 15 May 2020, symptomatic persons who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 at the Geneva University Hospitals were followed by CoviCare, a virtual, clinical, outpatient follow-up program. Persons were contacted again at 30 to 45 days and 7 to 9 months from diagnosis. Participants: Persons who were a part of the CoviCare program from 18 March to 15 May 2020. Measurements: A standardized interview of symptoms consistent with COVID-19, with grading of intensity. Results: Of the 629 participants in the study who completed the baseline interviews, 410 completed follow-up at 7 to 9 months after COVID-19 diagnosis; 39.0% reported residual symptoms. Fatigue (20.7%) was the most common symptom reported, followed by loss of taste or smell (16.8%), dyspnea (11.7%), and headache (10.0%). Limitation: Limitations include generalizability and missing data for 34.8% of participants. Conclusion: Residual symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection are common among otherwise young and healthy persons followed in an outpatient setting. These findings contribute to the recognition of long-term effects in a disease mostly counted by its death toll to date by promoting communication on postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 and encouraging physicians to continue long-term monitoring of their patients. Primary Funding Source: None. AD - Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland (M.N., O.B.). | Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (F.C., I.G.). | Cantonal Health Service and Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland (D.S.C.). AN - 34224254 AU - Nehme, Mayssam | Braillard, Olivia | Chappuis, François | Courvoisier, Delphine S. | Guessous, Idris C1 - 2021-07-16 C2 - COVID-19 and Persistent Symptoms CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07162021_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.7326/M21-0878 ET - 2021/07/06 IS - 9 L1 - internal-pdf://3055283187/m21-0878.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Nehme, Mayssam | Braillard, Olivia | Chappuis, Francois | Courvoisier, Delphine S | Guessous, Idris | eng | Ann Intern Med. 2021 Sep;174(9):1252-1260. doi: 10.7326/M21-0878. Epub 2021 Jul 6. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 44% (95% CI 39.5-48.6%) of COVID-19 outpatients (n = 479) reported symptoms 30�?5 days post-diagnosis; 39% (95% CI 34.3-43.9%) reported symptoms at 7�? months (n = 410). | Fatigue was the most common symptom (20.7%, 95% CI 16.9-25.0%) 7-9 months after diagnosis. | Most participants with symptoms 7�? months post-diagnosis categorized them as mild to moderate in severity (Figure). | Methods: Between March 18 and May 15, 2020, 629 symptomatic SARS-Cov-2 positive outpatients in Geneva, Switzerland were enrolled in a follow-up program, reporting COVID-19 symptoms at the time of diagnosis, 30�?5 days post-diagnosis and 7�? months post-diagnosis using a Likert scale for intensity of symptoms. Limitations: Only 65.2% of the initial cohort completed the follow-up survey at 7�? months post-diagnosis. | Implications for Seeßle et al. and Nehme et al.: Symptoms can remain for months after initial COVID-19 diagnosis. Healthcare systems may have increased burden from persistent symptoms in COVID-19 patients. SN - 0003-4819 SP - 1252-1260 ST - Prevalence of Symptoms More Than Seven Months After Diagnosis of Symptomatic COVID-19 in an Outpatient Setting T2 - Ann Intern Med TI - Prevalence of Symptoms More Than Seven Months After Diagnosis of Symptomatic COVID-19 in an Outpatient Setting UR - https://doi.org/10.7326/M21-0878 VL - 174 Y2 - 2021/07/19 ID - 1981 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to present public health and societal challenges worldwide. Concerted public health efforts in the US at the local, state, territorial, national, and tribal levels remain paramount to protecting the population, particularly those at greatest risk for severe illness and death. Throughout the summer months, younger people accounted increasingly for confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in all US regions, with highest incidence among young adults aged 20 through 29 years during June to August, and with young adults (20-39 years) contributing to the large regional increases in the southern US during June 2020. AD - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia. AN - 32991681 AU - Walke, H. T. | Honein, M. A. | Redfield, R. R. C1 - 2020-10-13 | 2020-11-17 C2 - Schools CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/101320_covidupdate.html | http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/111720_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 3 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.20027 ET - 2020/09/30 IS - 17 KW - Adolescent | COVID-19/diagnosis/epidemiology/*transmission | *COVID-19 Testing | Disease Transmission, Infectious/*prevention & control | Humans | Public Health Surveillance | *Students/statistics & numerical data | United States/epidemiology | *Universities | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://2044522470/Walke-2020-Preventing and Responding to COVID-.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Walke, Henry T; Honein, Margaret A; Redfield, Robert R; eng; JAMA. 2020 Nov 3;324(17):1727-1728. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.20027. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Outlines the need for expansive testing and rapid isolation and quarantine of potentially infected persons to prevent and respond to outbreaks on college campuses. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1727-1728 ST - Preventing and Responding to COVID-19 on College Campuses T2 - JAMA TI - Preventing and Responding to COVID-19 on College Campuses UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32991681 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 1039 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has caused a global pandemic of historic proportions in the 10 months since cases were first reported in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, with worldwide morbidity, mortality, and disruptions to society. Ultimately, a safe and effective vaccine will be essential to control the pandemic and allow resumption of the many activities of normal life. While results of phase 3 trials for multiple candidate vaccines are on the near horizon, “low-tech�?tools to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 are essential, and it must be emphasized that these interventions will still be needed after a vaccine is initially available. Even if one or more vaccines have high efficacy and uptake in the population, it will take at least several months for enough people to be vaccinated to confer herd immunity on a population basis. AD - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland. AN - 33104157 AU - Lerner, A. M. | Folkers, G. K. | Fauci, A. S. C1 - 2020-12-15 C2 - Protection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/121520_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 17 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.21946 ET - 2020/10/27 IS - 19 KW - Aerosols | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Communicable Disease Control/*methods | Coronavirus Infections/*prevention & control | Crowding | Hand Hygiene | Humans | *Masks | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*prevention & control | SARS-CoV-2 | Social Isolation | Ventilation L1 - internal-pdf://2813809640/Lerner-2020-Preventing the Spread of SARS-CoV-.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Lerner, Andrea M; Folkers, Gregory K; Fauci, Anthony S; eng; JAMA. 2020 Nov 17;324(19):1935-1936. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.21946. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: The role of masks, physical distancing, hand hygiene, prompt testing and limiting crowds and gatherings are still considered important to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2, especially during the initial rollout of vaccination. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1935-1936 ST - Preventing the Spread of SARS-CoV-2 With Masks and Other "Low-tech" Interventions T2 - JAMA TI - Preventing the Spread of SARS-CoV-2 With Masks and Other "Low-tech" Interventions UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33104157 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1342 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Information is limited regarding the effectiveness of the two-dose messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) and mRNA-1273 (Moderna) in preventing infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and in attenuating coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) when administered in real-world conditions. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study involving 3975 health care personnel, first responders, and other essential and frontline workers. From December 14, 2020, to April 10, 2021, the participants completed weekly SARS-CoV-2 testing by providing mid-turbinate nasal swabs for qualitative and quantitative reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. The formula for calculating vaccine effectiveness was 100% x (1 - hazard ratio for SARS-CoV-2 infection in vaccinated vs. unvaccinated participants), with adjustments for the propensity to be vaccinated, study site, occupation, and local viral circulation. RESULTS: SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 204 participants (5%), of whom 5 were fully vaccinated (>/=14 days after dose 2), 11 partially vaccinated (>/=14 days after dose 1 and <14 days after dose 2), and 156 unvaccinated; the 32 participants with indeterminate vaccination status (<14 days after dose 1) were excluded. Adjusted vaccine effectiveness was 91% (95% confidence interval [CI], 76 to 97) with full vaccination and 81% (95% CI, 64 to 90) with partial vaccination. Among participants with SARS-CoV-2 infection, the mean viral RNA load was 40% lower (95% CI, 16 to 57) in partially or fully vaccinated participants than in unvaccinated participants. In addition, the risk of febrile symptoms was 58% lower (relative risk, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.18 to 0.98) and the duration of illness was shorter, with 2.3 fewer days spent sick in bed (95% CI, 0.8 to 3.7). CONCLUSIONS: Authorized mRNA vaccines were highly effective among working-age adults in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection when administered in real-world conditions, and the vaccines attenuated the viral RNA load, risk of febrile symptoms, and duration of illness among those who had breakthrough infection despite vaccination. (Funded by the National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.). AD - From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta (M.G.T., A.L.F., L.G., J.M.L., Y.M.Y., G.J., J. Mak, B.L., Y.Z., J.Z., A.K., Y.L., M.D., S.T., J.B., E.A.-B., M.L.A., P.K., A.M.F.); the Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson (J.L.B., K.L., K.E., X.S., J.G., S.B., P.R.); Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (A.L.N., H.C.G., J.L.K.); the Whiteside Institute for Clinical Research (M.J.O.), St. Luke's Regional Health Care System (H.T., M.J.O.), Duluth, MN; University of Utah, Salt Lake City (S.K.Y., K.H., M.S.T., A.L.P., R.T.B.); the Marshfield Clinic Research Institute, Marshfield (J. Meece, E.S., L.I.), and the Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison (E.H., K.G., A.B., E.R.) - both in Wisconsin; Abt Associates, Rockville, MD (L.E.W.O., L.J.E., M.G.W., K.D.G., M.K.H., T.C.M., B.P.P., D.R.H.); the Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami (A.J.C.-M., N.S.-S.); and Baylor Scott and White Health, Dallas (K.D., T.Z., M.E.S., M.G.), and Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan (M.G.) - both in Texas. AN - 34192428 AU - Thompson, Mark G. | Burgess, Jefferey L. | Naleway, Allison L. | Tyner, Harmony | Yoon, Sarang K. | Meece, Jennifer | Olsho, Lauren E.W. | Caban-Martinez, Alberto J. | Fowlkes, Ashley L. | Lutrick, Karen | Groom, Holly C. | Dunnigan, Kayan | Odean, Marilyn J. | Hegmann, Kurt | Stefanski, Elisha | Edwards, Laura J. | Schaefer-Solle, Natasha | Grant, Lauren | Ellingson, Katherine | Kuntz, Jennifer L. | Zunie, Tnelda | Thiese, Matthew S. | Ivacic, Lynn | Wesley, Meredith G. | Mayo Lamberte, Julie | Sun, Xiaoxiao | Smith, Michael E. | Phillips, Andrew L. | Groover, Kimberly D. | Yoo, Young M. | Gerald, Joseph | Brown, Rachel T. | Herring, Meghan K. | Joseph, Gregory | Beitel, Shawn | Morrill, Tyler C. | Mak, Josephine | Rivers, Patrick | Poe, Brandon P. | Lynch, Brian | Zhou, Yingtao | Zhang, Jing | Kelleher, Anna | Li, Yan | Dickerson, Monica | Hanson, Erika | Guenther, Kyley | Tong, Suxiang | Bateman, Allen | Reisdorf, Erik | Barnes, John | Azziz-Baumgartner, Eduardo | Hunt, Danielle R. | Arvay, Melissa L. | Kutty, Preeta | Fry, Alicia M. | Gaglani, Manjusha C1 - 2021-07-09 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07092021_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 22 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2107058 ET - 2021/07/01 IS - 4 KW - Adolescent | Adult | COVID-19/diagnosis/*prevention & control/virology | COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing | *COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology | Carrier State/diagnosis/prevention & control | Emergency Responders | Female | Health Personnel | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Patient Acuity | Prospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification | Treatment Outcome | *Viral Load | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://1039511257/Thompson-2021-Prevention and Attenuation of Co.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Thompson, Mark G | Burgess, Jefferey L | Naleway, Allison L | Tyner, Harmony | Yoon, Sarang K | Meece, Jennifer | Olsho, Lauren E W | Caban-Martinez, Alberto J | Fowlkes, Ashley L | Lutrick, Karen | Groom, Holly C | Dunnigan, Kayan | Odean, Marilyn J | Hegmann, Kurt | Stefanski, Elisha | Edwards, Laura J | Schaefer-Solle, Natasha | Grant, Lauren | Ellingson, Katherine | Kuntz, Jennifer L | Zunie, Tnelda | Thiese, Matthew S | Ivacic, Lynn | Wesley, Meredith G | Mayo Lamberte, Julie | Sun, Xiaoxiao | Smith, Michael E | Phillips, Andrew L | Groover, Kimberly D | Yoo, Young M | Gerald, Joseph | Brown, Rachel T | Herring, Meghan K | Joseph, Gregory | Beitel, Shawn | Morrill, Tyler C | Mak, Josephine | Rivers, Patrick | Poe, Brandon P | Lynch, Brian | Zhou, Yingtao | Zhang, Jing | Kelleher, Anna | Li, Yan | Dickerson, Monica | Hanson, Erika | Guenther, Kyley | Tong, Suxiang | Bateman, Allen | Reisdorf, Erik | Barnes, John | Azziz-Baumgartner, Eduardo | Hunt, Danielle R | Arvay, Melissa L | Kutty, Preeta | Fry, Alicia M | Gaglani, Manjusha | eng | 75D30120C08150/IP/NCIRD CDC HHS/ | 75D30120C08379/IP/NCIRD CDC HHS/ | 75D30120R68013/IP/NCIRD CDC HHS/ | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | N Engl J Med. 2021 Jul 22;385(4):320-329. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2107058. Epub 2021 Jun 30. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Adjusted vaccine effectiveness of BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) and mRNA-1273 (Moderna) combined was 91% (95% CI 76%-97%) after full vaccination and 81% (95% CI 64%-90%) after partial vaccination. | Compared to infections in unvaccinated persons, persons with breakthrough infections had: | 40.2% (95% CI 16.3%-57.3%) lower viral RNA load. | Reduced illness severity, including fewer days with symptoms (mean days 10.3 vs. 16.7). | Methods: Prospective cohort study of 3,975 vaccinated and unvaccinated health care personnel and essential workers (without prior COVID-19). Weekly RT-PCR nasal swab tests and symptom status collected between December 2020 and April 2021, to determine the effectiveness of full (�?4 days after dose 2) and partial (<14 days after dose 2) mRNA vaccination. Limitations: Genetic sequencing not conducted for all variants; estimates lack precision due to small number of breakthrough infections. | Implications: BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 are effective in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection. On the rare occasion of breakthrough infection, mRNA vaccination may reduce viral load and mitigate illness duration and severity. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic) | 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 320-329 ST - Prevention and Attenuation of Covid-19 with the BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 Vaccines T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Prevention and Attenuation of Covid-19 with the BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 Vaccines UR - https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2107058 | https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa2107058?articleTools=true VL - 385 ID - 1942 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Raw, Rachael Kathleen | Kelly, Clive Anthony | Rees, Jon | Wroe, Caroline | Chadwick, David Robert C1 - 2021-06-11 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06112021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1016/j.jinf.2021.05.035 IS - 3 L1 - internal-pdf://0927417412/1-s2.0-S0163445321002772-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: The percentage of healthcare workers (n = 974) reporting moderate and severe symptoms after the first dose of Pfizer/BioNTech BNT126b2 vaccine was greater among participants with a previous history of COVID-19 compared with participants with no history of COVID-19 (56% v 47%, OR: 1.5 [95% CI 1.1-2.0]). Symptoms following vaccination were not more likely in individuals with, compared to without, long COVID. SE - 381 SN - 0163-4453 SP - 381-412 ST - Previous COVID-19 infection, but not Long-COVID, is associated with increased adverse events following BNT162b2/Pfizer vaccination T2 - J Infect TI - Previous COVID-19 infection, but not Long-COVID, is associated with increased adverse events following BNT162b2/Pfizer vaccination UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2021.05.035 VL - 83 Y2 - 2021/06/29 ID - 1836 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a global pandemic. It is unclear whether convalescing patients have a risk of reinfection. We generated a rhesus macaque model of SARS-CoV-2 infection that was characterized by interstitial pneumonia and systemic viral dissemination mainly in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Rhesus macaques reinfected with the identical SARS-CoV-2 strain during the early recovery phase of the initial SARS-CoV-2 infection did not show detectable viral dissemination, clinical manifestations of viral disease, or histopathological changes. Comparing the humoral and cellular immunity between primary infection and rechallenge revealed notably enhanced neutralizing antibody and immune responses. Our results suggest that primary SARS-CoV-2 exposure protects against subsequent reinfection in rhesus macaques. AD - Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. | Department of Radiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. | Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. qinchuan@pumc.edu.cn. AN - 32616673 AU - Deng, W. | Bao, L. | Liu, J. | Xiao, C. | Liu, J. | Xue, J. | Lv, Q. | Qi, F. | Gao, H. | Yu, P. | Xu, Y. | Qu, Y. | Li, F. | Xiang, Z. | Yu, H. | Gong, S. | Liu, M. | Wang, G. | Wang, S. | Song, Z. | Liu, Y. | Zhao, W. | Han, Y. | Zhao, L. | Liu, X. | Wei, Q. | Qin, C. C1 - 2020-07-17 C2 - Laboratory Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071720_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 14 DO - 10.1126/science.abc5343 ET - 2020/07/04 IS - 6505 KW - Anal Canal/virology | Animals | Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood | Antibodies, Viral/blood | B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology | *Betacoronavirus/immunology/isolation & purification/physiology | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*immunology/pathology/physiopathology/*virology | Disease Models, Animal | Host Microbial Interactions | Immunity, Cellular | Immunity, Humoral | Lung/diagnostic imaging/immunology/pathology/virology | Lung Diseases, Interstitial/immunology/pathology/virology | Macaca mulatta | Nasopharynx/virology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*immunology/pathology/physiopathology/*virology | Recurrence | SARS-CoV-2 | T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology | Viral Load | Virus Replication L1 - internal-pdf://3637102387/Deng-2020-Primary exposure to SARS-CoV-2 prote.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Deng, Wei; Bao, Linlin; Liu, Jiangning; Xiao, Chong; Liu, Jiayi; Xue, Jing; Lv, Qi; Qi, Feifei; Gao, Hong; Yu, Pin; Xu, Yanfeng; Qu, Yajin; Li, Fengdi; Xiang, Zhiguang; Yu, Haisheng; Gong, Shuran; Liu, Mingya; Wang, Guanpeng; Wang, Shunyi; Song, Zhiqi; Liu, Ying; Zhao, Wenjie; Han, Yunlin; Zhao, Linna; Liu, Xing; Wei, Qiang; Qin, Chuan; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Science. 2020 Aug 14;369(6505):818-823. doi: 10.1126/science.abc5343. Epub 2020 Jul 2. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Comparisons of humoral and cellular immunity between primary infection and re-challenge revealed enhanced neutralizing antibody and immune responses. | Viral RNA in nasal, throat, and anal swabs of re-challenged monkeys were significantly lower than those of the initial infection (Figure 1). | Titers of neutralizing antibodies exhibited enhancement at the time of re-challenge (Figure 2). | Methods: Seven adult rhesus macaques (M0 to M6,) examined in challenge–re-challenge study with tracking of clinical signs and viral replication to compare SARS-CoV-2 virus distribution and histopathological changes between initially infected and re-infected monkeys. Limitations: Animal study. SN - 1095-9203 (Electronic); 0036-8075 (Linking) SP - 818-823 ST - Primary exposure to SARS-CoV-2 protects against reinfection in rhesus macaques T2 - Science TI - Primary exposure to SARS-CoV-2 protects against reinfection in rhesus macaques UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32616673 VL - 369 ID - 549 ER - TY - JOUR AB - To investigate the neutralizing response against SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern (VoC) during COVID-19 convalescence and after vaccination.COVID-19 convalescents and naïve individuals were tested for neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 VoC Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta at 1- and 7-months post-infection and 4-6 weeks after BNT162b2 vaccination.Vaccination induced a high neutralizing response in naïve individuals. Interestingly, vaccination of convalescent patients induced a boosting response that was able to neutralize all VoC at high titers.Vaccination with BNT162b2 induced high levels of neutralization against SARS-CoV-2 VoC in most patients, this is especially beneficial in COVID-19 convalescent individuals. AU - Luczkowiak, Joanna | Labiod, Nuria | Rivas, Gonzalo | Rolo, Marta | Lasala, F֙tima | Lora-Tamayo, Jaime | Mancheno-Losa, Mikel | Rial, David | Pérez-Rivilla, Alfredo | Folgueira, Mar�Ta D | Delgado, Rafael C1 - 2021-10-01 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10012021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1093/ofid/ofab468 L1 - internal-pdf://0043865330/Luczkowiak-2021-Prime-boost vaccination with B.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In an analysis of COVID-19 naïve and infected healthcare workers during convalescence and post-BNT162b2 vaccination, sera from convalescent people showed decreased neutralizing activity against variants at 1 month post-infection, compared with the reference strain. Those fully vaccinated with BNT162b2 showed high levels of neutralizing antibodies to all variants, with convalescent people showing the highest neutralizing response. SN - 2328-8957 ST - Prime-boost vaccination with BNT162b2 induces high neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 variants in naïve and COVID-19 convalescent individuals T2 - Open Forum Infect Dis TI - Prime-boost vaccination with BNT162b2 induces high neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 variants in naïve and COVID-19 convalescent individuals UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab468 Y2 - 10/4/2021 ID - 2410 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The double dose regimen for mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 presents both a hope and a challenge for global efforts to curb the COVID-19 pandemic. With supply chain logistics impacting the rollout of population-scale vaccination programs, increasing attention has turned to the potential efficacy of single versus double dose vaccine administration for select individuals. To this end, we examined response to Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccine in a large cohort of healthcare workers including those with versus without prior COVID-19 infection. For all participants, we quantified circulating levels of SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike (S) protein IgG at baseline prior to vaccine, after vaccine dose 1, and after vaccine dose 2. We observed that the anti-S IgG antibody response following a single vaccine dose in persons who had recovered from confirmed prior COVID-19 infection was similar to the antibody response following two doses of vaccine in persons without prior infection (P>/=0.58). Patterns were similar for the post-vaccine symptoms experienced by infection recovered persons following their first dose compared to the symptoms experienced by infection naive persons following their second dose (P=0.66). These results support the premise that a single dose of mRNA vaccine could provoke in COVID-19 recovered individuals a level of immunity that is comparable to that seen in infection naive persons following a double dose regimen. Additional studies are needed to validate our findings, which could allow for public health programs to expand the reach of population wide vaccination efforts. AN - 33655279 AU - Ebinger, J. E. | Fert-Bober, J. | Printsev, I. | Wu, M. | Sun, N. | Figueiredo, J. C. | Eyk, J. E. V. | Braun, J. G. | Cheng, S. | Sobhani, K. C1 - 2021-03-05 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03052021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 26 DO - 10.1101/2021.02.23.21252230 ET - 2021/03/04 L1 - internal-pdf://2040706923/Ebinger-2021-Prior COVID-19 Infection and Anti.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Ebinger, Joseph E; Fert-Bober, Justyna; Printsev, Ignat; Wu, Min; Sun, Nancy; Figueiredo, Jane C; Eyk, Jennifer E Van; Braun, Jonathan G; Cheng, Susan; Sobhani, Kimia; eng; K23 HL153888/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; U54 CA260591/CA/NCI NIH HHS/; Preprint; medRxiv. 2021 Feb 26. doi: 10.1101/2021.02.23.21252230. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Vaccine (Pifzer-BioNTech mRNA) antibody response evaluated in a large cohort of healthcare workers with and without prior infection provides evidence that a single dose of mRNA vaccine could provide immunity in previously infected persons comparable to that seen in naïve persons following a second dose. SP - 2021.02.23.21252230 ST - Prior COVID-19 Infection and Antibody Response to Single Versus Double Dose mRNA SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination T2 - medRxiv TI - Prior COVID-19 Infection and Antibody Response to Single Versus Double Dose mRNA SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33655279 ID - 1554 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Determining the duration of immunity to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines is critical for informing the timing of booster immunization. Many host factors could influence both the magnitude and persistence of the antibody response. Here, we showed that SARS-CoV-2 infection before vaccination and age affected the decay of antibody responses to the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine. AD - Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, MO. AN - 34551091 AU - Fraley, Elizabeth | LeMaster, Cas | Khanal, Santosh | Banerjee, Dithi | Pastinen, Tomi | Grundberg, Elin | Selvarangan, Rangaraj | Bradley, Todd C1 - 2021-10-01 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10012021_covidupdate.html#anchor_NaturalHistory DA - Sep 22 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciab850 ET - 2021/09/23 KW - Antibody response | Covid-19 | SARS-CoV-2 | Vaccine L1 - internal-pdf://0781276386/Fraley-2021-Prior infection and age impacts an.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Fraley, Elizabeth | LeMaster, Cas | Khanal, Santosh | Banerjee, Dithi | Pastinen, Tomi | Grundberg, Elin | Selvarangan, Rangaraj | Bradley, Todd | eng | Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Sep 22. pii: 6373987. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab850. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Higher antibody levels were observed among vaccinated healthcare workers (HCWs) with recent SARS-CoV-2 infection compared with vaccinated HCWs without prior infection (Figure). | Among HCWs without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, persons aged 18�?9 years had higher antibody response at week 3 (2nd vaccination dose) and week 28 (~7 months following 1st vaccination dose), compared with persons aged �?0 years. | Methods: Among 188 HCWs fully vaccinated with BNT162b2 (Comirnaty, Pfizer/BioNTech), antibody levels up to 28 weeks after the 1st vaccine dose among HCWs with SARS-CoV-2 infection 30�?0 days prior to vaccination were compared with levels among HCWs without prior infection. Limitations: Did not examine SARS-CoV-2 infection >60 days before vaccination. | | Implications: Magnitude and duration of antibody response and protection from vaccination may be higher among those with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and younger persons, which could inform ideal timing of booster vaccination. SN - 1058-4838 ST - Prior infection and age impacts antibody persistence after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Prior infection and age impacts antibody persistence after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab850 Y2 - 10/4/2021 ID - 2409 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The Johnson and Johnson Ad26.COV2.S single dose vaccine, designed as an emergency response to the pandemic, represents an attractive option for the scale-up of COVID-19 vaccination in resource-limited countries. We examined the effect of prior infection with ancestral (D614G) or Beta variants on Ad26.COV2.S immunogenicity approximately 28 days post-vaccination. We compared healthcare workers who were SARS-CoV-2 naive (n=20), to those infected during the first wave prior to the emergence of Beta (n=20), and those infected in the second wave (n=20), when Beta was the dominant variant. We demonstrate that a priming exposure from infection significantly increased the magnitude of spike binding antibodies, neutralizing antibodies and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity activity (ADCC) against D614G, Beta and Delta variants. The magnitude of antibody boosting was similar in both waves, despite the longer time interval between wave 1 infection and vaccination (7 months), compared to wave 2 (2 months). ADCC and binding cross-reactivity was similar in both waves. However, neutralization cross-reactivity varied by wave, showing that the antibody repertoire was shaped by the spike sequence of the infecting variant. Robust CD4 and CD8 T cell responses to spike of similar or higher magnitude as those elicited by infection were induced after vaccination. In contrast to antibody responses, prior infection was not required for the generation of high magnitude T cell responses, and T cell recognition of the Beta variant was fully preserved. Therefore, Ad26.COV2.S vaccination following prior infection, even >6 months previously, may result in substantially enhanced protection against COVID-19, of particular relevance in settings of high SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence. Furthermore, the dominant impact of the infecting variant on neutralization breadth after vaccination has important implications for the design of second-generation vaccines based on variants of concern.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementResearch reported in this publication was supported by the South African Medical Research Council (SA-MRC) with funds received from the South African Department of Science and Innovation, including grants 96825, SHIPNCD 76756 and DST/CON 0250/2012. This work was also supported by the Poliomyelitis Research Foundation (21/65) and the Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), which is supported by core funding from the Wellcome Trust (203135/Z/16/Z and 222754). P.L.M. and S.I.R. are supported by the South African Research Chairs Initiative of the Department of Science and Innovation and the National Research Foundation (NRF; Grant No 9834). S.I.R. is a LOreal/UNESCO Women in Science South Africa Young Talents awardee. W.A.B. and C.R. are supported by the EDCTP2 programme of the European Unions Horizon 2020 programme (TMA2017SF-1951-TB-SPEC to C.R. and TMA2016SF-1535-CaTCH-22 to W.A.B.). N.A.B.N acknowledges funding from the SA-MRC, MRC UK, NRF and the Lily and Ernst Hausmann Trust. M.N. is supported by the Wellcome Trust (207511/Z/17/Z) and by NIHR Biomedical Research Funding to University College London Hospitals.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The study was approved by the University of Cape Town Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC 190/2020 and 209/2020) and the University of the Witwatersrand Human Research Ethics Committee (Medical) (no M210429).All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been re istered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll data referred to in the manuscript is available in the manuscript or Supplementary files.All data referred to in the manuscript is available in the manuscript or Supplementary files. AU - Keeton, Roanne | Richardson, Simone I. | Moyo-Gwete, Thandeka | Hermanus, Tandile | Tincho, Marius B. | Benede, Ntombi | Manamela, Nelia P. | Baguma, Richard | Makhado, Zanele | Ngomti, Amkele | Motlou, Thopisang | Mennen, Mathilda | Chinhoyi, Lionel | Skelem, Sango | Maboreke, Hazel | Doolabh, Deelan | Iranzadeh, Arash | Otter, Ashley D. | Brooks, Tim | Noursadeghi, Mahdad | Moon, James | Blackburn, Jonathan | Hsiao, Nei-Yuan | Williamson, Carolyn | Riou, Catherine | Goga, Ameena | Garrett, Nigel | Bekker, Linda-Gail | Gray, Glenda | Ntusi, Ntobeko A. B. | Moore, Penny L. | Burgers, Wendy A. C1 - 2021-08-06 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08062021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.07.24.21261037 L1 - internal-pdf://3722141580/Keeton-2021-Prior infection with SARS-CoV-2 bo.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: South African healthcare workers not previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 who received a single dose of Ad26.COV2.S (Janssen) vaccine produced significantly inferior neutralizing Ab against D614G than did those vaccinated after previous infection with ancestral D614G or B.1.351 (Beta). In contrast to antibody responses, generation of high-magnitude T-cell responses, including T-cell recognition of B.1.351, did not vary by prior infection. SP - 2021.07.24.21261037 ST - Prior infection with SARS-CoV-2 boosts and broadens Ad26.COV2.S immunogenicity in a variant dependent manner T2 - medRxiv TI - Prior infection with SARS-CoV-2 boosts and broadens Ad26.COV2.S immunogenicity in a variant dependent manner UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/07/28/2021.07.24.21261037.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/07/28/2021.07.24.21261037.full.pdf ID - 2198 ER - TY - JOUR AB - SARS-CoV-2 vaccine rollout has coincided with the spread of variants of concern. We investigated if single dose vaccination, with or without prior infection, confers cross protective immunity to variants. We analyzed T and B cell responses after first dose vaccination with the Pfizer/BioNTech mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 in healthcare workers (HCW) followed longitudinally, with or without prior Wuhan-Hu-1 SARS-CoV-2 infection. After one dose, individuals with prior infection showed enhanced T cell immunity, antibody secreting memory B cell response to spike and neutralizing antibodies effective against B.1.1.7 and B.1.351. By comparison, HCW receiving one vaccine dose without prior infection showed reduced immunity against variants. B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 spike mutations resulted in increased, abrogated or unchanged T cell responses depending on human leukocyte antigen (HLA) polymorphisms. Single dose vaccination with BNT162b2 in the context of prior infection with a heterologous variant substantially enhances neutralizing antibody responses against variants. AD - Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK. | Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK. | National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK. | St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK. | Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. | Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK. | James Wigg Practice, Kentish Town, London, UK. | Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK. | Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK. | Academic Rheumatology, Clinical Sciences, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK. | NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK. | Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK. | Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK. r.boyton@imperial.ac.uk. | Lung Division, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, London, UK. AN - 33931567 AU - Reynolds, C. J. | Pade, C. | Gibbons, J. M. | Butler, D. K. | Otter, A. D. | Menacho, K. | Fontana, M. | Smit, A. | Sackville-West, J. E. | Cutino-Moguel, T. | Maini, M. K. | Chain, B. | Noursadeghi, M. | U. K. COVIDsortium Immune Correlates Network | Brooks, T. | Semper, A. | Manisty, C. | Treibel, T. A. | Moon, J. C. | U. K. COVIDsortium Investigators | Valdes, A. M. | McKnight, A. | Altmann, D. M. | Boyton, R. C1 - 2021-05-07 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05072021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 30 DO - 10.1126/science.abh1282 ET - 2021/05/02 L1 - internal-pdf://3838844676/Reynolds-2021-Prior SARS-CoV-2 infection rescu.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Reynolds, Catherine J; Pade, Corinna; Gibbons, Joseph M; Butler, David K; Otter, Ashley D; Menacho, Katia; Fontana, Marianna; Smit, Angelique; Sackville-West, Jane E; Cutino-Moguel, Teresa; Maini, Mala K; Chain, Benjamin; Noursadeghi, Mahdad; Brooks, Tim; Semper, Amanda; Manisty, Charlotte; Treibel, Thomas A; Moon, James C; Valdes, Ana M; McKnight, Aine; Altmann, Daniel M; Boyton, Rosemary; eng; Science. 2021 Apr 30. pii: science.abh1282. doi: 10.1126/science.abh1282. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In a subsample (n = 51) of a cohort of UK health care workers (HCWs), a single dose of the Pfizer/BioNTech mRNA vaccine increased SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody and T cell responses in HCWs previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 compared with uninfected HCWs. Previously infected and vaccinated HCWs had antibodies that neutralized the SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.1.7 and B.1.351. SN - 1095-9203 (Electronic); 0036-8075 (Linking) SP - eabh1282 ST - Prior SARS-CoV-2 infection rescues B and T cell responses to variants after first vaccine dose T2 - Science TI - Prior SARS-CoV-2 infection rescues B and T cell responses to variants after first vaccine dose UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33931567 ID - 1733 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The role of fecal aerosols in the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has been suspected. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the temporal and spatial distributions of 3 infected families in a high-rise apartment building and examine the associated environmental variables to verify the role of fecal aerosols. DESIGN: Epidemiologic survey and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analyses on throat swabs from the participants; 237 surface and air samples from 11 of the 83 flats in the building, public areas, and building drainage systems; and tracer gas released into bathrooms as a surrogate for virus-laden aerosols in the drainage system. SETTING: A high-rise apartment building in Guangzhou, China. PARTICIPANTS: 9 infected patients, 193 other residents of the building, and 24 members of the building's management staff. MEASUREMENTS: Locations of infected flats and positive environmental samples, and spread of virus-laden aerosols. RESULTS: 9 infected patients in 3 families were identified. The first family had a history of travel to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epicenter Wuhan, whereas the other 2 families had no travel history and a later onset of symptoms. No evidence was found for transmission via the elevator or elsewhere. The families lived in 3 vertically aligned flats connected by drainage pipes in the master bathrooms. Both the observed infections and the locations of positive environmental samples are consistent with the vertical spread of virus-laden aerosols via these stacks and vents. LIMITATION: Inability to determine whether the water seals were dried out in the flats of the infected families. CONCLUSION: On the basis of circumstantial evidence, fecal aerosol transmission may have caused the community outbreak of COVID-19 in this high-rise building. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province and the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong. AD - Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China (M.K., Y.Z., Y.Q., Y.Z., X.C., J.W., J.H.). | Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, and Key Laboratory of Refrigeration and Cryogenic Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (J.W.). | Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China (J.Y., T.S., T.S.). | Guangzhou Haizhu District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China (J.G., J.W.). | School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (J.H.). | School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China (H.Q.). | Guangzhou Nanshan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China (X.P.). | Department of Mechanical Engineering and School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China (Y.L.). | The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China (N.Z.). AN - 32870707 AU - Kang, M. | Wei, J. | Yuan, J. | Guo, J. | Zhang, Y. | Hang, J. | Qu, Y. | Qian, H. | Zhuang, Y. | Chen, X. | Peng, X. | Shi, T. | Wang, J. | Wu, J. | Song, T. | He, J. | Li, Y. | Zhong, N. C1 - 2020-09-08 C2 - Fecal Source Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090820_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 15 DO - 10.7326/M20-0928 ET - 2020/09/02 IS - 12 KW - Aerosols/*adverse effects | COVID-19/epidemiology/*transmission | China/epidemiology | Disease Transmission, Infectious/*statistics & numerical data | Feces/virology | Humans | RNA, Viral/*analysis | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2/*genetics L1 - internal-pdf://1471818714/Kang-2020-Probable Evidence of Fecal Aerosol T.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Kang, Min; Wei, Jianjian; Yuan, Jun; Guo, Juxuan; Zhang, Yingtao; Hang, Jian; Qu, Yabin; Qian, Hua; Zhuang, Yali; Chen, Xuguang; Peng, Xin; Shi, Tongxing; Wang, Jun; Wu, Jie; Song, Tie; He, Jianfeng; Li, Yuguo; Zhong, Nanshan; eng; Multicenter Study; Ann Intern Med. 2020 Dec 15;173(12):974-980. doi: 10.7326/M20-0928. Epub 2020 Sep 1. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; All 9 members of 3 families (A, B, and C) living in vertically aligned apartments connected by master bathroom drainage pipes were diagnosed with COVID-19 between January 26 and February 13, 2020 (Figure). | Family A had traveled to Wuhan; families B and C had no travel history and later symptom onset. | The families did not have direct contact with each other, including in common elevators. | All other 193 residents and 24 staff in the same building tested negative for SARS CoV-2. | Environmental samples from family A’s bathroom and bedroom (n = 5), and from the bathroom in the unoccupied apartment one floor above (n = 1) were positive for SARS-CoV-2. | Samples from other building areas including the apartments where families B and C lived were negative. | Tracer gas released in family A’s bathroom was detected in vertically aligned bathrooms. | Families B and C reported not using their bathtubs, suggesting dried out U-trap water seals. | Methods: Contact tracing and throat swabs for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR for all other 193 residents and 24 staff in the building, 237 surface and air samples from 11 apartments and common areas were tested for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR, common elevator use assessed by closed-circuit television review, and tracer gas released into bathrooms to simulate virus-laden aerosols. Limitations: Disinfection in family B’s and family C’s apartments prior to sampling prevented assessment for SARS-CoV-2; sequencing was not performed on viral isolates from the cases to determine if viruses were genetically linked; no information was given whether family A members expectorated sputum into the drains. | Implications for both studies (van Doorn et al. and Kang et al.): Some COVID-19 patients shed SARS-CoV-2 RNA in stool for weeks after symptom onset and replication-competent virus has been demonstrated in a minority; fomites or inhalation of bioaerosols containing virus might play roles in SARS-CoV-2 transmission. An editorialexternal icon notes that Kang et al. adds to growing evidence that wastewater plumbing systems might be reservoirs for SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens. While hand hygiene is critical in preventing fecal-oral (via contact with respiratory mucosa) transmission, improving bathroom ventilation and periodically running faucets to ensure U-trap water seals are not dried out, particularly in high-rise buildings, might also help prevent transmission. SN - 1539-3704 (Electronic); 0003-4819 (Linking) SP - 974-980 ST - Probable Evidence of Fecal Aerosol Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a High-Rise Building T2 - Ann Intern Med TI - Probable Evidence of Fecal Aerosol Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a High-Rise Building UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32870707 VL - 173 ID - 856 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We report detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) in an asymptomatic, fully vaccinated traveler in a quarantine hotel in Hong Kong, China. The Omicron variant was also detected in a fully vaccinated traveler staying in a room across the corridor from the index patient, suggesting transmission despite strict quarantine precautions. AN - 34860154 AU - Gu, Haogao | Krishnan, Pavithra | Ng, Daisy Y. M. | Chang, Lydia D. J. | Liu, Gigi Y. Z. | Cheng, Samuel S. M. | Hui, Mani M. Y. | Fan, Mathew C. Y. | Wan, Jacob H. L. | Lau, Leo H. K. | Cowling, Benjamin | Peiris, Malik | Poon, Leo L. M. C1 - 2021-12-10 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/12102021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - Dec 3 DO - 10.3201/eid2802.212422 ET - 2021/12/04 IS - 2 KW - COVID-19 | coronavirus disease | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 | SARS-CoV-2 | coronaviruses�T viruses | respiratory infections | transmission | Omicron variant B.1.1.529 | quarantine hotel | variant of concern | zoonoses | Hong Kong | China L1 - internal-pdf://2880496989/EARLYR~1.PDF internal-pdf://0853271901/21-2422-app1.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Gu, Haogao | Krishnan, Pavithra | Ng, Daisy Y M | Chang, Lydia D J | Liu, Gigi Y Z | Cheng, Samuel S M | Hui, Mani M Y | Fan, Mathew C Y | Wan, Jacob H L | Lau, Leo H K | Cowling, Benjamin J | Peiris, Malik | Poon, Leo L M | eng | Emerg Infect Dis. 2021 Dec 3;28(2). doi: 10.3201/eid2802.212422. PY - 2022 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant was detected in an asymptomatic, fully vaccinated traveler staying in a quarantine hotel in Hong Kong. Four days later, Omicron was detected in a 2nd fully vaccinated traveler, who had arrived from a different country on a different day and had stayed in a room across the corridor from the index patient. Viral genomes from these 2 cases differed only by 1 nucleotide. Retrospective investigation, including closed-circuit television camera footage, confirmed that neither case-patient left their room during the quarantine period. SN - 1080-6059 ST - Probable Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in Quarantine Hotel, Hong Kong, China, November 2021 T2 - Emerg Infect Dis TI - Probable Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in Quarantine Hotel, Hong Kong, China, November 2021 UR - https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/28/2/21-2422_article VL - 28 ID - 2693 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We profiled the serological responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) nucleocapsid (N) protein and spike (S) glycoprotein. The majority of the patients developed robust antibody responses between 17 and 23 days after illness onset. Delayed, but stronger, antibody responses were observed in critical patients. AD - Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Southern University of Science and Technology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen, China. | Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Southern University of Science and Technology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen, China. | The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Southern University of Science and Technology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen, China. AN - 32337590 AU - Qu, J. | Wu, C. | Li, X. | Zhang, G. | Jiang, Z. | Li, X. | Zhu, Q. | Liu, L. C1 - 2020-05-12 C2 - Laboratory Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051220_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 19 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa489 ET - 2020/04/28 IS - 16 KW - Adult | Aged | Antibodies, Viral/*blood | COVID-19/diagnosis/*immunology | COVID-19 Testing | China | Female | Hospitalization | Humans | Immunity, Humoral | Immunoglobulin G/*blood | Immunoglobulin M/*blood | Male | Middle Aged | SARS-CoV-2 | *covid-19 | *IgG | *IgM | *SARS-CoV-2 | *serologic responses L1 - internal-pdf://1318572905/Qu-2020-Profile of Immunoglobulin G and IgM An.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Qu, Jiuxin; Wu, Chi; Li, Xiaoyong; Zhang, Guobin; Jiang, Zhaofang; Li, Xiaohe; Zhu, Qing; Liu, Lei; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Nov 19;71(16):2255-2258. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa489. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; IgG and IgM antibodies were detected in 40 (97.6%) and 36 (87.8%) of patients, respectively. | Median time to detection: IgG (11 days, range 8-16) and IgM (14 days, range 8-28). | IgG was still rising on day 30 (Figure A); IgM peaked on day 18 and then declined (Figure B). | Critically ill patients had delayed, but stronger, antibody responses than those with less severe illness. | No control patients tested positive for antibodies. | Methods: Serologic testing of 347 serum specimens from 41 hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19, between January 11 and February 10, 2020 in Wuhan, China; 5-31 samples per patient collected 3-43 days after onset of illness. Control serum collected from 10 influenza and 28 healthy patients in February 2020. Limitations: Small sample; only COVID-19 patients who required hospitalization; timing and the number of specimens per patient not standardized; about half of tests were positive from the first sample after symptom onset (median 8 days), so earlier seroconversion was not recorded. | Implications: IgG generally appeared earlier and persisted longer than IgM. Further research on the course of antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 is needed. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - 2255-2258 ST - Profile of Immunoglobulin G and IgM Antibodies Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Profile of Immunoglobulin G and IgM Antibodies Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32337590 VL - 71 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 172 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic threatens the world. Here, we first studied the dynamics profile of SARS-CoV-2 from 56 recovered patients with COVID-19. We found viral shedding occurred up to 6 weeks after onset of symptoms. A prolonged observation period is necessary for older patients. AD - Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. AN - 32306036 AU - Xiao, A. T. | Tong, Y. X. | Zhang, S. C1 - 2020-04-28 C2 - Laboratory Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/042820_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 19 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa460 ET - 2020/04/20 IS - 16 KW - Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Antibodies, Viral | COVID-19/*diagnosis | COVID-19 Testing | Case-Control Studies | Female | Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Preliminary Data | RNA, Viral | *Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction | SARS-CoV-2 | *Virus Shedding | *covid-19 | *SARS-CoV-2 | *dynamics profile L1 - internal-pdf://3282950131/Xiao-2020-Profile of RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2_ A.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Xiao, Ai Tang; Tong, Yi Xin; Zhang, Sheng; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Nov 19;71(16):2249-2251. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa460. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 disease, SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding from the upper respiratory tract persisted for up to six weeks after onset of symptoms in some cases. | Median duration of shedding was 24 days (interquartile range: 18-31). | Patients with prolonged viral shedding (i.e., >24 days vs �?4 days) were significantly: | Older (median age 54). | More likely to have diabetes and hypertension. | 16 patients had a positive test following a negative test, including 4 patients with recurrence after 2 consecutive negative tests. | Methods: RT-PCR testing of serial throat and deep nasal samples from 56 hospitalized patients with confirmed mild to moderate COVID-19 in three hospitals in Wuhan, China. Limitations: Patients provided an average of five tests for this analysis, but the number and timing of specimens varied among patients; Ct values not reported. | Implications: Recovered patients can shed SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA for weeks. Based on these data and epidemiological examination, it remains unknown how rapidly the concentrations of detectable RNA decline during shedding, when recovery of culturable virus becomes unlikely, and the extent to which persons with prolonged shedding pose an infectious risk. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - 2249-2251 ST - Profile of RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2: A Preliminary Study From 56 COVID-19 Patients T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Profile of RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2: A Preliminary Study From 56 COVID-19 Patients UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32306036 VL - 71 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 90 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Since the emergence of SARS-CoV-2, vaccines have been heralded as the best way to curtail the pandemic. Clinical trials have shown SARS-CoV-2 vaccines to be highly efficacious against both disease and infection. However, those currently in use were primarily tested against early lineages. Data on vaccine effectiveness (VE) against variants of concern (VOC), including the Delta variant (B.1.617.2), remain limited. To examine the effectiveness of vaccination in Utah we compared the proportion of cases reporting vaccination to that expected at different VEs, then estimated the combined daily vaccine effectiveness using a field evaluation approach. Delta has rapidly outcompeted all other variants and, as of June 20th, represents 70% of all SARS-CoV-2 viruses sequenced in Utah. If we attribute the entire change in VE to the Delta variant, the estimated vaccine effectiveness against Delta would be 82% (95% CI: 78%, 85%). We show a modest reduction in vaccine effectiveness against COVID-19 in Utah corresponding to the expansion of the Delta lineage in the state. This reduction in the effectiveness of available vaccines correlated with the arrival of novel VOCs, rather than waning immunity, is highly concerning.Competing Interest StatementCOI: LTK has worked with Pfizer modeling the impact of vaccines in long-term care facilities. JL has worked as an expert witness on cases where the length and severity of the COVID-19 pandemic are of issue. ST has consulted on SARS-CoV-2 transmission, modeling, and projected impacts.Funding StatementWe would like to acknowledge the Utah Department of Health for their tireless efforts to collect and share data on SARS-CoV-2 infection, vaccination, and sequencing. LTK was supported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (grant nos. 5U01CK000585-02 and 5U01CK000555-02). ST report funding from a NSF COVID-19 RAPID award and ST and JL from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response to the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:All data were publicly available and approval was not needed.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll data are publicly available from the Utah Department of Health. https://coronavirus.utah.gov/case-counts/ AU - Keegan, Lindsay T. | Truelove, Shaun | Lessler, Justin C1 - 2021-08-20 C2 - Variants CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08202021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.08.09.21261554 L1 - internal-pdf://2672476557/Keegan-2021-Progress of the Delta variant and.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 54% of eligible Utah residents were fully vaccinated by late June 2021, including 52.9% with BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech), 38.1% with mRNA-1273 (Moderna), and 9.1% with Ad26.COV2.S (Johnson & Johnson/Janssen) vaccine. | Vaccination effectiveness (VE) decreased from January–June 2021, as Delta (B.1.617.2) outcompeted other SARS-CoV-2 variants (Figure). | As of June 20, 2021, 70% of all SARS-CoV-2 viruses sequenced in Utah were Delta. | Proportion of breakthrough cases increased faster than expected, reaching 10.5% of cases by the end of June, beyond the 6.4% that would have been expected with a 90% effective vaccine. | Estimated VE against Delta infection was 82% (95% CI 78%-85%). | Methods: Combined daily vaccine effectiveness was estimated using a field evaluation approach based on reported COVID-19 and vaccination status of cases obtained from the Utah Department of Health (UDOH). Limitations: Only 10�?5% of daily cases were sequenced; vaccination status might be overestimated in persons with breakthrough infections who may self-report their vaccination status to UDOH. | Implications: Protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection remained high, but appeared to decrease over time following initial vaccinations, in association with the increase in the Delta variant. In addition to increasing vaccination coverage, non-pharmaceutical interventions such as masking, physical distancing, and avoiding crowds and poorly ventilated indoor spaces may be needed to reduce transmission. SP - 2021.08.09.21261554 ST - Progress of the Delta variant and erosion of vaccine effectiveness, a warning from Utah T2 - medRxiv TI - Progress of the Delta variant and erosion of vaccine effectiveness, a warning from Utah UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/08/10/2021.08.09.21261554.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/08/10/2021.08.09.21261554.full.pdf ID - 2237 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Since WHO declared the COVID-19 pandemic a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, more than 20 million cases have been reported, as of Aug 24, 2020. This study aimed to identify what the additional health-care costs of a strategic preparedness and response plan (SPRP) would be if current transmission levels are maintained in a status quo scenario, or under scenarios where transmission is increased or decreased by 50%. METHODS: The number of COVID-19 cases was projected for 73 low-income and middle-income countries for each of the three scenarios for both 4-week and 12-week timeframes, starting from June 26, 2020. An input-based approach was used to estimate the additional health-care costs associated with human resources, commodities, and capital inputs that would be accrued in implementing the SPRP. FINDINGS: The total cost estimate for the COVID-19 response in the status quo scenario was US$52.45 billion over 4 weeks, at $8.60 per capita. For the decreased or increased transmission scenarios, the totals were $33.08 billion and $61.92 billion, respectively. Costs would triple under the status quo and increased transmission scenarios at 12 weeks. The costs of the decreased transmission scenario over 12 weeks was equivalent to the cost of the status quo scenario at 4 weeks. By percentage of the overall cost, case management (54%), maintaining essential services (21%), rapid response and case investigation (14%), and infection prevention and control (9%) were the main cost drivers. INTERPRETATION: The sizeable costs of a COVID-19 response in the health sector will escalate, particularly if transmission increases. Instituting early and comprehensive measures to limit the further spread of the virus will conserve resources and sustain the response. FUNDING: WHO, and UK Foreign Commonwealth and Development Office. AD - Health Systems Governance and Financing, Universal Health Coverage and Life Course, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel Switzerland. Electronic address: tantorrest@who.int. | Reading, UK. | Health Systems Governance and Financing, Universal Health Coverage and Life Course, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. | Gex, France. | Health Emergencies Preparedness and Response, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. | MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK. AN - 32918872 AU - Tan-Torres Edejer, T. | Hanssen, O. | Mirelman, A. | Verboom, P. | Lolong, G. | Watson, O. J. | Boulanger, L. L. | Soucat, A. C1 - 2020-09-25 C2 - Modeling and Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/092520_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30383-1 ET - 2020/09/13 IS - 11 KW - Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/economics/epidemiology/*prevention & control | *Developing Countries | Forecasting | *Health Care Costs | Health Services Needs and Demand/*economics | Humans | Models, Theoretical | Pandemics/economics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/economics/epidemiology/*prevention & control L1 - internal-pdf://3513021662/1-s2.0-S2214109X20303831-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Tan-Torres Edejer, Tessa; Hanssen, Odd; Mirelman, Andrew; Verboom, Paul; Lolong, Glenn; Watson, Oliver John; Boulanger, Lucy Linda; Soucat, Agnes; eng; 001/WHO_/World Health Organization/International; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Lancet Glob Health. 2020 Nov;8(11):e1372-e1379. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30383-1. Epub 2020 Sep 9. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In a modelling exercise, investigators found the main cost drivers for an effective COVID-19 response were case management (52%), maintaining essential services (21%), rapid response and case investigation (14%), and infection prevention and control (9%). | Total healthcare cost estimates at baseline for 4 weeks was $52 billion (US$) for the status quo scenario, $33 billion for 50% decrease in transmission scenario, and $62 billion for the 50% increase in transmission scenario (Figure). | At 12 weeks, under the 50% reduction in transmission scenario, costs were projected to be equivalent to the 4-week status quo scenario costs. | Under the status quo or increasing transmission scenarios, costs were projected to triple the 4-week costs (Figure). | Methods: Cost analysis model of COVID-19 strategic preparedness and response costs in 73 low and middle-income countries at two time periods: baseline for 4 weeks (June, 2020 to July, 2020) and 12 weeks (July, 2020 to September, 2020) under 3 scenarios regarding transmission (status quo, 50% increase, 50% decrease). Costs included costs for laboratories and health facilities, personal protective equipment, diagnostic supplies, pharmaceuticals, and labor costs. Limitations: Only costs borne by healthcare sector were included; costs for quarantine and isolation for mild to moderate COVID-19 cases not included; sensitivity analyses were limited to 50% changes in transmission. | Implications: COVID-19 response costs quickly escalate if public health measures are relaxed and transmission increases. Public health measures to reduce transmission can reduce these future costs to sustain the response. Costs for case management services were the biggest drivers of COVID-19 response costs in low- and middle-income countries. SN - 2214-109X (Electronic); 2214-109X (Linking) SP - e1372-e1379 ST - Projected health-care resource needs for an effective response to COVID-19 in 73 low-income and middle-income countries: a modelling study T2 - Lancet Glob Health TI - Projected health-care resource needs for an effective response to COVID-19 in 73 low-income and middle-income countries: a modelling study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32918872 VL - 8 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 938 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We prospectively assessed 49 coronavirus disease cases in Guangdong, China, to estimate the frequency and duration of detectable severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 RNA in human body fluids. The prolonged persistence of virus RNA in various body fluids may guide the clinical diagnosis and prevention of onward virus transmission. AN - 32383638 AU - Sun, J. | Xiao, J. | Sun, R. | Tang, X. | Liang, C. | Lin, H. | Zeng, L. | Hu, J. | Yuan, R. | Zhou, P. | Peng, J. | Xiong, Q. | Cui, F. | Liu, Z. | Lu, J. | Tian, J. | Ma, W. | Ke, C. C1 - 2020-05-19 C2 - Laboratory Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051920_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.3201/eid2608.201097 ET - 2020/05/10 IS - 8 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Betacoronavirus/genetics/*pathogenicity | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Child | Child, Preschool | China/epidemiology | Clinical Laboratory Techniques/methods | Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/*epidemiology/*transmission | Feces/virology | Female | Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data | Humans | Infant | Male | Middle Aged | Nasopharynx/virology | *Pandemics | Pharynx/virology | Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis/*epidemiology/*transmission | Prospective Studies | RNA, Viral/*genetics | Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction | SARS-CoV-2 | Severity of Illness Index | Sputum/virology | Time Factors | *2019 novel coronavirus disease | *covid-19 | *China | *Guangdong | *rna | *SARS-CoV-2 | *coronavirus | *coronavirus disease | *persistence | *respiratory infections | *severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 | *viruses | *zoonoses L1 - internal-pdf://2261193131/Sun-2020-Prolonged Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 R.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Sun, Jiufeng; Xiao, Jianpeng; Sun, Ruilin; Tang, Xi; Liang, Chumin; Lin, Huifang; Zeng, Lilian; Hu, Jianxiong; Yuan, Runyu; Zhou, Pingping; Peng, Jinju; Xiong, Qianlin; Cui, Fengfu; Liu, Zhe; Lu, Jing; Tian, Junzhang; Ma, Wenjun; Ke, Changwen; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Emerg Infect Dis. 2020 Aug;26(8):1834-1838. doi: 10.3201/eid2608.201097. Epub 2020 May 8. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Average time from onset of COVID-19 symptoms to negative nasopharyngeal PCR was >�? weeks, and longer in severe than mild cases (Figure). | Severe cases: median, 5 days; 95th percentile, 49.4 days. | Mild cases: median, 7 days; 95th percentile, 46.3 days. | Methods: SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR testing of throat, nasopharynx, sputum, and feces of 49 hospitalized COVID-19 patients (43 mild and 6 severe cases). Estimated time from symptom onset to first negative result after the final positive result (median and 95th percentile) using parametric Weibull regression. Limitations: Small sample size; 67% of specimens not collected systematically; no viral culture results. | Implications: Viral shedding can be prolonged in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Additional studies are needed to determine infectivity of viral particles after clinical recovery. SN - 1080-6059 (Electronic); 1080-6040 (Linking) SP - 1834-1838 ST - Prolonged Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Body Fluids T2 - Emerg Infect Dis TI - Prolonged Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Body Fluids UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32383638 VL - 26 ID - 208 ER - TY - JOUR AB - As coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) raged around the globe in late March, hundreds of San Miguel County, Colorado, residents turned out for a blood test. Standing 6 feet apart outside a Telluride school gym, they waited for the blood draw that would tell them whether they had mounted an immune response to the disease-causing virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)—a sign that they’d been infected.In the first such community-wide campaign in the US, the San Miguel County Department of Health offered the voluntary screening to most of the area’s 8000 residents over 2 weeks. Just 8 of the 986 individuals tested on March 26 and 27 were positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Another 23 were borderline, suggesting that they’d recently been exposed to the virus and were just starting to make antibodies against it. But those were early days. The screenings, paid for by test manufacturer United Biomedical Inc and the county, eventually would be repeated to see how much things had changed. AN - 32301958 AU - Abbasi, J. C1 - 2020-04-28 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/042820_covidupdate.html DA - May 19 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.6170 ET - 2020/04/18 IS - 19 KW - Antibodies, Viral/*blood | Betacoronavirus/*immunology | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | *Clinical Laboratory Techniques/instrumentation/methods | Communicable Disease Control | Coronavirus Infections/blood/*diagnosis | *False Negative Reactions | Humans | Immunoglobulin G/blood | Immunoglobulin M/blood | Mass Screening | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/blood/*diagnosis | Point-of-Care Testing | Population Surveillance | SARS-CoV-2 | Sensitivity and Specificity L1 - internal-pdf://4154977772/Abbasi-2020-The Promise and Peril of Antibody.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Abbasi, Jennifer; eng; News; JAMA. 2020 May 19;323(19):1881-1883. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.6170. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Discusses serologic testing, including implications for immunity, treatment with convalescent plasma, return to work, and regulatory issues. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1881-1883 ST - The Promise and Peril of Antibody Testing for COVID-19 T2 - JAMA TI - The Promise and Peril of Antibody Testing for COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32301958 VL - 323 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 92 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg 197376, Russia. | Institute of Experimental Medicine, Saint Petersburg 197376, Russia. Electronic address: vaccine@mail.ru. AN - 33069282 AU - Isakova-Sivak, I. | Rudenko, L. C1 - 2020-10-27 C2 - Vaccines CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102720_covidupdate.html DA - Jan DO - 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30832-X ET - 2020/10/19 IS - 1 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | COVID-19/*prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects/*immunology | Clinical Trials as Topic | Humans | Middle Aged | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology | Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology | Virion/*immunology | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://1630827233/Isakova-Sivak-2021-A promising inactivated who.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Isakova-Sivak, Irina; Rudenko, Larisa; eng; Lancet Infect Dis. 2021 Jan;21(1):2-3. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30832-X. Epub 2020 Oct 15. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: notes that [Xia et al. study] is the second study to report immunogenicity and low levels of adverse effects for an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate, indicating reproducibility of results from vaccines across different manufacturers. SE - 2 SN - 1474-4457 (Electronic); 1473-3099 (Linking) SP - 2-3 ST - A promising inactivated whole-virion SARS-CoV-2 vaccine T2 - Lancet Infect Dis TI - A promising inactivated whole-virion SARS-CoV-2 vaccine UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33069282 VL - 21 Y2 - 2021/05/14 ID - 1134 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong. | Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong. mycheung@hku.hk. | State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong. mycheung@hku.hk. AN - 33104999 AU - Li, H. L. | Cheung, B. M. Y. C1 - 2020-11-10 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/111020_covidupdate.html DA - Jan DO - 10.1007/s11606-020-06325-9 ET - 2020/10/27 IS - 1 KW - Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | COVID-19/*epidemiology | Chronic Disease/epidemiology | Comorbidity | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Nutrition Surveys | Pandemics | *Risk Assessment | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | Severity of Illness Index L1 - internal-pdf://0865480965/Li-2021-The Proportion of Adult Americans at R.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Li, Hang Long; Cheung, Bernard M Y; eng; J Gen Intern Med. 2021 Jan;36(1):259-261. doi: 10.1007/s11606-020-06325-9. Epub 2020 Oct 26. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Based on the prevalence of risk factors such as obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, >75% of Americans are at risk of severe COVID-19. SN - 1525-1497 (Electronic); 0884-8734 (Linking) SP - 259-261 ST - The Proportion of Adult Americans at Risk of Severe COVID-19 Illness T2 - J Gen Intern Med TI - The Proportion of Adult Americans at Risk of Severe COVID-19 Illness UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33104999 VL - 36 ID - 1210 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The study objective was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on the proportion of asymptomatic infection among coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) positive persons and their transmission potential. METHODS: We searched Embase, Medline, bioRxiv, and medRxiv up to 22 June 2020. We included cohorts or cross-sectional studies which systematically tested populations regardless of symptoms for COVID-19, or case series of any size reporting contact investigations of asymptomatic index patients. Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed quality using pre-specified criteria. Only moderate/high quality studies were included. The main outcomes were proportion of asymptomatic infection among COVID-19 positive persons at testing and through follow-up, and secondary attack rate among close contacts of asymptomatic index patients. A qualitative synthesis was performed. Where appropriate, data were pooled using random effects meta-analysis to estimate proportions and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). RESULTS: Of 6,137 identified studies, 71 underwent quality assessment after full text review, and 28 were high/moderate quality and were included. In two general population studies, the proportion of asymptomatic COVID-19 infection at time of testing was 20% and 75%, respectively; among three studies in contacts it was 8.2% to 50%. In meta-analysis, the proportion (95% CI) of asymptomatic COVID-19 infection in obstetric patients was 95% (45% to 100%) of which 59% (49% to 68%) remained asymptomatic through follow-up; among nursing home residents, the proportion was 54% (42% to 65%) of which 28% (13% to 50%) remained asymptomatic through follow-up. Transmission studies were too heterogenous to meta-analyse. Among five transmission studies, 18 of 96 (18.8%) close contacts exposed to asymptomatic index patients were COVID-19 positive. CONCLUSIONS: Despite study heterogeneity, the proportion of asymptomatic infection among COVID-19 positive persons appears high and transmission potential seems substantial. To further our understanding, high quality studies in representative general population samples are required. AD - Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. | Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Quebec, Canada. | McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. | Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Quebec, Canada. AN - 33141862 AU - Yanes-Lane, M. | Winters, N. | Fregonese, F. | Bastos, M. | Perlman-Arrow, S. | Campbell, J. R. | Menzies, D. C1 - 2020-11-17 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/111720_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0241536 ET - 2020/11/04 IS - 11 KW - Asymptomatic Infections/*epidemiology | Betacoronavirus/isolation & purification | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis/epidemiology/transmission/virology | Databases, Factual | Humans | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis/epidemiology/transmission/virology | Prevalence | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://0821324389/Yanes-Lane-2020-Proportion of asymptomatic inf.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Yanes-Lane, Mercedes; Winters, Nicholas; Fregonese, Federica; Bastos, Mayara; Perlman-Arrow, Sara; Campbell, Jonathon R; Menzies, Dick; eng; Meta-Analysis; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Systematic Review; PLoS One. 2020 Nov 3;15(11):e0241536. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241536. eCollection 2020. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 24 studies report that the proportion of asymptomatic individuals among individuals testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 ranged from: | 20%�?5% for the general population. | 2%�?0% for contacts of known cases. | 45%�?00% of obstetric patients presenting to hospitals. | 42%�?6.7% of nursing home residents; 0%�?0% of nursing home staff. | 50%�?7.8% in congregate settings such as temporary homeless shelter. | 2% of retail workers (single study). | 8% (18/96) of contacts of asymptomatic index patients were SARS-CoV-2 positive in pooled analysis of 5 transmission studies. | Methods: Review of 28 moderate or high-quality studies systematically testing for COVID-19 through June 22, 2020, assessing the proportion of infections occurring in asymptomatic individuals and transmission. Limitations: Included mainly small studies of people with COVID-19 (n <100), limiting estimate precision; contact tracing in studies was limited which may bias the results; study heterogeneity limited ability to analyze by age group or sex. | Implications: The proportion of asymptomatic infections appears high in many groups. As asymptomatic individuals may have considerable transmission potential, symptom-based testing is insufficient to eliminate transmission. High quality studies in representative general population samples are needed to better understand the role of asymptomatic individuals in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. SN - 1932-6203 (Electronic); 1932-6203 (Linking) SP - e0241536 ST - Proportion of asymptomatic infection among COVID-19 positive persons and their transmission potential: A systematic review and meta-analysis T2 - PLoS One TI - Proportion of asymptomatic infection among COVID-19 positive persons and their transmission potential: A systematic review and meta-analysis UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33141862 VL - 15 ID - 1224 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Although much of the response to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has focused on acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) illness, accumulating evidence demonstrates morbidity beyond acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. At least 2 other periods of illness appear to be temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a rare postacute hyperinflammatory illness and late inflammatory and virological sequelae. These 3 illness periods not only define the temporal course of SARS-CoV-2 infection at the population level but also capture distinct phases of host-viral interaction. AD - COVID-19 Response, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia. | Epidemic Intelligence Service, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia. AN - 33206133 AU - Datta, S. D. | Talwar, A. | Lee, J. T. C1 - 2020-12-01 C2 - Long term COVID-19 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/120120_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 8 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.22717 ET - 2020/11/19 IS - 22 KW - Acute Disease | COVID-19/complications/*diagnosis | *Disease Progression | Humans | *Morbidity | Pandemics | Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/virology L1 - internal-pdf://0244149611/Datta-2020-A Proposed Framework and Timeline o.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Datta, S Deblina; Talwar, Amish; Lee, James T; eng; JAMA. 2020 Dec 8;324(22):2251-2252. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.22717. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Infection with SARS-CoV-2 can lead to acute disease as well as chronic symptoms in COVID-19 “long haulers�? the authors propose a clinical and laboratory testing framework that can be refined as more is learned about long-term COVID-19-related sequelae. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 2251-2252 ST - A Proposed Framework and Timeline of the Spectrum of Disease Due to SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Illness Beyond Acute Infection and Public Health Implications T2 - JAMA TI - A Proposed Framework and Timeline of the Spectrum of Disease Due to SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Illness Beyond Acute Infection and Public Health Implications UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33206133 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1291 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Antibodies are a potential therapy for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), but the risk of the virus evolving to escape them remains unclear. Here we map how all mutations to the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 affect binding by the antibodies in the REGN-COV2 cocktail and the antibody LY-CoV016. These complete maps uncover a single amino acid mutation that fully escapes the REGN-COV2 cocktail, which consists of two antibodies, REGN10933 and REGN10987, targeting distinct structural epitopes. The maps also identify viral mutations that are selected in a persistently infected patient treated with REGN-COV2 and during in vitro viral escape selections. Finally, the maps reveal that mutations escaping the individual antibodies are already present in circulating SARS-CoV-2 strains. These complete escape maps enable interpretation of the consequences of mutations observed during viral surveillance. AD - Basic Sciences and Computational Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA. | Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA. | Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA. | Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA. | Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. | Basic Sciences and Computational Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA. jbloom@fredhutch.org. | Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA. AN - 33495308 AU - Starr, T. N. | Greaney, A. J. | Addetia, A. | Hannon, W. W. | Choudhary, M. C. | Dingens, A. S. | Li, J. Z. | Bloom, J. D. C1 - 2021-02-05 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02052021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 19 DO - 10.1126/science.abf9302 ET - 2021/01/27 IS - 6531 KW - Amino Acid Substitution | Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism | Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/*immunology/metabolism/therapeutic use | Antibodies, Viral/*immunology/metabolism/therapeutic use | COVID-19/*therapy | Cells, Cultured | Drug Combinations | Humans | Immunization, Passive | *Mutation | Protein Binding | Protein Domains | Receptors, Coronavirus/metabolism | SARS-CoV-2/*genetics/*immunology | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry/*genetics/*immunology/metabolism L1 - internal-pdf://0177480215/Starr-2021-Prospective mapping of viral mutati.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Testing | Variants | N1 - Starr, Tyler N; Greaney, Allison J; Addetia, Amin; Hannon, William W; Choudhary, Manish C; Dingens, Adam S; Li, Jonathan Z; Bloom, Jesse D; eng; S10 OD028685/OD/NIH HHS/; HHMI/Howard Hughes Medical Institute/; R01 AI127893/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; T32 AI083203/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 AI141707/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Science. 2021 Feb 19;371(6531):850-854. doi: 10.1126/science.abf9302. Epub 2021 Jan 25. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Mapping of viral mutations to SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain showed that a single amino acid mutation (E406W) escapes the two monoclonal antibody REGN-CoV2 cocktail. SN - 1095-9203 (Electronic); 0036-8075 (Linking) SP - 850-854 ST - Prospective mapping of viral mutations that escape antibodies used to treat COVID-19 T2 - Science TI - Prospective mapping of viral mutations that escape antibodies used to treat COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33495308 VL - 371 ID - 1464 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1 7HT, UK. Electronic address: judith.glynn@lshtm.ac.uk. AN - 32305069 AU - Glynn, J. R. C1 - 2020-04-28 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/042820_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30311-X ET - 2020/04/20 IS - 10 KW - Aged | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*mortality/*prevention & control | Humans | Middle Aged | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*mortality/*prevention & control | SARS-CoV-2 | United Kingdom/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://1406013856/Glynn-2020-Protecting workers aged 60-69 years.pdf LA - en N1 - Glynn, Judith R; eng; Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Oct;20(10):1123. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30311-X. Epub 2020 Apr 16. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Highlights the importance of protection of HCWs aged 60�?9 years using data from China and the UK. SN - 1474-4457 (Electronic); 1473-3099 (Linking) SP - 1123 ST - Protecting workers aged 60-69 years from COVID-19 T2 - Lancet Infect Dis TI - Protecting workers aged 60-69 years from COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32305069 VL - 20 ID - 95 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND Following administration to persons 60+ years of age, the booster vaccination campaign in Israel was gradually expanded to younger age groups who received a second dose >5 months earlier. We study the booster effect on COVID-19 outcomes.METHODS We extracted data for the period July 30, 2021 to October 6, 2021 from the Israeli Ministry of Health database regarding 4,621,836 persons. We compared confirmed Covid-19 infections, severe illness, and death of those who received a booster �?2 days earlier (booster group) with a nonbooster group. In a secondary analysis, we compared the rates 3-7 days with �?2 days after receiving the booster dose. We used Poisson regressions to estimate rate ratios after adjusting for possible confounding factors.RESULTS Confirmed infection rates were �?0-fold lower in the booster versus nonbooster group (ranging 8.8-17.6 across five age groups) and 4.8-11.2 fold lower in the secondary analysis. Severe illness rates in the primary and secondary analysis were 18.7-fold (95% CI, 15.7-22.4) and 6.5-fold (95% CI, 5.1-8.3) lower for ages 60+, and 22.0-fold (95% CI, 10.3-47.0) and 3.2-fold (95% CI, 1.1-9.6) lower for ages 40-60. For ages 60+, COVID-19 associated death rates were 14.7-fold (95% CI, 9.4-23.1) lower in the primary analysis and 4.8-fold (95% CI, 2.8-8.2) lower in the secondary analysis.CONCLUSIONS Across all age groups, rates of confirmed infection and severe illness were substantially lower among those who received a booster dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementNoneAuthor DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The study was approved by the institutional review board of the Sheba Medical Center (Helsinki approval number: SMC-8228-21). I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAggregated data are given in the supplementary information. Personal data cannot be shared due to privacy. AU - Bar-On, Yinon M. | Goldberg, Yair | Mandel, Micha | Bodenheimer, Omri | Freedman, Laurence | Alroy-Preis, Sharon | Ash, Nachman | Huppert, Amit | Milo, Ron C1 - 2021-10-15 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10152021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1101/2021.10.07.21264626 L1 - internal-pdf://1337852504/Bar-On-2021-Protection Across Age Groups of BN.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: As of October 4, 2021, across 4.6 million fully vaccinated individuals in Israel (�?6 years), a 3rd BNT162b2 dose �?2 days earlier reduced SARS-CoV-2 infection rates 10-fold (range: 8.8�?7.6 across age groups), compared with no booster. Severe illness rates decreased 18.7-fold (95% CI 15.7-22.4) among persons �?0 years and 22.0-fold (95% CI 10.3-47.0) for persons aged 40�?0 years. For persons �?0 years, COVID-19 associated mortality was 14.7-fold (95% CI 9.4-23.1) lower for the booster group. SP - 2021.10.07.21264626 ST - Protection Across Age Groups of BNT162b2 Vaccine Booster against Covid-19 T2 - medRxiv TI - Protection Across Age Groups of BNT162b2 Vaccine Booster against Covid-19 UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/10/07/2021.10.07.21264626.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/10/07/2021.10.07.21264626.full.pdf ID - 2481 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: On July 30, 2021, the administration of a third (booster) dose of the BNT162b2 messenger RNA vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech) was approved in Israel for persons who were 60 years of age or older and who had received a second dose of vaccine at least 5 months earlier. Data are needed regarding the effect of the booster dose on the rate of confirmed coronavirus 2019 disease (Covid-19) and the rate of severe illness. METHODS: We extracted data for the period from July 30 through August 31, 2021, from the Israeli Ministry of Health database regarding 1,137,804 persons who were 60 years of age or older and had been fully vaccinated (i.e., had received two doses of BNT162b2) at least 5 months earlier. In the primary analysis, we compared the rate of confirmed Covid-19 and the rate of severe illness between those who had received a booster injection at least 12 days earlier (booster group) and those who had not received a booster injection (nonbooster group). In a secondary analysis, we evaluated the rate of infection 4 to 6 days after the booster dose as compared with the rate at least 12 days after the booster. In all the analyses, we used Poisson regression after adjusting for possible confounding factors. RESULTS: At least 12 days after the booster dose, the rate of confirmed infection was lower in the booster group than in the nonbooster group by a factor of 11.3 (95% confidence interval [CI], 10.4 to 12.3); the rate of severe illness was lower by a factor of 19.5 (95% CI, 12.9 to 29.5). In a secondary analysis, the rate of confirmed infection at least 12 days after vaccination was lower than the rate after 4 to 6 days by a factor of 5.4 (95% CI, 4.8 to 6.1). CONCLUSIONS: In this study involving participants who were 60 years of age or older and had received two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine at least 5 months earlier, we found that the rates of confirmed Covid-19 and severe illness were substantially lower among those who received a booster (third) dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine. AD - From the Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot (Y.M.B.-O., R.M.), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (Y.G.), Hebrew University of Jerusalem (M.M.) and Israel Ministry of Health (O.B., S.A.-P., N.A.), Jerusalem, the Biostatistical and Biomathematical Unit, Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan (L.F., A.H.), KI Research Institute, Kfar Malal (N.K., B.M.), and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv (A.H.) - all in Israel. AN - 34525275 AU - Bar-On, Yinon M. | Goldberg, Yair | Mandel, Micha | Bodenheimer, Omri | Freedman, Laurence | Kalkstein, Nir | Mizrahi, Barak | Alroy-Preis, Sharon | Ash, Nachman | Milo, Ron | Huppert, Amit C1 - 2021-10-01 C2 - PMC8461568 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10012021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - Sep 15 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2114255 ET - 2021/09/16 L1 - internal-pdf://2793100530/Bar-On-2021-Protection of BNT162b2 Vaccine Boo.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Bar-On, Yinon M | Goldberg, Yair | Mandel, Micha | Bodenheimer, Omri | Freedman, Laurence | Kalkstein, Nir | Mizrahi, Barak | Alroy-Preis, Sharon | Ash, Nachman | Milo, Ron | Huppert, Amit | eng | N Engl J Med. 2021 Sep 15. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2114255. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among residents of Israel aged �?0 years who had been vaccinated �? months earlier (BNT162b2), a booster dose reduced the rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection by a factor of 11.3 (95% CI 10.4-12.3) and the rate of severe illness by a factor of 19.5 (95% CI 12.9-29.5), compared with persons who did not receive a booster dose. On each day between 12 and 25 days after receipt of the booster, the rate of confirmed infection was reduced by a factor of 7�?0. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic) | 0028-4793 (Linking) ST - Protection of BNT162b2 Vaccine Booster against Covid-19 in Israel T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Protection of BNT162b2 Vaccine Booster against Covid-19 in Israel UR - https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2114255 | https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa2114255?articleTools=true ID - 2411 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The eagerly awaited onset of vaccination programs against COVID-19, along with people’s urge to return to “normal life,�?has prompted concerns that individuals who were vaccinated would reduce their protective behaviors faster than recommended.1,2 Whereas worries about risk compensation3 have proven unfounded in some preventive medicine contexts (eg, human papillomavirus vaccination4), signs of riskier conduct among the treated have appeared in others (eg, individuals who use HIV preexposure prophylaxis5). Based on representative samples of 12 countries in various stages of immunization programs, this study compared the self-reported protective behaviors of individuals who had received 0, 1, or 2 COVID-19 vaccine doses. We assessed the period February 23 to June 1, 2021, when, barring anecdotal exceptions,6 governments had yet to exempt individuals who had been vaccinated from COVID-19 protective-behavior policies. AD - Brazilian School of Public and Business Administration, Getulio Vargas Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. | Blavatnik School of Government, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom. | Imperial College, London, United Kingdom. AN - 34698850 AU - Goldszmidt, Rafael | Petherick, Anna | Andrade, Eduardo B. | Hale, Thomas | Furst, Rodrigo | Phillips, Toby | Jones, Sarah C1 - 2021-11-05 C2 - PMC8548995 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/11052021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - Oct 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.31137 ET - 2021/10/27 IS - 10 KW - Adult | COVID-19/epidemiology/*prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines | Cross-Sectional Studies | Female | Humans | Immunization Programs/statistics & numerical data | Male | Masks/*statistics & numerical data | Middle Aged | Pandemics | *Physical Distancing | SARS-CoV-2 | Vaccination/*statistics & numerical data L1 - internal-pdf://0474117902/Goldszmidt-2021-Protective Behaviors Against C.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Goldszmidt, Rafael | Petherick, Anna | Andrade, Eduardo B | Hale, Thomas | Furst, Rodrigo | Phillips, Toby | Jones, Sarah | eng | Multicenter Study | Observational Study | JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Oct 1;4(10):e2131137. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.31137. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Surveys of nationally representative samples in 12 countries (n = 80,305) found few differences in self-reported protective behaviors (i.e., masking, physical distancing) by vaccination status during February–June 2021. Fully vaccinated respondents physically distanced less than the unvaccinated (β = �?.07; 95% CI �?.13 to <�?.01), but there were no differences in mask use. SN - 2574-3805 SP - e2131137-e2131137 ST - Protective Behaviors Against COVID-19 by Individual Vaccination Status in 12 Countries During the Pandemic T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Protective Behaviors Against COVID-19 by Individual Vaccination Status in 12 Countries During the Pandemic UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.31137 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/articlepdf/2785469/goldszmidt_2021_ld_210231_1634576330.87099.pdf VL - 4 Y2 - 11/8/2021 ID - 2578 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background As vaccine supply and access remain limited in many parts of the world, understanding the duration of protection from reinfection after natural infection is important. Methods Distinct individuals testing positive and negative for SARS-CoV-2 between March 6, 2020, and August 31, 2020, in Kentucky, USA, were identified using the Kentucky National Electronic Disease Surveillance System. Individuals were followed for occurrence of a positive test for SARS-CoV-2 from 91 days after their initial test result through December 31, 2020. Protection from reinfection provided by a prior infection was calculated and additional analyses evaluated impact of age, sex, symptom status, long-term care facility connection, testing occurrence and frequency, and time from initial infection. Results Protective effect from prior infection was 80.3% (95% CI, 78.2% �?82.2%) for those aged 20-59 years and 67.4% (95% CI, 62.8% �?71.4%) for those 60 years and older. At 30-day time periods through 270 days (with limited exceptions), protection was estimated to be greater than 75% for those aged 20-59 years and greater than 65% for those 60 years and older. Factors associated with repeat positive testing included a connection to a long-term care facility, duration of potential exposure, and absence of symptoms during initial infection. Conclusions Natural infection provides substantial and persistent immunologic protection for a period of several months for most individuals, although subpopulations may be at greater risk for repeat positive testing and potential poor outcomes associated with reinfection. These subgroups include individuals 60 years and older, residents and staff of long-term care facilities, and those who have mild or asymptomatic illness with initial infection. Continued emphasis on vaccination and infection prevention and control strategies remains critically important in reducing the risk for reinfection and associated severe outcomes for these groups. AD - Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), USA; Kentucky Department for Public Health, USA. Electronic address: nyf2@cdc.gov. | Kentucky Department for Public Health, USA. | Kentucky Department for Public Health, USA; Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC, USA. | Kentucky Department for Public Health, USA; Career Epidemiology Field Officer Program, Center for Preparedness and Response, CDC, USA. AN - 34649001 AU - Spicer, Kevin B. | Glick, Connor | Cavanaugh, Alyson M. | Thoroughman, Douglas C1 - 2021-10-29 C2 - PMC8506664 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10292021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - 2021/10/12/ DO - 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.10.010 ET - 2021/10/15 L1 - internal-pdf://1678829097/1-s2.0-S1201971221008006-main.pdf LB - Health Equity | Natural History | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Spicer, Kevin B | Glick, Connor | Cavanaugh, Alyson M | Thoroughman, Douglas | eng | Canada | Int J Infect Dis. 2021 Oct 11. pii: S1201-9712(21)00800-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.10.010. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 41,647 state residents with documented SARS-CoV-2 infection during March–August 2020, the protective effect against reinfection 3�? months after initial infection was 75%�?6% for those aged 20�?9 years and 53%�?1% for those �?0 years. Factors associated with repeat positive testing included work or residence in long-term care (aRR 4.35, 95% CI 3.45-5.26) and absence of symptoms during the initial infection (aRR 2.31, 95% CI 1.93-2.75). SN - 1201-9712 ST - Protective Immunity after Natural Infection with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) �?Kentucky, USA, 2020 T2 - Int J Infect Dis TI - Protective Immunity after Natural Infection with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) �?Kentucky, USA, 2020 UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1201971221008006 ID - 2562 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA. | Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA. AN - 33521767 AU - Smith, M. L. | Gradus, J. L. C1 - 2020-12-08 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/120820_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1016/S2666-7568(20)30020-9 ET - 2021/02/02 IS - 2 L1 - internal-pdf://2559596435/Smith-2020-Psychiatric disorders and risk of i.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Smith, Meghan L; Gradus, Jaimie L; eng; Lancet Healthy Longev. 2020 Nov;1(2):e51-e52. doi: 10.1016/S2666-7568(20)30020-9. Epub 2020 Nov 9. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: [comments on Yang et al.] SN - 2666-7568 (Electronic); 2666-7568 (Linking) SP - e51-e52 ST - Psychiatric disorders and risk of infections: early lessons from COVID-19 T2 - Lancet Healthy Longev TI - Psychiatric disorders and risk of infections: early lessons from COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33521767 VL - 1 Y2 - 2021/05/14 ID - 1306 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) introduced stressors to mental health, including loneliness stemming from social isolation, fear of contracting the disease, economic strain, and uncertainty about the future. We fielded a national survey measuring symptoms of psychological distress and loneliness among US adults in April 2020 and compared results with national data from 2018. AD - Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland. | Department of Political Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. AN - 32492088 AU - McGinty, E. E. | Presskreischer, R. | Han, H. | Barry, C. L. C1 - 2020-06-16 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061620_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 7 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.9740 ET - 2020/06/04 IS - 1 KW - Adult | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/psychology | Female | Health Surveys/statistics & numerical data | Humans | Loneliness/*psychology | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/psychology | Prevalence | *Psychological Distress | SARS-CoV-2 | Stress, Psychological/*epidemiology | Time Factors | United States/epidemiology | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://0921131088/McGinty-2020-Psychological Distress and Loneli.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - McGinty, Emma E; Presskreischer, Rachel; Han, Hahrie; Barry, Colleen L; eng; P50 MH115842/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/; JAMA. 2020 Jul 7;324(1):93-94. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.9740. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Prevalence of serious psychological distress among US adults was higher in April 2020 (13.6%) than in 2018 (3.9%) (Figure). | Distress was substantially higher than in 2018 among adults ages 18�?9 years, Hispanic/Latinos, and those in low income households (Figure). | Methods: Prevalence of self-reported psychological distress among ~27,000 adults (1,468: April 2020; 25,417: 2018) from 2 surveys with same questions. Weighted for nationally representative estimates. Limitations: Two surveys might have sampled different populations; possible overestimates if those with distress were more likely to respond. | Implications: A large proportion of US adults reported serious psychological distress in April, 2020. Increased access to mental health and social support services, particularly for young adults, may be important. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 93-94 ST - Psychological Distress and Loneliness Reported by US Adults in 2018 and April 2020 T2 - JAMA TI - Psychological Distress and Loneliness Reported by US Adults in 2018 and April 2020 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32492088 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 380 ER - TY - JOUR AB - This study aims to explore the psychological impact of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19)-related lockdown in university workers, and to analyse the factors related to their levels of stress, anxiety, and depression. A cross-sectional study was conducted between 8-22 April 2020, 3.5 weeks after the COVID-19-related lockdown in Spain. We collected sociodemographic and occupational data, in addition to housing, work and health conditions. Coping strategies (Brief COPE-28); level of anxiety, stress, and depression (Depression Anxiety Stress Scales DASS-21); perception of the disease (COVID-19) (Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire BIPQ); and perceived level of social support (Escala Multidimensional de Apoyo Social EMAS) were measured. Multiple linear regression models were fitted to explore the factors related to the level of anxiety, depression, and stress. The sample included 677 subjects. Higher scores in depression, anxiety, and stress occurred among females, younger subjects, administration and service workers; and subjects with a smaller home, as well as those with worse health status, worse quality of sleep, and dysfunctional coping strategies. The COVID-19-related lockdown had a great impact on the mental health of university workers. The participants with specific sociodemographic and occupational characteristics, clinical disorders, and dysfunctional coping strategies were more at risk. AD - The Observatory of Pain, Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, Faculty of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Cadiz, 11009 Cadiz, Spain. | Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INiBICA), Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, University of Cadiz, 11009 Cadiz, Spain. | Department of Statistics and Operational Research, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain. | Preventive Medicine and Public Health Area, Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, Faculty of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Cadiz, 11009 Cadiz, Spain. | Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing and Physiotherapy, University of Cadiz, 11009 Cadiz, Spain. AN - 33924133 AU - Salazar, Alejandro | Palomo-Osuna, Jenifer | de Sola, Helena | Moral-Munoz, Jose A. | Dueñas, Mar�Ta | Failde, Inmaculada C1 - 2021-04-30 C2 - Social, Behavioral, and Communication Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04302021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 20 DO - 10.3390/ijerph18084367 ET - 2021/05/01 IS - 8 KW - Anxiety/epidemiology | *covid-19 | Communicable Disease Control | Cross-Sectional Studies | Depression/epidemiology | Female | Humans | *Pandemics | SARS-CoV-2 | Spain/epidemiology | Stress, Psychological/epidemiology | Surveys and Questionnaires | Universities | *anxiety | *depression | *lockdown | *psychological impact | *stress | *university workers L1 - internal-pdf://1623146904/Salazar-2021-Psychological Impact of the Lockd.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Salazar, Alejandro | Palomo-Osuna, Jenifer | de Sola, Helena | Moral-Munoz, Jose A | Duenas, Maria | Failde, Inmaculada | eng | Switzerland | Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Apr 20;18(8). pii: ijerph18084367. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18084367. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Early in the pandemic scores for depression in university workers: | Were higher among women than men. | Decreased as education level increased. | Were higher among participants with a personal history of chronic illness than among those without a history of chronic illness. | Decreased with age. | Methods: Cross-sectional online study of 677 Spanish university workers between April 8 and April 22, 2020 collected sociodemographic and occupational data in addition to housing, work, and health conditions. Levels of anxiety, stress, and depression were measured using various validated scales. Limitations: workers with worse physical or mental health may not have participated; findings may not be generalizable; participants were not asked about their previous history of anxiety, depression, or stress. | Implications: University workers with specific sociodemographic and occupational characteristics, as well as clinical disorders, may have been more at risk for depression, anxiety, and stress during the COVID-19 lockdown. Thus, it may be necessary to assess and monitor the mental health of these workers during and after a pandemic lockdown. SN - 1660-4601 SP - 4367 ST - Psychological Impact of the Lockdown Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic in University Workers: Factors Related to Stress, Anxiety, and Depression T2 - Int J Environ Res Public Health TI - Psychological Impact of the Lockdown Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic in University Workers: Factors Related to Stress, Anxiety, and Depression UR - https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/8/4367 | https://res.mdpi.com/d_attachment/ijerph/ijerph-18-04367/article_deploy/ijerph-18-04367-v2.pdf VL - 18 ID - 1707 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The rapid spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has a potentially significant impact on not only physical health but also psychological well-being. To our best knowledge, no review thus far has consolidated the psychological impact of COVID-19 across different subpopulations. A systematic search of the literature until 15 June 2020 found 150 empirical papers pertinent to the mental health consequences of the pandemic. The majority (87.3%) were from China (45.3%), the rest of Asia (22.0%) and Europe (20.0%), and mostly examined the general population (37.3%), healthcare workers (31.3%) and those with pre-existing mental and physical illnesses (14.7%). The most common psychological responses across these subpopulations were anxiety (overall range 24.8%-49.5%), depression (overall range 18.6%-42.6%) and traumatic stress symptoms (overall range 12.7%-31.6%). Healthcare workers and those with pre-existing physical and mental illnesses were more severely affected. Future studies are needed on under-examined subgroups such as the elderly and recovered COVID-19 patients. AD - Research Department, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore. | West Region, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore. AN - 32729312 AU - Tng, X. J. J. | Chew, Q. H. | Sim, K. C1 - 2020-08-11 C2 - Pandemic Effects on Mental Health CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/081120_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 30 DO - 10.11622/smedj.2020111 DP - NLM ET - 2020/07/31 KW - healthcare workers | infectious diseases | psychological responses | vulnerable populations L1 - internal-pdf://2408963524/Tng-2020-Psychological sequelae within differe.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Tng, Xin Jie Jordon; Chew, Qian Hui; Sim, Kang; eng; Singapore; Singapore Med J. 2020 Jul 30. doi: 10.11622/smedj.2020111. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Reviews the impact of COVID-19 on the psychological well-being of the general adult population, healthcare workers, and persons with preexisting physical and psychiatric illnesses. SN - 0037-5675 (Print); 0037-5675 (Linking) ST - Psychological sequelae within different populations during the COVID-19 pandemic: a rapid review of extant evidence T2 - Singapore Med J TI - Psychological sequelae within different populations during the COVID-19 pandemic: a rapid review of extant evidence UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32729312 ID - 683 ER - TY - JOUR AB - While efficacious vaccines have been developed to inoculate against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2; also known as COVID-19), public vaccine hesitancy could still undermine efforts to combat the pandemic. Employing a survey of 1096 adult Americans recruited via the Lucid platform, we examined the relationships between vaccine attributes, proposed policy interventions such as financial incentives, and misinformation on public vaccination preferences. Higher degrees of vaccine efficacy significantly increased individuals' willingness to receive a COVID-19 vaccine, while a high incidence of minor side effects, a co-pay, and Emergency Use Authorization to fast-track the vaccine decreased willingness. The vaccine manufacturer had no influence on public willingness to vaccinate. We also found no evidence that belief in misinformation about COVID-19 treatments was positively associated with vaccine hesitancy. The findings have implications for public health strategies intending to increase levels of community vaccination. AD - Department of Government, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA. | Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. | Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. | Computational Epidemiology Lab, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. | Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. | Department of Government, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA. kriner@cornell.edu. AN - 33990614 AU - Kreps, S. | Dasgupta, N. | Brownstein, J. S. | Hswen, Y. | Kriner, D. L. C1 - 2021-05-21 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05212021_covidupdate.html DA - May 14 DO - 10.1038/s41541-021-00335-2 ET - 2021/05/16 IS - 1 L1 - internal-pdf://1030831914/Kreps-2021-Public attitudes toward COVID-19 va.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Kreps, Sarah; Dasgupta, Nabarun; Brownstein, John S; Hswen, Yulin; Kriner, Douglas L; eng; England; NPJ Vaccines. 2021 May 14;6(1):73. doi: 10.1038/s41541-021-00335-2. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Prior to vaccine approval, US adults�?willingness to receive COVID-19 vaccine was positively associated with efficacy and negatively associated with cost (co-pay), vaccine approval status and incidence of minor side effects (Figure). | Willingness to receive a COVID-19 vaccine was not associated with financial incentive and brand (Figure). | Belief in COVID-19 misinformation was high but did not affect vaccine willingness to receive a vaccine. | Methods: Survey of 1,096 adults on the Lucid platform, matched to the demographics of the US population on age, gender, ethnicity, and geographic region, October 29�?0, 2020. A misinformation index captured the extent to which each subject believes or rejects 8 claims (5 false; 3 true) about COVID-19 treatments. Limitations: Convenience sample conducted prior to FDA emergency use authorization and availability of data on vaccine effectiveness. | Implications: Emphasizing the high efficacy of COVID vaccines, that they are free, and that side effects are generally mild might increase uptake. SN - 2059-0105 (Electronic); 2059-0105 (Linking) SP - 73 ST - Public attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccination: The role of vaccine attributes, incentives, and misinformation T2 - NPJ Vaccines TI - Public attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccination: The role of vaccine attributes, incentives, and misinformation UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33990614 VL - 6 ID - 1764 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: Antibody responses to virus reflect exposure and potential protection. Methods: We developed a highly specific and sensitive approach to measuring antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 for population-scale immune surveillance. Antibody positivity was defined as a dual-positive response against both the receptor-binding domain and nucleocapsid proteins of SARS-CoV-2. Antibodies were measured by immunoprecipitation assays in capillary blood from 15,771 children aged 1 to 18 years living in Bavaria, Germany, and participating in a public health type 1 diabetes screening program (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04039945), in 1,916 dried blood spots from neonates in a Bavarian screening study (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03316261), and in 75 SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals. Virus positive incidence was obtained from the Bavarian health authority data. Findings: Dual-antibody positivity was detected in none of the 3,887 children in 2019 (100% specificity) and 73 of 75 SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals (97.3% sensitivity). Antibody surveillance in children during 2020 resulted in frequencies of 0.08% in January to March, 0.61% in April, 0.74% in May, 1.13% in June, and 0.91% in July. Antibody prevalence from April 2020 was 6-fold higher than the incidence of authority-reported cases (156 per 100,000 children), showed marked variation between the seven Bavarian regions (p < 0.0001), and was not associated with age or sex. Transmission in children with virus-positive family members was 35%. 47% of positive children were asymptomatic. No association with type 1 diabetes autoimmunity was observed. Antibody frequency in newborns was 0.47%. Conclusions: We demonstrate the value of population-based screening programs for pandemic monitoring. Funding: The work was supported by funding from the BMBF (FKZ01KX1818). AD - Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany. | German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany. | Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany. | Forschergruppe Diabetes, Technical University Munich at Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany. | Berufsverband der Kinder und Jugendarzte e.V., Landesverband Bayern, Regensburg, Germany. | Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy. | Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany. | Institute of Virology, Technical University Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Neuherberg, Germany. | Deutsches Zentrum fur Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Munich partner site, Braunschweig, Germany. | Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany. | Institute of Social Medicine and Health Systems Research, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany. | Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V. at Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany. | Technische Universitat Dresden, Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden, Germany. | Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany. AN - 33163984 AU - Hippich, M. | Holthaus, L. | Assfalg, R. | Zapardiel-Gonzalo, J. | Kapfelsperger, H. | Heigermoser, M. | Haupt, F. | Ewald, D. A. | Welzhofer, T. C. | Marcus, B. A. | Heck, S. | Koelln, A. | Stock, J. | Voss, F. | Secchi, M. | Piemonti, L. | de la Rosa, K. | Protzer, U. | Boehmer, M. | Achenbach, P. | Lampasona, V. | Bonifacio, E. | Ziegler, A. G. C1 - 2020-11-17 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/111720_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 12 DO - 10.1016/j.medj.2020.10.003 DP - NLM ET - 2020/11/10 IS - 2 KW - Rbd | SARS-CoV-2 antibody | nucleocapsid antigen | public health screening | receptor binding domain | seroprevalence | type 1 diabetes L1 - internal-pdf://3535104420/Hippich-2021-A Public Health Antibody Screenin.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Hippich, Markus; Holthaus, Lisa; Assfalg, Robin; Zapardiel-Gonzalo, Jose; Kapfelsperger, Heidi; Heigermoser, Martin; Haupt, Florian; Ewald, Dominik A; Welzhofer, Tiziana C; Marcus, Benjamin A; Heck, Susanne; Koelln, Annika; Stock, Joanna; Voss, Franziska; Secchi, Massimiliano; Piemonti, Lorenzo; de la Rosa, Kathrin; Protzer, Ulrike; Boehmer, Merle; Achenbach, Peter; Lampasona, Vito; Bonifacio, Ezio; Ziegler, Anette-Gabriele; eng; Med (N Y). 2021 Feb 12;2(2):149-163.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.medj.2020.10.003. Epub 2020 Oct 29. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: This serosurvey added SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing to a diabetes screening program of 15,771 persons 1�?8 years old and saw six-fold higher seroprevalence than reported cases. SN - 2666-6340 (Electronic); 2666-6340 (Linking) SP - 149-163 e4 ST - A Public Health Antibody Screening Indicates a 6-Fold Higher SARS-CoV-2 Exposure Rate than Reported Cases in Children T2 - Med TI - A Public Health Antibody Screening Indicates a 6-Fold Higher SARS-CoV-2 Exposure Rate than Reported Cases in Children UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33163984 VL - 2 ID - 1245 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The 2019 novel coronavirus disease emerged in China in late 2019-early 2020 and spread rapidly. China has been implementing emergency psychological crisis interventions to reduce the negative psychosocial impact on public mental health, but challenges exist. Public mental health interventions should be formally integrated into public health preparedness and emergency response plans. AN - 32202993 AU - Dong, L. | Bouey, J. C1 - 2020-04-01 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/040120_covidupdate.html DA - Jul DO - 10.3201/eid2607.200407 ET - 2020/03/24 IS - 7 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/psychology | Humans | *Mental Health | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/psychology | *Public Health | SARS-CoV-2 | 2019 novel coronavirus disease | China | mental health | preparedness | public health emergency | respiratory infections | response | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 | viruses | zoonoses L1 - internal-pdf://2404722851/Dong-2020-Public Mental Health Crisis during C.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Dong, Lu; Bouey, Jennifer; eng; Emerg Infect Dis. 2020 Jul;26(7):1616-1618. doi: 10.3201/eid2607.200407. Epub 2020 Jun 21. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: On the importance of including emergency psychological crisis interventions during (COVID-19) pandemic preparedness & response. SN - 1080-6059 (Electronic); 1080-6040 (Linking) SP - 1616-1618 ST - Public Mental Health Crisis during COVID-19 Pandemic, China T2 - Emerg Infect Dis TI - Public Mental Health Crisis during COVID-19 Pandemic, China UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32202993 VL - 26 ID - 12 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented public health threat, both in scope and response. With no vaccine available, the public is advised to practice non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) including social distancing, mask-wearing, and washing hands. However, little is known about public perceptions of the effectiveness of these measures, and high perceived effectiveness is likely to be critical in order to achieve widespread adoption of NPI. METHODS: In May 2020, we conducted a cross-sectional survey among U.S. adults (N = 3,474). The primary outcome was a six-item measure assessing perceived effectiveness of recommended behaviors to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection from 1 (not at all effective) to 5 (extremely effective). The sample was divided into "higher" and "lower" perceived effectiveness groups. Covariates included demographics, healthcare characteristics, and health beliefs. Variables that were significant at p<0.01 in bivariate analyses were entered into a multivariable logistic regression and a best-fit model was created using a cutoff of p<0.01 to stay in the model. RESULTS: Mean age was 45.5 years and most participants were non-Hispanic White (63%) and female (52.4%). The high perceived effectiveness group was slightly larger than the low perceived effectiveness group (52.7% vs. 47.3%). Almost all health belief variables were significant in the best-fit regression model. COVID-19-related worry (aOR = 1.82; 95% CI = 1.64-2.02), and perceived threat to physical health (aOR = 1.32; 95% CI = 1.20-1.45) were positively associated with perceived effectiveness while perceived severity of COVID-19 (0.84; 95% CI = 0.73-0.96) and perceived likelihood of infection (0.85; 95% CI = 0.77-0.94) switched directions in the adjusted model and were negatively associated with perceived effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS: This research indicates people generally believe NPI are effective, but there was variability based on health beliefs and there are mixed rates of engagement in these behaviors. Public health efforts should focus on increasing perceived severity and threat of SARS-CoV-2-related disease, while promoting NPI as effective in reducing threat. AD - Department of Public Health, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America. | Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America. | Department of Communication Studies, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America. | Department of Clinical and Organizational Ethics, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America. | Center for Bioethics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America. | Medical Humanities & Health Studies Program, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America. | Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America. AN - 33147261 AU - Kasting, M. L. | Head, K. J. | Hartsock, J. A. | Sturm, L. | Zimet, G. D. C1 - 2020-11-24 C2 - Impact of Beliefs, Attitudes, and Perceptions on COVID-19 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/112420_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0241662 ET - 2020/11/05 IS - 11 KW - Adult | Betacoronavirus/*pathogenicity | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*prevention & control/*psychology | Cross-Sectional Studies | European Continental Ancestry Group/statistics & numerical data | Female | Hand Disinfection | Humans | Male | Masks/statistics & numerical data | Middle Aged | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*prevention & control/*psychology | Psychological Distance | Public Health/statistics & numerical data | SARS-CoV-2 | Surveys and Questionnaires L1 - internal-pdf://0147804354/Kasting-2020-Public perceptions of the effecti.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Kasting, Monica L; Head, Katharine J; Hartsock, Jane A; Sturm, Lynne; Zimet, Gregory D; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; PLoS One. 2020 Nov 4;15(11):e0241662. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241662. eCollection 2020. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 52% of the respondents perceived that CDC-recommended non-pharmaceutical intervention (NPI) behaviors were effective. | Factors positively associated with a higher perceived effectiveness of NPIs included older age (adjusted [a]OR 1.01 per year, 95% CI 1.00-1.01), female sex (aOR 1.34, 95% CI 1.13�?.59), greater COVID-19-related worry (aOR 1.82, 95% CI 1.64-2.02), and greater sense of threat of COVID-19 to personal physical health (aOR 1.32, 95% CI 1.20-1.45). | Factors negatively associated with a higher perceived effectiveness of NPIs included a greater sense that becoming infected is inevitable (aOR 0.85, 95% CI 0.77-0.94) and having a moderate (aOR 0.79, 95% CI 0.64�?.97) or conservative political affiliation (aOR 0.62, 95% CI 0.49�?.78). | Methods: An online survey of 3,474 US adults from May 4 to 11, 2020 assessed perceptions of effectiveness of NPI behaviors to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection. Respondents were classified as “higher perceived effectiveness�?or “lower perceived effectiveness�?groups for analysis. NPI behaviors included were frequent handwashing, social distancing, wearing masks, covering coughs and sneezes, cleaning and disinfecting surfaces, and being alert for COVID-19 symptoms. Limitations: Causal relationships cannot be determined; possibility of perceptions changing over time. | Implications for 2 studies (Kasting et al. & Smith et al.): Messages that appropriately emphasize the potential health consequences of infection and how becoming infected is not inevitable should be targeted to those who are younger, more politically moderate or conservative, and male. Uncertainties surrounding immunity, and the importance of continuing to practice NPIs in the face of these uncertainties, should also be addressed. SN - 1932-6203 (Electronic); 1932-6203 (Linking) SP - e0241662 ST - Public perceptions of the effectiveness of recommended non-pharmaceutical intervention behaviors to mitigate the spread of SARS-CoV-2 T2 - PLoS One TI - Public perceptions of the effectiveness of recommended non-pharmaceutical intervention behaviors to mitigate the spread of SARS-CoV-2 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33147261 VL - 15 ID - 1264 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The development of vaccines showing high efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 has offered a way to protect against the health effects of the virus. Yet national surveys suggest that willingness to vaccinate declined throughout 2020 and may be insufficient to provide population immunity. Public trust in the development of vaccines and the government approval process represents a potential crucial reason for this hesitancy. This study tested changes in trust in vaccination and vaccine hesitancy. AD - Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, Kildare, Ireland. | Department of Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom. | Institute of Population Health Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom. AN - 34028495 AU - Daly, Michael | Jones, Andrew | Robinson, Eric C1 - 2021-06-04 C2 - Social, Behavioral, and Communication Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06042021_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 15 DO - 10.1001/jama.2021.8246 ET - 2021/05/25 IS - 23 KW - Adult | Attitude to Health | COVID-19/*prevention & control | *COVID-19 Vaccines | Female | Humans | Logistic Models | Male | Middle Aged | Self Report | Surveys and Questionnaires | Trust | United States | Vaccination/*psychology | Vaccination Refusal/ethnology/psychology/*trends L1 - internal-pdf://3097353506/Daly-2021-Public Trust and Willingness to Vacc.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Daly, Michael | Jones, Andrew | Robinson, Eric | eng | U01 AG054580/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ | Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural | JAMA. 2021 Jun 15;325(23):2397-2399. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.8246. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Based on a sample of 7,420 participants in the internet panel Understanding America Study, vaccine hesitancy among US adults declined from 46% in October 2020 to 35.2% in March 2021. Hesitancy remained high among adults aged 18�?9 years (44.1%), those without a college degree (42.9%), and households earning <$50�?00 or less (43.7%). SN - 0098-7484 SP - 2397-2399 ST - Public Trust and Willingness to Vaccinate Against COVID-19 in the US From October 14, 2020, to March 29, 2021 T2 - JAMA TI - Public Trust and Willingness to Vaccinate Against COVID-19 in the US From October 14, 2020, to March 29, 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.8246 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/2780519/jama_daly_2021_ld_210034_1623359423.50468.pdf VL - 325 Y2 - 6/29/2021 ID - 1819 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The emergence of antigenically distinct severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants with increased transmissibility is a public health threat. Some of these variants show substantial resistance to neutralization by SARS-CoV-2 infection- or vaccination-induced antibodies, which principally target the receptor binding domain (RBD) on the virus spike glycoprotein. Here, we describe 2C08, a SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine-induced germinal center B cell-derived human monoclonal antibody that binds to the receptor binding motif within the RBD. 2C08 broadly neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 variants with remarkable potency and reduces lung inflammation, viral load, and morbidity in hamsters challenged with either an ancestral SARS-CoV-2 strain or a recent variant of concern. Clonal analysis identified 2C08-like public clonotypes among B cell clones responding to SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination in at least 20 out of 78 individuals. Thus, 2C08-like antibodies can be readily induced by SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and mitigate resistance by circulating variants of concern. One Sentence Summary: Protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants by a potently neutralizing vaccine-induced human monoclonal antibody. AD - Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, USA. | Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, USA. | Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, USA. | Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York, USA. | Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York, USA. | Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston, USA. | The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, USA. AN - 33791696 AU - Schmitz, A. J. | Turner, J. S. | Liu, Z. | Aziati, I. D. | Chen, R. E. | Joshi, A. | Bricker, T. L. | Darling, T. L. | Adelsberg, D. C. | Alsoussi, W. B. | Case, J. B. | Lei, T. | Thapa, M. | Amanat, F. | O'Halloran, J. A. | Shi, P. Y. | Presti, R. M. | Krammer, F. | Bajic, G. | Whelan, S. P. J. | Diamond, M. S. | Boon, A. C. M. | Ellebedy, A. H. C1 - 2021-04-02 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04022021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 24 DO - 10.1101/2021.03.24.436864 ET - 2021/04/02 L1 - internal-pdf://2968878706/Schmitz-2021-A public vaccine-induced human an.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Schmitz, Aaron J; Turner, Jackson S; Liu, Zhuoming; Aziati, Ishmael D; Chen, Rita E; Joshi, Astha; Bricker, Traci L; Darling, Tamarand L; Adelsberg, Daniel C; Alsoussi, Wafaa B; Case, James Brett; Lei, Tingting; Thapa, Mahima; Amanat, Fatima; O'Halloran, Jane A; Shi, Pei-Yong; Presti, Rachel M; Krammer, Florian; Bajic, Goran; Whelan, Sean P J; Diamond, Michael S; Boon, Adrianus C M; Ellebedy, Ali H; eng; Preprint; bioRxiv. 2021 Mar 24. doi: 10.1101/2021.03.24.436864. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Authors describe 2C08, a SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine-induced germinal center B cell-derived human monoclonal antibody that can effectively neutralize variants including B.1.351. SP - 2021.03.24.436864 ST - A public vaccine-induced human antibody protects against SARS-CoV-2 and emerging variants T2 - bioRxiv TI - A public vaccine-induced human antibody protects against SARS-CoV-2 and emerging variants UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33791696 ID - 1627 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spread rapidly across the USA, causing extensive morbidity and mortality, particularly in the African American community. Autopsy can considerably contribute to our understanding of many disease processes and could provide crucial information to guide management of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We report on the relevant cardiopulmonary findings in, to our knowledge, the first autopsy series of ten African American decedents, with the cause of death attributed to COVID-19. METHODS: Autopsies were performed on ten African American decedents aged 44-78 years with cause of death attributed to COVID-19, reflective of the dominant demographic of deaths following COVID-19 diagnosis in New Orleans. Autopsies were done with consent of the decedents' next of kin. Pulmonary and cardiac features were examined, with relevant immunostains to characterise the inflammatory response, and RNA labelling and electron microscopy on representative sections. FINDINGS: Important findings include the presence of thrombosis and microangiopathy in the small vessels and capillaries of the lungs, with associated haemorrhage, that significantly contributed to death. Features of diffuse alveolar damage, including hyaline membranes, were present, even in patients who had not been ventilated. Cardiac findings included individual cell necrosis without lymphocytic myocarditis. There was no evidence of secondary pulmonary infection by microorganisms. INTERPRETATION: We identify key pathological states, including thrombotic and microangiopathic pathology in the lungs, that contributed to death in patients with severe COVID-19 and decompensation in this demographic. Management of these patients should include treatment to target these pathological mechanisms. FUNDING: None. AD - Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, Southeast Louisiana Veterans Healthcare System, New Orleans, LA, USA. Electronic address: sfox3@lsuhsc.edu. | Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA. | Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA. | Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA. Electronic address: rvand3@lsuhsc.edu. AN - 32473124 AU - Fox, S. E. | Akmatbekov, A. | Harbert, J. L. | Li, G. | Quincy Brown, J. | Vander Heide, R. S. C1 - 2020-06-16 C2 - Pulmonology and Cardiac Pathology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061620_covidupdate.html DA - Jul DO - 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30243-5 ET - 2020/05/31 IS - 7 KW - Adult | *African Americans | Aged | Autopsy | Betacoronavirus/*pathogenicity | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*pathology | Female | Humans | Lung/*pathology | Male | Middle Aged | Myocardium/*pathology | New Orleans | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*pathology | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://3522259334/Fox-2020-Pulmonary and cardiac pathology in Af.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Fox, Sharon E; Akmatbekov, Aibek; Harbert, Jack L; Li, Guang; Quincy Brown, J; Vander Heide, Richard S; eng; England; Lancet Respir Med. 2020 Jul;8(7):681-686. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30243-5. Epub 2020 May 27. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Autopsies of 10 African Americans showed extensive lung damage. | All lungs showed diffuse alveolar damage; the extent varied and was fibrotic in one patient. | Lungs also showed blood clots, injured blood vessels, and, in 9 patients, bleeding (Figure A&B). | Several hearts were enlarged, probably from difficulty pumping blood through damaged lungs (Figure C). | Heart inflammation (myocarditis) was not observed. | Methods: Autopsies of 10 African Americans (44�?8 years) who died from COVID-19, New Orleans, LA. All patients had hypertension, diabetes, or obesity. Limitations: Lacked control groups without COVID-19 or without comorbidities. | Implications for 3 studies (Carsana et al., Fox et al. & Schaller et al.): As with SARS, diffuse alveolar damage was the cause of death in these COVID-19 patients. Unlike SARS, blood clots in lung blood vessels contributed to some deaths, and is consistent with prior reported observations of excess pulmonary embolism covered in Science Update 2020-05-12. Better understanding of abnormal clotting and bleeding in COVID-19 and factors that influence outcomes may inform clinical practice and the search for new treatments. SN - 2213-2619 (Electronic); 2213-2600 (Linking) SP - 681-686 ST - Pulmonary and cardiac pathology in African American patients with COVID-19: an autopsy series from New Orleans T2 - Lancet Respir Med TI - Pulmonary and cardiac pathology in African American patients with COVID-19: an autopsy series from New Orleans UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32473124 VL - 8 ID - 373 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria. | Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria. Electronic address: thomas.gary@medunigraz.at. | Department of Haematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria. AN - 33864749 AU - Muster, Viktoria | Gary, Thomas | Raggam, Reinhard B. | Wölfler, Albert | Brodmann, Marianne C1 - 2021-04-23 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04232021_covidupdate.html DA - May 15 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00871-0 ET - 2021/04/18 IS - 10287 KW - Anticoagulants/therapeutic use | Antithrombins/therapeutic use | COVID-19 Vaccines/*adverse effects | Dabigatran/therapeutic use | Female | Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight/therapeutic use | Humans | Middle Aged | Pulmonary Embolism/*chemically induced/diagnostic imaging/drug therapy | Thrombocytopenia/*chemically induced/diagnostic imaging/drug therapy L1 - internal-pdf://1744016831/1-s2.0-S0140673621008710-main.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Muster, Viktoria | Gary, Thomas | Raggam, Reinhard B | Wolfler, Albert | Brodmann, Marianne | eng | Case Reports | England | Lancet. 2021 May 15;397(10287):1842. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00871-0. Epub 2021 Apr 14. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: indicate that thrombocytopenia and IVST may occur following ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 exposure. SN - 0140-6736 SP - 1842 ST - Pulmonary embolism and thrombocytopenia following ChAdOx1 vaccination T2 - Lancet TI - Pulmonary embolism and thrombocytopenia following ChAdOx1 vaccination UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00871-0 VL - 397 Y2 - 2021/07/16 ID - 1909 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Universite de Lille, Inserm U1285, CHU Lille, Pole de reanimation, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unite de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, France (J.P.). | CHU Lille, Pole de reanimation, France (J.G., M.C., E.P., T.D.). | Universite de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Department of Hematology and Transfusion, Pole de Biologie Pathologie Genetique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR1011-EGID, France (F.L., E.J., A.R., S.S.). | Universite de Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 2694-METRICS: Evaluation des technologies de sante et des pratiques medicales, France (J.L.). AN - 32330083 AU - Poissy, J. | Goutay, J. | Caplan, M. | Parmentier, E. | Duburcq, T. | Lassalle, F. | Jeanpierre, E. | Rauch, A. | Labreuche, J. | Susen, S. | Lille, I. C. U. Haemostasis Covid-Group C1 - 2020-05-12 C2 - Thromboembolism CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051220_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 14 DO - 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047430 DP - NLM ET - 2020/04/25 IS - 2 KW - Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Betacoronavirus/isolation & purification | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/complications/*diagnosis | Female | Fibrinolytic Agents/therapeutic use | Humans | Intensive Care Units | Length of Stay | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/complications/*diagnosis | Prevalence | Prognosis | Pulmonary Embolism/complications/*diagnosis/drug therapy/epidemiology | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | Tertiary Care Centers | *covid-19 | *D-dimer | *body mass index | *factor VIII | *pulmonary embolism | *thrombosis | *von Willebrand factor L1 - internal-pdf://2771906366/Poissy-2020-Pulmonary Embolism in Patients Wit.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Poissy, Julien; Goutay, Julien; Caplan, Morgan; Parmentier, Erika; Duburcq, Thibault; Lassalle, Fanny; Jeanpierre, Emmanuelle; Rauch, Antoine; Labreuche, Julien; Susen, Sophie; eng; Letter; Circulation. 2020 Jul 14;142(2):184-186. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047430. Epub 2020 Apr 24. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 6% of COVID-19 patients admitted to an ICU had lung clots (pulmonary embolism [PE]), reflecting a rate higher than ICU patients overall (6.1%) and ICU patients with influenza (7.5%) during the same time period. | At the time of PE diagnosis, 91% of patients were receiving prophylactic antithrombotic treatment (heparin) to prevent PE. | Methods: 107 COVID-19 ICU patients with PE during February 27 and March 3, 2020 compared with historical controls (ICU patients overall and ICU patients with influenza) at a hospital in France. Limitations: High prevalence of obesity may have contributed to high rate of PE. | Implications of three studies (Lodigiani et al., Poissy et al., & Wichman et al.): Thromboembolic complications are common with COVID-19 and can be a clinically occult and unrecognized proximal cause of death. Effective prevention strategies for hospitalized and ambulatory COVID-19 patients are needed. SN - 1524-4539 (Electronic); 0009-7322 (Linking) SP - 184-186 ST - Pulmonary Embolism in Patients With COVID-19: Awareness of an Increased Prevalence T2 - Circulation TI - Pulmonary Embolism in Patients With COVID-19: Awareness of an Increased Prevalence UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32330083 VL - 142 ID - 168 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the pulmonary function of patients with 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19)-induced pneumonia. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 137 patients with COVID-19-induced pneumonia who were discharged from the Enze Hospital, Taizhou Enze Medical Center (Group) from January 31 2020 to March 11 2020 was conducted. Follow-up occurred 2 weeks after hospital discharge, during which patients underwent a pulmonary function test. RESULTS: Of the 137 patients who underwent a pulmonary function test 2 weeks after discharge, 51.8% were male, and the mean age was 47 years. Only 19.7% of the patients were identified as having severe COVID-19-induced pneumonia. The pulmonary function tests showed that for a small number of patients the forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity ratio (FEV1/FVC)/% values were <70%, and the mean forced inspiratory volume (IVC) and FVC values were 2.4+/-0.7 and 3.2+/-0.8 L, respectively. In severe cases, 88.9% of patients had an IVC <80% of the predicted value, and 55.6% of patients had an FVC <80% of the predicted value. The proportion of patients with maximum expiratory flow rate at 25%, 50% and 75% of the vital capacity (MEF25, MEF50, and MEF75) values <70% were 55.6%, 40.7%, and 25.9%, respectively. In the non-severe group, 79.1% of patients had an IVC <80% of the predicted value, and 16.4% of patients had an FVC <80% of the predicted value. The mean MEF25, MEF50, and MEF75 <70% values were 57.3%, 30%, and 13.6%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated that the pulmonary function of patients with COVID-19-induced pneumonia predominantly manifested as restrictive ventilation disorder and small airway obstruction, which was increased in critically ill patients. AD - Department of Respiratory Medicine, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, China. | Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, China. linrh@enzemed.com. | Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, China. | Department of Respiratory Medicine, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, China. wuxm@enzemed.com. | Department of Critical Care Medicine, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Taizhou, China. 7719@enzemed.com. AN - 33065795 AU - Lv, D. | Chen, X. | Wang, X. | Mao, L. | Sun, J. | Wu, G. | Lin, Z. | Lin, R. | Yu, J. | Wu, X. | Jiang, Y. C1 - 2020-10-27 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102720_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.21037/apm-20-1688 ET - 2020/10/18 IS - 5 KW - Adult | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*physiopathology | Critical Illness | Female | Follow-Up Studies | Forced Expiratory Volume | Humans | Inspiratory Capacity | Lung/*physiopathology | Male | Maximal Expiratory Flow Rate | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Peak Expiratory Flow Rate | Pneumonia, Viral/*physiopathology | *Respiratory Function Tests | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 | Severity of Illness Index | Vital Capacity | COVID-19-infected pneumonia | pulmonary fibrosis | pulmonary function | restrictive ventilation disorder L1 - internal-pdf://1684213026/Lv-2020-Pulmonary function of patients with 20.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Lv, Dongqing; Chen, Xi; Wang, Xiaodan; Mao, Linghong; Sun, Jiao; Wu, Guixian; Lin, Zhi; Lin, Ronghai; Yu, Jiansong; Wu, Xiaomai; Jiang, Yongpo; eng; Observational Study; China; Ann Palliat Med. 2020 Sep;9(5):3447-3452. doi: 10.21037/apm-20-1688. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 81% and 24% of patients had a post-discharge forced inspiratory volume (IVC, maximum volume of air that can be inspired after maximal expiration) or forced vital capacity (FVC, maximum volume of air that can be forcefully expired after maximal inspiration) below the predicted value, respectively (Figure). | IVC and FVC were significantly reduced in severe cases compared to non-severe cases, both p-values <0.05. | Pulmonary function test results indicated decreased lung volume and small airway injury. | Methods: Retrospective, observational, single-center study conducted between January 31 and March 11, 2020. Pulmonary function tests were performed on 137 patients with history of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, two weeks after hospital discharge. Pulmonary function was compared in persons with history of non-severe (n = 110) and severe (n = 27, experienced respiratory distress, decreased oxygen saturation, or >50% progression of chest imaging lesion within 24�?8 hours), COVID-19 when hospitalized. Limitations: Small sample size and short follow-up period. | Implications: The extent of potential long-term pulmonary effects after COVID-19 remains unknown. Similar to persons with influenza, some of whom have some level of pulmonary dysfunction post-recovery, these findings suggest that persons hospitalized for COVID-19 may need out-patient follow-up for pulmonary dysfunction. SN - 2224-5839 (Electronic); 2224-5820 (Linking) SP - 3447-3452 ST - Pulmonary function of patients with 2019 novel coronavirus induced-pneumonia: a retrospective cohort study T2 - Ann Palliat Med TI - Pulmonary function of patients with 2019 novel coronavirus induced-pneumonia: a retrospective cohort study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33065795 VL - 9 ID - 1131 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: COVID-19 is characterised by respiratory symptoms, which deteriorate into respiratory failure in a substantial proportion of cases, requiring intensive care in up to a third of patients admitted to hospital. Analysis of the pathological features in the lung tissues of patients who have died with COVID-19 could help us to understand the disease pathogenesis and clinical outcomes. METHODS: We systematically analysed lung tissue samples from 38 patients who died from COVID-19 in two hospitals in northern Italy between Feb 29 and March 24, 2020. The most representative areas identified at macroscopic examination were selected, and tissue blocks (median seven, range five to nine) were taken from each lung and fixed in 10% buffered formalin for at least 48 h. Tissues were assessed with use of haematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemical staining for inflammatory infiltrate and cellular components (including staining with antibodies against CD68, CD3, CD45, CD61, TTF1, p40, and Ki-67), and electron microscopy to identify virion localisation. FINDINGS: All cases showed features of the exudative and proliferative phases of diffuse alveolar damage, which included capillary congestion (in all cases), necrosis of pneumocytes (in all cases), hyaline membranes (in 33 cases), interstitial and intra-alveolar oedema (in 37 cases), type 2 pneumocyte hyperplasia (in all cases), squamous metaplasia with atypia (in 21 cases), and platelet-fibrin thrombi (in 33 cases). The inflammatory infiltrate, observed in all cases, was largely composed of macrophages in the alveolar lumina (in 24 cases) and lymphocytes in the interstitium (in 31 cases). Electron microscopy revealed that viral particles were predominantly located in the pneumocytes. INTERPRETATION: The predominant pattern of lung lesions in patients with COVID-19 patients is diffuse alveolar damage, as described in patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronaviruses. Hyaline membrane formation and pneumocyte atypical hyperplasia are frequent. Importantly, the presence of platelet-fibrin thrombi in small arterial vessels is consistent with coagulopathy, which appears to be common in patients with COVID-19 and should be one of the main targets of therapy. FUNDING: None. AD - Department of Pathology, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy. | Department of Pathology, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Department of Pathology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy. | Department of Pathology, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy. | Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy. | Department of Infectious Diseases, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy. | Department of Infectious Diseases, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Milan, Italy. | Department of Pathology, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy. Electronic address: manuela.nebuloni@unimi.it. AN - 32526193 AU - Carsana, L. | Sonzogni, A. | Nasr, A. | Rossi, R. S. | Pellegrinelli, A. | Zerbi, P. | Rech, R. | Colombo, R. | Antinori, S. | Corbellino, M. | Galli, M. | Catena, E. | Tosoni, A. | Gianatti, A. | Nebuloni, M. C1 - 2020-06-16 C2 - Pulmonology and Cardiac Pathology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061620_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30434-5 ET - 2020/06/12 IS - 10 KW - Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Autopsy | Betacoronavirus/isolation & purification | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/*pathology/virology | Female | Humans | Hyaline Membrane Disease | Inflammation | Italy/epidemiology | Lung/blood supply/*pathology/ultrastructure/virology | Male | Middle Aged | Neutrophil Infiltration | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/*pathology/virology | Pulmonary Alveoli/blood supply/pathology/ultrastructure/virology | Pulmonary Artery/pathology | SARS-CoV-2 | Thrombosis L1 - internal-pdf://1843855948/Carsana-2020-Pulmonary post-mortem findings in.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Carsana, Luca; Sonzogni, Aurelio; Nasr, Ahmed; Rossi, Roberta Simona; Pellegrinelli, Alessandro; Zerbi, Pietro; Rech, Roberto; Colombo, Riccardo; Antinori, Spinello; Corbellino, Mario; Galli, Massimo; Catena, Emanuele; Tosoni, Antonella; Gianatti, Andrea; Nebuloni, Manuela; eng; Multicenter Study; Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Oct;20(10):1135-1140. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30434-5. Epub 2020 Jun 8. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Lungs from 38 Italian patients had extensive damage. | All showed exudative and proliferative phases of ARDS; none had fibrotic scarring (Figure A). | 33 (87%) also had diffuse small blood clots; none had bleeding. | All lung samples had dead cells lining the air sacs (alveoli). | 9/10 samples had viral-like particles in or around cells lining alveoli, suggesting viral infection of these cells (Figure B). | Methods: Postmortem examination of lung tissue from 38 patients who died from COVID-19 in 2 hospitals in northern Italy, between February 29 and March 24, 2020. Patients had pre-existing comorbidities including hypertension (in 18), cardiovascular disorders (11), diabetes (9), and mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (3). Limitations: Patient hearts were not examined; illness duration was not provided. | Implications for 3 studies (Carsana et al., Fox et al. & Schaller et al.): As with SARS, diffuse alveolar damage was the cause of death in these COVID-19 patients. Unlike SARS, blood clots in lung blood vessels contributed to some deaths, and is consistent with prior reported observations of excess pulmonary embolism covered in Science Update 2020-05-12. Better understanding of abnormal clotting and bleeding in COVID-19 and factors that influence outcomes may inform clinical practice and the search for new treatments. SN - 1474-4457 (Electronic); 1473-3099 (Linking) SP - 1135-1140 ST - Pulmonary post-mortem findings in a series of COVID-19 cases from northern Italy: a two-centre descriptive study T2 - Lancet Infect Dis TI - Pulmonary post-mortem findings in a series of COVID-19 cases from northern Italy: a two-centre descriptive study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32526193 VL - 20 ID - 372 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: A cluster of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia were discharged from hospitals in Wuhan, China. We aimed to determine the cumulative percentage of complete radiological resolution at each time point, to explore the relevant affecting factors, and to describe the chest CT findings at different time points after hospital discharge. METHODS: Patients with COVID-19 pneumonia confirmed by RT-PCR who were discharged consecutively from the hospital between 5 February 2020 and 10 March 2020 and who underwent serial chest CT scans on schedule were enrolled. The radiological characteristics of all patients were collected and analysed. The total CT score was the sum of non-GGO involvement determined at discharge. Afterwards, all patients underwent chest CT scans during the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd weeks after discharge. Imaging features and distributions were analysed across different time points. RESULTS: A total of 149 patients who completed all CT scans were evaluated; there were 67 (45.0%) men and 82 (55.0%) women, with a median age of 43 years old (IQR 36-56). The cumulative percentage of complete radiological resolution was 8.1% (12 patients), 41.6% (62), 50.3% (75), and 53.0% (79) at discharge and during the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd weeks after discharge, respectively. Patients 44 years old at the 3-week follow-up. The predominant patterns of abnormalities observed at discharge were ground-glass opacity (GGO) (125 [83.9%]), fibrous stripe (81 [54.4%]), and thickening of the adjacent pleura (33 [22.1%]). The positive count of GGO, fibrous stripe and thickening of the adjacent pleura gradually decreased, while GGO and fibrous stripe showed obvious resolution during the first week and the third week after discharge, respectively. "Tinted" sign and bronchovascular bundle distortion as two special features were discovered during the evolution. CONCLUSION: Lung lesions in COVID-19 pneumonia patients can be absorbed completely during short-term follow-up with no sequelae. Two weeks after discharge might be the optimal time point for early radiological estimation. AD - Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue No.1277, Wuhan, 430022, China. | Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China. | Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiefang Avenue No.1277, Wuhan, 430022, China. yanglian@hust.edu.cn. | Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China. yanglian@hust.edu.cn. | MSC Clinical & Technical Solutions, Philips Healthcare, Beijing, 100000, China. AN - 32448391 AU - Liu, D. | Zhang, W. | Pan, F. | Li, L. | Yang, L. | Zheng, D. | Wang, J. | Liang, B. C1 - 2020-06-05 C2 - Clinical Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060520_covidupdate.html DA - May 24 DO - 10.1186/s12931-020-01385-1 ET - 2020/05/26 IS - 1 KW - Adult | Age Factors | Bronchi/diagnostic imaging | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*complications/diagnostic imaging | Female | Follow-Up Studies | Humans | Lung/*diagnostic imaging | Lung Diseases/diagnostic imaging/*etiology/*therapy | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Patient Discharge | Pleura/diagnostic imaging | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications/diagnostic imaging | Tomography, X-Ray Computed | Treatment Outcome | Young Adult | Ct | Discharge | Fibrous stripe | Follow-up | Ggo | Sequalae L1 - internal-pdf://0707366156/Liu-2020-The pulmonary sequalae in discharged.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Liu, Dehan; Zhang, Wanshu; Pan, Feng; Li, Lin; Yang, Lian; Zheng, Dandan; Wang, Jiazheng; Liang, Bo; eng; Observational Study; England; Respir Res. 2020 May 24;21(1):125. doi: 10.1186/s12931-020-01385-1. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia, lung lesions resolved within three weeks after discharge in over half of patients; lesions in younger patients were more likely to be resolved within this period. SN - 1465-993X (Electronic); 1465-9921 (Linking) SP - 125 ST - The pulmonary sequalae in discharged patients with COVID-19: a short-term observational study T2 - Respir Res TI - The pulmonary sequalae in discharged patients with COVID-19: a short-term observational study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32448391 VL - 21 ID - 320 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Infectious Diseases, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu, Sant Boi, Barcelona, Spain. | Department of Microbiology, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu, Sant Boi, Barcelona, Spain. | Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu, Sant Boi, Barcelona, Spain. | Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain. AN - 34379127 AU - Esteve-Palau, Erika | Gonzalez-Cuevas, Araceli | Guerrero, M. Eugenia | Garcia-Terol, Clara | Alvarez, M. Carmen | Casadevall, David | Diaz-Brito, Vicens C1 - 2021-08-20 C2 - Natural History, Reinfection, and Health Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08202021_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 2 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.20575 ET - 2021/08/12 IS - 8 KW - Adult | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Serological Testing | COVID-19 Vaccines/*immunology | Female | Humans | Immunoglobulin G/analysis/blood | Lactation/immunology | Milk, Human/*immunology | Prospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 | Vaccines, Synthetic/*immunology L1 - internal-pdf://3453013817/Esteve-Palau-2021-Quantification of Specific A.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Esteve-Palau, Erika | Gonzalez-Cuevas, Araceli | Guerrero, M Eugenia | Garcia-Terol, Clara | Alvarez, M Carmen | Casadevall, David | Diaz-Brito, Vicens | eng | JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Aug 2;4(8):e2120575. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.20575. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In a prospective cohort study (n = 33) in Spain, breast milk from women (mean age 37 years, mean postpartum time 17.5 months) vaccinated with BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) contained immunoglobin (Ig) G antibodies against the spike protein (S1 subunit). After the 2nd dose, breast milk IgG(S1) levels increased and were positively associated with serum IgG(S1). CDC recommends COVID-19 vaccination for people who are pregnant or breastfeeding. SN - 2574-3805 SP - e2120575-e2120575 ST - Quantification of Specific Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 in Breast Milk of Lactating Women Vaccinated With an mRNA Vaccine T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Quantification of Specific Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 in Breast Milk of Lactating Women Vaccinated With an mRNA Vaccine UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.20575 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/articlepdf/2782982/estevepalau_2021_ld_210164_1628111344.27371.pdf VL - 4 Y2 - 8/23/2021 ID - 2233 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Unequal COVID-19 vaccination rates in the United States have compounded existing disparities in cases, hospitalizations, and deaths among Black and Hispanic populations.1-3 In this study, we quantify how differential vaccine uptake by race and ethnicity within each US state produced substantial vaccination coverage disparities during the initial scale-up among older adults. We model alternative scenarios for the period after eligibility opened to all adults, including a scenario of persistent differential uptake and scenarios that include efforts to reduce disparities by addressing access barriers, increasing vaccine confidence, and prioritizing disadvantaged geographic areas. AD - Department of Health Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. AN - 34668949 AU - Reitsma, Marissa B. | Goldhaber-Fiebert, Jeremy D. | Salomon, Joshua A. C1 - 2021-10-29 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10292021_covidupdate.html#anchor_HealthEquity DA - Oct 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.30343 ET - 2021/10/21 IS - 10 L1 - internal-pdf://0019195355/Reitsma-2021-Quantifying and Benchmarking Disp.pdf LB - Health Equity | Vaccines | N1 - Reitsma, Marissa B | Goldhaber-Fiebert, Jeremy D | Salomon, Joshua A | eng | UL1 TR003142/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ | R37 DA015612/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ | Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural | JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Oct 1;4(10):e2130343. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.30343. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among most states, relative vaccine uptake among White adults as of March 31, 2021 was a median of 1.3 times that of Black or African American (IQR 1.2-1.4) and Hispanic or Latino adults (1.1-1.6) (Figure). | Modeling suggested that equalizing uptake and prioritizing disadvantaged census tracts would have eliminated vaccination disparities between White and Hispanic/Latino adults by July 2021. | Vaccination disparities between White and Black or African American adults would have been reduced by 76% by July 2021. | Methods: Cross-sectional estimation of relative vaccine uptake, defined as observed share of vaccinations for a racial or ethnic group divided by the expected share of vaccinations (at least 1 dose and proportional to group size), as of March 31, 2021. Vaccination scale-up modeled by census tract under 3 scenarios: (1) continuation of observed disparities; (2) equal uptake by racial and ethnic groups (equalized uptake); and (3) equalized uptake + geographic prioritization. Limitations: Vaccine uptake measured during early phase of vaccine roll-out; incomplete race and ethnicity reporting in state vaccination data; racial and ethnic groups with fewer than 200,000 people in a state not included. | | Implications: Modeling data suggest that reducing disparities in vaccine uptake might be achieved by geographic prioritization and group tailoring of vaccine promotion efforts. SN - 2574-3805 SP - e2130343-e2130343 ST - Quantifying and Benchmarking Disparities in COVID-19 Vaccination Rates by Race and Ethnicity T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Quantifying and Benchmarking Disparities in COVID-19 Vaccination Rates by Race and Ethnicity UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.30343 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/articlepdf/2785314/reitsma_2021_ld_210223_1634133706.24398.pdf VL - 4 Y2 - 11/2/2021 ID - 2550 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Since the first case of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was confirmed in Wuhan, China, social distancing has been promoted worldwide, including in the United States, as a major community mitigation strategy. However, our understanding remains limited in how people would react to such control measures, as well as how people would resume their normal behaviours when those orders were relaxed. We utilize an integrated dataset of real-time mobile device location data involving 100 million devices in the contiguous United States (plus Alaska and Hawaii) from February 2, 2020 to May 30, 2020. Built upon the common human mobility metrics, we construct a Social Distancing Index (SDI) to evaluate people's mobility pattern changes along with the spread of COVID-19 at different geographic levels. We find that both government orders and local outbreak severity significantly contribute to the strength of social distancing. As people tend to practice less social distancing immediately after they observe a sign of local mitigation, we identify several states and counties with higher risks of continuous community transmission and a second outbreak. Our proposed index could help policymakers and researchers monitor people's real-time mobility behaviours, understand the influence of government orders, and evaluate the risk of local outbreaks. AD - Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, 1173 Glenn Martin Hall, College Park, MD, 20742, USA. | Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, 1173 Glenn Martin Hall, College Park, MD, 20742, USA. lei@umd.edu. AN - 33244071 AU - Pan, Y. | Darzi, A. | Kabiri, A. | Zhao, G. | Luo, W. | Xiong, C. | Zhang, L. C1 - 2020-12-15 C2 - Social, Behavioral, and Communication Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/121520_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 26 DO - 10.1038/s41598-020-77751-2 ET - 2020/11/28 IS - 1 KW - COVID-19/*epidemiology/*prevention & control/transmission/virology | Cooperative Behavior | Epidemiological Monitoring | Government Regulation | Humans | Models, Statistical | Pandemics/*prevention & control | *Physical Distancing | Quarantine/legislation & jurisprudence/*methods | *SARS-CoV-2 | *Travel | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://2800322240/Pan-2020-Quantifying human mobility behaviour.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Pan, Yixuan; Darzi, Aref; Kabiri, Aliakbar; Zhao, Guangchen; Luo, Weiyu; Xiong, Chenfeng; Zhang, Lei; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. | England; Sci Rep. 2020 Nov 26;10(1):20742. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-77751-2. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Proposes a Social Distancing Index that captures people’s mobility patterns and could be used by policy makers to assess the impact of local government mandates or to evaluate potential risks. SN - 2045-2322 (Electronic); 2045-2322 (Linking) SP - 20742 ST - Quantifying human mobility behaviour changes during the COVID-19 outbreak in the United States T2 - Sci Rep TI - Quantifying human mobility behaviour changes during the COVID-19 outbreak in the United States UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33244071 VL - 10 ID - 1346 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Variations in the age patterns and magnitudes of excess deaths, as well as differences in population sizes and age structures, make cross-national comparisons of the cumulative mortality impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic challenging. Life expectancy is a widely used indicator that provides a clear and cross-nationally comparable picture of the population-level impacts of the pandemic on mortality.Life tables by sex were calculated for 29 countries, including most European countries, Chile and the USA, for 2015�?020. Life expectancy at birth and at age 60 years for 2020 were contextualized against recent trends between 2015 and 2019. Using decomposition techniques, we examined which specific age groups contributed to reductions in life expectancy in 2020 and to what extent reductions were attributable to official COVID-19 deaths.Life expectancy at birth declined from 2019 to 2020 in 27 out of 29 countries. Males in the USA and Lithuania experienced the largest losses in life expectancy at birth during 2020 (2.2 and 1.7 years, respectively), but reductions of more than an entire year were documented in 11 countries for males and 8 among females. Reductions were mostly attributable to increased mortality above age 60 years and to official COVID-19 deaths.The COVID-19 pandemic triggered significant mortality increases in 2020 of a magnitude not witnessed since World War II in Western Europe or the breakup of the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe. Females from 15 countries and males from 10 ended up with lower life expectancy at birth in 2020 than in 2015. AN - 34564730 AU - Aburto, José Manuel | Schöley, Jonas | Kashnitsky, Ilya | Zhang, Luyin | Rahal, Charles | Missov, Trifon I | Mills, Melinda C | Dowd, Jennifer B | Kashyap, Ridhi C1 - 2021-10-08 C2 - PMC8500096 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10082021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1093/ije/dyab207 L1 - internal-pdf://1749290535/Aburto-2021-Quantifying impacts of the COVID-1.pdf LA - en PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: An analysis of mortality data from 29 countries found that average life expectancy declined in all countries for both sexes from 2019�?020, except for females in Finland and both sexes in Denmark and Norway. The largest declines in life expectancy at birth (�?.5 years) were found among males in the U.S., Lithuania, Bulgaria, and Poland, and among females in the United States and Spain. SN - 0300-5771 ST - Quantifying impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic through life-expectancy losses: a population-level study of 29 countries T2 - Int J Epidemiol TI - Quantifying impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic through life-expectancy losses: a population-level study of 29 countries UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyab207 Y2 - 10/12/2021 ID - 2436 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The newly emergent human virus SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2) is resulting in high fatality rates and incapacitated health systems. Preventing further transmission is a priority. We analyzed key parameters of epidemic spread to estimate the contribution of different transmission routes and determine requirements for case isolation and contact tracing needed to stop the epidemic. Although SARS-CoV-2 is spreading too fast to be contained by manual contact tracing, it could be controlled if this process were faster, more efficient, and happened at scale. A contact-tracing app that builds a memory of proximity contacts and immediately notifies contacts of positive cases can achieve epidemic control if used by enough people. By targeting recommendations to only those at risk, epidemics could be contained without resorting to mass quarantines ("lockdowns") that are harmful to society. We discuss the ethical requirements for an intervention of this kind. AD - Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Wellcome Centre for Ethics and the Humanities and Ethox Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Oxford University NHS Trust, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. christophe.fraser@bdi.ox.ac.uk. | Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. AN - 32234805 AU - Ferretti, L. | Wymant, C. | Kendall, M. | Zhao, L. | Nurtay, A. | Abeler-Dorner, L. | Parker, M. | Bonsall, D. | Fraser, C. C1 - 2020-04-10 C2 - Modeling and Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/041020_covidupdate.html DA - May 8 DO - 10.1126/science.abb6936 ET - 2020/04/03 IS - 6491 KW - Algorithms | Asymptomatic Diseases | Basic Reproduction Number | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Cell Phone | China/epidemiology | Contact Tracing/ethics/*methods | Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/*prevention & control/*transmission | Epidemics/prevention & control | Humans | Infection Control | *Mobile Applications/ethics | Models, Theoretical | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/*prevention & control/*transmission | Probability | Quarantine | SARS-CoV-2 | Time Factors L1 - internal-pdf://1048922552/Ferretti-2020-Quantifying SARS-CoV-2 transmiss.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Ferretti, Luca; Wymant, Chris; Kendall, Michelle; Zhao, Lele; Nurtay, Anel; Abeler-Dorner, Lucie; Parker, Michael; Bonsall, David; Fraser, Christophe; eng; WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Science. 2020 May 8;368(6491). pii: science.abb6936. doi: 10.1126/science.abb6936. Epub 2020 Mar 31. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Modelers estimated the contributions to new infections from persons during various phases of infection, as well as from asymptomatically infected persons and environmental contact (Figure 1). | Contact tracing delays of even one day substantially limited the estimated effectiveness of case isolation, contact tracing, and quarantine efforts (Figure 2). | Methods: A probabilistic mathematical model examined the effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions combined with traditional “shoe-leather�?contact tracing (versus instant digital contact tracing with a smartphone app) to durably suppress a COVID-19 epidemic. Limitations: Model parameters derived from China’s early stages may not apply to countries where the epidemic spread quicker; the relative infectiousness of asymptomatic people, potentially under-estimated the contribution of asymptomatic transmission. | Implications: Rapid and immediate digital contact tracing after diagnosis may better control COVID-19, but there are barriers to feasibility. Substantial levels of pre-symptomatic transmission reinforce the importance of prevention measures, including social distancing and cloth face coverings. SN - 1095-9203 (Electronic); 0036-8075 (Linking) SP - eabb6936 ST - Quantifying SARS-CoV-2 transmission suggests epidemic control with digital contact tracing T2 - Science TI - Quantifying SARS-CoV-2 transmission suggests epidemic control with digital contact tracing UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32234805 VL - 368 ID - 29 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The relationship between SARS-CoV-2 viral load and infectiousness is not known. Using data from a prospective cohort of index cases and high-risk contact, we reconstructed by modelling the viral load at the time of contact and the probability of infection. The effect of viral load was particularly large in household contacts, with a transmission probability that increased to as much as 37% when the viral load was greater than 10 log10 copies per mL. The transmission probability peaked at symptom onset in most individuals, with a median probability of transmission of 15%, that hindered large individual variations (IQR: [8, 37]). The model also projects the effects of variants on disease transmission. Based on the current knowledge that viral load is increased by 2 to 4-fold on average, we estimate that infection with B1.1.7 virus could lead to an increase in the probability of transmission by 8 to 17%.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThe study has received financialsupport from the National Research Agency (ANR) through the ANR-Flashcall for COVID-19 (Grant ANR-20-COVI-0018) and the Bill and Melinda GatesFoundation under Grant Agreement INV-017335. The original trial was funded by a crowdfunding campaign YoMeCorono (https://www.yomecorono.com/), and Generalitat de Catalunyawith support for laboratory equipment fromFoundation Dormeur. We thank Samuel Alizon, Xavier Duvaland Xavier de Lamballerie for helpful discussions.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The data used in this study originate from an original clinical study. Details on the study can be found in : Transmission of COVID-19 in 282 clusters in Catalonia, Spain: a cohort study. The trial protocol and subsequent amendments were approved by the institutional review board at Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol and the Spanish Agency of Medicines and Medical Devices. All the participants provided written informed consent.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThe dataset used for this study is provided. AU - Marc, Aurélien | Kerioui, Marion | Blanquart, François | Bertrand, Julie | Mitjà, Oriol | Corbacho-Monné, Marc | Marks, Michael | Guedj, Jérémie C1 - 2021-05-21 C2 - Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05212021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.05.07.21256341 L1 - internal-pdf://2964010483/Marc-2021-Quantifying the relationship between.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Using data collected from a March–April 2020 study of 257 index cases and 574 high-risk contacts with frequent follow-up, models predicted the median probability of household transmission was 15% (range 5%-100%). The probability of household transmission increased to 37% when the viral load was greater than 10 log10 copies per mL SP - 2021.05.07.21256341 ST - Quantifying the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 viral load and infectiousness T2 - medRxiv TI - Quantifying the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 viral load and infectiousness UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/05/08/2021.05.07.21256341.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/05/08/2021.05.07.21256341.full.pdf ID - 1771 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background To control within-school SARS-CoV-2 transmission in England, secondary school pupils have been encouraged to participate in twice weekly mass testing via lateral flow device tests (LFTs) from 8th March 2021, to complement an isolation of close contacts policy in place since 31st August 2020. Strategies involving the isolation of close contacts can lead to high levels of absences, negatively impacting pupils.Methods We fit a stochastic individual-based model of secondary schools to both community swab testing data and secondary school absences data. By simulating epidemics in secondary schools from 31st August 2020 until 21st May 2021, we quantify within-school transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in secondary schools in England, the impact of twice weekly mass testing on within-school transmission, and the potential impact of alternative strategies to the isolation of close contacts in reducing pupil absences.Findings The within-school reproduction number, Rschool, has remained below 1 from 31st August 2020 until 21st May 2021. Twice weekly mass testing using LFTs have helped to control within-school transmission in secondary schools in England. A strategy of serial contact testing alongside mass testing substantially reduces absences compared to strategies involving isolating close contacts, with only a marginal increase in within-school transmission.Interpretation Secondary school control strategies involving mass testing have the potential to control within-school transmission while substantially reducing absences compared to an isolation of close contacts policy.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis work has been supported by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council through the MathSys CDT [grant numbers EP/S022244/1 and EP/L015374/1];and by the Medical Research Council through the COVID-19 Rapid Response Rolling Call [grant number MR/V009761/1]. TL, MJK, LD and MJT were supported by Medical Research Council through the JUNIPER modelling consortium [grant number MR/V038613/1]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Not applicableAll necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData from the Department for Education Educational Settings database were supplied after anonymisation under strict data protection protocols agreed between the University of Warwick and the Department for Education in the UK. The ethics of the use of these data for these purposes was agreed by the Department for Education with the Government's SPI-M(O)/SAGE committees. Public Health England (PHE) collected data in a centralised database, which included details on the type of test and results. PHE provided anonymised data to contributors of the Scientific Pandemic Influenza Group on Modelling (SPI-M) as part of the COVID-19 response under a data sharing agreement between PHE and the authors' institutions. All other data sources used within this parameterise the study are publ cly available and stated within the main manuscript. Code for the model and model fitting is available at: https://github.com/tsleng93/SchoolReopeningStrategies https://github.com/tsleng93/SchoolReopeningStrategies AU - Leng, Trystan | Hill, Edward M. | Holmes, Alex | Southall, Emma | Thompson, Robin N. | Tildesley, Michael J. | Keeling, Matt J. | Dyson, Louise C1 - 2021-07-30 C2 - Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07302021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.07.09.21260271 L1 - internal-pdf://1934907671/Leng-2021-Quantifying within-school SARS-CoV-2.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among secondary-school children in England (aged 11�?6 years) who were tested for SARS-CoV-2 twice weekly with a lateral flow test between Aug 2020 and May 2021, the within-school R0 remained <1. A strategy of serial contact testing alongside mass testing is predicted by a stochastic model to substantially reduce absences compared to isolating close contacts, with only a marginal increase in within-school transmission. SP - 2021.07.09.21260271 ST - Quantifying within-school SARS-CoV-2 transmission and the impact of lateral flow testing in secondary schools in England T2 - medRxiv TI - Quantifying within-school SARS-CoV-2 transmission and the impact of lateral flow testing in secondary schools in England UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/07/16/2021.07.09.21260271.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/07/16/2021.07.09.21260271.full.pdf ID - 2178 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a public health emergency. The widely used reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method has limitations for clinical diagnosis and treatment. METHODS: A total of 323 samples from 76 COVID-19-confirmed patients were analyzed by droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) and RT-PCR based 2 target genes (ORF1ab and N). Nasal swabs, throat swabs, sputum, blood, and urine were collected. Clinical and imaging data were obtained for clinical staging. RESULTS: In 95 samples that tested positive by both methods, the cycle threshold (Ct) of RT-PCR was highly correlated with the copy number of ddPCR (ORF1ab gene, R2 = 0.83; N gene, R2 = 0.87). Four (4/161) negative and 41 (41/67) single-gene positive samples tested by RT-PCR were positive according to ddPCR with viral loads ranging from 11.1 to 123.2 copies/test. The viral load of respiratory samples was then compared and the average viral load in sputum (17 429 +/- 6920 copies/test) was found to be significantly higher than in throat swabs (2552 +/- 1965 copies/test, P < .001) and nasal swabs (651 +/- 501 copies/test, P < .001). Furthermore, the viral loads in the early and progressive stages were significantly higher than that in the recovery stage (46 800 +/- 17 272 vs 1252 +/- 1027, P < .001) analyzed by sputum samples. CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative monitoring of viral load in lower respiratory tract samples helps to evaluate disease progression, especially in cases of low viral load. AD - Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. | Clinical Center for HIV/AIDS, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. | Human Genetic Resource Center, National Research Institute for Health and Family Planning, Beijing, China. | Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. | Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. AN - 32221523 AU - Yu, F. | Yan, L. | Wang, N. | Yang, S. | Wang, L. | Tang, Y. | Gao, G. | Wang, S. | Ma, C. | Xie, R. | Wang, F. | Tan, C. | Zhu, L. | Guo, Y. | Zhang, F. C1 - 2020-04-07 C2 - Laboratory Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/040720_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 28 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa345 ET - 2020/03/30 IS - 15 KW - Adult | Betacoronavirus/*genetics | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis/*virology | Diagnostic Tests, Routine/methods | False Negative Reactions | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis/*virology | Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods | Respiratory System/virology | SARS-CoV-2 | Serologic Tests/methods | Sputum/virology | Viral Load/methods | *covid-19 | *rt-pcr | *SARS-CoV-2 | *ddPCR | *viral load L1 - internal-pdf://3758863574/Yu-2020-Quantitative Detection and Viral Load.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Yu, Fengting; Yan, Liting; Wang, Nan; Yang, Siyuan; Wang, Linghang; Tang, Yunxia; Gao, Guiju; Wang, Sa; Ma, Chengjie; Xie, Ruming; Wang, Fang; Tan, Chianru; Zhu, Lingxiang; Guo, Yong; Zhang, Fujie; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Jul 28;71(15):793-798. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa345. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In 95 samples with positive SARS-CoV-2, droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) were highly correlated with quantitative RT-PCR results (Figure 1). | ddPCR detected SARS-CoV-2 in 16.4% of nasal swabs, 37.3% of throat swabs, and 66.4% of sputum samples; no SARS-CoV-2 detected in blood or urine. | By ddPCR, the average viral load in sputum was higher than in throat swabs and nasal swabs (Figure 2); Among the 161 samples with negative RT-PCR results, 4 (2.5%) samples were positive by ddPCR. | Methods: 323 samples from 76 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 (Beijing, China) assessed using ddPCR and RT-PCR. PCR targets were two SARS-CoV-2 genes (ORF1ab and N). Droplet Digital PCR technologyexternal icon (ddPCR) is a digital PCR method utilizing a water-oil emulsion droplet system; the droplets serve essentially the same function as individual test tubes or wells in a plate in which the PCR reaction takes place, albeit in a much smaller format. Limitations: Did not analyze ‘matched�?specimens for individual patients; unknown if sputum and swabs collected uniformly across disease course. | Implications: Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) results are highly correlated with RT-PCR results for SARS CoV-2 detection. Testing of sputum samples may better reflect the level of viral replication than throat and nasal swabs. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - 793-798 ST - Quantitative Detection and Viral Load Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in Infected Patients T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Quantitative Detection and Viral Load Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in Infected Patients UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32221523 VL - 71 Y2 - 5/11/2021 ID - 23 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: In most countries, contacts of confirmed COVID-19 cases are asked to quarantine for 14 days after exposure to limit asymptomatic onward transmission. While theoretically effective, this policy places a substantial social and economic burden on both the individual and wider society, which might result in low adherence and reduced policy effectiveness. We aimed to assess the merit of testing contacts to avert onward transmission and to replace or reduce the length of quarantine for uninfected contacts. METHODS: We used an agent-based model to simulate the viral load dynamics of exposed contacts, and their potential for onward transmission in different quarantine and testing strategies. We compared the performance of quarantines of differing durations, testing with either PCR or lateral flow antigen (LFA) tests at the end of quarantine, and daily LFA testing without quarantine, against the current 14-day quarantine strategy. We also investigated the effect of contact tracing delays and adherence to both quarantine and self-isolation on the effectiveness of each strategy. FINDINGS: Assuming moderate levels of adherence to quarantine and self-isolation, self-isolation on symptom onset alone can prevent 37% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 12-56) of onward transmission potential from secondary cases. 14 days of post-exposure quarantine reduces transmission by 59% (95% UI 28-79). Quarantine with release after a negative PCR test 7 days after exposure might avert a similar proportion (54%, 95% UI 31-81; risk ratio [RR] 0.94, 95% UI 0.62-1.24) to that of the 14-day quarantine period, as would quarantine with a negative LFA test 7 days after exposure (50%, 95% UI 28-77; RR 0.88, 0.66-1.11) or daily testing without quarantine for 5 days after tracing (50%, 95% UI 23-81; RR 0.88, 0.60-1.43) if all tests are returned negative. A stronger effect might be possible if individuals isolate more strictly after a positive test and if contacts can be notified faster. INTERPRETATION: Testing might allow for a substantial reduction in the length of, or replacement of, quarantine with a small excess in transmission risk. Decreasing test and trace delays and increasing adherence will further increase the effectiveness of these strategies. Further research is required to empirically evaluate the potential costs (increased transmission risk, false reassurance) and benefits (reduction in the burden of quarantine, increased adherence) of such strategies before adoption as policy. FUNDING: National Institute for Health Research, UK Research and Innovation, Wellcome Trust, EU Horizon 2021, and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. AD - Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK. Electronic address: billy.quilty@lshtm.ac.uk. | Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK. Electronic address: sam.clifford@lshtm.ac.uk. | Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK. AN - 33484644 AU - Quilty, B. J. | Clifford, S. | Hellewell, J. | Russell, T. W. | Kucharski, A. J. | Flasche, S. | Edmunds, W. J. | Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, Covid-working group C1 - 2021-01-29 C2 - Protection in Healthcare and Non-Healthcare Work Settings CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01292021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar DO - 10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30308-X ET - 2021/01/24 IS - 3 KW - COVID-19/epidemiology/*prevention & control | COVID-19 Testing/*methods | *Contact Tracing | Humans | Models, Theoretical | *Quarantine L1 - internal-pdf://4126186018/Quilty-2021-Quarantine and testing strategies.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Quilty, Billy J; Clifford, Samuel; Hellewell, Joel; Russell, Timothy W; Kucharski, Adam J; Flasche, Stefan; Edmunds, W John; eng; WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; 208812/Z/17/Z/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; 206250/Z/17/Z/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; 210758/Z/18/Z/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Lancet Public Health. 2021 Mar;6(3):e175-e183. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30308-X. Epub 2021 Jan 21. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Modelling showed that testing can allow for reduced quarantine duration without substantial increases in transmission risk. Results support current CDC guidance. SN - 2468-2667 (Electronic) SP - e175-e183 ST - Quarantine and testing strategies in contact tracing for SARS-CoV-2: a modelling study T2 - Lancet Public Health TI - Quarantine and testing strategies in contact tracing for SARS-CoV-2: a modelling study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33484644 VL - 6 Y2 - 2021/05/14 ID - 1459 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Soon after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was recognized in the United States in early 2020, troubling patterns emerged, revealing that US Black and Hispanic residents were experiencing several-fold greater incidence of infection and increased rates of hospitalization. These data have been widely publicized to great consternation both in and outside the public health and medical arenas. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is another unwelcome addition to the long list of health conditions that disproportionately affect Black and Brown lives in the United States. Because of its rapid spread and severe complications, COVID-19 has quickly crystallized the need to identify root causes of these disparities and to set an agenda for decisive action. AD - Division of General Internal Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina. AN - 32809027 AU - Boulware, L. E. C1 - 2020-08-28 C2 - Health Policy CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082820_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 3 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.18696 ET - 2020/08/19 IS - 8 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus | *Coronavirus Infections | Humans | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://3944150527/Boulware-2020-Race Disparities in the COVID-19.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Vaccines | N1 - Boulware, L Ebony; eng; Comment; JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Aug 3;3(8):e2018696. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.18696. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Commentary on Yehia paper that argues for policies that improve social and environmental conditions leading to poor health and ensure access to health care for Black U.S. residents. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e2018696 ST - Race Disparities in the COVID-19 Pandemic-Solutions Lie in Policy, Not Biology T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Race Disparities in the COVID-19 Pandemic-Solutions Lie in Policy, Not Biology UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32809027 VL - 3 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 790 ER - TY - JOUR AB - More than 90 vaccines are being developed against SARS-CoV-2 by research teams in companies and universities across the world. Researchers are trialling different technologies, some of which haven’t been used in a licensed vaccine before. At least six groups have already begun injecting formulations into volunteers in safety trials; others have started testing in animals. Nature’s graphical guide explains each vaccine design. AN - 32346146 AU - Callaway, E. C1 - 2020-05-08 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050820_covidupdate.html DA - Apr DO - 10.1038/d41586-020-01221-y ET - 2020/04/30 IS - 7805 KW - Animals | Betacoronavirus/chemistry/*immunology | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | Coronavirus Infections/*immunology/*prevention & control | Drug Industry/*statistics & numerical data | Genetic Vectors/genetics | Humans | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*immunology/*prevention & control | SARS-CoV-2 | Vaccines, DNA/genetics/immunology | Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology | Vaccines, Subunit/chemistry/immunology | Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/immunology | Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage/*immunology | *Diseases | *Immunology | *SARS-CoV-2 | *Vaccines L1 - internal-pdf://0746842950/d41586-020-01221-y.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Callaway, Ewen; eng; News; England; Nature. 2020 Apr;580(7805):576-577. doi: 10.1038/d41586-020-01221-y. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Provides a graphical guide on 8 types of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. SN - 1476-4687 (Electronic); 0028-0836 (Linking) SP - 576-577 ST - The race for coronavirus vaccines: a graphical guide T2 - Nature TI - The race for coronavirus vaccines: a graphical guide UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32346146 VL - 580 ID - 156 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed longstanding racial/ethnic inequities in health risks and outcomes in the U.S.. We sought to identify racial/ethnic differences in presentation and outcomes for patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Methods: The American Heart Association COVID-19 Cardiovascular Disease Registry is a retrospective observational registry capturing consecutive patients hospitalized with COVID-19. We present data on the first 7,868 patients by race/ethnicity treated at 88 hospitals across the US between 01/17/2020 and 7/22/2020. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality; secondary outcomes included major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE: death, myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure) and COVID-19 cardiorespiratory ordinal severity score (worst to best: death, cardiac arrest, mechanical ventilation with mechanical circulatory support, mechanical ventilation with vasopressors/inotrope support, mechanical ventilation without hemodynamic support, and hospitalization without any of the above). Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the relationship between race/ethnicity and each outcome adjusting for differences in sociodemographic, clinical, and presentation features, and accounting for clustering by hospital. Results: Among 7,868 patients hospitalized with COVID-19, 33.0% were Hispanic, 25.5% were non-Hispanic Black, 6.3% were Asian, and 35.2% were non-Hispanic White. Hispanic and Black patients were younger than non-Hispanic White and Asian patients and were more likely to be uninsured. Black patients had the highest prevalence of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. Black patients also had the highest rates of mechanical ventilation (23.2%) and renal replacement therapy (6.6%) but the lowest rates of remdesivir use (6.1%). Overall mortality was 18.4% with 53% of all deaths occurring in Black and Hispanic patients. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for mortality were 0.93 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.76-1.14) for Black patients, 0.90 (95% CI 0.73-1.11) for Hispanic patients, and 1.31 (95% CI 0.96-1.80) for Asian patients compared with non-Hispanic White patients. The median OR across hospitals was 1.99 (95% CI 1.74-2.48). Results were similar for MACE. Asian patients had the highest COVID-19 cardiorespiratory severity at presentation (adjusted OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.16-1.90). Conclusions: Although in-hospital mortality and MACE did not differ by race/ethnicity after adjustment, Black and Hispanic patients bore a greater burden of mortality and morbidity due to their disproportionate representation among COVID-19 hospitalizations. AD - Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. | Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham NC. | Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. | TIMI Study Group, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA. | Minneapolis Heart Institute and Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation. | Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. | American Heart Association, United States. | Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA. | Center for Cardiovascular Analytics, Research and Data Science, Providence Heart Institute, Portland, OR. | Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY. | Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA. | Division of Cardiology, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL. AN - 33200953 AU - Rodriguez, F. | Solomon, N. | de Lemos, J. A. | Das, S. R. | Morrow, D. A. | Bradley, S. M. | Elkind, M. S. V. | Williams Iv, J. H. | Holmes, D. | Matsouaka, R. A. | Gupta, D. | Gluckman, T. J. | Abdalla, M. | Albert, M. A. | Yancy, C. W. | Wang, T. Y. C1 - 2020-12-08 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/120820_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 17 DO - 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.052278 DP - NLM ET - 2020/11/18 IS - 24 KW - Aged | Aged, 80 and over | American Heart Association | COVID-19/ethnology/mortality/*pathology/virology | Cardiovascular Diseases/complications/pathology | Comorbidity | Female | *Health Status Disparities | Hospital Mortality/ethnology | Hospitalization/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Logistic Models | Male | Middle Aged | Race Factors | Registries | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification | Severity of Illness Index | United States | *covid-19 | *cardiovascular diseases | *race factors L1 - internal-pdf://3062140122/Rodriguez-2020-Racial and Ethnic Differences i.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Rodriguez, Fatima; Solomon, Nicole; de Lemos, James A; Das, Sandeep R; Morrow, David A; Bradley, Steven M; Elkind, Mitchell S V; Williams Iv, Joseph H; Holmes, DaJuanicia; Matsouaka, Roland A; Gupta, Divya; Gluckman, Ty J; Abdalla, Marwah; Albert, Michelle A; Yancy, Clyde W; Wang, Tracy Y; eng; K01 HL144607/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; K23 HL141682/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; R01 HL146636/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; Circulation. 2020 Nov 17. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.052278. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among patients hospitalized with COVID-19, Black and Hispanic patients accounted for over 50% of hospitalizations and were significantly younger compared with non-Hispanic White patients. | After adjusting for demographic and clinical characteristics, no racial/ethnic differences were observed for in-hospital mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). | Asian patients had the highest COVID-19 cardiorespiratory severity (adjusted OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.16-1.90). | Methods: Retrospective observational study of 7,868 adult COVID-19 patients from the American Heart Association COVID-19 Cardiovascular Disease Registryexternal icon treated in 88 hospitals in the US between January 17 and July 22, 2020. Demographic and clinical information were used to assess in-hospital all-cause mortality and MACE (composite of death, myocardial infarction, stroke, new onset heart failure, or cardiogenic shock and COVID-19 cardiorespiratory disease) adapted from WHO ordinal outcomes scalepdf iconexternal icon. Limitations: Only hospitalized patients and overrepresentation of certain geographic locations; results not generalizable to overall US population. | Implications for three studies (Rodriguez et al., Zelner et al. & Short Fabic et al.): Previous studies have shown racial/ethnic inequalities in health risk and outcome for various diseases in the US and this has been further exposed during the COVID-19 pandemic. These three studies show that although COVID-19 mortality has decreased overall, there is persistence in these disparities. SN - 1524-4539 (Electronic); 0009-7322 (Linking) SP - 2332-2342 ST - Racial and Ethnic Differences in Presentation and Outcomes for Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19: Findings from the American Heart Association's COVID-19 Cardiovascular Disease Registry T2 - Circulation TI - Racial and Ethnic Differences in Presentation and Outcomes for Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19: Findings from the American Heart Association's COVID-19 Cardiovascular Disease Registry UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33200953 VL - 143 ID - 1303 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The coronavirus pandemic has disproportionally impacted racial and ethnic minority communities in the United States. These disparities may be changing over time as outbreaks occur in different communities. Using electronic health record data from the Department of Veterans Affairs, we estimated odds ratios, stratified by region and time period, for testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 among 951,408 individuals tested for SARS-CoV-2 between February 12, 2020 and February 12, 2021. Our study found racial and ethnic disparities for testing positive were most pronounced at the beginning of the pandemic and decreased over time. A key finding was that the disparity among Hispanic individuals attenuated but remained elevated over the entire study period. We identified variation in racial and ethnic disparities in SARS-CoV-2 positivity by time and region independent of underlying health status and other key factors in a nationwide cohort, which provides important insight for strategies to contain and prevent further outbreaks.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis work was supported by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism [ACJ: U01-AA026224, U24-AA020794, U01-AA020790, U10-AA013566]. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:This study was approved by the institutional review boards of VA Connecticut Healthcare System and Yale University. It has been granted a waiver of informed consent and is Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act compliant.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesDue to US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) regulations and our ethics agreements, the analytic data sets used for this study are not permitted to leave the VA firewall without a Data Use Agreement. This limitation is consistent with other studies based on VA data. However, VA data are made freely available to researchers with an approved VA study protocol. For more information, please visit https://www.virec.research.va.gov or contact the VA Information Resource Center at VIReC{at}va.gov. AU - Ferguson, Jacqueline M. | Justice, Amy C. | Osborne, Thomas F. | Magid, Hoda S. Abdel | Purnell, Amanda L. | Rentsch, Christopher T. C1 - 2021-05-14 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05142021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.04.27.21256215 L1 - internal-pdf://2527994276/Ferguson-2021-Racial and ethnic disparities fo.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Testing | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; From February 2020 to February 2021, disparities in SARS-CoV-2 test positivity decreased for all racial/ethnic minority groups compared with White individuals (Figure). | Methods: Nationwide retrospective cohort study using electronic health record data from 951,408 Veteran’s Affairs patients tested for SARS-CoV-2 between February 12, 2020 and February 12, 2021, estimating SARS-CoV-2 positivity by racial/ethnic group over time and by region. Models adjusted for characteristics including rural/urban residence, comorbidities, substance use, and medication history. Limitations: Results may not be generalizable; did not evaluate social determinants of health. | Implications: The decreased racial and ethnic disparities in the odds of a positive SARS-CoV-2 test in later waves of the pandemic may indicate improvements in addressing disparities identified early in the pandemic. SP - 2021.04.27.21256215 ST - Racial and ethnic disparities for SARS-CoV-2 positivity in the United States: a generalizing pandemic T2 - medRxiv TI - Racial and ethnic disparities for SARS-CoV-2 positivity in the United States: a generalizing pandemic UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/05/02/2021.04.27.21256215.full.pdf ID - 1739 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: To determine racial/ethnic disparities in weekly counts of new COVID-19 cases and deaths among nursing home residents or staff. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis of national nursing home COVID-19 reports linked to other data. Multivariable two-part models modeled disparities in count of cases or deaths, and logistic regressions modeled disparities in self-reported shortages in staff and personal protective equipment (PPE), across nursing home groups with varying proportions of racial/ethnic minority residents, defined as low-, medium-, medium-high-, and high-proportion groups. SETTING: A total of 12,576 nursing homes nationally. PARTICIPANTS: None. INTERVENTION: None. MEASUREMENTS: Numbers of incident COVID-19 confirmed cases among residents and staff, and incident COVID-19 related deaths among residents (primary outcomes); and nursing home reported shortages in staff and PPE (secondary outcomes). All outcomes were reported for the week of May 25, 2020. RESULTS: The number of weekly new COVID-19 confirmed cases among residents ranged from an average of 0.4 cases per facility (standard deviation (SD) = 2.5) for the low-proportion group (93.0% had zero new cases) to 1.5 cases per facility (SD = 6.3) for the high-proportion group (78.9% had zero new cases). Multivariable regression estimated that compared with the low-proportion group, the likelihood of having at least one new resident case was 76% higher (odds ratio = 1.76; 95% confidence interval = 1.38-2.25; P = .000) for the high-proportion group. Similar across-facility disparities were found for the weekly count of new COVID-19 deaths among residents (ranging from 0.1 deaths per facility (SD = 1.1) for the low-proportion group to 0.4 deaths (SD = 2.0) for the high-proportion group) and in the weekly count of new COVID-19 confirmed cases among staff (ranging from 0.3 cases (SD = 1.4] to 1.3 cases (SD = 4.4) per facility). No substantial disparities in self-reported shortages of staff or PPE were found. CONCLUSION: Nursing homes caring for disproportionately more racial/ethnic minority residents reported more weekly new COVID-19 confirmed cases and/or deaths. Immediate actions are needed to address these system-level disparities. AD - Division of Health Policy and Outcomes Research, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA. | IMPAQ International, LLC, Oakland, California, USA. | Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA. AN - 32955105 AU - Li, Y. | Cen, X. | Cai, X. | Temkin-Greener, H. C1 - 2020-10-02 C2 - COVID-19 and Long-term Care Communities CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100220_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1111/jgs.16847 ET - 2020/09/22 IS - 11 KW - COVID-19/*mortality | Cross-Sectional Studies | Ethnic Groups/*statistics & numerical data | Healthcare Disparities/*ethnology | Humans | Minority Groups/*statistics & numerical data | *Nursing Homes | United States/epidemiology | *covid-19 | *coronavirus | *disparity | *nursing home | *race and ethnicity L1 - internal-pdf://3315602799/Li-2020-Racial and Ethnic Disparities in COVID.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Li, Yue; Cen, Xi; Cai, Xueya; Temkin-Greener, Helena; eng; R01HS024923/Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality/International; RF1 MH117528/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/; R01MH117528/National Institute of Health/International; R01 HS024923/HS/AHRQ HHS/; R01HS026893/Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality/International; R01 HS026893/HS/AHRQ HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; J Am Geriatr Soc. 2020 Nov;68(11):2454-2461. doi: 10.1111/jgs.16847. Epub 2020 Sep 28. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Nursing homes with >30.2% of racial/ethnic minority residents had an average of 1.5 new resident cases, 1.3 new staff cases, and 0.4 new resident deaths per week per facility compared with those in the bottom quartile, that had an average of 0.4 new resident cases, 0.3 new staff cases, and 0.1 new resident deaths (Table). | Nursing homes with between 2.9% and 30.2% racial/ethnic minority residents and those with >30.2% minority residents were 25% and 76% more likely to have a new resident case compared with those with the fewest minorities residents (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.03 �?1.51, p = 0.025 and OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.38 �?2.25, p <0.001, respectively). | Methods: A cross-sectional analysis of national Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) COVID-19 data (collected in CDC’s National Healthcare Safety Network) in 12,576 nursing homes stratified into quartiles by percentage of racial/ethnic minority residents. Limitations: Cross-sectional data only allows for association; data on staff death were too limited for analysis. | Implications for 2 studies (Li et al. and Temkin-Greener): Nursing homes have structural inequities that contribute to differences in COVID-19 morbidity and mortality by race-ethnicity. While there may be important differences in visitation policies and interaction with the community, these same or similar facility-level structural inequities may extend to assisted living facilities. The impact of COVID-19 on assisted living centers may be similar to that of nursing homes and deserves consideration from policy makers. SN - 1532-5415 (Electronic); 0002-8614 (Linking) SP - 2454-2461 ST - Racial and Ethnic Disparities in COVID-19 Infections and Deaths Across U.S. Nursing Homes T2 - J Am Geriatr Soc TI - Racial and Ethnic Disparities in COVID-19 Infections and Deaths Across U.S. Nursing Homes UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32955105 VL - 68 ID - 981 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: Although racial/ethnic disparities in U.S. COVID-19 death rates are striking, focusing on COVID-19 deaths alone may underestimate the true effect of the pandemic on disparities. Excess death estimates capture deaths both directly and indirectly caused by COVID-19. Objective: To estimate U.S. excess deaths by racial/ethnic group. Design: Surveillance study. Setting: United States. Participants: All decedents. Measurements: Excess deaths and excess deaths per 100 000 persons from March to December 2020 were estimated by race/ethnicity, sex, age group, and cause of death, using provisional death certificate data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and U.S. Census Bureau population estimates. Results: An estimated 2.88 million deaths occurred between March and December 2020. Compared with the number of expected deaths based on 2019 data, 477 200 excess deaths occurred during this period, with 74% attributed to COVID-19. Age-standardized excess deaths per 100 000 persons among Black, American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN), and Latino males and females were more than double those in White and Asian males and females. Non?COVID-19 excess deaths also disproportionately affected Black, AI/AN, and Latino persons. Compared with White males and females, non?COVID-19 excess deaths per 100 000 persons were 2 to 4 times higher in Black, AI/AN, and Latino males and females, including deaths due to diabetes, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and Alzheimer disease. Excess deaths in 2020 resulted in substantial widening of racial/ethnic disparities in all-cause mortality from 2019 to 2020. Limitations: Completeness and availability of provisional CDC data; no estimates of precision around results. Conclusion: There were profound racial/ethnic disparities in excess deaths in the United States in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in rapid increases in racial/ethnic disparities in all-cause mortality between 2019 and 2020. Primary Funding Source: National Institutes of Health Intramural Research Program. AD - National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland (M.S.S., A.T.H., P.S.A., J.S.A., M.G., N.D.F., A.B.D.). | Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Albuquerque, New Mexico (E.A.H.). | National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, Maryland (A.M.N., E.J.P.). AN - 34606321 AU - Shiels, Meredith S. | Haque, Anika T. | Haozous, Emily A. | Albert, Paul S. | Almeida, Jonas S. | Garc�Ta-Closas, Montserrat | N֙poles, Anna M. | Pérez-Stable, Eliseo J. | Freedman, Neal D. | de Gonz֙lez, Amy Berrington C1 - 2021-10-15 C2 - PMC8489677 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10152021_covidupdate.html#anchor_Health%20Disparities DA - Oct 5 DO - 10.7326/M21-2134 ET - 2021/10/05 L1 - internal-pdf://3461808744/m21-2134.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Vaccines | N1 - Shiels, Meredith S | Haque, Anika T | Haozous, Emily A | Albert, Paul S | Almeida, Jonas S | Garcia-Closas, Montserrat | Napoles, Anna M | Perez-Stable, Eliseo J | Freedman, Neal D | Berrington de Gonzalez, Amy | eng | Ann Intern Med. 2021 Oct 5. doi: 10.7326/M21-2134. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 477,200 excess all-cause deaths occurred in the United States during March–December 2020. | 74% (n = 351,400) of excess deaths were attributed to COVID-19. | Excess deaths were �? times higher among Black/African American, Hispanic/Latino, and American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) persons than among White persons (Figure). | Methods: Provisional death certificate and U.S. Census Bureau data were used to calculate age-standardized expected and excess deaths per 100,000 persons, by race, ethnicity and other demographics. Estimates were compared to those in 2019. Limitations: Incomplete death certificate data; no precision estimates around results. | | Implications: Excess deaths occurred disproportionately among Hispanic/Latino, Black/African American, and AI/AN persons, likely worsening existing disparities. COVID-19 vaccination and other prevention efforts are important for reversing disparities in mortality. SN - 0003-4819 ST - Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Excess Deaths During the COVID-19 Pandemic, March to December 2020 T2 - Ann Intern Med TI - Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Excess Deaths During the COVID-19 Pandemic, March to December 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.7326/M21-2134 Y2 - 2021/10/18 ID - 2485 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Racial and ethnic minority groups are disproportionately affected by COVID-19.To evaluate whether rates of severe COVID-19, defined as hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, or in-hospital death, are higher among racial and ethnic minority groups compared with non-Hispanic White persons.This cross-sectional study included 99 counties within 14 US states participating in the COVID-19–Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network. Participants were persons of all ages hospitalized with COVID-19 from March 1, 2020, to February 28, 2021.Laboratory-confirmed COVID-19–associated hospitalization, defined as a positive SARS-CoV-2 test within 14 days prior to or during hospitalization.Cumulative age-adjusted rates (per 100�?00 population) of hospitalization, ICU admission, and death by race and ethnicity. Rate ratios (RR) were calculated for each racial and ethnic group compared with White persons.Among 153�?92 patients with COVID-19–associated hospitalizations, 143�?42 (93.3%) with information on race and ethnicity were included in the analysis. Of these, 105�?21 (73.5%) were 50 years or older, 72�?59 (50.3%) were male, 28�?62 (20.1%) were Hispanic or Latino, 2056 (1.4%) were non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native, 7737 (5.4%) were non-Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islander, 40�?06 (28.5%) were non-Hispanic Black, and 63�?81 (44.6%) were White. Compared with White persons, American Indian or Alaska Native, Latino, Black, and Asian or Pacific Islander persons were more likely to have higher cumulative age-adjusted rates of hospitalization, ICU admission, and death as follows: American Indian or Alaska Native (hospitalization: RR, 3.70; 95% CI, 3.54-3.87; ICU admission: RR, 6.49; 95% CI, 6.01-7.01; death: RR, 7.19; 95% CI, 6.47-7.99); Latino (hospitalization: RR, 3.06; 95% CI, 3.01-3.10; ICU admission: RR, 4.20; 95% CI, 4.08-4.33; death: RR, 3.85; 95% CI, 3.68-4.01); Black (hospitalization: RR, 2.85; 95% CI, 2.81-2.89; ICU admission: RR, 3.17; 95% CI, 3.09-3.26; death: RR, 2.58; 95% CI, 2.48-2.69); and Asian or Pacific Islander (hospitalization: RR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-1.06; ICU admission: RR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.83-1.98; death: RR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.55-1.74).In this cross-sectional analysis, American Indian or Alaska Native, Latino, Black, and Asian or Pacific Islander persons were more likely than White persons to have a COVID-19–associated hospitalization, ICU admission, or in-hospital death during the first year of the US COVID-19 pandemic. Equitable access to COVID-19 preventive measures, including vaccination, is needed to minimize the gap in racial and ethnic disparities of severe COVID-19. AD - COVID-19-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia. | US Public Health Service, Rockville, Maryland. | General Dynamics Information Technology, Atlanta, Georgia. | California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland. | Career Epidemiology Field Officer, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia. | Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver. | Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven. | Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia. | Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia. | Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Georgia Department of Health, Atlanta. | Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia. | Iowa Department of Public Health, Des Moines. | Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore. | Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing. | Minnesota Department of Health, St Paul. | New Mexico Department of Health, Santa Fe. | New York State Department of Health, Albany. | University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York. | Ohio Department of Health, Columbus. | Oregon Health Authority, Portland. | Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee. | Salt Lake County Health Department, Salt Lake City, Utah. AN - 34673962 AU - Acosta, Anna M. | Garg, Shikha | Pham, Huong | Whitaker, Michael | Anglin, Onika | O’Halloran, Alissa | Milucky, Jennifer | Patel, Kadam | Taylor, Christopher | Wortham, Jonathan | Chai, Shua J. | Kirley, Pam Daily | Alden, Nisha B. | Kawasaki, Breanna | Meek, James | Yousey-Hindes, Kimberly | Anderson, Evan J. | Openo, Kyle P. | Weigel, Andrew | Monroe, Maya L. | Ryan, Patricia | Reeg, Libby | Kohrman, Alexander | Lynfield, Ruth | Bye, Erica | Torres, Salina | Salazar-Sanchez, Yadira | Muse, Alison | Barney, Grant | Bennett, Nancy M. | Bushey, Sophrena | Billing, Laurie | Shiltz, Eli | Sutton, Melissa | Abdullah, Nasreen | Talbot, H. Keipp | Schaffner, William | Ortega, Jake | Price, Andrea | Fry, Alicia M. | Hall, Aron | Kim, Lindsay | Havers, Fiona P. C1 - 2021-11-15 C2 - PMC8531997 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/11152021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - Oct 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.30479 ET - 2021/10/22 IS - 10 KW - Adult | Age Distribution | Aged | COVID-19/*ethnology | Cross-Sectional Studies | Ethnic Groups/statistics & numerical data | Female | *Health Status Disparities | *Hospital Mortality | Hospitalization/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Intensive Care Units/*statistics & numerical data | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | SARS-CoV-2 | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://4291077733/Acosta-2021-Racial and Ethnic Disparities in R.pdf LB - Health Equity | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Acosta, Anna M | Garg, Shikha | Pham, Huong | Whitaker, Michael | Anglin, Onika | O'Halloran, Alissa | Milucky, Jennifer | Patel, Kadam | Taylor, Christopher | Wortham, Jonathan | Chai, Shua J | Kirley, Pam Daily | Alden, Nisha B | Kawasaki, Breanna | Meek, James | Yousey-Hindes, Kimberly | Anderson, Evan J | Openo, Kyle P | Weigel, Andrew | Monroe, Maya L | Ryan, Patricia | Reeg, Libby | Kohrman, Alexander | Lynfield, Ruth | Bye, Erica | Torres, Salina | Salazar-Sanchez, Yadira | Muse, Alison | Barney, Grant | Bennett, Nancy M | Bushey, Sophrena | Billing, Laurie | Shiltz, Eli | Sutton, Melissa | Abdullah, Nasreen | Talbot, H Keipp | Schaffner, William | Ortega, Jake | Price, Andrea | Fry, Alicia M | Hall, Aron | Kim, Lindsay | Havers, Fiona P | eng | Multicenter Study | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Oct 1;4(10):e2130479. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.30479. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: During March 2020–February 2021 in the COVID-19-Associated Hospitalization Surveillance Network, age-adjusted rates of COVID-19 hospitalization, ICU admission, and in-hospital death were higher among American Indian or Alaska Native, Hispanic or Latino, Black or African American, and Asian or Pacific Islander persons compared with White persons. SN - 2574-3805 SP - e2130479-e2130479 ST - Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Rates of COVID-19–Associated Hospitalization, Intensive Care Unit Admission, and In-Hospital Death in the United States From March 2020 to February 2021 T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Rates of COVID-19–Associated Hospitalization, Intensive Care Unit Admission, and In-Hospital Death in the United States From March 2020 to February 2021 UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.30479 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/articlepdf/2785325/acosta_2021_oi_210878_1634154062.85327.pdf VL - 4 Y2 - 11/22/2021 ID - 2620 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic in the United States has disproportionately impacted communities of color across the country. Focusing on COVID-19-attributable mortality, we expand upon a national comparative analysis of years of potential life lost (YPLL) attributable to COVID-19 by race/ethnicity (Bassett et al., 2020), estimating percentages of total YPLL for non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks, Hispanics, non-Hispanic Asians, and non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Natives, contrasting them with their respective percent population shares, as well as age-adjusted YPLL rate ratios �?anchoring comparisons to non-Hispanic Whites �?in each of 45 states and the District of Columbia using data from the National Center for Health Statistics as of December 30, 2020. Using a novel Monte Carlo simulation procedure to quantify estimation uncertainty, our results reveal substantial racial/ethnic disparities in COVID-19-attributable YPLL across states, with a prevailing pattern of non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics experiencing disproportionately high and non-Hispanic Whites experiencing disproportionately low COVID-19-attributable YPLL. Furthermore, observed disparities are generally more pronounced when measuring mortality in terms of YPLL compared to death counts, reflecting the greater intensity of the disparities at younger ages. We also find substantial state-to-state variability in the magnitudes of the estimated racial/ethnic disparities, suggesting that they are driven in large part by social determinants of health whose degree of association with race/ethnicity varies by state.Competing Interest StatementT.R.B. has received support from NIH/NCATS grant UL1 TR001881 and NIH/NIMH grant P30 MH058107 in addition to funding outside the scope of this work from the Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute and the Movember Foundation. M.A.S. has received contracts from Janssen Research & Development, LLC; Private Health Management, Inc. | the United States Department of Veteran Affairs; and the United States Food & Drug Administration and research grants from the National Institutes of Health, all outside the scope of this work. C.M.R. has received a contract from Private Health Management, Inc. outside the scope of this work.Funding StatementThis research received no external funding.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:N/AAll necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData referenced in the manuscript are available in the Supplemental Files.CDCCenters for Disease Control and PreventionD.C.District of ColumbiaNCHSNational Center for Health StatisticsNH AIANNon-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska NativeNH AsianNon-Hispanic AsianNH BlackNon-Hispanic BlackNH WhiteNon-Hispanic WhiteRRRate RatioU.S.United StatesYPLLYears of Potential Life Lost AD - Department of Biostatistics, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. | Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School Of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA. | Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. | Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. | Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. AN - 33809240 AU - Xu, Jay J. | Chen, Jarvis T. | Belin, Thomas R. | Brookmeyer, Ronald S. | Suchard, Marc A. | Ramirez, Christina M. C1 - 2021-02-26 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02262021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 12 DO - 10.1101/2021.01.28.21249411 ET - 2021/04/04 IS - 6 KW - *covid-19 | District of Columbia | *Ethnic Groups | Health Status Disparities | Hispanic Americans | Humans | Life Expectancy | SARS-CoV-2 | United States/epidemiology | *Monte Carlo simulation | *SARS-CoV-2 | *communities of color | *coronavirus | *medical mistrust | *public health | *racial and ethnic disparities | *social determinants of health | *years of potential life lost L1 - internal-pdf://1651032363/Xu-2021-Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Years.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Xu, Jay J | Chen, Jarvis T | Belin, Thomas R | Brookmeyer, Ronald S | Suchard, Marc A | Ramirez, Christina M | eng | Switzerland | Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Mar 12;18(6). pii: ijerph18062921. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18062921. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Over 925,058 years of potential lives lost (YPLL) before age 75 were attributable to COVID-19, corresponding to 301,679 deaths as of December 30, 2020. | Substantial racial/ethnic disparities in YPLL across states were noted with non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic persons experiencing disproportionately high YPLL, while non-Hispanic White persons experienced disproportionately low YPLL. | Methods: Analyzed US national COVID-19 mortality data stratified by race/ethnicity and age from the National Center for Health Statistics through December 30, 2020 to estimate YPLL attributable to COVID-19 at the state level. 2019 data from CDC WONDER were used to standardize estimates by age. Monte Carlo simulation was used to estimate age-adjusted mortality rates and quantify uncertainty. Limitations: Lag-time in reporting death data, unknown race/ethnicity, suppression of death count for values between 1 and 9. | Implications: Substantial variation between states in the magnitude of the estimated racial/ethnic disparities in COVID-19 mortality suggests that they are driven in part by social determinants of health which also vary by state. SN - 1660-4601 (Electronic) | 1660-4601 (Linking) SP - 2021.01.28.21249411 ST - Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Years of Potential Life Lost Attributable to COVID-19 in the United States: An Analysis of 45 States and the District of Columbia T2 - medRxiv TI - Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Years of Potential Life Lost Attributable to COVID-19 in the United States: An Analysis of 45 States and the District of Columbia TT - Published article: Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Years of Potential Life Lost Attributable to COVID-19 in the United States: An Analysis of 45 States and the District of Columbia UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/01/31/2021.01.28.21249411.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/01/31/2021.01.28.21249411.full.pdf VL - 18 ID - 2081 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Several analyses have highlighted racial and ethnic disparities related to COVID-19 health outcomes across the United States. Less focus has been placed on more localized contexts, such as carceral settings, where racial and ethnic inequities in COVID-19 health outcomes also exist, but the proximal drivers of inequality are different. In this study, we analyzed mortality rates among incarcerated people in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) to assess racial and ethnic differences in COVID-19 mortality. We obtained monthly demographic and mortality information of the TDCJ population from April 1, 2019 to March 31, 2021 from TDCJ monthly reports and open record requests filed by the Texas Justice Initiative. We estimated the risk of COVID-19 mortality for the Hispanic and Black population relative to the White population using a Bayesian regression framework, adjusting for sex and age. In the first 12 months of the pandemic, Hispanic and Black all-cause mortality rates were higher than that of the White population, reversing the pattern observed the 12 months prior. Adjusted risk of COVID-19 mortality relative to the White population was 1.96 (CI 1.32�?.93) for the Hispanic population and 1.66 (CI 1.10�?.52) for the Black population. We find that COVID-19 mortality has disproportionately impacted Hispanic and Black individuals within the TDCJ population. As the proximal mechanisms which drive these inequalities are likely different than those which lead to racial inequalities in the non-incarcerated populations, future studies should look to assess and address the specific drivers of COVID-19 related disparities in carceral settings.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementNM, DM, AK, and SD were funded by Arnold Ventures. NM, AK, and SD were funded by Vital Projects Fund. NM was funded by a National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) P2C grant (P2C HD042828). SD and AK were funded by a US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention contract.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:UCLA IRB deemed this study to be exempt.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesMortality data is made publicly available by the Texas Justice Initiative. Population and demographic data is publicly available by request to TDCJ. https://texasjusticeinitiative.org/data https://www.tdcj.texas.gov/kss_inside.html AU - Marquez, Neal | Moreno, Destiny | Klonsky, Amanda | Dolovich, Sharon C1 - 2021-10-08 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10082021_covidupdate.html#anchor_HealthEquity DO - 10.1101/2021.09.26.21264145 L1 - internal-pdf://3381792342/Marquez-2021-Racial and ethnic inequalities in.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; All-cause mortality among incarcerated persons during the pandemic increased overall by 85% from the pre-pandemic period. | The increase in mortality was greater among Black/African American (126%) and Hispanic/Latino incarcerated persons (107%) compared to White incarcerated persons (52%). | COVID-19 mortality among Black/African American (adjusted relative risk [aRR] 1.66, 95% CI 1.10-2.52) and Hispanic/Latino incarcerated persons (aRR 1.96, 95% CI 1.32-2.93) was higher than among White incarcerated persons. | Methods: COVID-19-related mortality within the Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) was assessed from April 1, 2019–March 31, 2021 (average monthly prison population = 131,873). Standardized all-cause and COVID-19 mortality rates were adjusted by age and sex to match the TDCJ population distribution prior to the pandemic. Limitations: Results may not be generalizable to other carceral settings. | | Implications: Within this carceral setting, COVID-19 mortality disproportionately impacted Black/African American and Hispanic/Latino persons. Efforts to understand and address the causes of such disparities are needed to advance health equity. SP - 2021.09.26.21264145 ST - Racial and ethnic inequalities in COVID-19 mortality within Texas carceral settings T2 - medRxiv TI - Racial and ethnic inequalities in COVID-19 mortality within Texas carceral settings UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/09/28/2021.09.26.21264145.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/09/28/2021.09.26.21264145.full.pdf ID - 2445 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate racial and/or ethnic and socioeconomic differences in rates of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection among children. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study of children tested for SARS-CoV-2 at an exclusively pediatric drive-through and walk-up SARS-CoV-2 testing site from March 21, 2020, to April 28, 2020. We performed bivariable and multivariable logistic regression to measure the association of patient race and/or ethnicity and estimated median family income (based on census block group estimates) with (1) SARS-CoV-2 infection and (2) reported exposure to SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS: Of 1000 children tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection, 20.7% tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. In comparison with non-Hispanic white children (7.3%), minority children had higher rates of infection (non-Hispanic Black: 30.0%, adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.3 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2-4.4]; Hispanic: 46.4%, aOR 6.3 [95% CI 3.3-11.9]). In comparison with children in the highest median family income quartile (8.7%), infection rates were higher among children in quartile 3 (23.7%; aOR 2.6 [95% CI 1.4-4.9]), quartile 2 (27.1%; aOR 2.3 [95% CI 1.2-4.3]), and quartile 1 (37.7%; aOR 2.4 [95% CI 1.3-4.6]). Rates of reported exposure to SARS-CoV-2 also differed by race and/or ethnicity and socioeconomic status. CONCLUSIONS: In this large cohort of children tested for SARS-CoV-2 through a community-based testing site, racial and/or ethnic minorities and socioeconomically disadvantaged children carry the highest burden of infection. Understanding and addressing the causes of these differences are needed to mitigate disparities and limit the spread of infection. AD - Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia; and mgoyal@childrensnational.org. | Departments of Pediatrics and. | Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia; and. | Pathology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia. AN - 32759379 AU - Goyal, M. K. | Simpson, J. N. | Boyle, M. D. | Badolato, G. M. | Delaney, M. | McCarter, R. | Cora-Bramble, D. C1 - 2020-08-18 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/081820_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1542/peds.2020-009951 ET - 2020/08/08 IS - 4 KW - Adolescent | African Continental Ancestry Group/statistics & numerical data | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Child | Child, Preschool | Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/*ethnology | Cross-Sectional Studies | *Epidemics | European Continental Ancestry Group/statistics & numerical data | Healthcare Disparities | Hispanic Americans/statistics & numerical data | Humans | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/*ethnology | Race Factors/*statistics & numerical data | SARS-CoV-2 | Socioeconomic Factors | United States/epidemiology | board | the other authors have indicated they have no potential conflicts of | interest to disclose. L1 - internal-pdf://1199442358/Goyal-2020-Racial and_or Ethnic and Socioecono.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Goyal, Monika K; Simpson, Joelle N; Boyle, Meleah D; Badolato, Gia M; Delaney, Meghan; McCarter, Robert; Cora-Bramble, Denice; eng; Pediatrics. 2020 Oct;146(4). pii: peds.2020-009951. doi: 10.1542/peds.2020-009951. Epub 2020 Aug 5. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection were higher in non-Hispanic (NH) Black children (30.0%, OR 3.3 [95% CI 1.8-5.9]) and Hispanic children (46.4%, OR 9.1 [95% CI 5.1-16.4]) compared with NH White children (7.3%, referent), (Figure). | Compared with SARS-CoV-2 infection rates among children in the highest family income quartile (8.7%, referent), infection rates were 23.7% (OR 3.2 [95% CI: 1.8-5.6]) in the 2nd income quartile, 27.1% (OR 3.8 [95% CI: 2.1-6.6]) in the 3rd quartile, and 37.7% (OR 5.9 [95% CI: 3.4-10.3]) in the lowest quartile (Figure). | Methods: Results of SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR testing of NP or OP swabs from 1,000 persons aged < 1 year to 22 years March 21-April 28, 2020. Census block groups were used to estimate median family income. Limitations: Single testing site; non-random sample and denominator was children tested, based on symptoms and referral, rather than children in the population. | Implications: Racial/ethnic minority and socioeconomically disadvantaged children are disproportionately affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Modifiable factors driving these disparities should be addressed. SN - 1098-4275 (Electronic); 0031-4005 (Linking) SP - e2020009951 ST - Racial and/or Ethnic and Socioeconomic Disparities of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Children T2 - Pediatrics TI - Racial and/or Ethnic and Socioeconomic Disparities of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Children UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32759379 VL - 146 ID - 731 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: As of 1 November 2020, there have been >230 000 deaths and 9 million confirmed and probable cases attributable to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the United States. However, this overwhelming toll has not been distributed equally, with geographic, race/ethnic, age, and socioeconomic disparities in exposure and mortality defining features of the US coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic. METHODS: We used individual-level COVID-19 incidence and mortality data from the state of Michigan to estimate age-specific incidence and mortality rates by race/ethnic group. Data were analyzed using hierarchical Bayesian regression models, and model results were validated using posterior predictive checks. RESULTS: In crude and age-standardized analyses we found rates of incidence and mortality more than twice as high than for Whites for all groups except Native Americans. Blacks experienced the greatest burden of confirmed and probable COVID-19 (age-standardized incidence, 1626/100 000 population) and mortality (age-standardized mortality rate, 244/100 000). These rates reflect large disparities, as Blacks experienced age-standardized incidence and mortality rates 5.5 (95% posterior credible interval [CrI], 5.4-5.6) and 6.7 (95% CrI, 6.4-7.1) times higher than Whites, respectively. We found that the bulk of the disparity in mortality between Blacks and Whites is driven by dramatically higher rates of COVID-19 infection across all age groups, particularly among older adults, rather than age-specific variation in case-fatality rates. CONCLUSIONS: This work suggests that well-documented racial disparities in COVID-19 mortality in hard-hit settings, such as Michigan, are driven primarily by variation in household, community, and workplace exposure rather than case-fatality rates. AD - Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. | Center for Social Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. | Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. | Consulting for Statistics, Computing and Analytics Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. | Department of Geography, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. AN - 33221832 AU - Zelner, J. | Trangucci, R. | Naraharisetti, R. | Cao, A. | Malosh, R. | Broen, K. | Masters, N. | Delamater, P. C1 - 2020-12-08 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/120820_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 1 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa1723 ET - 2020/11/23 IS - 5 KW - African Americans | Aged | Bayes Theorem | *covid-19 | Health Status Disparities | Humans | Michigan | Mortality | SARS-CoV-2 | United States/epidemiology | *SARS-CoV-2 | *disparities | *social epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://3531523657/Zelner-2021-Racial Disparities in Coronavirus.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Zelner, Jon; Trangucci, Rob; Naraharisetti, Ramya; Cao, Alex; Malosh, Ryan; Broen, Kelly; Masters, Nina; Delamater, Paul; eng; P2C HD050924/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/; U01 IP001138/IP/NCIRD CDC HHS/; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. | Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Mar 1;72(5):e88-e95. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1723. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The overall incidence rate ratios (IRR) for all racial and ethnic minority groups were significantly higher than for White persons. | This was most pronounced among older ages for Black persons and younger ages for Hispanic or Latino persons (Figure A). | Black persons 30 to 70 years had higher case-fatality rates (CFRs) than White persons, with the largest disparity among those 40-49 years of age (Figure B). | There were no significant differences in age-specific CFRs for Hispanic or Latino persons and Asian/Pacific Islander persons compared with White persons. | The higher mortality rate for Black persons was driven by higher rates of COVID-19 infection across all age groups, particularly among older adults, rather than age-specific variation in CFRs. | Methods: Retrospective analysis of 49,701 persons in Michigan with confirmed or probable SARS-CoV-2 infection between March 8 and July 5, 2020 to estimate age-specific incidence and mortality rates by race/ethnicity. Hierarchical Bayesian regression models were used to calculate IRRs, age-specific CFRs, and mortality disparities. Limitations: Data from one state; asymptomatic and less-severe infections were not included. | Implications for three studies (Rodriguez et al., Zelner et al. & Short Fabic et al.): Previous studies have shown racial/ethnic inequalities in health risk and outcome for various diseases in the US and this has been further exposed during the COVID-19 pandemic. These three studies show that although COVID-19 mortality has decreased overall, there is persistence in these disparities. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - e88-e95 ST - Racial Disparities in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Mortality Are Driven by Unequal Infection Risks T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Racial Disparities in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Mortality Are Driven by Unequal Infection Risks UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33221832 VL - 72 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1310 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been starkly unequal across race and ethnicity. We examined the geographic variation in excess all-cause mortality by race and ethnicity to better understand the impact of the pandemic. We used individual-level administrative data on the US population between January 2011 and April 2020 to estimate the geographic variation in excess all-cause mortality by race and Hispanic origin. All-cause mortality allows a better understanding of the overall impact of the pandemic than mortality attributable to COVID-19 directly. Nationwide, adjusted excess all-cause mortality during that period was 6.8 per 10,000 for Black people, 4.3 for Hispanic people, 2.7 for Asian people, and 1.5 for White people. Nationwide averages mask substantial geographic variation. For example, despite similar excess White mortality, Michigan and Louisiana had markedly different excess Black mortality, as did Pennsylvania compared with Rhode Island. Wisconsin experienced no significant White excess mortality but had significant Black excess mortality. Further work understanding the causes of geographic variation in racial and ethnic disparities-the relevant roles of social and environmental factors relative to comorbidities and of the direct and indirect health effects of the pandemic-is crucial for effective policy making. AD - Maria Polyakova (maria.polyakova@stanford.edu) is an assistant professor of medicine at Stanford University, in Stanford, California. | Victoria Udalova is a research economist at the Census Bureau, in Washington, D.C. | Geoffrey Kocks is a graduate student in economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. | Katie Genadek is a research economist at the Census Bureau. | Keith Finlay is a research economist at the Census Bureau. | Amy N. Finkelstein is the John & Jennie S. McDonald Professor of Economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. AN - 33523748 AU - Polyakova, M. | Udalova, V. | Kocks, G. | Genadek, K. | Finlay, K. | Finkelstein, A. N. C1 - 2021-02-26 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02262021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb DO - 10.1377/hlthaff.2020.02142 ET - 2021/02/02 IS - 2 KW - Adult | African Americans/statistics & numerical data | COVID-19/*epidemiology | *Continental Population Groups | European Continental Ancestry Group/statistics & numerical data | Female | *Geography | *Health Status Disparities | Hispanic Americans/statistics & numerical data | Humans | Male | Mortality/*ethnology/trends | United States L1 - internal-pdf://1517517180/hlthaff.2020.02142.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Polyakova, Maria; Udalova, Victoria; Kocks, Geoffrey; Genadek, Katie; Finlay, Keith; Finkelstein, Amy N; eng; R01 AG032449/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; R37 AG032449/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Health Aff (Millwood). 2021 Feb;40(2):307-316. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2020.02142. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Nationwide, age-, sex-, and state-adjusted excess all-cause mortality during April 2020 was 6.8 per 10,000 for non-Hispanic Black, 4.3 for Hispanic, 2.7 for Asian, and 1.5 for non-Hispanic White persons. | Non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic persons experienced higher adjusted excess mortality than White persons in nearly every state, with substantial variation by state (Figures 1 and 2). | Despite similar excess mortality among non-Hispanic White persons (2.8 and 2.7 per 10,000, respectively), Michigan had markedly greater excess mortality compared with Louisiana among non-Hispanic Black persons (18.3 and 9.8 per 10,000, respectively). | Methods: Analysis of individual-level demographic data from the US census (from January 2011 through April 2020) to estimate state-specific age- and sex-adjusted excess all-cause mortality in April 2020 by race and ethnicity. Limitations: Potential selection bias given some people were excluded for missing data; excluded persons born after 2010 as race/ethnicity data were not available. | Implications: While geographic variation in overall excess mortality likely reflects the timing of COVID-19’s spread through different U.S. regions, further investigation is needed to understand potential factors driving dramatic variation in racial and ethnic disparities across states and to address substantially increased excess mortality among non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic persons. A recent reportpdf icon noted declines in life expectancy in the first half of 2020, the lowest level since 2006, with the largest decline among non-Hispanic Black persons. SN - 1544-5208 (Electronic); 0278-2715 (Linking) SP - 307-316 ST - Racial Disparities In Excess All-Cause Mortality During The Early COVID-19 Pandemic Varied Substantially Across States T2 - Health Aff (Millwood) TI - Racial Disparities In Excess All-Cause Mortality During The Early COVID-19 Pandemic Varied Substantially Across States UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33523748 VL - 40 ID - 1533 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Recent reports indicate racial disparities in the rates of infection and mortality from the 2019 novel coronavirus (coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]). The aim of this study was to determine whether disparities exist in the levels of knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAPs) related to COVID-19. METHODS: We analyzed data from 1216 adults in the March 2020 Kaiser Family Foundation 'Coronavirus Poll', to determine levels of KAPs across different groups. Univariate and multivariate regression analysis was used to identify predictors of KAPs. RESULTS: In contrast to White respondents, Non-White respondents were more likely to have low knowledge (58% versus 30%; P < 0.001) and low attitude scores (52% versus 27%; P < 0.001), but high practice scores (81% versus 59%; P < 0.001). By multivariate regression, White race (odds ratio [OR] 3.06; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.70-5.50), higher level of education (OR 1.80; 95% CI: 1.46-2.23) and higher income (OR 2.06; 95% CI: 1.58-2.70) were associated with high knowledge of COVID-19. Race, sex, education, income, health insurance status and political views were all associated with KAPs. CONCLUSIONS: Racial and socioeconomic disparity exists in the levels of KAPs related to COVID-19. More work is needed to identify educational tools that tailor to specific racial and socioeconomic groups. AD - Department of Health Research & Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. | Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. | Department of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. | Department of Medicine, Center for Health Policy and the Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. AN - 32490519 AU - Alobuia, W. M. | Dalva-Baird, N. P. | Forrester, J. D. | Bendavid, E. | Bhattacharya, J. | Kebebew, E. C1 - 2020-06-12 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061220_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 18 DO - 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa069 ET - 2020/06/04 IS - 3 KW - Adolescent | Adult | African Americans/*statistics & numerical data | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Asian Americans/*statistics & numerical data | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/*psychology | Ethnic Groups/*statistics & numerical data | European Continental Ancestry Group/*statistics & numerical data | Female | *Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice | Hispanic Americans/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Odds Ratio | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/*psychology | Race Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | Socioeconomic Factors | Surveys and Questionnaires | Young Adult | African-Americans | public health | race | socioeconomics factors L1 - internal-pdf://1959045939/Alobuia-2020-Racial disparities in knowledge.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Alobuia, Wilson M; Dalva-Baird, Nathan P; Forrester, Joseph D; Bendavid, Eran; Bhattacharya, Jay; Kebebew, Electron; eng; Comparative Study; England; J Public Health (Oxf). 2020 Aug 18;42(3):470-478. doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdaa069. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Although African American and Hispanic persons were less knowledgeable about COVID-19 when compared with White persons, they were more likely to practice social distancing and other interventions that reduce the spread of infection (Figure). | Persons with higher levels of education or higher income were more knowledgeable about COVID-19 but were not more likely to engage in public health interventions to reduce transmission (Figure). | Methods: A multivariate regression analysis using phone survey results from 1,216 persons who participated in the March 2020 Kaiser Family Foundation ‘Coronavirus Poll�?to identify predictors of COVID-19-related knowledge, attitudes and practices. Limitations: Response bias, cross-sectional survey. | Implications: Racial and socioeconomic disparities exist in COVID-19-related knowledge and practice. Expanded messaging on the public health benefits of social distancing may be needed. Educational resources on COVID-19 should be tailored to minority racial and ethnic groups and those of lower socioeconomic status. SN - 1741-3850 (Electronic); 1741-3842 (Linking) SP - 470-478 ST - Racial disparities in knowledge, attitudes and practices related to COVID-19 in the USA T2 - J Public Health (Oxf) TI - Racial disparities in knowledge, attitudes and practices related to COVID-19 in the USA UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32490519 VL - 42 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 366 ER - TY - JOUR AD - From the University of Georgia College of Pharmacy (D.B.C., S.P.O.) and Phoebe Putney Memorial Hospital (J.S.C.), Albany, and the University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens (H.N.Y.); the Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora (A.F.H.-M., C.F.-P.); and the Hospital Infantil de Mexico, Federico Gomez, Mexico City (C.F.-P.). AN - 32780573 AU - Chastain, D. B. | Osae, S. P. | Henao-Martinez, A. F. | Franco-Paredes, C. | Chastain, J. S. | Young, H. N. C1 - 2020-08-21 C2 - Ethical Considerations and Opportunities CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082120_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 27 DO - 10.1056/NEJMp2021971 ET - 2020/08/12 IS - 9 KW - African Americans | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Clinical Trials as Topic | Continental Population Groups | Coronavirus Infections/*ethnology | Health Status Disparities | *Healthcare Disparities | Hispanic Americans | Humans | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*ethnology | SARS-CoV-2 | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://0859241919/Chastain-2020-Racial Disproportionality in Cov.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | N1 - Chastain, Daniel B; Osae, Sharmon P; Henao-Martinez, Andres F; Franco-Paredes, Carlos; Chastain, Joeanna S; Young, Henry N; eng; N Engl J Med. 2020 Aug 27;383(9):e59. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2021971. Epub 2020 Aug 11. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Discusses reasons for underrepresentation of racial and ethnic minorities in U.S. COVID-19 prevention and treatment trials along with recommendations for addressing deficiencies. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - e59 ST - Racial Disproportionality in Covid Clinical Trials T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Racial Disproportionality in Covid Clinical Trials UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32780573 VL - 383 ID - 747 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Significant differences in hesitancy to receive COVID-19 vaccination by race/ethnicity have been observed in several settings. Racial/ethnic differences in COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among health care workers (HCWs), who face occupational and community exposure to COVID-19, have not been well described.To assess hesitancy to COVID-19 vaccination among HCWs across different racial/ethnic groups and assess factors associated with vaccine hesitancy.This survey study was conducted among HCWs from 2 large academic hospitals (ie, a children’s hospital and an adult hospital) over a 3-week period in November and December 2020. Eligible participants were HCWs with and without direct patient contact. A 3-step hierarchical multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate associations between race/ethnicity and vaccine hesitancy controlling for demographic characteristics, employment characteristics, COVID-19 exposure risk, and being up to date with routine vaccinations. Data were analyzed from February through March 2021.Vaccine hesitancy, defined as not planning on, being unsure about, or planning to delay vaccination, served as the outcome.Among 34�?65 HCWs eligible for this study, 12�?34 individuals (34.5%) completed the survey and 10�?71 individuals (32.2%) completed the survey and reported their race/ethnicity. Among 10�?66 of these HCWs with data on sex, 8362 individuals (76.9%) were women, and among 10�?33 HCWs with age data, 5923 individuals (54.5%) were younger than age 40 years. (Percentages for demographic and clinical characteristics are among the number of respondents for each type of question.) There were 8388 White individuals (77.2%), 882 Black individuals (8.1%), 845 Asian individuals (7.8%), and 449 individuals with other or mixed race/ethnicity (4.1%), and there were 307 Hispanic or Latino individuals (2.8%). Vaccine hesitancy was highest among Black HCWs (732 individuals [83.0%]) and Hispanic or Latino HCWs (195 individuals [63.5%]) (P�?lt;�?001). Among 5440 HCWs with vaccine hesitancy, reasons given for hesitancy included concerns about side effects (4737 individuals [87.1%]), newness of the vaccine (4306 individuals [79.2%]), and lack of vaccine knowledge (4091 individuals [75.2%]). The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for vaccine hesitancy was 4.98 (95% CI, 4.11-6.03) among Black HCWs, 2.10 (95% CI, 1.63-2.70) among Hispanic or Latino HCWs, 1.48 (95% CI, 1.21-1.82) among HCWs with other or mixed race/ethnicity, and 1.47 (95% CI, 1.26-1.71) among Asian HCWs compared with White HCWs (P�?lt;�?001). The aOR was decreased among Black HCWs when adjusting for employment characteristics and COVID-19 exposure risk (aOR, 4.87; 95% CI, 3.96-6.00; P�?lt;�?001) and being up to date with prior vaccines (aOR, 4.48; 95% CI, 3.62-5.53; P�?lt;�?001) but not among HCWs with other racial/ethnic backgrounds.This study found that vaccine hesitancy before the authorization of the COVID-19 vaccine was increased among Black, Hispanic or Latino, and Asian HCWs compared with White HCWs. These findings suggest that interventions focused on addressing vaccine hesitancy among HCWs are needed. AD - Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. | Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. | Vaccine Education Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. | Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. | Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. AN - 34459907 AU - Momplaisir, Florence M. | Kuter, Barbara J. | Ghadimi, Fatemeh | Browne, Safa | Nkwihoreze, Hervette | Feemster, Kristen A. | Frank, Ian | Faig, Walter | Shen, Angela K. | Offit, Paul A. | Green-McKenzie, Judith C1 - 2021-09-10 C2 - PMC8406078 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09102021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - Aug 2 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.21931 ET - 2021/08/31 IS - 8 KW - Adult | African Americans | Asian Continental Ancestry Group | COVID-19/*prevention & control | *COVID-19 Vaccines | Child | *Continental Population Groups | *Ethnic Groups | European Continental Ancestry Group | Female | *Health Personnel | Hispanic Americans | *Hospitals, Teaching | Humans | Male | Motivation | Patient Acceptance of Health Care/*ethnology | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://3513583542/Momplaisir-2021-Racial_Ethnic Differences in C.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Momplaisir, Florence M | Kuter, Barbara J | Ghadimi, Fatemeh | Browne, Safa | Nkwihoreze, Hervette | Feemster, Kristen A | Frank, Ian | Faig, Walter | Shen, Angela K | Offit, Paul A | Green-McKenzie, Judith | eng | Comparative Study | JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Aug 2;4(8):e2121931. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.21931. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In a survey of 10,871 healthcare workers (HCWs) at 2 major Philadelphia hospitals conducted prior to widespread COVID-19 vaccine availability (November–December 2020), 50.0% indicated vaccine hesitancy. Reasons given for hesitancy were concerns about side effects (87.1%), newness of the vaccine (79.2%), not knowing enough about the vaccine (75.2%), the chance that it may not work (28.2%), and concerns about becoming infected by receiving the vaccine (21.5%). Compared with White HCWs, hesitancy was significantly more common among Black HCWs (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 4.98, 95% CI 4.11-6.03), Hispanic or Latino HCWs (aOR 2.10, 95% CI 1.63-2.70), other or mixed race/ethnicity HCWs (aOR 1.48, 95% CI 1.21-1.82) and Asian HCWs (aOR 1.47, 95% CI 1.26-1.71). SN - 2574-3805 SP - e2121931-e2121931 ST - Racial/Ethnic Differences in COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Among Health Care Workers in 2 Large Academic Hospitals T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Racial/Ethnic Differences in COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Among Health Care Workers in 2 Large Academic Hospitals UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.21931 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/articlepdf/2783615/momplaisir_2021_oi_210653_1629727476.28448.pdf VL - 4 Y2 - 9/13/2021 ID - 2293 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Racial disparities in COVID-19 morbidity and mortality have been well-documented. However, there may also be racial disparities in COVID-19 vaccination rates which, if present, would further exacerbate the existing disparities. No previously published articles have identified and quantified potential racial disparities in vaccination throughout the USA at any geography lower than the national level. AD - Department of Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Boston University, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, MA, 02118, USA. Mike.Siegel@tufts.edu. | Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. Mike.Siegel@tufts.edu. | Department of Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Boston University, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, MA, 02118, USA. | Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. AN - 34713336 AU - Siegel, Michael | Critchfield-Jain, Isabella | Boykin, Matthew | Owens, Alicia | Muratore, Rebeckah | Nunn, Taiylor | Oh, Joanne C1 - 2021-11-19 C2 - PMC8553106 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/11192021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - 2021/10/28 DO - 10.1007/s40615-021-01173-7 ET - 2021/10/30 KW - African American populations | COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) | COVID-19 vaccination | Health disparities | Hispanic/Latinx populations | Structural racism | Vaccination L1 - internal-pdf://0939186446/Siegel-2021-Racial_Ethnic Disparities in State.pdf LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Siegel, Michael | Critchfield-Jain, Isabella | Boykin, Matthew | Owens, Alicia | Muratore, Rebeckah | Nunn, Taiylor | Oh, Joanne | eng | Switzerland | J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2021 Oct 28. pii: 10.1007/s40615-021-01173-7. doi: 10.1007/s40615-021-01173-7. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A U.S. state-based structural racism index, based on employment, incarceration, education, residential segregation, and economic indicators, was associated with vaccination coverage among both Black or African American and Hispanic or Latino populations compared with White populations. For each one standard deviation increase in the state racism index, the vaccination rate among Black or African American persons and Hispanic or Latino persons was 3.15 percentage points and 6.27 percentage points lower than the White vaccination rate, respectively. SN - 2196-8837 ST - Racial/Ethnic Disparities in State-Level COVID-19 Vaccination Rates and Their Association with Structural Racism T2 - J Racial Ethn Health Disparities TI - Racial/Ethnic Disparities in State-Level COVID-19 Vaccination Rates and Their Association with Structural Racism UR - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-021-01173-7 | https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40615-021-01173-7.pdf ID - 2643 ER - TY - JOUR AB - WITH the growing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection, a parallel growing interest arose concerning potential preventive and adjunct therapies, dietary and lifestyle modifications, and remedies that may boost the immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, as Ramadan intermittent religious fasting that is practiced by about one and a half billion Muslims throughout the globe is coincide this year with COVID-19 pandemic, a growing debate rose concerning the expected impact of fasting during Ramadan month and the associated dietary and lifestyle behaviors on the body's immunity against the pandemic infection. Published literature was searched to find out how intermittent fasting (IF) and its model of Ramadan affect the various aspects related to the body's immunity against microbial infections. IF was found to impact immunity by changing different related elements, including oxidative stress and inflammation, metabolism, body weight, and body composition. Dietary and lifestyle modifications during Ramadan month and their impact on immunity, such as water intake and hydration status, sleep duration and timing, caloric intake and mealtime, and social and spirtual activities, were addressed. Further research is warranted to figure out how IF during ramadan affects immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection. AD - Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences/Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. | Immunology and Biotechnology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Egypt. | Rehabilitation Services, Periphery Hospitals, Ministry of Health, Manama, Bahrain. | College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain. | Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences/Research Institute of Medical and Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. | Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University Sleep Disorders Center, King Saud University, Reyad, Saudi Arabia. | The Strategic Technologies Program of the National Plan for Sciences and Technology and Innovation in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. AN - 32831933 AU - Faris, M. A. E. | Salem, M. L. | Jahrami, H. A. | Madkour, M. I. | BaHammam, A. S. C1 - 2021-07-02 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/070220_covidupdate.html DA - Jul-Sep DO - 10.4103/atm.ATM_151_20 DP - NLM ET - 2020/08/25 IS - 3 KW - Covid-19 | Coronavirus | diurnal fasting | infection | inflammation L1 - internal-pdf://3088702330/AnnThoracMed153125-7189057_195810.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Faris, Mo'ez A-Islam E; Salem, Mohamed L; Jahrami, Haitham A; Madkour, Mohamed I; BaHammam, Ahmed S; eng; Review; India; Ann Thorac Med. 2020 Jul-Sep;15(3):125-133. doi: 10.4103/atm.ATM_151_20. Epub 2020 Jun 18. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Summarizes published studies on how intermittent fasting affects the immune system and potential implications during the COVID-19 pandemic. SN - 1817-1737 (Print); 1998-3557 (Linking) SP - 125-133 ST - Ramadan intermittent fasting and immunity: An important topic in the era of COVID-19 T2 - Ann Thorac Med TI - Ramadan intermittent fasting and immunity: An important topic in the era of COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32831933 VL - 15 ID - 495 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Despite the millions of cases and hundreds of thousands of deaths that have occurred in this devastating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, no peer-reviewed studies of specific therapies proven to be effective in reducing mortality have been published and a vaccine is many months to years away. To date, more than 1000 studies addressing various aspects of COVID-19 are registered on ClinicalTrials.gov, including more than 600 interventional studies and randomized clinical trials (RCTs). During the next few weeks and months, the results of numerous RCTs involving therapies for COVID-19 will be reported. Indeed, preliminary results from some studies have already been reported in social media and the popular press. How will clinicians, the public, and politicians understand the results of these much-anticipated and critically needed clinical trials? AD - Editor in Chief, , Chicago, Illinois. | Executive Editor, , Chicago, Illinois. AN - 32364561 AU - Bauchner, H. | Fontanarosa, P. B. C1 - 2020-05-12 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051220_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 9 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.8115 ET - 2020/05/05 IS - 22 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Communication | Coronavirus Infections/*therapy | Humans | Information Dissemination | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*therapy | *Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic | Research Design | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://0130226180/Bauchner-2020-Randomized Clinical Trials and C.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Bauchner, Howard; Fontanarosa, Phil B; eng; Editorial; JAMA. 2020 Jun 9;323(22):2262-2263. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.8115. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: With more than 1,000 studies registered on ClinicalTrials.gov, commentary outlines six points on how clinicians, the public, and politicians should manage expectations on the results. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 2262-2263 ST - Randomized Clinical Trials and COVID-19: Managing Expectations T2 - JAMA TI - Randomized Clinical Trials and COVID-19: Managing Expectations UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32364561 VL - 323 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 173 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Most countries closed training facilities during the COVID-19 pandemic. This may have negative consequences for people’s health and wellbeing. We investigated SARS-CoV-2 virus transmission and COVID-19 disease attributable to training facilities.Methods We randomized members 18 to 64 years with no COVID-19 relevant comorbidities randomized Five training facilities in Oslo, Norway to access or no access to their training facility. Facilities were opened from May 22, 2020 for individuals randomized to training, applying increased social distancing (1 meter for floor exercise, 2 meters for high-intensity classes), enhanced hand and surface hygiene. Locker rooms were open, showers and saunas were closed. We measured SARS-CoV-2 PCR status by self-administered naso-, oropharyngeal and sputum sampling after two weeks and clinical disease by linkage to electronic patient records after three weeks.Results 3,764 individuals were randomized and included in analyses; 1,896 in the training and 1,868 in no-training arms. In the training arm, 81.8% trained at least once at the facilities, and 38.5% trained ≥six times. Out of 3,016 individuals who returned the SARS-CoV-2 PCR tests (80.5%), there was one positive test. The positive individual was randomized to training, but had not used the facility before testing day. Contact tracing revealed the workplace as transmission source. A total of 106 individuals (2.8%) had outpatient hospital visits, and six individuals were admitted to hospital during the three weeks after intervention start, with no differences between arms. There were no outpatient visits or hospital admissions due to COVID-19 in either group.Conclusions Provided good hygiene and social distancing measures, there was no increased COVID-19 spread at training facilities. NCT04406909Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Clinical TrialNCT04406909Funding StatementNorwegian Research Council (grant no. 312757)Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:South-East Norway IRB, Oslo, NorwayAll necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData are available on request in tabulated form. AU - Helsingen, Lise M. | Løberg, Magnus | Refsum, Erle | Gjøstein, Dagrun Kyte | Wieszczy, Paulina | Olsvik, Ørjan | Juul, Frederik E. | Barua, Ishita | Jodal, Henriette C. | Herfindal, Magnhild | Mori, Yuichi | Jore, Solveig | Lund-Johansen, Fridtjof | Fretheim, Atle | Bretthauer, Michael | Kalager, Mette C1 - 2021-07-02 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/070220_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.06.24.20138768 L1 - internal-pdf://0402253458/Helsingen-2020-Randomized Re-Opening of Traini.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In a study to assess transmission during two weeks in a “post-COVID�?more distanced and hygienic gym environment, one case of SARS-CoV-2 infection was detected among 1,896 attendees. | The case had not visited a training facility prior to SARS-CoV-2 testing. | Investigations revealed that the case was likely infected in a separate workplace. | None of 83 training facility employees tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection. | Methods: Members of five gyms in Oslo, Norway, 18-64 years with no history of cardiovascular disease or diabetes were randomized into training at the gym (N = 1,896) or no-training (N = 1,868). Facilities implemented social distancing and increased hygiene protocol. Self-administered NP and sputum samples were collected after two weeks for SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR testing and electronic patient records were reviewed after three weeks. Limitations: Short observation period; self-collected specimen; low background prevalence of SARS-CoV-2. | Implications: Opening training facilities with good hygiene and social distance measures in similar settings is unlikely to lead to increased transmission of SARS-CoV-2. SP - 2020.06.24.20138768 ST - Randomized Re-Opening of Training Facilities during the COVID-19 pandemic T2 - medRxiv TI - Randomized Re-Opening of Training Facilities during the COVID-19 pandemic UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/06/25/2020.06.24.20138768.full.pdf | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/11/17/2020.06.24.20138768.full.pdf ID - 490 ER - TY - JOUR AD - University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada atul.humar@uhn.ca. AN - 34379917 AU - Hall, Victoria G. | Ferreira, Victor H. | Ku, Terrance | Ierullo, Matthew | Majchrzak-Kita, Beata | Chaparro, Cecilia | Selzner, Nazia | Schiff, Jeffrey | McDonald, Michael | Tomlinson, George | Kulasingam, Vathany | Kumar, Deepali | Humar, Atul C1 - 2021-08-20 C2 - Vaccines CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08202021_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 23 DO - 10.1056/NEJMc2111462 ET - 2021/08/12 IS - 13 L1 - internal-pdf://0171149248/Hall-2021-Randomized Trial of a Third Dose of.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Hall, Victoria G | Ferreira, Victor H | Ku, Terrance | Ierullo, Matthew | Majchrzak-Kita, Beata | Chaparro, Cecilia | Selzner, Nazia | Schiff, Jeffrey | McDonald, Michael | Tomlinson, George | Kulasingam, Vathany | Kumar, Deepali | Humar, Atul | eng | Letter | N Engl J Med. 2021 Sep 23;385(13):1244-1246. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2111462. Epub 2021 Aug 11. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among solid organ transplant recipients who had received 2 doses of mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccine, a 3rd dose produced significantly higher immunogenicity than placebo. | Antibody levels were high in 55% of the mRNA-1273 group compared with 18% of the placebo group (relative risk 3.1; 95% CI 1.7-5.8) (Figure); Median percent virus neutralization was 71% in the mRNA-1273 group and 13% in the placebo group (between-group difference 58 percentage points, 95% CI 11-76 percentage points). | A 3rd dose had an acceptable safety profile. | No severe adverse events or cases of acute rejection were reported. | Methods: Double-blind, randomized, controlled trial comparing a 3rd dose of mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccine (n = 60) versus placebo (n = 57) in solid organ transplant recipients who had received 2 doses of mRNA-1273 previously. Participants received either a 3rd vaccine dose or saline placebo. Anti-receptor-binding domain (anti-RDB) antibody levels (>100 U/mL) were measured after 1 month. Limitations: Cutoff selected for anti-RBD antibody level not necessarily predictive of resistance to infection. | Implications: Solid organ transplant recipients should be considered for an additional dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine after an initial 2-dose primary series. As of August 13, 2021, CDC recommends that people with moderate to severe immune compromise, including solid organ transplant recipients who are taking immunosuppressive therapy, should receive an additional dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine after their initial 2 doses. SN - 0028-4793 SP - 1244-1246 ST - Randomized Trial of a Third Dose of mRNA-1273 Vaccine in Transplant Recipients T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Randomized Trial of a Third Dose of mRNA-1273 Vaccine in Transplant Recipients UR - https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2111462 | https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMc2111462?articleTools=true VL - 385 Y2 - 2021/08/23 ID - 2236 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Convalescent plasma is frequently administered to patients with Covid-19 and has been reported, largely on the basis of observational data, to improve clinical outcomes. Minimal data are available from adequately powered randomized, controlled trials. METHODS: We randomly assigned hospitalized adult patients with severe Covid-19 pneumonia in a 2:1 ratio to receive convalescent plasma or placebo. The primary outcome was the patient's clinical status 30 days after the intervention, as measured on a six-point ordinal scale ranging from total recovery to death. RESULTS: A total of 228 patients were assigned to receive convalescent plasma and 105 to receive placebo. The median time from the onset of symptoms to enrollment in the trial was 8 days (interquartile range, 5 to 10), and hypoxemia was the most frequent severity criterion for enrollment. The infused convalescent plasma had a median titer of 1:3200 of total SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (interquartile range, 1:800 to 1:3200). No patients were lost to follow-up. At day 30 day, no significant difference was noted between the convalescent plasma group and the placebo group in the distribution of clinical outcomes according to the ordinal scale (odds ratio, 0.83; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.52 to 1.35; P = 0.46). Overall mortality was 10.96% in the convalescent plasma group and 11.43% in the placebo group, for a risk difference of -0.46 percentage points (95% CI, -7.8 to 6.8). Total SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers tended to be higher in the convalescent plasma group at day 2 after the intervention. Adverse events and serious adverse events were similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: No significant differences were observed in clinical status or overall mortality between patients treated with convalescent plasma and those who received placebo. (PlasmAr ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04383535.). AD - From the Clinical Pharmacology Section (V.A.S., P.S., M.V.B., N.S.), Intermediate Care Unit (M.G.V., C.V., H.G.M.), and Infectious Diseases Section (M.L.S.), Department of Internal Medicine, and the Departments of Research (V.A.S., D.H.G., L.G.P., W.H.B.) and Transfusional Medicine (L.D.B.P., D.M.S., P.J.C., S.A.), Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires; Department of Virology, Leloir Institute Foundation, Buenos Aires (A.V.G., D.S.O.), the Departments of Transfusional Medicine (K.R.), Infectious Diseases, Sanatorio Agote (G.P.V.), and Critical Care, Clinica Zabala (E.A.M.), Swiss Medical, Buenos Aires, the Departments of Infection Control (W.C.) and Transfusional Medicine (O.A.T.), Hospital Universitario Austral, Pilar, the Departments of Internal Medicine (F.M.R.) and Transfusional Medicine (M.S.), Clinica Santa Isabel, Buenos Aires, the Departments of Emergency and Internal Medicine (L.D.B.P., G.F.) and Transfusional Medicine (W.E.S.), Hospital Italiano Agustin Rocca, San Justo, the Departments of Medicine (M.H.L.) and Transfusional Medicine (I.F.), Hospital General de Agudos Jose Maria Ramos Mejia, Buenos Aires, the Departments of Internal Medicine (P.E.P.) and Transfusional Medicine (E.R.), Sanatorio Trinidad de Palermo, Buenos Aires, the Departments of Clinical Research (N.A.F., M.E.) and Transfusional Medicine (G.A.S.), Hospital Privado de la Comunidad de Mar del Plata and Escuela Superior de Medicina Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata (N.A.F., M.E.), the Departments of Internal Medicine (P.R.) and Transfusional Medicine (J.P.), Hospital Zonal Ramon Carrillo, Bariloche, and the Departments of Infectious Diseases (E.C.N.) and Transfusional Medicine (A.M.), Sanatorio Britanico de Rosario, Santa Fe - all in Argentina; and the Biostatistics Research Branch (D.F.), Division of Clinical Research (D.F., H.C.L.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. AN - 33232588 AU - Simonovich, V. A. | Burgos Pratx, L. D. | Scibona, P. | Beruto, M. V. | Vallone, M. G. | Vazquez, C. | Savoy, N. | Giunta, D. H. | Perez, L. G. | Sanchez, M. D. L. | Gamarnik, A. V. | Ojeda, D. S. | Santoro, D. M. | Camino, P. J. | Antelo, S. | Rainero, K. | Vidiella, G. P. | Miyazaki, E. A. | Cornistein, W. | Trabadelo, O. A. | Ross, F. M. | Spotti, M. | Funtowicz, G. | Scordo, W. E. | Losso, M. H. | Ferniot, I. | Pardo, P. E. | Rodriguez, E. | Rucci, P. | Pasquali, J. | Fuentes, N. A. | Esperatti, M. | Speroni, G. A. | Nannini, E. C. | Matteaccio, A. | Michelangelo, H. G. | Follmann, D. | Lane, H. C. | Belloso, W. H. | PlasmAr Study, Group C1 - 2020-12-01 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/120120_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 18 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2031304 ET - 2020/11/25 IS - 7 KW - Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Antibodies, Neutralizing/*blood | Blood Component Transfusion | COVID-19/complications/mortality/*therapy | Disease Progression | Double-Blind Method | Female | Hospitalization | Humans | Immunization, Passive | Immunoglobulin G/*blood | Kaplan-Meier Estimate | Male | Middle Aged | Pneumonia, Viral/etiology/mortality/*therapy | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology | Severity of Illness Index L1 - internal-pdf://2764483266/Simonovich-2021-A Randomized Trial of Convales.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Simonovich, Ventura A; Burgos Pratx, Leandro D; Scibona, Paula; Beruto, Maria V; Vallone, Marcelo G; Vazquez, Carolina; Savoy, Nadia; Giunta, Diego H; Perez, Lucia G; Sanchez, Marisa Del L; Gamarnik, Andrea Vanesa; Ojeda, Diego S; Santoro, Diego M; Camino, Pablo J; Antelo, Sebastian; Rainero, Karina; Vidiella, Gabriela P; Miyazaki, Erica A; Cornistein, Wanda; Trabadelo, Omar A; Ross, Fernando M; Spotti, Mariano; Funtowicz, Gabriel; Scordo, Walter E; Losso, Marcelo H; Ferniot, Ines; Pardo, Pablo E; Rodriguez, Eulalia; Rucci, Pablo; Pasquali, Julieta; Fuentes, Nora A; Esperatti, Mariano; Speroni, Gerardo A; Nannini, Esteban C; Matteaccio, Alejandra; Michelangelo, Hernan G; Follmann, Dean; Lane, H Clifford; Belloso, Waldo H; eng; Multicenter Study; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; N Engl J Med. 2021 Feb 18;384(7):619-629. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2031304. Epub 2020 Nov 24. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; At 30 days, there was no difference between the convalescent plasma (CP) and placebo groups in clinical outcomes (OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.52-1.35, p = 0.46) (Figure). | No significant differences in clinical status were seen at day 7 (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.58-1.34) or day 14 (OR 1.0, 95% CI 0.65-1.55). | Overall mortality was 11.0% in the CP group and 11.4% in the placebo group, (risk difference 0.46%, 95% CI 7.8 -6.8). | Methods: Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial between May 28 and August 27, 2020 at 12 sites in Argentina where 228 hospitalized adults with severe COVID-19 pneumonia received CP and 105 received placebo. The primary outcome of clinical status included death, ventilatory support, hospitalization with oxygen requirement, hospitalization without oxygen requirement, discharged without full recovery, discharge with full recovery. CP had a median titer of 1:3200 of total SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Limitations: Conclusions cannot be drawn regarding efficacy of CP therapy earlier than the median time of entry to this trial or in patients with milder disease. | Implications: CP therapy appears non-effective in treatment of severe pneumonia in this study. These data contrast findings of nonrandomized studies showing the benefit of CP and illustrates the importance of rigorous, randomized, placebo-controlled trials in the consideration of treatment recommendations. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 619-629 ST - A Randomized Trial of Convalescent Plasma in Covid-19 Severe Pneumonia T2 - N Engl J Med TI - A Randomized Trial of Convalescent Plasma in Covid-19 Severe Pneumonia UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33232588 VL - 384 ID - 1278 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) occurs after exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). For persons who are exposed, the standard of care is observation and quarantine. Whether hydroxychloroquine can prevent symptomatic infection after SARS-CoV-2 exposure is unknown. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial across the United States and parts of Canada testing hydroxychloroquine as postexposure prophylaxis. We enrolled adults who had household or occupational exposure to someone with confirmed Covid-19 at a distance of less than 6 ft for more than 10 minutes while wearing neither a face mask nor an eye shield (high-risk exposure) or while wearing a face mask but no eye shield (moderate-risk exposure). Within 4 days after exposure, we randomly assigned participants to receive either placebo or hydroxychloroquine (800 mg once, followed by 600 mg in 6 to 8 hours, then 600 mg daily for 4 additional days). The primary outcome was the incidence of either laboratory-confirmed Covid-19 or illness compatible with Covid-19 within 14 days. RESULTS: We enrolled 821 asymptomatic participants. Overall, 87.6% of the participants (719 of 821) reported a high-risk exposure to a confirmed Covid-19 contact. The incidence of new illness compatible with Covid-19 did not differ significantly between participants receiving hydroxychloroquine (49 of 414 [11.8%]) and those receiving placebo (58 of 407 [14.3%]); the absolute difference was -2.4 percentage points (95% confidence interval, -7.0 to 2.2; P = 0.35). Side effects were more common with hydroxychloroquine than with placebo (40.1% vs. 16.8%), but no serious adverse reactions were reported. CONCLUSIONS: After high-risk or moderate-risk exposure to Covid-19, hydroxychloroquine did not prevent illness compatible with Covid-19 or confirmed infection when used as postexposure prophylaxis within 4 days after exposure. (Funded by David Baszucki and Jan Ellison Baszucki and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04308668.). AD - From the University of Minnesota (D.R.B., M.F.P., A.S.B., K.A.P., S.M.L., E.C.O., C.P.S., A.A.N., M.R.N., M.A., N.W.E., R.R., K.H.H.) and M Health Fairview Investigational Drug Service Pharmacy (D.L.), Minneapolis; and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and the Clinical Practice Assessment Unit, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal (M.P.C., E.G.M., T.C.L.), the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba (S.A.L., L.J.M., G.D., N.M., R.Z.), the Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, CancerCare Manitoba, University of Manitoba (R.Z.), and the George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation (L.E.K.), Winnipeg, and the University of Alberta, Edmonton (I.S.S.) - all in Canada. AN - 32492293 AU - Boulware, D. R. | Pullen, M. F. | Bangdiwala, A. S. | Pastick, K. A. | Lofgren, S. M. | Okafor, E. C. | Skipper, C. P. | Nascene, A. A. | Nicol, M. R. | Abassi, M. | Engen, N. W. | Cheng, M. P. | LaBar, D. | Lother, S. A. | MacKenzie, L. J. | Drobot, G. | Marten, N. | Zarychanski, R. | Kelly, L. E. | Schwartz, I. S. | McDonald, E. G. | Rajasingham, R. | Lee, T. C. | Hullsiek, K. H. C1 - 2020-06-09 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060920_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 6 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2016638 ET - 2020/06/04 IS - 6 KW - Adult | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Canada | Coronavirus Infections/*prevention & control | Double-Blind Method | Female | Humans | Hydroxychloroquine/adverse effects/*therapeutic use | Inhalation Exposure | Male | Middle Aged | Occupational Exposure | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*prevention & control | *Post-Exposure Prophylaxis | SARS-CoV-2 | Treatment Failure | United States L1 - internal-pdf://1478664137/Boulware-2020-A Randomized Trial of Hydroxychl.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Boulware, David R; Pullen, Matthew F; Bangdiwala, Ananta S; Pastick, Katelyn A; Lofgren, Sarah M; Okafor, Elizabeth C; Skipper, Caleb P; Nascene, Alanna A; Nicol, Melanie R; Abassi, Mahsa; Engen, Nicole W; Cheng, Matthew P; LaBar, Derek; Lother, Sylvain A; MacKenzie, Lauren J; Drobot, Glen; Marten, Nicole; Zarychanski, Ryan; Kelly, Lauren E; Schwartz, Ilan S; McDonald, Emily G; Rajasingham, Radha; Lee, Todd C; Hullsiek, Kathy H; eng; R01 NS110519/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/; R01 NS086312/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/; UL1 TR002494/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; K23 AI138851/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; U01 AI125003/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; T32 GM007347/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/; T32 AI055433/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; D43 TW009345/TW/FIC NIH HHS/; K23 MH121220/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/; K08 AI134262/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Multicenter Study; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; N Engl J Med. 2020 Aug 6;383(6):517-525. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2016638. Epub 2020 Jun 3. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; After high- or moderate-risk exposure to SARS-CoV-2, incidence of COVID-19 symptoms did not differ between participants assigned to receive 5 days of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) post-exposure prophylaxis (49/414 [11.8%]) versus placebo (58/407 [14.3%]; p=0.35) (Figure A). | 66% of participants were healthcare workers, of whom 77% were exposed to infected patients or coworkers. | Side effects were more common among participants who received HCQ (140/349 [40.1%]) versus placebo (59/351 [16.8%]; p<0.001) (Figure B) and were predominantly gastrointestinal. | No arrhythmias were observed during the short course of HCQ used in this study. | Methods: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of HCQ among 821 asymptomatic adult participants exposed to SARS-CoV-2, March 13–May 6, 2020. Participants received 5 days of HCQ administered within 4 days of their exposure to SARS-CoV-2. Primary outcome was either PCR-confirmed infection (15%) or self-reported COVID-19-related symptoms consistent with infection within 14 days after enrollment (85%). Limitations: Participants not systematically tested for SARS-CoV-2 and asymptomatic infections were likely missed; relied on self-reported testing, illness, and hospitalization; no systematic monitoring for cardiac arrhythmias. | Implications: Evidence from this trial does not support use of HCQ for postexposure prophylaxis to prevent COVID-19. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 517-525 ST - A Randomized Trial of Hydroxychloroquine as Postexposure Prophylaxis for Covid-19 T2 - N Engl J Med TI - A Randomized Trial of Hydroxychloroquine as Postexposure Prophylaxis for Covid-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32492293 VL - 383 ID - 347 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. bgraham@mail.nih.gov. AN - 32385100 AU - Graham, B. S. C1 - 2020-05-19 C2 - Vaccine Development CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051920_covidupdate.html DA - May 29 DO - 10.1126/science.abb8923 ET - 2020/05/10 IS - 6494 KW - Animals | Antibodies, Neutralizing/biosynthesis/immunology | Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis/immunology | Antibody-Dependent Enhancement | Betacoronavirus/*immunology/physiology | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | Coronavirus Infections/immunology/*prevention & control | Cytokines/immunology | Disease Models, Animal | Humans | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/immunology/*prevention & control | SARS-CoV-2 | T-Lymphocytes/immunology | *Viral Vaccines/adverse effects/immunology | Virus Replication L1 - internal-pdf://0619912656/Graham-2020-Rapid COVID-19 vaccine development.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Graham, Barney S; eng; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural; Science. 2020 May 29;368(6494):945-946. doi: 10.1126/science.abb8923. Epub 2020 May 8. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: The CoV spike protein on the virus surface is a target for a COVID-19 vaccine. Safety pitfalls must be avoided to achieve the fastest path to an effective, safe vaccine. SN - 1095-9203 (Electronic); 0036-8075 (Linking) SP - 945-946 ST - Rapid COVID-19 vaccine development T2 - Science TI - Rapid COVID-19 vaccine development UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32385100 VL - 368 ID - 212 ER - TY - JOUR AD - David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA oyang@mednet.ucla.edu. AN - 32706954 AU - Ibarrondo, F. J. | Fulcher, J. A. | Goodman-Meza, D. | Elliott, J. | Hofmann, C. | Hausner, M. A. | Ferbas, K. G. | Tobin, N. H. | Aldrovandi, G. M. | Yang, O. O. C1 - 2020-07-28 C2 - Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072820_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 10 DO - 10.1056/NEJMc2025179 ET - 2020/07/25 IS - 11 KW - Adult | Aged | Antibodies, Viral/*blood | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*immunology | Female | Humans | Immunoglobulin G/blood | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*immunology | SARS-CoV-2 | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://0580057876/Ibarrondo-2020-Rapid Decay of Anti-SARS-CoV-2.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Ibarrondo, F Javier; Fulcher, Jennifer A; Goodman-Meza, David; Elliott, Julie; Hofmann, Christian; Hausner, Mary A; Ferbas, Kathie G; Tobin, Nicole H; Aldrovandi, Grace M; Yang, Otto O; eng; R01 AI140775/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; AI124979/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/International; U01 AI068632/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; UM1 AI068632/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; UM1AI068616/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/International; AI140775/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/International; U01 AI068616/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; UM1AI068632/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/International; K08 DA048163/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/; Grant to OOY/AIDS Healthcare Foundation/International; UM1 AI106716/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R21 AI131879/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; AI131879/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/International; UM1 AI068616/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; 2019086/DDCF/Doris Duke Charitable Foundation/; K08 AI124979/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; UM1AI106716/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/International; Letter; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; N Engl J Med. 2020 Sep 10;383(11):1085-1087. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2025179. Epub 2020 Jul 21. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies have a half-life of approximately 36 days (95% CI 26-60 days) in recovered patients with mild illness (Figure). | Methods: Observational study of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies among 34 recovered individuals, most with mild illness. Initial and final blood samples were obtained at a mean of 37 (range 18-65) and 86 (46-119) days post symptom onset, respectively. Anti–SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain serum IgG concentrations were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Limitations: Most patients had only 2 specimens obtained; limited observation period. | Implications for 3 studies (Ibarrondo et al., Seow et al., & Wajnberg et al.): The results show antibody response increased with severity of disease with possible decline over time. Further studies are needed to quantify correlates of protection from SARS-CoV-2 over longer periods of time, assess the magnitude and durability of the immune response, and understand how this impacts protection from recurrent infection in order to develop correlates of protection after natural infection. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 1085-1087 ST - Rapid Decay of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Persons with Mild Covid-19 T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Rapid Decay of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Persons with Mild Covid-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32706954 VL - 383 ID - 600 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients on haemodialysis (HD) have high mortality. We investigated the value of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and the dynamic changes of antibodies (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay immunoglobulin M (IgM) + IgA and/or IgG) in a large HD cohort.We conducted a prospective observational study in 10 Madrid HD centres. Infection rate, anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody dynamics and the incidence of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection (defined by positive RT-PCR, IgM + IgA and/or IgG) were assessed.From 1 March to 15 April 2020, 136 of 808 (16.8%) HD patients were diagnosed with symptomatic COVID-19 by RT-PCR of nasopharyngeal swabs and 42/136 (31%) died. In the second fortnight of April, RT-PCR and anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were assessed in 763 of the surviving patients. At this point, 69/91 (75.8%) symptomatic COVID-19 patients had anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Four weeks later, 15.4% (10/65) of initially antibody-positive patients had become negative. Among patients without prior symptomatic COVID-19, 9/672 (1.3%) were RT-PCR positive and 101/672 patients (15.0%) were antibody positive. Four weeks later, 62/86 (72.1%) of initially antibody-positive patients had become negative. Considering only IgG titres, serology remained positive after 4 weeks in 90% (54/60) of patients with symptomatic COVID-19 and in 52.5% (21/40) of asymptomatic patients. The probability of an adequate serologic response (defined as the development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies that persisted at 4 weeks) was higher in patients who had symptomatic COVID-19 than in asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection {odds ratio [OR) 4.04 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.04�?.99]} corrected for age, Charlson comorbidity index score and time on HD. Living in a nursing home [OR 5.9 (95% CI 2.3�?5.1)] was the main risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection.The anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody immune response in HD patients depends on clinical presentation. The antibody titres decay earlier than previously reported for the general population. This inadequate immune response raises questions about the efficacy of future vaccines. AD - Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Infanta Leonor, Madrid, Spain. | Department of Medicine, Fundacion Renal Inigo Alvarez de Toledo, Madrid, Spain. | Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Puerta de Hierro, Madrid, Spain. | Research Network REDInREN 016/009/009 Instituto Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. | Department of Nephrology, Dialysis Center-Los Lauros, Fundacion Renal Inigo Alvarez de Toledo, Madrid, Spain. | Department of Nephrology, Dialysis Center-Los Llanos, Fundacion Renal Inigo Alvarez de Toledo, Madrid, Spain. | Department of Nephrology, Dialysis Center-Los Llanos II, Fundacion Renal Inigo Alvarez de Toledo, Madrid, Spain. | Department of Nephrology, Dialysis Center-Santa Engracia, Fundacion Renal Inigo Alvarez de Toledo, Madrid, Spain. | Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Villalba, Madrid, Spain. | Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain. | Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Infanta Elena, Madrid, Spain. | Department of Nephrology, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain. | Department of Nephrology, Fundacion Hospital Alcorcon, Madrid, Spain. | Department of Microbiology, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain. | Fundacion Renal Inigo Alvarez de Toledo, Madrid, Spain. AN - 34211708 AU - Alc֙zar-Arroyo, Roberto | Portolés, José | L�Qpez-S֙nchez, Paula | Zalamea, Felipe | Furaz, Karina | Méndez, Ángel | Nieto, Luis | S֙nchez-Hern֙ndez, Rosa | Pizarro, Soledad | Garc�Ta, Alicia | Pereira, M�Qnica | Gallego-Valc֙rcel, Eduardo | Ll�Qpez-Carratala, Rosario | Gadea-Gironés, Ignacio | Mart�Tn, Roberto | Miranda, Blanca C1 - 2021-03-19 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03192021_covidupdate.html DA - Jul DO - 10.1093/ckj/sfab048 ET - 2021/07/03 IS - 7 KW - Covid-19 | SARS-CoV-2 | antibodies | haemodialysis L1 - internal-pdf://0523546445/Alc֙zar-Arroyo-2021-Rapid decline of anti-SARS.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Alcazar-Arroyo, Roberto | Portoles, Jose | Lopez-Sanchez, Paula | Zalamea, Felipe | Furaz, Karina | Mendez, Angel | Nieto, Luis | Sanchez-Hernandez, Rosa | Pizarro, Soledad | Garcia, Alicia | Pereira, Monica | Gallego-Valcarcel, Eduardo | Llopez-Carratala, Rosario | Gadea-Girones, Ignacio | Martin, Roberto | Miranda, Blanca | eng | England | Clin Kidney J. 2021 Mar 9;14(7):1835-1844. doi: 10.1093/ckj/sfab048. eCollection 2021 Jul. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Observational cohort of 763 COVID-19 patients on hemodialysis found declining SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (Abs) 4 weeks from baseline; this decay of Ab titers is earlier than the general population and raises questions about vaccine efficacy in this patient population. SN - 2048-8505; 2048-8513 SP - 1835-1844 ST - Rapid decline of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in patients on haemodialysis: the COVID-FRIAT study T2 - Clinical Kidney Journal TI - Rapid decline of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in patients on haemodialysis: the COVID-FRIAT study UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfab048 VL - 14 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1587 ER - TY - JOUR AB - There are only few data concerning persistence of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) among SARS-CoV-2-infected healthcare workers (HCW). These individuals are particularly exposed to SARS-CoV-2 infection and at potential risk of reinfection. We followed 26 HCW with mild COVID-19 three weeks (D21), two months (M2) and three months (M3) after the onset of symptoms. All the HCW had anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) IgA at D21, decreasing to 38.5% at M3 (p < 0.0001). Concomitantly a significant decrease in NAb titers was observed between D21 and M2 (p = 0.03) and between D21 and M3 (p < 0.0001). Here, we report that SARS-CoV-2 can elicit a NAb response correlated with anti-RBD antibody levels. However, this neutralizing activity declines, and may even be lost, in association with a decrease in systemic IgA antibody levels, from two months after disease onset. This short-lasting humoral protection supports strong recommendations to maintain infection prevention and control measures in HCW, and suggests that periodic boosts of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination may be required. AD - Sorbonne Universite, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidemiologie et de Sante Publique (iPLESP), Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Pitie Salpetriere Hospital, Department of Virology, Paris, France. stephanesylvain.marot@aphp.fr. | Sorbonne Universite, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidemiologie et de Sante Publique (iPLESP), Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Pitie Salpetriere Hospital, Department of Virology, Paris, France. | Sorbonne Universite, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), AP-HP, Pitie Salpetriere Hospital, Department of Immunology, Paris, France. | Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France. | Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France. AN - 33558507 AU - Marot, S. | Malet, I. | Leducq, V. | Zafilaza, K. | Sterlin, D. | Planas, D. | Gothland, A. | Jary, A. | Dorgham, K. | Bruel, T. | Sorbonne Universite, Sars-CoV-Neutralizing Antibodies Study Group | Burrel, S. | Boutolleau, D. | Schwartz, O. | Gorochov, G. | Calvez, V. | Marcelin, A. G. C1 - 2021-02-19 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02192021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 8 DO - 10.1038/s41467-021-21111-9 ET - 2021/02/10 IS - 1 KW - Adult | Antibodies, Neutralizing/*immunology | Antibodies, Viral/*immunology | Binding Sites/immunology | COVID-19/*immunology/virology | Cell Line, Tumor | Female | Health Personnel/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Immunoglobulin A/immunology | Male | Middle Aged | Protein Binding | Receptors, Virus/metabolism | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology/physiology | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology/metabolism | Time Factors L1 - internal-pdf://1235205360/Marot-2021-Rapid decline of neutralizing antib.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Marot, Stephane; Malet, Isabelle; Leducq, Valentin; Zafilaza, Karen; Sterlin, Delphine; Planas, Delphine; Gothland, Adelie; Jary, Aude; Dorgham, Karim; Bruel, Timothee; Burrel, Sonia; Boutolleau, David; Schwartz, Olivier; Gorochov, Guy; Calvez, Vincent; Marcelin, Anne-Genevieve; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Nat Commun. 2021 Feb 8;12(1):844. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-21111-9. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Healthcare workers (HCWs) infected with mild symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection experienced changes in IgA profiles that were associated with declining neutralizing activity 2 months after symptom onset. | Anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) IgA decreased from 100% at baseline to 38.5% at 3 months, but anti-RBD immunoglobulin G (IgG) remained relatively stable (100% at baseline to 92.3% at 3 months). | Significant concomitant decreases in neutralizing antibody titers (NAbs) were observed between day 21 and 2 months and 3 months, respectively, suggesting that NAbs correlate with IgA. | Methods: Observational study of serum samples of 26 HCW recovering from mild, RT-PCR confirmed SARS-CoV2 infection to assess the development of protective antibody response and duration. Changes in levels of IgG, IgA, and IgM antibodies and NAbs assessed at 3 time points post-symptom onset: day 21, 2 months, and 3 months. Limitations: Small sample size. | Implications: Short-lasting immune protection suggests prevention and control measures should be maintained among seropositive HCWs. SN - 2041-1723 (Electronic); 2041-1723 (Linking) SP - 844 ST - Rapid decline of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 among infected healthcare workers T2 - Nat Commun TI - Rapid decline of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 among infected healthcare workers UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33558507 VL - 12 ID - 1521 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The implementation of public health measures during the #COVID19 pandemic may also help to reduce transmission of respiratory illnesses such as influenza https://bit.ly/2BmysRJ. AD - Yale School of Medicine, Dept of Internal Medicine, Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. | Joint first authors. | Yale School of Medicine, Dept of Internal Medicine, Section of Pediatrics, New Haven, CT, USA. | College of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China. | Joint senior authors. AN - 32832527 AU - Young, G. | Peng, X. | Rebeza, A. | Bermejo, S. | De, C. | Sharma, L. | Dela Cruz, C. S. C1 - 2020-09-04 C2 - COVID-19 and Other Respiratory Infections CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090420_covidupdate.html DA - Jul DO - 10.1183/23120541.00296-2020 ET - 2020/08/25 IS - 3 L1 - internal-pdf://0122059211/Young-2020-Rapid decline of seasonal influenza.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Young, Grant; Peng, Xiaohua; Rebeza, Andre; Bermejo, Santos; De, Chang; Sharma, Lokesh; Dela Cruz, Charles S; eng; England; ERJ Open Res. 2020 Aug 17;6(3). pii: 00296-2020. doi: 10.1183/23120541.00296-2020. eCollection 2020 Jul. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In China and Italy, COVID-19 cases rose substantially within 4 weeks after the influenza peak, correlating with a steep decline in reported influenza cases compared to prior years (p = 0.004 and p = 0.001 for China (Figure a) and Italy (Figure b), respectively). | The United States had a steeper decline in the 7 weeks following the influenza peak compared to prior years (p = 0.003). | The delay in the COVID outbreak relative to China and Italy might have contributed to the later decline. | Methods: Influenza and COVID-19 incidence data for China, Italy, and the United States were obtained from the World Health Organization website. Rate of decline of influenza in each country was calculated using linear regression from the influenza peak to weeks 4 and 7 after the peak for the 2019/2020 season compared with 2015 to 2019 flu seasons. Limitations: Mechanisms explaining decline in influenza cases during the COVID-19 outbreak might be multifactorial; case data (both influenza and COVID-19) could be influenced by testing and reporting capacities in each country; coinfection data not provided. | Implications of both studies (Young et al. & Marriot et al.): These studies as well as a Research Letter by Wong et al. demonstrate that implementation of protective measures during the COVID-19 pandemic might have had an important impact on prevalence of respiratory infections, including seasonal influenza and SARS-CoV-2. Changes in the prevalence of circulating respiratory viruses might provide a useful indicator of success of ongoing measures, including physical distancing restrictions. SN - 2312-0541 (Print); 2312-0541 (Linking) SP - 00296-2020 ST - Rapid decline of seasonal influenza during the outbreak of COVID-19 T2 - ERJ Open Res TI - Rapid decline of seasonal influenza during the outbreak of COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32832527 VL - 6 ID - 837 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The burden and influence of health-care associated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections is unknown. We aimed to examine the use of rapid SARS-CoV-2 sequencing combined with detailed epidemiological analysis to investigate health-care associated SARS-CoV-2 infections and inform infection control measures. METHODS: In this prospective surveillance study, we set up rapid SARS-CoV-2 nanopore sequencing from PCR-positive diagnostic samples collected from our hospital (Cambridge, UK) and a random selection from hospitals in the East of England, enabling sample-to-sequence in less than 24 h. We established a weekly review and reporting system with integration of genomic and epidemiological data to investigate suspected health-care associated COVID-19 cases. FINDINGS: Between March 13 and April 24, 2020, we collected clinical data and samples from 5613 patients with COVID-19 from across the East of England. We sequenced 1000 samples producing 747 high-quality genomes. We combined epidemiological and genomic analysis of the 299 patients from our hospital and identified 35 clusters of identical viruses involving 159 patients. 92 (58%) of 159 patients had strong epidemiological links and 32 (20%) patients had plausible epidemiological links. These results were fed back to clinical, infection control, and hospital management teams, leading to infection-control interventions and informing patient safety reporting. INTERPRETATION: We established real-time genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in a UK hospital and showed the benefit of combined genomic and epidemiological analysis for the investigation of health-care associated COVID-19. This approach enabled us to detect cryptic transmission events and identify opportunities to target infection-control interventions to further reduce health-care associated infections. Our findings have important implications for national public health policy as they enable rapid tracking and investigation of infections in hospital and community settings. FUNDING: COVID-19 Genomics UK funded by the Department of Health and Social Care, UK Research and Innovation, and the Wellcome Sanger Institute. AD - Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. | Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK. | Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. | Public Health England Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Laboratory, Cambridge, UK. | Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Francis Crick Institute, London, UK. | Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Cambridge, UK. | Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Institute for Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Cambridge, UK; Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK. | Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK. | Field Epidemiology, Field Service, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Cambridge, UK. | Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK; Public Health England Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Laboratory, Cambridge, UK. | Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK. | Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK. Electronic address: et317@cam.ac.uk. | Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. Electronic address: ig299@cam.ac.uk. AN - 32679081 AU - Meredith, L. W. | Hamilton, W. L. | Warne, B. | Houldcroft, C. J. | Hosmillo, M. | Jahun, A. S. | Curran, M. D. | Parmar, S. | Caller, L. G. | Caddy, S. L. | Khokhar, F. A. | Yakovleva, A. | Hall, G. | Feltwell, T. | Forrest, S. | Sridhar, S. | Weekes, M. P. | Baker, S. | Brown, N. | Moore, E. | Popay, A. | Roddick, I. | Reacher, M. | Gouliouris, T. | Peacock, S. J. | Dougan, G. | Torok, M. E. | Goodfellow, I. C1 - 2020-07-24 C2 - Laboratory Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072420_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30562-4 ET - 2020/07/18 IS - 11 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Betacoronavirus/*genetics | Covid-19 | Child | Child, Preschool | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/*prevention & control/virology | Cross Infection/*epidemiology/*prevention & control/virology | England/epidemiology | Female | Genome, Viral/genetics | Hospitals, University | Humans | Infant | Infant, Newborn | Infection Control/*methods | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Patient Safety | Phylogeny | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/*prevention & control/virology | Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods | Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide | Prospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 | Whole Genome Sequencing/methods | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://1035416941/Meredith-2020-Rapid implementation of SARS-CoV.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Meredith, Luke W; Hamilton, William L; Warne, Ben; Houldcroft, Charlotte J; Hosmillo, Myra; Jahun, Aminu S; Curran, Martin D; Parmar, Surendra; Caller, Laura G; Caddy, Sarah L; Khokhar, Fahad A; Yakovleva, Anna; Hall, Grant; Feltwell, Theresa; Forrest, Sally; Sridhar, Sushmita; Weekes, Michael P; Baker, Stephen; Brown, Nicholas; Moore, Elinor; Popay, Ashley; Roddick, Iain; Reacher, Mark; Gouliouris, Theodore; Peacock, Sharon J; Dougan, Gordon; Torok, M Estee; Goodfellow, Ian; eng; WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; MC_PC_19027/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Nov;20(11):1263-1271. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30562-4. Epub 2020 Jul 14. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among 159 patients, 35 clusters were identified by viral sequencing with cluster sizes of 2 to 18 persons, some of whom were health care providers. | Several clusters of healthcare-setting-acquired infections were identified including among renal dialysis patients, transplant patients and one cluster that involved multiple wards of one hospital (Figure). | Methods: Epidemiologic analysis and rapid sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 of samples from 299 persons in one hospital in Southeast England (both patients and health care providers), between March 13 and April 24, 2020. Limitations: Low SARS-CoV-2 sequence diversity makes interpretation of clusters challenging, as samples could be identical by chance rather than because of an epidemiologic link; all genomes from samples were not sequenced so transmission events may have been missed. | Implications: Real-time genomic sequencing and epidemiological analysis enable detection of complex transmission chains of SARS-CoV-2 not otherwise recognized. This information can be used to implement infection-control interventions to reduce spread in communities and health-care settings. SN - 1474-4457 (Electronic); 1473-3099 (Linking) SP - 1263-1271 ST - Rapid implementation of SARS-CoV-2 sequencing to investigate cases of health-care associated COVID-19: a prospective genomic surveillance study T2 - Lancet Infect Dis TI - Rapid implementation of SARS-CoV-2 sequencing to investigate cases of health-care associated COVID-19: a prospective genomic surveillance study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32679081 VL - 20 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 574 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Evergreen Treatment Services, Seattle, WA, USA. peavy@evergreentx.org. | Evergreen Treatment Services, Seattle, WA, USA. | Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA. | Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. | Alcohol & Drug Abuse Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. | Washington State Health Care Authority, Olympia, WA, USA. AN - 32347404 AU - Peavy, K. M. | Darnton, J. | Grekin, P. | Russo, M. | Green, C. J. B. | Merrill, J. O. | Fotinos, C. | Woolworth, S. | Soth, S. | Tsui, J. I. C1 - 2020-05-08 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050820_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1007/s10461-020-02887-1 DP - NLM ET - 2020/04/30 IS - 9 L1 - internal-pdf://1358001244/Peavy-2020-Rapid Implementation of Service Del.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Peavy, K Michelle; Darnton, James; Grekin, Paul; Russo, Monica; Green, Caleb J Banta; Merrill, Joseph O; Fotinos, Charissa; Woolworth, Steve; Soth, Sean; Tsui, Judith I; eng; P30 AI027757/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Editorial; AIDS Behav. 2020 Sep;24(9):2469-2472. doi: 10.1007/s10461-020-02887-1. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Describes measures adopted at an Opioid Treatment Program to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 while preserving core services to patients and implementing clinical decision-making strategies aimed at maintaining patient and community safety. SN - 1573-3254 (Electronic); 1090-7165 (Linking) SP - 2469-2472 ST - Rapid Implementation of Service Delivery Changes to Mitigate COVID-19 and Maintain Access to Methadone Among Persons with and at High-Risk for HIV in an Opioid Treatment Program T2 - AIDS Behav TI - Rapid Implementation of Service Delivery Changes to Mitigate COVID-19 and Maintain Access to Methadone Among Persons with and at High-Risk for HIV in an Opioid Treatment Program UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32347404 VL - 24 ID - 159 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The spread of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections worldwide has raised concerns about the prevention and control of SARS-CoV-2. Devices that rapidly inactivate viruses can reduce the chance of infection through aerosols and contact transmission. This in vitro study demonstrated that irradiation with a deep ultraviolet light-emitting diode (DUV-LED) of 280 +/- 5 nm wavelength rapidly inactivates SARS-CoV-2 obtained from a COVID-19 patient. Development of devices equipped with DUV-LED is expected to prevent virus invasion through the air and after touching contaminated objects. AD - M&N Collaboration Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Environment Innovation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan. | Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan. | Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan. | Nikkiso Co., LTD, Tokyo, Japan. | Department of Hemovascular Medicine and Artificial Organs, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan. AN - 32673522 AU - Inagaki, H. | Saito, A. | Sugiyama, H. | Okabayashi, T. | Fujimoto, S. C1 - 2020-08-14 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08142020_covidupdate.html DA - Dec DO - 10.1080/22221751.2020.1796529 DP - NLM ET - 2020/07/17 IS - 1 KW - Animals | Betacoronavirus/isolation & purification/*radiation effects | Covid-19 | Cell Survival | Chlorocebus aethiops | Coronavirus Infections/*virology | Decontamination | Humans | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*virology | SARS-CoV-2 | Ultraviolet Rays | Vero Cells | Virus Inactivation | antiviral efficacy | contact transmission | deep-UV LED | fomite infection | inactivation L1 - internal-pdf://1860372683/Inagaki-2020-Rapid inactivation of SARS-CoV-2.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Inagaki, Hiroko; Saito, Akatsuki; Sugiyama, Hironobu; Okabayashi, Tamaki; Fujimoto, Shouichi; eng; Letter; Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020 Dec;9(1):1744-1747. doi: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1796529. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In vitro irradiation via 280 �u 5 nm ultraviolet light rapidly inactivates SARS-CoV-2 from a patient. SN - 2222-1751 (Electronic); 2222-1751 (Linking) SP - 1744-1747 ST - Rapid inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 with deep-UV LED irradiation T2 - Emerg Microbes Infect TI - Rapid inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 with deep-UV LED irradiation UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32673522 VL - 9 ID - 703 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The COVID-19 pandemic provides an urgent example where a gap exists between availability of state-of-the-art diagnostics and current needs. As assay protocols and primer sequences become widely known, many laboratories perform diagnostic tests using methods such as RT-PCR or reverse transcription loop mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP). Here, we report an RT-LAMP isothermal assay for the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus and demonstrate the assay on clinical samples using a simple and accessible point-of-care (POC) instrument. We characterized the assay by dipping swabs into synthetic nasal fluid spiked with the virus, moving the swab to viral transport medium (VTM), and sampling a volume of the VTM to perform the RT-LAMP assay without an RNA extraction kit. The assay has a limit of detection (LOD) of 50 RNA copies per muL in the VTM solution within 30 min. We further demonstrate our assay by detecting SARS-CoV-2 viruses from 20 clinical samples. Finally, we demonstrate a portable and real-time POC device to detect SARS-CoV-2 from VTM samples using an additively manufactured three-dimensional cartridge and a smartphone-based reader. The POC system was tested using 10 clinical samples, and was able to detect SARS-CoV-2 from these clinical samples by distinguishing positive samples from negative samples after 30 min. The POC tests are in complete agreement with RT-PCR controls. This work demonstrates an alternative pathway for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics that does not require conventional laboratory infrastructure, in settings where diagnosis is required at the point of sample collection. AD - Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801. | Nick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801. | Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801. | Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801. | Emergency Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria & OSF Healthcare, Peoria, IL 61637. | Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801. | Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Carle Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, IL 61801. | Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801; rbashir@illinois.edu. AN - 32868442 AU - Ganguli, A. | Mostafa, A. | Berger, J. | Aydin, M. Y. | Sun, F. | Ramirez, S. A. S. | Valera, E. | Cunningham, B. T. | King, W. P. | Bashir, R. C1 - 2020-09-11 C2 - SARS-CoV-2 Detection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091120_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 15 DO - 10.1073/pnas.2014739117 ET - 2020/09/02 IS - 37 KW - Betacoronavirus/genetics/pathogenicity | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis | Humans | Limit of Detection | Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/instrumentation/*methods/standards | Nasal Mucosa/virology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis | Point-of-Care Testing/*standards | Reproducibility of Results | Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain | Reaction/instrumentation/*methods/standards | SARS-CoV-2 | Smartphone | *COVID-19 diagnostics | *rt-lamp | *SARS-CoV-2 | *point-of-care | *smartphone reader | Radius Inc., where the additively manufactured cartridge was produced. B.T.C. | serves as a consultant to and has financial interests in Reliant Immune | Diagnostics. L1 - internal-pdf://0725257977/Ganguli-2020-Rapid isothermal amplification an.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Ganguli, Anurup; Mostafa, Ariana; Berger, Jacob; Aydin, Mehmet Y; Sun, Fu; Ramirez, Sarah A Stewart de; Valera, Enrique; Cunningham, Brian T; King, William P; Bashir, Rashid; eng; R21 AI146865/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R21 AI146865A/NH/NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. | Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020 Sep 15;117(37):22727-22735. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2014739117. Epub 2020 Aug 31. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: The authors describe point of care testing for SARS-CoV-2 that has 100% agreement with RT-PCR testing done in a laboratory. SN - 1091-6490 (Electronic); 0027-8424 (Linking) SP - 22727-22735 ST - Rapid isothermal amplification and portable detection system for SARS-CoV-2 T2 - Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A TI - Rapid isothermal amplification and portable detection system for SARS-CoV-2 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32868442 VL - 117 ID - 866 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, China. | Qingdao University, Qingdao, China. | Municipal Center of Disease Control and Prevention of Qingdao, Qingdao, China. | Qingdao Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao, China. AN - 33207089 AU - Xing, Y. | Wong, G. W. K. | Ni, W. | Hu, X. | Xing, Q. C1 - 2020-12-15 C2 - Detection, Burden, Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/121520_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 3 DO - 10.1056/NEJMc2032361 ET - 2020/11/19 IS - 23 KW - COVID-19/diagnosis/*epidemiology/transmission | *COVID-19 Testing | China/epidemiology | Contact Tracing | Disease Outbreaks/*prevention & control | Female | Humans | Male | SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification L1 - internal-pdf://0236763653/Xing-2020-Rapid Response to an Outbreak in Qin.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Xing, Yuhan; Wong, Gary W K; Ni, Wei; Hu, Xiaowen; Xing, Quansheng; eng; Letter; N Engl J Med. 2020 Dec 3;383(23):e129. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2032361. Epub 2020 Nov 18. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In response to a COVID-19 cluster, 10.9 million people were tested in Qinqdao, China and surrounding suburban areas, identifying nine cases in addition to the initial three reported cases (Figure). | Epidemiologic evidence suggested that all cases were linked to a hospital where two port dock workers with asymptomatic COVID-19 infections had earlier received chest CT scans. | Methods: COVID-19 outbreak investigation prompted by three cases reported in Qingdao, China on October 11, 2020. Pooled RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2 testingexternal icon was conducted at 4,090 testing locations, and contact tracing and quarantining of close contacts was initiated in Qingdao and surrounding suburban areas. Limitations: No direct link was established for the source of the outbreak. | Implications: With a relatively small outbreak of COVID-19 centered around a hospital, Chinese authorities took extraordinary efforts in coordinating testing for millions of residents. Active surveillance is critical to identify outbreaks early and coordinate effective testing and contact tracing before widespread transmission occurs. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - e129 ST - Rapid Response to an Outbreak in Qingdao, China T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Rapid Response to an Outbreak in Qingdao, China UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33207089 VL - 383 ID - 1335 ER - TY - JOUR AB - SARS-CoV-2 variants raise major concerns regarding the control of COVID-19 epidemics. We analyse 40,000 specific RT-PCR tests performed on SARS-CoV-2-positive samples collected between Jan 26 and Feb 16, 2021. We find a high transmission advantage of variants and show that their spread in the country is more advanced than anticipated.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Clinical TrialNCT04738331Funding StatementThe authors than the CNRS, the IRD, the ANR and the Occitanie region (PHYEPI project) for funding.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:This study has been approved by the IRB of the CHU of Montpellier (France).All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData will be made available upon manuscript publication AU - Haim-Boukobza, Stéphanie | Roquebert, Benedicte | Trombert-Paolantoni, Sabine | Lecorche, Emmanuel | Verdurme, Laura | Foulongne, Vincent | Selinger, Christian | Michalakis, Yannis | Sofonea, Mircea T. | Alizon, Samuel C1 - 2021-03-12 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03122021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.02.20.21251927 L1 - internal-pdf://2617029038/Haim-Boukobza-2021-Rapid SARS-CoV-2 variants s.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The proportion of variants in SARS-CoV-2 samples increased between January 26 and February 16, 2021 (Figure). | Variants were more likely in the general population: OR 1.25 (95% CI 1.13-1.39) compared to samples from hospitalized patients. | Methods: Analyzed SARS-CoV-2-positive samples collected between January 26 and February 16, 2021 from 35,208 individuals aged 5-80 years in France using PCR with probes targeting �?9-70 deletion and N501Y mutation (both in the Spike gene). Classified samples with both changes (associated with lineage B.1.1.7) or with N501Y mutation only (associated with lineages B.1.153 and P.1) as variants. Used a generalized linear model (GLM) to analyze the binary strain variable (‘wild-type�?or ‘variant�?. Limitations: Retrospective sampling; new variants of concern might be missed. | Implications: SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern are spreading rapidly, highlighting the need for timely mitigation (e.g., vaccination, distancing, masking) and surveillance. France has been using variant-specific RT-PCRs on all positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR samples since February 5, 2021. Variant-specific RT-PCRs are less expensive than full genome sequencing and might be more rapidly and widely deployed. SP - 2021.02.20.21251927 ST - Rapid SARS-CoV-2 variants spread detected in France using specific RT-PCR testing T2 - medRxiv TI - Rapid SARS-CoV-2 variants spread detected in France using specific RT-PCR testing TT - Published article: Detecting Rapid Spread of SARS-CoV-2 Variants, France, January 26–February 16, 2021 UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/02/23/2021.02.20.21251927.full.pdf ID - 1577 ER - TY - JOUR AD - From the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (B.J.T.), the National Institute of Nursing Research (T.A.S.), the Office of the Director (T.A.S., R.A.B., R.L.F., F.S.C.), the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (E.J.P.-S.), the National Institute on Aging (R.J.H.), and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Toxicology Program (R.P.W.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. AN - 32706958 AU - Tromberg, B. J. | Schwetz, T. A. | Perez-Stable, E. J. | Hodes, R. J. | Woychik, R. P. | Bright, R. A. | Fleurence, R. L. | Collins, F. S. C1 - 2020-07-31 C2 - SARS-CoV-2 Detection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/073120_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 10 DO - 10.1056/NEJMsr2022263 ET - 2020/07/25 IS - 11 KW - Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Clinical Laboratory Techniques/*statistics & numerical data/*trends | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis | Humans | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis | Point-of-Care Testing/*trends | Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction | Serologic Tests | United States L1 - internal-pdf://0069865460/Tromberg-2020-Rapid Scaling Up of Covid-19 Dia.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Tromberg, Bruce J; Schwetz, Tara A; Perez-Stable, Eliseo J; Hodes, Richard J; Woychik, Richard P; Bright, Rick A; Fleurence, Rachael L; Collins, Francis S; eng; N Engl J Med. 2020 Sep 10;383(11):1071-1077. doi: 10.1056/NEJMsr2022263. Epub 2020 Jul 22. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Describes the four components of the Rapid Acceleration of Diagnostics (RADx) program, including a focus on underserved populations. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 1071-1077 ST - Rapid Scaling Up of Covid-19 Diagnostic Testing in the United States - The NIH RADx Initiative T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Rapid Scaling Up of Covid-19 Diagnostic Testing in the United States - The NIH RADx Initiative UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32706958 VL - 383 ID - 616 ER - TY - JOUR AB - To assess transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in a detention facility experiencing a coronavirus disease outbreak and evaluate testing strategies, we conducted a prospective cohort investigation in a facility in Louisiana, USA. We conducted SARS-CoV-2 testing for detained persons in 6 quarantined dormitories at various time points. Of 143 persons, 53 were positive at the initial test, and an additional 58 persons were positive at later time points (cumulative incidence 78%). In 1 dormitory, all 45 detained persons initially were negative; 18 days later, 40 (89%) were positive. Among persons who were SARS-CoV-2 positive, 47% (52/111) were asymptomatic at the time of specimen collection; 14 had replication-competent virus isolated. Serial SARS-CoV-2 testing might help interrupt transmission through medical isolation and quarantine. Testing in correctional and detention facilities will be most effective when initiated early in an outbreak, inclusive of all exposed persons, and paired with infection prevention and control. AN - 33395380 AU - Wallace, M. | James, A. E. | Silver, R. | Koh, M. | Tobolowsky, F. A. | Simonson, S. | Gold, J. A. W. | Fukunaga, R. | Njuguna, H. | Bordelon, K. | Wortham, J. | Coughlin, M. | Harcourt, J. L. | Tamin, A. | Whitaker, B. | Thornburg, N. J. | Tao, Y. | Queen, K. | Uehara, A. | Paden, C. R. | Zhang, J. | Tong, S. | Haydel, D. | Tran, H. | Kim, K. | Fisher, K. A. | Marlow, M. | Tate, J. E. | Doshi, R. H. | Sokol, T. | Curran, K. G. C1 - 2021-01-15 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01152021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb DO - 10.3201/eid2702.204158 ET - 2021/01/05 IS - 2 KW - Adult | COVID-19/diagnosis/*epidemiology/transmission | COVID-19 Testing/*statistics & numerical data | Disease Outbreaks/*statistics & numerical data | Disease Transmission, Infectious/*statistics & numerical data | Female | Humans | Incidence | Louisiana/epidemiology | Male | Prisons | Prospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2/*isolation & purification | Covid-19 | Louisiana | SARS-CoV-2 | United States | coronavirus disease | coronaviruses | correctional facilities | detention facilities | respiratory infections | serial testing | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 | transmission | viruses | zoonoses L1 - internal-pdf://2650128768/Wallace-2021-Rapid Transmission of Severe Acut.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Wallace, Megan; James, Allison E; Silver, Rachel; Koh, Mitsuki; Tobolowsky, Farrell A; Simonson, Sean; Gold, Jeremy A W; Fukunaga, Rena; Njuguna, Henry; Bordelon, Keith; Wortham, Jonathan; Coughlin, Melissa; Harcourt, Jennifer L; Tamin, Azaibi; Whitaker, Brett; Thornburg, Natalie J; Tao, Ying; Queen, Krista; Uehara, Anna; Paden, Clinton R; Zhang, Jing; Tong, Suxiang; Haydel, Danielle; Tran, Ha; Kim, Kaylee; Fisher, Kiva A; Marlow, Mariel; Tate, Jacqueline E; Doshi, Reena H; Sokol, Theresa; Curran, Kathryn G; eng; Evaluation Study; Emerg Infect Dis. 2021 Feb;27(2):421-429. doi: 10.3201/eid2702.204158. Epub 2021 Jan 4. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; From May 7 to June 3, 2020 the cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection for all dormitories was 78%. | Of 111 persons who tested SARS CoV-2 positive, 44% were asymptomatic and 24% reported resolution of symptoms before their first positive test. | Ct values were similar for symptomatic (range: 19.7�?6.3) and asymptomatic persons (19.8�?6.9). | Viral sequences were clustered together and a phylogenetic tree suggested three sequence groups among the different dormitories. | Methods: Prospective cohort investigation at a detention center in Louisiana with SARS CoV-2 testing at several time points of 143 persons in six quarantined dormitories with self-administered questionnaires and medical record abstraction. Limitations: Serial testing was initiated 2�? weeks after the first case was identified. | Implications: Early initiation of outbreak investigations with serial SARS-CoV-2 testing in congregate facilities, combined with other infection prevention and control efforts may reduce transmission. SN - 1080-6059 (Electronic); 1080-6040 (Linking) SP - 421-429 ST - Rapid Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Detention Facility, Louisiana, USA, May-June, 2020 T2 - Emerg Infect Dis TI - Rapid Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Detention Facility, Louisiana, USA, May-June, 2020 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33395380 VL - 27 ID - 1410 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We implemented a pilot home HIV self-testing program one week after a stay-home order for SARS-CoV2 was enacted in Oregon. We advertised the program on a geospatial networking app and community partner websites targeting men who have sex with men; nine percent of web visits resulted in an order. Over 70% of the kits initially allotted to the program were ordered in the first 24 h of launch. One-third of participants had never tested for HIV. We found enthusiasm for discreet, free, home-based testing and uncovered an unmet need for HIV testing as clinical and outreach programs shuttered in Oregon. AD - Oregon Health Authority, 800 NE Oregon Street, Portland, OR, 97211, USA. timothy.w.menza@state.or.us. | Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA. timothy.w.menza@state.or.us. | Oregon Health Authority, 800 NE Oregon Street, Portland, OR, 97211, USA. | Building Health Online Communities, San Francisco, CA, USA. AN - 32594272 AU - Menza, T. W. | Garai, J. | Ferrer, J. | Hecht, J. C1 - 2020-07-10 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071020_covidupdate.html DA - Jan DO - 10.1007/s10461-020-02959-2 ET - 2020/07/01 IS - 1 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | *COVID-19/diagnosis/epidemiology/virology | Female | *HIV Infections/diagnosis | Homosexuality, Male | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Oregon/epidemiology | Pandemics | *Physical Distancing | SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification | *Self-Testing | Young Adult | Geospatial networking apps | Hiv | SARS-CoV2 | Self-testing L1 - internal-pdf://4289619006/Menza-2021-Rapid Uptake of Home-Based HIV Self.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Menza, Timothy W; Garai, Jillian; Ferrer, Joshua; Hecht, Jen; eng; AIDS Behav. 2021 Jan;25(1):167-170. doi: 10.1007/s10461-020-02959-2. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Pilot study of home HIV self-testing found high uptake and enthusiasm for home self-testing. SN - 1573-3254 (Electronic); 1090-7165 (Linking) SP - 167-170 ST - Rapid Uptake of Home-Based HIV Self-testing During Social Distancing for SARS-CoV2 Infection in Oregon T2 - AIDS Behav TI - Rapid Uptake of Home-Based HIV Self-testing During Social Distancing for SARS-CoV2 Infection in Oregon UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32594272 VL - 25 ID - 504 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Genetic variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus have become of great interest worldwide because they have the potential to detrimentally alter the course of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, and disease in individual patients. We recently sequenced 20,453 SARS- CoV-2 genomes from patients with COVID-19 disease in metropolitan Houston (population 7 million), dating from March 2020 to early February 2021. We discovered that all major variants of concern or interest are circulating in the region. To follow up on this discovery, we analyzed 8,857 genome sequences from patients in eight Houston Methodist hospitals dispersed throughout the metroplex diagnosed from January 1, 2021 to March 7, 2021. This sample represents 94% of Houston Methodist cases and 4.8% of all reported cases in metropolitan Houston during this period. We discovered rapid, widespread, and preferential increase of the SARS-CoV-2 UK B.1.1.7 throughout the region. The estimated case doubling time in the Houston area is 6.9 days. None of the 648 UK B.1.1.7 samples identified had the E484K change in spike protein that can cause decreased recognition by antibodies.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThe research was supported by the Houston Methodist Academic Institute Infectious Diseases Fund and many generous Houston philanthropists. James Davis was funded in whole or in part with Federal funds from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, under Contract No. 75N93019C00076.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:This work was approved by the Houston Methodist Research institutional review board (IRB1010-0199).All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesGenome data used in this study have been deposited to GISAID. AU - Musser, James M. | Olsen, Randall J. | Christensen, Paul A. | Long, S. Wesley | Subedi, Sishir | Davis, James J. | Gollihar, Jimmy C1 - 2021-04-02 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04022021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.03.16.21253753 L1 - internal-pdf://3916515282/Musser-2021-Rapid, widespread, and preferentia.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; There was a rapid, widespread increase of the B.1.1.7 SARS-CoV-2 variant (Figure): | Case doubling time was estimated to be 6.91 days (95% CI 5.02-11.08). | 648 cases with variant B.1.1.7 were identified; none had the E484K mutation. | No significant difference in patient age, gender, median length of hospitalization, or mortality was observed between cases with and without the B.1.1.7 variant. | Methods: Identified variants of concern based on sequence data from 8,857 SARS-CoV-2 patient samples from the Houston Methodist hospital system, representing 4.8% of reported COVID-19 cases in metropolitan Houston between January 1 and March 7, 2021. Limitations: One hospital system within a limited geographical area; sample likely underrepresents pediatric patients and patients with challenges accessing care. | Implications for both studies (Snell et al. and Musser et al.): The rate of increase in COVID-19 cases with the B.1.1.7 variant in 2 areas highlights its increased transmissibility; some data (Snell et al.external icon; Grint et al.external icon) suggest increased illness severity, reinforcing the urgency of vaccination and other mitigation efforts. SP - 2021.03.16.21253753 ST - Rapid, widespread, and preferential increase of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 variant in Houston, TX, revealed by 8,857 genome sequences T2 - medRxiv TI - Rapid, widespread, and preferential increase of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 variant in Houston, TX, revealed by 8,857 genome sequences UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/03/24/2021.03.16.21253753.full.pdf ID - 1636 ER - TY - JOUR AB - As of April 3, 2020, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) had caused 972�?03 cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and 50�?22 deaths worldwide. Early reports from China suggested that co-infection with other respiratory pathogens was rare. If this were the case, patients positive for other pathogens might be assumed unlikely to have SARS-CoV-2. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention endorsed testing for other respiratory pathogens, suggesting that evidence of another infection could aid the evaluation of patients with potential COVID-19 in the absence of widely available rapid testing for SARS-CoV-2. Here we report on co-infection rates between SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory pathogens in Northern California. AD - Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. | Department of Pathology and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. | Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. AN - 32293646 AU - Kim, D. | Quinn, J. | Pinsky, B. | Shah, N. H. | Brown, I. C1 - 2020-04-21 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/042120_covidupdate.html DA - May 26 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.6266 ET - 2020/04/16 IS - 20 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Betacoronavirus/*isolation & purification | Covid-19 | Child | Child, Preschool | Comorbidity | Coronavirus Infections/*complications/microbiology/virology | Female | Humans | Infant | Male | Middle Aged | Mycoplasma pneumoniae/isolation & purification | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/complications/microbiology/*virology | RNA Viruses/isolation & purification | Respiratory Tract Infections/microbiology/*virology | SARS-CoV-2 | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://2215210583/Kim-2020-Rates of Co-infection Between SARS-Co.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Kim, David; Quinn, James; Pinsky, Benjamin; Shah, Nigam H; Brown, Ian; eng; JAMA. 2020 May 26;323(20):2085-2086. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.6266. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; ; 20.7% of SARS-CoV-2 positive specimens were also positive for at least one other respiratory pathogen. | The most common co-infections were rhinovirus/enterovirus (6.9%), respiratory syncytial virus (5.2%), and non–SARS-CoV-2 coronaviruses (4.3%) (Figure). | Methods: RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory pathogens was performed on 1,217 nasopharyngeal swabs collected from symptomatic patients (e.g., cough, fever, dyspnea) attending outpatient, inpatient, and emergency departments in Northern California between March 3 and 25, 2020. Limitations: Single region of California and samples only collected in March so results may not be geographically or seasonally representative; positive results for non–SARS-CoV-2 pathogens may represent the detection of residual virus in resolved cases rather than clinical co-infections. | Implications: Respiratory tract coinfection with non–SARS-CoV-2 viruses among patients with COVID-19 may be more common than previously reported. However, routine testing for most of these viruses is unlikely to provide clinical benefit given lack of specific treatment options. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 2085-2086 ST - Rates of Co-infection Between SARS-CoV-2 and Other Respiratory Pathogens T2 - JAMA TI - Rates of Co-infection Between SARS-CoV-2 and Other Respiratory Pathogens UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32293646 VL - 323 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 68 ER - TY - JOUR AD - The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China. | Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China. | Key Laboratory for Medical and Health of the 13th Five-Year Plan, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China. | The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China. maxiaoling@ustc.edu.cn. | Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China. Jint@ustc.edu.cn. | The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China. zhushu@ustc.edu.cn. | Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China. zhushu@ustc.edu.cn. | School of Data Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China. zhushu@ustc.edu.cn. | CAS Centre for Excellence in Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China. zhushu@ustc.edu.cn. AN - 32978728 AU - Tao, W. | Wang, X. | Zhang, G. | Guo, M. | Ma, H. | Zhao, D. | Sun, Y. | He, J. | Liu, L. | Zhang, K. | Wang, Y. | Weng, J. | Ma, X. | Jin, T. | Zhu, S. C1 - 2020-10-06 C2 - Care and Treatment CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100620_covidupdate.html DA - Mar DO - 10.1007/s13238-020-00778-8 ET - 2020/09/27 IS - 3 KW - Adult | Antibodies, Viral/genetics/isolation & purification | COVID-19/*genetics/pathology/virology | Feces/chemistry | Female | Humans | Intestines/pathology/*virology | Male | RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/*genetics | RNA, Viral/genetics/isolation & purification | SARS-CoV-2/*genetics/isolation & purification/pathogenicity L1 - internal-pdf://3993587277/Tao-2021-Re-detectable positive SARS-CoV-2 RNA.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Tao, Wanyin; Wang, Xiaofang; Zhang, Guorong; Guo, Meng; Ma, Huan; Zhao, Dan; Sun, Yong; He, Jun; Liu, Lianxin; Zhang, Kaiguang; Wang, Yucai; Weng, Jianping; Ma, Xiaoling; Jin, Tengchuan; Zhu, Shu; eng; Letter; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Germany; Protein Cell. 2021 Mar;12(3):230-235. doi: 10.1007/s13238-020-00778-8. Epub 2020 Sep 26. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Investigates whether the intestine might be a “reservoir�?of SARS-CoV-2 and a potential source of re-positive tests; also notes alteration of the intestinal microbiota of patients who were re-positives. SN - 1674-8018 (Electronic); 1674-800X (Linking) SP - 230-235 ST - Re-detectable positive SARS-CoV-2 RNA tests in patients who recovered from COVID-19 with intestinal infection T2 - Protein Cell TI - Re-detectable positive SARS-CoV-2 RNA tests in patients who recovered from COVID-19 with intestinal infection UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32978728 VL - 12 ID - 1002 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: A better understanding of re-infection after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has become one of the healthcare priorities in the current pandemic. We determined the rate of re-infection, associated factors and mortality during follow up in a cohort of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS: We analyzed 9,119 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection who received serial tests in total of 62 healthcare facilities in United States between December 1, 2019 to November 13, 2020. Re-infection was defined by two positive tests separated by interval of greater than 90 days two after resolution of first infection was confirmed by two or more consecutive negative tests. We performed logistic regression analysis to identify demographic and clinical characteristics associated with re-infection. RESULTS: Re-infection was identified in 0.7% (n=63, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.5%-0.9%) during follow up of 9,119 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The mean period (+/-standard deviation [SD]) between two positive tests was 116 +/- 21 days. A logistic regression analysis identified that asthma (odds ratio [OR] 1.9, 95% CI 1.1-3.2) and nicotine dependence/tobacco use (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.6-4.5) were associated with re-infection. There was a significantly lower rate of pneumonia, heart failure, and acute kidney injury observed with re-infection compared with primary infection among the 63 patients with re-infection There were two deaths (3.2%) associated with re-infection. CONCLUSIONS: We identified a low rate of re-infection confirmed by laboratory tests in a large cohort of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although re-infection appeared to be milder than primary infection, there was associated mortality. AD - Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, MO, USA. | Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, MO, USA. | Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA. | Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, MO, USA. | Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA. AN - 33895814 AU - Qureshi, A. I. | Baskett, W. I. | Huang, W. | Lobanova, I. | Naqvi, S. H. | Shyu, C. R. C1 - 2021-05-07 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05072021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 25 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciab345 ET - 2021/04/26 KW - Covid-19 | Coronavirus | Laboratory tests | Reinfection | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://1528314788/Qureshi-2021-Re-infection with SARS-CoV-2 in P.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Qureshi, Adnan I; Baskett, William I; Huang, Wei; Lobanova, Iryna; Naqvi, S Hasan; Shyu, Chi-Ren; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Apr 25. pii: 6251701. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab345. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; SARS-CoV-2 reinfection was identified in 0.7% (95% CI 0.5-0.9%) of patients. | The mean number of days between 2 positive tests was 116 �u 21. | Reinfection appeared to have less severe clinical manifestations than the primary infection: | The 63 patients with a reinfection had significantly lower rates of pneumonia, heart failure, and acute kidney injury compared with patients with primary infection. | 2 deaths (3.2%) were associated with reinfection. | Methods: 9,119 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection received serial tests between December 1, 2019 and November 13, 2020 in 62 healthcare facilities in the United States. Reinfection was defined by 2 positive tests separated by >90 days after resolution of the first infection. Demographic and clinical characteristics associated with reinfection were identified. Limitations: Only included those with serial laboratory tests; persons receiving serial testing may not be representative of population at-risk; no sequence data for strains associated with reinfection. | Implications: The low rate of reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 in the US seen here was similar to rates observed in France (0.47%) by Brouqui et alexternal icon. Choudhary et alexternal icon. suggests that reinfection may be due to waning SARS-CoV-2 antibodies or the presence of viral escape mutations. While reinfection appeared to be milder than primary infection, there was associated mortality. People who have recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection should therefore continue with prevention measures such as social distancing, masking, and getting vaccinated. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) ST - Re-infection with SARS-CoV-2 in Patients Undergoing Serial Laboratory Testing T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Re-infection with SARS-CoV-2 in Patients Undergoing Serial Laboratory Testing UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33895814 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1722 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection continues to drive rates of illness and hospitalisations despite high levels of vaccination, with the proportion of cases caused by the Delta lineage increasing in many populations. As vaccination programs roll out globally and social distancing is relaxed, future SARS-CoV-2 trends are uncertain. Methods We analysed prevalence trends and their drivers using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) swab-positivity data from round 12 (between 20 May and 7 June 2021) and round 13 (between 24 June and 12 July 2021) of the REal-time Assessment of Community Transmission-1 (REACT-1) study, with swabs sent to non-overlapping random samples of the population ages 5 years and over in England. Results We observed sustained exponential growth with an average doubling time in round 13 of 25 days (lower Credible Interval of 15 days) and an increase in average prevalence from 0.15% (0.12%, 0.18%) in round 12 to 0.63% (0.57%, 0.18%) in round 13. The rapid growth across and within rounds appears to have been driven by complete replacement of Alpha variant by Delta, and by the high prevalence in younger less-vaccinated age groups, with a nine-fold increase between rounds 12 and 13 among those aged 13 to 17 years. Prevalence among those who reported being unvaccinated was three-fold higher than those who reported being fully vaccinated. However, in round 13, 44% of infections occurred in fully vaccinated individuals, reflecting imperfect vaccine effectiveness against infection despite high overall levels of vaccination. Using self-reported vaccination status, we estimated adjusted vaccine effectiveness against infection in round 13 of 49% (22%, 67%) among participants aged 18 to 64 years, which rose to 58% (33%, 73%) when considering only strong positives (Cycle threshold [Ct] values < 27); also, we estimated adjusted vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic infection of 59% (23%, 78%), with any one of three common COVID-19 symptoms reported in the month prior to swabbing. Sex (round 13 only), ethnicity, household size and local levels of deprivation jointly contributed to the risk of higher prevalence of swab-positivity. Discussion From end May to beginning July 2021 in England, where there has been a highly successful vaccination campaign with high vaccine uptake, infections were increasing exponentially driven by the Delta variant and high infection prevalence among younger, unvaccinated individuals despite double vaccination continuing to effectively reduce transmission. Although slower growth or declining prevalence may be observed during the summer in the northern hemisphere, increased mixing during the autumn in the presence of the Delta variant may lead to renewed growth, even at high levels of vaccination. AU - Elliott, P | Haw, D | Wang, H | Eales, O | Walters, C | Ainslie, K | Atchison, C | Fronterre, C | Diggle, P | Page, A | Trotter, A | Prosolek, S | (COG-UK), TCGUKC | Ashby, D | Donnelly, C | Barclay, W | Cooke, G | Ward, H | Darzi, A | Riley, S C1 - 2021-08-13 C2 - Variants CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08132021_covidupdate.html L1 - internal-pdf://0566310819/react1_r13_final_preprint_final.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In England, a 4-fold increase in SARS-CoV-2 prevalence from 0.15% in round 12 (May 20–June 7, 2021) to 0.63% in round 13 (June 24–July 12, 2021) was driven by at least 2 factors: | Rise in Delta (B.1.617.2) variant to 100% of specimens in round 13. | Increased infections among younger, less vaccinated age groups; for example, from 0.16% to 1.56% among children aged 13�?7 years (Figure). | Of all infections, 29% occurred in fully vaccinated persons in round 12 vs. 44% in round 13. | Estimated 2-dose vaccine effectiveness among adults aged 18�?4 years decreased from 64% to 49% from round 12 to 13; however, median Ct values remained higher for vaccinated persons compared with unvaccinated persons (27.6 vs. 23.1, respectively). | Methods: REACT (REal-time Assessment of Community Transmission) is a series of cross-sectional population studies across England, where vaccine uptake is high. Valid RT-PCR results were obtained from 108,911 participants in round 12 and 98,233 participants in round 13 recruited as non-overlapping random samples aged 5 years and above. Limitations: Vaccination status was self-reported. | Implications: Reduced vaccine effectiveness may result in increased breakthrough infections when social mixing increases in the presence of the Delta variant. Vaccination of younger age groups could substantially reduce transmission. Higher Ct values among vaccinated people might reflect their immune response to Delta over the days following infection. In contrast to other studies (e.g., Riemersma et al.external icon, Brown et al.) that tended to sample closer to symptom onset, when both vaccinated and unvaccinated people have high viral loads with Delta, Elliott et al. sampled the population randomly, so results reflect different points in the course of infection. ST - REACT-1 round 13 final report: exponential growth, high prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and vaccine effectiveness associated with Delta variant in England during May to July 2021 T2 - Imperial College London: Working Paper TI - REACT-1 round 13 final report: exponential growth, high prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and vaccine effectiveness associated with Delta variant in England during May to July 2021 UR - https://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/bitstream/10044/1/90800/2/react1_r13_final_preprint_final.pdf ID - 2223 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection continues to drive rates of illness and hospitalisations despite high levels of vaccination, with the proportion of cases caused by the Delta lineage increasing in many populations. As vaccination programs roll out globally and social distancing is relaxed, future SARS-CoV-2 trends are uncertain.Methods We analysed prevalence trends and their drivers using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) swab-positivity data from round 12 (between 20 May and 7 June 2021) and round 13 (between 24 June and 12 July 2021) of the REal-time Assessment of Community Transmission-1 (REACT-1) study, with swabs sent to non-overlapping random samples of the population ages 5 years and over in England.Results We observed sustained exponential growth with an average doubling time in round 13 of 25 days (lower Credible Interval of 15 days) and an increase in average prevalence from 0.15% (0.12%, 0.18%) in round 12 to 0.63% (0.57%, 0.18%) in round 13. The rapid growth across and within rounds appears to have been driven by complete replacement of Alpha variant by Delta, and by the high prevalence in younger less-vaccinated age groups, with a nine-fold increase between rounds 12 and 13 among those aged 13 to 17 years. Prevalence among those who reported being unvaccinated was three-fold higher than those who reported being fully vaccinated. However, in round 13, 44% of infections occurred in fully vaccinated individuals, reflecting imperfect vaccine effectiveness against infection despite high overall levels of vaccination. Using self-reported vaccination status, we estimated adjusted vaccine effectiveness against infection in round 13 of 49% (22%, 67%) among participants aged 18 to 64 years, which rose to 58% (33%, 73%) when considering only strong positives (Cycle threshold [Ct] values < 27); also, we estimated adjusted vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic infection of 59% (23%, 78%), with any one of three common COVID-19 symptoms reported in the month prior to swabbing. Sex (round 13 only), ethnicity, household size and local levels of deprivation jointly contributed to the risk of higher prevalence of swab-positivity.Discussion From end May to beginning July 2021 in England, where there has been a highly successful vaccination campaign with high vaccine uptake, infections were increasing exponentially driven by the Delta variant and high infection prevalence among younger, unvaccinated individuals despite double vaccination continuing to effectively reduce transmission. Although slower growth or declining prevalence may be observed during the summer in the northern hemisphere, increased mixing during the autumn in the presence of the Delta variant may lead to renewed growth, even at high levels of vaccination.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThe study was funded by the Department of Health and Social Care in England. Sequencing was provided through funding from COG-UK.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below: Research ethics approval was obtained from the South Central-Berkshire B Research Ethics Committee (IRAS ID: 283787). All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if pos ing a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThe datasets generated or analysed, or both, during this study are not publicly available because of governance restrictions. AU - Elliott, Paul | Haw, David | Wang, Haowei | Eales, Oliver | Walters, Caroline E. | Ainslie, Kylie E. C. | Atchison, Christina | Fronterre, Claudio | Diggle, Peter J. | Page, Andrew J. | Trotter, Alexander J. | Prosolek, Sophie J. | The, Covid-Genomics U. K. Consortium | Ashby, Deborah | Donnelly, Christl A. | Barclay, Wendy | Taylor, Graham | Cooke, Graham | Ward, Helen | Darzi, Ara | Riley, Steven C1 - 2021-09-24 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09242021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1101/2021.09.02.21262979 L1 - internal-pdf://3794326571/Elliott-2021-REACT-1 round 13 final report_ ex.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - (COG-UK) PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Analysis of RT-PCR swab-positivity data from round 12 (May 20–June 7, 2021) and round 13 (June 24–July 12, 2021) of the REal-time Assessment of Community Transmission-1 (REACT-1) study (ages 5 years and older) in England, showed that the average prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection increased from 0.15% (95% CI 0.12%-0.18%) in round 12 to 0.63% (95% CI 0.57%-0.18%) in round 13, with a 9-fold growth among youths 13�?7 years. The increase was attributed to the Delta variant. In round 13, the prevalence of infection was 3-fold higher among unvaccinated persons compared with fully vaccinated persons; however, 44% of infections were among those who were fully vaccinated. Vaccinated effectiveness against symptomatic infection was 59%. SP - 2021.09.02.21262979 ST - REACT-1 round 13 final report: exponential growth, high prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and vaccine effectiveness associated with Delta variant in England during May to July 2021 T2 - medRxiv TI - REACT-1 round 13 final report: exponential growth, high prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and vaccine effectiveness associated with Delta variant in England during May to July 2021 UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/09/10/2021.09.02.21262979.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/09/10/2021.09.02.21262979.full.pdf ID - 2373 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Despite high levels of vaccination in the adult population, cases of COVID-19 have risen exponentially in England since the start of May 2021 driven by the Delta variant. However, with far fewer hospitalisations and deaths per case during the recent growth in cases compared with 2020, it is intended that all remaining social distancing legislation in England will be removed from 19 July 2021.Methods We report interim results from round 13 of the REal-time Assessment of Community Transmission-1 (REACT-1) study in which a cross-sectional sample of the population of England was asked to provide a throat and nose swab for RT-PCR and to answer a questionnaire. Data collection for this report (round 13 interim) was from 24 June to 5 July 2021.Results In round 13 interim, we found 237 positives from 47,729 swabs giving a weighted prevalence of 0.59% (0.51%, 0.68%) which was approximately four-fold higher compared with round 12 at 0.15% (0.12%, 0.18%). This resulted from continued exponential growth in prevalence with an average doubling time of 15 (13, 17) days between round 12 and round 13. However, during the recent period of round 13 interim only, we observed a shorter doubling time of 6.1 (4.0, 12) days with a corresponding R number of 1.87 (1.40, 2.45). There were substantial increases in all age groups under the age of 75 years, and especially at younger ages, with the highest prevalence in 13 to 17 year olds at 1.33% (0.97%, 1.82%) and in 18 to 24 years olds at 1.40% (0.89%, 2.18%). Infections have increased in all regions with the largest increase in London where prevalence increased more than eight-fold from 0.13% (0.08%, 0.20%) in round 12 to 1.08% (0.79%, 1.47%) in round 13 interim. Overall, prevalence was over 3 times higher in the unvaccinated compared with those reporting two doses of vaccine in both round 12 and round 13 interim, although there was a similar proportional increase in prevalence in vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals between the two rounds.Discussion We are entering a critical period with a number of important competing processes: continued vaccination rollout to the whole adult population in England, increased natural immunity through infection, reduced social mixing of children during school holidays, increased proportion of mixing occurring outdoors during summer, the intended full opening of hospitality and entertainment and cessation of mandated social distancing and mask wearing. Surveillance programmes are essential during this next phase of the epidemic to provide clear evidence to the government and the public on the levels and trends in prevalence of infections and their relationship to vaccine coverage, hospitalisations, deaths and Long COVID.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThe study was funded by the Department of Health and Social Care in England. Sequencing was provided through funding from COG-UK.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Research ethics approval was obtained from the South Central-Berkshire B Research Ethics Committee (IRAS ID: 283787).All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertin nt material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesSupporting data for tables and figures are available either: in the spreadsheet below; or in the inst/extdata directory of the mrc-ide/reactidd github. https://github.com/mrc-ide/reactidd AU - Riley, Steven | Eales, Oliver | Haw, David | Wang, Haowei | Walters, Caroline E. | Ainslie, Kylie E. C. | Atchison, Christina | Fronterre, Claudio | Diggle, Peter J. | Ashby, Deborah | Donnelly, Christl A. | Barclay, Wendy | Cooke, Graham | Ward, Helen | Darzi, Ara | Elliott, Paul C1 - 2021-07-16 C2 - COVID-19 and Persistent Symptoms CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07162021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.07.08.21260185 L1 - internal-pdf://0844834170/Riley-2021-REACT-1 round 13 interim report_ ac.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The weighted prevalence of SARS-CoV-2-positive swabs increased nearly 4-fold from 0.15% (95% CI 0.12-0.18%) during Round 12 (May 20–June 7, 2021) to 0.59% (95% CI 0.51-0.68%) during Round 13 (interim) (June 24–July 5, 2021) (in England’s REACT-1 surveillance study. | During round 13 (interim), among persons <65 years: | 1.15% (0.92-1.43%) of unvaccinated individuals tested positive; 0.35% (95% CI 0.26-0.45%) of fully vaccinated individuals tested positive. | Increased SARS-CoV-2 prevalence was detected across all age groups but was largest in those 13�?7 and 18�?4 years old (Figure). | Methods: RT-PCR was used to detect SARS-CoV-2 from self-administered throat and nasal swabs in continuation of England’s real-time assessment of community transmission-1 (REACT-1) cross-sectional study (methods described hereexternal icon). Limitations: No sequencing performed. | Implications: Coincident with rising prevalence and transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant, positive cases continue to increase in England, with younger populations experiencing the largest increases. SP - 2021.07.08.21260185 ST - REACT-1 round 13 interim report: acceleration of SARS-CoV-2 Delta epidemic in the community in England during late June and early July 2021 T2 - medRxiv TI - REACT-1 round 13 interim report: acceleration of SARS-CoV-2 Delta epidemic in the community in England during late June and early July 2021 UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/07/08/2021.07.08.21260185.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/07/08/2021.07.08.21260185.full.pdf ID - 1965 ER - TY - JOUR AB - As SARS-CoV-2 and its related clinical syndrome (COVID-19) became a pandemic worldwide, questions regarding its clinical presentation, infectivity, and immune response have been the subject of investigation. We present a case of a patient previously considered recovered from nosocomially transmitted asymptomatic COVID-19 illness, who presented with new respiratory, radiological, and RT-PCR findings consistent with COVID-19, while on high-dose prednisolone due to a suspected secondary demyelinating disease. Importantly, it led to three subsequent cases within patient's household after discharge from the hospital. After reviewing this case in light of current evidence and debates surrounding SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR results, we hypothesize that patients on corticosteroids may have particular viral shedding dynamics and should prompt a more conservative approach in regard to isolation discontinuation and monitoring. AD - Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Professor Doutor Fernando Fonseca, Amadora, Portugal. | Department of Intensive Care, Hospital Professor Doutor Fernando Fonseca, Amadora, Portugal. | Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospital Professor Doutor Fernando Fonseca, Amadora, Portugal. | Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital Professor Doutor Fernando Fonseca, Amadora, Portugal. AN - 33043249 AU - Patrocinio de Jesus, R. | Silva, R. | Aliyeva, E. | Lopes, L. | Portugalyan, M. | Antunes, L. | Diaz, P. | Costa, C. | Araujo, A. C. | Coelho, S. | Mendes, J. J. | Gomes, S. | Serra, I. | Freitas, P. C1 - 2020-10-20 C2 - Case Reports CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102020_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 2 DO - 10.1007/s42399-020-00548-x ET - 2020/10/13 IS - 11 KW - Covid-19 | Case report | Corticosteroids | Rt-pcr | Viral shedding L1 - internal-pdf://0852898429/Patrocinio de J-2020-Reactivation of SARS-CoV-.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Patrocinio de Jesus, Rita; Silva, Raquel; Aliyeva, Elzara; Lopes, Luis; Portugalyan, Mihran; Antunes, Liliana; Diaz, Priscila; Costa, Carolina; Araujo, Ana Carolina; Coelho, Silvia; Mendes, Joao Joao; Gomes, Sara; Serra, Isabel; Freitas, Paulo; eng; Switzerland; SN Compr Clin Med. 2020 Oct 2:1-4. doi: 10.1007/s42399-020-00548-x. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Report of patient considered recovered from asymptomatic infection who, while on high-dose steroids for demyelinating disease, presented with new signs and symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection leading to transmission of infection to three household members. SN - 2523-8973 (Electronic); 2523-8973 (Linking) SP - 1-4 ST - Reactivation of SARS-CoV-2 after Asymptomatic Infection while on High-Dose Corticosteroids. Case Report T2 - SN Compr Clin Med TI - Reactivation of SARS-CoV-2 after Asymptomatic Infection while on High-Dose Corticosteroids. Case Report UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33043249 VL - 2 ID - 1072 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: SARS-CoV-2 has spread rapidly resulted in a global pandemic and public health crisis. The internet is a frequently used resource for providing patient education materials (PEMs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the readability, content, and quality of web-based PEMs on COVID-19 from US academic medical centers. METHODS: The names of US medical schools were obtained from the Association of American Medical Colleges website (n=145). Institutional, hospital, and heath encyclopedia websites associated with each schools' medical center were identified using Google. Readability of COVID-19 PEMs was calculated using three validated indices: (1) Flesh-Kincaid Grade Level, (2) Simple Measure of Gobbledygook, and (3) Gunning Frequency of Gobbledygook. Content was evaluated using a scoring matrix based on materials available on the Center for Disease Control website. The Patient Education Material Assessment Tool for Print (PEMAT-P) was used to assess usability and actionability. RESULTS: A total of 141 (97%) PEMs met inclusion criteria and were analyzed for readability, content, and quality. The mean readability was above the recommended sixth grade reading level (P < .001). Content was variable across PEMs. The PEMAT-P scores reflected good understandability with a median score of 83% (IQR 75%-87%), while actionability was poor with a median score of 41% (IQR 40%-60%). CONCLUSIONS: Despite availability of web-based PEMs for COVID-19, the readability was significantly higher than the National Institute of Health and US Department of Health and Human Services recommended sixth grade reading level and actionability of PEMs was low. It is critical to provide readable PEMs on COVID-19 to effectively disseminate accurate information and facilitate patients' understanding of the virus, how it spreads, and how to protect themselves. AD - Rush University, Department of Anesthesiology, Chicago, IL. | Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Chicago, IL; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Health Services and Outcomes Research, Chicago, IL. | Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Chicago, IL. | Rush University, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chicago, IL. | Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Health Services and Outcomes Research, Chicago, IL; Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Department of Veterans Affairs, Hines, IL. | Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chicago, IL. | Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Chicago, IL. Electronic address: Elizabeth.lange@northwestern.edu. AN - 33259825 AU - Kruse, J. | Toledo, P. | Belton, T. B. | Testani, E. J. | Evans, C. T. | Grobman, W. A. | Miller, E. S. | Lange, E. M. S. C1 - 2020-12-15 C2 - Social, Behavioral, and Communication Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/121520_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 28 DO - 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.11.023 DP - NLM ET - 2020/12/02 IS - 6 KW - Coronavirus | PEMs | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://2942164940/Kruse-2020-Readability, content, and quality o.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Kruse, Jessica; Toledo, Paloma; Belton, Tayler B; Testani, Erica J; Evans, Charlesnika T; Grobman, William A; Miller, Emily S; Lange, Elizabeth M S; eng; Am J Infect Control. 2020 Nov 28. pii: S0196-6553(20)31031-2. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.11.023. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: The content of web-based patient education materials from 141 medical schools was found to be lacking in actionability and had readability above the recommended 6th grade reading level. SN - 1527-3296 (Electronic); 0196-6553 (Linking) SP - 690-693 ST - Readability, content, and quality of COVID-19 patient education materials from academic medical centers in the United States T2 - Am J Infect Control TI - Readability, content, and quality of COVID-19 patient education materials from academic medical centers in the United States UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33259825 VL - 49 ID - 1340 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Although more patients are surviving severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), there are limited data on outcomes after initial hospitalization. We therefore measured the rate of readmission, reasons for readmission, and rate of death after hospital discharge among patients with COVID-19 in the nationwide Veterans Affairs (VA) health care system. AD - Department of Learning Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. | Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. | VA Center for Clinical Management Research, HSR&D Center of Innovation, Ann Arbor, Michigan. AN - 33315057 AU - Donnelly, J. P. | Wang, X. Q. | Iwashyna, T. J. | Prescott, H. C. C1 - 2021-01-08 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01082021_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 19 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.21465 ET - 2020/12/15 IS - 3 KW - Adult | Age Factors | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | COVID-19/epidemiology/*mortality/therapy | Female | Heart Failure/epidemiology | Humans | Kaplan-Meier Estimate | Male | Middle Aged | Patient Discharge/*statistics & numerical data | Patient Readmission/*statistics & numerical data | Respiration, Artificial/statistics & numerical data | *SARS-CoV-2 | Time Factors | Vasoconstrictor Agents/therapeutic use | Veterans Health Services/statistics & numerical data L1 - internal-pdf://1653192026/Donnelly-2021-Readmission and Death After Init.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Testing | N1 - Donnelly, John P; Wang, Xiao Qing; Iwashyna, Theodore J; Prescott, Hallie C; eng; K12 HL138039/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; R01 HS026725/HS/AHRQ HHS/; Comparative Study; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. | JAMA. 2021 Jan 19;325(3):304-306. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.21465. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the VA system, 27% were readmitted or died within 60 days of discharge. While rates were higher among COVID-19 survivors compared with cohorts of survivors of pneumonia and heart failure at 10 days post-discharge, they became comparatively lower over time (Figure). SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 304-306 ST - Readmission and Death After Initial Hospital Discharge Among Patients With COVID-19 in a Large Multihospital System T2 - JAMA TI - Readmission and Death After Initial Hospital Discharge Among Patients With COVID-19 in a Large Multihospital System UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33315057 VL - 325 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1380 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Covid-19 has caused significant global mortality. Multiple vaccines have demonstrated efficacy in clinical trials though real-world effectiveness of vaccines against Covid-19 mortality in clinically and demographically diverse populations has not yet been reported.Methods We used a retrospective cohort assembled from a cross-institution comprehensive data repository. Established patients of the health care system were categorized as not immunized, partially immunized, or fully immunized against SARS-CoV-2 with an mRNA vaccine through April 4, 2021. Outcomes were Covid-19 related hospitalization and death.Results Of the 91,134 established patients, 70.2% were not immunized, 4.5% were partially immunized and 25.4% were fully immunized. Among the fully immunized 0.7% had a Covid-19 hospitalization, whereas 3.4% among the partially immunized and 2.7% non-immunized individuals were hospitalized with Covid-19. Of the 225 deaths among Covid-19 hospitalizations, 219 (97.3%) were in the not immunized, 5 (2.2%) in the partially immunized, and 1 (0.0041%) in the fully immunized group. mRNA vaccines were 96% (95%CI: 95 �?99) effective at preventing Covid-19 related hospitalization and 98.7% (95%CI: 91.0 �?99.8) effective at preventing Covid-19 related death when participants were fully vaccinated. Partial vaccination was 77% (95%CI: 71 �?82) effective at preventing hospitalization and 64.2% (95%CI: 13.0 �?85.2) effective at preventing death. Vaccine effectiveness at preventing hospitalization was conserved across subgroups of age, race, ethnicity, Area Deprivation Index, and Charlson Comorbidity Index.Conclusions In a large, diverse cohort in the United States, full immunization with mRNA vaccines was highly effective in the real-world scenario at preventing Covid-19 related hospitalization and death.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementFinancial support for the COVID-19 Surveillance and Outcomes Registry (CURATOR) was provided by Houston Methodist and the Houston Methodist Academic Institute. The study was partially funded by the Yale Institute for Global Health.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Houston Methodist Institutional Review Board (PRO 00025445:1)All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData are collected under the Houston Methodist IRB approved project, CURATOR. Reasonable requests for a fully de-identified dataset can be made to the corresponding author. These requests will be evaluated on an individual basis by the CURATOR governance committee and the IRB. AU - Vahidy, Farhaan S. | Pischel, Lauren | Tano, Mauricio E. | Pan, Alan P. | Boom, Marc L. | Sostman, Henry Dirk | Nasir, Khurram | Omer, Saad B. C1 - 2021-05-07 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05072021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.04.21.21255873 L1 - internal-pdf://3281008088/Vahidy-2021-Real World Effectiveness of COVID-.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In a cohort of 91,134 patients in the Houston Methodist healthcare system, hospitalization with COVID-19 occurred in 0.7% of fully immunized, 3.4% of partially immunized, and 2.7% of non-immunized patients. Only one of the 225 deaths among COVID-19 hospitalizations was a fully immunized patient. SP - 2021.04.21.21255873 ST - Real World Effectiveness of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines against Hospitalizations and Deaths in the United States T2 - medRxiv TI - Real World Effectiveness of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines against Hospitalizations and Deaths in the United States UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/04/23/2021.04.21.21255873.full.pdf ID - 1736 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: England, UK has one of the highest rates of confirmed COVID-19 mortality globally. Until recently, testing for the SARS-CoV-2 virus focused mainly on healthcare and care home settings. As such, there is far less understanding of community transmission. Protocol: The REal-time Assessment of Community Transmission (REACT) programme is a major programme of home testing for COVID-19 to track progress of the infection in the community. REACT-1 involves cross-sectional surveys of viral detection (virological swab for RT-PCR) tests in repeated samples of 100,000 to 150,000 randomly selected individuals across England. This examines how widely the virus has spread and how many people are currently infected. The age range is 5 years and above. Individuals are sampled from the England NHS patient list. REACT-2 is a series of five sub-studies towards establishing the seroprevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in England as an indicator of historical infection. The main study (study 5) uses the same design and sampling approach as REACT-1 using a self-administered lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) test for IgG antibodies in repeated samples of 100,000 to 200,000 adults aged 18 years and above. To inform study 5, studies 1-4 evaluate performance characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 LFIAs (study 1) and different aspects of feasibility, usability and application of LFIAs for home-based testing in different populations (studies 2-4). Ethics and dissemination: The study has ethical approval. Results are reported using STROBE guidelines and disseminated through reports to public health bodies, presentations at scientific meetings and open access publications. Conclusions: This study provides robust estimates of the prevalence of both virus (RT-PCR, REACT-1) and seroprevalence (antibody, REACT-2) in the general population in England. We also explore acceptability and usability of LFIAs for self-administered testing for SARS-CoV-2 antibody in a home-based setting, not done before at such scale in the general population. AD - School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK. | MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK. | Patient Experience Research Centre, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK. | Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK. | Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK. | National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK. | Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, London, UK. | MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK. AN - 33997297 AU - Riley, S | Atchison, C | Ashby, D | Donnelly, CA | Barclay, W | Cooke, GS | Ward, H | Darzi, A | Elliott, P | null, null C1 - 2021-07-16 C2 - COVID-19 and Persistent Symptoms CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07162021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16228.2 ET - 2021/05/19 IS - 200 KW - Covid-19 | Pcr | SARS-CoV-2 | antibody | lateral flow immunoassay | point-of-care diagnostics | prevalence | virus L1 - internal-pdf://3411086717/Riley-2021-REal-time Assessment of Community T.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Riley, Steven | Atchison, Christina | Ashby, Deborah | Donnelly, Christl A | Barclay, Wendy | Cooke, Graham S | Ward, Helen | Darzi, Ara | Elliott, Paul | eng | England | Wellcome Open Res. 2021 Apr 21;5:200. doi: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16228.2. eCollection 2020. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: [methods of] England’s real-time assessment of community transmission-1 (REACT-1) cross-sectional study SN - 2398-502X (Print) | 2398-502X (Linking) SP - 200 ST - REal-time Assessment of Community Transmission (REACT) of SARS-CoV-2 virus: Study protocol [version 2; peer review: 2 approved] T2 - Wellcome Open Research TI - REal-time Assessment of Community Transmission (REACT) of SARS-CoV-2 virus: Study protocol [version 2; peer review: 2 approved] UR - https://wellcomeopenresearch.org/articles/5-200/v2 | https://d212y8ha88k086.cloudfront.net/manuscripts/18530/54ca77db-ac70-4b11-8123-00ed4adc84c9_16228_-_christina_atchison_v2.pdf?doi=10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16228.2&numberOfBrowsableCollections=8&numberOfBrowsableInstitutionalCollections=0&numberOfBrowsableGateways=14 VL - 5 ID - 1967 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Containing outbreaks of infectious disease requires rapid identification of transmission hotspots, as the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrates. Focusing limited public health resources on transmission hotspots can contain spread, thus reducing morbidity and mortality, but rapid data on community-level disease dynamics is often unavailable. Here, we demonstrate an approach to identify anomalously elevated levels of influenza-like illness (ILI) in real-time, at the scale of US counties. Leveraging data from a geospatial network of thermometers encompassing more than one million users across the US, we identify anomalies by generating accurate, county-specific forecasts of seasonal ILI from a point prior to a potential outbreak and comparing real-time data to these expectations. Anomalies are strongly correlated with COVID-19 case counts and may provide an early-warning system to locate outbreak epicenters.One Sentence Summary Distributed networks of smart thermometers track COVID-19 transmission epicenters in real-time.Competing Interest StatementSDC, IS, PP, AD and CA are employees of and shareholders in Kinsa, Inc. IS conceived of and designed Kinsa products to track the spread of infectious disease. BDD has no competing financial interests. All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form at www.icmje.org/coi_disclosure.pdfFunding StatementBDD is supported by US National Science Foundation award EEID-1911994 and by a sponsored research agreement from Kinsa, Inc. PP, CA, AD, SDC, and IS are employees and shareholders of Kinsa, Inc.Author DeclarationsAll relevant ethical guidelines have been followed; any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained and details of the IRB/oversight body are included in the manuscript.YesAll necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThe anomaly detection and forecasting code can be accessed on GitHub, and all examples here are reproducible (https://github.com/kinsahealth/therm_anomaly_detection). https://healthweather.us/ AU - Chamberlain, S. D. | Singh, I. | Ariza, C. | Daitch, A. | Philips, P. | Dalziel, B. D. C1 - 2020-04-17 C2 - Modeling and Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/041720_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.04.06.20039909 L1 - internal-pdf://1018641654/Chamberlain-2020-Real-time detection of COVID-.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Data from a geospatial network of home thermometers (www.kinsahealth.co/external icon) identified unusual levels of influenza-like illness (ILI) that correlated with COVID-19 case counts at county and state levels. | Methods: Investigators compared county and state level forecasts of ILI with real-time measures of ILI using temperature readings captured from smartphone-connected home-use thermometers. Rates of ILI higher than expected seasonal influenza rates were flagged as anomalies. Assumptions: Social distancing reduces influenza transmission by 25%. Limitations: Number of users not described; investigators did not observe anomalous pattern of fevers in three states with confirmed COVID-19 cases; cost and feasibility of large-scale implementation not discussed. | Implications: Real-time identification of ILI anomalies using home-based thermometers could provide an early-warning system for identifying COVID-19 hot spots, potentially reducing disease burden and slowing transmission. SP - 2020.04.06.20039909 ST - Real-time detection of COVID-19 epicenters within the United States using a network of smart thermometers T2 - medRxiv TI - Real-time detection of COVID-19 epicenters within the United States using a network of smart thermometers UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/04/10/2020.04.06.20039909.full.pdf ID - 45 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In light of the massive and rapid vaccination campaign against COVID-19, continuous real-world effectiveness and safety assessment of the FDA-authorized vaccines is critical to amplify transparency, build public trust, and ultimately improve overall health outcomes. In this study, we leveraged large-scale longitudinal curation of electronic health records (EHRs) from the multi-state Mayo Clinic health system (MN, AZ, FL, WN, IA). We compared the infection rate of 2,195 individuals who received a single dose of the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine from Johnson & Johnson (J&J) to the infection rate of 21,950 unvaccinated, propensity-matched individuals between February 27th and April 14th 2021. Of the 1,779 vaccinated individuals with at least two weeks of follow-up, only 3 (0.17%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 15 days or more after vaccination compared to 128 of 17,744 (0.72%) unvaccinated individuals (4.34 fold reduction rate). This corresponds to a vaccine effectiveness of 76.7% (95% CI: 30.3-95.3%) in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection with onset at least two weeks after vaccination. This data is consistent with the clinical trial-reported efficacy of Ad26.COV2.S in preventing moderate to severe COVID-19 with onset at least 14 days after vaccine administration (66.9%; 95% CI: 59.0-73.4%). Due to the recent authorization of the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine, there are not yet enough hospitalizations, ICU admissions, or deaths within this cohort to robustly assess the effect of vaccination on COVID-19 severity, but these outcomes will be continually assessed in near-real-time with our platform. Collectively, this study provides further evidence that a single dose of Ad26.COV2.S is highly effective in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection and reaffirms the urgent need to continue mass vaccination efforts globally.Competing Interest StatementJCO receives personal fees from Elsevier and Bates College, and receives small grants from nference, Inc, outside the submitted work. ADB is a consultant for Abbvie, is on scientific advisory boards for nference and Zentalis, and is founder and President of Splissen therapeutics. The Mayo Clinic may stand to gain financially from the successful outcome of the research. nference collaborates with Janssen and other bio-pharmaceutical companies on data science initiatives unrelated to this study. These collaborations had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. This research has been reviewed by the Mayo Clinic Conflict of Interest Review Board and is being conducted in compliance with Mayo Clinic Conflict of Interest policies.Funding StatementNo external funding was received for this study.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:This is a retrospective study of individuals who underwent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection at the Mayo Clinic and hospitals affiliated with the Mayo Clinic Health System. This study was reviewed by the Mayo Clinic Institutional Review Board (IRB) and determined to be exempt from the requirement for IRB approval (45 CFR 46.104d, category 4). Subjects were excluded if they did not have a research authorization on file.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guid lines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAfter publication, the data will be made available upon reasonable requests to the corresponding author. A proposal with detailed description of study objectives and the statistical analysis plan will be needed for evaluation of the reasonability of requests. Deidentified data will be provided after approval from the corresponding author and the Mayo Clinic. AU - Corchado-Garcia, Juan | Puyraimond-Zemmour, David | Hughes, Travis | Cristea-Platon, Tudor | Lenehan, Patrick | Pawlowski, Colin | Bade, Sairam | O’Horo, John C. | Gores, Gregory J. | Williams, Amy W. | Badley, Andrew D. | Halamka, John | Virk, Abinash | Swift, Melanie D. | Wagner, Tyler | Soundararajan, Venky C1 - 2021-05-14 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05142021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.04.27.21256193 L1 - internal-pdf://0508119236/Corchado-Garcia-2021-Real-world effectiveness.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Effectiveness of the Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) vaccine measured 14 days after vaccination was 76.7% (95% CI 30.3%-95.3%) in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection among adult patients (vaccinated n = 2,195, unvaccinated matched cohort n = 21,950) in the multi-state Mayo Clinic Health System between February 27 and April 14, 2021. SP - 2021.04.27.21256193 ST - Real-world effectiveness of Ad26.COV2.S adenoviral vector vaccine for COVID-19 T2 - medRxiv TI - Real-world effectiveness of Ad26.COV2.S adenoviral vector vaccine for COVID-19 UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/04/30/2021.04.27.21256193.full.pdf ID - 1751 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background The Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has prompted accelerated vaccines development. Their use was prioritized to protect the most vulnerable, notably, the elderly. Because of fluctuations in vaccine availability, strategies such as delayed second dose and heterologous prime-boost have been employed. The effectiveness of these strategies in the frail elderly are unknown.Methods In this real-world vaccination study, under a government-decreed rationing strategy, elderly adults residing in long-term care facilities, with or without previously-documented SARS-CoV-2 infection, were administered homologous or heterologous mRNA vaccines, with an extended 16-week interval between doses. Clinical data and blood were serially collected during and after this interval period. Sera were tested for SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG antibodies (to trimeric S; RBD; nucleocapsid) by automated chemiluminescent ELISA.Findings After a significant increase 4 weeks post-prime dose, there was a significant decline in anti-RBD and anti-S IgG levels until the boost dose, followed by an increase 4 weeks later. Previously uninfected individuals exhibited lower antibody responses up to 16 weeks post-prime dose, but achieved comparable levels to previously infected counterparts by 4 weeks post-second dose. Individuals primed with BNT162b2 exhibited larger decrease in anti-RBD and anti-S IgG levels with 16-week interval between doses, compared to those who received mRNA-1273. No differences in antibody levels 4 weeks after the second dose were noted between the two vaccines, in either homologous or heterologous combinations.Interpretations These interim results of this ongoing longitudinal study show that, among frail elderly, neither age, sex, nor comorbidity affect antigenicity of mRNA-based COVID vaccines, but previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and type of mRNA vaccine influenced antibody responses when used with a 16-week interval between doses. Homologous/heterologous use of mRNA vaccines was not associated with significant differences in antibody responses 4 weeks following second dose, supporting their interchangeability.Funding This project was supported by funding from the Public Health Agency of Canada, through the Vaccine Surveillance Reference group and the COVID-19 Immunity Task Force (CITF).Competing Interest StatementDCV is funded by Fonds de la recherche en santé du Québec clinician-scientist scholar Junior 2 program. DCV has received clinical trial support from: Cidara Therapeutics; CSL Behring; and Janssen Pharmaceuticals. DCV has served on advisory boards for: CSL Behring; Novartis Canada; and UCB Biosciences GmbH. DCV has received speaker honoraria from: CSL Behring; Merck Canada. DCV has a patent application pending (Electronic Filing System ID: 40101099) and a report of invention to McGill University (Track code: D2021-0043), both unrelated to this work. JPG is funded by a Canada Research Chair award. Production of COVID-19 reagents was financially supported by NRC's Pandemic Response Challenge Program.Clinical Trialprospective observational cohort studyFunding StatementThis project was supported by funding from the Public Health Agency of Canada through the COVID-19 Immunity Task Force (CITF) and by a COVID-19 Rapid Response grant from the Canadian Institute of Health Research (CIHR; #VR2 - 172722) and by a grant supplement by the CITF to M-A Langlois. Production of COVID-19 reagents was financially supported by the NRC's Pandemic Response Challenge Program.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:This study was conducted in 12 LTC facilities of the Montréal Centre-Sud - Integrated University Health and Social Services Centre (CIUSSS du Centre-Sud-de-l'Île-de-Montréal) and was approved by its research ethics board (Comité d'éthique de la recherche Vieillissement-Neuroimagerie, protocol number 20-21-36 MP).All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesDe-identified clinical data for the patients in this study might be made available to other investigators after approval by the institutional review board. Requests should be directed to the corresponding author. AU - Vinh, Donald C. | Gouin, Jean-Philippe | Cruz-Santiago, Diana | Canac-Marquis, Michelle | Bernier, Stéphane | Bobeuf, Florian | Sengupta, Avik | Brassard, Jean-Philippe | Guerra, Alyssa | Dziarmaga, Robert | Perez, Anna | Sun, Yichun | Li, Yongbiao | Roussel, Lucie | Langelier, Mélanie J. | Ke, Danbing | Arnold, Corey | Pelchat, Martin | Langlois, Marc-André | Evans, Timothy G. | Zhang, Xun | Mazer, Bruce D. | on behalf of the, Covid-Immunity Task Force | U. NCoVER Investigators C1 - 2021-10-01 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10012021_covidupdate.html#anchor_Vaccines DO - 10.1101/2021.09.16.21263704 L1 - internal-pdf://0399660258/Vinh-2021-Real-world serologic responses to Ex.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Antibody levels at 4 weeks after 2nd dose did not differ between vaccine recipients of either heterologous or homologous vaccine regimens (Figure). | Previously uninfected individuals exhibited lower antibody responses up to 16 weeks after the 1st dose | Antibody levels by 4 weeks after 2nd dose were comparable to those of previously infected individuals and did not differ by age, sex, or presence of comorbidities. | Methods: Real-world study among elderly long-term care facility residents in Québec (n = 185) who received 2-dose mRNA vaccines with an extended (16 week) interval between doses. Participants received homologous vaccination (2 doses of either mRNA-1273 [Spikevax/Moderna] or BNT162b2 [Comirnaty, Pfizer/BioNTech]) or heterologous (1 mRNA-1273 dose then 1 BNT162b2 dose) based on availability. IgG responses were measured. Limitations: Clinical outcomes were not evaluated; cellular immune responses were not measured. | | Implications: Based on antibody responses, heterologous vaccination might be as effective as homologous vaccination among elderly persons receiving mRNA vaccine. SP - 2021.09.16.21263704 ST - Real-world serologic responses to Extended-interval and Heterologous COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in Frail Elderly - Interim report from a prospective observational cohort study T2 - medRxiv TI - Real-world serologic responses to Extended-interval and Heterologous COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in Frail Elderly - Interim report from a prospective observational cohort study UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/09/21/2021.09.16.21263704.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/09/21/2021.09.16.21263704.full.pdf ID - 2407 ER - TY - JOUR AD - National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA. | Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC, Atlanta, GA. | Immunization Safety Office, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, CDC, Atlanta, GA. | National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, CDC, Atlanta, GA. | National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety, CDC, Atlanta, GA. | Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC. AN - 34496196 AU - Zauche, Lauren H. | Wallace, Bailey | Smoots, Ashley N. | Olson, Christine K. | Oduyebo, Titilope | Kim, Shin Y. | Petersen, Emily E. | Ju, Jun | Beauregard, Jennifer | Wilcox, Allen J. | Rose, Charles E. | Meaney-Delman, Dana M. | Ellington, Sascha R. C1 - 2021-09-17 C2 - PMC8451181 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09172021_covidupdate.html#anchor_Vaccines DA - Sep 8 DO - 10.1056/NEJMc2113891 ET - 2021/09/09 L1 - internal-pdf://0981175338/Zauche-2021-Receipt of mRNA Covid-19 Vaccines.pdf LA - en LB - Vaccines | N1 - Zauche, Lauren H | Wallace, Bailey | Smoots, Ashley N | Olson, Christine K | Oduyebo, Titilope | Kim, Shin Y | Petersen, Emily E | Ju, Jun | Beauregard, Jennifer | Wilcox, Allen J | Rose, Charles E | Meaney-Delman, Dana M | Ellington, Sascha R | eng | Letter | N Engl J Med. 2021 Sep 8. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2113891. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Cumulative risk of spontaneous abortion from 6�?20 weeks of gestation among vaccinated persons was 14.1% (95% CI 12.1%-16.1%) in the primary analysis and 12.8% (95% CI 10.8%-14.8%) in maternal age standardized analysis, both within the expected range from historical cohorts (Figure). | Comparable results in a sensitivity analysis were 18.8% (95% CI, 16.6%-20.9%) and 18.5% (95% CI, 16.1%-20.8%). | 52.7% of participants received BNT162b2 (Comirnaty, Pfizer/BioNTech); 77.3% were �?0 years of age; 78.3% were Non-Hispanic White; and 88.8% were healthcare personnel. | Methods: Data from CDC v-safe COVID-19 vaccine pregnancy registry were evaluated for cumulative risk of spontaneous abortion from 6�?20 weeks gestation among pregnant persons (n = 2,456). Singleton pregnancies among persons receiving at least 1 dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine before conception or up to 20 weeks gestation were included. Age standardized cumulative rates of spontaneous abortion were calculated by gestational week. A sensitivity analysis assumed that all 65 participants with most recent contact during the first trimester had a spontaneous abortion. Limitations: No control group of unvaccinated persons; lack of racial and ethnic diversity and voluntary enrollment in v-safe may limit generalizability. | Note: Adapted from Zauche et al. Cumulative risk of spontaneous abortion in the v-safe COVID-19 Vaccine pregnancy registry sensitivity analysis, v-safe pregnancy registry primary analysis, and in two historical cohorts from 2013 and from 1991. Data from Mukherjee et al. included race-specific rates and are White women are provided here to maximize comparability with the v-safe pregnancy registry. From the New England Journal of Medicine, Zauche et al., Receipt of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines and risk of spontaneous abortion. September 8, 2021, online ahead of print. Copyright © 2021 Massachusetts Medical Society. Reprinted with permission from Massachusetts Medical Society. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic) | 0028-4793 (Linking) ST - Receipt of mRNA Covid-19 Vaccines and Risk of Spontaneous Abortion T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Receipt of mRNA Covid-19 Vaccines and Risk of Spontaneous Abortion UR - https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2113891 | https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMc2113891?articleTools=true ID - 2318 ER - TY - JOUR AD - HOGENT University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Faculty of Education, Health and Social Work, Nursing Dept., Keramiekstraat 80, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. Electronic address: sonia.labeau@hogent.be. AN - 32536513 AU - Labeau, S. O. C1 - 2020-06-26 C2 - COVID-19 Literature and Data CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/062620_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102890 ET - 2020/06/17 KW - Guideline Adherence/*standards/statistics & numerical data | Health Personnel/*psychology/statistics & numerical data | Humans | Self Report/standards | *Compliance | *Guideline adherence | *Measuring compliance | *Methodology | *Protocol compliance | *Provider adherence | competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared | to influence the work reported in this paper. L1 - internal-pdf://1065406152/Labeau-2020-Recommendation and protocol compli.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Labeau, S O; eng; Editorial; Netherlands; Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2020 Oct;60:102890. doi: 10.1016/j.iccn.2020.102890. Epub 2020 Jun 11. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Overview of methodological considerations for measuring adherence to SARS-CoV-2 pandemic guidelines. SN - 1532-4036 (Electronic); 0964-3397 (Linking) SP - 102890 ST - Recommendation and protocol compliance: "Yes, I do" may not be true; the complexity of measuring provider adherence T2 - Intensive Crit Care Nurs TI - Recommendation and protocol compliance: "Yes, I do" may not be true; the complexity of measuring provider adherence UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32536513 VL - 60 ID - 444 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVES: Nursing homes became epicenters of COVID-19 in the spring of 2020. Due to the substantial case fatality rates within congregate settings, federal agencies recommended restrictions to family visits. Six months into the COVID-19 pandemic, these largely remain in place. The objective of this study was to generate consensus guidance statements focusing on essential family caregivers and visitors. DESIGN: A modified 2-step Delphi process was used to generate consensus statements. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: The Delphi panel consisted of 21 US and Canadian post-acute and long-term care experts in clinical medicine, administration, and patient care advocacy. METHODS: State and federal reopening statements were collected in June 2020 and the panel voted on these using a 3-point Likert scale with consensus defined as >/=80% of panel members voting "Agree." The consensus statements then informed development of the visitor guidance statements. RESULTS: The Delphi process yielded 77 consensus statements. Regarding visitor guidance, the panel made 5 strong recommendations: (1) maintain strong infection prevention and control precautions, (2) facilitate indoor and outdoor visits, (3) allow limited physical contact with appropriate precautions, (4) assess individual residents' care preferences and level of risk tolerance, and (5) dedicate an essential caregiver and extend the definition of compassionate care visits to include care that promotes psychosocial well-being of residents. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic has seen substantial regulatory changes without strong consideration of the impact on residents. In the absence of timely and rigorous research, the involvement of clinicians and patient care advocates is important to help create the balance between individual resident preferences and the health of the collective. The results of this evidence-based Delphi process will help guide policy decisions as well as inform future research. AD - Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA. Electronic address: Carl.Bergman@vcuhealth.org. | Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. | Attleboro Community, Langhorne, PA, USA. | Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. | Altarum, Washington, DC, USA. | California State University, Shiley Institute for Palliative Care, San Marcos, CA, USA. | Eisenberg Village, Los Angeles Jewish Home for the Aged, Los Angeles, CA, USA. AN - 33256956 AU - Bergman, C. | Stall, N. M. | Haimowitz, D. | Aronson, L. | Lynn, J. | Steinberg, K. | Wasserman, M. C1 - 2020-10-20 C2 - Recommendations and Lessons Learned CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102020_covidupdate.html DA - Dec DO - 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.09.036 ET - 2020/12/02 IS - 12 KW - *covid-19 | Canada | *Consensus | Delphi Technique | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | *Nursing Homes | Organizational Policy | Pandemics | SARS-CoV-2 | United States | *Visitors to Patients | *public policy | *visitors L1 - internal-pdf://2415875102/Bergman-2020-Recommendations for Welcoming Bac.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Bergman, Christian; Stall, Nathan M; Haimowitz, Daniel; Aronson, Louise; Lynn, Joanne; Steinberg, Karl; Wasserman, Michael; eng; J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2020 Dec;21(12):1759-1766. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.09.036. Epub 2020 Oct 7. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Guidance for long term care facilities on receiving visitors. SN - 1538-9375 (Electronic); 1525-8610 (Linking) SP - 1759-1766 ST - Recommendations for Welcoming Back Nursing Home Visitors During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results of a Delphi Panel T2 - J Am Med Dir Assoc TI - Recommendations for Welcoming Back Nursing Home Visitors During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results of a Delphi Panel UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33256956 VL - 21 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 1073 ER - TY - JOUR AD - From the Mongan Institute, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston. AN - 32492309 AU - Sacks, C. A. | Bartels, S. J. C1 - 2020-06-19 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061920_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 4 DO - 10.1056/NEJMe2007658 ET - 2020/06/04 IS - 23 KW - California | *Firearms | Ownership | *Suicide L1 - internal-pdf://2644493447/Sacks-2020-Reconsidering Risks of Gun Ownershi.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | N1 - Sacks, Chana A; Bartels, Stephen J; eng; Editorial; Comment; N Engl J Med. 2020 Jun 4;382(23):2259-2260. doi: 10.1056/NEJMe2007658. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Editorial on the potential relationship between the recent surge in gun sales and risk of gun violence, given increased unemployment and social isolation. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 2259-2260 ST - Reconsidering Risks of Gun Ownership and Suicide in Unprecedented Times T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Reconsidering Risks of Gun Ownership and Suicide in Unprecedented Times UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32492309 VL - 382 ID - 401 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: There is growing concern about individuals reported to suffer repeat COVID-19 disease episodes, these in a small number of cases characterised as de novo infections with distinct sequences, indicative of insufficient protective immunity even in the short term. METHODS: Observational case series and case-control studies reporting 33 cases of recurrent, symptomatic, qRT-PCR positive COVID-19. Recurrent disease was defined as symptomatic recurrence after symptom-free clinical recovery, with release from isolation >14 days from the beginning of symptoms confirmed by qRT-PCR. The case control study-design compared this group of patients with a control group of 62 patients randomly selected from the same COVID-19 database. RESULTS: Of 33 recurrent COVID-19 patients, 26 were female and 30 were HCW. Mean time to recurrence was 50.5 days which was associated with being a HCW (OR 36.4 (p <0.0001)), and blood type A (OR 4.8 (p=0.002)). SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were signifcantly lower in recurrent patients after initial COVID-19 (2.4+/-0.610; p<0.0001) and after recurrence (6.4+/-11.34; p=0.007). Virus genome sequencing identified reinfection by a different isolate in one patient. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first detailed case series showing COVID-19 recurrence with qRT-PCR positivity. For one individual detection of phylogenetically distinct genomic sequences in the first and second episodes confirmed bona fide renfection, but in most cases the data do not formally distinguish between reinfection and re-emergence of a chronic infection reservoir. These episodes were significantly associated with reduced Ab response during initial disease and argue the need for ongoing vigilance without an assumption of protection after a first episode. AD - Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sergipe, Immunology Investigative Institute (III), INCT, CNPq, Aracaju, Sergipe 49060-100, Brazil. | Division of Pulmonology, Institute of Health Promotion and Assistance for Employees of the State of Sergipe (IPESAUDE), Sergipe, Brazil. | Fiocruz - Bi-Institutional Translational Medicine Project, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, 14049-900 Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil. | Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 ONN, United Kingdom. Electronic address: d.altmann@ic.ac.uk. | Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 ONN, United Kingdom. | Health Foundation Parreiras Horta, Central Laboratory of Public Health (LACEN/SE), State Secretary for Health, Sergipe, Brazil. | Division of Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, University Hospital/EBSERH, Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe CEP 49.060-025, Brazil. | Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador-BA, Brazil. | Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil. | Department of Biological Sciences, Center of Biotechnology and Genetics, State University of Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilheus-BA, Brazil. | Virology Laboratory, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador-BA, Brazil. | Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sergipe, Immunology Investigative Institute (III), INCT, CNPq, Aracaju, Sergipe 49060-100, Brazil; Division of Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, University Hospital/EBSERH, Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe CEP 49.060-025, Brazil. | Department of Medicine, Federal University of Sergipe, Immunology Investigative Institute (III), INCT, CNPq, Aracaju, Sergipe 49060-100, Brazil; Division of Immunology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, University Hospital/EBSERH, Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe CEP 49.060-025, Brazil. Electronic address: roquepachecoalmeida@gmail.com. AN - 33589297 AU - Adrielle Dos Santos, L. | Filho, P. G. G. | Silva, A. M. F. | Santos, J. V. G. | Santos, D. S. | Aquino, M. M. | de Jesus, R. M. | Almeida, M. L. D. | da Silva, J. S. | Altmann, D. M. | Boyton, R. J. | Alves Dos Santos, C. | Santos, C. N. O. | Alves, J. C. | Santos, I. L. | Magalhaes, L. S. | Belitardo, Emma | Rocha, Djpg | Almeida, J. P. P. | Pacheco, L. G. C. | Aguiar, Ergr | Campos, G. S. | Sardi, S. I. | Carvalho, R. H. | de Jesus, A. R. | Rezende, K. F. | de Almeida, R. P. C1 - 2021-02-26 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02262021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar DO - 10.1016/j.jinf.2021.01.020 ET - 2021/02/17 IS - 3 KW - Brazil/epidemiology | *covid-19 | Case-Control Studies | Female | *Health Personnel | Humans | *Reinfection | SARS-CoV-2 | Severity of Illness Index | *Antibodies | *Recurrence | *SARS-CoV-2 | interest. L1 - internal-pdf://0422732755/Adrielle Dos Sa-2021-Recurrent COVID-19 includ.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Adrielle Dos Santos, Leticia; Filho, Pedro Germano de Gois; Silva, Ana Maria Fantini; Santos, Joao Victor Gomes; Santos, Douglas Siqueira; Aquino, Marilia Marques; de Jesus, Rafaela Mota; Almeida, Maria Luiza Doria; da Silva, Joao Santana; Altmann, Daniel M; Boyton, Rosemary J; Alves Dos Santos, Cliomar; Santos, Camilla Natalia Oliveira; Alves, Juliana Cardoso; Santos, Ianaline Lima; Magalhaes, Lucas Sousa; Belitardo, Emilia M M A; Rocha, Danilo J P G; Almeida, Joao P P; Pacheco, Luis G C; Aguiar, Eric R G R; Campos, Gubio Soares; Sardi, Silvia Ines; Carvalho, Rejane Hughes; de Jesus, Amelia Ribeiro; Rezende, Karla Freire; de Almeida, Roque Pacheco; eng; Observational Study; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; J Infect. 2021 Mar;82(3):399-406. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2021.01.020. Epub 2021 Feb 13. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 recurrence in 33 people was associated with reduced antibody response during initial infection; in one patient (E), viral sequencing from the first and second episode revealed infection with different clades (lineages B.1 and B.1.80) which confirmed re-infection. SN - 1532-2742 (Electronic); 0163-4453 (Linking) SP - 399-406 ST - Recurrent COVID-19 including evidence of reinfection and enhanced severity in thirty Brazilian healthcare workers T2 - J Infect TI - Recurrent COVID-19 including evidence of reinfection and enhanced severity in thirty Brazilian healthcare workers UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33589297 VL - 82 ID - 1531 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Both clinical trials and studies leveraging real-world data have repeatedly confirmed the three COVID-19 vaccines authorized for use by the Food and Drug Administration are safe and effective at preventing infection, hospitalization, and death due to COVID-19 and a recent observational study of self-reported symptoms provides support that vaccination may also reduce the probability of developing long-COVID. As part of a federated research study with the COVID-19 Patient Recovery Alliance, Arcadia.io performed a retrospective analysis of the medical history of 240,648 COVID-19-infected persons to identity factors influencing the development and progression of long-COVID. This analysis revealed that patients who received at least one dose of any of the three COVID vaccines prior to their diagnosis with COVID-19 were 7-10 times less likely to report two or more long-COVID symptoms compared to unvaccinated patients. Furthermore, unvaccinated patients who received their first COVID-19 vaccination within four weeks of SARS-CoV-2 infection were 4-6 times less likely to report multiple long-COVID symptoms, and those who received their first dose 4-8 weeks after diagnosis were 3 times less likely to report multiple long-COVID symptoms compared to those who remained unvaccinated. This relationship supports the hypothesis that COVID-19 vaccination is protective against long-COVID and that effect persists even if vaccination occurs up to 12 weeks after COVID-19 diagnosis. A critical objective of this study was hypothesis generation, and the authors intend to perform further studies to substantiate the findings and encourage other researchers to as well.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementAuthors and all research expenses were exclusively funded by their respective institutions; no external funding was received.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:MITRE Institutional Review Board reviewed and approved as exempt as secondary research (MIRB 2020017)I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesDe-identified data used in this study are not available for public viewing. AU - Simon, Michael A. | Luginbuhl, Ryan D. | Parker, Richard C1 - 2021-12-03 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/12032021_covidupdate.html#anchor_NaturalHistory DO - 10.1101/2021.11.17.21263608 L1 - internal-pdf://2867041932/Simon-2021-Reduced Incidence of Long-COVID Sym.pdf LB - Natural History | Testing | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Compared with unvaccinated persons, persons vaccinated before and up to 12 weeks after a COVID-19 diagnosis had lower odds of experiencing �? symptom of long COVID (Figure). | Persons vaccinated before their COVID-19 diagnosis were the least likely to experience symptoms of long COVID (OR 0.220, 95% CI 0.196-0.245). | Persons with shorter intervals to vaccination following their COVID-19 diagnosis had lower odds of experiencing long COVID symptoms compared with persons with longer intervals to vaccination. | Methods: A retrospective study of persons with COVID-19 (n = 240,648) during February 2020–May 2021 was conducted using electronic health records and claims data. Long COVID cases were defined as persons who received medical care for �? COVID-associated symptom 12�?0 weeks after the initial COVID-19 diagnosis. ORs were based on logistic regression and adjusted for demographics and underlying health conditions. Limitations: Conducted before the Delta (B.1.617.2) variant became predominant; does not evaluate vaccine product. | | Implications: COVID-19 vaccination, when administered before or shortly after a COVID-19 diagnosis, might protect against symptoms of long COVID. SP - 2021.11.17.21263608 ST - Reduced Incidence of Long-COVID Symptoms Related to Administration of COVID-19 Vaccines Both Before COVID-19 Diagnosis and Up to 12 Weeks After T2 - medRxiv TI - Reduced Incidence of Long-COVID Symptoms Related to Administration of COVID-19 Vaccines Both Before COVID-19 Diagnosis and Up to 12 Weeks After UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/11/18/2021.11.17.21263608.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/11/18/2021.11.17.21263608.full.pdf ID - 2672 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background mRNA vaccines reduce COVID-19 incidence and severity, but the durability of vaccine-induced immune responses, particularly among the elderly, remains incompletely characterized.Methods Anti-spike RBD antibody titers, ACE2 competition and virus neutralizing activities were longitudinally assessed in 151 healthcare workers and older adults (overall aged 24-98 years) up to three months after vaccination.Results Older adults exhibited lower antibody responses after one and two vaccine doses for all measures. In multivariable analyses correcting for sociodemographic, chronic health and vaccine-related variables, age remained independently associated with all response outcomes. The number of chronic health conditions was additionally associated with lower binding antibody responses after two doses, and male sex with lower ACE2 competition activity after one dose. Responses waned universally at three months after the second dose, but binding antibodies, ACE2 competition and neutralizing activities remained significantly lower with age. Older adults also displayed reduced ability to block ACE2 binding by the Delta variant.Conclusions The humoral immune response to COVID-19 mRNA vaccines is significantly weaker with age, and universally wanes over time. This will likely reduce antibody-mediated protection against SARS-CoV-2 and the Delta variant as the pandemic progresses. Older adults may benefit from additional immunizations as a priority.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis work was supported by the Public Health Agency of Canada through a COVID-19 Immunology Task Force COVID-19 "Hot Spots" Award (2021-HQ-000120 to MAB, ZLB, MGR) and the Canada Foundation for Innovation through Exceptional Opportunities Fund COVID-19 awards (to MAB, MN, MD, RP, ZLB) and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health (R01AI134229 to RP). GU and FHO are supported by Ph.D. fellowships from the Sub-Saharan African Network for TB/HIV Research Excellence (SANTHE), a DELTAS Africa Initiative (grant number DEL-15-006). The DELTAS Africa Initiative is an independent funding scheme of the African Academy of Sciences (AAS) Alliance for Accelerating Excellence in Science in Africa (AESA) and supported by the New Partnership for Africas Development Planning and Coordinating Agency (NEPAD Agency) with funding from the Wellcome Trust (grant number 107752 Z 15 Z) and the UK government. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of AAS, NEPAD Agency, Wellcome Trust or the UK government. LYL was supported by an SFU Undergraduate Research Award. ZLB holds a Scholar Award from the Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Written informed consent was obtained from all participants or their authorized substitute decision makers. This study was approved by the University of British Columbia/Providence Health Care and Simon Fraser University Research Ethics Boards (protocol H20-03906).All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent mat rial as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAs per funder requirements, data will be deposited into a national database hosted by the Canadian COVID-19 Immunity Task Force (CITF) by the study end date (Spring 2022). Prior to then, data are available to interested researchers upon reasonable request to the corresponding authors. AU - Brockman, Mark A. | Mwimanzi, Francis | Lapointe, Hope R. | Sang, Yurou | Agafitei, Olga | Cheung, Peter | Ennis, Siobhan | Ng, Kurtis | Basra, Simran | Lim, Li Yi | Yaseen, Fatima | Young, Landon | Umviligihozo, Gisele | Omondi, F. Harrison | Kalikawe, Rebecca | Burns, Laura | Brumme, Chanson J. | Leung, Victor | Montaner, Julio S. G. | Holmes, Daniel | DeMarco, Mari | Simons, Janet | Pantophlet, Ralph | Niikura, Masahiro | Romney, Marc G. | Brumme, Zabrina L. C1 - 2021-09-24 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09242021_covidupdate.html#anchor_Variants DO - 10.1101/2021.09.06.21263149 L1 - internal-pdf://4238070780/Brockman-2021-Reduced magnitude and durability.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; After 2 doses of mRNA vaccine, SARS-CoV-2 wild-type strain and the Delta (B.1.351) variant elicited similar antibody production, although antibody response was functionally impaired by the Delta variant. | Post-vaccination anti-spike receptor binding domain (RBD) antibody levels were similar between the wild-type strain and the Delta variant. Antibody levels were lower among older adults and decreased over time in both groups (Figure 1A). | Post-vaccination antibody blocking of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor binding was 7% lower against the Delta variant than wild-type strains among healthcare workers (HCWs) and 15% lower among older adults (Figure 1B). | Methods: Anti-spike RBD antibody titers and ACE2 competitions were measured in serum and plasma 1 and 3 months after the 2nd dose of mRNA vaccines from 89 HCWs (median age 41 years old) and 62 older adults (median age 79 years old). Limitations: Due to small sample sizes, differences in responses between mRNA vaccines could not be assessed; correlation between vaccine immunogenicity and clinical outcome not established. | | Implications: Older adults might be more susceptible to infection by the Delta variant even after 2 doses of mRNA vaccine, supporting consideration of a 3rd dose. SP - 2021.09.06.21263149 ST - Reduced magnitude and durability of humoral immune responses by COVID-19 mRNA vaccines among older adults T2 - medRxiv TI - Reduced magnitude and durability of humoral immune responses by COVID-19 mRNA vaccines among older adults UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/09/12/2021.09.06.21263149.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/09/12/2021.09.06.21263149.full.pdf ID - 2366 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In March 2020, we observed an outbreak of COVID-19 among a relatively homogenous group of 199 young (median age 21 years; 87% men) Swiss recruits. By comparing physical endurance before and in median 45 days after the outbreak, we found a significant decrease in predicted maximal aerobic capacity in COVID-19 convalescent but not in asymptomatically infected and SARS-CoV-2 naive recruits. This finding might be indicative of lung injury after apparently mild COVID-19 in young adults. AD - Swiss Armed Forces, Medical Services, Ittigen, Switzerland. | University of Zurich, Institute for Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, Travel Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland. | Federal Office for Civil Protection FOCP, Spiez Laboratory, Spiez, Switzerland. | Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, Nutritional Medicine and Metabolism, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. | University of Cambridge, Department of Haematology and Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom. AN - 32914744 AU - Crameri, G. A. G. | Bielecki, M. | Zust, R. | Buehrer, T. W. | Stanga, Z. | Deuel, J. W. C1 - 2020-09-22 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/092220_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.36.2001542 ET - 2020/09/12 IS - 36 KW - Adult | Asymptomatic Infections | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Convalescence | Coronavirus/genetics/*isolation & purification | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis/epidemiology | Disease Outbreaks | Exercise/*physiology | Female | Humans | Lung Injury/*etiology | Male | Military Personnel | *Oxygen Consumption | Pandemics | Physical Endurance/immunology/*physiology | Physical Fitness | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis/epidemiology | Pulmonary Ventilation/*physiology | Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | Switzerland/epidemiology | Young Adult | *SARS-CoV-2 | *lung injury | *physical endurance L1 - internal-pdf://3122507852/Crameri-2020-Reduced maximal aerobic capacity.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Crameri, Giovanni Andrea Gerardo; Bielecki, Michel; Zust, Roland; Buehrer, Thomas Werner; Stanga, Zeno; Deuel, Jeremy Werner; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Sweden; Euro Surveill. 2020 Sep;25(36). doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.36.2001542. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The VO2 max (a measure of ability to perform aerobic exercise) was lower in recovered recruits with symptomatic COVID-19 compared with recruits who had not had COVID-19 (p�?�?.02). | In recovered recruits, there was a significant decrease in VO2 max compared with a baseline measure obtained prior to illness (Figure). | 19% of recruits with symptomatic COVID-19 had a loss of >10% VO2; Methods: Cross-sectional study of 199 Swiss Army recruits tested by RT-PCR in May 2020 during a COVID-19 outbreak and divided into 3 groups: RT-PCR positive, symptomatic, RT-PCR positive, asymptomatic, and RT-PCR negative. Endurance and aerobic capacity, including VO2 max, were measured in all recruits at baseline (coincidentally 3-months prior to COVID-19 outbreak). Complete data at baseline and after the COVID-19 outbreak were available for 139 (70%) of the recruits and assessed for differences. Limitations: Timing of testing after the outbreak was unclear. | Implications: A decrease in pulmonary aerobic capacity was observed among military recruits who recovered from COVID-19. Long-term effects on lung function have been noted after mild to moderate influenza infection and may also be present after COVID-19. Additional research to understand the incidence of any long-term consequences is needed. SN - 1560-7917 (Electronic); 1025-496X (Linking) SP - 2001542 ST - Reduced maximal aerobic capacity after COVID-19 in young adult recruits, Switzerland, May 2020 T2 - Euro Surveill TI - Reduced maximal aerobic capacity after COVID-19 in young adult recruits, Switzerland, May 2020 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32914744 VL - 25 ID - 936 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Vaccines are proving to be highly effective in controlling hospitalisation and deaths associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection but the emergence of viral variants with novel antigenic profiles threatens to diminish their efficacy. Assessment of the ability of sera from vaccine recipients to neutralise SARS-CoV-2 variants will inform the success of strategies for minimising COVID19 cases and the design of effective antigenic formulations. Here, we examine the sensitivity of variants of concern (VOCs) representative of the B.1.617.1 and B.1.617.2 (first associated with infections in India) and B.1.351 (first associated with infection in South Africa) lineages of SARS-CoV-2 to neutralisation by sera from individuals vaccinated with the BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) and ChAdOx1 (Oxford/AstraZeneca) vaccines. Across all vaccinated individuals, the spike glycoproteins from B.1.617.1 and B.1.617.2 conferred reductions in neutralisation of 4.31 and 5.11-fold respectively. The reduction seen with the B.1.617.2 lineage approached that conferred by the glycoprotein from B.1.351 (South African) variant (6.29-fold reduction) that is known to be associated with reduced vaccine efficacy. Neutralising antibody titres elicited by vaccination with two doses of BNT162b2 were significantly higher than those elicited by vaccination with two doses of ChAdOx1. Fold decreases in the magnitude of neutralisation titre following two doses of BNT162b2, conferred reductions in titre of 7.77, 11.30 and 9.56-fold respectively to B.1.617.1, B.1.617.2 and B.1.351 pseudoviruses, the reduction in neutralisation of the delta variant B.1.617.2 surpassing that of B.1.351. Fold changes in those vaccinated with two doses of ChAdOx1 were 0.69, 4.01 and 1.48 respectively. The accumulation of mutations in these VOCs, and others, demonstrate the quantifiable risk of antigenic drift and subsequent reduction in vaccine efficacy. Accordingly, booster vaccines based on updated variants are likely to be required over time to prevent productive infection. This study also suggests that two dose regimes of vaccine are required for maximal BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1-induced immunity.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementCOVID-19 DeplOyed VaccinE (DOVE) is funded by the Medical Research Council core award (MC UU 1201412). We acknowledge the support of the G2P-UK National Virology Consortium (MR/W005611/1) funded by the UKRI. COG-UK is supported by funding from the Medical Research Council (MRC) part of UK Research & Innovation (UKRI), the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) and Genome Research Limited, operating as the Wellcome Sanger Institute. DLR and RO are funded by the MRC (MC_UU_12014/12). WTH is funded by the MRC (MR/R024758/1). NL and BJW were funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC, BB/R004250/1), GT was funded by the Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC, BB/R019843/1).Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The study was approved by the North-West Liverpool Central Research Ethics Committee (REC reference 21/NW/0073).All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and ot er pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll sequence data and metadata used in this work is shared via: The COG-UK website : https://www.cogconsortium.uk/data/ GISAID: https://www.gisaid.org/. All other source data will be made available upon the University of Glasgow Enlighten open-access research data server at http://researchdata.gla.ac.uk. AU - Davis, Chris | Logan, Nicola | Tyson, Grace | Orton, Richard | Harvey, William | Haughney, John | Perkins, Jon | The, Covid-Genomics U. K. Consortium | Peacock, Thomas P. | Barclay, Wendy S. | Cherepanov, Peter | Palmarini, Massimo | Murcia, Pablo R. | Patel, Arvind H. | Robertson, David L. | Thomson, Emma C. | Willett, Brian J. | on behalf of the, Covid-DeplOyed VaccinE Cohort Study investigators C1 - 2021-07-09 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07092021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.06.23.21259327 L1 - internal-pdf://1865024906/Davis-2021-Reduced neutralisation of the Delta.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - (COG-UK); (DOVE) PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Antibody titers produced by 2 doses of BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) neutralized B.1.617.2, B.1.617.1, and B.1.351 variants 7.8-, 11.3-, and 9.6-fold less effectively than wild-type SARS-CoV-2 (Figure A). | Differences in neutralization against variants produced by ChAdOx1 (Oxford/AstraZeneca) were not significant. | Mean antibody titers against all Wuhan were significantly higher in individuals vaccinated with BNT162b2 than in those vaccinated with ChAdOx1 (Figure B). | Methods: Post-vaccination BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 sera from 155 healthy individuals (�?8 years old) in the UK COVID-19 Deployed Vaccine Cohort Study (DOVE) were tested for neutralizing antibody production against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-pseudotyped HIV for the indicated variants. Limitations: The average age of individuals vaccinated with ChAdOx1 was 15 years older than those vaccinated with BNT162b2, which could confound comparisons across the vaccine groups. | Implications: BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 vaccines induced neutralizing antibodies may be less efficient at targeting the B.1.617.2 variant compared to wild-type SARS-CoV-2. SP - 2021.06.23.21259327 ST - Reduced neutralisation of the Delta (B.1.617.2) SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern following vaccination T2 - medRxiv TI - Reduced neutralisation of the Delta (B.1.617.2) SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern following vaccination UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/06/28/2021.06.23.21259327.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/06/28/2021.06.23.21259327.full.pdf ID - 1949 ER - TY - JOUR AB - SARS-CoV-2 has caused over 2 million deaths in little over a year. Vaccines are being deployed at scale, aiming to generate responses against the virus spike. The scale of the pandemic and error-prone virus replication is leading to the appearance of mutant viruses and potentially escape from antibody responses. Variant B.1.1.7, now dominant in the UK, with increased transmission, harbors 9 amino acid changes in the spike, including N501Y in the ACE2 interacting surface. We examine the ability of B.1.1.7 to evade antibody responses elicited by natural SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination. We map the impact of N501Y by structure/function analysis of a large panel of well-characterized monoclonal antibodies. B.1.1.7 is harder to neutralize than parental virus, compromising neutralization by some members of a major class of public antibodies through light-chain contacts with residue 501. However, widespread escape from monoclonal antibodies or antibody responses generated by natural infection or vaccination was not observed. AD - Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK. | Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK. | Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK. | National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, UK. | Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, UK; Centre For Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, Thailand. | Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK; Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Worthing Hospital, Worthing, UK. | Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK. | Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Sir William Dunn School of Pathology University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, UK. | Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Dengue & Emerging Pathogens, Dean Office for Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand. Electronic address: jmongkol@well.ox.ac.uk. | Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK. Electronic address: ren@strubi.ox.ac.uk. | Division of Structural Biology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, UK; Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK; Instruct-ERIC, Oxford House, Parkway Court, John Smith Drive, Oxford, UK. Electronic address: dave@strubi.ox.ac.uk. | Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. Electronic address: gavin.screaton@medsci.ox.ac.uk. AN - 33743891 AU - Supasa, P. | Zhou, D. | Dejnirattisai, W. | Liu, C. | Mentzer, A. J. | Ginn, H. M. | Zhao, Y. | Duyvesteyn, H. M. E. | Nutalai, R. | Tuekprakhon, A. | Wang, B. | Paesen, G. C. | Slon-Campos, J. | Lopez-Camacho, C. | Hallis, B. | Coombes, N. | Bewley, K. R. | Charlton, S. | Walter, T. S. | Barnes, E. | Dunachie, S. J. | Skelly, D. | Lumley, S. F. | Baker, N. | Shaik, I. | Humphries, H. E. | Godwin, K. | Gent, N. | Sienkiewicz, A. | Dold, C. | Levin, R. | Dong, T. | Pollard, A. J. | Knight, J. C. | Klenerman, P. | Crook, D. | Lambe, T. | Clutterbuck, E. | Bibi, S. | Flaxman, A. | Bittaye, M. | Belij-Rammerstorfer, S. | Gilbert, S. | Hall, D. R. | Williams, M. A. | Paterson, N. G. | James, W. | Carroll, M. W. | Fry, E. E. | Mongkolsapaya, J. | Ren, J. | Stuart, D. I. | Screaton, G. R. C1 - 2021-03-05 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03052021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 15 DO - 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.033 ET - 2021/03/22 IS - 8 KW - Animals | Antibodies, Monoclonal/*immunology | Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood/*immunology | Antibodies, Viral/blood/*immunology | CHO Cells | COVID-19/epidemiology/*immunology | Chlorocebus aethiops | Cricetulus | HEK293 Cells | Humans | Pandemics | Protein Binding | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/*immunology | Structure-Activity Relationship | Vero Cells | *b.1.1.7 | *ighv3-53 | *Kent | *SARS-CoV-2 | *antibody | *escape | *neutralization | *variant | Board. Oxford University holds intellectual property related to the | Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine. A.J.P. is Chair of UK Department Health and Social | Care's (DHSC) Joint Committee on Vaccination & Immunisation (JCVI) but does not | participate in the JCVI COVID19 committee and is a member of the WHO's SAGE. S.G. | is co-founder of Vaccitech (collaborators in the early development of this | vaccine candidate) and named as an inventor on a patent covering use of | ChAdOx1-vectored vaccines and a patent application covering this SARS-CoV-2 | vaccine. T.L. is named as an inventor on a patent application covering this | SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and consultant to Vaccitech. The views expressed in this | article do not necessarily represent the views of DHSC, JCVI, or WHO. The | University of Oxford has entered into a partnership with AstraZeneca on | coronavirus vaccine development. The University of Oxford has protected | intellectual property disclosed in this publication. L1 - internal-pdf://0058395854/Supasa-2021-Reduced neutralization of SARS-CoV.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Supasa, Piyada; Zhou, Daming; Dejnirattisai, Wanwisa; Liu, Chang; Mentzer, Alexander J; Ginn, Helen M; Zhao, Yuguang; Duyvesteyn, Helen M E; Nutalai, Rungtiwa; Tuekprakhon, Aekkachai; Wang, Beibei; Paesen, Guido C; Slon-Campos, Jose; Lopez-Camacho, Cesar; Hallis, Bassam; Coombes, Naomi; Bewley, Kevin R; Charlton, Sue; Walter, Thomas S; Barnes, Eleanor; Dunachie, Susanna J; Skelly, Donal; Lumley, Sheila F; Baker, Natalie; Shaik, Imam; Humphries, Holly E; Godwin, Kerry; Gent, Nick; Sienkiewicz, Alex; Dold, Christina; Levin, Robert; Dong, Tao; Pollard, Andrew J; Knight, Julian C; Klenerman, Paul; Crook, Derrick; Lambe, Teresa; Clutterbuck, Elizabeth; Bibi, Sagida; Flaxman, Amy; Bittaye, Mustapha; Belij-Rammerstorfer, Sandra; Gilbert, Sarah; Hall, David R; Williams, Mark A; Paterson, Neil G; James, William; Carroll, Miles W; Fry, Elizabeth E; Mongkolsapaya, Juthathip; Ren, Jingshan; Stuart, David I; Screaton, Gavin R; eng; WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Cell. 2021 Apr 15;184(8):2201-2211.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.033. Epub 2021 Feb 18. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; An amino acid substitution (N501Y) in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 caused numerous functional changes: | 7-fold increased binding to human ACE2 receptors. | Decreased viral neutralization by numerous antibodies. | Widespread escape of viral neutralization was not observed for commercially available monoclonal antibodies (Figure), or for sera from vaccinees or from convalescent patients. | Methods for both studies (Zhou et al. and Supasa et al.): In two separate studies, the neutralization of B.1.351 and of B.1.1.7 along with a wild-type SARS-CoV-2 viruses (control) were compared in vitro using a focus reduction neutralization test (FRNT) with immune sera and plasma from a UK cohort of persons recovered from or vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 as well as monoclonal antibody (mAbs) cocktails. Additionally, for the B.1.1.7 variant, the N501Y mutation was modeled to examine effects on antibody and ACE2 affinity. Limitations for both studies: In vitro neutralization assays do not include assessment of the contributions to in vivo protection provide by other parts of the immune response such as B or T cells. Samples used in the neutralization studies were taken early after illness or vaccination and protective levels may change over time. | Implications for both studies (Zhou et al. and Supasa et al.): In Zhou et alexternal icon., neutralizing activity of antibodies were lower against SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 than wild-type SARS-CoV-2 viruses suggesting monoclonal antibody therapy and vaccine effectiveness will be impacted. In Supasa et al.external icon, the B.1.1.7 variant did not evade treatment with existing monoclonal antibodies and there was no evidence of vaccine escape, indicating protection from the B.1.1.7 variant by existing vaccines. Wu et al.external icon also found evidence that the Moderna vaccine-induced antibody response neutralized the B.1.1.7 variant in vitro but less so the B.1.351 variant. SN - 1097-4172 (Electronic); 0092-8674 (Linking) SP - 2201-2211 e7 ST - Reduced neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 variant by convalescent and vaccine sera T2 - Cell TI - Reduced neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 variant by convalescent and vaccine sera UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33743891 VL - 184 ID - 1562 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Identification of risk factors for contracting and developing serious illness following infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is of paramount interest. Here, we performed a retrospective cohort analysis of all Danish individuals tested for SARS-CoV-2 between 27 February 2020 and 30 July 2020, with a known ABO and RhD blood group, to determine the influence of common blood groups on virus susceptibility. Distribution of blood groups was compared with data from nontested individuals. Participants (29% of whom were male) included 473 654 individuals tested for SARS-CoV-2 using real-time polymerase chain reaction (7422 positive and 466 232 negative) and 2 204 742 nontested individuals, accounting for approximately 38% of the total Danish population. Hospitalization and death from COVID-19, age, cardiovascular comorbidities, and job status were also collected for confirmed infected cases. ABO blood groups varied significantly between patients and the reference group, with only 38.41% (95% confidence interval [CI], 37.30-39.50) of the patients belonging to blood group O compared with 41.70% (95% CI, 41.60-41.80) in the controls, corresponding to a relative risk of 0.87 (95% CI, 0.83-0.91) for acquiring COVID-19. This study identifies ABO blood group as a risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection but not for hospitalization or death from COVID-19. AD - Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark. | Clinical Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, and. | Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. | Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. | Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark. | Department of Clinical Immunology, Zealand University Hospital, Naestved, Denmark. | Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; and. | Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. AN - 33057631 AU - Barnkob, M. B. | Pottegard, A. | Stovring, H. | Haunstrup, T. M. | Homburg, K. | Larsen, R. | Hansen, M. B. | Titlestad, K. | Aagaard, B. | Moller, B. K. | Barington, T. C1 - 2020-10-23 C2 - Blood Group and COVID-19 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102320_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 27 DO - 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002657 ET - 2020/10/16 IS - 20 KW - ABO Blood-Group System/*blood | Betacoronavirus/isolation & purification | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*blood/*epidemiology | Denmark/epidemiology | Female | Humans | Male | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*blood/*epidemiology | Prevalence | Protective Factors | Retrospective Studies | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://3664034050/Barnkob-2020-Reduced prevalence of SARS-CoV-2.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Testing | Variants | N1 - Barnkob, Mike Bogetofte; Pottegard, Anton; Stovring, Henrik; Haunstrup, Thure Mors; Homburg, Keld; Larsen, Rune; Hansen, Morten Bagge; Titlestad, Kjell; Aagaard, Bitten; Moller, Bjarne Kuno; Barington, Torben; eng; Blood Adv. 2020 Oct 27;4(20):4990-4993. doi: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002657. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Blood group O is associated with a decreased risk for contracting SARS-CoV-2 infection. SN - 2473-9537 (Electronic); 2473-9529 (Linking) SP - 4990-4993 ST - Reduced prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in ABO blood group O T2 - Blood Adv TI - Reduced prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in ABO blood group O UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33057631 VL - 4 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1106 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Citta della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy fabrizio.dascenzo@unito.it. | Azienda Ospedaliera SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy. | Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy. | Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Citta della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy. | Ospedale Maria Vittoria, Turin, Italy. | Ospedale San Giovanni Bosco, Turin, Italy. | Ospedale Morgagni, Forli, Italy. | Presidio Ospedaliero Sant'Andrea di Vercelli, Vercelli, Italy. | Ospedale Civile SS Annunziata, Savigliano, Italy. | Ospedale di Cirie, Cirie, Italy. | Ospedale Santa Corona, Pietra Ligure, Italy. | Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Maggiore della Carita, Novara, Italy. | IRCCS Centro Cardiologico Monzino, Milan, Italy. | Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy. | Ospedale Maggiore Carlo Alberto Pizzardi, Bologna, Italy. | Ospedale Maria Vittorial, Turin, Italy. | Ospedale di Ivrea, Ivrea, Italy. | Ospedale Santa Croce, Moncalieri, Italy. | Ospedale Cardinal Massaia, Asti, Italy. | University of Torino, Turin, Italy. | University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy. AN - 32343497 AU - De Filippo, O. | D'Ascenzo, F. | Angelini, F. | Bocchino, P. P. | Conrotto, F. | Saglietto, A. | Secco, G. G. | Campo, G. | Gallone, G. | Verardi, R. | Gaido, L. | Iannaccone, M. | Galvani, M. | Ugo, F. | Barbero, U. | Infantino, V. | Olivotti, L. | Mennuni, M. | Gili, S. | Infusino, F. | Vercellino, M. | Zucchetti, O. | Casella, G. | Giammaria, M. | Boccuzzi, G. | Tolomeo, P. | Doronzo, B. | Senatore, G. | Grosso Marra, W. | Rognoni, A. | Trabattoni, D. | Franchin, L. | Borin, A. | Bruno, F. | Galluzzo, A. | Gambino, A. | Nicolino, A. | Truffa Giachet, A. | Sardella, G. | Fedele, F. | Monticone, S. | Montefusco, A. | Omede, P. | Pennone, M. | Patti, G. | Mancone, M. | De Ferrari, G. M. C1 - 2020-05-05 C2 - PMC7224608 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050520_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 2 DO - 10.1056/NEJMc2009166 ET - 2020/04/29 IS - 1 KW - Acute Coronary Syndrome/*epidemiology | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Female | Hospitalization/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Italy/epidemiology | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Patient Acceptance of Health Care/statistics & numerical data | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 | ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://2921966489/De Filippo-2020-Reduced Rate of Hospital Admis.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - De Filippo, Ovidio; D'Ascenzo, Fabrizio; Angelini, Filippo; Bocchino, Pier Paolo; Conrotto, Federico; Saglietto, Andrea; Secco, Gioel Gabrio; Campo, Gianluca; Gallone, Guglielmo; Verardi, Roberto; Gaido, Luca; Iannaccone, Mario; Galvani, Marcello; Ugo, Fabrizio; Barbero, Umberto; Infantino, Vincenzo; Olivotti, Luca; Mennuni, Marco; Gili, Sebastiano; Infusino, Fabio; Vercellino, Matteo; Zucchetti, Ottavio; Casella, Gianni; Giammaria, Massimo; Boccuzzi, Giacomo; Tolomeo, Paolo; Doronzo, Baldassarre; Senatore, Gaetano; Grosso Marra, Walter; Rognoni, Andrea; Trabattoni, Daniela; Franchin, Luca; Borin, Andrea; Bruno, Francesco; Galluzzo, Alessandro; Gambino, Alfonso; Nicolino, Annamaria; Truffa Giachet, Alessandra; Sardella, Gennaro; Fedele, Francesco; Monticone, Silvia; Montefusco, Antonio; Omede, Pierluigi; Pennone, Mauro; Patti, Giuseppe; Mancone, Massimo; De Ferrari, Gaetano M; eng; Letter; N Engl J Med. 2020 Jul 2;383(1):88-89. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2009166. Epub 2020 Apr 28. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Admissions for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) were significantly lower during the six weeks after the first confirmed case of COVID-19 in Italy on February 20, 2020 (13.3 per day) compared with the same period in 2019 (18.9 per day) and the first 7 weeks of 2020 (18.8 per day) (Figure 1). | Admissions were lowest after the national lockdown was issued on March 8, 2020 (12.1 per day). | Methods: Retrospective analysis of admission rates for ACS at 15 hospitals in Northern Italy during February 20 to March 31, 2020 and two control periods (intra-year: first 7 weeks of 2020; and inter-year: same period in 2019). Incidence rate ratios comparing the study period with each of the control periods were calculated using Poisson regression. Limitations: Ecological study; no data on ACS among patients admitted with COVID-19 or deaths from ACS. | Implications of both studies (De Filippo et al. & Baldi et al.): Fewer people may be seeking needed care for acute coronary heart disease due to the COVID-19 pandemic. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 88-89 ST - Reduced Rate of Hospital Admissions for ACS during Covid-19 Outbreak in Northern Italy T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Reduced Rate of Hospital Admissions for ACS during Covid-19 Outbreak in Northern Italy UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32343497 VL - 383 ID - 128 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617 lineage was identified in October 2020 in India1�?. It has since then become dominant in some indian regions and UK and further spread to many countries6. The lineage includes three main subtypes (B1.617.1, B.1.617.2 and B.1.617.3), harbouring diverse Spike mutations in the N-terminal domain (NTD) and the receptor binding domain (RBD) which may increase their immune evasion potential. B.1.617.2, also termed variant Delta, is believed to spread faster than other variants. Here, we isolated an infectious Delta strain from a traveller returning from India. We examined its sensitivity to monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and to antibodies present in sera from COVID-19 convalescent individuals or vaccine recipients, in comparison to other viral strains. Variant Delta was resistant to neutralization by some anti-NTD and anti-RBD mAbs including Bamlanivimab, which were impaired in binding to the Spike. Sera from convalescent patients collected up to 12 months post symptoms were 4 fold less potent against variant Delta, relative to variant Alpha (B.1.1.7). Sera from individuals having received one dose of Pfizer or AstraZeneca vaccines barely inhibited variant Delta. Administration of two doses generated a neutralizing response in 95% of individuals, with titers 3 to 5 fold lower against Delta than Alpha. Thus, variant Delta spread is associated with an escape to antibodies targeting non-RBD and RBD Spike epitopes. AD - Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France. | Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France. | INSERM, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors (FunGeST), Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Universite de Paris and Sorbonne Universite, Paris, France. | Laboratoire de Virologie, Service de Microbiologie, Hopital Europeen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique des Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France. | G5 Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. | Universite de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France. | Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1222, Paris, France. | CHU de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Virologie, Strasbourg, France. | Universite de Strasbourg, INSERM, IRM UMR_S 1109, Strasbourg, France. | Service de Geriatrie, Hopital Europeen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique des Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France. | Unite d'Hygiene Hospitaliere, Service de Microbiologie, Hopital Europeen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique des Hopitaux de Paris, Paris, France. | CHR d'Orleans, Service de Maladies Infectieuses, Orleans, France. | Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France. timothee.bruel@pasteur.fr. | Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France. timothee.bruel@pasteur.fr. | Structural Virology Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France. | Virus and Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France. olivier.schwartz@pasteur.fr. | Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France. olivier.schwartz@pasteur.fr. AN - 34237773 AU - Planas, Delphine | Veyer, David | Baidaliuk, Artem | Staropoli, Isabelle | Guivel-Benhassine, Florence | Rajah, Maaran Michael | Planchais, Cyril | Porrot, Françoise | Robillard, Nicolas | Puech, Julien | Prot, Matthieu | Gallais, Floriane | Gantner, Pierre | Velay, Aurélie | Le Guen, Julien | Kassis-Chikhani, Najibi | Edriss, Dhiaeddine | Belec, Laurent | Seve, Aymeric | Courtellemont, Laura | Péré, Hél؈ne | Hocqueloux, Laurent | Fafi-Kremer, Samira | Prazuck, Thierry | Mouquet, Hugo | Bruel, Timothée | Simon-Lori؈re, Etienne | Rey, Felix A. | Schwartz, Olivier C1 - 2021-07-16 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07162021_covidupdate.html DA - 2021/07/08 DO - 10.1038/s41586-021-03777-9 ET - 2021/07/09 IS - 7871 KW - Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology | Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood/*immunology | Antibodies, Viral/blood/*immunology | COVID-19/epidemiology/*immunology/*virology | COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage/*immunology | *Convalescence | Epitopes/chemistry/genetics/immunology | France | Humans | Immune Evasion/*immunology | India/epidemiology | Male | Middle Aged | Neutralization Tests | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry/genetics/*immunology L1 - internal-pdf://2720452354/Planas-2021-Reduced sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Planas, Delphine | Veyer, David | Baidaliuk, Artem | Staropoli, Isabelle | Guivel-Benhassine, Florence | Rajah, Maaran Michael | Planchais, Cyril | Porrot, Francoise | Robillard, Nicolas | Puech, Julien | Prot, Matthieu | Gallais, Floriane | Gantner, Pierre | Velay, Aurelie | Le Guen, Julien | Kassis-Chikhani, Najiby | Edriss, Dhiaeddine | Belec, Laurent | Seve, Aymeric | Courtellemont, Laura | Pere, Helene | Hocqueloux, Laurent | Fafi-Kremer, Samira | Prazuck, Thierry | Mouquet, Hugo | Bruel, Timothee | Simon-Loriere, Etienne | Rey, Felix A | Schwartz, Olivier | eng | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | England | Nature. 2021 Aug;596(7871):276-280. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03777-9. Epub 2021 Jul 8. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: B.1.617.2 (Delta) was weakly neutralized by some monoclonal antibodies, including bamlanivimab. Sera from convalescents up to 12 months post symptoms (n = 26) were 4-fold less potent against B.1.617.2 compared to B.1.1.7 (Alpha). Sera from recipients of 1 dose of Pfizer or AstraZeneca vaccines barely inhibited B.1.617.2; 2 doses led to a neutralization response in 95% of samples but titers were 3- to 5-fold lower than against B.1.1.7. SN - 1476-4687 SP - 276-280 ST - Reduced sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 variant Delta to antibody neutralization T2 - Nature TI - Reduced sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 variant Delta to antibody neutralization UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03777-9 | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03777-9_reference.pdf VL - 596 ID - 1979 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. | Cardiology Centers of the Netherlands, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. | Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. AN - 32965743 AU - van Rijn, C. | Somsen, G. A. | Hofstra, L. | Dahhan, G. | Bem, R. A. | Kooij, S. | Bonn, D. C1 - 2020-10-06 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100620_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1111/ina.12744 ET - 2020/09/24 IS - 6 KW - Aerosols | Air Pollution, Indoor/prevention & control | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*transmission | Disease Transmission, Infectious/*prevention & control | *Elevators and Escalators | Environmental Exposure/prevention & control | Hospitals | Humans | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*transmission | SARS-CoV-2 | Ventilation/*methods L1 - internal-pdf://2378404588/van Rijn-2020-Reducing aerosol transmission of.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - van Rijn, Cees; Somsen, G Aernout; Hofstra, Leonard; Dahhan, Ghassan; Bem, Reinout A; Kooij, Stefan; Bonn, Daniel; eng; SARS-CoV-2 University of Amsterdam fund/International; Editorial; England; Indoor Air. 2020 Nov;30(6):1065-1066. doi: 10.1111/ina.12744. Epub 2020 Sep 23. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Investigates aerosol persistence in elevators by mimicking a single cough using a specially designed spray nozzle to disperse a controlled quantity of droplets. SN - 1600-0668 (Electronic); 0905-6947 (Linking) SP - 1065-1066 ST - Reducing aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in hospital elevators T2 - Indoor Air TI - Reducing aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in hospital elevators UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32965743 VL - 30 ID - 1004 ER - TY - JOUR AB - COVID-19 has resulted in a staggering death toll in the United States: over 215,000 by mid-October 2020, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Black and Latino Americans have experienced a disproportionate burden of COVID-19 morbidity and mortality, reflecting persistent structural inequalities that increase risk of exposure to COVID-19 and mortality risk for those infected. We estimate life expectancy at birth and at age 65 y for 2020, for the total US population and by race and ethnicity, using four scenarios of deaths-one in which the COVID-19 pandemic had not occurred and three including COVID-19 mortality projections produced by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. Our medium estimate indicates a reduction in US life expectancy at birth of 1.13 y to 77.48 y, lower than any year since 2003. We also project a 0.87-y reduction in life expectancy at age 65 y. The Black and Latino populations are estimated to experience declines in life expectancy at birth of 2.10 and 3.05 y, respectively, both of which are several times the 0.68-y reduction for Whites. These projections imply an increase of nearly 40% in the Black-White life expectancy gap, from 3.6 y to over 5 y, thereby eliminating progress made in reducing this differential since 2006. Latinos, who have consistently experienced lower mortality than Whites (a phenomenon known as the Latino or Hispanic paradox), would see their more than 3-y survival advantage reduced to less than 1 y. AD - Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089; andrasfa@usc.edu. | Office of Population Research, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544. AN - 33446511 AU - Andrasfay, T. | Goldman, N. C1 - 2021-01-29 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01292021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 2 DO - 10.1073/pnas.2014746118 ET - 2021/01/16 IS - 5 KW - *African Americans | Aged | COVID-19/*epidemiology | European Continental Ancestry Group | Forecasting | Health Status Disparities | *Hispanic Americans | Humans | Life Expectancy/*ethnology | Pandemics | United States/epidemiology | *covid-19 | *disparities | *life expectancy | *mortality | *race and ethnicity L1 - internal-pdf://0447334408/Andrasfay-2021-Reductions in 2020 US life expe.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Andrasfay, Theresa; Goldman, Noreen; eng; T32 AG000037/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021 Feb 2;118(5). pii: 2014746118. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2014746118. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; COVID-19 is projected to reduce US life expectancy in 2020 by 1.13 years. | Life expectancy reductions for non-Hispanic Black persons (2.10 years) and Hispanic persons (3.05 years) are projected to be 3 to 4 times higher than for non-Hispanic White persons (0.68 years) (Figure). | Methods: Life expectancy was calculated based on an Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) projection of 321,000 COVID-19 deaths through December 31, 2020 using 2019 population estimates. Provisional death counts due to COVID-19 by race, ethnicity, and age were obtained from the National Center for Health Statistics through October 3, 2020. Limitations: Projection assumes distributions of deaths by age and race/ethnicity through October 3, 2020 will be the same through the end of the year. | Implications: The COVID-19 pandemic has reduced life expectancy and impacted progress in reducing the gap in life expectancy between Black and White persons. A rapid return to pre-pandemic life expectancy is unlikely due to the continued presence of SARS-CoV-2 and its detrimental health impacts including prolonged effects in those who recovered from the virus, deaths from other health conditions, and social and economic losses. SN - 1091-6490 (Electronic); 0027-8424 (Linking) SP - e2014746118 ST - Reductions in 2020 US life expectancy due to COVID-19 and the disproportionate impact on the Black and Latino populations T2 - Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A TI - Reductions in 2020 US life expectancy due to COVID-19 and the disproportionate impact on the Black and Latino populations UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33446511 VL - 118 ID - 1457 ER - TY - JOUR AB - I awoke on a Monday morning with a headache, and I am not a headache person. Fever followed, and the next morning my blueberry yogurt tasted of nothing. Thick emptiness. I knew I had it. Now, after more than 3 months of living with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the fatigue that has kept me couch-bound, I have had ample time to reflect on what it means to be a patient, how an illness ripples through family and community, and how I will use this experience to be a better physician. Here is what I have learned. AD - Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia. AN - 33175108 AU - Siegelman, J. N. C1 - 2020-12-01 C2 - Long term COVID-19 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/120120_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 24 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.22130 ET - 2020/11/12 IS - 20 KW - COVID-19/*physiopathology/psychology | Humans | Long Term Adverse Effects/*virology | Physical Distancing | Social Support | *Survivors L1 - internal-pdf://0036229727/Siegelman-2020-Reflections of a COVID-19 Long.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Testing | N1 - Siegelman, Jeffrey N; eng; Personal Narrative; JAMA. 2020 Nov 24;324(20):2031-2032. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.22130. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: An emergency medicine physician shares his experiences with “mild�?COVID lasting months that made it impossible for him to work, recognizing that many in the same situation cannot self-isolate. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 2031-2032 ST - Reflections of a COVID-19 Long Hauler T2 - JAMA TI - Reflections of a COVID-19 Long Hauler UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33175108 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1279 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVE: To determine if COVID-19 was associated with a change in patient refusals after Emergency Medical Services (EMS) administration of naloxone. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study in which the incidence of refusals after naloxone administration in a single EMS system was evaluated. The number of refusals after naloxone administration was compared across the before-pandemic interval (01/01/20 to 02/15/20) and the during-pandemic interval (03/16/20 to 04/30/20). For comparison the incidence of all other patient refusals before and during COVID-19 as well as the incidences of naloxone administration before and during COVID-19 were also reported. RESULTS: Prior to the widespread knowledge of the COVID-19 pandemic, 24 of 164 (14.6%) patients who received naloxone via EMS refused transport. During the pandemic, 55 of 153 (35.9%) patients who received naloxone via EMS refused transport. Subjects receiving naloxone during the COVID-19 pandemic were at greater risk of refusal of transport than those receiving naloxone prior to the pandemic (RR = 2.45; 95% CI 1.6-3.76). Among those who did not receive naloxone, 2067 of 6956 (29.7%) patients were not transported prior to the COVID-19 pandemic and 2483 of 6016 (41.3%) were not transported during the pandemic. Subjects who did not receive naloxone with EMS were at greater risk of refusal of transport during the COVID-19 pandemic than prior to it (RR = 1.39; 95% CI 1.32-1.46). CONCLUSION: In this single EMS system, more than a two-fold increase in the rate of refusal after non-fatal opioid overdose was observed following the COVID-19 outbreak. AN - 33054530 AU - Glenn, M. J. | Rice, A. D. | Primeau, K. | Hollen, A. | Jado, I. | Hannan, P. | McDonough, S. | Arcaris, B. | Spaite, D. W. | Gaither, J. B. C1 - 2020-10-27 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102720_covidupdate.html DA - Jan-Feb DO - 10.1080/10903127.2020.1834656 ET - 2020/10/16 IS - 1 KW - Adult | Aged | *COVID-19/epidemiology | Emergency Medical Services | Female | Humans | Incidence | Male | Middle Aged | Naloxone/*therapeutic use | Narcotic Antagonists/*therapeutic use | Pandemics | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 | *covid-19 | *naloxone | *opioid use disorder | *refusals | *treat and refer L1 - internal-pdf://1652796918/Glenn-2021-Refusals After Prehospital Administ.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Glenn, Melody J; Rice, Amber D; Primeau, Keith; Hollen, Adrienne; Jado, Isrealia; Hannan, Philipp; McDonough, Sharon; Arcaris, Brittany; Spaite, Daniel W; Gaither, Joshua B; eng; England; Prehosp Emerg Care. 2021 Jan-Feb;25(1):46-54. doi: 10.1080/10903127.2020.1834656. Epub 2020 Nov 3. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Naloxone refusal after non-fatal opioid overdose in a pre-hospital system, before and during the pandemic. SN - 1545-0066 (Electronic); 1090-3127 (Linking) SP - 46-54 ST - Refusals After Prehospital Administration of Naloxone during the COVID-19 Pandemic T2 - Prehosp Emerg Care TI - Refusals After Prehospital Administration of Naloxone during the COVID-19 Pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33054530 VL - 25 ID - 1125 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular complications, including myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and pulmonary embolism, represent an important source of adverse outcomes in coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). OBJECTIVES: To assess the frequency of arterial and venous thromboembolic disease, risk factors, prevention and management patterns, and outcomes in patients with COVID-19, the authors designed a multicenter, observational cohort study. METHODS: We analyzed a retrospective cohort of 1,114 patients with COVID-19 diagnosed through our Mass General Brigham integrated health network. The total cohort was analyzed by site of care: intensive care (n = 170); hospitalized nonintensive care (n = 229); and outpatient (n = 715). The primary study outcome was a composite of adjudicated major arterial or venous thromboembolism. RESULTS: Patients with COVID-19 were 22.3% Hispanic/Latinx and 44.2% non-White. Cardiovascular risk factors of hypertension (35.8%), hyperlipidemia (28.6%), and diabetes (18.0%) were common. Prophylactic anticoagulation was prescribed in 89.4% of patients with COVID-19 in the intensive care cohort and 84.7% of those in the hospitalized nonintensive care setting. Frequencies of major arterial or venous thromboembolism, major cardiovascular adverse events, and symptomatic venous thromboembolism were highest in the intensive care cohort (35.3%, 45.9%, and 27.0 %, respectively) followed by the hospitalized nonintensive care cohort (2.6%, 6.1%, and 2.2%, respectively) and the outpatient cohort (0% for all). CONCLUSIONS: Major arterial or venous thromboembolism, major adverse cardiovascular events, and symptomatic venous thromboembolism occurred with high frequency in patients with COVID-19, especially in the intensive care setting, despite a high utilization rate of thromboprophylaxis. AD - Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. Electronic address: gpiazza@partners.org. | Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. | Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. | Department of Pharmacy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. AN - 33121712 AU - Piazza, G. | Campia, U. | Hurwitz, S. | Snyder, J. E. | Rizzo, S. M. | Pfeferman, M. B. | Morrison, R. B. | Leiva, O. | Fanikos, J. | Nauffal, V. | Almarzooq, Z. | Goldhaber, S. Z. C1 - 2020-11-03 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/110320_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 3 DO - 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.070 ET - 2020/10/31 IS - 18 KW - Adult | Aged | Anticoagulants/*therapeutic use | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*complications/mortality | Female | Humans | Intensive Care Units/statistics & numerical data | Male | Massachusetts/epidemiology | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications/mortality | *Registries | Retrospective Studies | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | Thromboembolism/epidemiology/prevention & control/*virology | *covid-19 | *anticoagulation | *cardiovascular disease | *coronavirus | *deep venous thrombosis | *myocardial infarction | *pulmonary embolism | *stroke | *thromboembolism L1 - internal-pdf://0518682719/Piazza-2020-Registry of Arterial and Venous Th.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Piazza, Gregory; Campia, Umberto; Hurwitz, Shelley; Snyder, Julia E; Rizzo, Samantha M; Pfeferman, Mariana B; Morrison, Ruth B; Leiva, Orly; Fanikos, John; Nauffal, Victor; Almarzooq, Zaid; Goldhaber, Samuel Z; eng; Observational Study; J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020 Nov 3;76(18):2060-2072. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.070. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 4.6%, 5.9%, and 8.3% of COVID-19 patients experienced a symptomatic thromboembolic event (VTE), a major arterial or venous VTE, or major adverse cardiovascular event, respectively, within 30 days of diagnosis. | Events occurred despite high rates of thromboprophylaxis in ICU (90%) and general medical ward (GMW) (85%) patients. | No events occurred in outpatients. | Methods: Retrospective study of patients diagnosed with RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 at one health network between March 13 and April 3, 2020. Primary outcome was the proportion of ICU patients (n = 170), GMW patients (n = 229) and outpatients (n = 715) who experienced a symptomatic VTE (e.g., deep vein thrombosis), major arterial or VTE (e.g., stroke) or major adverse cardiovascular event (e.g., heart failure) within 30 days of diagnosis. Limitations: Microvascular thrombosis was not assessed; unable to assess adherence to antiplatelet or antithrombotic therapy prior to COVID-19. | Implications The high frequency of arterial or venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with COVID-19, despite routine thromboprophylaxis, suggests the need for improved risk stratification and enhanced preventive efforts. SN - 1558-3597 (Electronic); 0735-1097 (Linking) SP - 2060-2072 ST - Registry of Arterial and Venous Thromboembolic Complications in Patients With COVID-19 T2 - J Am Coll Cardiol TI - Registry of Arterial and Venous Thromboembolic Complications in Patients With COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33121712 VL - 76 ID - 1178 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Recent data suggest that complications and death from coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) may be related to high viral loads. METHODS: In this ongoing, double-blind, phase 1-3 trial involving nonhospitalized patients with Covid-19, we investigated two fully human, neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein, used in a combined cocktail (REGN-COV2) to reduce the risk of the emergence of treatment-resistant mutant virus. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to receive placebo, 2.4 g of REGN-COV2, or 8.0 g of REGN-COV2 and were prospectively characterized at baseline for endogenous immune response against SARS-CoV-2 (serum antibody-positive or serum antibody-negative). Key end points included the time-weighted average change in viral load from baseline (day 1) through day 7 and the percentage of patients with at least one Covid-19-related medically attended visit through day 29. Safety was assessed in all patients. RESULTS: Data from 275 patients are reported. The least-squares mean difference (combined REGN-COV2 dose groups vs. placebo group) in the time-weighted average change in viral load from day 1 through day 7 was -0.56 log10 copies per milliliter (95% confidence interval [CI], -1.02 to -0.11) among patients who were serum antibody-negative at baseline and -0.41 log10 copies per milliliter (95% CI, -0.71 to -0.10) in the overall trial population. In the overall trial population, 6% of the patients in the placebo group and 3% of the patients in the combined REGN-COV2 dose groups reported at least one medically attended visit; among patients who were serum antibody-negative at baseline, the corresponding percentages were 15% and 6% (difference, -9 percentage points; 95% CI, -29 to 11). The percentages of patients with hypersensitivity reactions, infusion-related reactions, and other adverse events were similar in the combined REGN-COV2 dose groups and the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: In this interim analysis, the REGN-COV2 antibody cocktail reduced viral load, with a greater effect in patients whose immune response had not yet been initiated or who had a high viral load at baseline. Safety outcomes were similar in the combined REGN-COV2 dose groups and the placebo group. (Funded by Regeneron Pharmaceuticals and the Biomedical and Advanced Research and Development Authority of the Department of Health and Human Services; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04425629.). AD - From Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY (D.M.W., S.S., T.N., S.A., H.G., R.B., B.J.M., Y. Soo, D.R., J.I., C. Perry, C. Pan, R.H., A.M., J.D.D., K.C.T., A.T.H., J.D.H., A.B., C.A.K., Y.K., A.C., W.K., B.K., T.D., N.S., L.L., N.B., G.H., G.D.Y.); Arizona Liver Health, Tucson (A.K.), and Arizona Liver Health, Chandler (Y. Sachdeva); and AGA Clinical Trials, Hialeah, FL (X.G.). AN - 33332778 AU - Weinreich, D. M. | Sivapalasingam, S. | Norton, T. | Ali, S. | Gao, H. | Bhore, R. | Musser, B. J. | Soo, Y. | Rofail, D. | Im, J. | Perry, C. | Pan, C. | Hosain, R. | Mahmood, A. | Davis, J. D. | Turner, K. C. | Hooper, A. T. | Hamilton, J. D. | Baum, A. | Kyratsous, C. A. | Kim, Y. | Cook, A. | Kampman, W. | Kohli, A. | Sachdeva, Y. | Graber, X. | Kowal, B. | DiCioccio, T. | Stahl, N. | Lipsich, L. | Braunstein, N. | Herman, G. | Yancopoulos, G. D. | Trial, Investigators C1 - 2021-01-29 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01292021_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 21 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2035002 ET - 2020/12/18 IS - 3 KW - Adult | Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects/*therapeutic use | Antibodies, Neutralizing/adverse effects/*therapeutic use | COVID-19/diagnosis/*drug therapy/virology | Double-Blind Method | Drug Combinations | Female | Humans | Immunologic Factors/adverse effects/*therapeutic use | Least-Squares Analysis | Male | Middle Aged | Outpatients | Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction | SARS-CoV-2/genetics/*isolation & purification | Viral Load/*drug effects L1 - internal-pdf://1399639633/Weinreich-2021-REGN-COV2, a Neutralizing Antib.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Weinreich, David M; Sivapalasingam, Sumathi; Norton, Thomas; Ali, Shazia; Gao, Haitao; Bhore, Rafia; Musser, Bret J; Soo, Yuhwen; Rofail, Diana; Im, Joseph; Perry, Christina; Pan, Cynthia; Hosain, Romana; Mahmood, Adnan; Davis, John D; Turner, Kenneth C; Hooper, Andrea T; Hamilton, Jennifer D; Baum, Alina; Kyratsous, Christos A; Kim, Yunji; Cook, Amanda; Kampman, Wendy; Kohli, Anita; Sachdeva, Yessica; Graber, Ximena; Kowal, Bari; DiCioccio, Thomas; Stahl, Neil; Lipsich, Leah; Braunstein, Ned; Herman, Gary; Yancopoulos, George D; eng; HHSO100201700020C/U.S. Department of Health and Human Services/International; Clinical Trial, Phase I; Clinical Trial, Phase II; Multicenter Study; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; N Engl J Med. 2021 Jan 21;384(3):238-251. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2035002. Epub 2020 Dec 17. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Randomized controlled trial of REGN-COV2, a cocktail of two monoclonal antibodies, was safe and showed reduction in viral load, especially in persons who had a high viral load at baseline or who had not yet mounted an immune response (see Editorial by Cohen et al. Monoclonal antibodies to disrupt progression of early COVID-19 infectionexternal icon. NEJM). SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 238-251 ST - REGN-COV2, a Neutralizing Antibody Cocktail, in Outpatients with Covid-19 T2 - N Engl J Med TI - REGN-COV2, a Neutralizing Antibody Cocktail, in Outpatients with Covid-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33332778 VL - 384 ID - 1448 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Vaccine development and use depend on data-driven assessment of benefits and risks, first by regulatory bodies, and then more subjectively, millions of times over, by individual physicians and patients. Some vaccines have transformed public health (polio, smallpox, measles), whereas others have failed to work (HIV, malaria) or were later found to have important unexpected adverse effects (rotavirus, the 1976 influenza vaccine).Regulatory review of the numerous coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine candidates will occur under intense clinical, economic, and political pressure. In early August 2020, President Trump predicted that a vaccine could be available before election day. Less than a week later, Russia claimed to have developed its own vaccine and was beginning widespread administration without completion of the large-scale testing that Western countries routinely require, bringing efficacy-risk questions to even wider public attention. Acknowledging the pressure the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) faces on this front, its leadership has stated that no vaccine would receive formal approval unless it met the agency’s published standards. AD - Program on Regulation, Therapeutics, and Law (PORTAL), Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. AN - 32870268 AU - Avorn, J. | Kesselheim, A. C1 - 2020-09-08 C2 - Vaccine Approval CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090820_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 6 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.17101 ET - 2020/09/02 IS - 13 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | Coronavirus Infections/*prevention & control | *Government Regulation | Humans | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*prevention & control | Public Health | SARS-CoV-2 | United States | United States Food and Drug Administration | *Viral Vaccines L1 - internal-pdf://0258709943/Avorn-2020-Regulatory Decision-making on COVID.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Avorn, Jerry; Kesselheim, Aaron; eng; JAMA. 2020 Oct 6;324(13):1284-1285. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.17101. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Discusses external pressures that may be exerted on FDA approval or emergency authorization and urges a rigorous approach to COVID-19 vaccine evaluation and deployment. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1284-1285 ST - Regulatory Decision-making on COVID-19 Vaccines During a Public Health Emergency T2 - JAMA TI - Regulatory Decision-making on COVID-19 Vaccines During a Public Health Emergency UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32870268 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 845 ER - TY - JOUR AB - INTRODUCTION: This paper is the first update of the second edition of the rapid living systematic review on the latest scientific literature informing rehabilitation of patients with COVID-19 and/or describing consequences of the disease and its treatment, as they relate to limitations in functioning of rehabilitation interest. The aim of this study was to report data of a systematic search performed on papers published in July 2020. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: The methodology described in the second edition of the rapid living systematic review was applied to search eligible papers included in the databases between July 1, 2020 and July 31, 2020. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Eight-hundred-ninety-two papers were identified through database searching (after removal of duplicates); of these, only 23 studies were included. According to OCEBM 2011 Levels of Evidence Table, they were level 3 in 30.5% cases and level 4 in 69.5%. No RCT was found. Nineteen papers studied COVID-19 patients, assessed in the acute (10 studies), post-acute (8 studies) and chronic phase (one study). Four studies reported data on the impact of COVID-19 on subjects with pre-existing health conditions. CONCLUSIONS: The current literature production still focuses more on describing all the possible aspects and complications of the pathology than on interventions or new organization models to deal with it. Albeit evidence on handling COVID-19 from a rehabilitative point of view is improving each month, further studies are still mandatory to report the role of rehabilitation in this scenario. AD - IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy. | Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy. | Rehabilitation Unit, Mons. L. Novarese Hospital, Moncrivello, Vercelli, Italy. | Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, "Politecnica delle Marche" University, Ancona, Italy - elisa.andrenelli@gmail.com. | IRCCS Fondazione Don Gnocchi, Milan, Italy, Update of: https://www.doi.org/10.23736/S1973-9087.20.06501-6. | Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, "Politecnica delle Marche" University, Ancona, Italy. AN - 32869962 AU - Negrini, F. | de Sire, A. | Andrenelli, E. | Lazzarini, S. G. | Patrini, M. | Ceravolo, M. G. | International Multiprofessional Steering Committee of Cochrane Rehabilitation, R. E. H. Cover action C1 - 2020-09-11 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091120_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.23736/S1973-9087.20.06539-9 DP - NLM ET - 2020/09/02 IS - 5 KW - Adult | Aged | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/epidemiology/*rehabilitation | Critical Illness/*rehabilitation | Databases, Factual | Exercise Therapy/*methods | Female | Humans | Italy/epidemiology | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis/epidemiology/*rehabilitation | Prognosis | Rehabilitation Centers/statistics & numerical data | Respiratory Therapy/*methods | Risk Assessment | Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/diagnosis/epidemiology/*rehabilitation | Treatment Outcome L1 - internal-pdf://2953447394/R33Y2020N05A0652.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Negrini, Francesco; de Sire, Alessandro; Andrenelli, Elisa; Lazzarini, Stefano G; Patrini, Michele; Ceravolo, Maria G; eng; Systematic Review; Italy; Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2020 Oct;56(5):652-657. doi: 10.23736/S1973-9087.20.06539-9. Epub 2020 Sep 1. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Update to the first systematic review performed by the authors summarizes 23 papers, noting neurological effects and breathlessness in patients recovering from COVID-19. SN - 1973-9095 (Electronic); 1973-9087 (Linking) SP - 652-657 ST - Rehabilitation and COVID-19: the Cochrane Rehabilitation 2020 rapid living systematic review. Update as of July 31st, 2020 T2 - Eur J Phys Rehabil Med TI - Rehabilitation and COVID-19: the Cochrane Rehabilitation 2020 rapid living systematic review. Update as of July 31st, 2020 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32869962 VL - 56 ID - 865 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Protection afforded from prior disease among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection is unknown. If infection provides substantial long-lasting immunity, it may be appropriate to reconsider vaccination distribution plans. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study of one multi-hospital health system included 150,325 patients tested for COVID-19 infection via PCR from March 12, 2020 to August 30, 2020. Testing performed up to February 24, 2021 in these patients was included for analysis. The main outcome was reinfection, defined as infection >/= 90 days after initial testing. Secondary outcomes were symptomatic infection and protection of prior infection against reinfection. RESULTS: Of 150,325 patients, 8,845 (5.9%) tested positive and 141,480 (94.1%) tested negative prior to August 30. 1,278 (14.4%) of the positive patients were retested after 90 days, and 62 had possible reinfection. Of those, 31 (50%) were symptomatic. Of those with initial negative testing, 5,449 (3.9%) were subsequently positive and 3,191 of those (58.5%) were symptomatic. Protection offered from prior infection was 81.8% (95% confidence interval 76.6 to 85.8), and against symptomatic infection was 84.5% (95% confidence interval 77.9 to 89.1). This protection increased over time. CONCLUSIONS: Prior infection in patients with COVID-19 was highly protective against reinfection and symptomatic disease. This protection increased over time, suggesting that viral shedding or ongoing immune response may persist beyond 90 days and may not represent true reinfection. As vaccine supply is limited, patients with known history of COVID-19 could delay early vaccination to allow for the most vulnerable to access the vaccine and slow transmission. AD - Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, United States. | Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States. | Center for Value-Based Care Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, United States. AN - 33718968 AU - Sheehan, M. M. | Reddy, A. J. | Rothberg, M. B. C1 - 2021-03-26 C2 - Protection in Healthcare and Non-Healthcare Work Settings CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03262021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 15 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciab234 ET - 2021/03/16 KW - Covid-19 | protective effectiveness | reinfection L1 - internal-pdf://3473789119/Sheehan-2021-Reinfection Rates among Patients.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Sheehan, Megan M; Reddy, Anita J; Rothberg, Michael B; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Mar 15. pii: 6170939. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab234. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In a retrospective cohort of 150,000 patients from a multi-hospital system in Ohio and Florida, prior SARS-CoV-2 was 82% protective against asymptomatic infection and 85% protective against symptomatic infection, increasing over time. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) ST - Reinfection Rates among Patients who Previously Tested Positive for COVID-19: a Retrospective Cohort Study T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Reinfection Rates among Patients who Previously Tested Positive for COVID-19: a Retrospective Cohort Study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33718968 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1603 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has magnified existing health disparities for marginalized populations in the United States (U.S.), particularly among Black Americans. Social determinants of health are powerful drivers of health outcomes that could influence COVID-19 racial disparities. METHODS: We collected data from publicly available databases on COVID-19 death rates through October 28, 2020, clinical covariates, and social determinants of health indicators at the U.S. county level. We utilized negative binomial regression to assess the association between social determinants of health and COVID-19 mortality focusing on racial disparities in mortality. RESULTS: Counties with higher death rates had a higher proportion of Black residents and greater levels of adverse social determinants of health. A one percentage point increase in percent Black residents, percent uninsured adults, percent low birthweight, percent adults without high school diploma, incarceration rate, and percent households without internet in a county increased COVID-19 death rates by 0.9% (95% CI 0.5%-1.3%), 1.9% (95% CI 1.1%-2.7%), 7.6% (95% CI 4.4%-11.0%), 3.5% (95% CI 2.5%-4.5%), 5.4% (95% CI 1.3%-9.7%), and 3.4% (95% CI 2.5%-4.2%), respectively. Counties in the lowest quintile of a measure of economic privilege had an increased COVID-19 death rates of 67.5% (95% CI 35.9%-106.6%). Multivariate regression and subgroup analyses suggested that adverse social determinants of health may partially explain racial disparities in COVID-19 mortality. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that social determinants of health contribute to COVID-19 mortality for Black Americans at the county level, highlighting the need for public health policies that address racial disparities in health outcomes. AD - Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA. | Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA. | Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA. | Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA. | Department of Health Behavior, Society, and Policy, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA. | Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Room B623, Newark, NJ, 07101, USA. mld229@njms.rutgers.edu. AN - 33403652 AU - Dalsania, A. K. | Fastiggi, M. J. | Kahlam, A. | Shah, R. | Patel, K. | Shiau, S. | Rokicki, S. | DallaPiazza, M. C1 - 2021-02-26 C2 - Social, Behavioral, and Communication Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02262021_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 5 DO - 10.1007/s40615-020-00952-y ET - 2021/01/07 KW - Covid-19 | Communicable diseases | Epidemiology | Health inequalities | Social determinants of health L1 - internal-pdf://0488538743/Dalsania-2021-The Relationship Between Social.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Dalsania, Ankur K; Fastiggi, Matthew J; Kahlam, Aaron; Shah, Rajvi; Patel, Krishan; Shiau, Stephanie; Rokicki, Slawa; DallaPiazza, Michelle; eng; Switzerland; J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2021 Jan 5. pii: 10.1007/s40615-020-00952-y. doi: 10.1007/s40615-020-00952-y. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Counties in the highest quartile compared with the lowest quartile of COVID-19 deaths had a higher proportion of Black residents (22.7% vs. 5.0%, respectively). | Less privileged counties were associated with increased COVID-19 death rates by 67.5% (95% CI 35.9%-106.6%) compared with the most privileged counties. | Methods: Case and death rates were estimated using US county-level data (n = 2,026) from all states and DC, for January 22–October 28, 2020, from the Johns Hopkins University Center for Systems Science and Engineering. Final analysis included % Black residents, 6 social determinants of health variables: % uninsured; insurance status; % low birthweight; % adults without high school diploma; incarceration rate; and % households without internet, and an index of economic privilege. Limitations: Excluded 805 (28%) counties due to <5 deaths or incomplete data; limitations of COVID-19 mortality data due to inaccurate cause-of-death determination early in the outbreak. | Implications: Findings from this study suggest that COVID-19 racial disparities are due to social constructs and policies. In a related study, Saini et al.external icon reports that a mix of environmental, social, and biological factors may be at fault for racial differences in COVID-19 outcomes. To eliminate disparities related to race and social inequality, a focus on less privileged communities is needed, especially those that have limited access to internet and consistently low education rates. SN - 2196-8837 (Electronic); 2196-8837 (Linking) ST - The Relationship Between Social Determinants of Health and Racial Disparities in COVID-19 Mortality T2 - J Racial Ethn Health Disparities TI - The Relationship Between Social Determinants of Health and Racial Disparities in COVID-19 Mortality UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33403652 ID - 1537 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Remdesivir is an RNA polymerase inhibitor with potent antiviral activity in vitro and efficacy in animal models of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). METHODS: We conducted a randomized, open-label, phase 3 trial involving hospitalized patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, oxygen saturation of 94% or less while they were breathing ambient air, and radiologic evidence of pneumonia. Patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive intravenous remdesivir for either 5 days or 10 days. All patients received 200 mg of remdesivir on day 1 and 100 mg once daily on subsequent days. The primary end point was clinical status on day 14, assessed on a 7-point ordinal scale. RESULTS: In total, 397 patients underwent randomization and began treatment (200 patients for 5 days and 197 for 10 days). The median duration of treatment was 5 days (interquartile range, 5 to 5) in the 5-day group and 9 days (interquartile range, 5 to 10) in the 10-day group. At baseline, patients randomly assigned to the 10-day group had significantly worse clinical status than those assigned to the 5-day group (P = 0.02). By day 14, a clinical improvement of 2 points or more on the ordinal scale occurred in 64% of patients in the 5-day group and in 54% in the 10-day group. After adjustment for baseline clinical status, patients in the 10-day group had a distribution in clinical status at day 14 that was similar to that among patients in the 5-day group (P = 0.14). The most common adverse events were nausea (9% of patients), worsening respiratory failure (8%), elevated alanine aminotransferase level (7%), and constipation (7%). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with severe Covid-19 not requiring mechanical ventilation, our trial did not show a significant difference between a 5-day course and a 10-day course of remdesivir. With no placebo control, however, the magnitude of benefit cannot be determined. (Funded by Gilead Sciences; GS-US-540-5773 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04292899.). AD - From the Swedish Center for Research and Innovation, Swedish Medical Center, and the University of Washington, Seattle (J.D.G.), and Providence Regional Medical Center, Everett (G.D.) - both in Washington; the National Center for Infectious Diseases, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore (D.C.B.L.); the Chinese University of Hong Kong-Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (D.S.H.); New York-Presbyterian Hospital and Weill Cornell Medicine, New York (K.M. Marks); Malattie Infettive Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia-Universita di Pavia, Pavia (R.B.), and Universita di Milano, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, L. Sacco Infectious Diseases Unit, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan (M.G.) - both in Italy; Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Madrid (R.M.), and Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal) Hospital Clinic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (J.M.); Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany (C.D.S.); Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea (M.-Y.A.); ID Care, Hillsborough, and Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital Somerset, Somerville - both in New Jersey (R.G.N.); Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan (Y.-S.C.); Gilead Sciences, Foster City (D.S., R.H.H., A.O.O., H.C., C.B., X.W., A.G., D.M.B.), Kaiser Permanente, Los Angeles (W.J.T.), and Stanford University, Palo Alto (A.S.) - all in California; University of Chicago, Chicago (K.M. Mullane); Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston (F.M.M.); and Miriam Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI (K.T.T.). AN - 32459919 AU - Goldman, J. D. | Lye, D. C. B. | Hui, D. S. | Marks, K. M. | Bruno, R. | Montejano, R. | Spinner, C. D. | Galli, M. | Ahn, M. Y. | Nahass, R. G. | Chen, Y. S. | SenGupta, D. | Hyland, R. H. | Osinusi, A. O. | Cao, H. | Blair, C. | Wei, X. | Gaggar, A. | Brainard, D. M. | Towner, W. J. | Munoz, J. | Mullane, K. M. | Marty, F. M. | Tashima, K. T. | Diaz, G. | Subramanian, A. | Gs-Us- Investigators C1 - 2020-06-02 C2 - Remdesivir CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060220_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 5 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2015301 ET - 2020/05/28 IS - 19 KW - Adenosine Monophosphate/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*analogs & | derivatives | Adult | Aged | Alanine/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*analogs & derivatives | Antiviral Agents/*administration & dosage/adverse effects | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*drug therapy/mortality/therapy | Drug Administration Schedule | Female | Hospitalization | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Oxygen Inhalation Therapy | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*drug therapy/mortality/therapy | SARS-CoV-2 | Treatment Outcome L1 - internal-pdf://0753403756/Goldman-2020-Remdesivir for 5 or 10 Days in Pa.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Goldman, Jason D; Lye, David C B; Hui, David S; Marks, Kristen M; Bruno, Raffaele; Montejano, Rocio; Spinner, Christoph D; Galli, Massimo; Ahn, Mi-Young; Nahass, Ronald G; Chen, Yao-Shen; SenGupta, Devi; Hyland, Robert H; Osinusi, Anu O; Cao, Huyen; Blair, Christiana; Wei, Xuelian; Gaggar, Anuj; Brainard, Diana M; Towner, William J; Munoz, Jose; Mullane, Kathleen M; Marty, Francisco M; Tashima, Karen T; Diaz, George; Subramanian, Aruna; eng; Clinical Trial, Phase III; Comparative Study; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; N Engl J Med. 2020 Nov 5;383(19):1827-1837. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2015301. Epub 2020 May 27. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Improved clinical status scores of >2 points (7-point scale) were observed among patients treated with remdesivir for 5 days (64%) or 10 days (54%). | When controlling for baseline differences, there was no difference in the distribution of clinical status at day 14 of illness between the 2 groups. | Methods: Randomized, open-label, trial of intravenous remdesivir given for 5 or 10 days in 397 hospitalized COVID-19 patients at 55 hospitals, between March 6 and 26, 2020. Clinical status was assessed on a 7-point scale. Limitations: No placebo arm; patients in the 10-day group had worse baseline clinical status than the 5-day group; only 44% in the 10-day treatment group completed a full course of treatment. | Implications of 2 studies (Beigel et al. & Goldman et al.): Remdesivir appears to provide moderate clinical benefit among COVID-19 patients. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 1827-1837 ST - Remdesivir for 5 or 10 Days in Patients with Severe Covid-19 T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Remdesivir for 5 or 10 Days in Patients with Severe Covid-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32459919 VL - 383 ID - 294 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Edinburgh Clinical Trials Unit, Usher Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4UX, UK. Electronic address: j.norrie@ed.ac.uk. AN - 32423580 AU - Norrie, J. D. C1 - 2020-05-08 C2 - Commentary on Article CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050820_covidupdate.html DA - May 16 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31023-0 ET - 2020/05/20 IS - 10236 KW - Adenosine Monophosphate/analogs & derivatives | Alanine/analogs & derivatives | *Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus Infections | Double-Blind Method | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral | Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://2850829241/Norrie-2020-Remdesivir for COVID-19_ challenge.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Norrie, John David; eng; Comment; England; Lancet. 2020 May 16;395(10236):1525-1527. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31023-0. Epub 2020 Apr 29. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: acknowledged the limitations of Wang et al, including that it did not have a sufficient sample size to detect differences between groups. He encourages the scientific community to compile evidence from other studies to make an informed decision about the efficacy and safety of remdesivir in treating COVID-19 instead of basing clinical treatment and management guidance on a single study. SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 1525-1527 ST - Remdesivir for COVID-19: challenges of underpowered studies T2 - Lancet TI - Remdesivir for COVID-19: challenges of underpowered studies UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32423580 VL - 395 Y2 - 2021/05/12 ID - 149 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Although several therapeutic agents have been evaluated for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), no antiviral agents have yet been shown to be efficacious. METHODS: We conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous remdesivir in adults who were hospitalized with Covid-19 and had evidence of lower respiratory tract infection. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either remdesivir (200 mg loading dose on day 1, followed by 100 mg daily for up to 9 additional days) or placebo for up to 10 days. The primary outcome was the time to recovery, defined by either discharge from the hospital or hospitalization for infection-control purposes only. RESULTS: A total of 1062 patients underwent randomization (with 541 assigned to remdesivir and 521 to placebo). Those who received remdesivir had a median recovery time of 10 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 9 to 11), as compared with 15 days (95% CI, 13 to 18) among those who received placebo (rate ratio for recovery, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.12 to 1.49; P<0.001, by a log-rank test). In an analysis that used a proportional-odds model with an eight-category ordinal scale, the patients who received remdesivir were found to be more likely than those who received placebo to have clinical improvement at day 15 (odds ratio, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.2 to 1.9, after adjustment for actual disease severity). The Kaplan-Meier estimates of mortality were 6.7% with remdesivir and 11.9% with placebo by day 15 and 11.4% with remdesivir and 15.2% with placebo by day 29 (hazard ratio, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.52 to 1.03). Serious adverse events were reported in 131 of the 532 patients who received remdesivir (24.6%) and in 163 of the 516 patients who received placebo (31.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that remdesivir was superior to placebo in shortening the time to recovery in adults who were hospitalized with Covid-19 and had evidence of lower respiratory tract infection. (Funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and others; ACTT-1 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04280705.). AD - From the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (J.H.B., K.M.T., L.E.D., S.N., H.C.L.), and the Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (T.H.B.), Bethesda, the Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (T. Bonnett), and Emmes, Rockville (M.G., M.M.) - all in Maryland; Emory University, Atlanta (A.K.M.); Montefiore Medical Center-Albert Einstein College of Medicine (B.S.Z.) and NYU Langone Health and NYC Health and Hospitals-Bellevue (K.D.), New York; University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (A.C.K., M.G.K.); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (E.H.), and University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (R.W.F.); University of Washington, Seattle (H.Y.C.), and Evergreen Health Medical Center, Kirkland (D.L.C.) - both in Washington; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.L.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (V.T.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine (L.H.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (D.A.S.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.) - all in California; University of Minnesota (S.K.) and University of Minnesota School of Public Health and INSIGHT (J.D.N.), Minneapolis; University of Texas Health San Antonio, University Health System, and the South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio (T.F.P.), and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (R.L.A.); Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol and irsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (W.R.S.); Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (G.T.); National Center for Infectious Diseases-Tan Tock Seng Hospital-Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine-Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore (D.C.L.); the National Center for Global Health and Medicine Hospital, Tokyo (N.O.); Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea (M.O.); Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City (G.M.R.-P.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Amager Hvidovre Hospital-University of Copenhagen, Hvidovre (T. Benfield), and Rigshospitalet, Department of Infectious Diseases (CHIP) and INSIGHT, Copenhagen (J.L.) - both in Denmark; University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (G.F.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (C.B.C.); and University College London, MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL and INSIGHT, London (A.G.B., S.P.). AN - 32445440 AU - Beigel, J. H. | Tomashek, K. M. | Dodd, L. E. | Mehta, A. K. | Zingman, B. S. | Kalil, A. C. | Hohmann, E. | Chu, H. Y. | Luetkemeyer, A. | Kline, S. | Lopez de Castilla, D. | Finberg, R. W. | Dierberg, K. | Tapson, V. | Hsieh, L. | Patterson, T. F. | Paredes, R. | Sweeney, D. A. | Short, W. R. | Touloumi, G. | Lye, D. C. | Ohmagari, N. | Oh, M. D. | Ruiz-Palacios, G. M. | Benfield, T. | Fatkenheuer, G. | Kortepeter, M. G. | Atmar, R. L. | Creech, C. B. | Lundgren, J. | Babiker, A. G. | Pett, S. | Neaton, J. D. | Burgess, T. H. | Bonnett, T. | Green, M. | Makowski, M. | Osinusi, A. | Nayak, S. | Lane, H. C. | Actt- Study Group Members C1 - 2020-10-20 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102020_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 5 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2007764 ET - 2020/05/24 IS - 19 KW - Adenosine Monophosphate/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*analogs & | derivatives/therapeutic use | Administration, Intravenous | Adult | Aged | Alanine/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*analogs & | derivatives/therapeutic use | Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*therapeutic use | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*drug therapy/mortality/therapy | Double-Blind Method | Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation | Female | Humans | Kaplan-Meier Estimate | Male | Middle Aged | Oxygen Inhalation Therapy | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*drug therapy/mortality/therapy | Respiration, Artificial | SARS-CoV-2 | Time Factors | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://0491439056/Beigel-2020-Remdesivir for the Treatment of Co.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Beigel, John H; Tomashek, Kay M; Dodd, Lori E; Mehta, Aneesh K; Zingman, Barry S; Kalil, Andre C; Hohmann, Elizabeth; Chu, Helen Y; Luetkemeyer, Annie; Kline, Susan; Lopez de Castilla, Diego; Finberg, Robert W; Dierberg, Kerry; Tapson, Victor; Hsieh, Lanny; Patterson, Thomas F; Paredes, Roger; Sweeney, Daniel A; Short, William R; Touloumi, Giota; Lye, David Chien; Ohmagari, Norio; Oh, Myoung-Don; Ruiz-Palacios, Guillermo M; Benfield, Thomas; Fatkenheuer, Gerd; Kortepeter, Mark G; Atmar, Robert L; Creech, C Buddy; Lundgren, Jens; Babiker, Abdel G; Pett, Sarah; Neaton, James D; Burgess, Timothy H; Bonnett, Tyler; Green, Michelle; Makowski, Mat; Osinusi, Anu; Nayak, Seema; Lane, H Clifford; eng; UM1AI148576/US/ /; UM1AI148573/US/ /; UM1AI148685/US/ /; UM1AI148452/US/ /; UM1 AI148685/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; UM1AI148575/US/ /; UM1AI148684/US/ /; UM1 AI148573/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; UM1 AI148684/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; MC_UU_12023/22/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; HHSN261200800001E/US/ /; R38 AI140299/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; UM1 AI148689/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; UM1 AI148450/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; UM1 AI148575/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; UM1 AI148576/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; UM1AI148689/US/ /; UM1 AI148452/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; HHSN261201500003I/US/ /; UM1AI148450/US/ /; Clinical Trial, Phase III; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; N Engl J Med. 2020 Nov 5;383(19):1813-1826. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2007764. Epub 2020 Oct 8. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Final results from the Adaptive COVID-19 Treatment Trial showing remdesivir to be superior to placebo in shortening recovery time in adults. Preliminary study resultsexternal icon were previously published. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 1813-1826 ST - Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 - Final Report T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 - Final Report UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32445440 VL - 383 ID - 1089 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Although several therapeutic agents have been evaluated for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), no antiviral agents have yet been shown to be efficacious. METHODS: We conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of intravenous remdesivir in adults who were hospitalized with Covid-19 and had evidence of lower respiratory tract infection. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either remdesivir (200 mg loading dose on day 1, followed by 100 mg daily for up to 9 additional days) or placebo for up to 10 days. The primary outcome was the time to recovery, defined by either discharge from the hospital or hospitalization for infection-control purposes only. RESULTS: A total of 1062 patients underwent randomization (with 541 assigned to remdesivir and 521 to placebo). Those who received remdesivir had a median recovery time of 10 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 9 to 11), as compared with 15 days (95% CI, 13 to 18) among those who received placebo (rate ratio for recovery, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.12 to 1.49; P<0.001, by a log-rank test). In an analysis that used a proportional-odds model with an eight-category ordinal scale, the patients who received remdesivir were found to be more likely than those who received placebo to have clinical improvement at day 15 (odds ratio, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.2 to 1.9, after adjustment for actual disease severity). The Kaplan-Meier estimates of mortality were 6.7% with remdesivir and 11.9% with placebo by day 15 and 11.4% with remdesivir and 15.2% with placebo by day 29 (hazard ratio, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.52 to 1.03). Serious adverse events were reported in 131 of the 532 patients who received remdesivir (24.6%) and in 163 of the 516 patients who received placebo (31.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that remdesivir was superior to placebo in shortening the time to recovery in adults who were hospitalized with Covid-19 and had evidence of lower respiratory tract infection. (Funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and others; ACTT-1 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04280705.). AD - From the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (J.H.B., K.M.T., L.E.D., S.N., H.C.L.), and the Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (T.H.B.), Bethesda, the Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (T. Bonnett), and Emmes, Rockville (M.G., M.M.) - all in Maryland; Emory University, Atlanta (A.K.M.); Montefiore Medical Center-Albert Einstein College of Medicine (B.S.Z.) and NYU Langone Health and NYC Health and Hospitals-Bellevue (K.D.), New York; University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha (A.C.K., M.G.K.); Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (E.H.), and University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester (R.W.F.); University of Washington, Seattle (H.Y.C.), and Evergreen Health Medical Center, Kirkland (D.L.C.) - both in Washington; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (A.L.), Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (V.T.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine (L.H.), University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (D.A.S.), and Gilead Sciences, Foster City (A.O.) - all in California; University of Minnesota (S.K.) and University of Minnesota School of Public Health and INSIGHT (J.D.N.), Minneapolis; University of Texas Health San Antonio, University Health System, and the South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio (T.F.P.), and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (R.L.A.); Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol and irsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain (R.P.); University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (W.R.S.); Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens (G.T.); National Center for Infectious Diseases-Tan Tock Seng Hospital-Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine-Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore (D.C.L.); the National Center for Global Health and Medicine Hospital, Tokyo (N.O.); Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea (M.O.); Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City (G.M.R.-P.); the Department of Infectious Diseases, Amager Hvidovre Hospital-University of Copenhagen, Hvidovre (T. Benfield), and Rigshospitalet, Department of Infectious Diseases (CHIP) and INSIGHT, Copenhagen (J.L.) - both in Denmark; University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (G.F.); Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (C.B.C.); and University College London, MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL and INSIGHT, London (A.G.B., S.P.). AN - 32445440 AU - Beigel, J. H. | Tomashek, K. M. | Dodd, L. E. | Mehta, A. K. | Zingman, B. S. | Kalil, A. C. | Hohmann, E. | Chu, H. Y. | Luetkemeyer, A. | Kline, S. | Lopez de Castilla, D. | Finberg, R. W. | Dierberg, K. | Tapson, V. | Hsieh, L. | Patterson, T. F. | Paredes, R. | Sweeney, D. A. | Short, W. R. | Touloumi, G. | Lye, D. C. | Ohmagari, N. | Oh, M. D. | Ruiz-Palacios, G. M. | Benfield, T. | Fatkenheuer, G. | Kortepeter, M. G. | Atmar, R. L. | Creech, C. B. | Lundgren, J. | Babiker, A. G. | Pett, S. | Neaton, J. D. | Burgess, T. H. | Bonnett, T. | Green, M. | Makowski, M. | Osinusi, A. | Nayak, S. | Lane, H. C. | Actt- Study Group Members C1 - 2020-06-02 C2 - Remdesivir CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060220_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 5 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2007764 ET - 2020/05/24 IS - 19 KW - Adenosine Monophosphate/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*analogs & | derivatives/therapeutic use | Administration, Intravenous | Adult | Aged | Alanine/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*analogs & | derivatives/therapeutic use | Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*therapeutic use | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*drug therapy/mortality/therapy | Double-Blind Method | Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation | Female | Humans | Kaplan-Meier Estimate | Male | Middle Aged | Oxygen Inhalation Therapy | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*drug therapy/mortality/therapy | Respiration, Artificial | SARS-CoV-2 | Time Factors | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://2504192887/Beigel-2020-Remdesivir for the Treatment of Co.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Beigel, John H; Tomashek, Kay M; Dodd, Lori E; Mehta, Aneesh K; Zingman, Barry S; Kalil, Andre C; Hohmann, Elizabeth; Chu, Helen Y; Luetkemeyer, Annie; Kline, Susan; Lopez de Castilla, Diego; Finberg, Robert W; Dierberg, Kerry; Tapson, Victor; Hsieh, Lanny; Patterson, Thomas F; Paredes, Roger; Sweeney, Daniel A; Short, William R; Touloumi, Giota; Lye, David Chien; Ohmagari, Norio; Oh, Myoung-Don; Ruiz-Palacios, Guillermo M; Benfield, Thomas; Fatkenheuer, Gerd; Kortepeter, Mark G; Atmar, Robert L; Creech, C Buddy; Lundgren, Jens; Babiker, Abdel G; Pett, Sarah; Neaton, James D; Burgess, Timothy H; Bonnett, Tyler; Green, Michelle; Makowski, Mat; Osinusi, Anu; Nayak, Seema; Lane, H Clifford; eng; UM1AI148576/US/ /; UM1AI148573/US/ /; UM1AI148685/US/ /; UM1AI148452/US/ /; UM1 AI148685/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; UM1AI148575/US/ /; UM1AI148684/US/ /; UM1 AI148573/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; UM1 AI148684/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; MC_UU_12023/22/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; HHSN261200800001E/US/ /; R38 AI140299/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; UM1 AI148689/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; UM1 AI148450/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; UM1 AI148575/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; UM1 AI148576/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; UM1AI148689/US/ /; UM1 AI148452/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; HHSN261201500003I/US/ /; UM1AI148450/US/ /; Clinical Trial, Phase III; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; N Engl J Med. 2020 Nov 5;383(19):1813-1826. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2007764. Epub 2020 Oct 8. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among patients treated with remdesivir, recovery time was reduced by 4 days compared with patients in the placebo group (median recovery time: 11 vs. 15 days, p<0.001). | Patients who received remdesivir were less likely to die than those in the placebo group (14-day mortality rate: 7.1% vs. 11.9%) but this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.70); Methods: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of hospitalized COVID-19 patients with lower respiratory tract involvement at 60 trial sites, between February 21 and April 19, 2020. Patients received 10 days of intravenous remdesivir (n = 538) or placebo (n = 521) and followed for 29 days. Limitations: Preliminary report. | Implications of 2 studies (Beigel et al. & Goldman et al.): Remdesivir appears to provide moderate clinical benefit among COVID-19 patients. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 1813-1826 ST - Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 - Preliminary Report T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19 - Preliminary Report UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32445440 VL - 383 ID - 295 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: No specific antiviral drug has been proven effective for treatment of patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Remdesivir (GS-5734), a nucleoside analogue prodrug, has inhibitory effects on pathogenic animal and human coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in vitro, and inhibits Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, SARS-CoV-1, and SARS-CoV-2 replication in animal models. METHODS: We did a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial at ten hospitals in Hubei, China. Eligible patients were adults (aged >/=18 years) admitted to hospital with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, with an interval from symptom onset to enrolment of 12 days or less, oxygen saturation of 94% or less on room air or a ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional inspired oxygen of 300 mm Hg or less, and radiologically confirmed pneumonia. Patients were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to intravenous remdesivir (200 mg on day 1 followed by 100 mg on days 2-10 in single daily infusions) or the same volume of placebo infusions for 10 days. Patients were permitted concomitant use of lopinavir-ritonavir, interferons, and corticosteroids. The primary endpoint was time to clinical improvement up to day 28, defined as the time (in days) from randomisation to the point of a decline of two levels on a six-point ordinal scale of clinical status (from 1=discharged to 6=death) or discharged alive from hospital, whichever came first. Primary analysis was done in the intention-to-treat (ITT) population and safety analysis was done in all patients who started their assigned treatment. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04257656. FINDINGS: Between Feb 6, 2020, and March 12, 2020, 237 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to a treatment group (158 to remdesivir and 79 to placebo); one patient in the placebo group who withdrew after randomisation was not included in the ITT population. Remdesivir use was not associated with a difference in time to clinical improvement (hazard ratio 1.23 [95% CI 0.87-1.75]). Although not statistically significant, patients receiving remdesivir had a numerically faster time to clinical improvement than those receiving placebo among patients with symptom duration of 10 days or less (hazard ratio 1.52 [0.95-2.43]). Adverse events were reported in 102 (66%) of 155 remdesivir recipients versus 50 (64%) of 78 placebo recipients. Remdesivir was stopped early because of adverse events in 18 (12%) patients versus four (5%) patients who stopped placebo early. INTERPRETATION: In this study of adult patients admitted to hospital for severe COVID-19, remdesivir was not associated with statistically significant clinical benefits. However, the numerical reduction in time to clinical improvement in those treated earlier requires confirmation in larger studies. FUNDING: Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Emergency Project of COVID-19, National Key Research and Development Program of China, the Beijing Science and Technology Project. AD - Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. | Jin Yin-tan Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China. | Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. | Wuhan Lung Hospital, Wuhan, China. | Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. | Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. | Wuhan Third Hospital, Wuhan, China. | Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China. | Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China. | Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Wuhan, China. | The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, China. | Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan, China. | Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China. | Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China. | Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China. | Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China. | Tigermed Consulting, Hangzhou, China. | Teddy Clinical Research Laboratory, Shanghai, China. | Hangzhou DI'AN Medical Laboratory, Hangzhou, China. | Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. | University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA. | International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China; Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijiing, China. Electronic address: caobin_ben@163.com. | Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China; Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijiing, China; Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. Electronic address: wangchen@pumc.edu.cn. AN - 32423584 AU - Wang, Y. | Zhang, D. | Du, G. | Du, R. | Zhao, J. | Jin, Y. | Fu, S. | Gao, L. | Cheng, Z. | Lu, Q. | Hu, Y. | Luo, G. | Wang, K. | Lu, Y. | Li, H. | Wang, S. | Ruan, S. | Yang, C. | Mei, C. | Wang, Y. | Ding, D. | Wu, F. | Tang, X. | Ye, X. | Ye, Y. | Liu, B. | Yang, J. | Yin, W. | Wang, A. | Fan, G. | Zhou, F. | Liu, Z. | Gu, X. | Xu, J. | Shang, L. | Zhang, Y. | Cao, L. | Guo, T. | Wan, Y. | Qin, H. | Jiang, Y. | Jaki, T. | Hayden, F. G. | Horby, P. W. | Cao, B. | Wang, C. C1 - 2020-05-08 C2 - Remdesivir CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050820_covidupdate.html DA - May 16 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31022-9 ET - 2020/05/20 IS - 10236 KW - Adenosine Monophosphate/adverse effects/*analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use | Aged | Alanine/adverse effects/*analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use | Antiviral Agents/adverse effects/*therapeutic use | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | China | Coronavirus Infections/*drug therapy | Double-Blind Method | Female | Humans | Infusions, Intravenous | Male | Middle Aged | Negative Results | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*drug therapy | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://1021401098/Wang-2020-Remdesivir in adults with severe COV.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Wang, Yeming; Zhang, Dingyu; Du, Guanhua; Du, Ronghui; Zhao, Jianping; Jin, Yang; Fu, Shouzhi; Gao, Ling; Cheng, Zhenshun; Lu, Qiaofa; Hu, Yi; Luo, Guangwei; Wang, Ke; Lu, Yang; Li, Huadong; Wang, Shuzhen; Ruan, Shunan; Yang, Chengqing; Mei, Chunlin; Wang, Yi; Ding, Dan; Wu, Feng; Tang, Xin; Ye, Xianzhi; Ye, Yingchun; Liu, Bing; Yang, Jie; Yin, Wen; Wang, Aili; Fan, Guohui; Zhou, Fei; Liu, Zhibo; Gu, Xiaoying; Xu, Jiuyang; Shang, Lianhan; Zhang, Yi; Cao, Lianjun; Guo, Tingting; Wan, Yan; Qin, Hong; Jiang, Yushen; Jaki, Thomas; Hayden, Frederick G; Horby, Peter W; Cao, Bin; Wang, Chen; eng; WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; Multicenter Study; Randomized Controlled Trial; England; Lancet. 2020 May 16;395(10236):1569-1578. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31022-9. Epub 2020 Apr 29. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Use of remdesivir was not associated with clinical improvement (hazard ratio (HR): 1.23, 95% CI 0.87-1.75) (Figure 1). | Of those who received treatment <10 days after illness onset, time to clinical improvement was faster among those using remdesivir; however, the difference between groups was not statistically significant (HR 1.52, 95% CI 0.95-2.43). | There were no differences in viral load at baseline, or over time, between those using remdesivir and those not using remdesivir (Figure 2). | Adverse events were reported among 66% of patients using remdesivir and 64% of patients not using remdesivir. | Enrollment was stopped before reaching the target sample size (n = 453). | Methods: Double-blinded RCT examining the efficacy of remdesivir in treating COVID-19. Patients aged �?8 years presenting to one of ten different hospitals in Hubei, China with COVID-19 pneumonia, and �?4% oxygen saturation or a ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional inspired oxygen of �?00 mm Hg, were enrolled �?2 days after illness onset. Patients were randomized to intravenous remdesivir (200 mg the first day, 100 mg the next 9 days) or a placebo in a 2:1 ratio (treatment arm: n = 158; placebo arm: n = 78); an equal proportion of patients needing oxygen support were randomized to the treatment and placebo arms. All patients could take other experimental treatments, including lopinavir-ritonavir, interferon, and corticosteroids. Patients were followed for 28 days and monitored for time to improvement of clinical symptoms. Serially collected respiratory samples were tested for viral RNA. Limitations: Study may have been underpowered; imbalances in clinical presentation between groups at enrollment; delays in initiating remdesivir may have impacted findings. | Implications: Although use of remdesivir was not associated with improved clinical symptoms, the study did not reach the target sample size; additional randomized controlled trials are needed to assess the efficacy of remdesivir as a treatment for COVID-19. SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 1569-1578 ST - Remdesivir in adults with severe COVID-19: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial T2 - Lancet TI - Remdesivir in adults with severe COVID-19: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32423584 VL - 395 Y2 - 2021/05/12 ID - 151 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Remdesivir is a broad-spectrum antiviral nucleotide prodrug that has been clinically evaluated in Ebola virus patients and recently received emergency use authorization (EUA) for treatment of COVID-19. With approvals from the Federal Select Agent Program and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Institutional Biosecurity Board, we characterized the resistance profile of remdesivir by serially passaging Ebola virus under remdesivir selection; we generated lineages with low-level reduced susceptibility to remdesivir after 35 passages. We found that a single amino acid substitution, F548S, in the Ebola virus polymerase conferred low-level reduced susceptibility to remdesivir. The F548 residue is highly conserved in filoviruses but should be subject to specific surveillance among novel filoviruses, in newly emerging variants in ongoing outbreaks, and also in Ebola virus patients undergoing remdesivir therapy. Homology modeling suggests that the Ebola virus polymerase F548 residue lies in the F-motif of the polymerase active site, a region that was previously identified as susceptible to resistance mutations in coronaviruses. Our data suggest that molecular surveillance of this region of the polymerase in remdesivir-treated COVID-19 patients is also warranted. AD - Viral Special Pathogens Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329; mko2@cdc.gov ccs8@cdc.gov. | Viral Special Pathogens Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329. | Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA 94404. | Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada. | Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada. AN - 33028676 AU - Lo, M. K. | Albarino, C. G. | Perry, J. K. | Chang, S. | Tchesnokov, E. P. | Guerrero, L. | Chakrabarti, A. | Shrivastava-Ranjan, P. | Chatterjee, P. | McMullan, L. K. | Martin, R. | Jordan, R. | Gotte, M. | Montgomery, J. M. | Nichol, S. T. | Flint, M. | Porter, D. | Spiropoulou, C. F. C1 - 2020-10-23 C2 - Laboratory Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102320_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 27 DO - 10.1073/pnas.2012294117 ET - 2020/10/09 IS - 43 KW - Adenosine Monophosphate/*analogs & derivatives/pharmacology | Alanine/*analogs & derivatives/pharmacology | Antiviral Agents/*pharmacology | Betacoronavirus/chemistry/*enzymology | Cell Line | Drug Tolerance/genetics | Ebolavirus/drug effects/*enzymology/genetics | Humans | Models, Molecular | Mutation | RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase/*chemistry/genetics | SARS-CoV-2 | Viral Nonstructural Proteins/*chemistry/genetics | Virus Replication/drug effects | *covid-19 | *Ebola | *SARS-CoV-2 | *antiviral nucleotide analog | *remdesivir | employees of the company and may own company stock | R.J. holds a patent on the | use of remdesivir to treat filovirus infections. The authors affiliated with the | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have no conflict of interest to | report. L1 - internal-pdf://3630762950/Lo-2020-Remdesivir targets a structurally anal.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Lo, Michael K; Albarino, Cesar G; Perry, Jason K; Chang, Silvia; Tchesnokov, Egor P; Guerrero, Lisa; Chakrabarti, Ayan; Shrivastava-Ranjan, Punya; Chatterjee, Payel; McMullan, Laura K; Martin, Ross; Jordan, Robert; Gotte, Matthias; Montgomery, Joel M; Nichol, Stuart T; Flint, Mike; Porter, Danielle; Spiropoulou, Christina F; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020 Oct 27;117(43):26946-26954. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2012294117. Epub 2020 Oct 7. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; A single amino acid substitution, F584S, in the Ebola virus (EBOV) polymerase conferred reduced susceptibility to remdesivir (Figure). | This region of the F584S mutation in EBOV maps to a similar functional region within the SARS-CoV-2 polymerase. | Methods: Ebola virus was serially passaged in vitro under remdesivir selection or under mock drug pressure to induce potential mutations. Virus sensitivity to remdesivir after 35 passages was determined. Limitations: Study performed in EBOV and may not be directly applicable to SARS-CoV-2. | Implications: Because genome-wide mapping shows homology between the Ebola virus and coronavirus polymerase active sites, molecular surveillance of remdesivir-treated COVID-19 patients to identify any potential genetic mutations that may decrease susceptibility towards antiviral therapies may be warranted. SN - 1091-6490 (Electronic); 0027-8424 (Linking) SP - 26946-26954 ST - Remdesivir targets a structurally analogous region of the Ebola virus and SARS-CoV-2 polymerases T2 - Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A TI - Remdesivir targets a structurally analogous region of the Ebola virus and SARS-CoV-2 polymerases UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33028676 VL - 117 ID - 1107 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK. | Department of Microbiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK. | Department of Paediatric Intensive Care, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK. | Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London WC1N 3JH, UK. Electronic address: jelena.stojanovic@doctors.org.uk. AN - 32553126 AU - Stewart, D. J. | Hartley, J. C. | Johnson, M. | Marks, S. D. | du Pre, P. | Stojanovic, J. C1 - 2020-06-26 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/062620_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30178-4 ET - 2020/06/20 IS - 8 KW - Acute Kidney Injury/diagnosis/*virology | Adolescent | Betacoronavirus | Biomarkers/blood | Covid-19 | Child | Child, Preschool | Coronavirus Infections/*complications | Creatinine/blood | England | Hospitalization | Humans | Infant | Infant, Newborn | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://0298327288/Stewart-2020-Renal dysfunction in hospitalised.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Stewart, Douglas J; Hartley, John C; Johnson, Mae; Marks, Stephen D; du Pre, Pascale; Stojanovic, Jelena; eng; Letter; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020 Aug;4(8):e28-e29. doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30178-4. Epub 2020 Jun 15. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 15 (29%) COVID-19 patients had acute kidney injury. | 14 (93%) were admitted to pediatric ICU (Figure). | 11 (73%) had multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (Figure). | 5 (33%) had enlarged kidneys. | Serum creatinine values normalized, and renal function improved in most patients; none required kidney biopsy or continuous renal replacement therapy. | Methods: 52 pediatric COVID-19 patients were assessed for acute kidney injury, defined as serum creatinine 1.5 times greater than the upper limit of normal. Limitations: Small sample size; baseline creatinine values were unavailable for most patients. | Implications: Monitoring renal function is important in hospitalized COVID-19 pediatric patients. Risk for acute kidney injury in pediatric patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection needs to be further studied. SN - 2352-4650 (Electronic); 2352-4642 (Linking) SP - e28-e29 ST - Renal dysfunction in hospitalised children with COVID-19 T2 - Lancet Child Adolesc Health TI - Renal dysfunction in hospitalised children with COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32553126 VL - 4 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 434 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: A potential association between the use of angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs) and angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and the risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) has not been well studied. METHODS: We carried out a population-based case-control study in the Lombardy region of Italy. A total of 6272 case patients in whom infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was confirmed between February 21 and March 11, 2020, were matched to 30,759 beneficiaries of the Regional Health Service (controls) according to sex, age, and municipality of residence. Information about the use of selected drugs and patients' clinical profiles was obtained from regional databases of health care use. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for associations between drugs and infection, with adjustment for confounders, were estimated by means of logistic regression. RESULTS: Among both case patients and controls, the mean (+/-SD) age was 68+/-13 years, and 37% were women. The use of ACE inhibitors and ARBs was more common among case patients than among controls, as was the use of other antihypertensive and non-antihypertensive drugs, and case patients had a worse clinical profile. Use of ARBs or ACE inhibitors did not show any association with Covid-19 among case patients overall (adjusted odds ratio, 0.95 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 0.86 to 1.05] for ARBs and 0.96 [95% CI, 0.87 to 1.07] for ACE inhibitors) or among patients who had a severe or fatal course of the disease (adjusted odds ratio, 0.83 [95% CI, 0.63 to 1.10] for ARBs and 0.91 [95% CI, 0.69 to 1.21] for ACE inhibitors), and no association between these variables was found according to sex. CONCLUSIONS: In this large, population-based study, the use of ACE inhibitors and ARBs was more frequent among patients with Covid-19 than among controls because of their higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease. However, there was no evidence that ACE inhibitors or ARBs affected the risk of COVID-19. AD - From the University of Milano-Bicocca (G.M.), the National Center of Healthcare Research and Pharmacoepidemiology (F.R., G.C.) and the Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Public Health, Department of Statistics and Quantitative Methods (F.R., G.C.), University of Milano-Bicocca, Azienda Regionale per l'Innovazione e gli Acquisti (M.L.), and Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (G.A.), Milan, and Policlinico di Monza, Monza (G.M.) - all in Italy. AN - 32356627 AU - Mancia, G. | Rea, F. | Ludergnani, M. | Apolone, G. | Corrao, G. C1 - 2020-05-08 C2 - Blood Pressure Reducing Medications CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050820_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 18 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2006923 ET - 2020/05/02 IS - 25 KW - Aged | Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists/*administration & dosage/adverse effects | Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/*administration & dosage/adverse effects | Antihypertensive Agents/administration & dosage/adverse effects | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Cardiovascular Diseases/complications | Case-Control Studies | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Female | Humans | Italy/epidemiology | Logistic Models | Male | Middle Aged | Odds Ratio | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | Renin-Angiotensin System/drug effects | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://0716062968/Mancia-2020-Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Syst.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Mancia, Giuseppe; Rea, Federico; Ludergnani, Monica; Apolone, Giovanni; Corrao, Giovanni; eng; N Engl J Med. 2020 Jun 18;382(25):2431-2440. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2006923. Epub 2020 May 1. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Use of blood pressure reducing medications (not further described) was more common in COVID-19 patients (58%) than uninfected people (50%). | Adjusting for confounders, use of antihypertensives was not associated with risk of COVID-19 infection or severity of illness among COVID-19 patients. | Methods: Case-control study with 6,272 COVID-19 patients and 30,759 controls (matched 1:5), restricted to people 40 years of age or older in Lombardy, Italy from February 21 to March 11, 2020. Investigators abstracted 5 years of clinical history from the regional health service database to determine if the use of blood pressure reducing medications (ACE inhibitors and ARBs) increased the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Limitations: Actual medication use unknown, only prescription of these medications; general population was not tested for SARS-CoV-2; few non-Caucasians included in the study. | Implications of 3 studies (Reynolds et al., Mancia et al., & Tedeschi et al.): In these Italian and US populations, RAAS inhibitors were not associated with an increased likelihood of having COVID-19, with more severe COVID-19 illness, or with in-hospital mortality. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 2431-2440 ST - Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Blockers and the Risk of Covid-19 T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Blockers and the Risk of Covid-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32356627 VL - 382 ID - 145 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: There is concern about the potential of an increased risk related to medications that act on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in patients exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), because the viral receptor is angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). METHODS: We assessed the relation between previous treatment with ACE inhibitors, angiotensin-receptor blockers, beta-blockers, calcium-channel blockers, or thiazide diuretics and the likelihood of a positive or negative result on Covid-19 testing as well as the likelihood of severe illness (defined as intensive care, mechanical ventilation, or death) among patients who tested positive. Using Bayesian methods, we compared outcomes in patients who had been treated with these medications and in untreated patients, overall and in those with hypertension, after propensity-score matching for receipt of each medication class. A difference of at least 10 percentage points was prespecified as a substantial difference. RESULTS: Among 12,594 patients who were tested for Covid-19, a total of 5894 (46.8%) were positive; 1002 of these patients (17.0%) had severe illness. A history of hypertension was present in 4357 patients (34.6%), among whom 2573 (59.1%) had a positive test; 634 of these patients (24.6%) had severe illness. There was no association between any single medication class and an increased likelihood of a positive test. None of the medications examined was associated with a substantial increase in the risk of severe illness among patients who tested positive. CONCLUSIONS: We found no substantial increase in the likelihood of a positive test for Covid-19 or in the risk of severe Covid-19 among patients who tested positive in association with five common classes of antihypertensive medications. AD - From the New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, New York. AN - 32356628 AU - Reynolds, H. R. | Adhikari, S. | Pulgarin, C. | Troxel, A. B. | Iturrate, E. | Johnson, S. B. | Hausvater, A. | Newman, J. D. | Berger, J. S. | Bangalore, S. | Katz, S. D. | Fishman, G. I. | Kunichoff, D. | Chen, Y. | Ogedegbe, G. | Hochman, J. S. C1 - 2020-05-08 C2 - Blood Pressure Reducing Medications CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050820_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 18 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2008975 ET - 2020/05/02 IS - 25 KW - Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/*administration & dosage/adverse effects | Adult | Aged | Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists/*administration & dosage/adverse effects | Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors/*administration & dosage/adverse effects | Antihypertensive Agents/administration & dosage/adverse effects | Bayes Theorem | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Calcium Channel Blockers/*administration & dosage/adverse effects | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Female | Humans | Hypertension/complications | Male | Middle Aged | New York | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | Propensity Score | Renin-Angiotensin System/drug effects | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors/*administration & dosage/adverse effects L1 - internal-pdf://3848166886/Reynolds-2020-Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Sy.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Reynolds, Harmony R; Adhikari, Samrachana; Pulgarin, Claudia; Troxel, Andrea B; Iturrate, Eduardo; Johnson, Stephen B; Hausvater, Anais; Newman, Jonathan D; Berger, Jeffrey S; Bangalore, Sripal; Katz, Stuart D; Fishman, Glenn I; Kunichoff, Dennis; Chen, Yu; Ogedegbe, Gbenga; Hochman, Judith S; eng; UL1 TR001445/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; Observational Study; N Engl J Med. 2020 Jun 18;382(25):2441-2448. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2008975. Epub 2020 May 1. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings: Among patients treated with any of five commonly used classes of blood pressure reducing medications (RAAS inhibitors), none of the medications were significantly associated with the likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 infection (Figure 1), or with illness severity for confirmed COVID-19 patients (Figure 2). | Methods: Retrospective cohort study among 12,594 patients tested for SARS-CoV-2 with available electronic health records (EHR) in the NYC Langone health system, March 1 �?April 15, 2020. Investigators abstracted EHR to assess patient use of five common blood pressure reducing medications (ACE-inhibitor, ARB, beta-blocker, calcium channels blocker, thiazide diuretic) in the past 18-months and examined the association between use of these medications and: (1) COVID-19 occurrence, and (2) severity among persons infected with COVID-19, controlling for hypertension. Patients were matched based on their probability of using each medication. Limitations: Possibility of false negative COVID-19 test results. | Implications of 3 studies (Reynolds et al., Mancia et al., & Tedeschi et al.): In these Italian and US populations, RAAS inhibitors were not associated with an increased likelihood of having COVID-19, with more severe COVID-19 illness, or with in-hospital mortality. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 2441-2448 ST - Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Inhibitors and Risk of Covid-19 T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Inhibitors and Risk of Covid-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32356628 VL - 382 ID - 146 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In the midst of the deadliest pandemic since 1918, the question of how to reopen colleges safely after months of lockdown is of great concern. First and foremost, the strategy cannot be a one-size-fits-all approach. Rather, the best-prepared colleges will use a multifaceted approach that leverages a range of public health strategies best suited to each institution’s resources, location, and culture. Containing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) requires testing; behavioral interventions to reduce the reproductive number (Rt), such as social distancing, masking, and contact tracing; and limiting the influx of new infections from outside campus. AD - Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York. | Fox Ethics Consulting, Arlington, Virginia. AN - 32735333 AU - Bradley, E. H. | An, M. W. | Fox, E. C1 - 2020-08-11 C2 - Reopening Colleges CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/081120_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.17838 ET - 2020/08/01 IS - 7 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus | *Coronavirus Infections | Humans | *Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | SARS-CoV-2 | United States L1 - internal-pdf://1696545777/Bradley-2020-Reopening Colleges During the Cor.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Bradley, Elizabeth H; An, Ming-Wen; Fox, Ellen; eng; Comment; JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Jul 1;3(7):e2017838. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.17838. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Both testing students before they arrive to limit initial infections and reducing the reproductive number (Rt) through multiple interventions could decrease the frequency of testing needed and substantially limit SARS-CoV-2 infections. | By limiting initially infected students to 5 and Rt to 1.25, Vassar College might expect: | 79 infections with testing every 4 weeks. | 50 infections with testing every 2 weeks. | Methods: Applied an online version of the Paltiel et al.external icon model using assumptions for Vassar College: 2,500 students, 5 initially infected, Rt of 1.25, 1 new infection per week, and 80% sensitive of 80% and 99% specific PCR test. Limitations: Results depend on assumptions from the underlying model and for Vassar College, which include a very low initial infection rate and strictly limited interactions. | Implications for study (Paltiel et al.) and commentary (Bradley et al.): Frequent test-based screening may be necessary to reduce the risk of uncontrolled infections and allow the safe return of students to campus. Robust combinations of interventions that substantially reduce Rt may keep both SARS-CoV-2 infections and frequency of required testing as low as possible. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e2017838 ST - Reopening Colleges During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic-One Size Does Not Fit All T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Reopening Colleges During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic-One Size Does Not Fit All UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32735333 VL - 3 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 677 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Through May 13, 2020, approximately 1.39 million cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been reported in the United States (by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) and more than 4.3 million cases of COVID-19 have been reported from 188 countries. There is an urgent need for COVID-19 data, including community-level incidence, spectrum of disease, diagnostic test penetration, and proportion of the community with protective immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (herd immunity). These data are vital to understanding where communities are on the continuum of COVID-19 cumulative incidence and prevalence and how nonpharmaceutical interventions can be titrated to reopen business and society. Real-time incidence and seroepidemiologic data are also essential to plan scenarios for the development of COVID-19 vaccines and therapeutics. Cross-sectional community surveys combined with seroepidemiology can help inform the present and help navigate the path forward. AD - Medical Development and Scientific/Clinical Affairs, Pfizer Vaccines, Collegeville, Pennsylvania. | Center for Observational and Real-World Evidence, Merck & Co Inc, Kenilworth, New Jersey. AN - 32412582 AU - Angulo, F. J. | Finelli, L. | Swerdlow, D. L. C1 - 2020-05-29 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052920_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 9 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.7872 ET - 2020/05/16 IS - 22 KW - Antibodies, Viral/blood | Betacoronavirus/*immunology | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | *Clinical Laboratory Techniques | *Community Health Services | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis/epidemiology | Humans | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis/epidemiology | Public Health | SARS-CoV-2 | Safety | Seroepidemiologic Studies | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://3311237016/Angulo-2020-Reopening Society and the Need for.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Angulo, Frederick J; Finelli, Lyn; Swerdlow, David L; eng; JAMA. 2020 Jun 9;323(22):2247-2248. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.7872. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Real-time COVID-19 data, including community surveys and seroepidemiology data, are essential for understanding the epidemic, optimizing clinical treatment and management, and knowing how and when to reopen businesses. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 2247-2248 ST - Reopening Society and the Need for Real-Time Assessment of COVID-19 at the Community Level T2 - JAMA TI - Reopening Society and the Need for Real-Time Assessment of COVID-19 at the Community Level UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32412582 VL - 323 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 272 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Repeat COVID-19 molecular testing can lead to positive test results after negative tests and to multiple positive test results over time. The association between positive tests and infectious virus is important to quantify. METHODS: A two months cohort of retrospective data and consecutively collected specimens from COVID-19 patients or patients under investigation were used to understand the correlation between prolonged viral RNA positive test results, cycle threshold (Ct) values and growth of SARS-CoV-2 in cell culture. Whole genome sequencing was used to confirm virus genotype in patients with prolonged viral RNA detection. Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) was used to assess the rate of false negative COVID-19 diagnostic tests. RESULTS: In two months, 29,686 specimens were tested and 2,194 patients received repeated testing. Virus recovery in cell culture was noted in specimens with SARS-CoV-2 target genes' Ct value average of 18.8 +/- 3.4. Prolonged viral RNA shedding was associated with positive virus growth in culture in specimens collected up to 20 days after the first positive result but mostly in individuals symptomatic at time of sample collection. Whole genome sequencing provided evidence the same virus was carried over time. Positive tests following negative tests had Ct values higher than 29.5 and were not associated with virus culture. ddPCR was positive in 5.6% of negative specimens collected from COVID-19 confirmed or clinically suspected patients. CONCLUSIONS: Low Ct values in SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic tests were associated with virus growth in cell culture. Symptomatic patients with prolonged viral RNA shedding can also be infectious. AD - Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Microbiology, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. | National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. | Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. | Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland, USA. | Johns Hopkins University, Department of Computer Science, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. | Bio-Rad Laboratories, Pleasanton, California, USA. | W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. AN - 33104776 AU - Gniazdowski, V. | Morris, C. P. | Wohl, S. | Mehoke, T. | Ramakrishnan, S. | Thielen, P. | Powell, H. | Smith, B. | Armstrong, D. T. | Herrera, M. | Reifsnyder, C. | Sevdali, M. | Carroll, K. C. | Pekosz, A. | Mostafa, H. H. C1 - 2020-11-10 C2 - Laboratory Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/111020_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 27 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa1616 ET - 2020/10/27 IS - 4 KW - Covid-19 | SARS-CoV-2 | infectious virus | repeat testing L1 - internal-pdf://1356959179/Gniazdowski-2020-Repeat COVID-19 Molecular Tes.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Gniazdowski, Victoria; Morris, C Paul; Wohl, Shirlee; Mehoke, Thomas; Ramakrishnan, Srividya; Thielen, Peter; Powell, Harrison; Smith, Brendan; Armstrong, Derek T; Herrera, Monica; Reifsnyder, Carolyn; Sevdali, Maria; Carroll, Karen C; Pekosz, Andrew; Mostafa, Heba H; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Oct 27. pii: 5940589. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1616. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The proportion of specimens from which SARS-CoV-2 was isolated was lower with increasing mean Ct values (Figure). | Mean Ct values were significantly lower for specimens with virus growth in culture than for specimens without virus growth (18.8 vs 27.1, p <0.0001). | In 29 patients with multiple specimens, Ct values increased over time, indicating decreasing viral load. | Infectious virus was recovered from 4 (13.8%) specimens 22 days after the first positive result. | 124 patients with a negative PCR test had a subsequent positive test, but with high Ct values (�?9.5) and no culturable virus. | Methods: Retrospective review of data from patients with known or suspected COVID-19 who underwent SARS-CoV-2 testing from March 11 to May 11, 2020. Remnant NP swab specimens were selected for further testing, including PCR and cell culture. Multiple specimens were taken up to 23 days after initial test in subset. Limitations: Small, retrospective, single-center study. | Implications: Lower Ct values, which indicate a higher viral load and increased likelihood of viral growth, might be used to predict the likelihood that a patient is infectious. Caution is needed however given virus grew in cell culture from specimens with Ct values as high as 32.1. Repeated testing in patients without new symptoms is unlikely to identify individuals likely to be infectious as defined by the presence of culturable live virus. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - e860-e869 ST - Repeat COVID-19 Molecular Testing: Correlation of SARS-CoV-2 Culture with Molecular Assays and Cycle Thresholds T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Repeat COVID-19 Molecular Testing: Correlation of SARS-CoV-2 Culture with Molecular Assays and Cycle Thresholds UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33104776 VL - 73 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1222 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In late 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first detected in China and has since caused a pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The first case of COVID-19 in New York City was officially confirmed on 1 March 2020 followed by a severe local epidemic(1). Here, to understand seroprevalence dynamics, we conduct a retrospective, repeated cross-sectional analysis of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies in weekly intervals from the beginning of February to July 2020 using more than 10,000 plasma samples from patients at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City. We describe the dynamics of seroprevalence in an 'urgent care' group, which is enriched in cases of COVID-19 during the epidemic, and a 'routine care' group, which more closely represents the general population. Seroprevalence increased at different rates in both groups; seropositive samples were found as early as mid-February, and levelled out at slightly above 20% in both groups after the epidemic wave subsided by the end of May. From May to July, seroprevalence remained stable, suggesting lasting antibody levels in the population. Our data suggest that SARS-CoV-2 was introduced in New York City earlier than previously documented and describe the dynamics of seroconversion over the full course of the first wave of the pandemic in a major metropolitan area. AD - Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | The Mount Sinai Data Office, Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. viviana.simon@mssm.edu. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. viviana.simon@mssm.edu. | The Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. viviana.simon@mssm.edu. | Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Emilia.Sordillo@mountsinai.org. | Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Emilia.Sordillo@mountsinai.org. | Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. harm.vanbakel@mssm.edu. | Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. harm.vanbakel@mssm.edu. | Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. florian.krammer@mssm.edu. AN - 33142304 AU - Stadlbauer, D. | Tan, J. | Jiang, K. | Hernandez, M. M. | Fabre, S. | Amanat, F. | Teo, C. | Arunkumar, G. A. | McMahon, M. | Capuano, C. | Twyman, K. | Jhang, J. | Nowak, M. D. | Simon, V. | Sordillo, E. M. | van Bakel, H. | Krammer, F. C1 - 2020-11-17 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/111720_covidupdate.html DA - Feb DO - 10.1038/s41586-020-2912-6 ET - 2020/11/04 IS - 7844 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Ambulatory Care/statistics & numerical data | Antibodies, Viral/*blood/*immunology | COVID-19/diagnosis/*epidemiology/*immunology/virology | COVID-19 Serological Testing/*statistics & numerical data | Child | Child, Preschool | Cross-Sectional Studies | *Epidemiological Monitoring | Female | Humans | Incidence | Infant | Infant, Newborn | Male | Middle Aged | New York City/epidemiology | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology | Time Factors | Urban Population/statistics & numerical data | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://3552504647/Stadlbauer-2021-Repeated cross-sectional sero-.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Stadlbauer, Daniel; Tan, Jessica; Jiang, Kaijun; Hernandez, Matthew M; Fabre, Shelcie; Amanat, Fatima; Teo, Catherine; Arunkumar, Guha Asthagiri; McMahon, Meagan; Capuano, Christina; Twyman, Kathryn; Jhang, Jeffrey; Nowak, Michael D; Simon, Viviana; Sordillo, Emilia Mia; van Bakel, Harm; Krammer, Florian; eng; CA 260560-01/CA/NCI NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Nature. 2021 Feb;590(7844):146-150. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2912-6. Epub 2020 Nov 3. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; A rapid rise in SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence (6.2%) was detected in the urgent care (UC) group (Figure, A) compared with the routine care (RC) group, coinciding with the surge of new confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections and related hospitalizations in New York City. | The uptick in seropositivity lagged approximately 1�? weeks behind the increase in new cases (Figure A, C). | There was a longer delay between the increase in confirmed cases and the increase in seroprevalence in the RC group (Figure B, C). | Seroprevalence in the UC group declined to levels seen in the RC group coinciding with a drop in incidence of SARS-CoV-2 cases between May and July 2020 (Figures A, C). | Methods: Weekly cross-sectional analysis of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies on 10,691 plasma samples randomly collected from patients at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City from February 9 to July 5, 2020. Seroprevalence was compared between an UC group (meant to capture seropositive individuals) and a RC group (meant to capture visits unrelated to COVID-19 and resemble the general population). Limitations: Non-random, non-representative sampling. | Implications: This will be the first of a series of repeated cross-sectional seroprevalence studies to understand the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, seroconversion, and the stability of antibody responses over the course of a COVID-19 outbreak. | Note: Adapted from Stadlbauer et al. Serum antibody prevalence in the UC group (A) and in the RC group (B), and number of confirmed cases/day and number of deaths per day, February–July 2020 (C).) Reprinted by permission from Springer Nature Customer Service Centre GmbH: Springer [Nature] Repeated cross-sectional sero-monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 in New York City, Stadlbauer et al. COPYRIGHT 2020 (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2912-6external icon). SN - 1476-4687 (Electronic); 0028-0836 (Linking) SP - 146-150 ST - Repeated cross-sectional sero-monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 in New York City T2 - Nature TI - Repeated cross-sectional sero-monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 in New York City UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33142304 VL - 590 ID - 2251 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Following the detection of the new coronavirus1 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its spread outside of China, Europe has experienced large epidemics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In response, many European countries have implemented non-pharmaceutical interventions, such as the closure of schools and national lockdowns. Here we study the effect of major interventions across 11 European countries for the period from the start of the COVID-19 epidemics in February 2020 until 4 May 2020, when lockdowns started to be lifted. Our model calculates backwards from observed deaths to estimate transmission that occurred several weeks previously, allowing for the time lag between infection and death. We use partial pooling of information between countries, with both individual and shared effects on the time-varying reproduction number (Rt). Pooling allows for more information to be used, helps to overcome idiosyncrasies in the data and enables more-timely estimates. Our model relies on fixed estimates of some epidemiological parameters (such as the infection fatality rate), does not include importation or subnational variation and assumes that changes in Rt are an immediate response to interventions rather than gradual changes in behaviour. Amidst the ongoing pandemic, we rely on death data that are incomplete, show systematic biases in reporting and are subject to future consolidation. We estimate that—for all of the countries we consider here—current interventions have been sufficient to drive Rt below 1 (probability Rt < 1.0 is greater than 99%) and achieve control of the epidemic. We estimate that across all 11 countries combined, between 12 and 15 million individuals were infected with SARS-CoV-2 up to 4 May 2020, representing between 3.2% and 4.0% of the population. Our results show that major non-pharmaceutical interventions—and lockdowns in particular—have had a large effect on reducing transmission. Continued intervention should be considered to keep transmission of SARS-CoV-2 under control. AU - Flaxman, Seth | Mishra, Swapnil | Gandy, Axel | Unwin, H. Juliette T. | Mellan, Thomas A. | Coupland, Helen | Whittaker, Charles | Zhu, Harrison | Berah, Tresnia | Eaton, Jeffrey W. | Monod, Mélodie | Perez-Guzman, Pablo N. | Schmit, Nora | Cilloni, Lucia | Ainslie, Kylie E. C. | Baguelin, Marc | Boonyasiri, Adhiratha | Boyd, Olivia | Cattarino, Lorenzo | Cooper, Laura V. | Cucunub֙, Zulma | Cuomo-Dannenburg, Gina | Dighe, Amy | Djaafara, Bimandra | Dorigatti, Ilaria | van Elsland, Sabine L. | FitzJohn, Richard G. | Gaythorpe, Katy A. M. | Geidelberg, Lily | Grassly, Nicholas C. | Green, William D. | Hallett, Timothy | Hamlet, Arran | Hinsley, Wes | Jeffrey, Ben | Knock, Edward | Laydon, Daniel J. | Nedjati-Gilani, Gemma | Nouvellet, Pierre | Parag, Kris V. | Siveroni, Igor | Thompson, Hayley A. | Verity, Robert | Volz, Erik | Walters, Caroline E. | Wang, Haowei | Wang, Yuanrong | Watson, Oliver J. | Winskill, Peter | Xi, Xiaoyue | Walker, Patrick G. T. | Ghani, Azra C. | Donnelly, Christl A. | Riley, Steven | Vollmer, Michaela A. C. | Ferguson, Neil M. | Okell, Lucy C. | Bhatt, Samir | Imperial College, Covid-Response Team C1 - 2020-04-07 C2 - Modeling and Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/040720_covidupdate.html DO - 10.25561/77731 L1 - internal-pdf://2236113489/Flaxman-2020-Report 13_ Estimating the effects.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Later published in Nature: 10.1038/s41586-020-2405-7; PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Modelers forecast that non-pharmaceutical interventions (e.g., movement restrictions and social distancing) across 11 European countries averted ~59,000 (21,000�?20,000) deaths up to March 31st; effective reproduction number declined by 64% (from 3.87 to 1.43). | Across all 11 countries, an estimated 7�?3 million individuals (1.9%�?1.4% of population) were infected with SARS-CoV-2. | Methods: Novel Bayesian mechanistic model of infection cycle fit to observed deaths in 11 European countries, fit jointly to COVID-19 data from 11 countries using data up to March 28. Interventions included lockdown (regulations/legislations restricting face-to-face social interaction), cancelling public events, school closures, self-isolation, and social distancing. Assumptions: Interventions achieve a similar impact in different countries; intervention efficacy was constant over time. Thus, greater weight contributed by countries with more deaths and earlier implementation of interventions. Limitations: High level of uncertainty in estimates; too early to detect impacts in countries at earlier stages of epidemic; interventions occurred close in time to each other, so independent effects uncertain. | Implications: Non-pharmaceutical interventions resulted in fewer COVID-19 infections and deaths. SN - Report 13 ST - Report 13: Estimating the effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in Europe T2 - Preprints TI - Report 13: Estimating the effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in Europe TT - Published article: Estimating the effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in Europe UR - http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/77731 | https://spiral.imperial.ac.uk:8443/bitstream/10044/1/77731/10/2020-03-30-COVID19-Report-13.pdf ID - 24 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France (J.P., M.L.). | Grenoble Alpes University Hospital and University of Grenoble, Grenoble, France (M.R., B.R., J.C., C.K.). AN - 33493009 AU - Perez, J. | Roustit, M. | Lepelley, M. | Revol, B. | Cracowski, J. L. | Khouri, C. C1 - 2021-01-29 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01292021_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 26 DO - 10.7326/M20-7918 DP - NLM ET - 2021/01/26 IS - 6 KW - COVID-19/*drug therapy | Chloroquine/*adverse effects | Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/*epidemiology | Female | Humans | Hydroxychloroquine/*adverse effects | Male | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*drug therapy/virology | SARS-CoV-2 | United States/epidemiology | United States Food and Drug Administration L1 - internal-pdf://1634796957/Perez-2021-Reported Adverse Drug Reactions Ass.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | N1 - Perez, Justine; Roustit, Matthieu; Lepelley, Marion; Revol, Bruno; Cracowski, Jean-Luc; Khouri, Charles; eng; Letter; Ann Intern Med. 2021 Jan 26. doi: 10.7326/M20-7918. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Using the FDA Adverse Event Reporting Systemexternal icon database, the authors determined that adverse drug reactions (ADRs) with hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine doubled in 2020 compared with 2018 and 2019; reported ADRs seemed to coincide with positive endorsements in the media. SN - 1539-3704 (Electronic); 0003-4819 (Linking) SP - 878-880 ST - Reported Adverse Drug Reactions Associated With the Use of Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine During the COVID-19 Pandemic T2 - Ann Intern Med TI - Reported Adverse Drug Reactions Associated With the Use of Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine During the COVID-19 Pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33493009 VL - 174 ID - 1440 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In December 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued Emergency Use Authorizations for 2 mRNA-based vaccines for prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine (EUA issued December 11; 2 doses, 3 weeks apart) and Moderna COVID-19 vaccine (EUA issued December 18; 2 doses, 1 month apart). Shortly after each authorization, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices issued interim recommendations for use.Following implementation of vaccination, cases of anaphylaxis after administration of the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines began to be reported. Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening allergic reaction that can occur after vaccination, with onset typically within minutes to hours. The initial estimated reporting rates for anaphylaxis in the US were 11.1 cases per million doses administered of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine (December 14-23, 2020) and 2.5 cases per million doses administered of the Moderna vaccine (December 21, 2020-January 10, 2021). Since these early estimates were generated, millions more doses of both vaccines have been administered and safety monitoring has detected additional cases of anaphylaxis. This analysis updates the reporting rates of anaphylaxis in individuals following receipt of either the Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna vaccine. AD - Immunization Safety Office, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia. | Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia. AN - 33576785 AU - Shimabukuro, T. T. | Cole, M. | Su, J. R. C1 - 2021-02-19 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02192021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 16 DO - 10.1001/jama.2021.1967 ET - 2021/02/13 IS - 11 KW - Adult | Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems | Anaphylaxis/epidemiology/*etiology | COVID-19 Vaccines/*adverse effects | Female | Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://3229247044/Shimabukuro-2021-Reports of Anaphylaxis After.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Shimabukuro, Tom T; Cole, Matthew; Su, John R; eng; JAMA. 2021 Mar 16;325(11):1101-1102. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.1967. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: From December 14, 2020–January 18, 2021, 66 reports of anaphylaxis were identified that met the Brighton Collaboration case definition in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting Systemexternal icon: 47 followed the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) mRNA vaccine for a rate of 4.7 cases/million doses administered and 19 followed the mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccine for a rate of 2.5 cases/million doses administered; these data confirm that post-vaccination anaphylaxis is a rare event. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1101-1102 ST - Reports of Anaphylaxis After Receipt of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines in the US-December 14, 2020-January 18, 2021 T2 - JAMA TI - Reports of Anaphylaxis After Receipt of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines in the US-December 14, 2020-January 18, 2021 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33576785 VL - 325 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1504 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The SARS-CoV2 pandemic has created extreme shortages of N95 mask necessitating the need for rapid development of reuse and reprocessing plans. Our aim was to create a process to recapture, reprocess, and redistribute N95 masks using hydrogen peroxide vapor as a real time disinfection method within a large hospital system. We were able to recapture and reprocess 29, 706 N95 masks using hydrogen peroxide vapor with approximately 25% loss due to damage. AD - Memorial Hermann Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX. | Division Pediatric Infectious Disease, UT Health Medical School Houston, Houston, TX. Electronic address: Misti.Ellsworth@uth.tmc.edu. | The University of Texas Health Science Center Houston, Houston, TX. | Memorial Hermann Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX; Division Director of Critical Care, UT Health Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX. | Memorial Hermann Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX; Division Pediatric Infectious Disease, UT Health Medical School Houston, Houston, TX. AN - 33091511 AU - Weinheimer, C. M. | Ellsworth, M. | Ferguson, L. | Boston, K. | Haltiwanger, B. | Pavlovitch, S. | Warren, M. | Patel, B. | Katz, J. | Ostrosky-Zeichner, L. C1 - 2020-10-30 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/103020_covidupdate.html DA - Apr DO - 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.10.011 ET - 2020/10/23 IS - 4 KW - COVID-19/*prevention & control | Disinfectants/pharmacology | Disinfection/methods | *Equipment Reuse | *Gases | Hospitals | Humans | Hydrogen Peroxide/*pharmacology | N95 Respirators/*standards | *SARS-CoV-2 | *Covid 19 | *Decontamination with HPV L1 - internal-pdf://2616930405/Weinheimer-2021-Reprocessing N95s with hydroge.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Weinheimer, Caitlin McVey; Ellsworth, Misti; Ferguson, Lance; Boston, Kelley; Haltiwanger, Brett; Pavlovitch, Scott; Warren, Mindy; Patel, Bela; Katz, Jeffrey; Ostrosky-Zeichner, Luis; eng; Am J Infect Control. 2021 Apr;49(4):508-511. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2020.10.011. Epub 2020 Oct 20. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Large-scale implementation of a system to reprocess N95 masks at Texas Medical Center is outlined. SN - 1527-3296 (Electronic); 0196-6553 (Linking) SP - 508-511 ST - Reprocessing N95s with hydrogen peroxide vaporization: A robust system from collection to dispensing T2 - Am J Infect Control TI - Reprocessing N95s with hydrogen peroxide vaporization: A robust system from collection to dispensing UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33091511 VL - 49 ID - 1142 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND WHO expert groups recommended mortality trials in hospitalized COVID-19 of four re-purposed antiviral drugs.METHODS Study drugs were Remdesivir, Hydroxychloroquine, Lopinavir (fixed-dose combination with Ritonavir) and Interferon-β1a (mainly subcutaneous; initially with Lopinavir, later not). COVID-19 inpatients were randomized equally between whichever study drugs were locally available and open control (up to 5 options: 4 active and local standard-of-care). The intent-to-treat primary analyses are of in-hospital mortality in the 4 pairwise comparisons of each study drug vs its controls (concurrently allocated the same management without that drug, despite availability). Kaplan-Meier 28-day risks are unstratified; log-rank death rate ratios (RRs) are stratified for age and ventilation at entry.RESULTS In 405 hospitals in 30 countries 11,266 adults were randomized, with 2750 allocated Remdesivir, 954 Hydroxychloroquine, 1411 Lopinavir, 651 Interferon plus Lopinavir, 1412 only Interferon, and 4088 no study drug. Compliance was 94-96% midway through treatment, with 2-6% crossover. 1253 deaths were reported (at median day 8, IQR 4-14). Kaplan-Meier 28-day mortality was 12% (39% if already ventilated at randomization, 10% otherwise). Death rate ratios (with 95% CIs and numbers dead/randomized, each drug vs its control) were: Remdesivir RR=0.95 (0.81-1.11, p=0.50; 301/2743 active vs 303/2708 control), Hydroxychloroquine RR=1.19 (0.89-1.59, p=0.23; 104/947 vs 84/906), Lopinavir RR=1.00 (0.79-1.25, p=0.97; 148/1399 vs 146/1372) and Interferon RR=1.16 (0.96-1.39, p=0.11; 243/2050 vs 216/2050). No study drug definitely reduced mortality (in unventilated patients or any other subgroup of entry characteristics), initiation of ventilation or hospitalisation duration.CONCLUSIONS These Remdesivir, Hydroxychloroquine, Lopinavir and Interferon regimens appeared to have little or no effect on hospitalized COVID-19, as indicated by overall mortality, initiation of ventilation and duration of hospital stay. The mortality findings contain most of the randomized evidence on Remdesivir and Interferon, and are consistent with meta-analyses of mortality in all major trials. (Funding: WHO. Registration: ISRCTN83971151, NCT04315948)Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Clinical TrialISRCTN83971151, NCT04315948Funding StatementFunding was from WHO. No external funding was received.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Research Ethics Committees in each country and WHO Ethics Review CommitteeAll necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThese are interim results. Once the final database is locked, data sharing requests will be considered. AD - The affiliations of the members of the writing and steering committees are as follows: the Nuffield Department of Population Health and Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford (H.P., R.P.), and the University of Bristol, Bristol (E.A., S.B., H.B.C.C.-P., D.H., J.K., C.A.R., J.A.C.S.) - both in the United Kingdom; the World Health Organization, Geneva (A.-M.H.-R., M.-P.P., V.S., P. Lydon, M.C.M.-M., K.S., S.S.), the University of Bern, Bern (S.A., M.B., S. McGinty, S.T.), and Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne (O.M.) - all in Switzerland; the Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban (Q.A.K.), and the University of the Witwatersrand (J.N.) and the Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute (H.R.), Johannesburg - all in South Africa; the Institute of National Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines, Manila (M.M.A.); the Agency of Medicine and Medical Devices (C.H.G.) and Hospital Clinico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spanish Clinical Research Network, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria San Carlos (A.P.), Madrid; INSERM, Paris (M.-P.K.), and Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon (F.A.) - both in France; the Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (R.M.); the University of British Columbia, Vancouver (S. Murthy), and the Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa (M.I.S.) - both in Canada; the Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi (K.S.R.), and the Indian Council of Medical Research, National AIDS Research Institute, Pune (S.G.) - both in India; the National Academy of Sciences of Buenos Aires (M.R.P.) and Fundacion del Centro de Estudios Infectologicos (G.L.), Buenos Aires; Rafic Hariri University Hospital (P.A.H.) and the Ministry of Public Health (R.H.), Beirut, Lebanon; the Ministry of Health (A.M.A.-B.) and Infectious Diseases Hospital (A. Alhasawi), Kuwait City, Kuwait; Universidad Nacional de Colombia and Clinica Colsanitas (C.A.A.-M.) and the Ministry of Health (M.L.M.R.), Bogota, Colombia; the Ministry for Preventive Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (A. Asiri, A. Alotaibi); Oslo University Hospital (P.A., A.B.-D.) and Research Council of Norway (J.-A.R.), Oslo; Secretaria de Salud de Honduras (N. Cerrato) and the National Autonomous University of Honduras (M.T.M.), Tegucigalpa; Penang Hospital, Penang (T.S.C.), and Hospital Sungai Buloh and Jalan Hospital, Selangor (S.K.) - both in Malaysia; University Hospital Center Mother Theresa (N. Como) and the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices (N.S.), Tirana, Albania; the HRB Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Cork (J.E.), and the Department of Health and Children, Dublin (P. Lennon, T.M.) - both in Ireland; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (P.J.G., E.G.); Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos (L.G.) and Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine (L.J.), Vilnius, Lithuania; Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan (M. Hassan, A.R.); the National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (M. Hassany) and the Ministry of Health and Population (H.Z.), Cairo; the National Institute of Health Research and Development (I.I.) and Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan (M.R.R.), Jakarta, Indonesia; the Italian Medicines Agency, Rome (N.M.), and the University of Verona, Verona (E.T.) - both in Italy; the Ministry of Health (S. Manevska) and the University Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions (M.S.), Skopje, North Macedonia; the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro (E.P.N., P.P.S.R.); and the Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare and the University of Finland (M.P.) and Helsinki University Hospital (K.A.O.T.), Helsinki, and South Karelian Central Hospital, Lappeenranta (K.A.O.T.) - all in Finland. AN - 33264556 AU - W. H. O. Solidarity trial consortium | Pan, Hongchao | Peto, Richard | Karim, Quarraisha Abdool | Alejandria, Marissa | Henao-Restrepo, Ana Maria | Garc�Ta, César Hern֙ndez | Kieny, Marie-Paule | Malekzadeh, Reza | Murthy, Srinivas | Preziosi, Marie-Pierre | Reddy, Srinath | Periago, Mirta Roses | Sathiyamoorthy, Vasee | Røttingen, John-Arne | Swaminathan, Soumya | as the members of the Writing Committee, assume responsibility for the content | integrity of this, article C1 - 2020-10-20 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102020_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 11 DO - 10.1101/2020.10.15.20209817 ET - 2020/12/03 IS - 6 KW - Adenosine Monophosphate/*analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use | Aged | Alanine/*analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use | Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*therapeutic use | COVID-19/*drug therapy/mortality | Drug Therapy, Combination | Female | Hospital Mortality | Hospitalization | Humans | Hydroxychloroquine/*therapeutic use | Intention to Treat Analysis | Interferon beta-1a/*therapeutic use | Kaplan-Meier Estimate | Length of Stay | Lopinavir/*therapeutic use | Male | Middle Aged | Respiration, Artificial | Treatment Failure L1 - internal-pdf://4142472909/consortium-2020-Repurposed antiviral drugs for.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Pan, Hongchao | Peto, Richard | Henao-Restrepo, Ana-Maria | Preziosi, Marie-Pierre | Sathiyamoorthy, Vasee | Abdool Karim, Quarraisha | Alejandria, Marissa M | Hernandez Garcia, Cesar | Kieny, Marie-Paule | Malekzadeh, Reza | Murthy, Srinivas | Reddy, K Srinath | Roses Periago, Mirta | Abi Hanna, Pierre | Ader, Florence | Al-Bader, Abdullah M | Alhasawi, Almonther | Allum, Emma | Alotaibi, Athari | Alvarez-Moreno, Carlos A | Appadoo, Sheila | Asiri, Abdullah | Aukrust, Pal | Barratt-Due, Andreas | Bellani, Samir | Branca, Mattia | Cappel-Porter, Heike B C | Cerrato, Nery | Chow, Ting S | Como, Najada | Eustace, Joe | Garcia, Patricia J | Godbole, Sheela | Gotuzzo, Eduardo | Griskevicius, Laimonas | Hamra, Rasha | Hassan, Mariam | Hassany, Mohamed | Hutton, David | Irmansyah, Irmansyah | Jancoriene, Ligita | Kirwan, Jana | Kumar, Suresh | Lennon, Peter | Lopardo, Gustavo | Lydon, Patrick | Magrini, Nicola | Maguire, Teresa | Manevska, Suzana | Manuel, Oriol | McGinty, Sibylle | Medina, Marco T | Mesa Rubio, Maria L | Miranda-Montoya, Maria C | Nel, Jeremy | Nunes, Estevao P | Perola, Markus | Portoles, Antonio | Rasmin, Menaldi R | Raza, Aun | Rees, Helen | Reges, Paula P S | Rogers, Chris A | Salami, Kolawole | Salvadori, Marina I | Sinani, Narvina | Sterne, Jonathan A C | Stevanovikj, Milena | Tacconelli, Evelina | Tikkinen, Kari A O | Trelle, Sven | Zaid, Hala | Rottingen, John-Arne | Swaminathan, Soumya | eng | 001/WHO_/World Health Organization/International | U01 AI069476/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | UM1 AI069476/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | Comparative Study | Multicenter Study | Randomized Controlled Trial | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | N Engl J Med. 2021 Feb 11;384(6):497-511. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2023184. Epub 2020 Dec 2. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Overall 28-day mortality was 12%; 39% if ventilated at randomization, 10% otherwise. | The risk of death for each drug vs standard of care was (Figure): | Remdesivir (rate ratio [RR] = 0.95, 95% CI 0.81-1.11, p = 0.50). | Hydroxychloroquine (RR = 1.19, 95% CI 0.89-1.59, p = 0.23). | Lopinavir plus ritonavir (RR = 1.00, 95% CI 0.79-1.25, p = 0.97). | Interferon (RR = 1.16, 95% CI 0.96-1.39, p = 0.11). | Hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir were discontinued for futility (unlikely to show a benefit). | No drug reduced initiation of ventilation or hospitalization duration. | Methods: Open-label randomized control trial comparing drug treatment, for adults hospitalized for COVID-19, to local standard of care, in 30 countries. Patients were randomized to remdesivir (n = 2,750), hydroxycholoroquine (n = 954), lopinavir plus ritonavir (n = 1,411), interferon plus lopinavir (n = 651), interferon only (1,412) or local standard of care (n = 4,088). Trial was adaptive; unpromising drugs could be dropped. Primary study outcome was 28-day mortality. These interim study results are for the original four drugs. Limitations: Differences in local standard of care not evaluated. | Implications: Although the Adaptive COVID-19 Treatment Trial external icon indicates that remdesivir reduces time to recovery, in this larger trial there were no differences in time to hospital discharge or in mortality. An editorialexternal icon discusses these disparate results. Findings from this trial are consistent with results from the larger RECOVERY trial for hydoxycholoroquineexternal icon, and lopinavir plus ritonavirexternal icon. Taken together, the benefit of remdesivir is unclear. However, it appears none of the other potential drugs studied here for COVID-19 treatment have significant effect on mortality. | SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic) | 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 2020.10.15.20209817 ST - Repurposed antiviral drugs for COVID-19 –interim WHO SOLIDARITY trial results T2 - medRxiv TI - Repurposed antiviral drugs for COVID-19 –interim WHO SOLIDARITY trial results TT - Published article: Repurposed Antiviral Drugs for Covid-19 �?Interim WHO Solidarity Trial Results UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2020/10/15/2020.10.15.20209817.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/10/15/2020.10.15.20209817.full.pdf VL - 384 ID - 2047 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruna (CHUAC), A Coruna, Galicia, Spain; Clinical Research in Medicine, International Center for Doctorate and Advanced Studies (CIEDUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain. Electronic address: miguel.mayo.yanez@sergas.es. AN - 32482418 AU - Mayo-Yanez, M. C1 - 2020-06-12 C2 - COVID-19 Data Quality CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061220_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 24 DO - 10.1016/j.medcli.2020.05.002 ET - 2020/06/03 IS - 2 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Communication | *Coronavirus Infections | *Data Accuracy | Editorial Policies | Humans | Information Dissemination | *Pandemics | Peer Review | *Pneumonia, Viral | *Publishing/ethics/standards | Quality Control | *Research/standards | SARS-CoV-2 | Social Networking L1 - internal-pdf://2646293961/Mayo-Yanez-2020-Research during SARS-CoV-2 pan.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Mayo-Yanez, Miguel; eng; spa; Letter; Spain; Med Clin (Barc). 2020 Jul 24;155(2):86-87. doi: 10.1016/j.medcli.2020.05.002. Epub 2020 May 8. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Describes the need for peer-review and the difference between a peer-reviewed and a preprint manuscript. SN - 1578-8989 (Electronic); 0025-7753 (Linking) SP - 86-87 ST - Research during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: To "Preprint" or not to "Preprint", that is the question T2 - Med Clin (Barc) TI - Research during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: To "Preprint" or not to "Preprint", that is the question UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32482418 VL - 155 ID - 362 ER - TY - JOUR AD - From the Division of Clinical Research (H.C.L.) and Office of the Director (A.S.F.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. AN - 32678528 AU - Lane, H. C. | Fauci, A. S. C1 - 2020-07-28 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072820_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 25 DO - 10.1056/NEJMe2024638 ET - 2020/07/18 IS - 8 KW - *COVID-19/drug therapy | Dexamethasone | Humans | *Pandemics | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://3269403609/Lane-2021-Research in the Context of a Pandemi.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Lane, H Clifford; Fauci, Anthony S; eng; Editorial; Comment; N Engl J Med. 2021 Feb 25;384(8):755-757. doi: 10.1056/NEJMe2024638. Epub 2020 Jul 17. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Editorial accompanying the above article and discusses the need for scientifically robust and ethically sound clinical research as the most efficient and effective way of developing treatment and prevention strategies for patients with COVID-19. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 755-757 ST - Research in the Context of a Pandemic T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Research in the Context of a Pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32678528 VL - 384 ID - 608 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BackgroundHousing characteristics and neighbourhood context are considered risk factors for COVID-19 mortality among older adults. The aim of this study was to investigate how individual-level housing and neighbourhood characteristics are associated with COVID-19 mortality in older adults. AU - Brandén, Maria | Aradhya, Siddartha | Kolk, Martin | Härkönen, Juho | Drefahl, Sven | Malmberg, Bo | Rostila, Mikael | Cederström, Agneta | Andersson, Gunnar | Mussino, Eleonora C1 - 2020-11-10 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/111020_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1016/s2666-7568(20)30016-7 IS - 2 L1 - internal-pdf://0727500977/Brandén-2020-Residential context and COVID-19.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Adults �?0 years of age had increased risk for mortality from COVID-19 when (Figure): | Living with working adults <66 years of age (hazard ratio [HR] 1.6, 95% CI 1.3-2.0). | Living in elder care-homes (HR 4.1, 95% CI 3.5-4.9). | Living in neighborhoods with population density �?,000 individuals per km̔ (HR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.4). | Living in neighborhoods with the highest numbers of confirmed COVID-19 cases (HR 4.3, 95% CI 2.3-6.6). | Methods: National data on total and COVID-19-related deaths (3,386 and 1,301, respectively) among 274,712 residents �?0 years of Stockholm, Sweden between March 12 and May 8, 2020 were evaluated with housing type and size and neighborhood information. Limitations: Possibility of misclassifications in national database. | Implications: Neighborhood and living situation may impact COVID-19 risk for older adults, particularly living with younger family members and in neighborhoods with high incidence of COVID-19. As noted in a recent editorialexternal icon, sheltering older adults with working age family members, in multigenerational households, or in high incidence neighborhoods may not offer adequate protection from COVID-19. SE - e80 SN - 26667568 SP - e80-e88 ST - Residential context and COVID-19 mortality among adults aged 70 years and older in Stockholm: a population-based, observational study using individual-level data T2 - Lancet Healthy Longev TI - Residential context and COVID-19 mortality among adults aged 70 years and older in Stockholm: a population-based, observational study using individual-level data UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-7568(20)30016-7 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7832817/pdf/main.pdf VL - 1 Y2 - 2021/05/14 ID - 1220 ER - TY - JOUR AD - From Stanford Law School and the Center for Health Policy and the Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine - both in Stanford, CA (M.M.M.); the University of Denver Sturm College of Law, Denver (G.P.); and the Program on Ethics and Decision Making in Critical Illness, Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh (D.B.W.). AN - 32427433 AU - Mello, M. M. | Persad, G. | White, D. B. C1 - 2020-08-11 C2 - COVID-19 Related Health Disparities CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/081120_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 30 DO - 10.1056/NEJMp2011997 ET - 2020/05/20 IS - 5 KW - Civil Rights/ethics/*legislation & jurisprudence | Disabled Persons/*legislation & jurisprudence | Health Care Rationing/ethics/*legislation & jurisprudence | Humans | Prognosis | Standard of Care | State Government | Triage/ethics/*methods | United States L1 - internal-pdf://0142810070/Mello-2020-Respecting Disability Rights - Towa.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | N1 - Mello, Michelle M; Persad, Govind; White, Douglas B; eng; K24 HL148314/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; N Engl J Med. 2020 Jul 30;383(5):e26. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2011997. Epub 2020 May 19. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Offers a set of principles to reduce bias in health care triage decisions that affect persons with disabilities. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - e26 ST - Respecting Disability Rights - Toward Improved Crisis Standards of Care T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Respecting Disability Rights - Toward Improved Crisis Standards of Care UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32427433 VL - 383 ID - 684 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Although plenty of data exist regarding clinical manifestations, course, case fatality rate, and risk factors associated with mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), long-term respiratory and functional sequelae in survivors of COVID-19 are unknown. Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of lung function anomalies, exercise function impairment, and psychological sequelae among patients hospitalized for COVID-19, 4 months after discharge. Design, Setting, and Participants: This prospective cohort study at an academic hospital in Northern Italy was conducted among a consecutive series of patients aged 18 years and older (or their caregivers) who had received a confirmed diagnosis of severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection severe enough to require hospital admission from March 1 to June 29, 2020. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed via reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction testing, bronchial swab, serological testing, or suggestive computed tomography results. Exposure: Severe COVID-19 requiring hospitalization. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome of the study was to describe the proportion of patients with a diffusing lung capacity for carbon monoxide (Dlco) less than 80% of expected value. Secondary outcomes included proportion of patients with severe lung function impairment (defined as Dlco <60% expected value); proportion of patients with posttraumatic stress symptoms (measured using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised total score); proportion of patients with functional impairment (assessed using the Short Physical Performance Battery [SPPB] score and 2-minute walking test); and identification of factors associated with Dlco reduction and psychological or functional sequelae. Results: Among 767 patients hospitalized for severe COVID-19, 494 (64.4%) refused to participate, and 35 (4.6%) died during follow-up. A total of 238 patients (31.0%) (median [interquartile range] age, 61 [50-71] years; 142 [59.7%] men; median [interquartile range] comorbidities, 2 [1-3]) consented to participate to the study. Of these, 219 patients were able to complete both pulmonary function tests and Dlco measurement. Dlco was reduced to less than 80% of the estimated value in 113 patients (51.6%) and less than 60% in 34 patients (15.5%). The SPPB score was suggested limited mobility (score <11) in 53 patients (22.3%). Patients with SPPB scores within reference range underwent a 2-minute walk test, which was outside reference ranges of expected performance for age and sex in 75 patients (40.5%); thus, a total of 128 patients (53.8%) had functional impairment. Posttraumatic stress symptoms were reported in a total of 41 patients (17.2%). Conclusions and Relevance: These findings suggest that at 4 months after discharge, respiratory, physical, and psychological sequelae were common among patients who had been hospitalized for COVID-19. AD - Department of Translational Medicine, Universita del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy. | Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Maggiore della Carita, Novara, Italy. AN - 33502487 AU - Bellan, M. | Soddu, D. | Balbo, P. E. | Baricich, A. | Zeppegno, P. | Avanzi, G. C. | Baldon, G. | Bartolomei, G. | Battaglia, M. | Battistini, S. | Binda, V. | Borg, M. | Cantaluppi, V. | Castello, L. M. | Clivati, E. | Cisari, C. | Costanzo, M. | Croce, A. | Cuneo, D. | De Benedittis, C. | De Vecchi, S. | Feggi, A. | Gai, M. | Gambaro, E. | Gattoni, E. | Gramaglia, C. | Grisafi, L. | Guerriero, C. | Hayden, E. | Jona, A. | Invernizzi, M. | Lorenzini, L. | Loreti, L. | Martelli, M. | Marzullo, P. | Matino, E. | Panero, A. | Parachini, E. | Patrucco, F. | Patti, G. | Pirovano, A. | Prosperini, P. | Quaglino, R. | Rigamonti, C. | Sainaghi, P. P. | Vecchi, C. | Zecca, E. | Pirisi, M. C1 - 2021-02-12 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02122021_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 4 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.36142 ET - 2021/01/28 IS - 1 KW - Aged | COVID-19/*complications/pathology/psychology/virology | Female | Humans | Italy/epidemiology | Male | Middle Aged | Patient Discharge | Physical Functional Performance | Respiration Disorders/*epidemiology/virology | Respiratory Function Tests | SARS-CoV-2 | Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/*epidemiology/virology | Time Factors L1 - internal-pdf://1659311425/Bellan-2021-Respiratory and Psychophysical Seq.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Bellan, Mattia; Soddu, Daniele; Balbo, Piero Emilio; Baricich, Alessio; Zeppegno, Patrizia; Avanzi, Gian Carlo; Baldon, Giulia; Bartolomei, Giuseppe; Battaglia, Marco; Battistini, Sofia; Binda, Valeria; Borg, Margherita; Cantaluppi, Vincenzo; Castello, Luigi Mario; Clivati, Elisa; Cisari, Carlo; Costanzo, Martina; Croce, Alessandro; Cuneo, Daria; De Benedittis, Carla; De Vecchi, Simona; Feggi, Alessandro; Gai, Martina; Gambaro, Eleonora; Gattoni, Eleonora; Gramaglia, Carla; Grisafi, Leonardo; Guerriero, Chiara; Hayden, Eyal; Jona, Amalia; Invernizzi, Marco; Lorenzini, Luca; Loreti, Lucia; Martelli, Maria; Marzullo, Paolo; Matino, Erica; Panero, Antonio; Parachini, Elena; Patrucco, Filippo; Patti, Giuseppe; Pirovano, Alice; Prosperini, Pierluigi; Quaglino, Riccardo; Rigamonti, Cristina; Sainaghi, Pier Paolo; Vecchi, Camilla; Zecca, Erika; Pirisi, Mario; eng; JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Jan 4;4(1):e2036142. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.36142. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 113 patients (51.6%) had lung function impairment (diffusing lung capacity for carbon monoxide [Dlco] <80% of expected); 34 of whom (15.5% of total) had severe impairment (Dlco <60% of expected). | Lung function impairment was more likely in women and patients with chronic kidney disease. | 41 (17.2%) patients reported moderate (11.3%) or severe (5.9%) posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms. | Women were less likely than men (OR 0.34; 95% CI 0.14-0.84) to report moderate to severe PTS symptoms. | Methods: Prospective cohort study of 238 hospitalized adults with severe COVID-19 in Northern Italy from March 1 to June 29, 2020; 219 patients completed pulmonary function tests (PFTs) and Dlco measurement. PTS symptoms were assessed using the Impact of Event Scale–Revised total score. Limitations: Potential selection bias given high refusal rate. Pre–COVID-19 PFT measurements were not available. | Implications: The substantial proportions of patients with long-term physical or psychological sequelae of COVID-19 support the need for designated follow-up clinics for COVID-19 survivors. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e2036142 ST - Respiratory and Psychophysical Sequelae Among Patients With COVID-19 Four Months After Hospital Discharge T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Respiratory and Psychophysical Sequelae Among Patients With COVID-19 Four Months After Hospital Discharge UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33502487 VL - 4 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1496 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Departments of Outcomes Research and General Anesthesia, Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA. | Department of Emergency Medical Service, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland. | Polish Society of Disaster Medicine, Warsaw, Poland. | Faculty of Medicine, Lazarski University, Warsaw, Poland. Electronic address: Lukasz.szarpak@gmail.com. AN - 32444293 AU - Ruetzler, K. | Smereka, J. | Ludwin, K. | Drozd, A. | Szarpak, L. C1 - 2020-05-22 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052220_covidupdate.html DA - Jan DO - 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.05.014 ET - 2020/05/24 KW - *covid-19 | *Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation | Health Personnel | Humans | N95 Respirators | Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral | SARS-CoV-2 | *Healthcare workers | *Infection | *Pandemic | *Respiratory | *Respiratory protection | *SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://3799685324/Ruetzler-2021-Respiratory protection among hea.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Ruetzler, Kurt; Smereka, Jacek; Ludwin, Kobi; Drozd, Anna; Szarpak, Lukasz; eng; Letter; Comment; Am J Emerg Med. 2021 Jan;39:233. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.05.014. Epub 2020 May 11. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Editorial highlighting the need for healthcare workers performing CPR to use a face shield in addition to an N95 respirator. SN - 1532-8171 (Electronic); 0735-6757 (Linking) SP - 233 ST - Respiratory protection among healthcare workers during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in COVID-19 patients T2 - Am J Emerg Med TI - Respiratory protection among healthcare workers during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in COVID-19 patients UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32444293 VL - 39 Y2 - 2021/05/12 ID - 237 ER - TY - JOUR AB - During April-August 2020, a preemptive testing strategy combined with accessible isolation and symptom screening among people experiencing homelessness in congregant living settings in San Diego contributed to a low incidence proportion of COVID-19: 0.9%. Proactively addressing challenges specific to a vulnerable population may significantly prevent spread and community outbreaks. AD - Laura Rodriguez Research Institute, Family Health Centers of San Diego, San Diego, CA. | Father Joe's Villages, San Diego, CA. AN - 33118015 AU - Marquez, H. | Ramers, C. | Northrup, A. | Tam, A. | Liu, J. | Rojas, S. | Klaman, S. | Khasira, M. | Madbak, J. | Matthews, E. | Norris, J. | Godino, J. C1 - 2020-11-06 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/110620_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 28 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa1668 ET - 2020/10/30 IS - 3 KW - Covid-19 | Homeless persons | Patient isolation L1 - internal-pdf://0949559086/Marquez-2020-Response to the COVID-19 pandemic.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Marquez, Hanna; Ramers, Christian; Northrup, Adam; Tam, Aaron; Liu, Jie; Rojas, Sarah; Klaman, Stacey; Khasira, Maureen; Madbak, Jenan; Matthews, Eva; Norris, Jeffrey; Godino, Job; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Oct 28. pii: 5942619. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1668. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: From April to August 2020, a testing strategy combined with accessible isolation and symptom screening among people experiencing homelessness in congregant living settings in San Diego contributed to a 0.9% incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - e805-e807 ST - Response to the COVID-19 pandemic among people experiencing homelessness in congregant living settings in San Diego, CA T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Response to the COVID-19 pandemic among people experiencing homelessness in congregant living settings in San Diego, CA UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33118015 VL - 73 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1190 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Departamento de Molestias Infecciosas e Parasitarias and Instituto de Medicina Tropical da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05403-000, Brazil. Electronic address: sabinoec@usp.br. | Departamento de Molestias Infecciosas e Parasitarias and Instituto de Medicina Tropical da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05403-000, Brazil. | Fundacao Hospitalar de Hematologia e Hemoterapia do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil. | Departamento de Engenharia de Sistemas Eletronicos, Escola Politecnica da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Institute for Applied Economic Research-Ipea, Brasilia, Brazil. | MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, J-IDEA, Imperial College London, London, UK. | Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Center of Mathematics, Computing and Cognition-Universidade Federal do ABC, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Fundacao Hemominas-Fundacao Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Faculdade Ciencias Medicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. | Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. | Oxford School of Global and Area Studies, Latin American Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Centro de Ciencias Ambientais, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil. | Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK. | Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA; University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. | Departamento de Molestias Infecciosas e Parasitarias and Instituto de Medicina Tropical da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05403-000, Brazil; MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, J-IDEA, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. AN - 33515491 AU - Sabino, E. C. | Buss, L. F. | Carvalho, M. P. S. | Prete, C. A., Jr. | Crispim, M. A. E. | Fraiji, N. A. | Pereira, R. H. M. | Parag, K. V. | da Silva Peixoto, P. | Kraemer, M. U. G. | Oikawa, M. K. | Salomon, T. | Cucunuba, Z. M. | Castro, M. C. | de Souza Santos, A. A. | Nascimento, V. H. | Pereira, H. S. | Ferguson, N. M. | Pybus, O. G. | Kucharski, A. | Busch, M. P. | Dye, C. | Faria, N. R. C1 - 2021-02-05 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02052021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 6 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00183-5 ET - 2021/01/31 IS - 10273 KW - Brazil | COVID-19/*epidemiology/virology | Humans | Seroepidemiologic Studies | Time Factors L1 - internal-pdf://1333188992/Sabino-2021-Resurgence of COVID-19 in Manaus.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Sabino, Ester C; Buss, Lewis F; Carvalho, Maria P S; Prete, Carlos A Jr; Crispim, Myuki A E; Fraiji, Nelson A; Pereira, Rafael H M; Parag, Kris V; da Silva Peixoto, Pedro; Kraemer, Moritz U G; Oikawa, Marcio K; Salomon, Tassila; Cucunuba, Zulma M; Castro, Marcia C; de Souza Santos, Andreza Aruska; Nascimento, Vitor H; Pereira, Henrique S; Ferguson, Neil M; Pybus, Oliver G; Kucharski, Adam; Busch, Michael P; Dye, Christopher; Faria, Nuno R; eng; WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Lancet. 2021 Feb 6;397(10273):452-455. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00183-5. Epub 2021 Jan 27. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Manaus, Brazil experienced a sharp rise in COVID-19 hospitalizations in January 2021 despite extensive transmission earlier in the pandemic and rates that had been stable and low for 7 months during relaxed COVID-19 mitigation (Figure). | There are 4 possible explanations for the surge. | Greater mixing of susceptible and infected persons in December 2020. | Waning immunity in the population. | Circulating variants, specifically B.1.1.7 (501Y.V1) and P.1 with the E484K mutation, evading immunity. | New variants being more transmissible. | Methods: COVID-19 hospitalizations, excess deaths, and real-time effective reproductive numbers were assessed from the literature and qualitatively compared monthly from March 2020 to January 2021 in Manaus, Brazil. Limitations: Associations were not directly estimated. | Implications: New variants of SARS-CoV-2 might demonstrate changes in transmissibility and/or virulence and could lead to a resurgence of COVID-19 despite high reported seroprevalence. In Rio Grande do Sul, another state in Brazil, da Silva Francisco et al.external icon found wide circulation of the B.1.1.28 variant, with the E484K mutation, co-infection of variants, and new emerging variants. These findings stress the importance of tracking circulating viruses and of reaffirming COVID-19 mitigation measures. SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 452-455 ST - Resurgence of COVID-19 in Manaus, Brazil, despite high seroprevalence T2 - Lancet TI - Resurgence of COVID-19 in Manaus, Brazil, despite high seroprevalence UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33515491 VL - 397 ID - 1478 ER - TY - JOUR AD - UC San Diego Health, San Diego, CA. | UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA. | UC San Diego Health, San Diego, CA ftorriani@health.ucsd.edu. AN - 34469645 AU - Keehner, Jocelyn | Horton, Lucy E. | Binkin, Nancy J. | Laurent, Louise C. | Pride, David | Longhurst, Christopher A. | Abeles, Shira R. | Torriani, Francesca J. C1 - 2021-09-10 C2 - PMC8451183 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09102021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - Sep 1 DO - 10.1056/NEJMc2112981 ET - 2021/09/02 L1 - internal-pdf://3292596119/Keehner-2021-Resurgence of SARS-CoV-2 Infectio.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Keehner, Jocelyn | Horton, Lucy E | Binkin, Nancy J | Laurent, Louise C | Pride, David | Longhurst, Christopher A | Abeles, Shira R | Torriani, Francesca J | eng | S10 OD026929/OD/NIH HHS/ | 75D30120C09795/CC/CDC HHS/ | #S10 OD026929/NH/NIH HHS/ | #1659104/National Science Foundation | Letter | N Engl J Med. 2021 Sep 1. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2112981. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 19,000 healthcare workers (HCWs) in an academic health care system in California, 227 had positive RT-PCR test results for SARS-CoV-2 in March–July 2021 and 57.3% had been fully vaccinated. The steepest increases coincided with the end of the state’s mask mandate and the emergence of the Delta variant. Vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic infection decreased from �?3.9% in March–June to 65.5% in July. Attack rate was 6.7/1,000 persons vaccinated in January–February 2021, and 3.7/1,000 persons vaccinated in March–May. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic) | 0028-4793 (Linking) ST - Resurgence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a Highly Vaccinated Health System Workforce T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Resurgence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a Highly Vaccinated Health System Workforce UR - https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2112981 | https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMc2112981?articleTools=true ID - 2283 ER - TY - JOUR AD - From the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston (M.J.M.); and the University of Colorado, Boulder (R.P., D.B.L.). AN - 32997903 AU - Mina, M. J. | Parker, R. | Larremore, D. B. C1 - 2020-10-09 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100920_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 26 DO - 10.1056/NEJMp2025631 ET - 2020/10/01 IS - 22 KW - COVID-19/*diagnosis | COVID-19 Testing/methods/*standards | *Epidemiological Monitoring | Humans | Mass Screening | Pandemics | *Sensitivity and Specificity L1 - internal-pdf://1166947967/Mina-2020-Rethinking Covid-19 Test Sensitivity.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Mina, Michael J; Parker, Roy; Larremore, Daniel B; eng; N Engl J Med. 2020 Nov 26;383(22):e120. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2025631. Epub 2020 Sep 30. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Authors advocate that use of inexpensive point-of-care tests that can detect the infectious period, be used frequently and can have a larger public health impact than a sensitive lab-based test. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - e120 ST - Rethinking Covid-19 Test Sensitivity - A Strategy for Containment T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Rethinking Covid-19 Test Sensitivity - A Strategy for Containment UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32997903 VL - 383 ID - 1017 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Marinho, Paula M. | Marcos, Allexya A. A. | Romano, André C. | Nascimento, Heloisa | Belfort, Rubens C1 - 2020-05-22 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052220_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31014-x IS - 10237 L1 - internal-pdf://2288875989/1-s2.0-S014067362031014X-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Lesions of the retina (the tissue lining the back of the inner eye that converts light into neural signals) were observed among 12 assessed COVID-19 patients (Figure 1). | No eye inflammation was observed, and no one reported vision changes or pain. | Retinal lesions included: | Microhemorrhage (bleeding vessels) (n = 4 patients, Figure 2). | Cotton wool spots (which indicates damage to the nerves) (n = 4 patients, Figure 3). | Methods: Case series of 12 symptomatic adult COVID-19 patients. Investigators used radiographic imaging to detect abnormalities of the retina. Limitations: Small case series; no repeat imaging to detect ongoing or permanent retinal changes. | Implications: This is the first report of retinal abnormalities detected among COVID-19 cases. In this case series, no patients reported symptoms or showed signs of vision changes, but lasting effects are unknown. SE - 1610 SN - 01406736 SP - 1610 ST - Retinal findings in patients with COVID-19 T2 - Lancet TI - Retinal findings in patients with COVID-19 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31014-X VL - 395 Y2 - 2021/05/12 ID - 240 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Kapatayes, Nuha | Joondeph, Brian C C1 - 2020-10-20 C2 - Case Reports CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102020_covidupdate.html L1 - internal-pdf://1097787986/0920rt_Cover_Joondeph.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Case report of central retinal vein occlusion in a patient with COVID-19. ST - Retinal Vein Occlusion Associated With COVID-19 T2 - Retina Today TI - Retinal Vein Occlusion Associated With COVID-19 UR - https://retinatoday.com/articles/2020-sept/retinal-vein-occlusion-associated-with-covid-19 ID - 1079 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (S.B., J.Y.K., H.C., J.J., M.K., D.K.O., S.H., S.K.). | Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea (M.K., M.L., S.C., J.C.). | Clinical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea (J.S.L.). | Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea (M.S.). AN - 32251511 AU - Bae, Seongman | Kim, Min-Chul | Kim, Ji Yeun | Cha, Hye-Hee | Lim, Joon Seo | Jung, Jiwon | Kim, Min-Jae | Oh, Dong Kyu | Lee, Mi-Kyung | Choi, Seong-Ho | Sung, Minki | Hong, Sang-Bum | Chung, Jin-Won | Kim, Sung-Han C1 - 2020-04-14 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/041420_covidupdate.html DA - 2020/07/07 DO - 10.7326/M20-1342 ET - 2020/04/07 IS - 1 KW - *covid-19 | *Coughing | *Oral health | *Penicillin | *Phosphates | *Serum albumin | *Streptomycin | *Upper respiratory tract infections | *Viral load | *Viral transmission and infection L1 - internal-pdf://3468223846/m20-1342.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - RETRACTED by Journal on June 1, 2020. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: RETRACTED by Journal on June 1, 2020. SN - 0003-4819 SP - W22-W23 ST - Retracted: Effectiveness of Surgical and Cotton Masks in Blocking SARS–CoV-2: A Controlled Comparison in 4 Patients T2 - Ann Intern Med TI - Retracted: Effectiveness of Surgical and Cotton Masks in Blocking SARS–CoV-2: A Controlled Comparison in 4 Patients UR - https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-1342 VL - 173 Y2 - 2021/07/01 ID - 1874 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Children and adolescents account for ~ 13% of total COVID-19 cases in the United States. However, little is known about the nature of the illness in children. The reopening of schools underlines the importance of understanding the epidemiology of pediatric COVID-19 infections. We sought to assess the clinical characteristics and outcomes in pediatric COVID-19 patients. We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of pediatric patients diagnosed with COVID-19 from healthcare organizations in the United States. The study outcomes (hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, critical care) were assessed using logistic regression. The subgroups of sex and race were compared after propensity score matching. Among 12,306 children with lab-confirmed COVID-19, 16.5% presented with respiratory symptoms (cough, dyspnea), 13.9% had gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain), 8.1% had dermatological symptoms (rash), 4.8% had neurological (headache), and 18.8% had other non-specific symptoms (fever, malaise, myalgia, arthralgia and disturbances of smell or taste). In the study cohort, the hospitalization frequency was 5.3%, with 17.6% needing critical care services and 4.1% requiring mechanical ventilation. Following propensity score matching, the risk of all outcomes was similar between males and females. Following propensity score matching, the risk of hospitalization was greater in non-Hispanic Black (RR 1.97 [95% CI 1.49-2.61]) and Hispanic children (RR 1.31 [95% CI 1.03-1.78]) compared with non-Hispanic Whites. In the pediatric population infected with COVID-19, a substantial proportion were hospitalized due to the illness and developed adverse clinical outcomes. AD - Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Boulevard, Volker Hall B140, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0019, USA. | Department of Internal Medicine, Abbott Northwestern Hospital, Minneapolis, MN, USA. | Division of Hospital Medicine, Children's Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. | Cardiovascular Division, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA. | TriNetX, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA. | Anesthesia & Critical Care, Pulmonary Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. | Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Boulevard, Volker Hall B140, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0019, USA. parora@uabmc.edu. | Section of Cardiology, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA. parora@uabmc.edu. AN - 33986390 AU - Parcha, V. | Booker, K. S. | Kalra, R. | Kuranz, S. | Berra, L. | Arora, G. | Arora, P. C1 - 2021-05-21 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05212021_covidupdate.html DA - May 13 DO - 10.1038/s41598-021-89553-1 ET - 2021/05/15 IS - 1 KW - Adolescent | COVID-19/diagnosis/*epidemiology/therapy | Child | Child, Preschool | Cross-Sectional Studies | Female | Hospitalization | Humans | Infant | Male | Propensity Score | Respiration, Artificial | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://0836393727/Parcha-2021-A retrospective cohort study of 12.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Parcha, Vibhu; Booker, Katherine S; Kalra, Rajat; Kuranz, Seth; Berra, Lorenzo; Arora, Garima; Arora, Pankaj; eng; 5K23HL128882-03/NH/NIH HHS/; K23 HL146887/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; 5K23HL146887-02/Foundation for the National Institutes of Health; 5K23HL146887-02/NH/NIH HHS/; 5K23HL128882-03/Foundation for the National Institutes of Health; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; England; Sci Rep. 2021 May 13;11(1):10231. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-89553-1. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 672 of 12,306 children and adolescents with COVID-19 required hospitalization. | 17.6% required critical care and 4.1% required mechanical ventilation. | There were �?0 deaths. | Fever, gastrointestinal, and respiratory symptoms were more common in hospitalized compared to non-hospitalized children and adolescents. | Risk of hospitalization was greater in non-Hispanic Black (RR 1.97, 95% CI 1.49-2.61) and Hispanic (RR 1.31, 95% CI 1.03-1.78) children and adolescents compared with non-Hispanic White children and adolescents. | Methods: Retrospective cohort study of clinical characteristics and outcomes among youth in the US (age <18 years) with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection between April 1 and October 31, 2020. Data were collected from a national healthcare system electronic database, stratified by hospitalization status, and propensity-score matched by sex and race/ethnicity. Categories with fewer than 10 entries were obscured for privacy reasons. Limitations: Incompleteness of health records; variable health system testing indications; some hospitalizations may have been due to causes other than COVID-19. | Implications: While children and adolescents hospitalized with COVID-19 rarely had severe outcomes, there were racial/ethnic disparities in risk of hospitalization. SN - 2045-2322 (Electronic); 2045-2322 (Linking) SP - 10231 ST - A retrospective cohort study of 12,306 pediatric COVID-19 patients in the United States T2 - Sci Rep TI - A retrospective cohort study of 12,306 pediatric COVID-19 patients in the United States UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33986390 VL - 11 ID - 1769 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Evidence to support the use of steroids in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia is lacking. We aim to determine the impact of steroid use for COVID-19 pneumonia on hospital mortality. We performed a single-center retrospective cohort study in a university hospital in Madrid, Spain, during March of 2020. To determine the role of steroids in in-hospital mortality, patients admitted with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pneumonia and treated with steroids were compared to patients not treated with steroids, and we adjusted with a propensity score for patients on steroid treatment. Survival times were compared using the log rank test. Different steroid regimens were compared and adjusted with a second propensity score. During the study period, 463 out of 848 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia fulfilled inclusion criteria. Among them, 396 (46.7%) patients were treated with steroids and 67 patients were not. Global mortality was 15.1%. The median time to steroid treatment from symptom onset was 10 days (interquartile range [IQR], 8 to 13 days). In-hospital mortality was lower in patients treated with steroids than in controls (13.9% [55/396] versus 23.9% [16/67]; hazard ratio [HR], 0.51 [95% confidence interval, 0.27 to 0.96]; P = 0.044). Steroid treatment reduced mortality by 41.8% relative to the mortality with no steroid treatment (relative risk reduction, 0.42 [95% confidence interval, 0.048 to 0.65]). Initial treatment with 1 mg/kg of body weight/day of methylprednisolone versus steroid pulses was not associated with in-hospital mortality (13.5% [42/310] versus 15.1% [13/86]; odds ratio [OR], 0.880 [95% confidence interval, 0.449 to 1.726]; P = 0.710). Our results show that the survival of patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia is higher in patients treated with glucocorticoids than in those not treated. Rates of in-hospital mortality were not different between initial regimens of 1 mg/kg/day of methylprednisolone and glucocorticoid pulses. AD - Infectious Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana, Madrid, Spain anafcruz999@gmail.com. | Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana, Madrid, Spain. | Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana, Madrid, Spain. | Pharmacy Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana, Madrid, Spain. | Infectious Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Segovia de Arana, Madrid, Spain. | Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. AN - 32571831 AU - Fernandez-Cruz, A. | Ruiz-Antoran, B. | Munoz-Gomez, A. | Sancho-Lopez, A. | Mills-Sanchez, P. | Centeno-Soto, G. A. | Blanco-Alonso, S. | Javaloyes-Garachana, L. | Galan-Gomez, A. | Valencia-Alijo, A. | Gomez-Irusta, J. | Payares-Herrera, C. | Morras-Torre, I. | Sanchez-Chica, E. | Delgado-Tellez-de-Cepeda, L. | Callejas-Diaz, A. | Ramos-Martinez, A. | Munez-Rubio, E. | Avendano-Sola, C. C1 - 2020-06-05 C2 - PMC7449182 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060520_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 20 DO - 10.1128/AAC.01168-20 ET - 2020/06/24 IS - 9 KW - Aged | Antiviral Agents/*therapeutic use | Azithromycin/*therapeutic use | Betacoronavirus/*drug effects/immunology/pathogenicity | Covid-19 | Cardiovascular Diseases/drug therapy/immunology/mortality/virology | Comorbidity | Coronavirus Infections/*drug therapy/immunology/mortality/virology | Diabetes Mellitus/drug therapy/immunology/mortality/virology | Drug Administration Schedule | Drug Combinations | Drug Therapy, Combination | Dyslipidemias/drug therapy/immunology/mortality/virology | Female | Hospitals, University | Humans | Hydroxychloroquine/*therapeutic use | Intensive Care Units | Interferons/*therapeutic use | Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data | Lopinavir/*therapeutic use | Male | Methylprednisolone/*therapeutic use | Middle Aged | Neoplasms/drug therapy/immunology/mortality/virology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*drug therapy/immunology/mortality/virology | Retrospective Studies | Ritonavir/*therapeutic use | SARS-CoV-2 | Survival Analysis | *covid-19 | *mortality | *steroids L1 - internal-pdf://3447093906/Fernandez-Cruz-2020-A Retrospective Controlled.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Fernandez-Cruz, Ana; Ruiz-Antoran, Belen; Munoz-Gomez, Ana; Sancho-Lopez, Aranzazu; Mills-Sanchez, Patricia; Centeno-Soto, Gustavo Adolfo; Blanco-Alonso, Silvia; Javaloyes-Garachana, Laura; Galan-Gomez, Amy; Valencia-Alijo, Angela; Gomez-Irusta, Javier; Payares-Herrera, Concepcion; Morras-Torre, Ignacio; Sanchez-Chica, Enrique; Delgado-Tellez-de-Cepeda, Laura; Callejas-Diaz, Alejandro; Ramos-Martinez, Antonio; Munez-Rubio, Elena; Avendano-Sola, Cristina; eng; Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020 Aug 20;64(9). pii: AAC.01168-20. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01168-20. Print 2020 Aug 20. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Steroid use in COVID-19 patients with ARDS and/or a hyperinflammatory syndrome was associated with lower in-hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] and 95% CI: 0.51 [0.27,0.96]) and increased survival 30 days after treatment initiation (Figure). | Differences in steroid dosing (initial single dose regimen vs. steroid pulses [2-4 intermittent steroid infusions]) did not impact in-hospital mortality (aOR and 95% CI: 0.88 [0.45,1.73]). | Methods: Retrospective cohort study in Spain of 463 persons diagnosed with COVID-19 pneumonia, combined with ARDS and/or hyperinflammatory syndrome (396 receiving steroids; 67 controls). In-hospital mortality and survival probability assessed through multivariable logistic regression, with examination of impact of different doses on mortality. Limitations: Differences in baseline characteristics between treatment and control groups, short follow-up period, single center study. | Note: Adapted from Fern֙ndez Cruz et al. Probability of survival in treatment and control groups. COVID-19 patients with ARDS and/or hyperinflammatory syndrome treated with steroids had higher probability of survival 30 days after treatment initiation. Licensed under CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0. | Implications: This study and an earlier study presented in a previous Science Update by Fadel et al. (Early short course corticosteroids in hospitalized patients with COVID-19, CIDexternal icon) on the association of steroid use with decreased likelihood of ICU admission, ventilation and death contribute to evidence on the benefits of steroid use in COVID-19 patients with moderate to severe disease. Optimal steroid treatment timing, duration, and dosing still need to be determined, ideally through randomized clinical trials. | In a recent correspondence, Tang et al. (Caution against corticosteroid-based COVID-19 treatment, Lancetexternal icon) advised against routine steroid use in COVID-19 patients except in critically ill patients since improper use can increase the risk of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (inadequate blood supply to the head of the thigh bone), which occurred in nearly one-fourth of SARS patients receiving steroids. SN - 1098-6596 (Electronic); 0066-4804 (Linking) SP - 2020.05.22.20110544 ST - A Retrospective Controlled Cohort Study of the Impact of Glucocorticoid Treatment in SARS-CoV-2 Infection Mortality T2 - Antimicrob Agents Chemother TI - A Retrospective Controlled Cohort Study of the Impact of Glucocorticoid Treatment in SARS-CoV-2 Infection Mortality UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32571831 VL - 64 ID - 2247 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In January 2020, a novel betacoronavirus (family Coronaviridae), named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was identified as the etiological agent of a cluster of pneumonia cases occurring in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China(1,2). The disease arising from SARS-CoV-2 infection, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), subsequently spread rapidly causing a worldwide pandemic. Here we examine the added value of near real-time genome sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 in a subpopulation of infected patients during the first 10 weeks of COVID-19 containment in Australia and compare findings from genomic surveillance with predictions of a computational agent-based model (ABM). Using the Australian census data, the ABM generates over 24 million software agents representing the population of Australia, each with demographic attributes of an anonymous individual. It then simulates transmission of the disease over time, spreading from specific infection sources, using contact rates of individuals within different social contexts. We report that the prospective sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 clarified the probable source of infection in cases where epidemiological links could not be determined, significantly decreased the proportion of COVID-19 cases with contentious links, documented genomically similar cases associated with concurrent transmission in several institutions and identified previously unsuspected links. Only a quarter of sequenced cases appeared to be locally acquired and were concordant with predictions from the ABM. These high-resolution genomic data are crucial to track cases with locally acquired COVID-19 and for timely recognition of independent importations once border restrictions are lifted and trade and travel resume. AD - Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. | Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology-Public Health, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia. | Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, NSW Health Pathology-Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia. | Sydney Informatics Hub, Core Research Facilities, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. | Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia. | Centre for Complex Systems, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. | Health Protection NSW, NSW Ministry of Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. | Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia. | School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. | Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. vitali.sintchenko@sydney.edu.au. | Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology-Public Health, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia. vitali.sintchenko@sydney.edu.au. | Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, NSW Health Pathology-Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia. vitali.sintchenko@sydney.edu.au. | Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia. vitali.sintchenko@sydney.edu.au. AN - 32647358 AU - Rockett, R. J. | Arnott, A. | Lam, C. | Sadsad, R. | Timms, V. | Gray, K. A. | Eden, J. S. | Chang, S. | Gall, M. | Draper, J. | Sim, E. M. | Bachmann, N. L. | Carter, I. | Basile, K. | Byun, R. | O'Sullivan, M. V. | Chen, S. C. | Maddocks, S. | Sorrell, T. C. | Dwyer, D. E. | Holmes, E. C. | Kok, J. | Prokopenko, M. | Sintchenko, V. C1 - 2020-07-21 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072120_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1038/s41591-020-1000-7 ET - 2020/07/11 IS - 9 KW - Betacoronavirus/*genetics/pathogenicity | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*genetics/transmission/virology | Genome, Viral/*genetics | Humans | *Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*genetics/transmission/virology | SARS-CoV-2 | Systems Analysis | Whole Genome Sequencing L1 - internal-pdf://3542167410/Rockett-2020-Revealing COVID-19 transmission i.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Rockett, Rebecca J; Arnott, Alicia; Lam, Connie; Sadsad, Rosemarie; Timms, Verlaine; Gray, Karen-Ann; Eden, John-Sebastian; Chang, Sheryl; Gall, Mailie; Draper, Jenny; Sim, Eby M; Bachmann, Nathan L; Carter, Ian; Basile, Kerri; Byun, Roy; O'Sullivan, Matthew V; Chen, Sharon C-A; Maddocks, Susan; Sorrell, Tania C; Dwyer, Dominic E; Holmes, Edward C; Kok, Jen; Prokopenko, Mikhail; Sintchenko, Vitali; eng; 1123879/Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)/International; 1043225/Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)/International; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Nat Med. 2020 Sep;26(9):1398-1404. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-1000-7. Epub 2020 Jul 9. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Added value of near real-time genome sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 in a subpopulation of infected patients in Australia. SN - 1546-170X (Electronic); 1078-8956 (Linking) SP - 1398-1404 ST - Revealing COVID-19 transmission in Australia by SARS-CoV-2 genome sequencing and agent-based modeling T2 - Nat Med TI - Revealing COVID-19 transmission in Australia by SARS-CoV-2 genome sequencing and agent-based modeling UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32647358 VL - 26 ID - 558 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background The COVID-19 pandemic has imposed a large, initially uncontrollable, public health crisis both in the US and across the world, with experts looking to vaccines as the ultimate mechanism of defense. The development and deployment of COVID-19 vaccines have been rapidly advancing via global efforts. Hence, it is crucial for governments, public health officials, and policy makers to understand public attitudes and opinions towards vaccines, such that effective interventions and educational campaigns can be designed to promote vaccine acceptance.Objective The aim of this study is to investigate public opinion and perception on COVID-19 vaccines by investigating the spatiotemporal trends of their sentiment and emotion towards vaccines, as well as how such trends relate to popular topics on Twitter in the US.Methods We collected over 300,000 geotagged tweets in the US from March 1, 2020 to February 28, 2021. We examined the spatiotemporal patterns of public sentiment and emotion over time at both national and state scales and identified three phases along the pandemic timeline with the significant changes of public sentiment and emotion, further linking to eleven key events and major topics as the potential drivers to induce such changes via cloud mapping of keywords and topic modelling.Results An increasing trend of positive sentiment in parallel with the decrease of negative sentiment are generally observed in most states, reflecting the rising confidence and anticipation of the public towards vaccines. The overall tendency of the eight types of emotion implies the trustiness and anticipation of the public to vaccination, accompanied by the mixture of fear, sadness and anger. Critical social/international events and/or the announcements of political leaders and authorities may have potential impacts on the public opinion on vaccines. These factors, along with important topics and manual reading of popular posts on eleven key events, help identify underlying themes and validate insights from the analysis.Conclusions The analyses of near real-time social media big data benefit public health authorities by enabling them to monitor public attitudes and opinions towards vaccine-related information in a geo-aware manner, address the concerns of vaccine skeptics and promote the confidence of individuals within a certain region or community, towards vaccines.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis research was partially funded by the National University of Singapore Start-up Grant under WBS R-109-000-270-133 awarded to WL, and NSF under Grant 1841403, 2027540, and 2028791. This research has also been partially supported by the Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences Staff Research Support Scheme FY2021 of National University of Singapore (WBS: C-109-000-222-091).Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:This study is IRB exempt.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesUsers may contact the corresponding author to access the data.APIapplication programming interfaceGPSglobal positioning systemLDAL tent Dirichlet AllocationNRCLexNational Research Council Canada LexiconSARS-CoV-2severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2VADERvalence aware dictionary for sentiment reasoningWHOWorld Health Organization AD - Department of Geography, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States. | Center for Geographic Analysis, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States. | School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. | Department of Geography, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. | Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, United States. | Department of Geosciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States. | Department of Biology, Mercer University, Macon, GA, United States. | Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, United States. | College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States. | Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States. | Geoinformation and Big Data Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States. AN - 34346888 AU - Hu, Tao | Wang, Siqin | Luo, Wei | Zhang, Mengxi | Huang, Xiao | Yan, Yingwei | Liu, Regina | Ly, Kelly | Kacker, Viraj | She, Bing | Li, Zhenlong C1 - 2021-06-18 C2 - Social, Behavioral, and Communication Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06182021_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 10 DO - 10.1101/2021.06.02.21258233 ET - 2021/08/05 IS - 9 KW - *covid-19 | *COVID-19 vaccines | *Twitter | *emotion analysis | *public opinion | *sentiment analysis | *topic modeling L1 - internal-pdf://3642099646/Hu-2021-Revealing public opinion towards COVID.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Hu, Tao | Wang, Siqin | Luo, Wei | Zhang, Mengxi | Huang, Xiao | Yan, Yingwei | Liu, Regina | Ly, Kelly | Kacker, Viraj | She, Bing | Li, Zhenlong | eng | Canada | J Med Internet Res. 2021 Sep 10;23(9):e30854. doi: 10.2196/30854. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: An analysis of 300,000 geotagged tweets in the US between March 2020 and February 2021 reflected rising public confidence and anticipation towards COVID vaccines. Trending social media topics and announcements by political leaders could sharply influence public opinion towards vaccines, although usually temporarily. SN - 1438-8871 (Electronic) | 1438-8871 (Linking) SP - 2021.06.02.21258233 ST - Revealing public opinion towards COVID-19 vaccines with Twitter Data in the United States: a spatiotemporal perspective T2 - medRxiv TI - Revealing public opinion towards COVID-19 vaccines with Twitter Data in the United States: a spatiotemporal perspective UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/06/07/2021.06.02.21258233.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/06/07/2021.06.02.21258233.full.pdf VL - 23 ID - 1852 ER - TY - JOUR AB - On Jan. 30, 2020 the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak; of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a Public Health Emergency of; International Concern.A Even before this declaration, counts of deaths and; cases were a primary means of tracking the growth and trajectory of the; pandemic. In particular, graphs depicting excess total mortality by week from; countries around the world have been an increasingly common and powerful; way to capture and present the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. | The purpose of this document is to provide practical guidance to implement; rapid mortality surveillance (RMS) and measure excess mortality in the; context of the COVID-19 pandemic, with a focus on implementation in lowresource settings. This includes settings with largely paper-based systems of; data collection. | We define RMS as “a system for generating daily or weekly counts of total; mortality by age, sex, date of death, place of death, and place of usual; residence.�?Excess mortality is the degree to which currently measured; mortality exceeds historically established levels. In the context of COVID-19,; increases in total mortality are attributed to direct and indirect effects of the; pandemic. | While this guidance is COVID-19 specific, the basic concept of rapid mortality; surveillance adds to the international architecture of population health; surveillance and civil registration and vital statistics (CRVS) systems. | A https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov); iv; Revealing the Toll of COVID-19: | A Technical Package for Rapid Mortality Surveillance and Epidemic Response; At one end of the spectrum, CRVS systems are fully functional, with digitization speeding up the recording of deaths and causes of death in near; real-time. In these circumstances there is no distinction between RMS and; CRVS. At the other end of the spectrum are settings in which CRVS systems; are fragmented, have low completeness and coverage and are partially digitized, and are not yet able to report weekly mortality in a timely fashion. In; these contexts, RMS can play important functions �?particularly where restrictions on movement may be depressing death registration during the epidemic. | These functions include: I) providing more timely weekly counts of death than; would overwise be possible; and II) obtaining and retaining the information; sufficient for the later official registration of each death in the CRVS system. | In this document we provide: | �?The rationale for and conceptual model of RMS; �?Guidance for facility- and community-based surveillance; �?Guidance for the analysis, visualization and use of the data; �?A checklist for establishing a rapid mortality surveillance system; In addition to data collection for total mortality, we also discuss integration; with other surveillance systems and the inclusion of information on the manner or cause of death. The guiding principles of RMS should be those that; pertain to any system innovation: country ownership and leadership; capacity; building; adaptability; and sustainability. Furthermore, it should be stressed; that RMS should, wherever possible, be integrated into the national CRVS system—the essential nature of which, even under pandemic conditions, has been; made clear by the United Nations.B; This Technical Package is one of several global resources developed and supported by WHO and partners, including those of the Bloomberg Philanthropies; Data for Health Initiative. In addition to this document, these global resources; include: | �?A technical note on Medically Certifying, International Classification of; Diseases (ICD) mortality coding, and reporting mortality associated with; COVID-19; �?Technical guidance on COVID-19 coding in ICD-10C; �?A web portal where countries are being requested by WHO to report; weekly mortality based on aggregate data from official cause-of-death; death certification, where possible. | According to Article 64 of its constitution, WHO is mandated to request each; Member State to provide statistics on mortality. Furthermore, the WHO Nomenclature Regulations of 1967 affirms the importance of compiling and; publishing statistics of mortality and morbidity in comparable form. Member; States started to report mortality data to WHO since the early fifties and this; reporting activity is continuing until today. Every year WHO issues an annual; call for data on mortality and causes of death and those data have driven major global health policies and research. AU - Vital Strategies, | World Health Organization C1 - 2020-06-02 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060220_covidupdate.html L1 - internal-pdf://0483083234/RMS_Report.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: WHO guidance on implementing rapid mortality surveillance in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, with a focus on low resource settings. ST - Revealing the Toll of COVID-19: A Technical Package for Rapid Mortality Surveillance and Epidemic Response T2 - World Health Organizaiton Report TI - Revealing the Toll of COVID-19: A Technical Package for Rapid Mortality Surveillance and Epidemic Response UR - https://preventepidemics.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/RMS_Report.pdf ID - 1881 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The emergence of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) which was declared a pandemic has spread to 210 countries worldwide. It has had a significant impact on health systems and economic, educational and social facets of contemporary society. As the rate of transmission increases, various collaborative approaches among stakeholders to develop innovative means of screening, detecting and diagnosing COVID-19's cases among human beings at a commensurate rate have evolved. Further, the utility of computing models associated with the fourth industrial revolution technologies in achieving the desired feat has been highlighted. However, there is a gap in terms of the accuracy of detection and prediction of COVID-19 cases and tracing contacts of infected persons. This paper presents a review of computing models that can be adopted to enhance the performance of detecting and predicting the COVID-19 pandemic cases. We focus on big data, artificial intelligence (AI) and nature-inspired computing (NIC) models that can be adopted in the current pandemic. The review suggested that artificial intelligence models have been used for the case detection of COVID-19. Similarly, big data platforms have also been applied for tracing contacts. However, the nature-inspired computing (NIC) models that have demonstrated good performance in feature selection of medical issues are yet to be explored for case detection and tracing of contacts in the current COVID-19 pandemic. This study holds salient implications for practitioners and researchers alike as it elucidates the potentials of NIC in the accurate detection of pandemic cases and optimized contact tracing. AD - Office of the Deputy Vice Chancellor: Research, Innovation and Engagement, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa. | Centre for Sustainable Smart Cities 4.0, Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology, Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa. | ICT and Society Research Group, Department of Information Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa. AN - 32722154 AU - Agbehadji, I. E. | Awuzie, B. O. | Ngowi, A. B. | Millham, R. C. C1 - 2020-08-07 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/080720_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 24 DO - 10.3390/ijerph17155330 ET - 2020/07/30 IS - 15 KW - *Artificial Intelligence | Betacoronavirus | *Big Data | Covid-19 | *Computer Simulation | *Contact Tracing | Coronavirus Infections | Humans | Pandemics/prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral | SARS-CoV-2 | *2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) | *artificial intelligence (AI) | *nature-inspired computing (NIC) L1 - internal-pdf://3643355459/Agbehadji-2020-Review of Big Data Analytics, A.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Agbehadji, Israel Edem; Awuzie, Bankole Osita; Ngowi, Alfred Beati; Millham, Richard C; eng; Review; Switzerland; Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Jul 24;17(15). pii: ijerph17155330. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17155330. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Reviews big data, artificial intelligence and nature-inspired computing models that can be adopted for the detection and prediction of COVID-19 cases. SN - 1660-4601 (Electronic); 1660-4601 (Linking) SP - 5330 ST - Review of Big Data Analytics, Artificial Intelligence and Nature-Inspired Computing Models towards Accurate Detection of COVID-19 Pandemic Cases and Contact Tracing T2 - Int J Environ Res Public Health TI - Review of Big Data Analytics, Artificial Intelligence and Nature-Inspired Computing Models towards Accurate Detection of COVID-19 Pandemic Cases and Contact Tracing UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32722154 VL - 17 ID - 662 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVE: An increase in spontaneous lower motor neuron facial nerve (VIIth cranial nerve) palsies was seen during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 outbreak in our emergency clinic. This led us to perform a single-centre cohort review. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted of VIIth cranial nerve palsies from January to June 2020 and the findings were compared to those cases reviewed in the previous year. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 incidence of the cohort was compared with that of the Liverpool population. RESULTS: Our VIIth cranial nerve palsy incidence in the 2020 period was 3.5 per cent (30 out of 852), 2.7 higher than last year's rate of 1.3 per cent (14 out of 1081), which was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.01). Two of the 17 patients in our cohort tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (11.8 per cent), contrasting with Liverpool's severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 incidence (0.5 per cent). CONCLUSION: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 may be responsible for an increased number of facial nerve palsies; it is important for clinicians to be aware that this may being an initial presentation of the disease. AD - ENT Department, Broadgreen Hospital, Liverpool, UK. AN - 32998780 AU - Zammit, M. | Markey, A. | Webb, C. C1 - 2020-10-13 C2 - COVID-19 and Neurological Issues CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/101320_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 1 DO - 10.1017/S0022215120002121 DP - NLM ET - 2020/10/02 KW - Facial Palsy | Peripheral Nervous System Diseases | SARS Coronavirus L1 - internal-pdf://2031178965/Zammit-2020-A rise in facial nerve palsies dur.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Zammit, M; Markey, A; Webb, C; eng; England; J Laryngol Otol. 2020 Oct 1:1-4. doi: 10.1017/S0022215120002121. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Study describing an increase in incidence of facial nerve palsy in 2020 compared to the previous year. Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 was higher among those with facial nerve palsy than in a comparison group. SN - 1748-5460 (Electronic); 0022-2151 (Linking) SP - 1-4 ST - A rise in facial nerve palsies during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic T2 - J Laryngol Otol TI - A rise in facial nerve palsies during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32998780 ID - 1044 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The lack of quantitative risk assessment of airborne transmission of COVID-19 under practical settings leads to large uncertainties and inconsistencies in our preventive measures. Combining in situ measurements and numerical simulations, we quantify the exhaled particles from normal respiratory behaviors and their transport under elevator, small classroom and supermarket settings to evaluate the risk of inhaling potentially virus-containing particles. Our results show that the design of ventilation is critical for reducing the risk of particle encounters. Inappropriate design can significantly limit the efficiency of particle removal, create local hot spots with orders of magnitude higher risks, and enhance particle deposition causing surface contamination. Additionally, our measurements reveal the presence of substantial fraction of crystalline particles from normal breathing and its strong correlation with breathing depth. AU - Shao, Siyao | Zhou, Dezhi | He, Ruichen | Li, Jiaqi | Zou, Shufan | Mallery, Kevin | Kumar, Santosh | Yang, Suo | Hong, Jiarong C1 - 2020-07-28 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072820_covidupdate.html L1 - internal-pdf://2283292518/2007.03645.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Simulated flow of exhaled aerosols during normal breathing and speaking in elevators, classrooms, and supermarkets to show that some ventilation patterns create higher aerosol concentrations in “hot spots�?but that careful placement of ventilation and room occupants can reduce exposure to aerosols. ST - Risk assessment of airborne transmission of COVID-19 by asymptomatic individuals under different practical settings T2 - arXiv TI - Risk assessment of airborne transmission of COVID-19 by asymptomatic individuals under different practical settings TT - Published article: Risk assessment of airborne transmission of COVID-19 by asymptomatic individuals under different practical settings UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2007.03645v3 ID - 607 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Face masks are an important component in controlling COVID-19, and policy orders to wear masks are common. However, behavioral responses are seldom additive, and exchanging one protective behavior for another could undermine the COVID-19 policy response. We use SafeGraph smart device location data and variation in the date that US states and counties issued face mask mandates as a set of natural experiments to investigate risk compensation behavior. We compare time at home and the number of visits to public locations before and after face mask orders conditional on multiple statistical controls. We find that face mask orders lead to risk compensation behavior. Americans subject to the mask orders spend 11-24 fewer minutes at home on average and increase visits to some commercial locations-most notably restaurants, which are a high-risk location. It is unclear if this would lead to a net increase or decrease in transmission. However, it is clear that mask orders would be an important part of an economic recovery if people otherwise overestimate the risk of visiting public places. AD - Yale University, 195 Prospect St., New Haven, CT, 06511, USA. | Colorado State University, B303 Clark Bldg, Fort Collins, CO, USA. | Yale University, 195 Prospect St., New Haven, CT, 06511, USA. eli.fenichel@yale.edu. AN - 33542386 AU - Yan, Y. | Bayham, J. | Richter, A. | Fenichel, E. P. C1 - 2021-02-19 C2 - Social, Behavioral, and Communication Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02192021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 4 DO - 10.1038/s41598-021-82574-w ET - 2021/02/06 IS - 1 KW - COVID-19/*prevention & control | Communicable Disease Control/*legislation & jurisprudence | Humans | Masks/*statistics & numerical data | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Restaurants/statistics & numerical data | Social Behavior | United States L1 - internal-pdf://2146672267/Yan-2021-Risk compensation and face mask manda.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Yan, Youpei; Bayham, Jude; Richter, Aaron; Fenichel, Eli P; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Sci Rep. 2021 Feb 4;11(1):3174. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-82574-w. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Using SafeGraph smart device location and mask mandate data, the authors found that face mask orders led to less time spent at home and more visits to risky locations such as restaurants which is beneficial for the economy but might increase transmission of SARS-CoV-2. SN - 2045-2322 (Electronic); 2045-2322 (Linking) SP - 3174 ST - Risk compensation and face mask mandates during the COVID-19 pandemic T2 - Sci Rep TI - Risk compensation and face mask mandates during the COVID-19 pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33542386 VL - 11 ID - 1506 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a global pandemic. Clinical characteristics regarding secondary infections in patients with COVID-19 have been reported but detailed microbiology, risk factors and outcomes of secondary bloodstream infections (sBSI) in patients with severe COVID-19 have not been well described. METHODS: We performed a multicenter, case-control study including all hospitalized patients diagnosed with severe COVID-19 and blood cultures drawn from March 1, 2020 to May 7, 2020 at three academic medical centers in New Jersey, USA. Data collection included demographics, clinical and microbiologic variables, and patient outcomes. Risk factors and outcomes were compared between cases (sBSI) and controls (no sBSI). RESULTS: A total of 375 hospitalized patients were included. There were 128 sBSIs during the hospitalization. For the first set of positive blood cultures, 117 (91.4%) were bacterial and 7 (5.5%) were fungal. Those with sBSI were more likely to have altered mental status, lower mean percent oxygen saturation on room air, have septic shock and be admitted to the intensive care unit compared to the controls. In-hospital mortality was higher in those with a sBSI versus controls (53.1% vs 32.8%, p=0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: We observed hospitalized adult patients with severe COVID-19 and sBSI had a more severe initial presentation, prolonged hospital course, and worse clinical outcomes. To maintain antimicrobial stewardship principles, further prospective studies are necessary to better characterize risk factors and prediction modeling to better understand when to suspect and empirically treat for sBSI in severe COVID-19. AD - Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy/Immunology and Infectious Disease, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ. | Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ. | Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ. | Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ. | Department of Pharmacy, Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ. | Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ. | Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark NJ. | Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ. | ID Care, Hillsborough, NJ. AN - 33216875 AU - Bhatt, P. J. | Shiau, S. | Brunetti, L. | Xie, Y. | Solanki, K. | Khalid, S. | Mohayya, S. | Au, P. H. | Pham, C. | Uprety, P. | Nahass, R. | Narayanan, N. C1 - 2020-12-15 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/121520_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 20 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa1748 ET - 2020/11/21 IS - 12 KW - Covid-19 | SARS-CoV-2 | bloodstream infections | coronavirus | secondary infections L1 - internal-pdf://2602046475/Bhatt-2020-Risk Factors and Outcomes of Hospit.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Testing | N1 - Bhatt, Pinki J; Shiau, Stephanie; Brunetti, Luigi; Xie, Yingda; Solanki, Kinjal; Khalid, Shaza; Mohayya, Sana; Au, Pak Ho; Pham, Christopher; Uprety, Priyanka; Nahass, Ronald; Narayanan, Navaneeth; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Nov 20. pii: 5995838. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1748. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 34% (128/375) of patients with severe COVID-19 had secondary bloodstream infections (sBSI); the majority (91%) were bacterial. | More patients with sBSI died in-hospital than patients without sBSI (53.1% vs 32.8%; p = 0.0001). | sBSI was also associated with: | Higher creatinine levels (2.23 mg/dL vs 1.49 mg/dL, p = 0.001) and need for hemodialysis (35.9% vs 9.3%, p <0.0001). | ICU admission (71.1% vs 35.6%, p <0.001) and length of stay (median 18.5 days [IQR 9, 33.5] vs 7 days [IQR 4, 12]). | Less frequent cough (45.3% vs 65.2%, p = 0.0002) and fever (54.7% vs 66.8%, p = 0.02) (Figure). | Methods: Case control (1:2 ratio) study of 375 severe COVID-19 patients with or without sBSI from samples drawn between March 1 and May 7, 2020. COVID-19 diagnosis was confirmed by RT-PCR of NP swab specimen. Associations between sBSI and clinical presentation and outcomes were adjusted for age, sex, and race. Limitations: Most patients only had a single blood culture; the majority of sBSI had an unknown source. | Implications: Because COVID-19 patients with sBSI were more ill at presentation and had worse outcomes than those without sBSI, evaluating the effect of early treatment of sBSI in COVID-19 patients may be important to determine if this will improve clinical outcomes. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - e995-e1003 ST - Risk Factors and Outcomes of Hospitalized Patients with Severe COVID-19 and Secondary Bloodstream Infections: A Multicenter, Case-Control Study T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Risk Factors and Outcomes of Hospitalized Patients with Severe COVID-19 and Secondary Bloodstream Infections: A Multicenter, Case-Control Study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33216875 VL - 72 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1323 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has severely affected nursing homes. Vulnerable nursing home residents are at high risk for adverse outcomes, but improved understanding is needed to identify risk factors for mortality among nursing home residents. Objective: To identify risk factors for 30-day all-cause mortality among US nursing home residents with COVID-19. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study was conducted at 351 US nursing homes among 5256 nursing home residents with COVID-19-related symptoms who had severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection confirmed by polymerase chain reaction testing between March 16 and September 15, 2020. Exposures: Resident-level characteristics, including age, sex, race/ethnicity, symptoms, chronic conditions, and physical and cognitive function. Main Outcomes and Measures: Death due to any cause within 30 days of the first positive SARS-CoV-2 test result. Results: The study included 5256 nursing home residents (3185 women [61%]; median age, 79 years [interquartile range, 69-88 years]; and 3741 White residents [71%], 909 Black residents [17%], and 586 individuals of other races/ethnicities [11%]) with COVID-19. Compared with residents aged 75 to 79 years, the odds of death were 1.46 (95% CI, 1.14-1.86) times higher for residents aged 80 to 84 years, 1.59 (95% CI, 1.25-2.03) times higher for residents aged 85 to 89 years, and 2.14 (95% CI, 1.70-2.69) times higher for residents aged 90 years or older. Women had lower risk for 30-day mortality than men (odds ratio [OR], 0.69 [95% CI, 0.60-0.80]). Two comorbidities were associated with mortality: diabetes (OR, 1.21 [95% CI, 1.05-1.40]) and chronic kidney disease (OR, 1.33 [95%, 1.11-1.61]). Fever (OR, 1.66 [95% CI, 1.41-1.96]), shortness of breath (OR, 2.52 [95% CI, 2.00-3.16]), tachycardia (OR, 1.31 [95% CI, 1.04-1.64]), and hypoxia (OR, 2.05 [95% CI, 1.68-2.50]) were also associated with increased risk of 30-day mortality. Compared with cognitively intact residents, the odds of death among residents with moderate cognitive impairment were 2.09 (95% CI, 1.68-2.59) times higher, and the odds of death among residents with severe cognitive impairment were 2.79 (95% CI, 2.14-3.66) times higher. Compared with residents with no or limited impairment in physical function, the odds of death among residents with moderate impairment were 1.49 (95% CI, 1.18-1.88) times higher, and the odds of death among residents with severe impairment were 1.64 (95% CI, 1.30-2.08) times higher. Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study of US nursing home residents with COVID-19, increased age, male sex, and impaired cognitive and physical function were independently associated with mortality. Understanding these risk factors can aid in the development of clinical prediction models of mortality in this population. AD - Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island. | Center for Gerontology and Healthcare Research, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island. | Center of Innovation in Long Term Services and Supports, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island. | Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City. | Genesis HealthCare, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania. | Genesis Physician Services, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania. | Division of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island. AN - 33394006 AU - Panagiotou, O. A. | Kosar, C. M. | White, E. M. | Bantis, L. E. | Yang, X. | Santostefano, C. M. | Feifer, R. A. | Blackman, C. | Rudolph, J. L. | Gravenstein, S. | Mor, V. C1 - 2021-01-15 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01152021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 1 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.7968 ET - 2021/01/05 IS - 4 KW - Age Factors | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | COVID-19/complications/diagnosis/*mortality | Cohort Studies | Female | Health Status | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | *Nursing Homes | Risk Factors | Sensitivity and Specificity | Sex Factors | Survival Rate | United States L1 - internal-pdf://1142747466/Panagiotou-2021-Risk Factors Associated With A.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Panagiotou, Orestis A; Kosar, Cyrus M; White, Elizabeth M; Bantis, Leonidas E; Yang, Xiaofei; Santostefano, Christopher M; Feifer, Richard A; Blackman, Carolyn; Rudolph, James L; Gravenstein, Stefan; Mor, Vincent; eng; P01 AG027296/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; P20 GM130423/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Apr 1;181(4):439-448. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.7968. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Of 4,127 nursing home residents, 21% died within 30-days of receiving a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result. | Physical and cognitive impairments were independently associated with mortality as were diabetes and chronic kidney disease, controlling for age and symptoms (Figure). | Methods: A cohort study of 5,256 nursing home residents with symptomatic, RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection from March to September 2020 across 351 facilities in 25 US states assessed risk factors associated with all-cause 30-day mortality. Limitations: Decreased case detection owing to limited test availability; associations might not be causal. | Implications: Physical and cognitive impairments may increase risk for mortality independent from age and comorbidities in this population. SN - 2168-6114 (Electronic); 2168-6106 (Linking) SP - 439-448 ST - Risk Factors Associated With All-Cause 30-Day Mortality in Nursing Home Residents With COVID-19 T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - Risk Factors Associated With All-Cause 30-Day Mortality in Nursing Home Residents With COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33394006 VL - 181 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1412 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Essential workers in agriculture and food production have been severely affected by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.To identify risk factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection among farmworkers in California.This cross-sectional study invited farmworkers in California’s Salinas Valley (Monterey County) receiving transcription-mediated amplification (TMA) tests for SARS-CoV-2 infection at federally qualified community clinics and community sites to participate. Individuals were eligible if they were not pregnant, were 18 years or older, had conducted farmwork since the pandemic started, and were proficient in English or Spanish. Survey data were collected and SARS-CoV-2 tests were conducted among participants from July 16 to November 30, 2020.Sociodemographic, household, community, and workplace characteristics.TMA- and immunoglobulin G (IgG)–positive SARS-CoV-2 infection.A total of 1107 farmworkers (581 [52.5%] women; mean [SD] age, 39.7 [12.6] years) were included in these analyses. Most participants were born in Mexico (922 [83.3%]), were married or living with a partner (697 [63.0%]), and worked in the fields (825 [74.5%]). Overall, 118 of 911 (13.0%) had a positive result on their TMA test for SARS-CoV-2 infection, whereas 201 of 1058 (19.0%) had antibody evidence of infection. In multivariable analyses accounting for recruitment venue and enrollment period, the incidence of TMA-positive SARS-CoV-2 infection was higher among those with lower than primary school–level education (adjusted relative risk [aRR], 1.32; 95% CI, 0.99-1.76; non–statistically significant finding), who spoke an Indigenous language at home (aRR, 1.30; 95% CI, 0.97-1.73; non–statistically significant finding), who worked in the fields (aRR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.03-2.50), and who were exposed to a known or suspected COVID-19 case at home (aRR, 2.98; 95% CI, 2.06-4.32) or in the workplace (aRR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.18-2.14). Positive results on IgG tests for SARS-CoV-2 infection were more common among those who lived in crowded housing (aRR, 1.23; 95% CI, 0.98-1.53; non–statistically significant finding), with children aged 5 years or younger (aRR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.11-1.76), with unrelated roommates (aRR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.19-1.64), and with an individual with known or suspected COVID-19 (aRR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.13-2.24). The risk of IgG positivity was also higher among those with body mass index of 30 or greater (aRR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.01-2.70) or diabetes (aRR, 1.31; 95% CI, 0.98-1.75; non–statistically significant finding).In this cross-sectional study of farmworkers in California, both residential and workplace exposures were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Urgent distribution of COVID-19 vaccines and intervention on modifiable risk factors are warranted given this population’s increased risk of infection and the essential nature of their work. AN - 34524438 AU - Mora, Ana M. | Lewnard, Joseph A. | Kogut, Katherine | Rauch, Stephen A. | Hernandez, Samantha | Wong, Marcus P. | Huen, Karen | Chang, Cynthia | Jewell, Nicholas P. | Holland, Nina | Harris, Eva | Cuevas, Maximiliano | Eskenazi, Brenda | CHAMACOS-Project-19 Study Team C1 - 2021-10-15 C2 - PMC8444020 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10152021_covidupdate.html#anchor_NaturalHistory DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.24116 IS - 9 L1 - internal-pdf://1165492855/Mora-2021-Risk Factors Associated With SARS-Co.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; ~40% of farmworkers had possible workplace COVID-19 exposure since the start of the pandemic. | 13.5% reported possible workplace exposure during the 2 weeks before testing. | Outdoor agricultural work and indigeneity were associated with current SARS-CoV-2 infection. | Living with children �? years or with unrelated roommates was associated with increased risks of past infection. | Farmworkers whose employer provided them with workplace prevention information had lower risk of past infection (aRR 0.59, 95% CI 0.40-0.86). | Methods: Observational study of 1,107 current and former farmworkers (83% born in Mexico; 85% spoke Spanish at home) tested for current (n = 911) or past SARS-CoV-2 infection (n = 1,058) and interviewed about COVID-19 risks and working and living conditions, Monterey County, CA, July─November 2020. Limitations: Possible misclassification of past infection due to potential waning immunity. | | Implications: Farmworkers may be at increased risk of exposure due to working and living conditions. Vaccination and workplace prevention strategies are important for protecting the health of this population. SE - e2124116 SN - 2574-3805 SP - e2124116-e2124116 ST - Risk Factors Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Farmworkers in Monterey County, California T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Risk Factors Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Farmworkers in Monterey County, California UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.24116 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/articlepdf/2784117/mora_2021_oi_210704_1631023558.68402.pdf VL - 4 Y2 - 10/18/2021 ID - 2489 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Risk factors for COVID-19 death in sub-Saharan Africa and the effects of HIV and tuberculosis on COVID-19 outcomes are unknown. METHODS: We conducted a population cohort study using linked data from adults attending public sector health facilities in the Western Cape, South Africa. We used Cox-proportional hazards models adjusted for age, sex, location and comorbidities to examine the association between HIV, tuberculosis and COVID-19 death from 1 March-9 June 2020 among (i) public sector "active patients" (>/=1 visit in the 3 years before March 2020), (ii) laboratory-diagnosed COVID-19 cases and (iii) hospitalized COVID-19 cases. We calculated the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for COVID-19 comparing HIV positive vs. negative adults using modelled population estimates. RESULTS: Among 3,460,932 patients (16% HIV positive), 22,308 were diagnosed with COVID-19, of whom 625 died. COVID-19 death was associated with male sex, increasing age, diabetes, hypertension and chronic kidney disease. HIV was associated with COVID-19 mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 2.14; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.70-2.70), with similar risks across strata of viral load and immunosuppression. Current and previous tuberculosis were associated with COVID-19 death (aHR [95%CI] 2.70 [1.81-4.04] and 1.51 [1.18-1.93] respectively). The SMR for COVID-19 death associated with HIV was 2.39 (95%CI 1.96-2.86); population attributable fraction 8.5% (95%CI 6.1-11.1). CONCLUSION: While our findings may over-estimate HIV- and tuberculosis-associated COVID-19 mortality risks due to residual confounding, both HIV and current tuberculosis were independently associated with increased COVID-19 mortality. The associations between age, sex and other comorbidities and COVID-19 mortality were similar to other settings. AD - Health Impact Assessment, Western Cape Government: Health. | Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town. | School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town. | Division of Health Systems and Public Health, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University. | Metro Health Services, Western Cape Government: Health. | Rural Health Services, Western Cape Government: Health. | Communicable Disease Sub-Directorate, Western Cape Government: Health. | National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, South Africa. | Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, University of Cape Town. | Division of Computational Biology, University of Cape Town. | Health Programmes Directorate, Western Cape Government: Health. | Faculty of Health Sciences, North West University. | George Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health. | Groote Schuur Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health. | Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town. | Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town. | Department of Radiology, University of Cape Town. | Karl Bremer Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health. | Khayelitsha District Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health. | Mitchells Plain and Heideveld Hospitals, Western Cape Government: Health. | Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Cape Town. | Tygerberg Hospital, Western Cape Government: Health. | Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University. | Department of Obstetrics and Gyneacology, Stellenbosch University. | Emergency Medical Services, Western Cape Government. | Western Cape Government: Health. | City Health, Community Services and Health, City of Cape Town. | South African Medical Research Council Burden of Disease Research Unit. | Division of Immunology and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town. | School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape. | University of Pretoria. | School of Public Health, University of Witwatersrand. | School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand and School of Pathology, University of Cape Town. | University of Witwatersrand, South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit and the Centre for the AIDS Programme in South Africa (CAPRISA). | National Health Laboratory Service and Division of Virology, School of Pathology, University of Cape Town. AN - 32860699 AU - Boulle, A. | Davies, M. A. | Hussey, H. | Ismail, M. | Morden, E. | Vundle, Z. | Zweigenthal, V. | Mahomed, H. | Paleker, M. | Pienaar, D. | Tembo, Y. | Lawrence, C. | Isaacs, W. | Mathema, H. | Allen, D. | Allie, T. | Bam, J. L. | Buddiga, K. | Dane, P. | Heekes, A. | Matlapeng, B. | Mutemaringa, T. | Muzarabani, L. | Phelanyane, F. | Pienaar, R. | Rode, C. | Smith, M. | Tiffin, N. | Zinyakatira, N. | Cragg, C. | Marais, F. | Mudaly, V. | Voget, J. | Davids, J. | Roodt, F. | van Zyl Smit, N. | Vermeulen, A. | Adams, K. | Audley, G. | Bateman, K. | Beckwith, P. | Bernon, M. | Blom, D. | Boloko, L. | Botha, J. | Boutall, A. | Burmeister, S. | Cairncross, L. | Calligaro, G. | Coccia, C. | Corin, C. | Daroowala, R. | Dave, J. A. | De Bruyn, E. | De Villiers, M. | Deetlefs, M. | Dlamini, S. | Du Toit, T. | Endres, W. | Europa, T. | Fieggan, G. | Figaji, A. | Frankenfeld, P. | Gatley, E. | Gina, P. | Govender, E. | Grobler, R. | Gule, M. V. | Hanekom, C. | Held, M. | Heynes, A. | Hlatswayo, S. | Hodkinson, B. | Holtzhausen, J. | Hoosain, S. | Jacobs, A. | Kahn, M. | Kahn, T. | Khamajeet, A. | Khan, J. | Khan, R. | Khwitshana, A. | Knight, L. | Kooverjee, S. | Krogscheepers, R. | Jacque Kruger, J. | Kuhn, S. | Laubscher, K. | Lazarus, J. | Le Roux, J. | Lee Jones, S. | Levin, D. | Maartens, G. | Majola, T. | Manganyi, R. | Marais, D. | Marais, S. | Maritz, F. | Maughan, D. | Mazondwa, S. | Mbanga, L. | Mbatani, N. | Mbena, B. | Meintjes, G. | Mendelson, M. | Moller, E. | Moore, A. | Ndebele, B. | Nortje, M. | Ntusi, N. | Nyengane, F. | Ofoegbu, C. | Papavarnavas, N. | Peter, J. | Pickard, H. | Pluke, K. | Raubenheimer, P. J. | Robertson, G. | Rozmiarek, J. | Sayed, A. | Scriba, M. | Sekhukhune, H. | Singh, P. | Smith, E. | Soldati, V. | Stek, C. | van den Berg, R. | van der Merwe, L. R. | Venter, P. | Vermooten, B. | Viljoen, G. | Viranna, S. | Vogel, J. | Vundla, N. | Wasserman, S. | Zitha, E. | Lomas-Marais, V. | Lombard, A. | Stuve, K. | Viljoen, W. | Basson, V. | Le Roux, S. | Linden-Mars, E. | Victor, L. | Wates, M. | Zwanepoel, E. | Ebrahim, N. | Lahri, S. | Mnguni, A. | Crede, T. | de Man, M. | Evans, K. | Hendrikse, C. | Naude, J. | Parak, M. | Szymanski, P. | Van Koningsbruggen, C. | Abrahams, R. | Allwood, B. | Botha, C. | Henndrik Botha, M. | Broadhurst, A. | Claasen, D. | Daniel, C. | Dawood, R. | du Preez, M. | Du Toit, N. | Erasmus, K. | Koegelenberg, C. F. N. | Gabriel, S. | Hugo, S. | Jardine, T. | Johannes, C. | Karamchand, S. | Lalla, U. | Langenegger, E. | Louw, E. | Mashigo, B. | Mhlana, N. | Mnqwazi, C. | Moodley, A. | Moodley, D. | Moolla, S. | Mowlana, A. | Nortje, A. | Olivier, E. | Parker, A. | Paulsen, C. | Prozesky, H. | Rood, J. | Sabela, T. | Schrueder, N. | Sithole, N. | Sithole, S. | Taljaard, J. J. | Titus, G. | Van Der Merwe, T. | van Schalkwyk, M. | Vazi, L. | Viljoen, A. J. | Yazied Chothia, M. | Naidoo, V. | Alan Wallis, L. | Abbass, M. | Arendse, J. | Armien, R. | Bailey, R. | Bello, M. | Carelse, R. | Forgus, S. | Kalawe, N. | Kariem, S. | Kotze, M. | Lucas, J. | McClaughlin, J. | Murie, K. | Najjaar, L. | Petersen, L. | Porter, J. | Shaw, M. | Stapar, D. | Williams, M. | Aldum, L. | Berkowitz, N. | Girran, R. | Lee, K. | Naidoo, L. | Neumuller, C. | Anderson, K. | Begg, K. | Boerlage, L. | Cornell, M. | de Waal, R. | Dudley, L. | English, R. | Euvrard, J. | Groenewald, P. | Jacob, N. | Jaspan, H. | Kalk, E. | Levitt, N. | Malaba, T. | Nyakato, P. | Patten, G. | Schneider, H. | Shung King, M. | Tsondai, P. | Van Duuren, J. | van Schaik, N. | Blumberg, L. | Cohen, C. | Govender, N. | Jassat, W. | Kufa, T. | McCarthy, K. | Morris, L. | Hsiao, N. Y. | Marais, R. | Ambler, J. | Ngwenya, O. | Osei-Yeboah, R. | Johnson, L. | Kassanjee, R. | Tamuhla, T. C1 - 2020-09-08 C2 - Transmission and Disease Severity CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090820_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 29 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa1198 ET - 2020/08/30 KW - Covid-19 | Hiv | antiretroviral | sub-Saharan Africa | tuberculosis L1 - internal-pdf://2053567703/Boulle-2020-Risk factors for COVID-19 death in.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Boulle, Andrew; Davies, Mary-Ann; Hussey, Hannah; Ismail, Muzzammil; Morden, Erna; Vundle, Ziyanda; Zweigenthal, Virginia; Mahomed, Hassan; Paleker, Masudah; Pienaar, David; Tembo, Yamanya; Lawrence, Charlene; Isaacs, Washiefa; Mathema, Hlengani; Allen, Derick; Allie, Taryn; Bam, Jamy-Lee; Buddiga, Kasturi; Dane, Pierre; Heekes, Alexa; Matlapeng, Boitumelo; Mutemaringa, Themba; Muzarabani, Luckmore; Phelanyane, Florence; Pienaar, Rory; Rode, Catherine; Smith, Mariette; Tiffin, Nicki; Zinyakatira, Nesbert; Cragg, Carol; Marais, Frederick; Mudaly, Vanessa; Voget, Jacqueline; Davids, Jody; Roodt, Francois; van Zyl Smit, Nellis; Vermeulen, Alda; Adams, Kevin; Audley, Gordon; Bateman, Kathleen; Beckwith, Peter; Bernon, Marc; Blom, Dirk; Boloko, Linda; Botha, Jean; Boutall, Adam; Burmeister, Sean; Cairncross, Lydia; Calligaro, Gregory; Coccia, Cecilia; Corin, Chadwin; Daroowala, Remy; Dave, Joel A; De Bruyn, Elsa; De Villiers, Martin; Deetlefs, Mimi; Dlamini, Sipho; Du Toit, Thomas; Endres, Wilhelm; Europa, Tarin; Fieggan, Graham; Figaji, Anthony; Frankenfeld, Petro; Gatley, Elizabeth; Gina, Phindile; Govender, Evashan; Grobler, Rochelle; Gule, Manqoba Vusumuzi; Hanekom, Christoff; Held, Michael; Heynes, Alana; Hlatswayo, Sabelo; Hodkinson, Bridget; Holtzhausen, Jeanette; Hoosain, Shakeel; Jacobs, Ashely; Kahn, Miriam; Kahn, Thania; Khamajeet, Arvin; Khan, Joubin; Khan, Riaasat; Khwitshana, Alicia; Knight, Lauren; Kooverjee, Sharita; Krogscheepers, Rene; Jacque Kruger, Jean; Kuhn, Suzanne; Laubscher, Kim; Lazarus, John; Le Roux, Jacque; Lee Jones, Scott; Levin, Dion; Maartens, Gary; Majola, Thina; Manganyi, Rodgers; Marais, David; Marais, Suzaan; Maritz, Francois; Maughan, Deborah; Mazondwa, Simthandile; Mbanga, Luyanda; Mbatani, Nomonde; Mbena, Bulewa; Meintjes, Graeme; Mendelson, Marc; Moller, Ernst; Moore, Allison; Ndebele, Babalwa; Nortje, Marc; Ntusi, Ntobeko; Nyengane, Funeka; Ofoegbu, Chima; Papavarnavas, Nectarios; Peter, Jonny; Pickard, Henri; Pluke, Kent; Raubenheimer, Peter J; Robertson, Gordon; Rozmiarek, Julius; Sayed, A; Scriba, Matthias; Sekhukhune, Hennie; Singh, Prasun; Smith, Elsabe; Soldati, Vuyolwethu; Stek, Cari; van den Berg, Robert; van der Merwe, Le Roux; Venter, Pieter; Vermooten, Barbra; Viljoen, Gerrit; Viranna, Santhuri; Vogel, Jonno; Vundla, Nokubonga; Wasserman, Sean; Zitha, Eddy; Lomas-Marais, Vanessa; Lombard, Annie; Stuve, Katrin; Viljoen, Werner; Basson, De Vries; Le Roux, Sue; Linden-Mars, Ethel; Victor, Lizanne; Wates, Mark; Zwanepoel, Elbe; Ebrahim, Nabilah; Lahri, Sa'ad; Mnguni, Ayanda; Crede, Thomas; de Man, Martin; Evans, Katya; Hendrikse, Clint; Naude, Jonathan; Parak, Moosa; Szymanski, Patrick; Van Koningsbruggen, Candice; Abrahams, Riezaah; Allwood, Brian; Botha, Christoffel; Henndrik Botha, Matthys; Broadhurst, Alistair; Claasen, Dirkie; Daniel, Che; Dawood, Riyaadh; du Preez, Marie; Du Toit, Nicolene; Erasmus, Kobie; Koegelenberg, Coenraad F N; Gabriel, Shiraaz; Hugo, Susan; Jardine, Thabiet; Johannes, Clint; Karamchand, Sumanth; Lalla, Usha; Langenegger, Eduard; Louw, Eize; Mashigo, Boitumelo; Mhlana, Nonte; Mnqwazi, Chizama; Moodley, Ashley; Moodley, Desiree; Moolla, Saadiq; Mowlana, Abdurasiet; Nortje, Andre; Olivier, Elzanne; Parker, Arifa; Paulsen, Chane; Prozesky, Hans; Rood, Jacques; Sabela, Tholakele; Schrueder, Neshaad; Sithole, Nokwanda; Sithole, Sthembiso; Taljaard, Jantjie J; Titus, Gideon; Van Der Merwe, Tian; van Schalkwyk, Marije; Vazi, Luthando; Viljoen, Abraham J; Yazied Chothia, Mogamat; Naidoo, Vanessa; Alan Wallis, Lee; Abbass, Mumtaz; Arendse, Juanita; Armien, Rizqa; Bailey, Rochelle; Bello, Muideen; Carelse, Rachel; Forgus, Sheron; Kalawe, Nosi; Kariem, Saadiq; Kotze, Mariska; Lucas, Jonathan; McClaughlin, Juanita; Murie, Kathleen; Najjaar, Leilah; Petersen, Liesel; Porter, James; Shaw, Melanie; Stapar, Dusica; Williams, Michelle; Aldum, Linda; Berkowitz, Natacha; Girran, Raakhee; Lee, Kevin; Naidoo, Lenny; Neumuller, Caroline; Anderson, Kim; Begg, Kerrin; Boerlage, Lisa; Cornell, Morna; de Waal, Renee; Dudley, Lilian; English, Rene; Euvrard, Jonathan; Groenewald, Pam; Jacob, Nisha; Jaspan, Heather; Kalk, Emma; Levitt, Naomi; Malaba, Thoko; Nyakato, Patience; Patten, Gabriela; Schneider, Helen; Shung King, Maylene; Tsondai, Priscilla; Van Duuren, James; van Schaik, Nienke; Blumberg, Lucille; Cohen, Cheryl; Govender, Nelesh; Jassat, Waasila; Kufa, Tendesayi; McCarthy, Kerrigan; Morris, Lynn; Hsiao, Nei-Yuan; Marais, Ruan; Ambler, Jon; Ngwenya, Olina; Osei-Yeboah, Richard; Johnson, Leigh; Kassanjee, Reshma; Tamuhla, Tsaone; eng; R01 HD080465/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/; U01 AI069924/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Aug 29. pii: 5899044. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1198. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In contrast to findings from a NYC cohortexternal icon, this large South African cohort showed that both HIV and current tuberculosis were associated with increased COVID-19 mortality. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) ST - Risk factors for COVID-19 death in a population cohort study from the Western Cape Province, South Africa T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Risk factors for COVID-19 death in a population cohort study from the Western Cape Province, South Africa UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32860699 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 846 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BackgroundThe interaction between COVID-19, non-communicable diseases, and chronic infectious diseases such as HIV and tuberculosis is unclear, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries in Africa. South Africa has a national HIV prevalence of 19% among people aged 15?49 years and a tuberculosis prevalence of 0·7% in people of all ages. Using a nationally representative hospital surveillance system in South Africa, we aimed to investigate the factors associated with in-hospital mortality among patients with COVID-19. AU - Jassat, Waasila | Cohen, Cheryl | Tempia, Stefano | Masha, Maureen | Goldstein, Susan | Kufa, Tendesayi | Murangandi, Pelagia | Savulescu, Dana | Walaza, Sibongile | Bam, Jamy-Lee | Davies, Mary-Ann | Prozesky, Hans W. | Naude, Jonathan | Mnguni, Ayanda T. | Lawrence, Charlene A. | Mathema, Hlengani T. | Zamparini, Jarrod | Black, John | Mehta, Ruchika | Parker, Arifa | Chikobvu, Perpetual | Dawood, Halima | Muvhango, Ntshengedzeni | Strydom, Riaan | Adelekan, Tsholofelo | Mdlovu, Bhekizizwe | Moodley, Nirvasha | Namavhandu, Eunice L. | Rheeder, Paul | Venturas, Jacqueline | Magula, Nombulelo | Blumberg, Lucille | Abdullah, Shaina | Abrahams, Fiona | Adams, Vincentius | Adnane, Fhima | Adoni, Sonia | Adoons, Dieketso Melitta | Africa, Veronique | Aguinaga, D. | Akach, Susan | Alakram Khelawon, Prisha | Aldrich, George | Alesinloye, Olatunde | Aletta, Mathale Biniki | Alice, Mametja | Aphane, Tebogo | Archary, Moherndran | Arends, Felicity | Arends, Shireen | Aser, Munonde | Asmal, T. | Asvat, Mohammed | Avenant, Theunis | Avhazwivhoni, Muvhali | Azuike, Magnolia | Baartman, Johanna | Babalwa, Dlava | Badenhorst, Johan | Badenhorst, Miranda | Badripersad, Bianca | Badul, Lalihla | Bagananeng, M. | Bahle, Mncedisi | Balfour, Liezl | Balfour, Liezl | Baloyi, T. C. | Baloyi, S. | Baloyi, Tinyiko | Baloyi, Tshepo Mpho | Banda, Thokozani | Barit, Shimon | Bartsch, Nicole | Bayat, Junaid | Bazana, Siyabulela | Beetge, Marlene | Beetge, Marlene | Bekapezulu, Nosindiso | Belebele, Rammala | Bella, Phala | Belot, Zanenkululeko | Bembe, Lindi Gladys | Bensch, Sonja | Beukes, Gishma | Bezuidenhout, Karla | Bhembe, Themba | Bikisha, N. A. | Bilenge, Ben | Bishop, Leesa | Biyela, Baphamandla | Blaauw, Cyntheola | Blaylock, Mark | Bodley, Nicola | Bogale, Power | Bokolo, Sibongile | Bolon, Stefan | Booysen, Mary | Booysen, Eldereze | Boretti, Lia | Borges, Paula | Boshoga, Millicent | Bosman, Natasha | Bosvark, Lucinda | Botes, Nicky | Botha, Adele | Botha, Chantall | Botha, Jana | botha, Chantall | Botha, Mandlakayise Irvin | Botha, Alet | Bradbury, Janet | Breakfast, Zandisile | Breed, Maria | Brenda, Molele | Brice, Moshito | Britz, Jolene | Brown, Amanda | Buchanan, T. | Bucwa, Thozama | Burger, Crystelle | Busakwe, Ziyanda | Bushula, Nosiviwe | Buthelezi, Zinhle | Buthelezi, Dumsile | Buthelezi, Thubelihle | Buthelezi, Mpumelelo Basil | Buthelezi, Fundiswa Lidwina | Bux, Nadia | Buys, Christoff | Buys, Anneline | Caka, Ernestina | Canal, Armando Sanchez | Caroline, Sithole | Casper, Monrick | Cawood, Shannon | Cebisa, Oratile | Cele, Nothando | Cele, Sboniso | Cele, Sthembile Goodness | Chauke, Mkhacani | Chauke, Pinkie | Chelin, Nevil | Chen, Xiaohui | Chetty, Venmalla | Chetty, Kerisse | Cheu, Christinah | Chibabhai, Vindana | Chirima, Takudzwa | ChisaleMabotja, Mantwa | Chivenge, Charity | Choene, Ngoasheng | Choko, Mbali Nosisa | Choshi, Martin | Chowdhury, Sabbir | Christoforou, Anastacia | Chuene, S. L. S. | Chueu, T. S. | Cilliers, Dale | Cilliers, Vanessa | Claassen, Marcel | Cloete, Jeané | Coelho, Chantelle | Coelho, Chantelle | Coetzee, Carol | Coetzee, Hans Jurgens | Coetzee, Christine | Coetzee, Marelize | Coetzer, Dane | Coka, Sizwe | Colane, M. | Combrink, Herkulaas | Conjwa, Songezo | Contrad, Colleen | Cornelissen, Faith | Cronje, Leezelle | Crouse, Christine | Dabi, Tshidi | Dandala, Ziyanda | Dangor, Ziyaad | Daniel, Gildenhuys | Daniel, Ngwana | Daumas, Alfred | Dauth, Madelein | David, Mongalo | Davids, Wayne | Daweti, Nozuko | Dawood, Halima | Dayile, Wandisa | De Bruin, B. | De Klerk, Karin | De la Rosa, Tanya | de Nysschen, Marice | De vos, Marie | De Wet, Darien | Debising, Mohith | Deenadayalu, Darshan | Dekeda, Babalwa | Desiree, Mofokeng | Deysel, Annelise | Dhlamini, Abram | Diala, Makgethwa Dhlala | Diale, Mathapelo | Diketane, Bella | Dingani, Nosisa | Diniso, Siyabonga | Diphatse, Lesego | Diya, Anele | Dladla, Zihloniphile | Dladla, Nompumelelo | Dladla, Mlungisi | Dladla, Patience | Dlamini, Baphilie | Dlamini, Nonhlanhla | Dlamini, Linda | Dlamini, Nonzwakazi | Dlamini, Wendy | Dlamini, Ncomeka | Dlamini, Siyabonga | Dlamini, Nicodemus | Dlamini, Lebohang | Dlamini, Motshedise | Dlava, Babalwa Christine | Dlova, Phikiwe | Dlozi, Lindiwe | Doreen, Maenetja | Doyi, Vumile | Doyi, Athini | Du Plessis, Belinda | du Plessis, Johanna Aletta | du Plessis, Eddie | du Plessis, Nicolette | du Plessis, Karin | du Toit, Briette | du Toit, Narissa | Dube, Jabulile | Dubula, Athayanda | Duduzile, Msomi | Duiker, Sechaba | Duma, Unati Bongile | Duma, Kholiwe | Dunne, Kella | Dyantyi, Kholeka | Dyantyi, Avile | Dyasi, Simphiwe | Dyondzo, Chauke | Dyubhele, Phelisa | Dywili, B. J. | Edwards, Letitia | Eksteen, Madie | Ellis, Tersia | Ellis, Tia | Emmerson, Glenda | Enslin, Theusia | Epule, Odimula | Erasmus, Lana | Erick, Mathonsi | Etsane, Lerato | Eunice, Shimange | Fani, Zanele | Ferreira, Mariette | Finger-Motsepe, K. L. | Floris, Fabion | Fobo, Tseko | Fokotsane, Keresemetse | Fokwana, Duduzile Emmelda | Fords, Genevieve Marion | Fortein, Juanita | Fouche, Christine | Fourie, Rulandi | Frean, Andrew | Fredericks, Ludwig | Funda, Wandile | funjwa, kabelo | Futhane, Martha | Futuse, Amanda | Gabaediwe, Dora | Gabuza, Nonhlanhla | Galant, Janycke | Gama, Zanele | Gano, Thobile | Gardiner, Emma Cora | Gastrow, Henri | Gate, Kelly | Gaunt, Ben | Gavaza, Rikhotso | Gayi, Thapelo | Gcakasi, Nkosinathi | Gcobo, Nomusa | Geffen, Leon | Geldenhuys, S. | George, Jenny | Gerber, Martha | Getyengana, Zolisa | Gigi, Nkululo | Gihwala, Radha | Gilliland, Mitchell | Gloria, Zandile | Glover, Elitia | Gokailemang, Ellen | Goosen, Suseth | Gopane, Maria | Gosa-Lufuta, Thandazile | Gosnell, Bernadett | Gouws, Sharleen | Govender, Christina | Govender, Raksha | Govender, Pearl | Govender, Sally | Govender, Christina | Govender, Roxanne | Govender, K. | Govender, Savie | Govinden, Rashika | Gqabuza, Luphumlo | Gqaji, Nomthandazo | Gqetywa, Maneo | Green, Caroline | Green, Nathan | Green, Neera | Grobler, Hendrik | Groenwald, Pamela | Grootboom, Daniel | Gumede, Beatrice | Gumede, Nomonde | Gumede, Simphiwe | Gumede, Simphiwe | Gumede, Slindile | Gumede, Ntombikayise | Gumede, Zenande | Gxotiwe, Thandiswa | H L, Makhubela | Hadebe, Nonhlanhla | Hadebe, Skhumbuzo | Halkas, Christos | Hamer, Ansie | Hamida, Ebrahim | Hammond, Juan | Haniff, Sumayia | Hare, Annelise | Hattingh, lorinda | Hendricks, Thenjiwe | Henecke, Philip-George | Henly-Smith, Brends | Herselman, Glynis | Heymans, Ansie | Heyns, Chantel | Hlabahlaba, Golekane | Hlabangwane, Lucky | Hlamarisa, Simango | Hlanzi, Ntokozo | Hlela, Hlengiwe | Hlokwe, Katlego | Hlongwa, Thembinkosi | Hlongwana, Anele | Hlubi, Themba | Hobo, Tozama | Hopane, Nare Nathaniel | House, Mariska | Hudson, Catharina | Huysamen, Marinda | Indheren, Jezreen | Ingle, Samantha | Isaacs, Gavin | Isaacs, T. S. Thekiso | Itumeleng, Maringa | J van Rensburg, Karien | Jackson, Saloshni | Jacob, Neziswa | Jacobs, Burton | Jacobs, Tshireletso | Jacobs, Gugulethu | Jaftha, Mesadi | Jaji, Zimkhitha | Jali, Sibusiso | James, Gcobisa | January, Gillian | Jeke, Andiswa | Jeremiah, Laurent | Jeremiah, L. S. | Jhetam, Mubeen | John, Maureen | John, Chuene | Jola, Thandiwe | Jonas, Yolande | Jonas, Anovick | Juggernath, Amilcar | Kaba, Eileen | Kabo, Venetia | Kadi, Disebo | Kaizer, Karabo | Kambule, Moshaya Peter | Kapp, Lorraine | Kau, Tshepo | Keneth, Nchabeleng | Kgabi, O. | Kgafela, Tebogo Audrey | Kgakgadi, Vincent | Kgaswe, Isabella | Kgathlane, Tsholofelo | Kgetha, Vuyelwa Julia | Kgomojoo, Mmaselloane | Kgoro, B. | Kgosiemang, Christinah | Kgosiencho, Gloria | Khambula, Stephen | Khan, Ariffa | Khanare, Refemetswe | Khanyase, Ncamsile | Khanyile, Nokwethemba | Kharatsi, Fillip | Khawula, Simangele | Khohlakala, Themba | Khomo, Letitia | Khoza, Isabel | Khoza, Sinethemba | Khukule, Nombulelo | Khumalo, Busisiwe | Khumalo, Tracy | khumalo, Zinhle | Khumalo, Vuyelwa | Khumalo, Delisile | Khumalo, Lebohang | Khumalo, Boitumelo | Khumalo, Thuli | Khumalo, Gugu | Khuzwayo, Bongiwe | Khuzwayo, Thembhelihle | Kidson, Hennie | Kistan, Jesne | Klaas, Gugu | Klassen, Marilyn | Koeberg, Josehine | Koen, Marizel | Koena, Simphiwe | Kok, Ina | Kola, Imraan | Kolokoto, Karabo | Konar, Ramachandra | Kotsedi, Dr | Kotze, Jaline | Koupis, Martins | Kritzinger, Helen | Kruger, Marlize | Kruger, Henk | Kubayi, Tlangelani | Kubeka, Thabisile | Kubheka, Nonjabulo | Kubheka, Melusi | Kubheka, Sibusiso Clifford | Kubheka, Erol | Kumalo, Monica | Kunene, Thulani | Kunene, Siphilile Candy | Kunneke, Yvette | Kupa, R. P. | Kutama, Rachel | Kwakwazi, Nompumelelo | Kweyama, Lwanele | Labuschagne, Maureen | Labuschagne, Marina | Lakshman, Prabha | Lakshman, Prabha | Lamani, Lungelo | Lamani, Thembela | Langa, Naomi | Langeni, Khangelani | Langeni, Aphelele | Langeni, Nwabisa Hazel | Langeveldt, Gena | Laubscher, Anchen | Le Roux, Laetitia | Leah, Magagane | Lebea, Collen | Lebea, Sello | Lebenya, Viyella Phumla Cynthia | Lebogang, Lorraine | Leboho, P. K. | Lee, Chantel | Lefakane, Kelebogile Rejoice | Legoabe, Zandile | Lekala, Patrick | Lekhoaba, Motsitsi | Lekunutu, Tanki Shadrack | Lerefolo, Galaletsang | Letebele, N. | Lethoba, Tsepo Patric | Letlalo, Emission | Letlhage, Ofentse | Letshufi, D. S. V. | Letsoalo, Dineo Fiona | Letsoalo, Seleka Jones | Letsoalo, Pennelope | Letwaba, Getrude | Linda, Sobekwa | Lipholo, Katleho | Litabe, Sabata | Lochan, Harsha | Lomax, Linda | Lombaard, Francina | Loots, Elmarie | Lourens, Ariana | Lourens, Ariana | Louw, Celeste | Louw, Rianna | Lubambo, Zikhona | Lubambo, Msebenzi Moises | Ludada, Gregory | Lukas, Michael | Lungu, Thembela | Lupindo, Nomvume | Lusenga, Emmah | Luthuli, Happiness | Luvuno, Zoleka Sylvia | M H, Gwangwa | Maarman, Mustafa | Mabaso, Buyisiwe | Mabaso, Cynthia | Mabitle, Morena | Mabogoane, Grace | Mabone, Kgakgamatso | Mabuza, Rueben | Mabuza, Velaphi | Madiseng, Mogantla | Madlala, Thobile | Madolo, Mashooase | Madonsela, Thabiso | Madubanya, Lesetsa | Maepa, Amukelani | Mafumana, Namhla | Mafumo, Caroline | Magadla, Pumeza | Magale, Viscah | Magaqa, Nompumelelo | Magda, Oberholzer | Magdeline, Rakgoale | Maggie, Tswai | Maginxa, Bongeka | Magoba, Cathrine Maite | Magongwa, Caroline | Magubane, Agretia | Magubane, Agretia Ntombizodwa | Magwai, R. | Mahabane, D. I. | Mahabeer, Padmini | Mahadulula, Elsie | Mahanjana, Lungiswa | Maharaj, Amy | Mahlambi, Qedusiza | Mahlangu, Yvonne | Mahlangu, Lerato | Mahlangu, Ntombifikile | Mahlangu, Makhosazana | Mahlangu, Mahlatsi | Mahlasela, Penelope | Mahlatse, Thosago | Mahlobo, Regina | Mahole, Dikhing | Mahomed, Adam | Mahubane, Mapeu Debora | Mahume, Peter | Maifo, Lehlogonolo | Maimane, Vincent | Maimele, Petunia | Maine, Phakoe | Mainongwane, Patricia Senyanyathi | Majamani, Nomalungisa | Majozini, Amahle | Makalima, Noluthando | Makam, Nomfundo | Makamba, Khanyisa | Makan, R. | Makarapa, Mashiane | Makgahlela, Malesela | Makgisa, Mogoiwa David | Makgomo, Makgoba | Makgopa, M. A. | Makhalema, Mabone | Makhanya, Lindokuhle Lizo | Makhanya, Philile Valentia | Makharaedzha, Tolerance | Makhathini, Nathi | Makhesi, Elizabeth | Makhubela, Cinile | Makhunga, Nkululeko Freedom | Makhupula, Nomalinge | Makhura, R. R. | Makola, Rangwato | Makuba, Zingisa | Makubalo, Asanda | Makumsha, Lonwabo | Makuya, George | Malaka, Levy Mmachuene | Malangeni, Themba | Malatji, M. L. | Malebana-Metsing, Pelonomi | Malek, Malek | Malevu, Luthando | Malevu, Luthando | Malgas, Juanita | Malgas, Dimakatso | Malope, Paul Makgasane | Malose, Monyeki | Maluleke, Katekani | Mambane, Kato | Mamorobela, Nthabiseng | Manamela, Kukami | Manana, Tshepo | Maneto, Sathiel | Manganye, Aron Kabelo | Mangena, Pheto | Mangoale, Anna | Mangozho, Tinotenda Florence | Manickchund, Pariva | Mankayi, Zandisile | Manning, Arthur | Manyaapelo, Kelebogile Manyaapelo | Manyane, Tabea | Manzana, Zoliswa | Manzini, Milton | Mapasa-Dube, Busisiwe | Maphumulo, Siboniso | Maphumulo, Ntombifuthi | Maponya, Sindy | Maponya, Khomotso Mumsy | Maponya, Napjadi | Maqubela, Lami | Maqubela, Lizeka | Maqungo, Vuyo | Marais, Marisa | Marais, Chantal | Maramba, Nondumiso | Mare, Annelize | Maredi, Madumetsa | Martins, Afikile | Marule, Johanna | Marumo, Refilwe | Masakona, N. N. | Masehla, Kedibone Vincentia | Maseko, Eric | Maselesele, Tshilidzi | Maselo, Mojalefa | Maseloa, M. | Masemola, M. E. | Masemola, Thembi | Mashaba, Bella | Mashangwane, James | Mashao, Mantebele | Mashego, Shalom | Mashele, Lerato | Mashiane, Ester | Mashibini, Joyce | Mashilo, J. | Mashiloane, Tumi | Mashishi, Charity | Mashiyi, Ngazibini | Mashudu, Khomola | Masindi, Aluwani | Maslo, Caroline | Masondo, Nduduzo | Masuku, Dumisile | Matamela, Cry | Matandela, Mirriam | Mathabela, Nontokozo | Mathabi, T. | Mathe, Keitumetse | Mathebula, Mathabo | Mathebula, Catherine | Mathebula, Mdungazi Andres | Mathenjwa, Nqobizwe | Mathibe, Jane | Mathibela, Lebohang | Mathilda, Makwela | Mathiva, Khakhu | Mathobela, Mokgadi Alinah | Mathonsi, Fikile Pearl | Mathonsi, K. 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M. | Mosana, Thabo | Mosase, Alice | Mose, Yolanda | Mosehlo, Maponya | Moseki, Mothusi | Moshabe, Mojalefa David | Moshai, D. A. | Moshani, Mbulelo | Moshani, Pelisa | Mosima, Ledwaba | Mosima, Ezrom | Mosoma, M. P. | Motaung, Lebohang | Motaung, Mokete | Motaung Xhama, Thozama Charmain | Motha, Purine Khethiwe | Motimele, Lerato | Motimeng, Boitumelo | Motladiile, Shirley | Motlhabane, Otsile | Motlhamme, Joshua | Motloba, Mandla | Motse, Kagiso | Motshegoa, Sophia | Moutlana, Edward | Mouton, Irma | Moya, Zanele | Moyake, Nomonde | M P, Maja | Mpete, Jenny | Mpfuni, Luamba Meltha | Mphahlele, Seputule Mphahlele | Mphake, Mashadi | Mphanya, Ephraim Letlhogonolo | Mphaphuli, Mashudu | Mphela, Tebogo Chwene | Mpontshane, M. S. | Mqotyana, Thabile | Mqungquthu, Babalwa | Msane, Noluthando Busane | Mseleku, Malusi | Msibi, Sibusiso | Msibi, Mancele | Msibi, Thulisile | Msibi, Siyabonga Linda | Msiza, Clement Nhlanhla | Msomi, Lungelo | Mtatambi, Mandlenkosi | Mthathambi, Thembisa | Mthembu, December | Mthembu, Nhlahla | Mthembu, Fezile Mbali | Mthembu, Lungiswa | Mthethwa, Nompumelelo Petunia | Mthimkhulu, Khulekani | Mthuli, Lungani Percival | Mthunzi, Ashley | Mtolo, Xolani Sydney | Mtolo, Nomonde Precious | Mtshali, Linda | Mtwa, Neliswa | Mtyobile, Fezeka | Mtyobile, Kanyisa | Mudau, Mpfariseni | Muemeleli, Magwabeni | Mulaudzi, Isaac | Mulaudzi, Rebecca | Mulaudzi, Mhlelekedzeni | Muligwe, Dakalo Rejoyce | Muponda, Blessing | Mushadi, Mmbangiseni Stella | Mushid, M. | Muthaphuli, Konanani | Muthavhine, J. | Muthika, Mpho | Mvelase, Samkelisiwe | Mvelase, Vusi | Mwehu, Laurent Kayumba | Myaka, Thabile | myburgh, Magriet | Mzamo, Zimkhitha | Mzawuziwa, Fezeka | Mzini, Mfundo Lunga | Mzizana, Oscar | Mzobe, Ntokozo | Mzobe, Thokozile | Mzobe, Zamaswazi | Mzwandile, Mtimkulu | Naby, Fathima | Naicker, Keshnee | Naicker, Pregashnie | Naicker, Saroja | Naicker, Pershen | Naicker, Saiyen Virgil | Naidoo, Ria | Naidoo, Sam | Naidoo, Mergan | Naidoo, Kamalambal | Naidoo, Aroomugam | Naku, Sivuyile | Nakwa, Firdose | Nancy, Masoga | Nathan, Rita | Naude, Maritsa | Ncaza, Gcobisa | Ncaza, Aviwe | Ncha, Relebohile | Ncoyini, Yanelisa | Ncube, Snothile | Ndaba, Mrs | Ndaba, Vusumuzi | Ndaba, Mmapula | Ndawonde, Siziwe | Ndevu, Ziphozihle | Ndhlovu, Nonhlanhla Faith | Ndima, Simphiwe | Ndlela, Sindisiwe | Ndlela, Thobsile P. | Ndlovu, Nobuhle | Ndlovu, Nwabisa | Ndlovu, Virginia Dipuo | Ndlumbini, Sombekhaya | Nduli, Khululiwe | Nduli, Priscilla Nontokozo | Ndwambi, Michael | Nel, Jeremy | Nel, Rina | Nel, Lizelle | Nemanashi, Ntsundeni florah | Nemudivhiso, Usinkhangwe Nyaphophi | Nemutavhanani, Joyce Nemutavhanani | Nene, Jabu | Nene, Xolani | Netshilonga, David | Netsianda, Rendani | Newton, Charmaine | Ngalo, Vuyo Leroy | Ngani, Ncumisa | Ngcakaza, Thabisa Monica | Ngcobo, Thamela | Ngcobo, Trulove Nonhlanhla | Ngcobo, Richards | Ngcobo, Gcinile | Ngcobo, Guguletu | Ngetu, Thozama | Ngewu, Pinkie | Ngobeni, Tshepo | Ngobeni, Providence | Ngobeni, Khanyisile | Ngobeni, Prudence | Ngobese, Thembisile | Ngomane, Tracy | Ngondo, Nolusindiso | Ngubane, Nokukhanya | Ngubane, Sithembiso | Nguse, Ntombizodwa Praxedise | Ngwane, Tholakele | Ngwasheng, Elizabeth | Ngwenya, Siphamandla | Ngwenya, Gugu | Ngwenya, Nomthandazo | Ngwenya, Themba | Ngwenya, Eva | Ngxola, Zintlanu | Nhabe, Tshegofatso | Nhlabathi, Jabulile | Nhlangwana, Ishmael | Nhlapo, Sithembile | Nick, Matlala | Niemand, Vicky | Nienaber, Carina | Nix, Louise | Njikelana, Chumisa | Njomi, Masiza | Nkabinde, Lucia | Nkabinde, M. | Nkabiti, Boitumelo | Nkabule, Gugu | Nkadimeng, Mankopodi | Nkanjeni, Nonkanyiso | Nkatlo, Palesa Portia | Nkewana, Bongani | Nkhwashu, Audrey | Nkoana, Ngokoana | Nkoane, Mmathapelo | Nkogatse, M. | Nkomo, Fezile | Nkomo, Ntando | Nkonyane, Nontobeko | Nkosi, Sydney | Nkosi, Ntombikayise | Nkosi, Phumzile | Nkosi, Ntombifuthi | Nkosi, Tintswalo | Nkosi, M. 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E. | Tawana, Mrs | Tebello, Ntene | Tembe, Siphosetu Wiseman | Terblanche, Samantha | Thabede, Ntombifuthi | Thabelo, Nkhumeleni | Thabethe, Sibusiso | Thabo George, Lekhanya | Thare, Keorapetse | Thebogo, Makofane | Thekiso, Lerato | Theko, Lloyd | Themba, Celimphilo Zandi | Theron, Danie | Theron, Henda | Theron, Ilze | Thingathinga, Thandiwe | Thlabadira, M. M. | Thoka, Dikeledi | Thokwana, Zanele | Thom, Gustav | Thubakgale, Mamphot Joel | Thwala, Theodora | Thys, P. | Tieho, Monethi | Timothy, Matodzi | Tintswalo, Ndlovu | Tivana, Babalwa | Tladi, Molefi | Tokota, Bongiwe | Toni, Simthandile | Torres, Ariel | Toubkin, Mande | Tsatsi, Marinda | Tshabalala, Khanyisile | Tshamase, Nozibele | Tshefu, Gontse | Tshegofatjo, Makgoga | Tshikomba, Given | Tshilo, Thapelo | Tshira, Lerato | Tshirado, S. T. | Tshisikule, Maipfi | Tsoke, G. | Tsoke, N. | Tsoko, Alatha | Tsotetsi, Mosele | Tsubella, Sandeva | Tuswa, Noxolo | Tutse, Maipato | Tutu, Nomayenzeke | Twala, Sphephelo | Twala, Nhlanhla | Twala, Simphiwe | Ubisi, John | Unathi, Tefo | Van Aswegen, A. | van der Merwe, Marietjie | van der Merwe, Trudie | van der Plank, Patience | van der Spuy, Elmarie | Van Der Westhuizen, Linda | Van Der Westhuizen, Adele | van der Westhuizen, Talana | van der Westhuyzen, Mene | Van Dyk, Thea | van Heerden, Ingrid | van Jaarsveld, Ryno | van Jaarsveld, Ryno | Van Lill, M. | van Niekerk, Heidi | van Niekerk, Ben | van Rensburg, Amanda | van Schallwyk, Judy | Van Sensie, Zeitschke Yarnrich | van Vuuren, Magda | van Vuuren, Cloete | Vandu, Olga Funiswa | Vane, Mandisa | VanZyl, Lucia | Variava, Ebrahim | Veerus, Mariam | Velapi, Nokhwezi | Veleko, Sebina | Velezantsi, Z. | Venter, Retha | Vergottini, Corlia | Vergottini, Corlia | Vermeulen, Inga | Vidah, Liabara Lufuluvhi | Vilakazi, Bongani | Vilakazi, Treasure N. | Vilakazi, Mbalenhle Precious | Viljoen, Karen | Viljoen, Werner | Viljoen, Karen | Volschenk, Zuretha | Vos, Angelo | V V, Matlala | Walters, Jacques | Webb, Kate | Welsh, John | Wessels, D. | Wheller, Judy | White, Fundile | White, Priscilla | Whyte, Carmen | Willemse, Ansie | William, Sape | Williams, Daniel | Williams, Kamielah | Williams, Mercia | Williamson, Anne | Wilson, Cherade | Wolff, Boipelo | Wray, Michelle | Xaba, Ntombizonke B. | Xaba, Thabang Jabulani | Xiniwe, Thanks | Xoliswa, Mtshali | Xulu, Funokwakhe | Xulu, Gibson | Yam, Sandlakazi | Zakhura, N. M. | Zareloa, Mashela | Zinto, Sive | Zinziswa, Dyibeni | Ziselo, Lulamile | Zitha, Zakhele | Zitha, Emmanuel | Zokufa, Anele | Zondi, Innocent | Zondi, Sikhumbuzo Bernard | Zondi, Sbuyi | Zondi, Thulani | Zongola, Wandiswa | Zühlke, Liesl | Zulu, Zandile | Zulu, Lungelo | Zulu, Thandeka | Zulu, Slindili | Zulu, Nkosinathi | Zuma, Angel | Zungu, Precious | Zungu, Pamela | Zungu, Melusi | Zungu, Priscilla | Zwakala, Bongo Lihle | Zwane, Antonia | Zwane, Promise | Zwane, Muziwendoda | Zwane, Hlengiwe Priscila | Zwane, Nomgcobo C1 - 2021-08-13 C2 - Natural History, Reinfection, and Health Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08132021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1016/S2352-3018(21)00151-X IS - 9 L1 - internal-pdf://2963707095/1-s2.0-S235230182100151X-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 219,265 people hospitalized for COVID-19 in South Africa from March 2020–March 2021, 23.3% died. Risk factors for in-hospital death included HIV (aOR 1.34, 95% CI 1.27-1.43), past tuberculosis (aOR 1.26, 95% CI 1.15-1.38) current tuberculosis (aOR 1.42, 95% CI 1.22-1.64), or other known risk factors for COVID-19. People with HIV not on antiretroviral therapy (ART) (aOR 1.45, 95% CI 1.22-1.72) were more likely to die in hospital than people with HIV on ART. SE - e554 SN - 2352-3018 SP - e554-e567 ST - Risk factors for COVID-19-related in-hospital mortality in a high HIV and tuberculosis prevalence setting in South Africa: a cohort study T2 - Lancet HIV TI - Risk factors for COVID-19-related in-hospital mortality in a high HIV and tuberculosis prevalence setting in South Africa: a cohort study UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(21)00151-X VL - 8 Y2 - 2021/08/16 ID - 2224 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Diabetes has been associated with increased COVID-19-related mortality, but the association between modifiable risk factors, including hyperglycaemia and obesity, and COVID-19-related mortality among people with diabetes is unclear. We assessed associations between risk factors and COVID-19-related mortality in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. METHODS: We did a population-based cohort study of people with diagnosed diabetes who were registered with a general practice in England. National population data on people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes collated by the National Diabetes Audit were linked to mortality records collated by the Office for National Statistics from Jan 2, 2017, to May 11, 2020. We identified the weekly number of deaths in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes during the first 19 weeks of 2020 and calculated the percentage change from the mean number of deaths for the corresponding weeks in 2017, 2018, and 2019. The associations between risk factors (including sex, age, ethnicity, socioeconomic deprivation, HbA1c, renal impairment [from estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)], BMI, tobacco smoking status, and cardiovascular comorbidities) and COVID-19-related mortality (defined as International Classification of Diseases, version 10, code U07.1 or U07.2 as a primary or secondary cause of death) between Feb 16 and May 11, 2020, were investigated by use of Cox proportional hazards models. FINDINGS: Weekly death registrations in the first 19 weeks of 2020 exceeded the corresponding 3-year weekly averages for 2017-19 by 672 (50.9%) in people with type 1 diabetes and 16 071 (64.3%) in people with type 2 diabetes. Between Feb 16 and May 11, 2020, among 264 390 people with type 1 diabetes and 2 874 020 people with type 2 diabetes, 1604 people with type 1 diabetes and 36 291 people with type 2 diabetes died from all causes. Of these total deaths, 464 in people with type 1 diabetes and 10 525 in people with type 2 diabetes were defined as COVID-19 related, of which 289 (62.3%) and 5833 (55.4%), respectively, occurred in people with a history of cardiovascular disease or with renal impairment (eGFR <60 mL/min per 1.73 m(2)). Male sex, older age, renal impairment, non-white ethnicity, socioeconomic deprivation, and previous stroke and heart failure were associated with increased COVID-19-related mortality in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Compared with people with an HbA1c of 48-53 mmol/mol (6.5-7.0%), people with an HbA1c of 86 mmol/mol (10.0%) or higher had increased COVID-19-related mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 2.23 [95% CI 1.50-3.30, p<0.0001] in type 1 diabetes and 1.61 [1.47-1.77, p<0.0001] in type 2 diabetes). In addition, in people with type 2 diabetes, COVID-19-related mortality was significantly higher in those with an HbA1c of 59 mmol/mol (7.6%) or higher than in those with an HbA1c of 48-53 mmol/mol (HR 1.22 [95% CI 1.15-1.30, p<0.0001] for 59-74 mmol/mol [7.6-8.9%] and 1.36 [1.24-1.50, p<0.0001] for 75-85 mmol/mol [9.0-9.9%]). The association between BMI and COVID-19-related mortality was U-shaped: in type 1 diabetes, compared with a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m(2), a BMI of less than 20.0 kg/m(2) had an HR of 2.45 (95% CI 1.60-3.75, p<0.0001) and a BMI of 40.0 kg/m(2) or higher had an HR of 2.33 (1.53-3.56, p<0.0001); the corresponding HRs for type 2 diabetes were 2.33 (2.11-2.56, p<0.0001) and 1.60 (1.47-1.75, p<0.0001). INTERPRETATION: Deaths in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes rose sharply during the initial COVID-19 pandemic in England. Increased COVID-19-related mortality was associated not only with cardiovascular and renal complications of diabetes but, independently, also with glycaemic control and BMI. FUNDING: None. AD - NHS England and NHS Improvement, London, UK; NHS Digital, Leeds, UK; Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. | NHS Digital, Leeds, UK. | NHS England and NHS Improvement, London, UK; Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK. | NHS England and NHS Improvement, London, UK. | Public Health England, York, UK. | Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK. | MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK. | Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. | Diabetes UK, London, UK. | NHS England and NHS Improvement, London, UK; Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK; Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK. Electronic address: jonathan.valabhji@nhs.net. AN - 32798471 AU - Holman, N. | Knighton, P. | Kar, P. | O'Keefe, J. | Curley, M. | Weaver, A. | Barron, E. | Bakhai, C. | Khunti, K. | Wareham, N. J. | Sattar, N. | Young, B. | Valabhji, J. C1 - 2020-09-25 C2 - Diabetes-related COVID-19 Mortality CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/092520_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30271-0 ET - 2020/08/18 IS - 10 KW - Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Cohort Studies | Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/*mortality | Databases, Factual/trends | Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/diagnosis/*mortality | Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnosis/*mortality | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Mortality/trends | National Health Programs/trends | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis/*mortality | *Population Surveillance/methods | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://1876151610/Holman-2020-Risk factors for COVID-19-related.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Holman, Naomi; Knighton, Peter; Kar, Partha; O'Keefe, Jackie; Curley, Matt; Weaver, Andy; Barron, Emma; Bakhai, Chirag; Khunti, Kamlesh; Wareham, Nicholas J; Sattar, Naveed; Young, Bob; Valabhji, Jonathan; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020 Oct;8(10):823-833. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30271-0. Epub 2020 Aug 13. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; During early 2020, the number of deaths among persons with type 1 and type 2 diabetes increased by 50.9% and 64.3% respectively, compared with the mean number of deaths during the previous three years for that period (Figure 1). | There were 464 (69%) additional deaths in persons with type 1 diabetes and 10,525 (65.5%) additional deaths in persons with type 2 diabetes listed as COVID-19-related. | Factors identified that increased risk for mortality included BMI, renal function, and blood sugar control. | Methods: Population-based cohort study and survival analysis among people with diabetes registered in 6,774 general practices, from January 2, 2017, to May 11, 2020. The weekly number of deaths among persons with diabetes was calculated for the first 19 weeks of 2020 and compared to the same time period in 2017, 2018, and 2019. During the 2020 study period, potential risk factors for COVID-19-related deaths were examined. Limitations: Possible under-recognition of COVID-19-related mortality; cohort in this study may be part of Barron et al. studyexternal icon, summarized above. | Implications for 2 studies (Barron et al. & Holman et al.): During the COVID-19 pandemic, diabetes has been associated with increased risk for death with mortality largely attributable to COVID-19. However, rates of non-COVID-19 mortality for diabetics have also increased, possibly due to avoidance of care, other demographic and social factors in diabetic patients or under-recognition of contribution of COVID-19 as a cause of death. As discussed in COVID-19 and diabetes: a co-conspiracyexternal icon, poor blood sugar control impairs host immunity and has been associated with infections in general and worse outcomes with COVID-19. Supporting people with diabetes in effective self-management during the pandemic is an important measure to aid in mitigating the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection. SN - 2213-8595 (Electronic); 2213-8587 (Linking) SP - 823-833 ST - Risk factors for COVID-19-related mortality in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in England: a population-based cohort study T2 - Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol TI - Risk factors for COVID-19-related mortality in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in England: a population-based cohort study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32798471 VL - 8 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 951 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Identifying independent risk factors for adverse outcomes in patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can support prognostication, resource utilization, and treatment. Objective: To identify excess risk and risk factors associated with hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, and mortality in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Design, Setting, and Participants: This longitudinal cohort study included 88747 patients tested for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid by polymerase chain reaction between Feburary 28 and May 14, 2020, and followed up through June 22, 2020, in the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national health care system, including 10131 patients (11.4%) who tested positive. Exposures: Sociodemographic characteristics, comorbid conditions, symptoms, and laboratory test results. Main Outcomes and Measures: Risk of hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, and death were estimated in time-to-event analyses using Cox proportional hazards models. Results: The 10131 veterans with SARS-CoV-2 were predominantly male (9221 [91.0%]), with diverse race/ethnicity (5022 [49.6%] White, 4215 [41.6%] Black, and 944 [9.3%] Hispanic) and a mean (SD) age of 63.6 (16.2) years. Compared with patients who tested negative for SARS-CoV-2, those who tested positive had higher rates of 30-day hospitalization (30.4% vs 29.3%; adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.13; 95% CI, 1.08-1.13), mechanical ventilation (6.7% vs 1.7%; aHR, 4.15; 95% CI, 3.74-4.61), and death (10.8% vs 2.4%; aHR, 4.44; 95% CI, 4.07-4.83). Among patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, characteristics significantly associated with mortality included older age (eg, >/=80 years vs <50 years: aHR, 60.80; 95% CI, 29.67-124.61), high regional COVID-19 disease burden (eg, >/=700 vs <130 deaths per 1 million residents: aHR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.02-1.45), higher Charlson comorbidity index score (eg, >/=5 vs 0: aHR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.54-2.42), fever (aHR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.32-1.72), dyspnea (aHR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.53-2.07), and abnormalities in the certain blood tests, which exhibited dose-response associations with mortality, including aspartate aminotransferase (>89 U/L vs 3.80 mg/dL vs 0.98 mg/dL: aHR, 3.79; 95% CI, 2.62-5.48), and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (>12.70 vs /=35 vs 18.5-24.9: aHR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.77-1.21), Black race (aHR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.88-1.21), Hispanic ethnicity (aHR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.79-1.35), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aHR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.88-1.19), hypertension (aHR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.81-1.12), and smoking (eg, current vs never: aHR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.67-1.13). Most deaths in this cohort occurred in patients with age of 50 years or older (63.4%), male sex (12.3%), and Charlson Comorbidity Index score of at least 1 (11.1%). Conclusions and Relevance: In this national cohort of VA patients, most SARS-CoV-2 deaths were associated with older age, male sex, and comorbidity burden. Many factors previously reported to be associated with mortality in smaller studies were not confirmed, such as obesity, Black race, Hispanic ethnicity, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertension, and smoking. AD - Division of Gastroenterology, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System and University of Washington, Seattle. | Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington. | Division of Nephrology, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System and University of Washington, Seattle. | Division of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System and University of Washington, Seattle. | Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System and University of Washington, Seattle. AN - 32965502 AU - Ioannou, G. N. | Locke, E. | Green, P. | Berry, K. | O'Hare, A. M. | Shah, J. A. | Crothers, K. | Eastment, M. C. | Dominitz, J. A. | Fan, V. S. C1 - 2020-10-02 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100220_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.22310 ET - 2020/09/24 IS - 9 KW - Aged | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Cause of Death | Cohort Studies | Comorbidity | Coronavirus | *Coronavirus Infections/blood/mortality/therapy/virology | Dyspnea/etiology/therapy | Female | Fever/etiology | *Hospitalization | Humans | Longitudinal Studies | Male | Middle Aged | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral/blood/mortality/therapy/virology | Proportional Hazards Models | *Respiration, Artificial | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome | Severity of Illness Index | United States | United States Department of Veterans Affairs | *Veterans L1 - internal-pdf://3389888333/Ioannou-2020-Risk Factors for Hospitalization.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Ioannou, George N; Locke, Emily; Green, Pamela; Berry, Kristin; O'Hare, Ann M; Shah, Javeed A; Crothers, Kristina; Eastment, McKenna C; Dominitz, Jason A; Fan, Vincent S; eng; R01 AI136921/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. | JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Sep 1;3(9):e2022310. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.22310. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Those who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 had higher rates of 30-day hospitalization (30.4% vs 29.3%; adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 1.13, 95% CI 1.08 �?1.17), mechanical ventilation (6.7% vs 1.7%; aHR 4.15, 95% CI 3.74 �?4.61), and death (10.8% vs 2.4%; aHR 4.44; 95% CI 4.07 �?4.83) compared with patients who tested negative. | Among patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, mortality was associated with older age, high regional COVID-19 disease burden, higher Charlson comorbidity index score (CCI, a score that quantifies burden of disease and mortality risk), fever, and dyspnea (Table). | Most deaths (63.4%) were attributed to older age groups relative to the reference group (18 �?49 years). | Male sex contributed 12.3% (95% CI 5.8% �?19.1%), comorbidity burden contributed 6.5% (95% CI 6.3% �?6.6%) for CCI score of 5 or greater (Figure). | Notable characteristics not significantly associated with mortality included obesity, Black race, Hispanic ethnicity, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertension, and smoking. | Methods: National cohort study of 88,747 veterans tested for SARS-CoV-2; 10,131 tested positive by RT-PCR from NP swabs between February 28 �?May 14, 2020 and followed up through June 22, 2020. Outcomes were captured by ICD-10 codes in electronic health records. Limitations: ICD-10 codes might over- or underestimate outcomes; data describes primarily male veterans (91% male). | Implications: This national study of US veterans found that most deaths from SARS-CoV-2 occurred in older men who had comorbidities; deaths were not associated with obesity, hypertension, COPD, smoking, and race/ethnicity. This information is useful to identify veterans at risk for adverse outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e2022310 ST - Risk Factors for Hospitalization, Mechanical Ventilation, or Death Among 10131 US Veterans With SARS-CoV-2 Infection T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Risk Factors for Hospitalization, Mechanical Ventilation, or Death Among 10131 US Veterans With SARS-CoV-2 Infection UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32965502 VL - 3 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 979 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background The long-term sequelae of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) in children remain poorly characterised. This study aimed to assess long-term outcomes in children previously hospitalised with Covid-19 and associated risk factors.Methods This is a prospective cohort study of children (�?8 years old) admitted with confirmed Covid-19 to Z.A. Bashlyaeva Children’s Municipal Clinical Hospital in Moscow, Russia. Children admitted to the hospital during the first wave of the pandemic, between April 2, 2020 and August 26, 2020, were included. Telephone interview using the International Severe Acute Respiratory and emerging Infection Consortium (ISARIC) Covid-19 Health and Wellbeing paediatric follow up survey. Persistent symptoms (>5 months) were further categorised by system(s) involved.Findings Overall, 518 of 853 (61%) of eligible children were available for the follow-up assessment and included in the study. Median age was 10.4 years (IQR, 3�?5.2) and 270 (52.1%) were girls; median follow-up since hospital discharge was 256 (223-271) days. At the time of the follow-up interview 126 (24.3%) participants reported persistent symptoms among which fatigue (53, 10.7%), sleep disturbance (36, 6.9%,) and sensory problems (29, 5.6%) were the most common. Multiple symptoms were experienced by 44 (8.4%) participants. Risk factors for persistent symptoms were: age �?-11 years�?(odds ratio 2.74 (95% confidence interval 1.37 to 5.75) and �?2-18 years�?(2.68, 1.41 to 5.4), and a history of allergic diseases (1.67, 1.04 to 2.67).Interpretation A quarter of children experienced persistent symptoms months after hospitalization with acute covid-19 infection, with almost one in ten experiencing multi-system involvement. Older age and allergic diseases were associated with higher risk of persistent symptoms at follow-up. Our findings highlight the need for replication and further investigation of potential mechanisms as well as clinical support to improve long term outcomes in children.Funding None.Research in contextEvidence before this studyEvidence before this study Evidence suggests that Covid-19 may result in short- and long-term consequences to health. Studies in children and adolescents are limited and available evidence is scarce. We searched Embase for publications from inception to April, 25, 2021, using the following phrases or combinations of phrases “post-covid condition�?or “post-covid syndrome�?or “covid sequalae�?or “post-acute covid�?or “long covid�?or “long hauler�?with “pediatric*�?or “paediatric*�?or “child*�?or “infant*�?or “newborn*�?or “toddler*�?or “neonate*�?or “neonatal�?or “adolescent*�?or “teen*�? We found small case series and small cohort studies looking at Covid-19 consequences in children. No large cohort studies of previously hospitalised children, assessing symptom duration, categorisation or attempting multivariable analyses to identify independent risk factors for long Covid development were identified.Added value of this studyAdded value of this study To our knowledge, this is the largest cohort study with the longest follow-up since hospital discharge of previously hospitalised children. We found that even months after discharge from the hospital, approximately a quarter of children experience persistent symptoms with one in ten having multi-system involvement. Older age and allergic diseases are associated with Covid-19 consequences. Parents of some children report emotional and behavioural changes in their children after Covid-19.Implications of all the available evidenceImplications of all the available evidence Our findings highlight the need for continued global research of Covid-19 consequences in the paediatric population. Older children admitted to the hospital should be carefully monitored upon discharge. Large, controlled studies aiming to identify risk groups and potential intervention strategies are required to fill knowledge gaps.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest Funding StatementThis study did not have external funding.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:This study was approved by the Moscow City Independent Ethics Committee (abbreviate 1, protocol number 74).All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThe data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, DM, upon reasonable request. AU - Osmanov, Ismail M. | Spiridonova, Ekaterina | Bobkova, Polina | Gamirova, Aysylu | Shikhaleva, Anastasia | Andreeva, Margarita | Blyuss, Oleg | El-Taravi, Yasmin | DunnGalvin, Audrey | Comberiati, Pasquale | Peroni, Diego G. | Apfelbacher, Christian | Genuneit, Jon | Mazankova, Lyudmila | Miroshina, Alexandra | Chistyakova, Evgeniya | Samitova, Elmira | Borzakova, Svetlana | Bondarenko, Elena | Korsunskiy, Anatoliy A. | Konova, Irina | Hanson, Sarah Wulf | Carson, Gail | Sigfrid, Louise | Scott, Janet T. | Greenhawt, Matthew | Whittaker, Elizabeth A. | Garralda, Elena | Swann, Olivia | Buonsenso, Danilo | Nicholls, Dasha E. | Simpson, Frances | Jones, Christina | Semple, Malcolm G. | Warner, John O. | Vos, Theo | Olliaro, Piero | Munblit, Daniel C1 - 2021-05-07 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05072021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.04.26.21256110 L1 - internal-pdf://2799721829/Osmanov-2021-Risk factors for long covid in pr.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Of 518 hospitalized children �?8 years of age in Russia, 24.3% reported persistent symptoms such as fatigue, sleep disturbance and sensory problems 6�? months after hospitalization with COVID-19; persistent symptoms were associated with age >5 years. SP - 2021.04.26.21256110 ST - Risk factors for long covid in previously hospitalised children using the ISARIC Global follow-up protocol: A prospective cohort study T2 - medRxiv TI - Risk factors for long covid in previously hospitalised children using the ISARIC Global follow-up protocol: A prospective cohort study TT - Published article: Risk factors for long covid in previously hospitalised children using the ISARIC Global follow-up protocol: A prospective cohort study UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/04/26/2021.04.26.21256110.full.pdf ID - 1730 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: People experiencing homelessness are at increased risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but little is known about specific risk factors for infection within homeless shelters. Methods: We performed widespread severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) polymerase chain reaction testing and collected risk factor information at all homeless shelters in Chicago with at least 1 reported case of COVID-19 (n = 21). Multivariable, mixed-effects log-binomial models were built to estimate adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) for SARS-CoV-2 infection for both individual- and facility-level risk factors. Results: During March 1 to May 1, 2020, 1717 shelter residents and staff were tested for SARS-CoV-2; 472 (27%) persons tested positive. Prevalence of infection was higher for residents (431 of 1435, 30%) than for staff (41 of 282, 15%) (prevalence ratio = 2.52; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.78-3.58). The majority of residents with SARS-CoV-2 infection (293 of 406 with available information about symptoms, 72%) reported no symptoms at the time of specimen collection or within the following 2 weeks. Among residents, sharing a room with a large number of people was associated with increased likelihood of infection (aPR for sharing with >20 people compared with single rooms = 1.76; 95% CI, 1.11-2.80), and current smoking was associated with reduced likelihood of infection (aPR = 0.71; 95% CI, 0.60-0.85). At the facility level, a higher proportion of residents leaving and returning each day was associated with increased prevalence (aPR = 1.08; 95% CI, 1.01-1.16), whereas an increase in the number of private bathrooms was associated with reduced prevalence (aPR for 1 additional private bathroom per 100 people = 0.92; 95% CI, 0.87-0.98). Conclusions: We identified a high prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infections in homeless shelters. Reducing the number of residents sharing dormitories might reduce the likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 infection. When community transmission is high, limiting movement of persons experiencing homelessness into and out of shelters might also be beneficial. AD - Chicago Department of Public Health, Chicago, Illinois, USA. | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. | Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA. | University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA. | Lawndale Christian Health Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA. | University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA. | Heartland Alliance Health, Chicago, Illinois, USA. | PCC Wellness, Chicago, Illinois, USA. | Illinois Department of Public Health, Springfield, Illinois, USA. | Chicago Department of Family & Support Services, Chicago, Illinois, USA. AN - 33263069 AU - Ghinai, I. | Davis, E. S. | Mayer, S. | Toews, K. A. | Huggett, T. D. | Snow-Hill, N. | Perez, O. | Hayden, M. K. | Tehrani, S. | Landi, A. J. | Crane, S. | Bell, E. | Hermes, J. M. | Desai, K. | Godbee, M. | Jhaveri, N. | Borah, B. | Cable, T. | Sami, S. | Nozicka, L. | Chang, Y. S. | Jagadish, A. | Chee, M. | Thigpen, B. | Llerena, C. | Tran, M. | Surabhi, D. M. | Smith, E. D. | Remus, R. G. | Staszcuk, R. | Figueroa, E. | Leo, P. | Detmer, W. M. | Lyon, E. | Carreon, S. | Hoferka, S. | Ritger, K. A. | Jasmin, W. | Nagireddy, P. | Seo, J. Y. | Fricchione, M. J. | Kerins, J. L. | Black, S. R. | Butler, L. M. | Howard, K. | McCauley, M. | Fraley, T. | Arwady, M. A. | Gretsch, S. | Cunningham, M. | Pacilli, M. | Ruestow, P. S. | Mosites, E. | Avery, E. | Longcoy, J. | Lynch, E. B. | Layden, J. E. C1 - 2020-10-27 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102720_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1093/ofid/ofaa477 ET - 2020/12/03 IS - 11 KW - Covid-19 | SARS-CoV-2 | congregate settings | homeless | transmission L1 - internal-pdf://0373198810/Ghinai-2020-Risk Factors for Severe Acute Resp.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Ghinai, Isaac; Davis, Elizabeth S; Mayer, Stockton; Toews, Karrie-Ann; Huggett, Thomas D; Snow-Hill, Nyssa; Perez, Omar; Hayden, Mary K; Tehrani, Seena; Landi, A Justine; Crane, Stephanie; Bell, Elizabeth; Hermes, Joy-Marie; Desai, Kush; Godbee, Michelle; Jhaveri, Naman; Borah, Brian; Cable, Tracy; Sami, Sofia; Nozicka, Laura; Chang, Yi-Shin; Jagadish, Aditi; Chee, Mark; Thigpen, Brynna; Llerena, Christopher; Tran, Minh; Surabhi, Divya Meher; Smith, Emilia D; Remus, Rosemary G; Staszcuk, Roweine; Figueroa, Evelyn; Leo, Paul; Detmer, Wayne M; Lyon, Evan; Carreon, Sarah; Hoferka, Stacey; Ritger, Kathleen A; Jasmin, Wilnise; Nagireddy, Prathima; Seo, Jennifer Y; Fricchione, Marielle J; Kerins, Janna L; Black, Stephanie R; Butler, Lisa Morrison; Howard, Kimberly; McCauley, Maura; Fraley, Todd; Arwady, M Allison; Gretsch, Stephanie; Cunningham, Megan; Pacilli, Massimo; Ruestow, Peter S; Mosites, Emily; Avery, Elizabeth; Longcoy, Joshua; Lynch, Elizabeth B; Layden, Jennifer E; eng; Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020 Oct 12;7(11):ofaa477. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa477. eCollection 2020 Nov. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 27% of homeless shelter residents and staff tested RT-PCR positive for SARS-CoV-2. | Prevalence was higher for residents (30%, n = 431) than for staff (15%, n = 41). | 72% of residents reported no symptoms at testing or within two weeks of testing. | 13% of residents were hospitalized and 4% admitted to the ICU. | Prevalence among residents was associated with: | Sharing a room with >20 people compared to having a single room (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] = 2.25, 95% CI 1.87-3.58). | A 1% increase in proportion of residents leaving shelter and returning each day (aPR = 1.08, 95% CI 1.01-1.16). | Private bathrooms in the shelter were associated with reduced prevalence (aPR for 1 additional private bathroom per 100 people = 0.92, 95% CI 0.87-0.98). | Methods: SARS-CoV-2 point prevalence surveys were conducted at all Chicago homeless shelters with a reported case of COVID-19 in either a resident or staff member, from March 1 to May 1, 2020. Cases were confirmed by RT-PCR. Adjusted prevalence ratios for individual and facility-level risk factors were estimated. Limitations: Most data describing tested persons were self-reported; only ongoing infections were detected by PCR assays. | Implications: Modifying housing arrangements and limiting daily movement of residents in and out of shelters may reduce shelter associated SARS-CoV-2 infections. SN - 2328-8957 (Print); 2328-8957 (Linking) SP - ofaa477 ST - Risk Factors for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection in Homeless Shelters in Chicago, Illinois-March-May, 2020 T2 - Open Forum Infect Dis TI - Risk Factors for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection in Homeless Shelters in Chicago, Illinois-March-May, 2020 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33263069 VL - 7 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1138 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance Children are less likely than adults to have severe outcomes from SARS-CoV-2 infection and the corresponding risk factors are not well established.Objective To identify risk factors for severe disease in symptomatic children hospitalized for PCR-positive SARS-CoV-2 infection.Design Cohort study, enrollment from February 1, 2020 until May 31, 2021Setting 15 children’s hospitals in Canada, Iran, and Costa RicaParticipants Patients <18 years of age hospitalized with symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, including PCR-positive multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C)Exposures Variables assessed for their association with disease severity included patient demographics, presence of comorbidities, clinical manifestations, laboratory parameters and chest imaging findings.Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was severe disease defined as a WHO COVID-19 clinical progression scale of �?, i.e., requirement of non-invasive ventilation, high flow nasal cannula, mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, or death. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate factors associated with severe disease.Results We identified 403 hospitalizations. Median age was 3.78 years (IQR 0.53-10.77). At least one comorbidity was present in 46.4% (187/403) and multiple comorbidities in 18.6% (75/403). Severe disease occurred in 33.8% (102/403). In multivariable analyses, presence of multiple comorbidities (adjusted odds ratio 2.24, 95% confidence interval 1.04-4.81), obesity (2.87, 1.19-6.93), neurological disorder (3.22, 1.37-7.56), anemia, and/or hemoglobinopathy (5.88, 1.30-26.46), shortness of breath (4.37, 2.08-9.16), bacterial and/or viral coinfections (2.26, 1.08-4.73), chest imaging compatible with COVID-19 (2.99, 1.51-5.92), neutrophilia (2.60, 1.35-5.02), and MIS-C diagnosis (3.86, 1.56-9.51) were independent risk factors for severity. Comorbidities, especially obesity (40.9% vs 3.9%, p<0.001), were more frequently present in adolescents �?2 years of age. Neurological disorder (3.16, 1.19-8.43) in children <12 years of age and obesity (3.21, 1.15-8.93) in adolescents were the specific comorbidities associated with disease severity in age-stratified adjusted analyses. Sensitivity analyses excluding the 81 cases with MIS-C did not substantially change the identified risk factors.Conclusions and Relevance Pediatric risk factors for severe SARS-CoV-2 infection vary according to age and can potentially guide vaccination programs and treatment approaches in children.Question What are the risk factors for severe disease in children hospitalized for PCR-positive SARS-CoV-2 infection?Findings In this multinational cohort study of 403 children, multiple comorbidities, obesity, neurological disorder, anemia, and/or hemoglobinopathy, shortness of breath, bacterial and/or viral coinfections, chest imaging compatible with COVID-19, neutrophilia, and MIS-C diagnosis were independent risk factors for severity. The risk profile and presence of comorbidities differed between pediatric age groups, but age itself was not associated with severe outcomes.Meaning These results can inform targeted treatment approaches and vaccine programs that focus on patient groups with the highest risk of severe outcomes.Competing Interest StatementManish Sadarangani has been an investigator on projects funded by GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, Pfizer, Sanofi-Pasteur, Seqirus, Symvivo and VBI Vaccines. All funds have been paid to his institute, and he has not received any personal payments. Jesse Papenburg reports grants to his institution from MedImmune, Sanofi Pasteur and AbbVie, and personal fees from AbbVie, all outside of the submitted work. Shaun K Morris has received honoraria for lectures from GlaxoSmithKline and was a member of an ad hoc advisory board for Pfizer Canada, both outside of the submitted work.Funding StatementThis study did not receive any funding.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details f the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The following Ethics committees/IRBs all gave approval for this work: Comite Etico Cientifico Hospital Nacional de Ninos, Costa Rica; Iran University of Medical Sciences Ethics Review Committee, Iran; The Hospital for Sick Children Research Ethics Board, Canada; Pediatric Panel of the Research Ethics Board of the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Canada; Conjoint Health Research Ethics Board, University of Calgary, Canada; Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Ethics Board, Canada; University of British Columbia Children's and Women's Research Ethics Board, Canada; Health Research Ethics Board, University of Manitoba, Canada; University of Saskatchewan Biomedical Research Ethics Board, Canada; Hamilton Integrated Research Ethics Board, Canada; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Quebec-Universite Laval, Canada;,Health Research Ethics Board, University of Alberta, Canada; CHU Sainte-Justine, Universite de Montreal, Canada; Lawson Health Research Institute, Canada; Trillium Health Partners Research Ethics Board, Canada; Queen's University Health Sciences and Affiliated Teaching Hospitals Research Ethics Board, Canada; IWK Research Ethics Board, CanadaI confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThe corresponding authors will consider data sharing requests that are accompanied by a study protocol and approval by an independent research ethics board. AU - Schober, Tilmann | Caya, Chelsea | Barton, Michelle | Bayliss, Ann | Bitnun, Ari | Bowes, Jennifer | Brenes-Chacon, Helena | Bullard, Jared | Cooke, Suzette | Dewan, Tammie | Dwilow, Rachel | Tal, Tala El | Foo, Cheryl | Gill, Peter | Aski, Behzad Haghighi | Kakkar, Fatima | Lautermilch, Janell | Laxer, Ronald M. | Lefebvre, Marie-Astrid | Leifso, Kirk | Saux, Nicole Le | Lopez, Alison | Manafi, Ali | Morris, Shaun K. | Nateghian, Alireza | Panetta, Luc | Petel, Dara | Piché, Dominique | Purewal, Rupeena | Restivo, Lea | Roberts, Ashley | Sadarangani, Manish | Scuccimarri, Rosie | Soriano-Fallas, Alejandra | Tehseen, Sarah | Top, Karina A. | Ulloa-Gutierrez, Rolando | Viel-Thériault, Isabelle | Wong, Jacqueline K. | Yea, Carmen | Yeh, Ann | Yock-Corrales, Adriana | Robinson, Joan | Papenburg, Jesse C1 - 2021-11-15 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/11152021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1101/2021.10.28.21265616 L1 - internal-pdf://3488327331/Schober-2021-Risk factors for severe PCR-posit.pdf LB - Testing | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 403 children (median age 3.78 years, IQR 0.53�?0.77) hospitalized with symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection February 2020–May 2021 in Canada, Iran, and Costa Rica, risk factors for severe disease (requirement of noninvasive ventilation, high-flow nasal cannula, mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, or death) included: anemia and/or hemoglobinopathy (aOR 5.88, 95% CI 1.30-26.46), shortness of breath (aOR 4.37, 95% CI 2.08-9.16), MIS-C (aOR 3.86, 95% CI 1.56-9.51), and neurological disorders (aOR 3.22, 95% CI 1.37-7.56). SP - 2021.10.28.21265616 ST - Risk factors for severe PCR-positive SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospitalized children: a multicenter cohort study T2 - medRxiv TI - Risk factors for severe PCR-positive SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospitalized children: a multicenter cohort study UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/11/08/2021.10.28.21265616.full.pdf ID - 2629 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 can persist on surfaces, suggesting possible surface-mediated transmission of this pathogen. We found that fomites might be a substantial source of transmission risk, particularly in schools and child daycares. Combining surface cleaning and decontamination with mask wearing can help mitigate this risk. AN - 33755002 AU - Kraay, A. N. M. | Hayashi, M. A. L. | Berendes, D. M. | Sobolik, J. S. | Leon, J. S. | Lopman, B. A. C1 - 2021-03-05 C2 - Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03052021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr DO - 10.3201/eid2704.203631 ET - 2021/03/24 IS - 4 KW - Aged | Basic Reproduction Number | *COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control/transmission/virology | Child | Child Day Care Centers/standards | Decontamination/methods | Disease Transmission, Infectious/*prevention & control | Equipment Contamination/prevention & control | Fomites/*virology | Hand Disinfection/methods | Humans | *Infection Control/instrumentation/methods | Masks | Nursing Homes/standards | SARS-CoV-2/*isolation & purification | Schools/standards | United States/epidemiology | *covid-19 | *SARS-CoV-2 | *United States | *cleaning | *coronavirus disease | *daycares | *disinfection | *fomite | *nursing homes | *offices | *respiratory infections | *schools | *severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 | *transmission | *viruses | *zoonoses L1 - internal-pdf://0328263962/Kraay-2021-Risk for Fomite-Mediated Transmissi.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Kraay, Alicia N M; Hayashi, Michael A L; Berendes, David M; Sobolik, Julia S; Leon, Juan S; Lopman, Benjamin A; eng; R01 GM124280/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/; T32 ES012870/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. | Emerg Infect Dis. 2021 Apr;27(4):1229-1231. doi: 10.3201/eid2704.203631. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: SARS-CoV-2 virus can persist on surfaces, and fomites might be a substantial source of transmission risk �?especially in schools and in daycare settings. Per this modeling study, hourly cleaning and disinfection may interrupt fomite transmission in office settings but may not be adequate in child daycares and schools. SN - 1080-6059 (Electronic); 1080-6040 (Linking) SP - 1229-1231 ST - Risk for Fomite-Mediated Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Child Daycares, Schools, Nursing Homes, and Offices T2 - Emerg Infect Dis TI - Risk for Fomite-Mediated Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Child Daycares, Schools, Nursing Homes, and Offices UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33755002 VL - 27 ID - 1545 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Marxe School of Public and International Affairs, Baruch College - City University of New York, New York, NY, USA. diane.gibson@baruch.cuny.edu. | Marxe School of Public and International Affairs, Baruch College - City University of New York, New York, NY, USA. AN - 32583348 AU - Gibson, D. M. | Greene, J. C1 - 2020-07-07 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/070720_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1007/s11606-020-05992-y ET - 2020/06/26 IS - 9 KW - Age Factors | Aged | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Comorbidity | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis/*epidemiology | Female | Health Personnel/*trends | Health Surveys/*trends | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis/*epidemiology | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | *Severity of Illness Index L1 - internal-pdf://2748611392/Gibson-2020-Risk for Severe COVID-19 Illness A.pdf LA - en N1 - Gibson, Diane M; Greene, Jessica; eng; Letter; J Gen Intern Med. 2020 Sep;35(9):2804-2806. doi: 10.1007/s11606-020-05992-y. Epub 2020 Jun 24. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among a sample of US healthcare workers (HCWs), 38.6% were deemed at high risk for poor outcomes if infected with SARS-CoV-2 (age �?5 years or medical comorbidities). | 0% worked in hospitals or nursing homes. | 6% of health aides/medical assistants (HA/MAs) were deemed at high risk. | Many HA/MAs were also financially vulnerable: 36.9% had an income <200% of federal poverty line; 26.6% were worried about food running out. | Methods: Analysis of 1,184 HCWs from nationally representative survey of 52,159 adults, National Health Interview Survey, 2017�?018. Limitations: Assumes 2017�?018 data still applicable. | Implications: A large proportion of HCWs are vulnerable to severe illness from SARS-CoV-2 infection, including many working in high-exposure risk settings. Healthcare institutions should consider HCWs with at-risk chronic conditions when developing health protection approaches and assigning duties. SN - 1525-1497 (Electronic); 0884-8734 (Linking) SP - 2804-2806 ST - Risk for Severe COVID-19 Illness Among Health Care Workers Who Work Directly with Patients T2 - J Gen Intern Med TI - Risk for Severe COVID-19 Illness Among Health Care Workers Who Work Directly with Patients UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32583348 VL - 35 ID - 478 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Cambridge Health Alliance/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (A.W.G.). | City University of New York at Hunter College, New York, New York (D.H., S.W.). AN - 32822221 AU - Gaffney, Adam W. | Himmelstein, David | Woolhandler, Steffie C1 - 2020-09-01 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090120_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 3 DO - 10.7326/m20-5413 ET - 2020/08/22 IS - 9 KW - Acute Disease | Adolescent | Adult | Age Factors | Aged | Covid-19 | Child | Child, Preschool | Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/*etiology/transmission | Family Characteristics | Humans | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/*etiology/transmission | Prevalence | Risk Factors | *School Teachers/statistics & numerical data | Severity of Illness Index | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://3599208784/m20-5413.pdf LA - en N1 - Gaffney, Adam W | Himmelstein, David | Woolhandler, Steffie | eng | Letter | Ann Intern Med. 2020 Nov 3;173(9):765-767. doi: 10.7326/M20-5413. Epub 2020 Aug 21. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among teachers, 50.6% (estimated 3 million persons) had definite or possible risk factors for severe COVID-19 illness. | Among adults living with school-aged children, 54.0% (estimated 38 million persons) had definite or possible risk factors. | Proportion of adults living with children with risk factors was highest in lower income households (Figure). | Adults living with Black children had 6% (95% CI 1.2-10.9) greater prevalence of risk factors than those living with White children. | Methods: Data from 5,278 persons surveyed in the 2018 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) were used to determine prevalence of risk factors for severe COVID-19 among teachers and adults living with school-aged children. Risk factors for COVID-19 were defined as definite (cancer, serious heart condition, COPD, obesity, type 2 diabetes, age >64 years) and possible (asthma, cerebrovascular disease, hypertension, dementia, liver disease, pregnancy, smoking, type 1 diabetes). Limitations: NHIS data included only teachers and day care workers, not other school personnel; data did not include some severe COVID-19 risk factors (e.g., chronic kidney disease). | Implications: Decisions about when and how to reopen schools will need to weigh risks against benefits of COVID-19 for children and the adults who teach and care for them. While families would likely benefit educationally and socially from school re-opening, a great many have risks of severe COVID-19. SN - 1539-3704 (Electronic) | 0003-4819 (Linking) SP - 765-767 ST - Risk for Severe COVID-19 Illness Among Teachers and Adults Living With School-Aged Children T2 - Ann Intern Med TI - Risk for Severe COVID-19 Illness Among Teachers and Adults Living With School-Aged Children UR - https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/abs/10.7326/M20-5413 VL - 173 ID - 813 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Rabin Medical Center, Petah-Tikva, Israel Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA Transplant Institute, NYU Langone Health, New York, New York, USA Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Virginia Commonwealth University Health, Richmond, Virginia, USA Department of Surgery, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York, USA Department of Nephrology, Arterial Hypertension, Dialysis and Transplantation, University Clinical Hospital Centre Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA Avera Medical Group Nephrology, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA Department of Transplant, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Virginia Transplant Center at Henrico Doctors' Hospital, Henrico, Virginia, USA Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases & Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA Sorbonne Universite, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidemiologie et de Sante publique (iPLESP), APHP, Hopital Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, France. AN - 34310531 AU - Qin, Caroline X. | Moore, Linda W. | Anjan, Shweta | Rahamimov, Ruth | Sifri, Costi D. | Ali, Nicole M. | Morales, Megan K. | Tsapepas, Demetra S. | Basic-Jukic, Nikolina | Miller, Rachel A. | van Duin, David | Santella, Robert | Wadei, Hani M. | Shah, Pali D. | Gage, Nikki | Malinis, Maricar | Aslam, Saima | Todesco, Eve | Werbel, William A. | Avery, Robin K. | Segev, Dorry L. C1 - 2021-08-06 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08062021_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 23 DO - 10.1097/tp.0000000000003907 ET - 2021/07/27 L1 - internal-pdf://3003241428/Risk_of_Breakthrough_SARS_CoV_2_Infections_in.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Qin, Caroline X | Moore, Linda W | Anjan, Shweta | Rahamimov, Ruth | Sifri, Costi D | Ali, Nicole M | Morales, Megan K | Tsapepas, Demetra S | Basic-Jukic, Nikolina | Miller, Rachel A | van Duin, David | Santella, Robert | Wadei, Hani M | Shah, Pali D | Gage, Nikki | Malinis, Maricar | Aslam, Saima | Todesco, Eve | Werbel, William A | Avery, Robin K | Segev, Dorry L | eng | Transplantation. 2021 Jul 23. pii: 00007890-900000000-95187. doi: 10.1097/TP.0000000000003907. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 18,215 fully vaccinated solid organ transplant recipients at 17 transplant centers, 151 (0.8%) had breakthrough infections, 87 (57.6%) were hospitalized, and 14 (9.3%) died. Breakthrough infections and associated deaths were 82- and 485-fold more common among solid-organ transplant recipients than reported among fully vaccinated people in the general U.S. population through April 30, 2021. SN - 0041-1337 ST - Risk of Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Adult Transplant Recipients T2 - Transplantation TI - Risk of Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Adult Transplant Recipients UR - https://journals.lww.com/transplantjournal/Fulltext/9000/Risk_of_Breakthrough_SARS_CoV_2_Infections_in.95187.aspx ID - 2202 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Objective To evaluate the excess risk and relative hazards for developing incident clinical sequelae after the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection in adults aged 18-65.Design Retrospective cohort study.Setting Three merged data sources from a large United States health plan: a large national administrative claims database, an outpatient laboratory testing database, and an inpatient hospital admissions database.Participants Individuals aged 18-65 with continuous enrollment in the health plan from January 2019 to the date of a diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Three comparator groups, matched by propensity score, to individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2: a 2020 comparator group, an historical 2019 comparator group, and an historical comparator group with viral lower respiratory tract illness.Main outcome measures More than 50 clinical sequelae after the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection (defined as the date of first SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis (index date) plus 21 days) were identified using ICD-10 (international classification of diseases, 10th revision) codes. Excess risk in the four months after acute infection and hazard ratios with Bonferroni corrected 95% confidence intervals were calculated.Results 14% of adults aged �?5 who were infected with SARS-CoV-2 (27�?74 of 193�?13) had at least one new type of clinical sequelae that required medical care after the acute phase of the illness, which was 4.95% higher than in the 2020 comparator group. The risk for specific new sequelae attributable to SARS-Cov-2 infection after the acute phase, including chronic respiratory failure, cardiac arrythmia, hypercoagulability, encephalopathy, peripheral neuropathy, amnesia (memory difficulty), diabetes, liver test abnormalities, myocarditis, anxiety, and fatigue, was significantly greater than in the three comparator groups (2020, 2019, and viral lower respiratory tract illness groups) (all P<0.001). Significant risk differences because of SARS-CoV-2 infection ranged from 0.02 to 2.26 per 100 people (all P<0.001), and hazard ratios ranged from 1.24 to 25.65 compared with the 2020 comparator group.Conclusions The results indicate the excess risk of developing new clinical sequelae after the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection, including specific types of sequelae less commonly seen in other viral illnesses. Although individuals who were older, had pre-existing conditions, and were admitted to hospital because of covid-19 were at greatest excess risk, younger adults (aged �?0), those with no pre-existing conditions, or those not admitted to hospital for covid-19 also had an increased risk of developing new clinical sequelae. The greater risk for incident sequelae after the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection is relevant for healthcare planning. AD - OptumLabs at UnitedHealth Group, Minneapolis, MN, USA SarahDaugherty@uhg.com. | OptumLabs at UnitedHealth Group, Minneapolis, MN, USA. | OptumCare, Minneapolis, MN, USA. | Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. | OptumLabs at UnitedHealth Group, Golden, CO, USA. AN - 34011492 AU - Daugherty, Sarah E | Guo, Yinglong | Heath, Kevin | Dasmariñas, Micah C | Jubilo, Karol Giuseppe | Samranvedhya, Jirapat | Lipsitch, Marc | Cohen, Ken C1 - 2021-06-04 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06042021_covidupdate.html DA - May 19 DO - 10.1136/bmj.n1098 ET - 2021/05/21 KW - Acute Disease | Adolescent | Adult | Aged | COVID-19/*complications | Female | Humans | International Classification of Diseases | Male | Middle Aged | Retrospective Studies | Risk Factors | *SARS-CoV-2 | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://4294239583/Daugherty-2021-Risk of clinical sequelae after.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Daugherty, Sarah E | Guo, Yinglong | Heath, Kevin | Dasmarinas, Micah C | Jubilo, Karol Giuseppe | Samranvedhya, Jirapat | Lipsitch, Marc | Cohen, Ken | eng | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | England | BMJ. 2021 May 19;373:n1098. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n1098. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Administrative claims, outpatient laboratory results and hospital admissions data through October 31, 2020 showed that 14% (27,074/193,113) of individuals �?5 years with SARS-CoV-2 infection developed a new type of clinical sequelae that required medical care 4 months after the acute phase of COVID-19, 4.95% higher than a 2020 pre-pandemic comparator group. SN - 1756-1833 (Electronic) | 0959-8138 (Linking) SP - n1098 ST - Risk of clinical sequelae after the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection: retrospective cohort study T2 - BMJ TI - Risk of clinical sequelae after the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection: retrospective cohort study UR - https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/373/bmj.n1098.full.pdf VL - 373 ID - 1812 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The risk of contracting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) during air travel is lower than from an office building, classroom, supermarket, or commuter train. AD - Aerospace Medical Association, Alexandria, Virginia. | International Airline Medical Association, Alexandria, Virginia. | International Air Transport Association (IATA), Geneva, Switzerland. AN - 33022035 AU - Pombal, R. | Hosegood, I. | Powell, D. C1 - 2020-10-16 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/101620_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 3 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.19108 ET - 2020/10/07 IS - 17 KW - *Air Travel | Aircraft | COVID-19/prevention & control/*transmission | Disease Transmission, Infectious/prevention & control | Humans | Risk L1 - internal-pdf://0450588889/Pombal-2020-Risk of COVID-19 During Air Travel.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Pombal, Rui; Hosegood, Ian; Powell, David; eng; Patient Education Handout; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA. 2020 Nov 3;324(17):1798. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.19108. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Air flow patterns and filtration of recirculated air in modern aircraft decreases the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, with only 42 known flight-based cases; passengers can take additional steps to decrease their risks. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1798 ST - Risk of COVID-19 During Air Travel T2 - JAMA TI - Risk of COVID-19 During Air Travel UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33022035 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 1063 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BackgroundThere is an urgent need to inform policy deliberations about whether children with asthma should be vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 and, if so, which subset of children with asthma should be prioritised. We were asked by the UK's Joint Commission on Vaccination and Immunisation to undertake an urgent analysis to identify which children with asthma were at increased risk of serious COVID-19 outcomes. AN - 34861180 AU - Shi, Ting | Pan, Jiafeng | Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal | McCowan, Colin | Kerr, Steven | Agrawal, Utkarsh | Shah, Syed Ahmar | Simpson, Colin R. | Ritchie, Lewis Duthie | Robertson, Chris | Sheikh, Aziz C1 - 2021-12-10 C2 - PMC8631918 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/12102021_covidupdate.html#anchor_NaturalHistory DO - 10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00491-4 L1 - internal-pdf://0278914428/PIIS2213260021004914.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Children with asthma had a higher risk of COVID-19 hospitalization compared with children without asthma (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.49, 95% CI 1.14-1.94). | Children with poorly controlled asthma (aHR 6.40, 95% CI 3.27-12.53) and those with well-controlled asthma (aHR 1.36, 95% CI 1.02-1.80) had a greater risk of COVID-19 hospitalization compared with children with no asthma (Figure). | A history of 2 or more corticosteroid prescriptions (another marker of asthma severity) was also associated with an elevated risk of COVID hospitalization compared with those with no asthma. | Methods: Analysis of linked data of children aged 5�?7 years enrolled in the Early Pandemic Evaluation and Enhanced Surveillance of COVID-19 (EAVE II) cohort study in Scotland from March 2020–July 2021 (n = 752,867). Limitations: Small absolute numbers of COVID-19 hospital admissions; surrogate markers were used to classify poorly controlled asthma. | | Implications: Children with asthma, especially those with recent history of asthma hospitalization or multiple courses of steroids for asthma exacerbations, are at elevated risk of hospitalization for COVID-19 and should be prioritized for COVID-19 vaccination and other prevention measures. SN - 2213-2600 ST - Risk of COVID-19 hospital admission among children aged 5�?7 years with asthma in Scotland: a national incident cohort study T2 - Lancet Respir Med TI - Risk of COVID-19 hospital admission among children aged 5�?7 years with asthma in Scotland: a national incident cohort study UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00491-4 Y2 - 2021/12/14 ID - 2702 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BackgroundEarly descriptions of patients admitted to hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic showed a lower prevalence of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) than would be expected for an acute respiratory disease like COVID-19, leading to speculation that inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) might protect against infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 or the development of serious sequelae. We assessed the association between ICS and COVID-19-related death among people with COPD or asthma using linked electronic health records (EHRs) in England, UK. AU - Schultze, Anna | Walker, Alex J. | MacKenna, Brian | Morton, Caroline E. | Bhaskaran, Krishnan | Brown, Jeremy P. | Rentsch, Christopher T. | Williamson, Elizabeth | Drysdale, Henry | Croker, Richard | Bacon, Seb | Hulme, William | Bates, Chris | Curtis, Helen J. | Mehrkar, Amir | Evans, David | Inglesby, Peter | Cockburn, Jonathan | McDonald, Helen I. | Tomlinson, Laurie | Mathur, Rohini | Wing, Kevin | Wong, Angel Y. S. | Forbes, Harriet | Parry, John | Hester, Frank | Harper, Sam | Evans, Stephen J. W. | Quint, Jennifer | Smeeth, Liam | Douglas, Ian J. | Goldacre, Ben C1 - 2020-10-06 C2 - Inhaled Corticosteroids CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100620_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30415-x IS - 11 L1 - internal-pdf://0989785513/1-s2.0-S221326002030415X-main.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; People with COPD who were prescribed ICS with other inhaled medications were at increased risk of COVID-19-related death compared with those prescribed other inhaled medications (long-acting β agonists [LABA] and long-acting muscarinic antagonists [LAMA]), (adjusted HR [aHR] 1.39, 95% CI 1.10�?.76) (Figure 1A). | People with asthma who were prescribed high-dose ICS were at an increased risk of COVID-19 related death compared with those prescribed short-acting β agonists (SABA) only (aHR 1.55, 95% CI 1.10�?.18) (Figure 1B). | People with asthma prescribed low- or medium-dose ICS were not at increased risk of death (aHR14, 95% CI 0.85�?.54) compared with those prescribed SABAs only (Figure 1B). | Sensitivity analyses found that the apparent associations between ICS and COVID-19-related death in persons with COPD or asthma could be explained by underlying health differences between people prescribed ICS and those prescribed other respiratory medications. | Methods: Analysis of data from 148,557 people with COPD and 818,490 people with asthma in the United Kingdom between March 1 and May 6, 2020 comparing risk for COVID-19-related death among those prescribed and those not prescribed ICS. Limitations: Risks of confounding due to unmeasured variables and to misclassification of exposures. | Implications: Regular ICS use for treatment of asthma or COPD does not appear to be protective against COVID-19-related death. Because sensitivity analyses suggest observed increases in mortality with ICS were likely due to underlying health differences, adjustments in ICS therapy among patients with asthma or COPD during outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 are not supported. SE - 1106 SN - 22132600 SP - 1106-1120 ST - Risk of COVID-19-related death among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma prescribed inhaled corticosteroids: an observational cohort study using the OpenSAFELY platform T2 - Lancet Respir Med TI - Risk of COVID-19-related death among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma prescribed inhaled corticosteroids: an observational cohort study using the OpenSAFELY platform UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30415-X VL - 8 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 1001 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Objective Many healthcare staff work in high-risk settings for contracting and transmitting Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. Their risk of hospitalisation for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and that of their households, is poorly understood.Design and settings and participants During the peak period for COVID-19 infection in Scotland (1st March 2020 to 6th June 2020) we conducted a national record linkage study to compare the risk of COVID-19 hospitalisation among healthcare workers (age: 18-65 years), their households and other members of the general population.Main outcome Hospitalisation with COVID-19Results The cohort comprised 158,445 healthcare workers, the majority being patient facing (90,733 / 158,445; 57.3%), and 229,905 household members. Of all COVID-19 hospitalisations in the working age population (18-65-year-old), 17.2% (360 / 2,097) were in healthcare workers or their households. Adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, socio-economic deprivation and comorbidity, the risk of COVID-19 hospitalisation in non-patient facing healthcare workers and their households was similar to the risk in the general population (hazards ratio [HR] 0.81; 95%CI 0.52-1.26 and 0.86; 95%CI 0.49-1.51 respectively). In models adjusting for the same covariates however, patient facing healthcare workers, compared to non-patient facing healthcare workers, were at higher risk (HR 3.30; 95%CI 2.13-5.13); so too were household members of patient facing healthcare workers (HR 1.79; 95%CI 1.10-2.91). On sub-dividing patient-facing healthcare workers into those who worked in front-door, intensive care and non-intensive care aerosol generating settings and other, those in ‘front door�?roles were at higher risk (HR 2.09; 95%CI 1.49-2.94). For most patient facing healthcare workers and their households, the estimated absolute risk of COVID-19 hospitalisation was less than 0.5% but was 1% and above in older men with comorbidity.Conclusions Healthcare workers and their households contribute a sixth of hospitalised COVID-19 cases. Whilst the absolute risk of hospitalisation was low overall, patient facing healthcare workers and their households had 3- and 2-fold increased risks of COVID-19 hospitalisation.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementAnoop Shah is funded via the British Heart Foundation through an Intermediate Clinical Research Fellowship (FS/19/17/34172) and David McAllister is funded via a Wellcome Trust Intermediate Clinical Fellowship and Beit Fellowship (201492/Z/16/Z).Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:This project was approved by the Public Benefit and Privacy Panel (2021-0013).All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAnalysis code will be made available on an online repository on publication. Since our analysis involved data on unconsented participants, we are unable to share individual level data. This project was approved by the Public Benefit and Privacy Panel (2021-0013) in Scotland. AU - Shah, A. S. V. | Wood, R. | Gribben, C. | Caldwell, D. | Bishop, J. | Weir, A. | Kennedy, S. | Martin, R. | Smith-Palmer, A. | Goldberg, D. | McMenamin, J. | Fischbacher, C. | Robertson, C. | Hutchinson, S. | McKeigue, P. | Helen, C. | McAllister, D. A. C1 - 2020-08-14 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08142020_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.08.03.20164897 L1 - internal-pdf://3271050349/Shah-2020-Risk of hospitalisation with coronav.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Healthcare workers (HCW) and members of their households comprised 1 in 6 hospitalized COVID-19 cases in Scotland (Figure). | HCW with direct patient contact, compared with non-patient-facing HCW, were at higher risk of hospitalization for COVID-19: adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 3.30 (95% CI 2.13-5.13). | Household members of patient-facing HCW were at higher risk of hospitalization than household members of non-patient-facing HCW: HR 1.79 (95% CI 1.10-2.91). | HCW without direct patient contact and their household members had similar hospitalization rates as the general population. | Methods: National study to compare the risk of COVID-19 hospitalization in 158,445 HCW, 229,905 of their household members and the general population in Scotland, between March 1 and June 6, 2020. Limitations: HCW might have been more likely to be hospitalized than other COVID-19 cases; lack of power to examine race or ethnic minority groups, assessment of worker PPE and PPE use (e.g., proper donning/doffing, correct usage) not assessed. | Implications: Higher hospitalization rates among HCW with direct patient contact suggest nosocomial transmission and highlights that consistent testing and infection control practices are needed to protect HCW and their families. SP - 2020.08.03.20164897 ST - Risk of hospitalisation with coronavirus disease 2019 in healthcare workers and their households: a nationwide linkage cohort study T2 - medRxiv TI - Risk of hospitalisation with coronavirus disease 2019 in healthcare workers and their households: a nationwide linkage cohort study TT - Published article: CCBY Open access; Research; Risk of hospital admission with coronavirus disease 2019 in healthcare workers and their households: nationwide linkage cohort study UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/08/04/2020.08.03.20164897.full.pdf ID - 702 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: It is uncertain whether coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with a higher risk of ischemic stroke than would be expected from a viral respiratory infection. Objective: To compare the rate of ischemic stroke between patients with COVID-19 and patients with influenza, a respiratory viral illness previously associated with stroke. Design, Setting, and Participants: This retrospective cohort study was conducted at 2 academic hospitals in New York City, New York, and included adult patients with emergency department visits or hospitalizations with COVID-19 from March 4, 2020, through May 2, 2020. The comparison cohort included adults with emergency department visits or hospitalizations with influenza A/B from January 1, 2016, through May 31, 2018 (spanning moderate and severe influenza seasons). Exposures: COVID-19 infection confirmed by evidence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in the nasopharynx by polymerase chain reaction and laboratory-confirmed influenza A/B. Main Outcomes and Measures: A panel of neurologists adjudicated the primary outcome of acute ischemic stroke and its clinical characteristics, mechanisms, and outcomes. We used logistic regression to compare the proportion of patients with COVID-19 with ischemic stroke vs the proportion among patients with influenza. Results: Among 1916 patients with emergency department visits or hospitalizations with COVID-19, 31 (1.6%; 95% CI, 1.1%-2.3%) had an acute ischemic stroke. The median age of patients with stroke was 69 years (interquartile range, 66-78 years); 18 (58%) were men. Stroke was the reason for hospital presentation in 8 cases (26%). In comparison, 3 of 1486 patients with influenza (0.2%; 95% CI, 0.0%-0.6%) had an acute ischemic stroke. After adjustment for age, sex, and race, the likelihood of stroke was higher with COVID-19 infection than with influenza infection (odds ratio, 7.6; 95% CI, 2.3-25.2). The association persisted across sensitivity analyses adjusting for vascular risk factors, viral symptomatology, and intensive care unit admission. Conclusions and Relevance: In this retrospective cohort study from 2 New York City academic hospitals, approximately 1.6% of adults with COVID-19 who visited the emergency department or were hospitalized experienced ischemic stroke, a higher rate of stroke compared with a cohort of patients with influenza. Additional studies are needed to confirm these findings and to investigate possible thrombotic mechanisms associated with COVID-19. AD - Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Unit, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute and Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York. | Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York. | Deputy Editor. | Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York. | Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York. | Department of Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York. | Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York. AN - 32614385 AU - Merkler, A. E. | Parikh, N. S. | Mir, S. | Gupta, A. | Kamel, H. | Lin, E. | Lantos, J. | Schenck, E. J. | Goyal, P. | Bruce, S. S. | Kahan, J. | Lansdale, K. N. | LeMoss, N. M. | Murthy, S. B. | Stieg, P. E. | Fink, M. E. | Iadecola, C. | Segal, A. Z. | Cusick, M. | Campion, T. R., Jr. | Diaz, I. | Zhang, C. | Navi, B. B. C1 - 2020-07-10 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071020_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 2 DO - 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.2730 ET - 2020/07/03 IS - 11 L1 - internal-pdf://3282519153/Merkler-2020-Risk of Ischemic Stroke in Patien.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Merkler, Alexander E; Parikh, Neal S; Mir, Saad; Gupta, Ajay; Kamel, Hooman; Lin, Eaton; Lantos, Joshua; Schenck, Edward J; Goyal, Parag; Bruce, Samuel S; Kahan, Joshua; Lansdale, Kelsey N; LeMoss, Natalie M; Murthy, Santosh B; Stieg, Philip E; Fink, Matthew E; Iadecola, Costantino; Segal, Alan Z; Cusick, Marika; Campion, Thomas R Jr; Diaz, Ivan; Zhang, Cenai; Navi, Babak B; eng; K23 NS105948/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/; JAMA Neurol. 2020 Jul 2. pii: 2768098. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.2730. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Cohort study found that rate of acute ischemic stroke among COVID-19 patients was higher than the rate among patients with influenza infection. SN - 2168-6157 (Electronic); 2168-6149 (Linking) SP - 1366-1372 ST - Risk of Ischemic Stroke in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vs Patients With Influenza T2 - JAMA Neurol TI - Risk of Ischemic Stroke in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vs Patients With Influenza UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32614385 VL - 77 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 506 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Objective To establish whether there is any change in mortality from infection with a new variant of SARS-CoV-2, designated a variant of concern (VOC-202012/1) in December 2020, compared with circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants.Design Matched cohort study.Setting Community based (pillar 2) covid-19 testing centres in the UK using the TaqPath assay (a proxy measure of VOC-202012/1 infection).Participants 54�?06 matched pairs of participants who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in pillar 2 between 1 October 2020 and 29 January 2021, followed-up until 12 February 2021. Participants were matched on age, sex, ethnicity, index of multiple deprivation, lower tier local authority region, and sample date of positive specimens, and differed only by detectability of the spike protein gene using the TaqPath assay.Main outcome measure Death within 28 days of the first positive SARS-CoV-2 test result.Results The mortality hazard ratio associated with infection with VOC-202012/1 compared with infection with previously circulating variants was 1.64 (95% confidence interval 1.32 to 2.04) in patients who tested positive for covid-19 in the community. In this comparatively low risk group, this represents an increase in deaths from 2.5 to 4.1 per 1000 detected cases.Conclusions The probability that the risk of mortality is increased by infection with VOC-202012/01 is high. If this finding is generalisable to other populations, infection with VOC-202012/1 has the potential to cause substantial additional mortality compared with previously circulating variants. Healthcare capacity planning and national and international control policies are all impacted by this finding, with increased mortality lending weight to the argument that further coordinated and stringent measures are justified to reduce deaths from SARS-CoV-2. AD - College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK rc538@exeter.ac.uk. | Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, UK. | Joint Universities Pandemic and Epidemiological Research (JUNIPER consortium). | University of Bristol, Bristol Veterinary School, Langford, Bristol, UK. | Bristol Medical School, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. | Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, UK. | The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, School of Life Sciences and Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK. | College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK. | The Alan Turing Institute, British Library, London, UK. | Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. AN - 33687922 AU - Challen, Robert | Brooks-Pollock, Ellen | Read, Jonathan M | Dyson, Louise | Tsaneva-Atanasova, Krasimira | Danon, Leon C1 - 2021-03-26 C2 - PMC7941603 at www.icmje.org/coi_disclosure.pdf and declare: support from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, NHS England, Global Digital Exemplar programme, Alan Turing Institute, Medical Research Council, and National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation, in partnership with Public Health England; no financial relationships with any organisations that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous three years; no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work. CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03262021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 9 DO - 10.1136/bmj.n579 ET - 2021/03/11 KW - Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | COVID-19/*mortality/*virology | COVID-19 Testing/*statistics & numerical data | Cohort Studies | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Proportional Hazards Models | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2/*genetics | United Kingdom/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://2485670788/Challen-2021-Risk of mortality in patients inf.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Challen, Robert | Brooks-Pollock, Ellen | Read, Jonathan M | Dyson, Louise | Tsaneva-Atanasova, Krasimira | Danon, Leon | eng | MC_PC_19067/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | England | BMJ. 2021 Mar 9;372:n579. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n579. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Implications for both studies (Davies et al. and Grint et al.): Both studies were consistent with Challen et alexternal icon., regarding the magnitude (~60%�?0%) of the increased risk of mortality associated with the B.1.1.7 variant compared with other SARS-CoV-2 lineages such as the wild type. Other analyses indicating increased transmissibility of B.1.1.7 as well as the increasing spread of B.1.1.7 within the US highlight the need for rapid implementation of vaccination and continued implementation of non-pharmaceutical mitigation measures. SN - 1756-1833 (Electronic) | 0959-8138 (Linking) SP - n579 ST - Risk of mortality in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern 202012/1: matched cohort study T2 - BMJ TI - Risk of mortality in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern 202012/1: matched cohort study UR - https://www.bmj.com/content/bmj/372/bmj.n579.full.pdf VL - 372 ID - 2254 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background There have been recent reports of myocarditis (including myocarditis, pericarditis or myopericarditis) as a side-effect of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines, particularly in young males. Less information is available regarding the risk of myocarditis from COVID-19 infection itself. Such data would be helpful in developing a complete risk-benefit analysis for this population.Methods A de-identified, limited data set was created from the TriNetX Research Network, aggregating electronic health records from 48 mostly large U.S. Healthcare Organizations (HCOs). Inclusion criteria were a first COVID-19 diagnosis during the April 1, 2020 - March 31, 2021 time period, with an outpatient visit 1 month to 2 years before, and another 6 months to 2 years before that. Analysis was stratified by sex and age (12-17, 12-15, 16-19). Patients were excluded for any prior cardiovascular condition. Primary outcome was an encounter diagnosis of myocarditis within 90 days following the index date. Rates of COVID-19 cases and myocarditis not identified in the system were estimated and the results adjusted accordingly. Wilson score intervals were used for 95% confidence intervals due to the very low probability outcome.Results For the 12-17-year-old male cohort, 6/6,846 (0.09%) patients developed myocarditis overall, with an adjusted rate per million of 876 cases (Wilson score interval 402 - 1,911). For the 12-15 and 16-19 male age groups, the adjusted rates per million were 601 (257 - 1,406) and 561 (240 - 1,313).For 12-17-year-old females, there were 3 (0.04%) cases of myocarditis of 7,361 patients. The adjusted rate was 213 (73 - 627) per million cases. For the 12-15- and 16-19-year-old female cohorts the adjusted rates per million cases were 235 (64 - 857) and 708 (359 - 1,397). The outcomes occurred either within 5 days (40.0%) or from 19-82 days (60.0%).Conclusions Myocarditis (or pericarditis or myopericarditis) from primary COVID19 infection occurred at a rate as high as 450 per million in young males. Young males infected with the virus are up 6 times more likely to develop myocarditis as those who have received the vaccine.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis publication was made possible by the Clinical and Translational Science Collaborative of Cleveland, UL1TR0002548 from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) component of the National Institutes of Health and NIH roadmap for Medical Research. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:TriNetX is compliant with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), the US federal law which protects the privacy and security of healthcare data. TriNetX is certified to the ISO 27001:2013 standard and maintains an Information Security Management System (ISMS) to ensure the protection of the healthcare data it has access to and to meet the requirements of the HIPAA Security Rule. Any data displayed on the TriNetX Platform in aggregate form, or any patient level data provided in a data set generated by the TriNetX Platform, only contains de-identified data as per the de-identification standard defined in Section 164.514(a) of the HIPAA Privacy Rule. The process by which the data is de-identified is attested to through a formal determination by a qualified expert as defined in Section 164.514(b)(1) of the HIPAA Privacy Rule (reference). This formal determination by a qualified expert, refreshed in December 2020, supersedes the need for TriNetX's previous waiver from the Western Institutional Review Board (IRB). Because we only used de-identified data, we did not seek nor did we obtain Institutional Board Approval for this research All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThe data set is licensed and is not publicly available. AN - 34341797 AU - Singer, Mendel E. | Taub, Ira B. | Kaelber, David C. C1 - 2021-08-06 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08062021_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 27 DO - 10.1101/2021.07.23.21260998 ET - 2021/08/04 L1 - internal-pdf://0488396135/Singer-2021-Risk of Myocarditis from COVID-19.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Singer, Mendel E | Taub, Ira B | Kaelber, David C | eng | Preprint | medRxiv. 2021 Jul 27. doi: 10.1101/2021.07.23.21260998. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among 12- to 17-year-olds, 0.09% (6/6,846) of males and 0.04% (3/7,361) of females were diagnosed with myocarditis following SARS-CoV-2 infection. | Among males, adjusted rate of myocarditis following COVID-19 was 450 cases per million, nearly 6 times higher than following vaccination. | Among females, adjusted rate of myocarditis following COVID-19 was 213 cases per million, nearly 21 times higher than following vaccination. | Methods: Patient data for myocarditis cases (outcome diagnosis within 90 days) from 48 U.S. healthcare organizations (April 2020–March 2021) were acquired from TriNetX Research Network. Case numbers were adjusted based on cases reported outside TriNetX and COVID-19 case prevalence at the time. Limitations: Direct causation cannot be established; unreported cases would affect true prevalence of myocarditis. | Implications: Myocarditis is a rare outcome among youth aged 12�?7 years that appears to be much more common following SARS-CoV-2 infection than following mRNA vaccination. SP - 2021.07.23.21260998 ST - Risk of Myocarditis from COVID-19 Infection in People Under Age 20: A Population-Based Analysis T2 - medRxiv TI - Risk of Myocarditis from COVID-19 Infection in People Under Age 20: A Population-Based Analysis UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/07/27/2021.07.23.21260998.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/07/27/2021.07.23.21260998.full.pdf ID - 2205 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Serological assays detecting anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies are being widely deployed in studies and clinical practice. However, the duration and effectiveness of the protection conferred by the immune response remains to be assessed in population-based samples. To estimate the incidence of newly acquired SARS-CoV-2 infections in seropositive individuals as compared to seronegative controls we conducted a retrospective longitudinal matched study.A seroprevalence survey including a representative sample of the population was conducted in Geneva, Switzerland between April and June 2020, immediately after the first pandemic wave. Seropositive participants were matched one-to-two to seronegative controls, using a propensity-score including age, gender, immunodeficiency, BMI, smoking status and education level. Each individual was linked to a state-registry of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Our primary outcome was confirmed infections occurring from serological status assessment to the end of the second pandemic wave (January 2021).Among 8344 serosurvey participants, 498 seropositive individuals were selected and matched with 996 seronegative controls. After a mean follow-up of 35.6 (SD 3.2) weeks, 7 out of 498 (1.4%) seropositive subjects had a positive SARS-CoV-2 test, of whom 5 (1.0%) were classified as reinfections. In contrast, the infection rate was higher in seronegative individuals (15.5%, 154/996) during a similar follow-up period (mean 34.7 [SD 3.2] weeks), corresponding to a 94% (95%CI 86% to 98%, P<0.001) reduction in the hazard of having a positive SARS-CoV-2 test for seropositives.Seroconversion after SARS-CoV-2 infection confers protection against reinfection lasting at least 8 months. These findings could help global health authorities establishing priority for vaccine allocation. AD - Division of General Internal Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland. | Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland. | Institute of Public Health, Faculty of BioMedical Sciences, Universita della, Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland. | Geneva Center for Emerging Viral Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland. | Division of Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland. | General Directorate of Health, Geneva, Switzerland. AN - 34043763 AU - Leidi, Antonio | Koegler, Flora | Dumont, Roxane | Dubos, Richard | Zaballa, Mar�Ta-Eugenia | Piumatti, Giovanni | Coen, Matteo | Berner, Amandine | Darbellay Farhoumand, Pauline | Vetter, Pauline | Vuilleumier, Nicolas | Kaiser, Laurent | Courvoisier, Delphine | Azman, Andrew S | Guessous, Idris | Stringhini, Silvia | for the SEROCoV-POP study group C1 - 2021-06-11 C2 - Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06112021_covidupdate.html DA - May 27 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciab495 ET - 2021/05/28 KW - Covid-19 | SARS-CoV-2 | antibody | protection | reinfection L1 - internal-pdf://1557279751/Leidi-2021-Risk of reinfection after seroconve.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Leidi, Antonio | Koegler, Flora | Dumont, Roxane | Dubos, Richard | Zaballa, Maria-Eugenia | Piumatti, Giovanni | Coen, Matteo | Berner, Amandine | Darbellay Farhoumand, Pauline | Vetter, Pauline | Vuilleumier, Nicolas | Kaiser, Laurent | Courvoisier, Delphine | Azman, Andrew S | Guessous, Idris | Stringhini, Silvia | eng | Clin Infect Dis. 2021 May 27. pii: 6287116. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab495. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; After a mean of >8 months post-serological testing, persons with antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 were less likely to develop SARS-CoV-2 infection compared with those without antibodies (HR 0.06, 95% CI 0.02-0.14). | 1 % of seropositive persons were reinfected compared with 15.5% of seronegative persons. | Methods: Seroprevalence study conducted between April and June 2020 in Geneva, Switzerland. Persons with antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (n = 498) were matched 1:2 to seronegative controls (n = 996) with a mean follow-up of 35 weeks to determine the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Reinfection was defined by a positive PCR test and clinical investigation. Limitations: Potential for undercounting cases; study was performed prior to widespread circulation of variant viruses. | Implications for Leidi et al. and Vitale et al.: Both studies suggest that SARS-CoV-2 reinfections are rare events and that persons who have recovered from COVID-19 have minimal risk of reinfection for at least 8 months after the primary infection; the data on reinfection due to variants is still emerging. SN - 1058-4838 ST - Risk of reinfection after seroconversion to SARS-CoV-2: A population-based propensity-score matched cohort study T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Risk of reinfection after seroconversion to SARS-CoV-2: A population-based propensity-score matched cohort study UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab495 Y2 - 6/29/2021 ID - 1821 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We assessed SARS-CoV-2 transmission between patients in shared rooms in an academic hospital between September 2020-April 2021. 11,290 patients were admitted to shared rooms, of whom 25 tested positive. Among 31 exposed roommates, 12 (39%) tested positive within 14 days. Transmission was associated with PCR cycle thresholds �?1. AD - Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. | Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School / Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA. | Infection Control Department, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. AN - 34145449 AU - Karan, Abraar | Klompas, Michael | Tucker, Robert | Baker, Meghan | Vaidya, Vineeta | Rhee, Chanu | for the CDC Prevention Epicenters Program C1 - 2021-07-02 C2 - Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07022021_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 18 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciab564 ET - 2021/06/20 KW - Covid-19 | SARS-CoV-2 | nosocomial infection | roommate | transmission L1 - internal-pdf://4195278798/Karan-2021-The Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Karan, Abraar | Klompas, Michael | Tucker, Robert | Baker, Meghan | Vaidya, Vineeta | Rhee, Chanu | eng | Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Jun 18. pii: 6305137. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab564. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 11,290 patients admitted to shared rooms in a Massachusetts hospital between September 2020 and April 2021, 25 tested positive at a median of 3 days after admission. 39% of 31 exposed roommates tested positive within 14 days. SN - 1058-4838 ST - The Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission from Patients with Undiagnosed Covid-19 to Roommates in a Large Academic Medical Center T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - The Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission from Patients with Undiagnosed Covid-19 to Roommates in a Large Academic Medical Center UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab564 Y2 - 7/16/2021 ID - 1932 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Employment-related exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can endanger not only workers, but also their household members. Using prepandemic data, we examined the prevalence of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) risk factors for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We then estimated how many adults at increased risk of severe COVID-19 held essential jobs and could not work at home (WAH) or who lived in households with such workers. AD - Center for Financing, Access and Cost Trends, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, Maryland. AN - 33165502 AU - Selden, T. M. | Berdahl, T. A. C1 - 2020-12-01 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/120120_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 1 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.6249 ET - 2020/11/10 IS - 1 KW - Age Factors | Asthma/epidemiology | COVID-19/*epidemiology/transmission | Coronary Disease/epidemiology | Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology | *Family | Family Characteristics | Humans | Hypertension/epidemiology | Kidney Diseases/epidemiology | Neoplasms/epidemiology | Obesity/epidemiology | Occupational Exposure/*statistics & numerical data | Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/epidemiology | Risk | SARS-CoV-2 | Severity of Illness Index | Smoking/epidemiology | Teleworking | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://2926508993/Selden-2021-Risk of Severe COVID-19 Among Work.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Selden, Thomas M; Berdahl, Terceira A; eng; JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Jan 1;181(1):120-122. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.6249. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 49.7% (123.2 million) of US adults met the main CDC increased risk guidelines for severe COVID-19; 61% (151.3 million) met the broader CDC guidelines for increased risk. | 27.7% (34.1 million) who met the main CDC guidelines were essential workers who could not work at home (WAH). | 46.1% (56.7 million) either lived with or were themselves essential workers who could not WAH; using broader CDC guidelines this increases to 49.1% (74.3 million). | Methods: Data from a 2014-2017 in-person household survey of US civilians that provided information on health and employment was used to assess the prevalence of CDC-defined risks for severe COVID-19 among adults who held essential jobs and could not WAH or who lived in households with such workers. Broader guidelines added smoking, asthma, and hypertension to these risks. Limitations: Pre-pandemic data may not reflect current employment and WAH status; self-reported risk factors. | Implications: Policies related to reopening and vaccine distribution should take into consideration not only the health risk of essential workers, but also of those with whom they live. SN - 2168-6114 (Electronic); 2168-6106 (Linking) SP - 120-122 ST - Risk of Severe COVID-19 Among Workers and Their Household Members T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - Risk of Severe COVID-19 Among Workers and Their Household Members UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33165502 VL - 181 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1280 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Across the United States, school districts are grappling with questions of whether and how to reopen and keep open elementary and secondary schools in the 2020-21 academic year. Using household data from before the pandemic (2014-17), we examined how often people who have health conditions placing them at risk for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were connected to schools, either as employees or by living in the same households as school employees or school-age children. Between 42.0 percent and 51.4 percent of all school employees met the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) definition of having or potentially having increased risk for severe COVID-19. Among all adults with CDC-defined risk factors for severe COVID-19, between 33.9 million and 44.2 million had direct or within-household connections to schools. AD - Thomas M. Selden (Thomas.Selden@ahrq.hhs.gov) is director of the Division of Research and Modeling, Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, in Rockville, Maryland. | Terceira A. Berdahl is a social science analyst in the Division of Research and Modeling, Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. | Zhengyi Fang is a survey statistician in the Office of the Director, Center for Financing, Access, and Cost Trends, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. AN - 32941086 AU - Selden, T. M. | Berdahl, T. A. | Fang, Z. C1 - 2020-09-29 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/092920_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1377/hlthaff.2020.01536 ET - 2020/09/18 IS - 11 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Betacoronavirus/isolation & purification | Covid-19 | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. | Child | Child, Preschool | Chronic Disease/epidemiology | *Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/transmission | Employment/*statistics & numerical data | *Family Characteristics | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Obesity | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis/transmission | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | School Teachers/*statistics & numerical data | *Schools | United States L1 - internal-pdf://1496534521/hlthaff.2020.01536.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Selden, Thomas M; Berdahl, Terceira A; Fang, Zhengyi; eng; Health Aff (Millwood). 2020 Nov;39(11):2002-2009. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2020.01536. Epub 2020 Sep 17. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Between 42.0% and 51.4% of all school employees had increased or potentially increased risk of severe COVID-19. | 58.2% of low-skill support staff were at increased risk, compared with 37.8% of teachers and assistants, and 39.1% of administrators and high-skill support staff. | Obesity (33.8%) was the primary COVID-19 risk factor. | 63.2% of school employees and 58.7% of school-aged children lived with �? increased-risk adult. | 62.1% of high school students vs 55.7% of children 5 �?9 years old lived with increased-risk adults. | Black (67.3%) and Hispanic (64.6%) children were more likely than White (55.8%) and Asian (35.2%) children to live with increased-risk adults. | Between 33.9 and 44.2 million adults with direct or within-household connections to schools are potentially at increased risk for severe COVID-19. | Methods: Nationally representative analysis of 95,830 adults from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS),external icon 2014 �?2017. Participants were classified as having increased risk of severe COVID-19 according to CDC guidance. Limitations: Certain medical conditions not included, and results may underestimate risk; self-reported data may undercount obesity; data is from civilian noninstitutionalized population and did not include those in nursing, long-term care, and correctional facilities. | Implications: Plans to reduce COVID-19 risk in schools need to consider actions that minimize risk for large groups of at-risk adults working in school settings and within students�?households. SN - 1544-5208 (Electronic); 0278-2715 (Linking) SP - 2002-2009 ST - The Risk Of Severe COVID-19 Within Households Of School Employees And School-Age Children T2 - Health Aff (Millwood) TI - The Risk Of Severe COVID-19 Within Households Of School Employees And School-Age Children UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32941086 VL - 39 ID - 968 ER - TY - JOUR AB - On March 21, 2020, President Donald Trump tweeted that hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin have “a real chance to be one of the biggest game changers in the history of medicine.�?The president later said of hydroxychloroquine, “What do you have to lose? I’ll say it again: What do you have to lose? Take it.”Although the president acknowledged that physicians should be involved in the decision to use these medications, the message to patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and people worried about becoming infected, was clear. Within days, a man in Arizona died after ingesting a chloroquine-containing aquarium product that did not require a prescription. Federal regulators facilitated use of prescription hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine by immediately issuing an Emergency Use Authorization. AD - Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco. AN - 32347894 AU - DeJong, C. | Wachter, R. M. C1 - 2020-05-08 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050820_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 1 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.1853 ET - 2020/04/30 IS - 8 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy | Humans | *Hydroxychloroquine | Internet | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral | SARS-CoV-2 | United States L1 - internal-pdf://3651244784/DeJong-2020-The Risks of Prescribing Hydroxych.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - DeJong, Colette; Wachter, Robert M; eng; Letter; Comment; JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Aug 1;180(8):1118-1119. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.1853. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Overview on hydroxychloroquine debate, highlighting online searches, increased prescriptions, emergency prescribing restrictions in 12 US states, and potential harms. SE - 1118 SN - 2168-6114 (Electronic); 2168-6106 (Linking) SP - 1118-1119 ST - The Risks of Prescribing Hydroxychloroquine for Treatment of COVID-19-First, Do No Harm T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - The Risks of Prescribing Hydroxychloroquine for Treatment of COVID-19-First, Do No Harm UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32347894 VL - 180 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 157 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global pandemic with millions infected and more than 1 million fatalities. Questions regarding the robustness, functionality, and longevity of the antibody response to the virus remain unanswered. Here, on the basis of a dataset of 30,082 individuals screened at Mount Sinai Health System in New York City, we report that the vast majority of infected individuals with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 experience robust immunoglobulin G antibody responses against the viral spike protein. We also show that titers are relatively stable for at least a period of about 5 months and that anti-spike binding titers significantly correlate with neutralization of authentic SARS-CoV-2. Our data suggest that more than 90% of seroconverters make detectable neutralizing antibody responses. These titers remain relatively stable for several months after infection. AD - Department of General Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA. ania.wajnberg@mountsinai.org florian.krammer@mssm.edu carlos.cordon-cardo@mssm.edu. | Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA. | Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA. | Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA. | Department of General Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA. | Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA. | Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA. ania.wajnberg@mountsinai.org florian.krammer@mssm.edu carlos.cordon-cardo@mssm.edu. | Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA. ania.wajnberg@mountsinai.org florian.krammer@mssm.edu carlos.cordon-cardo@mssm.edu. AN - 33115920 AU - Wajnberg, A. | Amanat, F. | Firpo, A. | Altman, D. R. | Bailey, M. J. | Mansour, M. | McMahon, M. | Meade, P. | Mendu, D. R. | Muellers, K. | Stadlbauer, D. | Stone, K. | Strohmeier, S. | Simon, V. | Aberg, J. | Reich, D. L. | Krammer, F. | Cordon-Cardo, C. C1 - 2020-11-10 C2 - PMC7810037 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/111020_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 4 DO - 10.1126/science.abd7728 ET - 2020/10/30 IS - 6521 KW - Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood/*immunology | Antibodies, Viral/blood/*immunology | COVID-19/blood/*immunology | Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay | Humans | Immunoglobulin G/blood/immunology | Neutralization Tests | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology L1 - internal-pdf://3262481601/Wajnberg-2020-Robust neutralizing antibodies t.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Wajnberg, Ania; Amanat, Fatima; Firpo, Adolfo; Altman, Deena R; Bailey, Mark J; Mansour, Mayce; McMahon, Meagan; Meade, Philip; Mendu, Damodara Rao; Muellers, Kimberly; Stadlbauer, Daniel; Stone, Kimberly; Strohmeier, Shirin; Simon, Viviana; Aberg, Judith; Reich, David L; Krammer, Florian; Cordon-Cardo, Carlos; eng; 75N91019D00024/CA/NCI NIH HHS/; 75N93019C00051/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; HHSN272201400008C/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; U54 CA260560/CA/NCI NIH HHS/; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Science. 2020 Dec 4;370(6521):1227-1230. doi: 10.1126/science.abd7728. Epub 2020 Oct 28. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 30,082 (41%) potential convalescent plasma (CP) donors had detectable antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein at titers of �?:80. | Approximately 50% of sera with a titer of 1:80 or 1:160, 90% with a titer of 1:320, and all sera with a titer of �?:960 had neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 (Figure 1). | Among 121 CP donors, titers decreased from a geometric mean titer (GMT) of 764 at initial collection to 690 at the first follow-up collection and 404 at the second follow-up (Figure 2). | Only three individuals had no detectable titers at a follow-up time point. | All three had baseline titers of 1:80. | Methods: Serum samples from 72,401 potential CP donors were screened for antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and 120 samples were tested for neutralizing activity Limitations: Proportion of CP donors with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection unknown (potential donors had RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2, exposure to someone with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, or suspected COVID-19). | Implications: Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 might be durable for at least three to five months. Antibody titers of �?:320 against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein might correlate with protection from SARS-CoV-2, which could serve as a measurable outcome to assist in vaccine development. | Note: From Wajnberg et al. Figure 1. Proportion of sera with any neutralizing activity stratified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) titer for detectible antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein SN - 1095-9203 (Electronic); 0036-8075 (Linking) SP - 1227-1230 ST - Robust neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 infection persist for months T2 - Science TI - Robust neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 infection persist for months UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33115920 VL - 370 ID - 2250 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is critical in both controlling primary infection and preventing re-infection. However, there is concern that immune responses following natural infection may not be sustained and that this may predispose to recurrent infection. We analysed the magnitude and phenotype of the SARS-CoV-2 cellular immune response in 100 donors at six months following primary infection and related this to the profile of antibody level against spike, nucleoprotein and RBD over the previous six months. T-cell immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 were present by ELISPOT and/or ICS analysis in all donors and are characterised by predominant CD4+ T cell responses with strong IL-2 cytokine expression. Median T-cell responses were 50% higher in donors who had experienced an initial symptomatic infection indicating that the severity of primary infection establishes a ‘setpoint�?for cellular immunity that lasts for at least 6 months. The T-cell responses to both spike and nucleoprotein/membrane proteins were strongly correlated with the peak antibody level against each protein. The rate of decline in antibody level varied between individuals and higher levels of nucleoprotein-specific T cells were associated with preservation of NP-specific antibody level although no such correlation was observed in relation to spike-specific responses. In conclusion, our data are reassuring that functional SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses are retained at six months following infection although the magnitude of this response is related to the clinical features of primary infection.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest. AU - Zuo, J. | Dowell, A. | Pearce, H. | Verma, K. | Long, H. M. | Begum, J. | Aiano, F. | Amin-Chowdhury, Z. | Hallis, B. | Stapley, L. | Borrow, R. | Linley, E. | Ahmad, S. | Parker, B. | Horsley, A. | Amirthalingam, G. | Brown, K. | Ramsay, M. E. | Ladhani, S. | Moss, P. C1 - 2020-11-17 C2 - Immunity CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/111720_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.11.01.362319 L1 - internal-pdf://4076262583/Zuo-2020-Robust SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell imm.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Evidence of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses was found in all donors at 6 months (Figure). | Median T cell responses were 50% higher in donors who had symptomatic infection compared with asymptomatic infection. | T cell responses at six months correlated with peak antibody levels against the SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein, receptor binding domain (RBD), and spike proteins. | Methods: Blood samples from 100 convalescent plasma donors were analyzed to characterize the cellular immune response measured by production of interferon-�� six months after SARS-CoV-2 infection, and to measure peak antibody levels against SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein, RBD, and spike proteins. Limitations: No assessment of immune responses beyond six months. | Implications for 2 studies (Ogega et al. & Zuo et al.): Memory B and T cells could provide durable immunity to SARS-CoV-2 even after serum antibodies decline, particularly in symptomatic individuals. A commentary from Wise, J.external icon highlights that durable T cell responses against a range of SARS-CoV-2 proteins might point to potential new vaccine targets. SP - 2020.11.01.362319 ST - Robust SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell immunity is maintained at 6 months following primary infection T2 - bioRxiv TI - Robust SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell immunity is maintained at 6 months following primary infection TT - Published article: Robust SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity is maintained at 6 months following primary infection UR - https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2020/11/02/2020.11.01.362319.full.pdf ID - 1223 ER - TY - JOUR AB - An important question is arising as COVID-19 vaccines are getting rolled out: Should individuals who already had a SARS-CoV-2 infection receive one or two shots of the currently authorized mRNA vaccines. In this short report, we show that the antibody response to the first vaccine dose in individuals with pre-existing immunity is equal to or even exceeds the titers found in naïve individuals after the second dose. We also show that the reactogenicity is significantly higher in individuals who have been infected with SARS-CoV-2 in the past. Changing the policy to give these individuals only one dose of vaccine would not negatively impact on their antibody titers, spare them from unnecessary pain and free up many urgently needed vaccine doses.Competing Interest StatementThe Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai has filed patent applications relating to SARS-CoV-2 serological assays and NDV-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines which list Florian Krammer as co-inventor. Daniel Stadlbauer and Viviana Simon are also listed on the serological assay patent application as co-inventors. Mount Sinai has spun out a company, Kantaro, to market serological tests for SARS-CoV-2. Florian Krammer has consulted for Merck and Pfizer (before 2020), and is currently consulting for Seqirus and Avimex. The Krammer laboratory is also collaborating with Pfizer on animal models of SARS-CoV-2.Funding StatementThis work was partially funded by the NIAID Collaborative Influenza Vaccine Innovation Centers (CIVIC) contract 75N93019C00051, NIAID Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS, contract # HHSN272201400008C), by the generous support of the JPB Foundation and the Open Philanthropy Project (research grant 2020-215611 (5384); and by anonymous donors.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The study protocols for the collection of clinical specimens from individuals with and without SARS-CoV-2 infection by the Personalized Virology Initiative were reviewed and approved by the Mount Sinai Hospital Institutional Review Board (IRB-16-00791; IRB-20-03374). All participants provided informed consent prior to the collection of specimens and clinical information. All specimens were coded prior to processing.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThe data will be shared upon request AU - Krammer, Florian | Srivastava, Komal | Simon, Viviana C1 - 2021-02-12 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02122021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.01.29.21250653 L1 - internal-pdf://1522774625/Krammer-2021-Robust spike antibody responses a.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; SARS-CoV-2 seropositive individuals rapidly developed uniform, high median SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody titers after one mRNA vaccine dose that were: | 10�?0 times higher than titers among seronegative individuals after the first mRNA vaccine dose (Figure A). | More than 10-fold higher than seronegative individuals after the second dose (Figure A). | Seropositive vaccine recipients experienced systemic side effects (fatigue, headache, chills, fever, muscle or joint pain) more frequently than seronegative vaccine recipients (Figure B). | Methods: Measured antibody responses in 109 individuals who received a first BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) or mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccine dose in 2020. Compared frequency of reactions after the first dose of vaccination in 231 individuals, which included most of those with antibody results. Limitations: Unknown exactly how antibody titers translate to protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection. | Implications for both studies (Krammer et al. and Saadat et al.): One mRNA vaccine dose against SARS-CoV-2 might boost immunity in individuals with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection; however, additional clinical data are needed to demonstrate protection from reinfection. Limiting vaccination to one dose among seropositive persons could reduce vaccine side effects and extend limited vaccine supply. SP - 2021.01.29.21250653 ST - Robust spike antibody responses and increased reactogenicity in seropositive individuals after a single dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine T2 - medRxiv TI - Robust spike antibody responses and increased reactogenicity in seropositive individuals after a single dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine TT - Published article: Antibody Responses in Seropositive Persons after a Single Dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/02/01/2021.01.29.21250653.full.pdf ID - 1500 ER - TY - JOUR AB - SARS-CoV-2-specific memory T cells will likely prove critical for long-term immune protection against COVID-19. Here, we systematically mapped the functional and phenotypic landscape of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses in unexposed individuals, exposed family members, and individuals with acute or convalescent COVID-19. Acute-phase SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells displayed a highly activated cytotoxic phenotype that correlated with various clinical markers of disease severity, whereas convalescent-phase SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells were polyfunctional and displayed a stem-like memory phenotype. Importantly, SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells were detectable in antibody-seronegative exposed family members and convalescent individuals with a history of asymptomatic and mild COVID-19. Our collective dataset shows that SARS-CoV-2 elicits broadly directed and functionally replete memory T cell responses, suggesting that natural exposure or infection may prevent recurrent episodes of severe COVID-19. AD - Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. | Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK. | Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. | Department of Clinical Interventions and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Function Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. | Function Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. | Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Theme of Children's and Women's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. | Division of Clinical Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. | Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark; Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnologicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martin, San Martin, Argentina. | Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. | Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK; Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK. | Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: marcus.buggert@ki.se. AN - 32979941 AU - Sekine, T. | Perez-Potti, A. | Rivera-Ballesteros, O. | Stralin, K. | Gorin, J. B. | Olsson, A. | Llewellyn-Lacey, S. | Kamal, H. | Bogdanovic, G. | Muschiol, S. | Wullimann, D. J. | Kammann, T. | Emgard, J. | Parrot, T. | Folkesson, E. | Karolinska, Covid-Study Group | Rooyackers, O. | Eriksson, L. I. | Henter, J. I. | Sonnerborg, A. | Allander, T. | Albert, J. | Nielsen, M. | Klingstrom, J. | Gredmark-Russ, S. | Bjorkstrom, N. K. | Sandberg, J. K. | Price, D. A. | Ljunggren, H. G. | Aleman, S. | Buggert, M. C1 - 2020-08-25 C2 - Laboratory Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082520_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 1 DO - 10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.017 ET - 2020/09/28 IS - 1 KW - Adult | Antibodies, Viral/immunology | Asymptomatic Infections | Betacoronavirus/immunology | Covid-19 | *Convalescence | Coronavirus Infections/*immunology/pathology | Female | Humans | Immunologic Memory | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*immunology/pathology | SARS-CoV-2 | T-Lymphocytes/*immunology L1 - internal-pdf://0996109025/Sekine-2020-Robust T Cell Immunity in Convales.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Sekine, Takuya; Perez-Potti, Andre; Rivera-Ballesteros, Olga; Stralin, Kristoffer; Gorin, Jean-Baptiste; Olsson, Annika; Llewellyn-Lacey, Sian; Kamal, Habiba; Bogdanovic, Gordana; Muschiol, Sandra; Wullimann, David J; Kammann, Tobias; Emgard, Johanna; Parrot, Tiphaine; Folkesson, Elin; Rooyackers, Olav; Eriksson, Lars I; Henter, Jan-Inge; Sonnerborg, Anders; Allander, Tobias; Albert, Jan; Nielsen, Morten; Klingstrom, Jonas; Gredmark-Russ, Sara; Bjorkstrom, Niklas K; Sandberg, Johan K; Price, David A; Ljunggren, Hans-Gustaf; Aleman, Soo; Buggert, Marcus; eng; WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Cell. 2020 Oct 1;183(1):158-168.e14. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.017. Epub 2020 Aug 14. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 were detected in symptomatic COVID-19 patients after recovery. | Some individuals had discordant T cell and antibody responses (Figure): | Although 4/31 healthy controls were seropositive, 9 had T cell responses. | Although 17/28 household contacts were seropositive, 26 had T cell responses. | Although 27/31 persons were seropositive after mild COVID-19 disease, 30 had T cell responses. | Methods: IgG antibody and T cell responses were determined in persons during infection (11-17 days post-onset), 3-53 days after symptom resolution, in household contacts and blood donors from 2019 and 2020 (healthy controls). Limitations: Some T cell responses were likely caused by cross-reactivity to seasonal coronavirus; latest post-recovery blood sampling was only 2 months after symptom resolution. | Implications: T cell responses are important because they could contribute to vaccine efficacy, herd immunity, potential for reinfection, and population disease burden and severity. Seroprevalence (antibody) estimates may not fully represent population immunity because it does not measure T cell responses. Unidentified exposure to seasonal human coronaviruses may be instrumental in developing humoral and/or cellular responses among those exposed to but not infected by SARS-CoV-2. SN - 1097-4172 (Electronic); 0092-8674 (Linking) SP - 158-168 e14 ST - Robust T Cell Immunity in Convalescent Individuals with Asymptomatic or Mild COVID-19 T2 - Cell TI - Robust T Cell Immunity in Convalescent Individuals with Asymptomatic or Mild COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32979941 VL - 183 ID - 760 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: Understanding the role of children in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is urgently required given its policy implications in relation to the reopening of schools and intergenerational contacts. Methods: We conducted a rapid review of studies that investigated the role of children in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. We synthesized evidence for four categories: 1) studies reporting documented cases of SARS-CoV-2 transmission by infected children; 2) studies presenting indirect evidence on the potential of SARS-CoV-2 transmission by (both symptomatic and asymptomatic) children; 3) studies reporting cluster outbreaks of COVID-19 in schools; 4) studies estimating the proportions of children infected by SARS-CoV-2, and reported results narratively. Results: A total of 16 unique studies were included for narrative synthesis. There is limited evidence detailing transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from infected children. We found two studies that reported a 3-month-old whose parents developed symptomatic COVID-19 seven days after caring for the infant and two children who may have contracted COVID-19 from the initial cases at a school in New South Wales. In addition, we identified six studies presenting indirect evidence on the potential for SARS-CoV-2 transmission by children, three of which found prolonged virus shedding in stools. There is little data on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in schools. We identified only two studies reporting outbreaks of COVID-19 in school settings and one case report of a child attending classes but not infecting any other pupils or staff. Lastly, we identified six studies estimating the proportion of children infected; data from population-based studies in Iceland, Italy, South Korea, Netherlands, California and a hospital-based study in the UK suggest children may be less likely to be infected. Conclusions: Preliminary results from population-based and school-based studies suggest that children may be less frequently infected or infect others, however current evidence is limited. Prolonged faecal shedding observed in studies highlights the potentially increased risk of faeco-oral transmission in children. Further seroprevalence studies (powered adequately for the paediatric population) are urgently required to establish whether children are in fact less likely to be infected compared to adults. Note: We plan to update this rapid review as new data becomes available. These updates are available at https://www.ed.ac.uk/usher/uncover/completed-uncover-reviews. AD - Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. | College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. | Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. | Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Medical Research Council Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. AN - 32612817 AU - Li, X. | Xu, W. | Dozier, M. | He, Y. | Kirolos, A. | Theodoratou, E. | Uncover, C1 - 2020-07-14 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071420_covidupdate.html DA - Jun DO - 10.7189/jogh.10.011101 DP - NLM ET - 2020/07/03 IS - 1 KW - Covid-19 | Child | Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/*transmission | *Disease Outbreaks | Humans | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/*transmission L1 - internal-pdf://1947465245/Li-2020-The role of children in transmission o.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Li, Xue; Xu, Wei; Dozier, Marshall; He, Yazhou; Kirolos, Amir; Theodoratou, Evropi; eng; WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; Review; Scotland; J Glob Health. 2020 Jun;10(1):011101. doi: 10.7189/jogh.10.011101. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Narrative concludes that there is limited evidence on pediatric cases acting as a source of infection and highlights importance of obtaining robust data on transmission dynamics in children This rapid review will be updated external iconas new data becomes available. SN - 2047-2986 (Electronic); 2047-2978 (Linking) SP - 011101 ST - The role of children in transmission of SARS-CoV-2: A rapid review T2 - J Glob Health TI - The role of children in transmission of SARS-CoV-2: A rapid review UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32612817 VL - 10 ID - 526 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Infectious Diseases, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. Electronic address: moynan.david@gmail.com. | Department of Occupational Medicine, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. | Department of Microbiology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. | Department of Infectious Diseases, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Department of International Health and Tropical Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland. | Department of Infectious Diseases, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. | Department of Microbiology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland. AN - 32593656 AU - Moynan, D. | Cagney, M. | Dhuthaigh, A. N. | Foley, M. | Salter, A. | Reidy, N. | Reidy, P. | de Barra, E. | Fitzpatrick, F. C1 - 2020-07-07 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/070720_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.057 ET - 2020/07/01 IS - 3 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Health Personnel | Humans | Infection Control | *Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://4014248885/Moynan-2020-The role of healthcare staff COVID.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Moynan, David; Cagney, Maura; Dhuthaigh, Aoife Ni; Foley, Margaret; Salter, Aisling; Reidy, Niamh; Reidy, Paul; de Barra, Eoghan; Fitzpatrick, Fidelma; eng; Letter; Comment; England; J Infect. 2020 Sep;81(3):e53-e54. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.057. Epub 2020 Jun 25. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Describes a remarkably high seropositivity among healthcare workers in an Irish hospital with nosocomial COVID-19 cases. SN - 1532-2742 (Electronic); 0163-4453 (Linking) SP - e53-e54 ST - The role of healthcare staff COVID-19 screening in infection prevention & control T2 - J Infect TI - The role of healthcare staff COVID-19 screening in infection prevention & control UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32593656 VL - 81 ID - 483 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Editor in Chief, Annals of Internal Medicine. | Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, California. | Deputy Editor, Statistics, Annals of Internal Medicine. AN - 33205993 AU - Laine, C. | Goodman, S. N. | Guallar, E. C1 - 2020-12-01 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/120120_covidupdate.html DA - Mar DO - 10.7326/M20-7448 ET - 2020/11/19 IS - 3 KW - COVID-19/*prevention & control/transmission | Disease Transmission, Infectious/prevention & control | Humans | *Masks | Pandemics/*prevention & control | *Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://3018698126/m20-7448.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Laine, Christine; Goodman, Steven N; Guallar, Eliseo; eng; Ann Intern Med. 2021 Mar;174(3):419-420. doi: 10.7326/M20-7448. Epub 2020 Nov 18. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: emphasize that [Bundgaard et al.] neither addresses mask-wearing as source control nor definitively shows that masks do not protect the wearer due to 46% adherence to mask-wearing. SN - 1539-3704 (Electronic); 0003-4819 (Linking) SP - 419-420 ST - The Role of Masks in Mitigating the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: Another Piece of the Puzzle T2 - Ann Intern Med TI - The Role of Masks in Mitigating the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic: Another Piece of the Puzzle UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33205993 VL - 174 ID - 1285 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK. Electronic address: stefan.flasche@lshtm.ac.uk. | Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK. AN - 33306982 AU - Flasche, S. | Edmunds, W. J. C1 - 2020-12-22 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/122220_covidupdate.html DA - Mar DO - 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30927-0 ET - 2020/12/12 IS - 3 KW - Aged | *covid-19 | Child | Cross-Sectional Studies | Disease Outbreaks | England | Humans | Prospective Studies | *SARS-CoV-2 | Schools L1 - internal-pdf://0521284288/Flasche-2021-The role of schools and school-ag.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Flasche, Stefan; Edmunds, W John; eng; Comment; Lancet Infect Dis. 2021 Mar;21(3):298-299. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30927-0. Epub 2020 Dec 8. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: children are often asymptomatic and their cases could be missed. SN - 1474-4457 (Electronic); 1473-3099 (Linking) SP - 298-299 ST - The role of schools and school-aged children in SARS-CoV-2 transmission T2 - Lancet Infect Dis TI - The role of schools and school-aged children in SARS-CoV-2 transmission UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33306982 VL - 21 ID - 1373 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Routine viral testing strategies for SARS-CoV-2 infection might facilitate safe airline travel during the COVID-19 pandemic and mitigate global spread of the virus. However, the effectiveness of these test-and-travel strategies to reduce passenger risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and population-level transmission remains unknown. METHODS: In this simulation study, we developed a microsimulation of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in a cohort of 100 000 US domestic airline travellers using publicly available data on COVID-19 clinical cases and published natural history parameters to assign individuals one of five health states of susceptible to infection, latent period, early infection, late infection, or recovered. We estimated a per-day risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 corresponding to a daily incidence of 150 infections per 100 000 people. We assessed five testing strategies: (1) anterior nasal PCR test within 3 days of departure, (2) PCR within 3 days of departure and 5 days after arrival, (3) rapid antigen test on the day of travel (assuming 90% of the sensitivity of PCR during active infection), (4) rapid antigen test on the day of travel and PCR test 5 days after arrival, and (5) PCR test 5 days after arrival. Strategies 2 and 4 included a 5-day quarantine after arrival. The travel period was defined as 3 days before travel to 2 weeks after travel. Under each scenario, individuals who tested positive before travel were not permitted to travel. The primary study outcome was cumulative number of infectious days in the cohort over the travel period without isolation or quarantine (population-level transmission risk), and the key secondary outcome was the number of infectious people detected on the day of travel (passenger risk of infection). FINDINGS: We estimated that in a cohort of 100 000 airline travellers, in a scenario with no testing or screening, there would be 8357 (95% uncertainty interval 6144-12831) infectious days with 649 (505-950) actively infectious passengers on the day of travel. The pre-travel PCR test reduced the number of infectious days from 8357 to 5401 (3917-8677), a reduction of 36% (29-41) compared with the base case, and identified 569 (88% [76-92]) of 649 actively infectious travellers on the day of flight; the addition of post-travel quarantine and PCR reduced the number of infectious days to 2520 days (1849-4158), a reduction of 70% (64-75) compared with the base case. The rapid antigen test on the day of travel reduced the number of infectious days to 5674 (4126-9081), a reduction of 32% (26-38) compared with the base case, and identified 560 (86% [83-89]) actively infectious travellers; the addition of post-travel quarantine and PCR reduced the number of infectious days to 3124 (2356-495), a reduction of 63% (58-66) compared with the base case. The post-travel PCR alone reduced the number of infectious days to 4851 (3714-7679), a reduction of 42% (35-49) compared with the base case. INTERPRETATION: Routine asymptomatic testing for SARS-CoV-2 before travel can be an effective strategy to reduce passenger risk of infection during travel, although abbreviated quarantine with post-travel testing is probably needed to reduce population-level transmission due to importation of infection when travelling from a high to low incidence setting. FUNDING: University of California, San Francisco. AD - Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. | Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. | Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. | Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. | Institute for Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. | Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. | Center for Primary Care, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Research and Population Health, Collective Health, San Francisco, CA, USA; School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK. | Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Electronic address: nathan.lo@ucsf.edu. AN - 33765417 AU - Kiang, M. V. | Chin, E. T. | Huynh, B. Q. | Chapman, L. A. C. | Rodriguez-Barraquer, I. | Greenhouse, B. | Rutherford, G. W. | Bibbins-Domingo, K. | Havlir, D. | Basu, S. | Lo, N. C. C1 - 2021-04-02 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04022021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 22 DO - 10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00134-1 ET - 2021/03/26 IS - 7 KW - Aircraft/statistics & numerical data | Asymptomatic Infections | COVID-19/*diagnosis/transmission/virology | COVID-19 Testing/*methods | Carrier State/*diagnosis/virology | Computer Simulation | Diagnostic Tests, Routine/statistics & numerical data | Humans | Pandemics/*prevention & control | SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity | Travel/statistics & numerical data L1 - internal-pdf://4084553148/Kiang-2021-Routine asymptomatic testing strate.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Kiang, Mathew V; Chin, Elizabeth T; Huynh, Benjamin Q; Chapman, Lloyd A C; Rodriguez-Barraquer, Isabel; Greenhouse, Bryan; Rutherford, George W; Bibbins-Domingo, Kirsten; Havlir, Diane; Basu, Sanjay; Lo, Nathan C; eng; K99 DA051534/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/; Lancet Infect Dis. 2021 Mar 22. pii: S1473-3099(21)00134-1. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00134-1. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; With no SARS-CoV-2 testing or screening (base case scenario), there would be 649 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 505-950) actively infectious passengers on the day of travel among 100,000 passengers and 8,357 (95% UI 6,144-12,831) infectious days (Figure). Compared with the base case: | Pre-travel PCR testing alone would reduce expected infectious days by 36% (95% UI 29%-41%) or, with the addition of post-travel quarantine and PCR, by 70% (95% UI 64%-75%). | Day of travel rapid antigen testing alone would reduce expected infectious days by 32% (95% UI 26%-38%) or, with the addition of post-travel quarantine and PCR, by 63% (95% UI 58%-66%). | Post-travel PCR testing alone would reduce the number of infectious days by 42% (95% UI 35%-49%). | Methods: Microsimulation model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in a hypothetical cohort of 100,000 US domestic airline travelers to evaluate the effectiveness of routine testing and quarantine strategies on passenger and population level SARS-CoV-2 risk over the travel period. The model incorporated publicly available data on COVID-19 clinical cases, published natural history parameters, and a daily incidence of 150 infections per 100,000 people. Limitations: High adherence to testing, quarantine and self-isolation was assumed; model was static and did not differentiate risk of flights by size or duration; analysis did not include effects of vaccination. | Implications: Testing for SARS-CoV-2 with a rapid antigen test on the day of departure or RT-PCR 3 days before departure could reduce the risk of transmission during travel. The addition of post-travel testing, and 5-day quarantine could further reduce importation and ongoing transmission in the destination city, especially for travel from high to low incidence settings. SN - 1474-4457 (Electronic); 1473-3099 (Linking) SP - 929-938 ST - Routine asymptomatic testing strategies for airline travel during the COVID-19 pandemic: a simulation study T2 - Lancet Infect Dis TI - Routine asymptomatic testing strategies for airline travel during the COVID-19 pandemic: a simulation study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33765417 VL - 21 Y2 - 2021/05/17 ID - 1633 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Section of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. kstanford@medicine.bsd.uchicago.edu. | Section of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. | Section of Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. AN - 32361800 AU - Stanford, K. A. | Friedman, E. E. | Schmitt, J. | Spiegel, T. | Ridgway, J. P. | Moore, M. | Taylor, M. | Pitrak, D. | McNulty, M. C. C1 - 2020-05-12 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051220_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1007/s10461-020-02899-x ET - 2020/05/04 IS - 10 L1 - internal-pdf://1970714058/Stanford-2020-Routine Screening for HIV in an.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Stanford, Kimberly A; Friedman, Eleanor E; Schmitt, Jessica; Spiegel, Thomas; Ridgway, Jessica P; Moore, Michelle; Taylor, Michelle; Pitrak, David; McNulty, Moira C; eng; K23 MH118969/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/; P30 AI117943/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; AIDS Behav. 2020 Oct;24(10):2757-2759. doi: 10.1007/s10461-020-02899-x. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: An emergency department in Chicago maintained high levels of routine HIV screening and identified new HIV cases, including acute infection, in the middle of the COVID-19 pandemic. SN - 1573-3254 (Electronic); 1090-7165 (Linking) SP - 2757-2759 ST - Routine Screening for HIV in an Urban Emergency Department During the COVID-19 Pandemic T2 - AIDS Behav TI - Routine Screening for HIV in an Urban Emergency Department During the COVID-19 Pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32361800 VL - 24 ID - 180 ER - TY - JOUR AD - From the Northern Navajo Medical Center, Shiprock, NM. AN - 32329970 AU - Kovich, H. C1 - 2020-05-05 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050520_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 9 DO - 10.1056/NEJMp2012114 ET - 2020/04/25 IS - 2 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*ethnology | Family/*ethnology | Humans | *Indians, North American | Interpersonal Relations | New Mexico/epidemiology | *Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*ethnology | Rural Population | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://0200655531/Kovich-2020-Rural Matters - Coronavirus and th.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Kovich, Heather; eng; N Engl J Med. 2020 Jul 9;383(2):105-107. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2012114. Epub 2020 Apr 24. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Personal account from the perspective of a family medicine doctor on how diagnosing and managing COVID19 cases in the Navajo nation is distinct from other areas. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 105-107 ST - Rural Matters - Coronavirus and the Navajo Nation T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Rural Matters - Coronavirus and the Navajo Nation UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32329970 VL - 383 ID - 134 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 32896274 AU - Burki, T. K. C1 - 2020-09-15 C2 - Vaccine Development CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091520_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30402-1 ET - 2020/09/09 IS - 11 KW - Adenoviridae | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic | Coronavirus Infections/immunology/*prevention & control | Humans | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*prevention & control | Russia | SARS-CoV-2 | Viral Vaccines/*immunology L1 - internal-pdf://0693439106/Burki-2020-The Russian vaccine for COVID-19.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Burki, Talha Khan; eng; News; England; Lancet Respir Med. 2020 Nov;8(11):e85-e86. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30402-1. Epub 2020 Sep 5. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: points out that immune response may not corelate with protection. SN - 2213-2619 (Electronic); 2213-2600 (Linking) SP - e85-e86 ST - The Russian vaccine for COVID-19 T2 - Lancet Respir Med TI - The Russian vaccine for COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32896274 VL - 8 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 883 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A novel variant of SARS-CoV-2, B.1.1.7, originally discovered in the UK, is rapidly overtaking wild-type SARS-CoV-2 globally, due to a substantial transmission advantage. This variant is estimated to be 40% to 80% more transmissible and 35% more lethal than the wild-type virus.Deletion of amino acids 69 and 70 within the spike (S) gene of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7, sometimes attributable to the N501Y mutation, can result in an undetectable S-gene target (S-gene target failure, SGTF) for some real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing methods. A rapid increase in the proportion of SARS-CoV-2 samples with SGTF was identified in regions of England affected by B.1.1.7, and, after validation with whole genome sequencing, SGTF was determined to be a reliable marker of B.1.1.7 across the country. AD - Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada. | Sunnybrook Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. | Dynacare Laboratories, Brampton, Canada. AN - 33830171 AU - Brown, K. A. | Gubbay, J. | Hopkins, J. | Patel, S. | Buchan, S. A. | Daneman, N. | Goneau, L. W. C1 - 2021-04-16 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04162021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 8 DO - 10.1001/jama.2021.5607 ET - 2021/04/09 IS - 20 KW - COVID-19/transmission/*virology | COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing | *Genes, Viral | Genetic Markers | Humans | Ontario | SARS-CoV-2/*genetics | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/*genetics L1 - internal-pdf://2296476080/Brown-2021-S-Gene Target Failure as a Marker o.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Brown, Kevin A; Gubbay, Jonathan; Hopkins, Jessica; Patel, Samir; Buchan, Sarah A; Daneman, Nick; Goneau, Lee William; eng; JAMA. 2021 Apr 8. pii: 2778599. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.5607. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The B.1.1.7 variant grew from 2% to 75% of daily cases as estimated by the surrogate measurement of S-gene target failure (SGTF). | SGTF cases increased from 176 to 254 per day during the week of March 25-31 (weekly growth rate, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.18-1.75), while non-SGTF cases decreased from 81 to 79 per day (weekly growth rate, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.80-1.18) (Figure). | Methods: In Toronto, Canada, 20,051 positive NP swabs were taken between December 15, 2020 and March 31, 2021; 4,692 swabs were SGTF, i.e. positive for the N-gene and ORF1ab gene but negative for the S-gene. Confirmatory testing for B.1.1.7 in SGTF samples was done on a subset. Limitations: SGTF as a measurement of B.1.1.7 prevalence may not be accurate in the presence of other circulating variants with deletions in the S gene. | Implications: The B.1.1.7 variant has outpaced other variants in Toronto and can be tracked efficiently by SGTF prevalence. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 2115-2116 ST - S-Gene Target Failure as a Marker of Variant B.1.1.7 Among SARS-CoV-2 Isolates in the Greater Toronto Area, December 2020 to March 2021 T2 - JAMA TI - S-Gene Target Failure as a Marker of Variant B.1.1.7 Among SARS-CoV-2 Isolates in the Greater Toronto Area, December 2020 to March 2021 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33830171 VL - 325 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1677 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A SARS-CoV-2 variant B1.1.7 containing a mutation Delta69/70 has spread rapidly in the UK and shows an identifiable profile in ThermoFisher TaqPath RTqPCR (S-gene target failure; SGTF). We analysed recent test data for trends and significance. Linked Ct values for respiratory samples showed that a low Ct for ORF1ab and N were clearly associated with SGTF. Significantly more SGTF samples had higher inferred viral loads between 1x10 7 and 1x10 8. Our conclusion is that patients whose samples exhibit the SGTF profile are more likely to have high viral loads, which may explain higher infectivity and rapidity of spread. AD - Public Health England and University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust UK. | Institute of Cancer and Genomic Science, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. | Clinical Immunology Service, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. | University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK. | Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. AN - 33580259 AU - Kidd, M. | Richter, A. | Best, A. | Cumley, N. | Mirza, J. | Percival, B. | Mayhew, M. | Megram, O. | Ashford, F. | White, T. | Moles-Garcia, E. | Crawford, L. | Bosworth, A. | Atabani, S. F. | Plant, T. | McNally, A. C1 - 2021-02-26 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02262021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 13 DO - 10.1093/infdis/jiab082 ET - 2021/02/14 IS - 10 KW - B.1.1.7 | Covid-19 | Ct values | Rt-pcr | S-gene dropout | S-variant | SARS-CoV-2 | Sgtf | TaqPath | Vui-202012/01 | viral load | Delta69/70 L1 - internal-pdf://0104346441/Kidd-2021-S-variant SARS-CoV-2 lineage B1.1.7.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Kidd, Michael; Richter, Alex; Best, Angus; Cumley, Nicola; Mirza, Jeremy; Percival, Benita; Mayhew, Megan; Megram, Oliver; Ashford, Fiona; White, Thomas; Moles-Garcia, Emma; Crawford, Liam; Bosworth, Andrew; Atabani, Sowsan F; Plant, Tim; McNally, Alan; eng; J Infect Dis. 2021 Feb 13. pii: 6134354. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiab082. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: The SARS-CoV-2 variant, B.1.1.7, has an identifiable S-gene target failure and typically has low Ct values and thus, higher viral loads; this might explain the higher infectivity rates and rapid spread exhibited by this variant. SN - 1537-6613 (Electronic); 0022-1899 (Linking) SP - 1666-1670 ST - S-variant SARS-CoV-2 lineage B1.1.7 is associated with significantly higher viral loads in samples tested by ThermoFisher TaqPath RT-qPCR T2 - J Infect Dis TI - S-variant SARS-CoV-2 lineage B1.1.7 is associated with significantly higher viral loads in samples tested by ThermoFisher TaqPath RT-qPCR UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33580259 VL - 223 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1528 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Neupane, Rabin | Ambalavanan, Jayachidambaram | Halaseh, Ramez | Franco, Stephanie | Vobugari, Nikitha | Lee, Zone-En | Tran, Jennifer C1 - 2021-01-08 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01082021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.14309/01.ajg.0000707424.35538.9e IS - 1 L1 - internal-pdf://0684798761/S1344_Gastrointestinal_Symptoms_Among_Patients.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Testing | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among COVID-19 patients admitted or evaluated in an ED, GI symptoms were common but were not associated with unfavorable COVID-19 outcomes or pre-existing GI conditions. The presence of GI symptoms alone was rare. SE - S678 SN - 0002-9270; 1572-0241 SP - S678-S679 ST - S1344 Gastrointestinal Symptoms Among Patients Admitted With COVID-19 and its Relation to Outcome: A Multi-Center Retrospective Analysis T2 - Am J Gastroenterol TI - S1344 Gastrointestinal Symptoms Among Patients Admitted With COVID-19 and its Relation to Outcome: A Multi-Center Retrospective Analysis UR - https://journals.lww.com/ajg/Fulltext/2020/10001/S1344_Gastrointestinal_Symptoms_Among_Patients.1345.aspx VL - 115 ID - 1382 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Seven states and the District of Columbia have ordered statewide closures to delay the return of in-person K-12 classes this fall because of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Sadly, regions of the US that have historically started school earlier in the summer—and have spent less per pupil—are faced with the decision of whether to reopen for in-person classes against a background of alarming growth in new cases of COVID-19. Many are choosing to do so.The American Academy of Pediatrics, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and numerous articles recently published in JAMA Network journals have presented compelling motivations to resume in-person classes. For instance, with school closures comes the risk that children may experience worsened mental health as well as reduced access to nutritious foods and health services, lower academic gains, and less attention from protective services. These risks may be felt to a greater extent by underserved communities. At the same time, there are many unanswered questions about the viral load of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) among children, the extent to which children may contribute to community transmission, and mitigation policies that are most effective to prevent outbreaks in K-12 schools. AU - Buntin, Melinda B. | Gavulic, Kyle A. C1 - 2020-09-04 C2 - New Tools for Policy and Practice CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090420_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1001/jamahealthforum.2020.1054 IS - 8 L1 - internal-pdf://0408690967/Buntin-2020-Safely Reopening Schools—Learning.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Outline of several interventions to facilitate safe school reopening, including mask wearing, grouping small numbers of students together, and changing absence policies. SE - e201054 SN - 2689-0186 SP - e201054-e201054 ST - Safely Reopening Schools—Learning Amid a Pandemic T2 - JAMA Health Forum TI - Safely Reopening Schools—Learning Amid a Pandemic UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamahealthforum.2020.1054 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama-health-forum/articlepdf/2769782/buntin_2020_et_200031_1618433948.40328.pdf VL - 1 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 822 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: The immunogenicity of a two-dose mRNA COVID-19 vaccine regimen is low in kidney transplant (KT) recipients. We report the first complete assessment of safety and cross-variant immunogenicity of a three-dose vaccine regimen in KT recipients. | Methods: We performed a prospective longitudinal study in sixty-one KT recipients given three doses of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine. We performed semi-structured pharmacovigilance interviews and monitored donor-specific antibodies and kidney function. We compared geometric mean titers (GMT) of anti-spike IgG, pseudo-neutralization activity against vaccine homologous and heterologous variants, frequency of spike-specific interferon (IFN)-��-secreting cells, and antigen-induced cytokine production 28 days after the second and third doses. The immunoassays were also performed in non-transplanted individuals 28 days after the second dose to obtain reference values. | Findings: Reactions to vaccine were mild. One patient developed donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies after the second dose which could be explained by non-adherence to immunosuppressive therapy. Spike-specific IgG seroconversion raised from 44·3% (n=27) after the second dose to 62·3% (n=38) after the third dose (p<0·05). GMT increased from 528·3 (95% CI 300·0-930·1) to 2395 AU/ml (95% CI 1214-4724, p<0·0001). Serum neutralizing activity increased from 4·7% to 17·2% (Wuhan strain), 4·0% to 17·4% (alpha variant), 2·3% to 7·3% (beta variant), and 1·3% to 9·1% (gamma variant) after the third dose (p<0·0001), which remained lower than reference values. The mean frequency of IFN-��-secreting cells increased from 19·9 (SD 56·0) to 64·0 (SD 76·8) cells/million PBMCs after the third dose (p<0·0001). A significant increase in IFN-�� responses was also observed in patients who remained seronegative after three doses (p<0·0001). | Interpretation: A third dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine increases both SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular responses in KT recipients with an acceptable tolerability profile. However, neutralizing antibody titres remain low after three doses, especially against variants of concern, and barrier measures and vaccination of the relatives remain essential. AU - Massa, Filippo | Cremoni, Marion | Gerard, Alexandre | Grabsi, Hanen | Rogier, Lory | Blois, Mathilde | Ben Hassen, Nadia | Rouleau, Matthieu | Barbosa, Susana | Martinuzzi, Emanuela | Fayada, Julien | Bernard, Ghislaine | Favre, Guillaume | Hofman, Paul | Esnault, Vincent L. M. | Czerkinsky, Cecil | Seitz-Polski, Barbara | Glaichenhaus, Nicolas | Sicard, Antoine C1 - 2021-08-06 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08062021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.2139/ssrn.3890865 L1 - internal-pdf://3984795162/SSRN-id3890865.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In a prospective study in France, kidney transplant recipients who received a 3rd dose of BNT162b2 (n = 61) showed increases in both spike-specific antibody binding and in T-cell responses, although these remained lower than in healthy individuals. Neutralizing antibody responses against variants of concern also remained low. SN - 1556-5068 ST - Safety and Cross-Variant Immunogenicity of a Three-Dose COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Regimen in Kidney Transplant Recipients T2 - SSRN TI - Safety and Cross-Variant Immunogenicity of a Three-Dose COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Regimen in Kidney Transplant Recipients UR - https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3890865 ID - 2200 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: A heterologous recombinant adenovirus (rAd)-based vaccine, Gam-COVID-Vac (Sputnik V), showed a good safety profile and induced strong humoral and cellular immune responses in participants in phase 1/2 clinical trials. Here, we report preliminary results on the efficacy and safety of Gam-COVID-Vac from the interim analysis of this phase 3 trial. METHODS: We did a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial at 25 hospitals and polyclinics in Moscow, Russia. We included participants aged at least 18 years, with negative SARS-CoV-2 PCR and IgG and IgM tests, no infectious diseases in the 14 days before enrolment, and no other vaccinations in the 30 days before enrolment. Participants were randomly assigned (3:1) to receive vaccine or placebo, with stratification by age group. Investigators, participants, and all study staff were masked to group assignment. The vaccine was administered (0.5 mL/dose) intramuscularly in a prime-boost regimen: a 21-day interval between the first dose (rAd26) and the second dose (rAd5), both vectors carrying the gene for the full-length SARS-CoV-2 glycoprotein S. The primary outcome was the proportion of participants with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 from day 21 after receiving the first dose. All analyses excluded participants with protocol violations: the primary outcome was assessed in participants who had received two doses of vaccine or placebo, serious adverse events were assessed in all participants who had received at least one dose at the time of database lock, and rare adverse events were assessed in all participants who had received two doses and for whom all available data were verified in the case report form at the time of database lock. The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04530396). FINDINGS: Between Sept 7 and Nov 24, 2020, 21 977 adults were randomly assigned to the vaccine group (n=16 501) or the placebo group (n=5476). 19 866 received two doses of vaccine or placebo and were included in the primary outcome analysis. From 21 days after the first dose of vaccine (the day of dose 2), 16 (0.1%) of 14 964 participants in the vaccine group and 62 (1.3%) of 4902 in the placebo group were confirmed to have COVID-19; vaccine efficacy was 91.6% (95% CI 85.6-95.2). Most reported adverse events were grade 1 (7485 [94.0%] of 7966 total events). 45 (0.3%) of 16 427 participants in the vaccine group and 23 (0.4%) of 5435 participants in the placebo group had serious adverse events; none were considered associated with vaccination, with confirmation from the independent data monitoring committee. Four deaths were reported during the study (three [<0.1%] of 16 427 participants in the vaccine group and one [<0.1%] of 5435 participants in the placebo group), none of which were considered related to the vaccine. INTERPRETATION: This interim analysis of the phase 3 trial of Gam-COVID-Vac showed 91.6% efficacy against COVID-19 and was well tolerated in a large cohort. FUNDING: Moscow City Health Department, Russian Direct Investment Fund, and Sberbank. AD - Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia. Electronic address: ldenisy@gmail.com. | Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia. | Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia. | Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia. | 48 Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia. | Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia; Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia. AN - 33545094 AU - Logunov, D. Y. | Dolzhikova, I. V. | Shcheblyakov, D. V. | Tukhvatulin, A. I. | Zubkova, O. V. | Dzharullaeva, A. S. | Kovyrshina, A. V. | Lubenets, N. L. | Grousova, D. M. | Erokhova, A. S. | Botikov, A. G. | Izhaeva, F. M. | Popova, O. | Ozharovskaya, T. A. | Esmagambetov, I. B. | Favorskaya, I. A. | Zrelkin, D. I. | Voronina, D. V. | Shcherbinin, D. N. | Semikhin, A. S. | Simakova, Y. V. | Tokarskaya, E. A. | Egorova, D. A. | Shmarov, M. M. | Nikitenko, N. A. | Gushchin, V. A. | Smolyarchuk, E. A. | Zyryanov, S. K. | Borisevich, S. V. | Naroditsky, B. S. | Gintsburg, A. L. | Gam, Covid-Vac Vaccine Trial Group C1 - 2021-02-12 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02122021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 20 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00234-8 ET - 2021/02/06 IS - 10275 KW - Adult | Antibodies, Viral/blood | COVID-19/immunology/*prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/*adverse effects/*immunology | Double-Blind Method | Female | Humans | Immunization, Secondary | Injections, Intramuscular | Male | Middle Aged | Moscow | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics/immunology | Vaccines, Synthetic/*adverse effects/*immunology L1 - internal-pdf://0710155100/Logunov-2021-Safety and efficacy of an rAd26 a.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Logunov, Denis Y; Dolzhikova, Inna V; Shcheblyakov, Dmitry V; Tukhvatulin, Amir I; Zubkova, Olga V; Dzharullaeva, Alina S; Kovyrshina, Anna V; Lubenets, Nadezhda L; Grousova, Daria M; Erokhova, Alina S; Botikov, Andrei G; Izhaeva, Fatima M; Popova, Olga; Ozharovskaya, Tatiana A; Esmagambetov, Ilias B; Favorskaya, Irina A; Zrelkin, Denis I; Voronina, Daria V; Shcherbinin, Dmitry N; Semikhin, Alexander S; Simakova, Yana V; Tokarskaya, Elizaveta A; Egorova, Daria A; Shmarov, Maksim M; Nikitenko, Natalia A; Gushchin, Vladimir A; Smolyarchuk, Elena A; Zyryanov, Sergey K; Borisevich, Sergei V; Naroditsky, Boris S; Gintsburg, Alexander L; eng; Clinical Trial, Phase III; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Lancet. 2021 Feb 20;397(10275):671-681. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00234-8. Epub 2021 Feb 2. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Phase 3 randomized controlled trial of 21,977 adults showed a recombinant adenovirus-based vaccine, Gam-COVID-Vac (Sputnik V), has 73.1 % efficacy after the first dose and 91.6% efficacy after the second dose with similar levels of neutralizing titers among men and women and across all age groups. SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 671-681 ST - Safety and efficacy of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine: an interim analysis of a randomised controlled phase 3 trial in Russia T2 - Lancet TI - Safety and efficacy of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine: an interim analysis of a randomised controlled phase 3 trial in Russia UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33545094 VL - 397 Y2 - 2021/05/14 ID - 1481 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection carries a substantial risk of severe and prolonged illness; treatment options are currently limited. We assessed the efficacy and safety of inhaled nebulised interferon beta-1a (SNG001) for the treatment of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. METHODS: We did a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 pilot trial at nine UK sites. Adults aged 18 years or older and admitted to hospital with COVID-19 symptoms, with a positive RT-PCR or point-of-care test, or both, were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive SNG001 (6 MIU) or placebo by inhalation via a mouthpiece daily for 14 days. The primary outcome was the change in clinical condition on the WHO Ordinal Scale for Clinical Improvement (OSCI) during the dosing period in the intention-to-treat population (all randomised patients who received at least one dose of the study drug). The OSCI is a 9-point scale, where 0 corresponds to no infection and 8 corresponds to death. Multiple analyses were done to identify the most suitable statistical method for future clinical trials. Safety was assessed by monitoring adverse events for 28 days. This trial is registered with Clinicaltrialsregister.eu (2020-001023-14) and ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04385095); the pilot trial of inpatients with COVID-19 is now completed. FINDINGS: Between March 30 and May 30, 2020, 101 patients were randomly assigned to SNG001 (n=50) or placebo (n=51). 48 received SNG001 and 50 received placebo and were included in the intention-to-treat population. 66 (67%) patients required oxygen supplementation at baseline: 29 in the placebo group and 37 in the SNG001 group. Patients receiving SNG001 had greater odds of improvement on the OSCI scale (odds ratio 2.32 [95% CI 1.07-5.04]; p=0.033) on day 15 or 16 and were more likely than those receiving placebo to recover to an OSCI score of 1 (no limitation of activities) during treatment (hazard ratio 2.19 [95% CI 1.03-4.69]; p=0.043). SNG001 was well tolerated. The most frequently reported treatment-emergent adverse event was headache (seven [15%] patients in the SNG001 group and five [10%] in the placebo group). There were three deaths in the placebo group and none in the SNG001 group. INTERPRETATION: Patients who received SNG001 had greater odds of improvement and recovered more rapidly from SARS-CoV-2 infection than patients who received placebo, providing a strong rationale for further trials. FUNDING: Synairgen Research. AD - Synairgen Research, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK. | Veramed, Regal House, Twickenham, UK. | TranScrip Partners, Wokingham, UK. | NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Southampton, UK. | Synairgen Research, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Southampton, UK. | MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, UK. | NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Southampton, UK. Electronic address: t.wilkinson@soton.ac.uk. AN - 33189161 AU - Monk, P. D. | Marsden, R. J. | Tear, V. J. | Brookes, J. | Batten, T. N. | Mankowski, M. | Gabbay, F. J. | Davies, D. E. | Holgate, S. T. | Ho, L. P. | Clark, T. | Djukanovic, R. | Wilkinson, T. M. A. | Inhaled Interferon Beta, Covid-Study Group C1 - 2020-12-01 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/120120_covidupdate.html DA - Feb DO - 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30511-7 ET - 2020/11/16 IS - 2 KW - Administration, Inhalation | Adult | Aged | Antiviral Agents/*administration & dosage/adverse effects | COVID-19/*drug therapy | Double-Blind Method | Female | Humans | Interferon beta-1a/*administration & dosage/adverse effects | Male | Middle Aged | Nebulizers and Vaporizers | Treatment Outcome L1 - internal-pdf://0352472239/Monk-2021-Safety and efficacy of inhaled nebul.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Monk, Phillip D; Marsden, Richard J; Tear, Victoria J; Brookes, Jody; Batten, Toby N; Mankowski, Marcin; Gabbay, Felicity J; Davies, Donna E; Holgate, Stephen T; Ho, Ling-Pei; Clark, Tristan; Djukanovic, Ratko; Wilkinson, Tom M A; eng; G0800766/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; G19/34/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; PDF-2016-09-061/DH_/Department of Health/United Kingdom; Clinical Trial, Phase II; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Lancet Respir Med. 2021 Feb;9(2):196-206. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30511-7. Epub 2020 Nov 12. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Compared to placebo group, treatment group receiving inhaled interferon beta-1a had: | Higher odds of improvement on WHO Ordinal Scale for Clinical Improvement (OSCI) on day 15 or 16 (OR 2.32, 95% CI 1.07-5.04, p = 0.033). | Higher likelihood of achieving OSCI score of 1 (no limitation of activities) during treatment (hazard ratio [HR] 2.19, 95% CI 1.03-4.69, p = 0.043). | Similar odds of hospital discharge by day 28 (OR 1.84, 95% CI 0.64�?.29, p = 0.26). | Most frequently reported adverse event was headache (7 [15%] treatment group; 5 [10%] placebo group). | Three deaths reported in placebo group, none in the treatment in group. | Methods: Hospitalized COVID-19 patients were randomized upon admission to treatment (n = 48, nebulized recombinant interferon beta-1a) vs placebo (n = 50). Intention-to-treat analysis was conducted to estimate OR of change in WHO OSCI score (0 = no infection; 8 = death). Limitations: Limited generalizability; OSCI not validated for clinical trials; imbalanced randomization on baseline comorbidities. | Implications: Nebulized recombinant interferon beta-1a treatment seems to be well-tolerated and associated with higher odds of clinical improvement and recovery among admitted patients with COVID-19. SN - 2213-2619 (Electronic); 2213-2600 (Linking) SP - 196-206 ST - Safety and efficacy of inhaled nebulised interferon beta-1a (SNG001) for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial T2 - Lancet Respir Med TI - Safety and efficacy of inhaled nebulised interferon beta-1a (SNG001) for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33189161 VL - 9 Y2 - 2021/05/14 ID - 1283 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Early clinical data from studies of the NVX-CoV2373 vaccine (Novavax), a recombinant nanoparticle vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that contains the full-length spike glycoprotein of the prototype strain plus Matrix-M adjuvant, showed that the vaccine was safe and associated with a robust immune response in healthy adult participants. Additional data were needed regarding the efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of this vaccine in a larger population. METHODS: In this phase 3, randomized, observer-blinded, placebo-controlled trial conducted at 33 sites in the United Kingdom, we assigned adults between the ages of 18 and 84 years in a 1:1 ratio to receive two intramuscular 5-mug doses of NVX-CoV2373 or placebo administered 21 days apart. The primary efficacy end point was virologically confirmed mild, moderate, or severe SARS-CoV-2 infection with an onset at least 7 days after the second injection in participants who were serologically negative at baseline. RESULTS: A total of 15,187 participants underwent randomization, and 14,039 were included in the per-protocol efficacy population. Of the participants, 27.9% were 65 years of age or older, and 44.6% had coexisting illnesses. Infections were reported in 10 participants in the vaccine group and in 96 in the placebo group, with a symptom onset of at least 7 days after the second injection, for a vaccine efficacy of 89.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 80.2 to 94.6). No hospitalizations or deaths were reported among the 10 cases in the vaccine group. Five cases of severe infection were reported, all of which were in the placebo group. A post hoc analysis showed an efficacy of 86.3% (95% CI, 71.3 to 93.5) against the B.1.1.7 (or alpha) variant and 96.4% (95% CI, 73.8 to 99.5) against non-B.1.1.7 variants. Reactogenicity was generally mild and transient. The incidence of serious adverse events was low and similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: A two-dose regimen of the NVX-CoV2373 vaccine administered to adult participants conferred 89.7% protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection and showed high efficacy against the B.1.1.7 variant. (Funded by Novavax; EudraCT number, 2020-004123-16.). AD - From the Vaccine Institute, St. George's, University of London, and St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (P.T.H., E.P.G., C.C., A.S.F.R.), Chelsea, Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and Imperial College London (M.B.), the Institute for Global Health, University College London, and Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust (F.B.), the Centre for Rheumatic Disease, Kings College London (J.G.), the Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, MRC Clinical Trials Unit at University College London (A.L.G.), and Renal Services, Epsom and St. Helier University Hospitals NHS Trust (P.A.S.), London, Stockport NHS Foundation Trust, Stepping Hill Hospital, Stockport (D.N.B.), Royal Cornwall Hospitals NHS Trust, Truro (D.B.), Centre for Clinical Infection, South Tees Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (D.R.C.), Layton Medical Centre, Blackpool (R.C.), Lakeside Healthcare Research, Lakeside Surgeries, Corby (A. Heer), University Hospitals of Morecambe Bay NHS Foundation Trust, Kendal (A. Higham), Accelerated Enrollment Solutions, Synexus Hexham Dedicated Research Site, Hexham General Hospital, Hexham (S.I.), Accelerated Enrollment Solutions, Synexus Thames Valley Dedicated Research Site, Reading (A.J.), Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich (C.J., J.T.), Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Northern Care Alliance, Salford (P.A.K.), Accelerated Enrollment Solutions, Synexus Midlands Dedicated Research Site, Birmingham (C.K.), Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University of Belfast and Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast (D.F.M.), Accelerated Enrollment Solutions, Synexus Merseyside Dedicated Research Site, Liverpool (A.M.), Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, and Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford (A.M.M.), St. James's University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds (J.M.), the Adam Practice, Poole (P.M.), University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton (P.M.), Accelerated Enrollment Solutions, Synexus Glasgow Dedicated Research Site (I.M.), and MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research and Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde (E.C.T.), Glasgow, Accelerated Enrollment Solutions, Synexus Wales Dedicated Research Site, Cardiff (H.N.), the School of Medical Sciences, Bangor University, and Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Bangor (O.O.), the Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham (J.P.), Haywood Hospital, Midlands Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Stafford (J.P.), Accelerated Enrollment Solutions, Synexus Lancashire Dedicated Research Site, Chorley (C.H.P.), the National Institute for Health Research Patient Recruitment Centre and Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford (D.S.), Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter (R.P.S.), East Suffolk, North Essex NHS Foundation Trust and University of Essex, Colchester (R.S.), Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, NHS Grampian, and Aging Clinical and Experimental Research Group, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen (R.L.S.), and Accelerated Enrollment Solutions, Synexus Manchester Dedicated Research Site, Manchester (M.E.V.) - all in the United Kingdom; and Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD (G.A., I.C., F.D., G.G., J.R., A.R., K.S., S.T.). AN - 34192426 AU - Heath, Paul T. | Galiza, Eva P. | Baxter, David N. | Boffito, Marta | Browne, Duncan | Burns, Fiona | Chadwick, David R. | Clark, Rebecca | Cosgrove, Catherine | Galloway, James | Goodman, Anna L. | Heer, Amardeep | Higham, Andrew | Iyengar, Shalini | Jamal, Arham | Jeanes, Christopher | Kalra, Philip A. | Kyriakidou, Christina | McAuley, Daniel F. | Meyrick, Agnieszka | Minassian, Angela M. | Minton, Jane | Moore, Patrick | Munsoor, Imrozia | Nicholls, Helen | Osanlou, Orod | Packham, Jonathan | Pretswell, Carol H. | San Francisco Ramos, Alberto | Saralaya, Dinesh | Sheridan, Ray P. | Smith, Richard | Soiza, Roy L. | Swift, Pauline A. | Thomson, Emma C. | Turner, Jeremy | Viljoen, Marianne E. | Albert, Gary | Cho, Iksung | Dubovsky, Filip | Glenn, Greg | Rivers, Joy | Robertson, Andreana | Smith, Kathy | Toback, Seth C1 - 2021-07-09 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07092021_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 23 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2107659 ET - 2021/07/01 IS - 13 L1 - internal-pdf://0128804878/Heath-2021-Safety and Efficacy of NVX-CoV2373.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Heath, Paul T | Galiza, Eva P | Baxter, David N | Boffito, Marta | Browne, Duncan | Burns, Fiona | Chadwick, David R | Clark, Rebecca | Cosgrove, Catherine | Galloway, James | Goodman, Anna L | Heer, Amardeep | Higham, Andrew | Iyengar, Shalini | Jamal, Arham | Jeanes, Christopher | Kalra, Philip A | Kyriakidou, Christina | McAuley, Daniel F | Meyrick, Agnieszka | Minassian, Angela M | Minton, Jane | Moore, Patrick | Munsoor, Imrozia | Nicholls, Helen | Osanlou, Orod | Packham, Jonathan | Pretswell, Carol H | San Francisco Ramos, Alberto | Saralaya, Dinesh | Sheridan, Ray P | Smith, Richard | Soiza, Roy L | Swift, Pauline A | Thomson, Emma C | Turner, Jeremy | Viljoen, Marianne E | Albert, Gary | Cho, Iksung | Dubovsky, Filip | Glenn, Greg | Rivers, Joy | Robertson, Andreana | Smith, Kathy | Toback, Seth | eng | N Engl J Med. 2021 Sep 23;385(13):1172-1183. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2107659. Epub 2021 Jun 30. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Two-dose regimen of NVX-CoV2373 (Novavax) provided 89.7% protection overall, with high efficacy demonstrated against the B.1.1.7 variant in a UK-based 33 site trial with 14,039 participants conducted between September 28 and November 28, 2020. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic) | 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 1172-1183 ST - Safety and Efficacy of NVX-CoV2373 Covid-19 Vaccine T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Safety and Efficacy of NVX-CoV2373 Covid-19 Vaccine UR - https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2107659 | https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa2107659?articleTools=true VL - 385 ID - 1955 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The Ad26.COV2.S vaccine is a recombinant, replication-incompetent human adenovirus type 26 vector encoding full-length severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein in a prefusion-stabilized conformation. METHODS: In an international, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial, we randomly assigned adult participants in a 1:1 ratio to receive a single dose of Ad26.COV2.S (5x10(10) viral particles) or placebo. The primary end points were vaccine efficacy against moderate to severe-critical coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) with an onset at least 14 days and at least 28 days after administration among participants in the per-protocol population who had tested negative for SARS-CoV-2. Safety was also assessed. RESULTS: The per-protocol population included 19,630 SARS-CoV-2-negative participants who received Ad26.COV2.S and 19,691 who received placebo. Ad26.COV2.S protected against moderate to severe-critical Covid-19 with onset at least 14 days after administration (116 cases in the vaccine group vs. 348 in the placebo group; efficacy, 66.9%; adjusted 95% confidence interval [CI], 59.0 to 73.4) and at least 28 days after administration (66 vs. 193 cases; efficacy, 66.1%; adjusted 95% CI, 55.0 to 74.8). Vaccine efficacy was higher against severe-critical Covid-19 (76.7% [adjusted 95% CI, 54.6 to 89.1] for onset at >/=14 days and 85.4% [adjusted 95% CI, 54.2 to 96.9] for onset at >/=28 days). Despite 86 of 91 cases (94.5%) in South Africa with sequenced virus having the 20H/501Y.V2 variant, vaccine efficacy was 52.0% and 64.0% against moderate to severe-critical Covid-19 with onset at least 14 days and at least 28 days after administration, respectively, and efficacy against severe-critical Covid-19 was 73.1% and 81.7%, respectively. Reactogenicity was higher with Ad26.COV2.S than with placebo but was generally mild to moderate and transient. The incidence of serious adverse events was balanced between the two groups. Three deaths occurred in the vaccine group (none were Covid-19-related), and 16 in the placebo group (5 were Covid-19-related). CONCLUSIONS: A single dose of Ad26.COV2.S protected against symptomatic Covid-19 and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection and was effective against severe-critical disease, including hospitalization and death. Safety appeared to be similar to that in other phase 3 trials of Covid-19 vaccines. (Funded by Janssen Research and Development and others; ENSEMBLE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04505722.). AD - From Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, the Netherlands (J. Sadoff, G. Shukarev, G. Scheper, M.L.G., H.S., J.V.H., M.D.); South African Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa (G.G.); Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium (A.V., C.T., H.F., B.S., K.O., M.F.R., N.C., T.T., K.H., J.R.G., F.S.); Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA (V.C.); Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro (B.G.); the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham (P.A.G.); the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville (K.L.T., M.A.M.), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring (M.L.R.), and the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.) - all in Maryland; Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, Washington, DC (J.T.); the Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston (D.H.B.); Janssen Research and Development, Raritan, NJ (J. Stoddard); and Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle (L.C.). AN - 33882225 AU - Sadoff, J. | Gray, G. | Vandebosch, A. | Cardenas, V. | Shukarev, G. | Grinsztejn, B. | Goepfert, P. A. | Truyers, C. | Fennema, H. | Spiessens, B. | Offergeld, K. | Scheper, G. | Taylor, K. L. | Robb, M. L. | Treanor, J. | Barouch, D. H. | Stoddard, J. | Ryser, M. F. | Marovich, M. A. | Neuzil, K. M. | Corey, L. | Cauwenberghs, N. | Tanner, T. | Hardt, K. | Ruiz-Guinazu, J. | Le Gars, M. | Schuitemaker, H. | Van Hoof, J. | Struyf, F. | Douoguih, M. | Ensemble Study Group C1 - 2021-04-30 | 2021-06-18 | 2021-07-30 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04302021_covidupdate.html | http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06182021_covidupdate.html | http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07302021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 21 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2101544 ET - 2021/04/22 IS - 23 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Asymptomatic Diseases/epidemiology | COVID-19/epidemiology/mortality/*prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/*administration & dosage/adverse effects/immunology | Double-Blind Method | Female | Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data | Humans | *Immunogenicity, Vaccine | Incidence | Male | Middle Aged | Patient Acuity | Proportional Hazards Models | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://3255054636/Sadoff-2021-Safety and Efficacy of Single-Dose.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Sadoff, Jerald; Gray, Glenda; Vandebosch, An; Cardenas, Vicky; Shukarev, Georgi; Grinsztejn, Beatriz; Goepfert, Paul A; Truyers, Carla; Fennema, Hein; Spiessens, Bart; Offergeld, Kim; Scheper, Gert; Taylor, Kimberly L; Robb, Merlin L; Treanor, John; Barouch, Dan H; Stoddard, Jeffrey; Ryser, Martin F; Marovich, Mary A; Neuzil, Kathleen M; Corey, Lawrence; Cauwenberghs, Nancy; Tanner, Tamzin; Hardt, Karin; Ruiz-Guinazu, Javier; Le Gars, Mathieu; Schuitemaker, Hanneke; Van Hoof, Johan; Struyf, Frank; Douoguih, Macaya; eng; N Engl J Med. 2021 Apr 21. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2101544. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Against moderate to severe-critical COVID-19, Ad26.COV2.S was...found to perform well in a setting where Beta was the predominant circulating variant. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 2187-2201 ST - Safety and Efficacy of Single-Dose Ad26.COV2.S Vaccine against Covid-19 T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Safety and Efficacy of Single-Dose Ad26.COV2.S Vaccine against Covid-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33882225 | https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa2101544?articleTools=true VL - 384 ID - 2184 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the resulting coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) have afflicted tens of millions of people in a worldwide pandemic. Safe and effective vaccines are needed urgently. METHODS: In an ongoing multinational, placebo-controlled, observer-blinded, pivotal efficacy trial, we randomly assigned persons 16 years of age or older in a 1:1 ratio to receive two doses, 21 days apart, of either placebo or the BNT162b2 vaccine candidate (30 mug per dose). BNT162b2 is a lipid nanoparticle-formulated, nucleoside-modified RNA vaccine that encodes a prefusion stabilized, membrane-anchored SARS-CoV-2 full-length spike protein. The primary end points were efficacy of the vaccine against laboratory-confirmed Covid-19 and safety. RESULTS: A total of 43,548 participants underwent randomization, of whom 43,448 received injections: 21,720 with BNT162b2 and 21,728 with placebo. There were 8 cases of Covid-19 with onset at least 7 days after the second dose among participants assigned to receive BNT162b2 and 162 cases among those assigned to placebo; BNT162b2 was 95% effective in preventing Covid-19 (95% credible interval, 90.3 to 97.6). Similar vaccine efficacy (generally 90 to 100%) was observed across subgroups defined by age, sex, race, ethnicity, baseline body-mass index, and the presence of coexisting conditions. Among 10 cases of severe Covid-19 with onset after the first dose, 9 occurred in placebo recipients and 1 in a BNT162b2 recipient. The safety profile of BNT162b2 was characterized by short-term, mild-to-moderate pain at the injection site, fatigue, and headache. The incidence of serious adverse events was low and was similar in the vaccine and placebo groups. CONCLUSIONS: A two-dose regimen of BNT162b2 conferred 95% protection against Covid-19 in persons 16 years of age or older. Safety over a median of 2 months was similar to that of other viral vaccines. (Funded by BioNTech and Pfizer; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04368728.). AD - From Fundacion INFANT (F.P.P.) and iTrials-Hospital Militar Central (G.P.M.), Buenos Aires; State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (S.J.T.), and Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (J.A., A.G., K.A.S., K.K., W.V.K., D.C., P.R.D., K.U.J., W.C.G.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., R.B.); Vaccine Research and Development (J.L.P., P.L.) and Worldwide Safety, Safety Surveillance and Risk Management (S.M.), Pfizer, Collegeville, PA; Associacao Obras Sociais Irma Dulce and Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Bahia (E.D.M.), and Centro Paulista de Investigacao Clinica, Sao Paulo (C.Z.) - both in Brazil; Global Product Development, Pfizer, Peapack, NJ (S.R.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati (R.W.F.); Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore (L.L.H.); BioNTech, Mainz (OT., U.S.), and Medizentrum Essen Borbeck, Essen (A.S.) - both in Germany; Tiervlei Trial Centre, Karl Bremer Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa (H.N.); Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey (S.U.); and Worldwide Safety, Safety Surveillance and Risk Management, Pfizer, Groton, CT (D.B.T.). AN - 33301246 AU - Polack, F. P. | Thomas, S. J. | Kitchin, N. | Absalon, J. | Gurtman, A. | Lockhart, S. | Perez, J. L. | Perez Marc, G. | Moreira, E. D. | Zerbini, C. | Bailey, R. | Swanson, K. A. | Roychoudhury, S. | Koury, K. | Li, P. | Kalina, W. V. | Cooper, D. | Frenck, R. W., Jr. | Hammitt, L. L. | Tureci, O. | Nell, H. | Schaefer, A. | Unal, S. | Tresnan, D. B. | Mather, S. | Dormitzer, P. R. | Sahin, U. | Jansen, K. U. | Gruber, W. C. | C. Clinical Trial Group C1 - 2020-12-22 | 2021-07-23 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/122220_covidupdate.html | http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07232021_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 31 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2034577 ET - 2020/12/11 IS - 27 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | COVID-19/immunology/*prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*immunology | Fatigue/etiology | Female | Headache/etiology | Humans | Immunization, Secondary | Male | Middle Aged | *SARS-CoV-2/genetics | Single-Blind Method | Treatment Outcome | Vaccines, Synthetic | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://1330582255/Polack-2020-Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Polack, Fernando P; Thomas, Stephen J; Kitchin, Nicholas; Absalon, Judith; Gurtman, Alejandra; Lockhart, Stephen; Perez, John L; Perez Marc, Gonzalo; Moreira, Edson D; Zerbini, Cristiano; Bailey, Ruth; Swanson, Kena A; Roychoudhury, Satrajit; Koury, Kenneth; Li, Ping; Kalina, Warren V; Cooper, David; Frenck, Robert W Jr; Hammitt, Laura L; Tureci, Ozlem; Nell, Haylene; Schaefer, Axel; Unal, Serhat; Tresnan, Dina B; Mather, Susan; Dormitzer, Philip R; Sahin, Ugur; Jansen, Kathrin U; Gruber, William C; eng; P20 MD006899/MD/NIMHD NIH HHS/; Clinical Trial, Phase II; Clinical Trial, Phase III; Multicenter Study; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; N Engl J Med. 2020 Dec 31;383(27):2603-2615. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2034577. Epub 2020 Dec 10. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: vaccine efficacy related to infection is lower than in RCTs for [BNT162b2] SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 2603-2615 ST - Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33301246 | https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa2034577?articleTools=true VL - 383 ID - 2134 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: A safe and efficacious vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), if deployed with high coverage, could contribute to the control of the COVID-19 pandemic. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in a pooled interim analysis of four trials. METHODS: This analysis includes data from four ongoing blinded, randomised, controlled trials done across the UK, Brazil, and South Africa. Participants aged 18 years and older were randomly assigned (1:1) to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine or control (meningococcal group A, C, W, and Y conjugate vaccine or saline). Participants in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group received two doses containing 5 x 10(10) viral particles (standard dose; SD/SD cohort); a subset in the UK trial received a half dose as their first dose (low dose) and a standard dose as their second dose (LD/SD cohort). The primary efficacy analysis included symptomatic COVID-19 in seronegative participants with a nucleic acid amplification test-positive swab more than 14 days after a second dose of vaccine. Participants were analysed according to treatment received, with data cutoff on Nov 4, 2020. Vaccine efficacy was calculated as 1 - relative risk derived from a robust Poisson regression model adjusted for age. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. FINDINGS: Between April 23 and Nov 4, 2020, 23 848 participants were enrolled and 11 636 participants (7548 in the UK, 4088 in Brazil) were included in the interim primary efficacy analysis. In participants who received two standard doses, vaccine efficacy was 62.1% (95% CI 41.0-75.7; 27 [0.6%] of 4440 in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group vs71 [1.6%] of 4455 in the control group) and in participants who received a low dose followed by a standard dose, efficacy was 90.0% (67.4-97.0; three [0.2%] of 1367 vs 30 [2.2%] of 1374; pinteraction=0.010). Overall vaccine efficacy across both groups was 70.4% (95.8% CI 54.8-80.6; 30 [0.5%] of 5807 vs 101 [1.7%] of 5829). From 21 days after the first dose, there were ten cases hospitalised for COVID-19, all in the control arm; two were classified as severe COVID-19, including one death. There were 74 341 person-months of safety follow-up (median 3.4 months, IQR 1.3-4.8): 175 severe adverse events occurred in 168 participants, 84 events in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and 91 in the control group. Three events were classified as possibly related to a vaccine: one in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, one in the control group, and one in a participant who remains masked to group allocation. INTERPRETATION: ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 has an acceptable safety profile and has been found to be efficacious against symptomatic COVID-19 in this interim analysis of ongoing clinical trials. FUNDING: UK Research and Innovation, National Institutes for Health Research (NIHR), Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lemann Foundation, Rede D'Or, Brava and Telles Foundation, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Thames Valley and South Midland's NIHR Clinical Research Network, and AstraZeneca. AD - Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Institute of Global Health, University of Siena, Siena, Brazil; Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | MRC Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa. | Department of Pediatrics, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK. | Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. | Family Centre for Research with Ubuntu, Department of Paediatrics, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa. | Soweto Clinical Trials Centre, Soweto, South Africa. | Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. | Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK. | Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK. | Division of Pulmonology, Groote Schuur Hospital and the University of Cape Town, South Africa; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK. | Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. | Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. | NIHR Southampton Clinical Research Facility and Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK; Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. | School of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK. | Department of Infection, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK; MRC Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, UK. | Clinical BioManufacturing Facility, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | NIHR/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK. | St George's Vaccine Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK. | AstraZeneca BioPharmaceuticals, Cambridge, UK. | VIDA-Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytical Research Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa. | Severn Pathology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK. | NIHR UCLH Clinical Research Facility and NIHR UCLH Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK. | Department of Infection, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, UK. | Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saude Publica, Salvador, Braziland Hospital Sao Rafael, Salvador, Brazil; Instituto D'Or, Salvador, Brazil. | Department of Infectious Diseases, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil. | London Northwest University Healthcare, Harrow, UK. | Setshaba Research Centre, Pretoria, South Africa. | Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Quinta D'Or, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Ensino (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade UNIGRANRIO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. | NIHR Imperial Clinical Research Facility and NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK. | Clinical Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil. | College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Glasgow Dental Hospital & School, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. | Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. | Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. | Clinical Infection Research Group, Regional Infectious Diseases Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK. | MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research & Department of Infectious Diseases, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK. | Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK. | Heart Lung Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge and Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK. | University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK. | Public Health Wales, Cardiff, Wales; Aneurin Bevan University Health Board, Newport, UK. | Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. Electronic address: andrew.pollard@paediatrics.ox.ac.uk. AN - 33306989 AU - Voysey, M. | Clemens, S. A. C. | Madhi, S. A. | Weckx, L. Y. | Folegatti, P. M. | Aley, P. K. | Angus, B. | Baillie, V. L. | Barnabas, S. L. | Bhorat, Q. E. | Bibi, S. | Briner, C. | Cicconi, P. | Collins, A. M. | Colin-Jones, R. | Cutland, C. L. | Darton, T. C. | Dheda, K. | Duncan, C. J. A. | Emary, K. R. W. | Ewer, K. J. | Fairlie, L. | Faust, S. N. | Feng, S. | Ferreira, D. M. | Finn, A. | Goodman, A. L. | Green, C. M. | Green, C. A. | Heath, P. T. | Hill, C. | Hill, H. | Hirsch, I. | Hodgson, S. H. C. | Izu, A. | Jackson, S. | Jenkin, D. | Joe, C. C. D. | Kerridge, S. | Koen, A. | Kwatra, G. | Lazarus, R. | Lawrie, A. M. | Lelliott, A. | Libri, V. | Lillie, P. J. | Mallory, R. | Mendes, A. V. A. | Milan, E. P. | Minassian, A. M. | McGregor, A. | Morrison, H. | Mujadidi, Y. F. | Nana, A. | O'Reilly, P. J. | Padayachee, S. D. | Pittella, A. | Plested, E. | Pollock, K. M. | Ramasamy, M. N. | Rhead, S. | Schwarzbold, A. V. | Singh, N. | Smith, A. | Song, R. | Snape, M. D. | Sprinz, E. | Sutherland, R. K. | Tarrant, R. | Thomson, E. C. | Torok, M. E. | Toshner, M. | Turner, D. P. J. | Vekemans, J. | Villafana, T. L. | Watson, M. E. E. | Williams, C. J. | Douglas, A. D. | Hill, A. V. S. | Lambe, T. | Gilbert, S. C. | Pollard, A. J. | Oxford, Covid Vaccine Trial Group C1 - 2020-12-22 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/122220_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 9 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32661-1 ET - 2020/12/12 IS - 10269 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Brazil | COVID-19/*prevention & control | *COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects | Double-Blind Method | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Single-Blind Method | South Africa | Treatment Outcome | United Kingdom | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://3128538504/1-s2.0-S0140673620326611-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Voysey, Merryn; Clemens, Sue Ann Costa; Madhi, Shabir A; Weckx, Lily Y; Folegatti, Pedro M; Aley, Parvinder K; Angus, Brian; Baillie, Vicky L; Barnabas, Shaun L; Bhorat, Qasim E; Bibi, Sagida; Briner, Carmen; Cicconi, Paola; Collins, Andrea M; Colin-Jones, Rachel; Cutland, Clare L; Darton, Thomas C; Dheda, Keertan; Duncan, Christopher J A; Emary, Katherine R W; Ewer, Katie J; Fairlie, Lee; Faust, Saul N; Feng, Shuo; Ferreira, Daniela M; Finn, Adam; Goodman, Anna L; Green, Catherine M; Green, Christopher A; Heath, Paul T; Hill, Catherine; Hill, Helen; Hirsch, Ian; Hodgson, Susanne H C; Izu, Alane; Jackson, Susan; Jenkin, Daniel; Joe, Carina C D; Kerridge, Simon; Koen, Anthonet; Kwatra, Gaurav; Lazarus, Rajeka; Lawrie, Alison M; Lelliott, Alice; Libri, Vincenzo; Lillie, Patrick J; Mallory, Raburn; Mendes, Ana V A; Milan, Eveline P; Minassian, Angela M; McGregor, Alastair; Morrison, Hazel; Mujadidi, Yama F; Nana, Anusha; O'Reilly, Peter J; Padayachee, Sherman D; Pittella, Ana; Plested, Emma; Pollock, Katrina M; Ramasamy, Maheshi N; Rhead, Sarah; Schwarzbold, Alexandre V; Singh, Nisha; Smith, Andrew; Song, Rinn; Snape, Matthew D; Sprinz, Eduardo; Sutherland, Rebecca K; Tarrant, Richard; Thomson, Emma C; Torok, M Estee; Toshner, Mark; Turner, David P J; Vekemans, Johan; Villafana, Tonya L; Watson, Marion E E; Williams, Christopher J; Douglas, Alexander D; Hill, Adrian V S; Lambe, Teresa; Gilbert, Sarah C; Pollard, Andrew J; eng; MC_PC_19026/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; MC_UU_00008/11/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; G1001046/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; MR/L018942/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; MC_PC_19058/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; G0600520/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Lancet. 2021 Jan 9;397(10269):99-111. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32661-1. Epub 2020 Dec 8. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: The adenoviral vector vaccine ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 had overall efficacy of 70.4% in preventing symptomatic COVID-19 and was associated with a low risk of adverse events. An accompanying editorial by Knoll and Wonodiexternal icon describes how this vaccine has advantages for global distribution. SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 99-111 ST - Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK T2 - Lancet TI - Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33306989 VL - 397 Y2 - 2021/05/14 ID - 1352 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. AN - 34125572 AU - Werbel, William A. | Boyarsky, Brian J. | Ou, Michael T. | Massie, Allan B. | Tobian, Aaron A.R. | Garonzik-Wang, Jacqueline M. | Segev, Dorry L. C1 - 2021-06-25 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06252021_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.7326/L21-0282 ET - 2021/06/15 IS - 0 L1 - internal-pdf://3363153227/l21-0282.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Werbel, William A | Boyarsky, Brian J | Ou, Michael T | Massie, Allan B | Tobian, Aaron A R | Garonzik-Wang, Jacqueline M | Segev, Dorry L | eng | Letter | Ann Intern Med. 2021 Sep;174(9):1330-1332. doi: 10.7326/L21-0282. Epub 2021 Jun 15. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; At a median of 14 days after the 3rd dose: | All 6 patients with low-positive antibody titers before the 3rd dose had high-positive antibody titers. | Of 24 patients with negative titers before the 3rd dose, 6 had high-positive antibody titers, 2 had low-positive antibody titles, and 16 remained negative. | Most frequently reported vaccine reactions after the 3rd dose included mild or moderate local reactions (15 participants) and fatigue (14 participants). | Methods: Case series describing 30 solid organ transplant patients determined to have a suboptimal antibody response to 2 doses of either BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) or mRNA-1273 (Moderna) and subsequently received a 3rd vaccine dose (either Ad26.COV2.S (Johnson & Johnson/Janssen), BNT162b2, or mRNA-1273). Antibody testing was done at a median of 9 days before and at a median of 14 days after receiving the 3rd dose. Patients completed a vaccine reaction questionnaire 7 days after receiving the 3rd dose. Limitations: Small convenience sample; not representative of all solid organ transplant recipients. Included only those with a “suboptimal�?response (not defined in the paper) to standard vaccination. | Implications: A 3rd dose of mRNA vaccine might offer increased protection against COVID-19 among solid organ transplant patients, with only mild to moderate reactions. SN - 1539-3704 (Electronic) | 0003-4819 (Linking) SP - null ST - Safety and Immunogenicity of a Third Dose of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: A Case Series T2 - Ann Intern Med TI - Safety and Immunogenicity of a Third Dose of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: A Case Series UR - https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/abs/10.7326/L21-0282 VL - 0 ID - 1858 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic warrants accelerated efforts to test vaccine candidates. We aimed to assess the safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine candidate, BBIBP-CorV, in humans. METHODS: We did a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 trial at Shangqiu City Liangyuan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Henan Province, China. In phase 1, healthy people aged 18-80 years, who were negative for serum-specific IgM/IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 at the time of screening, were separated into two age groups (18-59 years and >/=60 years) and randomly assigned to receive vaccine or placebo in a two-dose schedule of 2 mug, 4 mug, or 8 mug on days 0 and 28. In phase 2, healthy adults (aged 18-59 years) were randomly assigned (1:1:1:1) to receive vaccine or placebo on a single-dose schedule of 8 mug on day 0 or on a two-dose schedule of 4 mug on days 0 and 14, 0 and 21, or 0 and 28. Participants within each cohort were randomly assigned by stratified block randomisation (block size eight) and allocated (3:1) to receive vaccine or placebo. Group allocation was concealed from participants, investigators, and outcome assessors. The primary outcomes were safety and tolerability. The secondary outcome was immunogenicity, assessed as the neutralising antibody responses against infectious SARS-CoV-2. This study is registered with www.chictr.org.cn, ChiCTR2000032459. FINDINGS: In phase 1, 192 participants were enrolled (mean age 53.7 years [SD 15.6]) and were randomly assigned to receive vaccine (2 mug [n=24], 4 mug [n=24], or 8 mug [n=24] for both age groups [18-59 years and >/=60 years]) or placebo (n=24). At least one adverse reaction was reported within the first 7 days of inoculation in 42 (29%) of 144 vaccine recipients. The most common systematic adverse reaction was fever (18-59 years, one [4%] in the 2 mug group, one [4%] in the 4 mug group, and two [8%] in the 8 mug group; >/=60 years, one [4%] in the 8 mug group). All adverse reactions were mild or moderate in severity. No serious adverse event was reported within 28 days post vaccination. Neutralising antibody geometric mean titres were higher at day 42 in the group aged 18-59 years (87.7 [95% CI 64.9-118.6], 2 mug group; 211.2 [158.9-280.6], 4 mug group; and 228.7 [186.1-281.1], 8 mug group) and the group aged 60 years and older (80.7 [65.4-99.6], 2 mug group; 131.5 [108.2-159.7], 4 mug group; and 170.87 [133.0-219.5], 8 mug group) compared with the placebo group (2.0 [2.0-2.0]). In phase 2, 448 participants were enrolled (mean age 41.7 years [SD 9.9]) and were randomly assigned to receive the vaccine (8 mug on day 0 [n=84] or 4 mug on days 0 and 14 [n=84], days 0 and 21 [n=84], or days 0 and 28 [n=84]) or placebo on the same schedules (n=112). At least one adverse reaction within the first 7 days was reported in 76 (23%) of 336 vaccine recipients (33 [39%], 8 mug day 0; 18 [21%], 4 mug days 0 and 14; 15 [18%], 4 mug days 0 and 21; and ten [12%], 4 mug days 0 and 28). One placebo recipient in the 4 mug days 0 and 21 group reported grade 3 fever, but was self-limited and recovered. All other adverse reactions were mild or moderate in severity. The most common systematic adverse reaction was fever (one [1%], 8 mug day 0; one [1%], 4 mug days 0 and 14; three [4%], 4 mug days 0 and 21; two [2%], 4 mug days 0 and 28). The vaccine-elicited neutralising antibody titres on day 28 were significantly greater in the 4 mug days 0 and 14 (169.5, 95% CI 132.2-217.1), days 0 and 21 (282.7, 221.2-361.4), and days 0 and 28 (218.0, 181.8-261.3) schedules than the 8 mug day 0 schedule (14.7, 11.6-18.8; all p<0.001). INTERPRETATION: The inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBIBP-CorV, is safe and well tolerated at all tested doses in two age groups. Humoral responses against SARS-CoV-2 were induced in all vaccine recipients on day 42. Two-dose immunisation with 4 mug vaccine on days 0 and 21 or days 0 and 28 achieved higher neutralising antibody titres than the single 8 mug dose or 4 mug dose on days 0 and 14. FUNDING: National Program on Key Research Project of China, National Mega projects of China for Major Infectious Diseases, National Mega Projects of China for New Drug Creation, and Beijing Science and Technology Plan. AD - Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Henan, China. | Beijing Institute of Biological Products, Beijing, China. | Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China. | National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China. | MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. | Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China. | Beijing Zhongsheng Hengyi Pharmaceutical Technology, Beijing, China. | Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Henan, China. Electronic address: cdcgws@163.com. | Beijing Institute of Biological Products, Beijing, China. Electronic address: yangxiaoming@sinopharm.com. AN - 33069281 AU - Xia, S. | Zhang, Y. | Wang, Y. | Wang, H. | Yang, Y. | Gao, G. F. | Tan, W. | Wu, G. | Xu, M. | Lou, Z. | Huang, W. | Xu, W. | Huang, B. | Wang, H. | Wang, W. | Zhang, W. | Li, N. | Xie, Z. | Ding, L. | You, W. | Zhao, Y. | Yang, X. | Liu, Y. | Wang, Q. | Huang, L. | Yang, Y. | Xu, G. | Luo, B. | Wang, W. | Liu, P. | Guo, W. | Yang, X. C1 - 2020-10-27 C2 - Vaccines CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102720_covidupdate.html DA - Jan DO - 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30831-8 ET - 2020/10/19 IS - 1 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood | Antibodies, Viral/blood | COVID-19/*prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*immunology | Double-Blind Method | Female | Humans | Immunization Schedule | Male | Middle Aged | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology | Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://0571990826/Xia-2021-Safety and immunogenicity of an inact.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Xia, Shengli; Zhang, Yuntao; Wang, Yanxia; Wang, Hui; Yang, Yunkai; Gao, George Fu; Tan, Wenjie; Wu, Guizhen; Xu, Miao; Lou, Zhiyong; Huang, Weijin; Xu, Wenbo; Huang, Baoying; Wang, Huijuan; Wang, Wei; Zhang, Wei; Li, Na; Xie, Zhiqiang; Ding, Ling; You, Wangyang; Zhao, Yuxiu; Yang, Xuqin; Liu, Yang; Wang, Qian; Huang, Lili; Yang, Yongli; Xu, Guangxue; Luo, Bojian; Wang, Wenling; Liu, Peipei; Guo, Wanshen; Yang, Xiaoming; eng; Clinical Trial, Phase I; Clinical Trial, Phase II; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Lancet Infect Dis. 2021 Jan;21(1):39-51. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30831-8. Epub 2020 Oct 15. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; BBIBP-CorV was well tolerated in younger and older adults who received two 2 μg, 4 μg, or 8 μg; All adverse reactions were mild or moderate severity. | Fever was the most common systematic adverse reaction (4% of phase 1 and 2% of phase 2 recipients). | Neutralizing antibody (nAb) geometric mean titers (GMTs) were higher in vaccine than in placebo recipients for both younger and older participants (Figure 1). | All younger and 94% of older vaccine recipients seroconverted by day 28. | By 28 days after last dose, nAb GMT differed by vaccine dose and schedule (Figure 2): | Single 8 μg injection GMT 14.7 (95% CI 11.6�?8.8). | Two 4 μg injections 14 days apart GMT 169.5 (95% CI 132.2-217.1). | Two 4 μg injections 21 days apart GMT 282.7 (95% CI 221.2-361.4). | Two 4 μg injections 28 days apart GMT 218.0 (95% CI 181.8-261.3.); Methods: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 dose escalation trial of BBIBP-CorV, an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. In phase 1, healthy adults aged 18�?9 years (n = 96) and �?0 years (n = 96) were randomly assigned to receive placebo or vaccine at a dose of 2 μg, 4 μg, or 8 μg, on Days 1 and 28. In phase 2, 448 healthy adults aged 18�?9 years were randomly assigned to receive placebo or vaccine as a single 8 μg dose or in 2 doses of 4 μg, 14, 21, or 28 days apart. Primary outcomes were safety and tolerability and the secondary outcome was immunogenicity which was expressed as reciprocal neutralizing antibody titer in serum, with average for each group expressed as GMT. Limitations: Small study; short follow-up period; most participants were white; no evaluation in children or adolescents. | Implications for both studies (Walsh et al. & Xia et al.): Early studies of 2 different types of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines demonstrate tolerability and immunogenicity including in older adults; results from these studies have been used to select candidates and doses for larger safety and efficacy trials, for which the investigators are now recruiting participants. An editorial accompanying Xia et al. (Isakova-Sivak & Rudenko, A promising inactivated whole-virion SARS-CoV-2 vaccineexternal icon) notes that this is the second study to report immunogenicity and low levels of adverse effects for an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate, indicating reproducibility of results from vaccines across different manufacturers. According to the Milken Institute’s COVID-19 Treatment and Vaccine Trackerexternal icon BNT162b1/2 and BBIBP-CorV are both in phase 3 trials, with the former product selected for FDA fast track status and Operation Warp Speed in July 2020, and the latter receiving early approval for emergency use in China (August 2020) and the United Arab Emirates (September 2020). SN - 1474-4457 (Electronic); 1473-3099 (Linking) SP - 39-51 ST - Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBIBP-CorV: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 trial T2 - Lancet Infect Dis TI - Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBIBP-CorV: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 trial UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33069281 VL - 21 Y2 - 2021/05/14 ID - 1135 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: We developed a heterologous COVID-19 vaccine consisting of two components, a recombinant adenovirus type 26 (rAd26) vector and a recombinant adenovirus type 5 (rAd5) vector, both carrying the gene for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike glycoprotein (rAd26-S and rAd5-S). We aimed to assess the safety and immunogenicity of two formulations (frozen and lyophilised) of this vaccine. METHODS: We did two open, non-randomised phase 1/2 studies at two hospitals in Russia. We enrolled healthy adult volunteers (men and women) aged 18-60 years to both studies. In phase 1 of each study, we administered intramuscularly on day 0 either one dose of rAd26-S or one dose of rAd5-S and assessed the safety of the two components for 28 days. In phase 2 of the study, which began no earlier than 5 days after phase 1 vaccination, we administered intramuscularly a prime-boost vaccination, with rAd26-S given on day 0 and rAd5-S on day 21. Primary outcome measures were antigen-specific humoral immunity (SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies measured by ELISA on days 0, 14, 21, 28, and 42) and safety (number of participants with adverse events monitored throughout the study). Secondary outcome measures were antigen-specific cellular immunity (T-cell responses and interferon-gamma concentration) and change in neutralising antibodies (detected with a SARS-CoV-2 neutralisation assay). These trials are registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04436471 and NCT04437875. FINDINGS: Between June 18 and Aug 3, 2020, we enrolled 76 participants to the two studies (38 in each study). In each study, nine volunteers received rAd26-S in phase 1, nine received rAd5-S in phase 1, and 20 received rAd26-S and rAd5-S in phase 2. Both vaccine formulations were safe and well tolerated. The most common adverse events were pain at injection site (44 [58%]), hyperthermia (38 [50%]), headache (32 [42%]), asthenia (21 [28%]), and muscle and joint pain (18 [24%]). Most adverse events were mild and no serious adverse events were detected. All participants produced antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 glycoprotein. At day 42, receptor binding domain-specific IgG titres were 14 703 with the frozen formulation and 11 143 with the lyophilised formulation, and neutralising antibodies were 49.25 with the frozen formulation and 45.95 with the lyophilised formulation, with a seroconversion rate of 100%. Cell-mediated responses were detected in all participants at day 28, with median cell proliferation of 2.5% CD4(+) and 1.3% CD8(+) with the frozen formulation, and a median cell proliferation of 1.3% CD4(+) and 1.1% CD8(+) with the lyophilised formulation. INTERPRETATION: The heterologous rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based COVID-19 vaccine has a good safety profile and induced strong humoral and cellular immune responses in participants. Further investigation is needed of the effectiveness of this vaccine for prevention of COVID-19. FUNDING: Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. AD - Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia. Electronic address: ldenisy@gmail.com. | Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia. | Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia. | Federal State Budgetary Institution "The Main Military Clinical Hospital named after N N Burdenko" of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia. | Branch No 7 of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "The Main Military Clinical Hospital named after N N Burdenko" of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia. | 48 Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia. AN - 32896291 AU - Logunov, D. Y. | Dolzhikova, I. V. | Zubkova, O. V. | Tukhvatulin, A. I. | Shcheblyakov, D. V. | Dzharullaeva, A. S. | Grousova, D. M. | Erokhova, A. S. | Kovyrshina, A. V. | Botikov, A. G. | Izhaeva, F. M. | Popova, O. | Ozharovskaya, T. A. | Esmagambetov, I. B. | Favorskaya, I. A. | Zrelkin, D. I. | Voronina, D. V. | Shcherbinin, D. N. | Semikhin, A. S. | Simakova, Y. V. | Tokarskaya, E. A. | Lubenets, N. L. | Egorova, D. A. | Shmarov, M. M. | Nikitenko, N. A. | Morozova, L. F. | Smolyarchuk, E. A. | Kryukov, E. V. | Babira, V. F. | Borisevich, S. V. | Naroditsky, B. S. | Gintsburg, A. L. C1 - 2020-09-15 C2 - Vaccine Development CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091520_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 26 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31866-3 ET - 2020/09/09 IS - 10255 KW - Adenoviridae | Adult | Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood | Antibodies, Viral/blood | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | Coronavirus Infections/immunology/*prevention & control | Female | Humans | Immunity, Cellular | Immunity, Humoral | *Immunization, Secondary | Immunoglobulin G/blood | Injections, Intramuscular | Male | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*prevention & control | Russia | SARS-CoV-2 | Viral Vaccines/adverse effects/*immunology | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://0326923211/Logunov-2020-Safety and immunogenicity of an r.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Logunov, Denis Y; Dolzhikova, Inna V; Zubkova, Olga V; Tukhvatulin, Amir I; Shcheblyakov, Dmitry V; Dzharullaeva, Alina S; Grousova, Daria M; Erokhova, Alina S; Kovyrshina, Anna V; Botikov, Andrei G; Izhaeva, Fatima M; Popova, Olga; Ozharovskaya, Tatiana A; Esmagambetov, Ilias B; Favorskaya, Irina A; Zrelkin, Denis I; Voronina, Daria V; Shcherbinin, Dmitry N; Semikhin, Alexander S; Simakova, Yana V; Tokarskaya, Elizaveta A; Lubenets, Nadezhda L; Egorova, Daria A; Shmarov, Maksim M; Nikitenko, Natalia A; Morozova, Lola F; Smolyarchuk, Elena A; Kryukov, Evgeny V; Babira, Vladimir F; Borisevich, Sergei V; Naroditsky, Boris S; Gintsburg, Alexander L; eng; Clinical Trial, Phase I; Clinical Trial, Phase II; Multicenter Study; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Lancet. 2020 Sep 26;396(10255):887-897. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31866-3. Epub 2020 Sep 4. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; After vaccination, no serious adverse events occurred, though mild adverse events were common, including: pain at injection site (58%), hyperthermia (50%), headache (42%), asthenia (28%), muscle and joint pain (24%). | All participants produced neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 (Figure). | Neutralizing antibody titers in the vaccine participants were not significantly different from convalescent plasma donors who experienced mild and moderate disease. | The frozen and dried vaccine formulations performed similarly. | Cell-mediated responses were detected in all participants. | Methods: Open-label, non-randomized phase 1 (n = 36) and 2 (n = 40) vaccination studies in adults between June 18 and August 3, 2020, Russia. Frozen or lyophilized (dried) vaccine formulations utilized two recombinant adenovirus vectors, rAd26 and rAd5. Both vectors express the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein and were administered intramuscularly. Phase 1 assessed one dose of rAd26-S or rAd5-S with assessment on days 0, 2, 14, 21, and 28. Phase 2 assessed one dose of rAd26-S, followed 21 days later by one dose of rAd5-S with assessment on days 0, 14, 21, 28, and 42. Safety, antiviral antibodies, and T cell responses were examined. Post-vaccination immunity was compared to antibody levels in convalescent plasma among 4,817 people with mild (fever �?9��C without pneumonia) and moderate (fever >39��C with pneumonia) prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Limitations: Small sample size; short follow-up period; no placebo or control vaccine; no participants >60 years of age; limited information on how the dose was chosen; phase 2 started 5 days after phase 1 began; detailed analysis of cell-mediated responses were not reported. | Implications: A phase 1/2 vaccine trial in Russia demonstrated immunogenicity with no serious adverse events reported. Although a phase 3 trial is planned, Russia is moving forward with approval of this vaccine. In an accompanying editorial, Burkiexternal icon points out that immune response may not corelate with protection. Further investigation including large scale trials is needed to determine long-term immunity, vaccine safety, effectiveness, and correlates of protection. SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 887-897 ST - Safety and immunogenicity of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine in two formulations: two open, non-randomised phase 1/2 studies from Russia T2 - Lancet TI - Safety and immunogenicity of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine in two formulations: two open, non-randomised phase 1/2 studies from Russia UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32896291 VL - 396 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 884 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Older adults (aged >/=70 years) are at increased risk of severe disease and death if they develop COVID-19 and are therefore a priority for immunisation should an efficacious vaccine be developed. Immunogenicity of vaccines is often worse in older adults as a result of immunosenescence. We have reported the immunogenicity of a novel chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored vaccine, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222), in young adults, and now describe the safety and immunogenicity of this vaccine in a wider range of participants, including adults aged 70 years and older. METHODS: In this report of the phase 2 component of a single-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 2/3 trial (COV002), healthy adults aged 18 years and older were enrolled at two UK clinical research facilities, in an age-escalation manner, into 18-55 years, 56-69 years, and 70 years and older immunogenicity subgroups. Participants were eligible if they did not have severe or uncontrolled medical comorbidities or a high frailty score (if aged >/=65 years). First, participants were recruited to a low-dose cohort, and within each age group, participants were randomly assigned to receive either intramuscular ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (2.2 x 10(10) virus particles) or a control vaccine, MenACWY, using block randomisation and stratified by age and dose group and study site, using the following ratios: in the 18-55 years group, 1:1 to either two doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 or two doses of MenACWY; in the 56-69 years group, 3:1:3:1 to one dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, one dose of MenACWY, two doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, or two doses of MenACWY; and in the 70 years and older, 5:1:5:1 to one dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, one dose of MenACWY, two doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, or two doses of MenACWY. Prime-booster regimens were given 28 days apart. Participants were then recruited to the standard-dose cohort (3.5-6.5 x 10(10) virus particles of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) and the same randomisation procedures were followed, except the 18-55 years group was assigned in a 5:1 ratio to two doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 or two doses of MenACWY. Participants and investigators, but not staff administering the vaccine, were masked to vaccine allocation. The specific objectives of this report were to assess the safety and humoral and cellular immunogenicity of a single-dose and two-dose schedule in adults older than 55 years. Humoral responses at baseline and after each vaccination until 1 year after the booster were assessed using an in-house standardised ELISA, a multiplex immunoassay, and a live severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) microneutralisation assay (MNA80). Cellular responses were assessed using an ex-vivo IFN-gamma enzyme-linked immunospot assay. The coprimary outcomes of the trial were efficacy, as measured by the number of cases of symptomatic, virologically confirmed COVID-19, and safety, as measured by the occurrence of serious adverse events. Analyses were by group allocation in participants who received the vaccine. Here, we report the preliminary findings on safety, reactogenicity, and cellular and humoral immune responses. This study is ongoing and is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04400838, and ISRCTN, 15281137. FINDINGS: Between May 30 and Aug 8, 2020, 560 participants were enrolled: 160 aged 18-55 years (100 assigned to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, 60 assigned to MenACWY), 160 aged 56-69 years (120 assigned to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19: 40 assigned to MenACWY), and 240 aged 70 years and older (200 assigned to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19: 40 assigned to MenACWY). Seven participants did not receive the boost dose of their assigned two-dose regimen, one participant received the incorrect vaccine, and three were excluded from immunogenicity analyses due to incorrectly labelled samples. 280 (50%) of 552 analysable participants were female. Local and systemic reactions were more common in participants given ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 than in those given the control vaccine, and similar in nature to those previously reported (injection-site pain, feeling feverish, muscle ache, headache), but were less common in older adults (aged >/=56 years) than younger adults. In those receiving two standard doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, after the prime vaccination local reactions were reported in 43 (88%) of 49 participants in the 18-55 years group, 22 (73%) of 30 in the 56-69 years group, and 30 (61%) of 49 in the 70 years and older group, and systemic reactions in 42 (86%) participants in the 18-55 years group, 23 (77%) in the 56-69 years group, and 32 (65%) in the 70 years and older group. As of Oct 26, 2020, 13 serious adverse events occurred during the study period, none of which were considered to be related to either study vaccine. In participants who received two doses of vaccine, median anti-spike SARS-CoV-2 IgG responses 28 days after the boost dose were similar across the three age cohorts (standard-dose groups: 18-55 years, 20 713 arbitrary units [AU]/mL [IQR 13 898-33 550], n=39; 56-69 years, 16 170 AU/mL [10 233-40 353], n=26; and >/=70 years 17 561 AU/mL [9705-37 796], n=47; p=0.68). Neutralising antibody titres after a boost dose were similar across all age groups (median MNA80 at day 42 in the standard-dose groups: 18-55 years, 193 [IQR 113-238], n=39; 56-69 years, 144 [119-347], n=20; and >/=70 years, 161 [73-323], n=47; p=0.40). By 14 days after the boost dose, 208 (>99%) of 209 boosted participants had neutralising antibody responses. T-cell responses peaked at day 14 after a single standard dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (18-55 years: median 1187 spot-forming cells [SFCs] per million peripheral blood mononuclear cells [IQR 841-2428], n=24; 56-69 years: 797 SFCs [383-1817], n=29; and >/=70 years: 977 SFCs [458-1914], n=48). INTERPRETATION: ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 appears to be better tolerated in older adults than in younger adults and has similar immunogenicity across all age groups after a boost dose. Further assessment of the efficacy of this vaccine is warranted in all age groups and individuals with comorbidities. FUNDING: UK Research and Innovation, National Institutes for Health Research (NIHR), Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Thames Valley and South Midlands NIHR Clinical Research Network, and AstraZeneca. AD - Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. Electronic address: maheshi.ramasamy@paediatrics.ox.ac.uk. | The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | NIHR Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton, UK. | Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Paediatric Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. | National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK. | Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK. | Clinical Biomanufacturing Facility, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | AstraZeneca BioPharmaceuticals Research and Development, Washington, DC, USA. | Nuffield Department of Medicine, and Oxford Centre for Clinical Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK. | Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. | AstraZeneca BioPharmaceuticals Research and Development, Bethesda, MA, USA. | The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK. | NIHR Southampton Clinical Research Facility and Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust and Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. AN - 33220855 AU - Ramasamy, M. N. | Minassian, A. M. | Ewer, K. J. | Flaxman, A. L. | Folegatti, P. M. | Owens, D. R. | Voysey, M. | Aley, P. K. | Angus, B. | Babbage, G. | Belij-Rammerstorfer, S. | Berry, L. | Bibi, S. | Bittaye, M. | Cathie, K. | Chappell, H. | Charlton, S. | Cicconi, P. | Clutterbuck, E. A. | Colin-Jones, R. | Dold, C. | Emary, K. R. W. | Fedosyuk, S. | Fuskova, M. | Gbesemete, D. | Green, C. | Hallis, B. | Hou, M. M. | Jenkin, D. | Joe, C. C. D. | Kelly, E. J. | Kerridge, S. | Lawrie, A. M. | Lelliott, A. | Lwin, M. N. | Makinson, R. | Marchevsky, N. G. | Mujadidi, Y. | Munro, A. P. S. | Pacurar, M. | Plested, E. | Rand, J. | Rawlinson, T. | Rhead, S. | Robinson, H. | Ritchie, A. J. | Ross-Russell, A. L. | Saich, S. | Singh, N. | Smith, C. C. | Snape, M. D. | Song, R. | Tarrant, R. | Themistocleous, Y. | Thomas, K. M. | Villafana, T. L. | Warren, S. C. | Watson, M. E. E. | Douglas, A. D. | Hill, A. V. S. | Lambe, T. | Gilbert, S. C. | Faust, S. N. | Pollard, A. J. | Oxford, Covid Vaccine Trial Group C1 - 2020-12-15 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/121520_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 19 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32466-1 ET - 2020/11/23 IS - 10267 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Age Factors | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | COVID-19/prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/*administration & dosage/adverse effects/pharmacology | Female | Humans | Immunization, Secondary/adverse effects | *Immunogenicity, Vaccine | Immunoglobulin G/blood/drug effects | Male | Middle Aged | SARS-CoV-2/drug effects | Single-Blind Method | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://2496084849/1-s2.0-S0140673620324661-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Ramasamy, Maheshi N; Minassian, Angela M; Ewer, Katie J; Flaxman, Amy L; Folegatti, Pedro M; Owens, Daniel R; Voysey, Merryn; Aley, Parvinder K; Angus, Brian; Babbage, Gavin; Belij-Rammerstorfer, Sandra; Berry, Lisa; Bibi, Sagida; Bittaye, Mustapha; Cathie, Katrina; Chappell, Harry; Charlton, Sue; Cicconi, Paola; Clutterbuck, Elizabeth A; Colin-Jones, Rachel; Dold, Christina; Emary, Katherine R W; Fedosyuk, Sofiya; Fuskova, Michelle; Gbesemete, Diane; Green, Catherine; Hallis, Bassam; Hou, Mimi M; Jenkin, Daniel; Joe, Carina C D; Kelly, Elizabeth J; Kerridge, Simon; Lawrie, Alison M; Lelliott, Alice; Lwin, May N; Makinson, Rebecca; Marchevsky, Natalie G; Mujadidi, Yama; Munro, Alasdair P S; Pacurar, Mihaela; Plested, Emma; Rand, Jade; Rawlinson, Thomas; Rhead, Sarah; Robinson, Hannah; Ritchie, Adam J; Ross-Russell, Amy L; Saich, Stephen; Singh, Nisha; Smith, Catherine C; Snape, Matthew D; Song, Rinn; Tarrant, Richard; Themistocleous, Yrene; Thomas, Kelly M; Villafana, Tonya L; Warren, Sarah C; Watson, Marion E E; Douglas, Alexander D; Hill, Adrian V S; Lambe, Teresa; Gilbert, Sarah C; Faust, Saul N; Pollard, Andrew J; eng; MC_UU_00008/11/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; G1001046/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; MR/L018942/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; MC_PC_19058/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; G0600520/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; Clinical Trial, Phase II; Multicenter Study; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Lancet. 2021 Dec 19;396(10267):1979-1993. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32466-1. Epub 2020 Nov 19. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Reactions were less common in participants �?6 years of age compared with those <56 years old. | At least one local symptom was reported after dose by 88% of participants in the 18�?5 years group, 73% in the 56�?9 years group, and 61% in the >70 years group. | 13 serious adverse events occurred during the study period, none considered to be related to vaccination. | Antibody levels and viral neutralization were similar across age groups after the prime and boost vaccinations for the standard dose (Figure). | Participants receiving low-dose vaccine had similar anti-spike antibody titers at 28 days as the standard dose participants (p = 0.12 adjusted for age). | Methods: Between May 30 and August 8, 2020, 560 healthy adults were enrolled in a Phase 2/3 clinical trial reporting on safety and immunogenicity of low and standard dose ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine, with or without a booster given 28 days later, compared with a control vaccine. Participants were recruited using escalated recruitment into subgroups by age (18�?5 years, 56�?9 years, and >70 years). Tests for IgG and virus neutralization were done at days 28, 42, and 56. Limitations: Single blind study design, few participants >80 years of age. | Implications: ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine was well-tolerated and generated neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in older adults, the most at-risk population; efficacy data are forthcoming. SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 1979-1993 ST - Safety and immunogenicity of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine administered in a prime-boost regimen in young and old adults (COV002): a single-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 2/3 trial T2 - Lancet TI - Safety and immunogenicity of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine administered in a prime-boost regimen in young and old adults (COV002): a single-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 2/3 trial UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33220855 VL - 396 Y2 - 2021/05/14 ID - 1329 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Testing of vaccine candidates to prevent infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in an older population is important, since increased incidences of illness and death from coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) have been associated with an older age. METHODS: We conducted a phase 1, dose-escalation, open-label trial of a messenger RNA vaccine, mRNA-1273, which encodes the stabilized prefusion SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S-2P) in healthy adults. The trial was expanded to include 40 older adults, who were stratified according to age (56 to 70 years or >/=71 years). All the participants were assigned sequentially to receive two doses of either 25 mug or 100 mug of vaccine administered 28 days apart. RESULTS: Solicited adverse events were predominantly mild or moderate in severity and most frequently included fatigue, chills, headache, myalgia, and pain at the injection site. Such adverse events were dose-dependent and were more common after the second immunization. Binding-antibody responses increased rapidly after the first immunization. By day 57, among the participants who received the 25-mug dose, the anti-S-2P geometric mean titer (GMT) was 323,945 among those between the ages of 56 and 70 years and 1,128,391 among those who were 71 years of age or older; among the participants who received the 100-mug dose, the GMT in the two age subgroups was 1,183,066 and 3,638,522, respectively. After the second immunization, serum neutralizing activity was detected in all the participants by multiple methods. Binding- and neutralizing-antibody responses appeared to be similar to those previously reported among vaccine recipients between the ages of 18 and 55 years and were above the median of a panel of controls who had donated convalescent serum. The vaccine elicited a strong CD4 cytokine response involving type 1 helper T cells. CONCLUSIONS: In this small study involving older adults, adverse events associated with the mRNA-1273 vaccine were mainly mild or moderate. The 100-mug dose induced higher binding- and neutralizing-antibody titers than the 25-mug dose, which supports the use of the 100-mug dose in a phase 3 vaccine trial. (Funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and others; mRNA-1273 Study ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04283461.). AD - From the Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and the Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine (E.J.A., V.V.E., K.F., M.S.S., C.A.R.), and Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University (M.S.S.), Atlanta, and Hope Clinic, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Decatur (E.J.A., N.G.R., V.K.P.) - both in Georgia; the Vaccine Research Center (A.T.W., A.B.M., B.F., B.C.L., N.A.D.-R., S.O., S.D.S., K.S.C., P.A.S., M.P., J.E.L., B.S.G.) and the Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (P.C.R., M. Makhene, W.B., C.J.L., J.H.B.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (K.M.N.), and the Emmes Company, Rockville (M. Makowski, J.A., K.C.) - all in Maryland; Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle (L.A.J.); the Department of Pediatrics (J.D.C., M.R.D., L.J.S., A.J.P.), the Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation (J.D.C., M.R.D., A.J.P.), and the Departments of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology (M.R.D.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville; Moderna, Cambridge, MA (H.B., B.L.); and the Departments of Epidemiology and Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (D.R.M., R.B.). AN - 32991794 AU - Anderson, E. J. | Rouphael, N. G. | Widge, A. T. | Jackson, L. A. | Roberts, P. C. | Makhene, M. | Chappell, J. D. | Denison, M. R. | Stevens, L. J. | Pruijssers, A. J. | McDermott, A. B. | Flach, B. | Lin, B. C. | Doria-Rose, N. A. | O'Dell, S. | Schmidt, S. D. | Corbett, K. S. | Swanson, P. A., 2nd | Padilla, M. | Neuzil, K. M. | Bennett, H. | Leav, B. | Makowski, M. | Albert, J. | Cross, K. | Edara, V. V. | Floyd, K. | Suthar, M. S. | Martinez, D. R. | Baric, R. | Buchanan, W. | Luke, C. J. | Phadke, V. K. | Rostad, C. A. | Ledgerwood, J. E. | Graham, B. S. | Beigel, J. H. | m, R. N. A. Study Group C1 - 2020-10-06 C2 - Vaccine Development CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100620_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 17 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2028436 ET - 2020/09/30 IS - 25 KW - Aged | Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood | Antibodies, Viral/blood | COVID-19/immunology/*prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage/*adverse effects/*immunology | Dose-Response Relationship, Drug | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Neutralization Tests | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus | T-Lymphocytes/physiology L1 - internal-pdf://4020480318/Anderson-2020-Safety and Immunogenicity of SAR.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Anderson, Evan J; Rouphael, Nadine G; Widge, Alicia T; Jackson, Lisa A; Roberts, Paul C; Makhene, Mamodikoe; Chappell, James D; Denison, Mark R; Stevens, Laura J; Pruijssers, Andrea J; McDermott, Adrian B; Flach, Britta; Lin, Bob C; Doria-Rose, Nicole A; O'Dell, Sijy; Schmidt, Stephen D; Corbett, Kizzmekia S; Swanson, Phillip A 2nd; Padilla, Marcelino; Neuzil, Kathy M; Bennett, Hamilton; Leav, Brett; Makowski, Mat; Albert, Jim; Cross, Kaitlyn; Edara, Venkata Viswanadh; Floyd, Katharine; Suthar, Mehul S; Martinez, David R; Baric, Ralph; Buchanan, Wendy; Luke, Catherine J; Phadke, Varun K; Rostad, Christina A; Ledgerwood, Julie E; Graham, Barney S; Beigel, John H; eng; R38 AI140299/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; UM1AI148576/US/ /; HHSN272201500002C/US/ /; UM1Al148684-01S1/US/ /; UM1AI148684/US/ /; P51 OD011132/US/ /; UM1 AI148373/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; UL1 TR002378/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; HHSN272201500002C/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; UL1 TR002243/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; UM1 AI148576/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; UM1AI148373/US/ /; P51 OD011132/OD/NIH HHS/; AI149644/US/ /; U01 AI149644/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; UM1 AI148684/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Clinical Trial, Phase I; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; N Engl J Med. 2020 Dec 17;383(25):2427-2438. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2028436. Epub 2020 Sep 29. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; After two-doses of an mRNA vaccine, antibody levels to the receptor binding domain (RBD) were higher in vaccinated individuals compared to the antibody levels among mostly mild and moderately ill COVID-19 individuals who donated convalescent serum (controls) (Figure 1). | Antibody levels were similar to those in younger adults who received the vaccine in another study (Figure 1). | Adverse events were generally mild or moderate, dose-dependent, and more commonly detected after second vaccine dose (Figure 2). | Antiviral T cell responses to the vaccine were detected in most participants. | Methods: Phase 1 open-label vaccine trial of mRNA-1273, first reported in Jackson et alexternal icon., expanded to include 40 older adults stratified by age (56 to 70 years or �?1 years) in the US. All participants received two doses of vaccine (25 μg or 100 μg) 28 days apart between April 16 and May 12, 2020. Immunoassays were used to quantify the binding IgG responses to spike protein RBD on days 1, 15, 29, 36, 43, and 57; and assays were performed to measure T-cell responses. Comparisons were made to previously reported antibody levels from persons 18�?5 years with mild and moderate COVID-19 who donated convalescent serum. Limitations: Small sample size may not detect rare adverse events; duration of immune responses and effectiveness of immune responses to prevent infection not captured; limited ethnic or racial diversity of participants. | Implications: Similar to findings from the initial trial in adults 18�?5 years reported by Jackson et al.,external icon the mRNA vaccine was immunogenic in older adults and produced only mild to moderate adverse reactions. More studies are warranted to further assess safety and efficacy in older adults who are at higher risk for severe illness. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 2427-2438 ST - Safety and Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 Vaccine in Older Adults T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Safety and Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 Vaccine in Older Adults UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32991794 VL - 383 ID - 991 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Data on vaccine immunogenicity against SARS-CoV-2 are needed for the 40 million people globally living with HIV who might have less functional immunity and more associated comorbidities than the general population. We aimed to explore safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine in people with HIV. METHODS: In this single-arm open-label vaccination substudy within the protocol of the larger phase 2/3 trial COV002, adults aged 18-55 years with HIV were enrolled at two HIV clinics in London, UK. Eligible participants were required to be on antiretroviral therapy (ART), with undetectable plasma HIV viral loads (<50 copies per mL), and CD4 counts of more than 350 cells per muL. A prime-boost regimen of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, with two doses was given 4-6 weeks apart. The primary outcomes for this substudy were safety and reactogenicity of the vaccine, as determined by serious adverse events and solicited local and systemic reactions. Humoral responses were measured by anti-spike IgG ELISA and antibody-mediated live virus neutralisation. Cell-mediated immune responses were measured by ex-vivo IFN-gamma enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISpot) and T-cell proliferation. All outcomes were compared with an HIV-uninfected group from the main COV002 study within the same age group and dosing strategy and are reported until day 56 after prime vaccination. Outcomes were analysed in all participants who received both doses and with available samples. The COV002 study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04400838, and is ongoing. FINDINGS: Between Nov 5 and Nov 24, 2020, 54 participants with HIV (all male, median age 42.5 years [IQR 37.2-49.8]) were enrolled and received two doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19. Median CD4 count at enrolment was 694.0 cells per muL (IQR 573.5-859.5). No serious adverse events occurred. Local and systemic reactions occurring during the first 7 days after prime vaccination included pain at the injection site (26 [49%] of 53 participants with available data), fatigue (25 [47%]), headache (25 [47%]), malaise (18 [34%]), chills (12 [23%]), muscle ache (19 [36%]), joint pain (five [9%]), and nausea (four [8%]), the frequencies of which were similar to the HIV-negative participants. Anti-spike IgG responses by ELISA peaked at day 42 (median 1440 ELISA units [EUs; IQR 704-2728]; n=50) and were sustained until day 56 (median 941 EUs [531-1445]; n=49). We found no correlation between the magnitude of the anti-spike IgG response at day 56 and CD4 cell count (p=0.93) or age (p=0.48). ELISpot and T-cell proliferative responses peaked at day 14 and 28 after prime dose and were sustained to day 56. Compared with participants without HIV, we found no difference in magnitude or persistence of SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific humoral or cellular responses (p>0.05 for all analyses). INTERPRETATION: In this study of people with HIV, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 was safe and immunogenic, supporting vaccination for those well controlled on ART. FUNDING: UK Research and Innovation, National Institutes for Health Research (NIHR), Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Thames Valley and South Midland's NIHR Clinical Research Network, and AstraZeneca. AD - Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK. Electronic address: john.frater@ndm.ox.ac.uk. | The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of HIV Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK. | Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine and Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | NIHR Imperial Clinical Research Facility and NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK. | Department of Infection, Harrison Wing and NIHR Clinical Research Facility, Guys and St Thomas' NHS Trust, London, UK. | Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK. | NIHR Guy's and St Thomas' Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK. | Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK. | Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. | Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK; Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK. | Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine and Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK. AN - 34153264 AU - Frater, John | Ewer, Katie | Ogbe, Ane | Pace, Matthew | Adele, Sandra | Adland, Emily | Alagaratnam, Jasmini | Aley, Parvinder K. | Ali, Mohammad | Ansari, M. Azim | Bara, Anna | Bittaye, Mustapha | Broadhead, Sam | Brown, Anthony | Brown, Helen | Cappuccini, Federica | Cooney, Enya | Dejnirattisai, Wanwisa | Dold, Christina | Fairhead, Cassandra | Fok, Henry | Folegatti, Pedro M. | Fowler, Jamie | Gibbs, Charlotte | Goodman, Anna L. | Jenkin, Daniel | Jones, Mathew | Makinson, Rebecca | Marchevsky, Natalie G. | Farooq Mujadidi, Yama | Nguyen, Hanna | Parolini, Lucia | Petersen, Claire | Plested, Emma | Pollock, Katrina M. | Ramasamy, Maheshi N. | Rhead, Sarah | Robinson, Hannah | Robinson, Nicola | Rongkard, Patpong | Ryan, Fiona | Serrano, Sonia | Stockmann, Helen | Tipoe, Timothy | Voysey, Merryn | Waters, Anele | Zacharopoulou, Panagiota | Barnes, Eleanor | Dunachie, Susanna | Goulder, Philip | Klenerman, Paul | Screaton, Gavin | Winston, Alan | Hill, Adrian V. S. | Gilbert, Sarah C. | Pollard, Andrew | Fidler, Sarah | Fox, Julie | Lambe, Teresa | Group, Oxford Covid Vaccine Trial C1 - 2021-04-30 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04302021_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.2139/ssrn.3829931 ET - 2021/06/22 IS - 8 KW - Adult | Antibodies, Viral/*blood | CD4 Lymphocyte Count | COVID-19/*prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects/*immunology | HIV Infections/drug therapy/*immunology | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology | Vaccination L1 - internal-pdf://1283040427/SSRN-id3829931.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Frater, John | Ewer, Katie J | Ogbe, Ane | Pace, Mathew | Adele, Sandra | Adland, Emily | Alagaratnam, Jasmini | Aley, Parvinder K | Ali, Mohammad | Ansari, M Azim | Bara, Anna | Bittaye, Mustapha | Broadhead, Samantha | Brown, Anthony | Brown, Helen | Cappuccini, Federica | Cooney, Enya | Dejnirattisai, Wanwisa | Dold, Christina | Fairhead, Cassandra | Fok, Henry | Folegatti, Pedro M | Fowler, Jamie | Gibbs, Charlotte | Goodman, Anna L | Jenkin, Daniel | Jones, Mathew | Makinson, Rebecca | Marchevsky, Natalie G | Mujadidi, Yama F | Nguyen, Hanna | Parolini, Lucia | Petersen, Claire | Plested, Emma | Pollock, Katrina M | Ramasamy, Maheshi N | Rhead, Sarah | Robinson, Hannah | Robinson, Nicola | Rongkard, Patpong | Ryan, Fiona | Serrano, Sonia | Tipoe, Timothy | Voysey, Merryn | Waters, Anele | Zacharopoulou, Panagiota | Barnes, Eleanor | Dunachie, Susanna | Goulder, Philip | Klenerman, Paul | Screaton, Gavin R | Winston, Alan | Hill, Adrian V S | Gilbert, Sarah C | Pollard, Andrew J | Fidler, Sarah | Fox, Julie | Lambe, Teresa | eng | WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom | 220171/Z/20/Z/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom | DH_/Department of Health/United Kingdom | Clinical Trial, Phase II | Clinical Trial, Phase III | Multicenter Study | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | Netherlands | Lancet HIV. 2021 Aug;8(8):e474-e485. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(21)00103-X. Epub 2021 Jun 18. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Following 2 doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-29 vaccine administered 4-6 weeks apart, antibody and T cell responses in 54 HIV-positive men were comparable with 50 HIV-negative participants; no severe adverse effects were observed. SN - 2352-3018 (Electronic) | 2352-3018 (Linking) SP - e474-e485 ST - Safety and Immunogenicity of the ChAdox1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2 in HIV Infection T2 - SSRN TI - Safety and Immunogenicity of the ChAdox1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2 in HIV Infection TT - Published article: Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 | (AZD1222) vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in HIV infection: | a single-arm substudy of a phase 2/3 clinical trial UR - https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3829931 VL - 8 ID - 1712 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) might be curtailed by vaccination. We assessed the safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity of a viral vectored coronavirus vaccine that expresses the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. METHODS: We did a phase 1/2, single-blind, randomised controlled trial in five trial sites in the UK of a chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored vaccine (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) expressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein compared with a meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MenACWY) as control. Healthy adults aged 18-55 years with no history of laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection or of COVID-19-like symptoms were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 at a dose of 5 x 10(10) viral particles or MenACWY as a single intramuscular injection. A protocol amendment in two of the five sites allowed prophylactic paracetamol to be administered before vaccination. Ten participants assigned to a non-randomised, unblinded ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 prime-boost group received a two-dose schedule, with the booster vaccine administered 28 days after the first dose. Humoral responses at baseline and following vaccination were assessed using a standardised total IgG ELISA against trimeric SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, a muliplexed immunoassay, three live SARS-CoV-2 neutralisation assays (a 50% plaque reduction neutralisation assay [PRNT50]; a microneutralisation assay [MNA50, MNA80, and MNA90]; and Marburg VN), and a pseudovirus neutralisation assay. Cellular responses were assessed using an ex-vivo interferon-gamma enzyme-linked immunospot assay. The co-primary outcomes are to assess efficacy, as measured by cases of symptomatic virologically confirmed COVID-19, and safety, as measured by the occurrence of serious adverse events. Analyses were done by group allocation in participants who received the vaccine. Safety was assessed over 28 days after vaccination. Here, we report the preliminary findings on safety, reactogenicity, and cellular and humoral immune responses. The study is ongoing, and was registered at ISRCTN, 15281137, and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04324606. FINDINGS: Between April 23 and May 21, 2020, 1077 participants were enrolled and assigned to receive either ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (n=543) or MenACWY (n=534), ten of whom were enrolled in the non-randomised ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 prime-boost group. Local and systemic reactions were more common in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group and many were reduced by use of prophylactic paracetamol, including pain, feeling feverish, chills, muscle ache, headache, and malaise (all p<0.05). There were no serious adverse events related to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19. In the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group, spike-specific T-cell responses peaked on day 14 (median 856 spot-forming cells per million peripheral blood mononuclear cells, IQR 493-1802; n=43). Anti-spike IgG responses rose by day 28 (median 157 ELISA units [EU], 96-317; n=127), and were boosted following a second dose (639 EU, 360-792; n=10). Neutralising antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 were detected in 32 (91%) of 35 participants after a single dose when measured in MNA80 and in 35 (100%) participants when measured in PRNT50. After a booster dose, all participants had neutralising activity (nine of nine in MNA80 at day 42 and ten of ten in Marburg VN on day 56). Neutralising antibody responses correlated strongly with antibody levels measured by ELISA (R(2)=0.67 by Marburg VN; p<0.001). INTERPRETATION: ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 showed an acceptable safety profile, and homologous boosting increased antibody responses. These results, together with the induction of both humoral and cellular immune responses, support large-scale evaluation of this candidate vaccine in an ongoing phase 3 programme. FUNDING: UK Research and Innovation, Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Thames Valley and South Midland's NIHR Clinical Research Network, and the German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen. AD - The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK. | Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK. | Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK. | Institute of Virology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany. | NIHR Southampton Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. | School of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. | National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK. | Vaccine Institute, St George's University, London, UK. | Department of Microbiology, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK. | NIHR Imperial Clinical Research Facility, Imperial College London, London, UK. | Clinical Biomanufacturing Facility, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK. Electronic address: andrew.pollard@paediatrics.ox.ac.uk. AN - 32702298 AU - Folegatti, P. M. | Ewer, K. J. | Aley, P. K. | Angus, B. | Becker, S. | Belij-Rammerstorfer, S. | Bellamy, D. | Bibi, S. | Bittaye, M. | Clutterbuck, E. A. | Dold, C. | Faust, S. N. | Finn, A. | Flaxman, A. L. | Hallis, B. | Heath, P. | Jenkin, D. | Lazarus, R. | Makinson, R. | Minassian, A. M. | Pollock, K. M. | Ramasamy, M. | Robinson, H. | Snape, M. | Tarrant, R. | Voysey, M. | Green, C. | Douglas, A. D. | Hill, A. V. S. | Lambe, T. | Gilbert, S. C. | Pollard, A. J. | Oxford, Covid Vaccine Trial Group C1 - 2020-07-24 C2 - Vaccine Development CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072420_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 15 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31604-4 ET - 2020/07/24 IS - 10249 KW - Acetaminophen/therapeutic use | Adenoviruses, Simian/genetics | Adult | Analgesics, Non-Narcotic/therapeutic use | Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood | Antibodies, Viral/blood | Betacoronavirus/*immunology | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy/immunology/*prevention & control | Female | Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage | Humans | Immunization, Secondary | Immunoglobulin G/blood | Male | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy/*prevention & control | SARS-CoV-2 | Single-Blind Method | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology | T-Lymphocytes/immunology | United Kingdom | Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage/*adverse effects/*immunology L1 - internal-pdf://0088381502/Folegatti-2020-Safety and immunogenicity of th.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Folegatti, Pedro M; Ewer, Katie J; Aley, Parvinder K; Angus, Brian; Becker, Stephan; Belij-Rammerstorfer, Sandra; Bellamy, Duncan; Bibi, Sagida; Bittaye, Mustapha; Clutterbuck, Elizabeth A; Dold, Christina; Faust, Saul N; Finn, Adam; Flaxman, Amy L; Hallis, Bassam; Heath, Paul; Jenkin, Daniel; Lazarus, Rajeka; Makinson, Rebecca; Minassian, Angela M; Pollock, Katrina M; Ramasamy, Maheshi; Robinson, Hannah; Snape, Matthew; Tarrant, Richard; Voysey, Merryn; Green, Catherine; Douglas, Alexander D; Hill, Adrian V S; Lambe, Teresa; Gilbert, Sarah C; Pollard, Andrew J; eng; HHSN272201400008C/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; MC_PC_19058/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; Clinical Trial, Phase I; Clinical Trial, Phase II; Multicenter Study; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Lancet. 2020 Aug 15;396(10249):467-478. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31604-4. Epub 2020 Jul 20. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Single dose of vaccine elicited both humoral and cellular responses against SARS-CoV-2. | Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein peaked by day 28 (median 157 ELISA units (EU), IQR 96�?17; n = 127) and remained elevated to day 56 (119 EU, 70�?03; n = 43). | The 10 participants receiving a booster dose showed antibodies rising to 639 EU (IQR 360�?92) at day 56 (Figure 1). | Safety profiles indicated the vaccine was adequately tolerated (Figure 2). | Primary adverse events reported were injection site tenderness (82%) and headaches (67%) by 7 days post-vaccination. Symptoms were mostly mild to moderate. | Paracetamol reduced vaccine-associated localized and systemic reactions. | Methods: Phase 1/2, single-blind, randomized controlled trial of chimpanzee adenovirus-vectored vaccine (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection conducted in five sites in the UK, between April 23 and May 21, 2020. Adults (N = 1,077) ages 18-55 years with no history of laboratory-confirmed infection or symptoms of infection received either vaccine expressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (n = 543) or a meningococcal conjugate vaccine as control (n = 534). Ten individuals in active arm (non-randomized and unblinded) also received a booster at 28 days. After May 6, all participants received paracetamol before vaccination. Limitations: Vaccine administration restricted to healthy individuals (mostly White); short follow-up to date. | Implications for 2 studies (Fogelatti et al. & Zhu et al.): Limitations notwithstanding, vaccine products in both trials were safe and resulted in neutralizing antibodies at 28 days. Boosting for the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (Fogelatti et al.) increased antibody responses. Results support ongoing current Phase 3 efficacy trials. SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 467-478 ST - Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: a preliminary report of a phase 1/2, single-blind, randomised controlled trial T2 - Lancet TI - Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: a preliminary report of a phase 1/2, single-blind, randomised controlled trial UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32702298 VL - 396 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 581 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections and the resulting disease, coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), have spread to millions of persons worldwide. Multiple vaccine candidates are under development, but no vaccine is currently available. Interim safety and immunogenicity data about the vaccine candidate BNT162b1 in younger adults have been reported previously from trials in Germany and the United States. METHODS: In an ongoing, placebo-controlled, observer-blinded, dose-escalation, phase 1 trial conducted in the United States, we randomly assigned healthy adults 18 to 55 years of age and those 65 to 85 years of age to receive either placebo or one of two lipid nanoparticle-formulated, nucleoside-modified RNA vaccine candidates: BNT162b1, which encodes a secreted trimerized SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain; or BNT162b2, which encodes a membrane-anchored SARS-CoV-2 full-length spike, stabilized in the prefusion conformation. The primary outcome was safety (e.g., local and systemic reactions and adverse events); immunogenicity was a secondary outcome. Trial groups were defined according to vaccine candidate, age of the participants, and vaccine dose level (10 mug, 20 mug, 30 mug, and 100 mug). In all groups but one, participants received two doses, with a 21-day interval between doses; in one group (100 mug of BNT162b1), participants received one dose. RESULTS: A total of 195 participants underwent randomization. In each of 13 groups of 15 participants, 12 participants received vaccine and 3 received placebo. BNT162b2 was associated with a lower incidence and severity of systemic reactions than BNT162b1, particularly in older adults. In both younger and older adults, the two vaccine candidates elicited similar dose-dependent SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing geometric mean titers, which were similar to or higher than the geometric mean titer of a panel of SARS-CoV-2 convalescent serum samples. CONCLUSIONS: The safety and immunogenicity data from this U.S. phase 1 trial of two vaccine candidates in younger and older adults, added to earlier interim safety and immunogenicity data regarding BNT162b1 in younger adults from trials in Germany and the United States, support the selection of BNT162b2 for advancement to a pivotal phase 2-3 safety and efficacy evaluation. (Funded by BioNTech and Pfizer; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04368728.). AD - From the University of Rochester and Rochester General Hospital, Rochester (E.E.W., A.R.F.), Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (J.A., A.G., K.A.S., K.K., W.K., D.C., K.R.T., P.R.D., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and New York University Langone Vaccine Center and Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J.M., V.R.) - all in New York; Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati (R.W.F.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., R.B.); the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Baltimore (K.N., K.E.L.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (P.L.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (C.F.-G., P.-Y.S.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (OT., U.S.). AN - 33053279 AU - Walsh, E. E. | Frenck, R. W., Jr. | Falsey, A. R. | Kitchin, N. | Absalon, J. | Gurtman, A. | Lockhart, S. | Neuzil, K. | Mulligan, M. J. | Bailey, R. | Swanson, K. A. | Li, P. | Koury, K. | Kalina, W. | Cooper, D. | Fontes-Garfias, C. | Shi, P. Y. | Tureci, O. | Tompkins, K. R. | Lyke, K. E. | Raabe, V. | Dormitzer, P. R. | Jansen, K. U. | Sahin, U. | Gruber, W. C. C1 - 2020-10-27 | 2020-12-22 C2 - Vaccines CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102720_covidupdate.html | http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/122220_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 17 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2027906 ET - 2020/10/15 IS - 25 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Antibodies, Viral/blood | COVID-19/immunology/*prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/*adverse effects/*immunology | Female | Humans | Injections, Intramuscular/adverse effects | Male | Middle Aged | Neutralization Tests | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology | Single-Blind Method | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://0482328953/Walsh-2020-Safety and Immunogenicity of Two RN.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Walsh, Edward E; Frenck, Robert W Jr; Falsey, Ann R; Kitchin, Nicholas; Absalon, Judith; Gurtman, Alejandra; Lockhart, Stephen; Neuzil, Kathleen; Mulligan, Mark J; Bailey, Ruth; Swanson, Kena A; Li, Ping; Koury, Kenneth; Kalina, Warren; Cooper, David; Fontes-Garfias, Camila; Shi, Pei-Yong; Tureci, Ozlem; Tompkins, Kristin R; Lyke, Kirsten E; Raabe, Vanessa; Dormitzer, Philip R; Jansen, Kathrin U; Sahin, Ugur; Gruber, William C; eng; Clinical Trial, Phase I; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; N Engl J Med. 2020 Dec 17;383(25):2439-2450. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2027906. Epub 2020 Oct 14. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; BNT162b2 was associated with less frequent and less severe systemic reactions than BNT162b1, particularly in older adults (Figure 1). | Few younger recipients of BNT162b2, and no older recipients had severe systemic events. | After the first dose, systemic events were similar among older participants who received either BNT162b2 or placebo. | Both vaccine candidates elicited dose-dependent SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibody titers in younger and older adults (Figure 2). | Titers were similar to or higher than those of a panel of SARS-CoV-2 convalescent serum samples. | IgG and virus-neutralizing responses were lower in older than in younger participants. | Methods: Randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded, dose-escalation, phase 1 trial including 195 participants aged 18�?5 or 65�?5 years who received placebo or one of two nucleoside-modified RNA vaccine candidates: BNT162b1 (encodes a secreted trimerized SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain protein) or BNT162b2 (encodes a membrane-anchored SARS-CoV-2 full-length spike protein). Participants in 13 groups received an injection of 10 μg, 20 μg, 30 μg or 100 μg of one of the vaccine candidates (12 participants/group) or placebo (3 participants/group) on days 1 and 21. Participants were evaluated for local and systemic reactions, adverse events and immune response. Limitations: Small, phase 1 study; most participants were white; persons with various comorbidities or previous COVID-19 diagnosis were excluded. | Implications for both studies (Walsh et al. & Xia et al.): Early studies of 2 different types of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines demonstrate tolerability and immunogenicity including in older adults; results from these studies have been used to select candidates and doses for larger safety and efficacy trials, for which the investigators are now recruiting participants. An editorial accompanying Xia et al. (Isakova-Sivak & Rudenko, A promising inactivated whole-virion SARS-CoV-2 vaccineexternal icon) notes that this is the second study to report immunogenicity and low levels of adverse effects for an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate, indicating reproducibility of results from vaccines across different manufacturers. According to the Milken Institute’s COVID-19 Treatment and Vaccine Trackerexternal icon BNT162b1/2 and BBIBP-CorV are both in phase 3 trials, with the former product selected for FDA fast track status and Operation Warp Speed in July 2020, and the latter receiving early approval for emergency use in China (August 2020) and the United Arab Emirates (September 2020). SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 2439-2450 ST - Safety and Immunogenicity of Two RNA-Based Covid-19 Vaccine Candidates T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Safety and Immunogenicity of Two RNA-Based Covid-19 Vaccine Candidates UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33053279 VL - 383 ID - 1136 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Allergic reactions after messenger RNA (mRNA) COVID-19 vaccines have been reported to be as high as 2%, with anaphylaxis occurring in up to 2.5 per 10�?00 individuals. There is uncertainty as to whether to administer a second dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine after a first-dose reaction. In this study, we examine the safety of the second dose of Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna vaccine in those with a history of immediate and potentially allergic reactions to the first dose. AD - Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. | Yale School of Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee. | Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee. | Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas. | Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. | Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. | Mongan Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital. | Edward P. Lawrence Center for Quality and Safety, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. AN - 34309623 AU - Krantz, Matthew S. | Kwah, Jason H. | Stone, Cosby A., Jr | Phillips, Elizabeth J. | Ortega, Gilbert | Banerji, Aleena | Blumenthal, Kimberly G. C1 - 2021-08-06 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08062021_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 26 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.3779 ET - 2021/07/27 L1 - internal-pdf://0946901588/Krantz-2021-Safety Evaluation of the Second Do.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Krantz, Matthew S | Kwah, Jason H | Stone, Cosby A Jr | Phillips, Elizabeth J | Ortega, Gilbert | Banerji, Aleena | Blumenthal, Kimberly G | eng | K12 HS026395/HS/AHRQ HHS/ | JAMA Intern Med. 2021 Jul 26. pii: 2782348. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.3779. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Study included 189 patients who experienced immediate allergic reactions after 1st mRNA COVID-19 vaccine dose (69% mRNA-1273, 31% BNT162b2). | 17% (n = 32) met criteria for anaphylaxis. | Subsequently, 159 (84%) patients received a 2nd mRNA COVID-19 dose, 47 (30%) with antihistamine premedication. | 159 (100%) tolerated administration of the 2nd dose, including 19 who had experienced anaphylaxis previously. | Most (80%) experienced no immediate symptoms after 2nd dose administration. 32 (20%) reported symptoms that were mild, self-limited, and/or resolved with antihistamines alone. | Methods: Multicenter, retrospective study among patients experiencing immediate allergic reaction to 1st dose of mRNA-1273 (Moderna) or BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) from January 1 to March 31, 2021. Limitations: Study institutions did not share same evaluation protocol. | Implications: A 2nd dose of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine can be tolerated even by patients who experienced immediate allergic symptoms following their 1st dose. SN - 2168-6106 ST - Safety Evaluation of the Second Dose of Messenger RNA COVID-19 Vaccines in Patients With Immediate Reactions to the First Dose T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - Safety Evaluation of the Second Dose of Messenger RNA COVID-19 Vaccines in Patients With Immediate Reactions to the First Dose UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.3779 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/articlepdf/2782348/jamainternal_krantz_2021_ld_210043_1626713885.93287.pdf Y2 - 8/9/2021 ID - 2199 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. | Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. AN - 33560728 AU - Boyarsky, B. J. | Ou, M. T. | Greenberg, R. S. | Teles, A. T. | Werbel, W. A. | Avery, R. K. | Massie, A. B. | Segev, D. L. | Garonzik-Wang, J. M. C1 - 2021-02-26 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02262021_covidupdate.html DA - May 1 DO - 10.1097/TP.0000000000003654 ET - 2021/02/10 IS - 5 KW - Adult | COVID-19/*prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects/*therapeutic use | Female | Humans | Immunosuppressive Agents | Male | Middle Aged | Organ Transplantation | *Patient Safety | RNA, Messenger/metabolism | *Transplant Recipients | United States L1 - internal-pdf://1711086152/Safety_of_the_First_Dose_of_SARS_CoV_2_Vaccina.pdf LA - en LB - Vaccines | N1 - Boyarsky, Brian J; Ou, Michael T; Greenberg, Ross S; Teles, Aura T; Werbel, William A; Avery, Robin K; Massie, Allan B; Segev, Dorry L; Garonzik-Wang, Jacqueline M; eng; F32 DK124941/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/; K01 DK101677/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/; K23 DK115908/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/; K24 AI144954/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Letter; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Transplantation. 2021 May 1;105(5):e56-e57. doi: 10.1097/TP.0000000000003654. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 187 solid organ transplant recipients who received the mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, mostly mild local reactions were noted and only two participants reported development of a new infection (acute-on-chronic pouchitis and influenza A) requiring treatment; transplant rejection was not seen in early-follow-up. SN - 1534-6080 (Electronic); 0041-1337 (Linking) SP - e56-e57 ST - Safety of the First Dose of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients T2 - Transplantation TI - Safety of the First Dose of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33560728 VL - 105 ID - 1529 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVE: To provide an update on key safety metrics after transfusion of convalescent plasma in hospitalized coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) patients, having previously demonstrated safety in 5000 hospitalized patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From April 3 to June 2, 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration Expanded Access Program for COVID-19 convalescent plasma transfused a convenience sample of 20,000 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 convalescent plasma. RESULTS: The incidence of all serious adverse events was low; these included transfusion reactions (n=78; <1%), thromboembolic or thrombotic events (n=113; <1%), and cardiac events (n=677, ~3%). Notably, the vast majority of the thromboembolic or thrombotic events (n=75) and cardiac events (n=597) were judged to be unrelated to the plasma transfusion per se. The 7-day mortality rate was 13.0% (12.5%, 13.4%), and was higher among more critically ill patients relative to less ill counterparts, including patients admitted to the intensive care unit versus those not admitted (15.6 vs 9.3%), mechanically ventilated versus not ventilated (18.3% vs 9.9%), and with septic shock or multiple organ dysfunction/failure versus those without dysfunction/failure (21.7% vs 11.5%). CONCLUSION: These updated data provide robust evidence that transfusion of convalescent plasma is safe in hospitalized patients with COVID-19, and support the notion that earlier administration of plasma within the clinical course of COVID-19 is more likely to reduce mortality. AD - Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. Electronic address: https://twitter.com/DrMJoyner. | Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL. | Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. | Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ. | Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL. | Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. | Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. | Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ. | Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. | Department of Anesthesiology, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ. | Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing. | Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD. | Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. | Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Human Research Protection Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. AN - 32861333 AU - Joyner, M. J. | Bruno, K. A. | Klassen, S. A. | Kunze, K. L. | Johnson, P. W. | Lesser, E. R. | Wiggins, C. C. | Senefeld, J. W. | Klompas, A. M. | Hodge, D. O. | Shepherd, J. R. A. | Rea, R. F. | Whelan, E. R. | Clayburn, A. J. | Spiegel, M. R. | Baker, S. E. | Larson, K. F. | Ripoll, J. G. | Andersen, K. J. | Buras, M. R. | Vogt, M. N. P. | Herasevich, V. | Dennis, J. J. | Regimbal, R. J. | Bauer, P. R. | Blair, J. E. | van Buskirk, C. M. | Winters, J. L. | Stubbs, J. R. | van Helmond, N. | Butterfield, B. P. | Sexton, M. A. | Diaz Soto, J. C. | Paneth, N. S. | Verdun, N. C. | Marks, P. | Casadevall, A. | Fairweather, D. | Carter, R. E. | Wright, R. S. C1 - 2020-07-31 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/073120_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.06.028 DP - NLM ET - 2020/08/31 IS - 9 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/mortality/*therapy | Critical Illness | Female | Hospitalization | Humans | Immunization, Passive/adverse effects | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | *Patient Safety | Pneumonia, Viral/mortality/*therapy | United States | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://3680221710/Joyner-2020-Safety Update_ COVID-19 Convalesce.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | N1 - Joyner, Michael J; Bruno, Katelyn A; Klassen, Stephen A; Kunze, Katie L; Johnson, Patrick W; Lesser, Elizabeth R; Wiggins, Chad C; Senefeld, Jonathon W; Klompas, Allan M; Hodge, David O; Shepherd, John R A; Rea, Robert F; Whelan, Emily R; Clayburn, Andrew J; Spiegel, Matthew R; Baker, Sarah E; Larson, Kathryn F; Ripoll, Juan G; Andersen, Kylie J; Buras, Matthew R; Vogt, Matthew N P; Herasevich, Vitaly; Dennis, Joshua J; Regimbal, Riley J; Bauer, Philippe R; Blair, Janis E; van Buskirk, Camille M; Winters, Jeffrey L; Stubbs, James R; van Helmond, Noud; Butterfield, Brian P; Sexton, Matthew A; Diaz Soto, Juan C; Paneth, Nigel S; Verdun, Nicole C; Marks, Peter; Casadevall, Arturo; Fairweather, DeLisa; Carter, Rickey E; Wright, R Scott; eng; R01 AI152078/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; 75A50120C00096/HH/HHS/; R01 HL059842/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; R35 HL139854/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; U54 AG044170/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; T32 DK007352/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/; R21 AI145356/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R21 AI152318/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; UL1 TR002377/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; R21 AI154927/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Multicenter Study; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. | England; Mayo Clin Proc. 2020 Sep;95(9):1888-1897. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.06.028. Epub 2020 Jul 19. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 1,282 serious adverse events (SAE) post convalescent plasma transfusion occurred, but transfusion-related SAE occurred in <1% of patients (Table). | 13 of 20,000 patients (0.06%, 95% CI 0.04%-0.11%) died within four hours of transfusions for transfusion-related reasons. | Overall, 7-day post-transfusion mortality rate was 8.56% (95% CI 8.18%-8.95%). | Methods: Multi-site cohort of 20,000 hospitalized patients (60.8% male, 52.1% obese) between April 3 and June 2, 2020. Patients were >18 years, had laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, and severe or life-threatening COVID-19 or were judged to be at high risk of progression to severe disease. Patients received 200-500 ml of ABO-compatible COVID-19 convalescent plasma donated by recently recovered COVID-19 survivors. Limitations: Short follow up window; not designed to evaluate efficacy of convalescent plasma. | Implications: Convalescent plasma appears generally safe. Data on efficacy of convalescent plasma for treatment of COVID-19 are needed. SN - 1942-5546 (Electronic); 0025-6196 (Linking) SP - 1888-1897 ST - Safety Update: COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma in 20,000 Hospitalized Patients T2 - Mayo Clin Proc TI - Safety Update: COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma in 20,000 Hospitalized Patients UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32861333 VL - 95 ID - 631 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Until very recently, vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) had not been authorized for emergency use in persons younger than 16 years of age. Safe, effective vaccines are needed to protect this population, facilitate in-person learning and socialization, and contribute to herd immunity. METHODS: In this ongoing multinational, placebo-controlled, observer-blinded trial, we randomly assigned participants in a 1:1 ratio to receive two injections, 21 days apart, of 30 mug of BNT162b2 or placebo. Noninferiority of the immune response to BNT162b2 in 12-to-15-year-old participants as compared with that in 16-to-25-year-old participants was an immunogenicity objective. Safety (reactogenicity and adverse events) and efficacy against confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19; onset, >/=7 days after dose 2) in the 12-to-15-year-old cohort were assessed. RESULTS: Overall, 2260 adolescents 12 to 15 years of age received injections; 1131 received BNT162b2, and 1129 received placebo. As has been found in other age groups, BNT162b2 had a favorable safety and side-effect profile, with mainly transient mild-to-moderate reactogenicity (predominantly injection-site pain [in 79 to 86% of participants], fatigue [in 60 to 66%], and headache [in 55 to 65%]); there were no vaccine-related serious adverse events and few overall severe adverse events. The geometric mean ratio of SARS-CoV-2 50% neutralizing titers after dose 2 in 12-to-15-year-old participants relative to 16-to-25-year-old participants was 1.76 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.47 to 2.10), which met the noninferiority criterion of a lower boundary of the two-sided 95% confidence interval greater than 0.67 and indicated a greater response in the 12-to-15-year-old cohort. Among participants without evidence of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, no Covid-19 cases with an onset of 7 or more days after dose 2 were noted among BNT162b2 recipients, and 16 cases occurred among placebo recipients. The observed vaccine efficacy was 100% (95% CI, 75.3 to 100). CONCLUSIONS: The BNT162b2 vaccine in 12-to-15-year-old recipients had a favorable safety profile, produced a greater immune response than in young adults, and was highly effective against Covid-19. (Funded by BioNTech and Pfizer; C4591001 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04368728.). AD - From Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati (R.W.F.); Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center, Oakland (N.P.K.), and the California Research Foundation, San Diego (D.M.B.) - both in California; Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., R.B.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (A.G., J.A., K.A.S., K.K., W.V.K., D.C., P.R.D., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (S.J.T.) - both in New York; Vaccine Research and Development (J.L.P., H.M., X.X.) and Worldwide Safety, Safety Surveillance and Risk Management (S.M.), Pfizer, Collegeville, PA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC (E.B.W.); Senders Pediatrics, South Euclid, OH (S.S.); Clinical Research Professionals, Chesterfield, MO (T.J.); BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (O.T., U.S.); and Worldwide Safety, Safety Surveillance and Risk Management, Pfizer, Groton, CT (D.B.T.). AN - 34043894 AU - Frenck, Robert W. | Klein, Nicola P. | Kitchin, Nicholas | Gurtman, Alejandra | Absalon, Judith | Lockhart, Stephen | Perez, John L. | Walter, Emmanuel B. | Senders, Shelly | Bailey, Ruth | Swanson, Kena A. | Ma, Hua | Xu, Xia | Koury, Kenneth | Kalina, Warren V. | Cooper, David | Jennings, Timothy | Brandon, Donald M. | Thomas, Stephen J. | Türeci, Özlem | Tresnan, Dina B. | Mather, Susan | Dormitzer, Philip R. | Şahin, Uğur | Jansen, Kathrin U. | Gruber, William C. C1 - 2021-06-04 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06042021_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 15 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2107456 ET - 2021/05/28 IS - 3 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Age Factors | Antibodies, Neutralizing/*blood | Antibodies, Viral/*blood | COVID-19/*prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*immunology | Child | Female | Humans | *Immunogenicity, Vaccine | Immunoglobulin G/blood | Injections, Intramuscular/adverse effects | Male | Pain/etiology | Treatment Outcome | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://1006424473/Frenck-2021-Safety, Immunogenicity, and Effica.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Frenck, Robert W Jr | Klein, Nicola P | Kitchin, Nicholas | Gurtman, Alejandra | Absalon, Judith | Lockhart, Stephen | Perez, John L | Walter, Emmanuel B | Senders, Shelly | Bailey, Ruth | Swanson, Kena A | Ma, Hua | Xu, Xia | Koury, Kenneth | Kalina, Warren V | Cooper, David | Jennings, Timothy | Brandon, Donald M | Thomas, Stephen J | Tureci, Ozlem | Tresnan, Dina B | Mather, Susan | Dormitzer, Philip R | Sahin, Ugur | Jansen, Kathrin U | Gruber, William C | eng | Comparative Study | Multicenter Study | Randomized Controlled Trial | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | N Engl J Med. 2021 Jul 15;385(3):239-250. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2107456. Epub 2021 May 27. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Vaccine efficacy was 100% (95% CI 75.3%-100%) in 12- to 15-year-olds. | There were no cases in the vaccinated group compared with 16 cases among the placebo group, 7 or more days after dose 2. | Compared with baseline, geometric mean neutralizing antibody titers were 118.3-fold higher 1 month after dose 2. | Vaccine reactions were mainly transient, mild to moderate, and similar to a comparator group of 16�?5-year-olds. | Injection-site pain was reported by 79% to 86%, fatigue was reported by 60% to 66%, and headache was reported by 55% to 65% of participants (Figure). | Methods: A randomized, placebo-controlled, observer-blinded trial of Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2 in 2,260 adolescents 12�?5 years old (1,129 received placebo). Efficacy of the vaccine was assessed based on confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection with onset 7 or more days after dose 2. Reactogenicity events (assessed for 7 days after each dose) and unsolicited adverse events compared with 16�?5 age group (n = 3,610). SARS-CoV-2 serum neutralization assays were performed. Limitations: Racial and ethnic diversity of participants 12-15 years does not reflect the general US population; short (1 month) post-vaccination safety evaluation. | Implications: Vaccination of adolescents with BNT162b2 was safe and effective. Vaccinating adolescents will broaden community protection, and it will likely facilitate reintegration into society and resumption of in-person learning. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic) | 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 239-250 ST - Safety, Immunogenicity, and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 Covid-19 Vaccine in Adolescents T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Safety, Immunogenicity, and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 Covid-19 Vaccine in Adolescents UR - https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2107456 | https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa2107456?articleTools=true VL - 385 ID - 1799 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: A vaccine to protect against COVID-19 is urgently needed. We aimed to assess the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a recombinant adenovirus type-5 (Ad5) vectored COVID-19 vaccine expressing the spike glycoprotein of a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) strain. METHODS: We did a dose-escalation, single-centre, open-label, non-randomised, phase 1 trial of an Ad5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine in Wuhan, China. Healthy adults aged between 18 and 60 years were sequentially enrolled and allocated to one of three dose groups (5 x 10(10), 1 x 10(11), and 1.5 x 10(11) viral particles) to receive an intramuscular injection of vaccine. The primary outcome was adverse events in the 7 days post-vaccination. Safety was assessed over 28 days post-vaccination. Specific antibodies were measured with ELISA, and the neutralising antibody responses induced by vaccination were detected with SARS-CoV-2 virus neutralisation and pseudovirus neutralisation tests. T-cell responses were assessed by enzyme-linked immunospot and flow-cytometry assays. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04313127. FINDINGS: Between March 16 and March 27, 2020, we screened 195 individuals for eligibility. Of them, 108 participants (51% male, 49% female; mean age 36.3 years) were recruited and received the low dose (n=36), middle dose (n=36), or high dose (n=36) of the vaccine. All enrolled participants were included in the analysis. At least one adverse reaction within the first 7 days after the vaccination was reported in 30 (83%) participants in the low dose group, 30 (83%) participants in the middle dose group, and 27 (75%) participants in the high dose group. The most common injection site adverse reaction was pain, which was reported in 58 (54%) vaccine recipients, and the most commonly reported systematic adverse reactions were fever (50 [46%]), fatigue (47 [44%]), headache (42 [39%]), and muscle pain (18 [17%]. Most adverse reactions that were reported in all dose groups were mild or moderate in severity. No serious adverse event was noted within 28 days post-vaccination. ELISA antibodies and neutralising antibodies increased significantly at day 14, and peaked 28 days post-vaccination. Specific T-cell response peaked at day 14 post-vaccination. INTERPRETATION: The Ad5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine is tolerable and immunogenic at 28 days post-vaccination. Humoral responses against SARS-CoV-2 peaked at day 28 post-vaccination in healthy adults, and rapid specific T-cell responses were noted from day 14 post-vaccination. Our findings suggest that the Ad5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine warrants further investigation. FUNDING: National Key R&D Program of China, National Science and Technology Major Project, and CanSino Biologics. AD - NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China. Electronic address: jszfc@vip.sina.com. | China National Institute for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China. | Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China. | Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China. | NHC Key Laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China. | Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing, China. | CanSino Biologics, Tianjin, China. | Clinical Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. | Shanghai Canming Medical Technology, Shanghai, China. | Clinical Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. Electronic address: wwang@vip.126.com. | Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China. Electronic address: cw0226@foxmail.com. AN - 32450106 AU - Zhu, F. C. | Li, Y. H. | Guan, X. H. | Hou, L. H. | Wang, W. J. | Li, J. X. | Wu, S. P. | Wang, B. S. | Wang, Z. | Wang, L. | Jia, S. Y. | Jiang, H. D. | Wang, L. | Jiang, T. | Hu, Y. | Gou, J. B. | Xu, S. B. | Xu, J. J. | Wang, X. W. | Wang, W. | Chen, W. C1 - 2020-06-05 C2 - Vaccines CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060520_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 13 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31208-3 DP - NLM ET - 2020/05/26 IS - 10240 KW - Adenoviridae | Adolescent | Adult | Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood | Antibodies, Viral/blood | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | China | Coronavirus Infections/*prevention & control | Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay | Female | Humans | Immunity, Cellular | Immunity, Humoral | Injections, Intramuscular | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*prevention & control | SARS-CoV-2 | T-Lymphocytes/immunology | Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage/adverse effects/therapeutic use | Viral Vaccines/*administration & dosage/adverse effects/therapeutic use | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://4105586109/Zhu-2020-Safety, tolerability, and immunogenic.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Zhu, Feng-Cai; Li, Yu-Hua; Guan, Xu-Hua; Hou, Li-Hua; Wang, Wen-Juan; Li, Jing-Xin; Wu, Shi-Po; Wang, Bu-Sen; Wang, Zhao; Wang, Lei; Jia, Si-Yue; Jiang, Hu-Dachuan; Wang, Ling; Jiang, Tao; Hu, Yi; Gou, Jin-Bo; Xu, Sha-Bei; Xu, Jun-Jie; Wang, Xue-Wen; Wang, Wei; Chen, Wei; eng; Clinical Trial, Phase I; England; Lancet. 2020 Jun 13;395(10240):1845-1854. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31208-3. Epub 2020 May 22. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Of 108 persons given a low, medium or high dose of recombinant adenovirus type-5 (Ad5) vectored COVID-19 vaccine: | Majority had specific T-cell responses that peaked 14 days after vaccination (Figure 1). | 50-75% generated at least a four-fold increase in antibodies able to neutralize SARS-CoV-2 (neutralizing antibodies) 28 days after vaccination (Figure 2). | 81% had at least one adverse event; most events were mild or moderate. | T-cell and antibody responses were reduced among persons with high pre-existing neutralizing antibodies to Ad5. | Methods: Open-label, non-randomized trial of 108 persons in China given a low, medium or high dose of a recombinant Ad5-vectored COVID-19 vaccine expressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (36 in each group). Participants were monitored for adverse events for 28 days post-vaccination. Antibody and T-cell responses were assessed 14 and 28 days after vaccination. Limitations: Small sample size, short follow-up period, no control group, and no participants older than 60. | Implications: This first in-human trial demonstrated safety and immunogenicity of an Ad5-vectored COVID-19 vaccine in healthy adults with no underlying conditions. Additional human studies are needed to examine vaccine efficacy, including among older persons and those with underlying conditions who are at increased risk for severe disease. SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 1845-1854 ST - Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a recombinant adenovirus type-5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine: a dose-escalation, open-label, non-randomised, first-in-human trial T2 - Lancet TI - Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a recombinant adenovirus type-5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine: a dose-escalation, open-label, non-randomised, first-in-human trial UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32450106 VL - 395 ID - 311 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BackgroundSARS-CoV-2 has caused millions of deaths, and, since Aug 11, 2020, 20 intramuscular COVID-19 vaccines have been approved for use. We aimed to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of an aerosolised adenovirus type-5 vector-based COVID-19 vaccine (Ad5-nCoV) in adults without COVID-19 from China. AU - Wu, Shipo | Huang, Jianying | Zhang, Zhe | Wu, Jianyuan | Zhang, Jinlong | Hu, Hanning | Zhu, Tao | Zhang, Jun | Luo, Lin | Fan, Pengfei | Wang, Busen | Chen, Chang | Chen, Yi | Song, Xiaohong | Wang, Yudong | Si, Weixue | Sun, Tianjian | Wang, Xinghuan | Hou, Lihua | Chen, Wei C1 - 2021-08-06 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08062021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00396-0 L1 - internal-pdf://2578540971/Zhu-2020-Safety, tolerability, and immunogenic.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In a small phase 1 trial in China, 2 doses of an aerosolized form of Ad5-nCoV (CanSino Biologics) 28 days apart (1×10¹�?viral particles each dose) elicited similar neutralizing antibody titers to a single intramuscular dose of Ad5-nCoV (10×10¹�?viral particles). Titers were similar for one intramuscular dose followed by an aerosol booster. Adverse reactions were less common following mucosal aerosols than injections, and were mild among all participants. SN - 1473-3099 ST - Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an aerosolised adenovirus type-5 vector-based COVID-19 vaccine (Ad5-nCoV) in adults: preliminary report of an open-label and randomised phase 1 clinical trial T2 - Lancet Infect Dis TI - Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an aerosolised adenovirus type-5 vector-based COVID-19 vaccine (Ad5-nCoV) in adults: preliminary report of an open-label and randomised phase 1 clinical trial UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00396-0 Y2 - 2021/08/09 ID - 2208 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: With the unprecedented morbidity and mortality associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, a vaccine against COVID-19 is urgently needed. We investigated CoronaVac (Sinovac Life Sciences, Beijing, China), an inactivated vaccine candidate against COVID-19, containing inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), for its safety, tolerability and immunogenicity. METHODS: In this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 clinical trial, healthy adults aged 18-59 years were recruited from the community in Suining County of Jiangsu province, China. Adults with SARS-CoV-2 exposure or infection history, with axillary temperature above 37.0 degrees C, or an allergic reaction to any vaccine component were excluded. The experimental vaccine for the phase 1 trial was manufactured using a cell factory process (CellSTACK Cell Culture Chamber 10, Corning, Wujiang, China), whereas those for the phase 2 trial were produced through a bioreactor process (ReadyToProcess WAVE 25, GE, Umea, Sweden). The phase 1 trial was done in a dose-escalating manner. At screening, participants were initially separated (1:1), with no specific randomisation, into two vaccination schedule cohorts, the days 0 and 14 vaccination cohort and the days 0 and 28 vaccination cohort, and within each cohort the first 36 participants were assigned to block 1 (low dose CoronaVac [3 mug per 0.5 mL of aluminium hydroxide diluent per dose) then another 36 were assigned to block 2 (high-dose Coronavc [6 mug per 0.5 mL of aluminium hydroxide diluent per dse]). Within each block, participants were randomly assigned (2:1), using block randomisation with a block size of six, to either two doses of CoronaVac or two doses of placebo. In the phase 2 trial, at screening, participants were initially separated (1:1), with no specific randomisation, into the days 0 and 14 vaccination cohort and the days 0 and 28 vaccination cohort, and participants were randomly assigned (2:2:1), using block randomisation with a block size of five, to receive two doses of either low-dose CoronaVac, high-dose CoronaVac, or placebo. Participants, investigators, and laboratory staff were masked to treatment allocation. The primary safety endpoint was adverse reactions within 28 days after injection in all participants who were given at least one dose of study drug (safety population). The primary immunogenic outcome was seroconversion rates of neutralising antibodies to live SARS-CoV-2 at day 14 after the last dose in the days 0 and 14 cohort, and at day 28 after the last dose in the days 0 and 28 cohort in participants who completed their allocated two-dose vaccination schedule (per-protocol population). This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04352608, and is closed to accrual. FINDINGS: Between April 16 and April 25, 2020, 144 participants were enrolled in the phase 1 trial, and between May 3 and May 5, 2020, 600 participants were enrolled in the phase 2 trial. 743 participants received at least one dose of investigational product (n=143 for phase 1 and n=600 for phase 2; safety population). In the phase 1 trial, the incidence of adverse reactions for the days 0 and 14 cohort was seven (29%) of 24 participants in the 3 ug group, nine (38%) of 24 in the 6 mug group, and two (8%) of 24 in the placebo group, and for the days 0 and 28 cohort was three (13%) of 24 in the 3 mug group, four (17%) of 24 in the 6 mug group, and three (13%) of 23 in the placebo group. The seroconversion of neutralising antibodies on day 14 after the days 0 and 14 vaccination schedule was seen in 11 (46%) of 24 participants in the 3 mug group, 12 (50%) of 24 in the 6 mug group, and none (0%) of 24 in the placebo group; whereas at day 28 after the days 0 and 28 vaccination schedule, seroconversion was seen in 20 (83%) of 24 in the 3 mug group, 19 (79%) of 24 in the 6 mug group, and one (4%) of 24 in the placebo group. In the phase 2 trial, the incidence of adverse reactions for the days 0 and 14 cohort was 40 (33%) of 120 participants in the 3 mug group, 42 (35%) of 120 in the 6 mug group, and 13 (22%) of 60 in the placebo group, and for the days 0 and 28 cohort was 23 (19%) of 120 in the 3 mug group, 23 (19%) of 120 in the 6 mug group, and 11 (18%) of 60 for the placebo group. Seroconversion of neutralising antibodies was seen for 109 (92%) of 118 participants in the 3 mug group, 117 (98%) of 119 in the 6 mug group, and two (3%) of 60 in the placebo group at day 14 after the days 0 and 14 schedule; whereas at day 28 after the days 0 and 28 schedule, seroconversion was seen in 114 (97%) of 117 in the 3 mug group, 118 (100%) of 118 in the 6 mug group, and none (0%) of 59 in the placebo group. INTERPRETATION: Taking safety, immunogenicity, and production capacity into account, the 3 mug dose of CoronaVac is the suggested dose for efficacy assessment in future phase 3 trials. FUNDING: Chinese National Key Research and Development Program and Beijing Science and Technology Program. AD - Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China. | Sinovac Biotech, Beijing, China. | Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China. | National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China. | Suining County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Suining, Jiangsu Province, China. | CAS Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, National Laboratory of Macromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. | Sinovac Life Sciences, Beijing, China. Electronic address: gaoq@sinovac.com. | Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China. Electronic address: jszfc@vip.sina.com. AN - 33217362 AU - Zhang, Y. | Zeng, G. | Pan, H. | Li, C. | Hu, Y. | Chu, K. | Han, W. | Chen, Z. | Tang, R. | Yin, W. | Chen, X. | Hu, Y. | Liu, X. | Jiang, C. | Li, J. | Yang, M. | Song, Y. | Wang, X. | Gao, Q. | Zhu, F. C1 - 2020-12-08 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/120820_covidupdate.html DA - Feb DO - 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30843-4 ET - 2020/11/21 IS - 2 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology | Antibodies, Viral | COVID-19/epidemiology/*prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage/*adverse effects/*immunology | China/epidemiology | Female | Healthy Volunteers | Humans | Immunization Schedule | *Immunogenicity, Vaccine | Immunoglobulin G | Immunoglobulin M | Male | Middle Aged | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology | Seroconversion | Vaccination | Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage/*adverse effects/*immunology | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://2238318671/Zhang-2021-Safety, tolerability, and immunogen.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Zhang, Yanjun; Zeng, Gang; Pan, Hongxing; Li, Changgui; Hu, Yaling; Chu, Kai; Han, Weixiao; Chen, Zhen; Tang, Rong; Yin, Weidong; Chen, Xin; Hu, Yuansheng; Liu, Xiaoyong; Jiang, Congbing; Li, Jingxin; Yang, Minnan; Song, Yan; Wang, Xiangxi; Gao, Qiang; Zhu, Fengcai; eng; Clinical Trial, Phase I; Clinical Trial, Phase II; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Lancet Infect Dis. 2021 Feb;21(2):181-192. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30843-4. Epub 2020 Nov 17. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; A 3 µg dose vaccine had fewer adverse events (AEs) than a 6 µg dose: | In the 0 and 14 day vaccination cohort, 8% (2/24) of the placebo group, 29% (7/24) of 3 µg group, and 38% (9/24) of 6 µg group had AEs. | In the 0 and 28 day vaccination cohort, 13% (3/23) placebo group, 13% (3/24) of 3 µg group, and 17% (4/24) of 6 µg group had AEs. | The most common AE was injection site pain. | SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies were detected at day 28 in: (Figure); 18% (11/60) of the placebo group, 92% (109/118) of the 3 µg group, and 98% (117/119) of the 6 µg group for the 0 and 14 day vaccination cohort. | 0% (0/59) of the placebo group, 97% (114/117) of the 3 µg group, and 100% (118/118) of the 6 µg group for the 0 and 28 day vaccination cohort. | Levels of virus neutralization and antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) were higher in the 6 µg group compared with 3 µg dose in all cohorts (Figure). | Methods: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Phase1/2 study of dosing regimens for the CoronaVac inactivated vaccine in adults aged 18�?9 years in Jiangsu Province, China. Phase 1 (n = 142) examined AEs in groups given placebo, 3 µg, or 6 µg doses either 14 (0 and 14-day vaccination cohort) or 28 days (0 and 28 day vaccination cohort) after the initial dose. IgG and SARS-CoV-2 neutralization in the placebo, 3 µg, or 6 µg doses given 14 or 28 days apart were assessed in Phase 1 and Phase 2 (n = 600) participants. Limitations: Different processes were used to prepare the vaccines in phase 1 vs phase 2. | Implications: This study looked at inactivated coronavirus as a vaccine candidate and balancing AEs and immunogenicity, Phase 3 trials are using two doses of 3 µg given either 14 or 28 days apart. SE - 181 SN - 1474-4457 (Electronic); 1473-3099 (Linking) SP - 181-192 ST - Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18-59 years: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 clinical trial T2 - Lancet Infect Dis TI - Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18-59 years: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 clinical trial UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33217362 VL - 21 Y2 - 2021/05/14 ID - 1311 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVES: This study analyzed salivary samples of COVID-19 patients and compared the results with their clinical and laboratory data. METHODS: Salivary samples of 25 COVID-19 patients were analyzed by rRT-PCR. The following data were collected: age, sex, comorbidities, drugs. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and ultrasensitive reactive C protein (usRCP) values were registered on the same day when a salivary swab was collected. Prevalence of positivity in saliva and association between clinical data and the cycle threshold as a semiquantitative indicator of viral load were considered. RESULTS: Twenty-five subjects were recruited into this study, 17 males and 8 females. The mean age was 61.5 +/- 11.2 years. Cardiovascular and/or dysmetabolic disorders were observed in 65.22% of cases. All the samples tested positive for the presence of SARS-CoV-2, while there was an inverse association between LDH and Ct values. Two patients showed positive salivary results on the same days when their pharyngeal or respiratory swabs showed conversion. CONCLUSIONS: Saliva is a reliable tool to detect SARS-CoV-2. The role of saliva in COVID-19 diagnosis could not be limited to a qualitative detection of the virus, but it may also provide information about the clinical evolution of the disease. AD - Unit of Oral Medicine and Pathology, ASST dei Sette Laghi, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy. Electronic address: l.azzi@uninsubria.it. | Unit of General, Emergency and Transplant Surgery, ASST dei Sette Laghi, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy. | Research Center in Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (EPIMED), Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy; Mediterranea Cardiocentro, Naples, Italy. | Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, ASST dei Sette Laghi, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy. | Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, ASST dei Sette Laghi, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy. | Laboratory of Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio (VA), Italy. | Unit of Pathology, ASST dei Sette Laghi, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy. | Unit of Oral Medicine and Pathology, ASST dei Sette Laghi, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy. | Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy. AN - 32298676 AU - Azzi, L. | Carcano, G. | Gianfagna, F. | Grossi, P. | Gasperina, D. D. | Genoni, A. | Fasano, M. | Sessa, F. | Tettamanti, L. | Carinci, F. | Maurino, V. | Rossi, A. | Tagliabue, A. | Baj, A. C1 - 2020-04-24 C2 - Laboratory Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/042420_covidupdate.html DA - Jul DO - 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.04.005 ET - 2020/04/17 IS - 1 KW - Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Betacoronavirus/genetics/*isolation & purification | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis/virology | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis/virology | Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction | SARS-CoV-2 | Saliva/*virology | *covid-19 | *Coronavirus | *SARS-CoV-2 | *Saliva | *nCoV-2019 L1 - internal-pdf://3843520914/Azzi-2020-Saliva is a reliable tool to detect.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Azzi, Lorenzo; Carcano, Giulio; Gianfagna, Francesco; Grossi, Paolo; Gasperina, Daniela Dalla; Genoni, Angelo; Fasano, Mauro; Sessa, Fausto; Tettamanti, Lucia; Carinci, Francesco; Maurino, Vittorio; Rossi, Agostino; Tagliabue, Angelo; Baj, Andreina; eng; England; J Infect. 2020 Jul;81(1):e45-e50. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.04.005. Epub 2020 Apr 14. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key Findings; | In a series of 25 patients, saliva samples at hospitalization all had detectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA. | Of 8 patients from whom a second saliva sample was assayed 4 days later, all remained positive including 2 patients that >2 negative respiratory tract specimens. | Methods: Saliva samples from 25 hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 were tested for SARS-CoV-2 RNA by RT-PCR. Limitations: Small study limited to patients with severe illness; baseline data with minimal follow-up. | Implications: Salivary samples are a less-invasive specimen that may be at least as sensitive as respiratory samples to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA early in illness. However, data are not yet conclusive to recommend use of saliva samples as a reliable tool to diagnose and monitor SARS-CoV-2 infection. SN - 1532-2742 (Electronic); 0163-4453 (Linking) SP - e45-e50 ST - Saliva is a reliable tool to detect SARS-CoV-2 T2 - J Infect TI - Saliva is a reliable tool to detect SARS-CoV-2 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32298676 VL - 81 ID - 73 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Rapid and accurate SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic testing is essential for controlling the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The current gold standard for COVID-19 diagnosis is real-time RT-PCR detection of SARS-CoV-2 from nasopharyngeal swabs. Low sensitivity, exposure risks to healthcare workers, and global shortages of swabs and personal protective equipment, however, necessitate the validation of new diagnostic approaches. Saliva is a promising candidate for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics because (1) collection is minimally invasive and can reliably be self-administered and (2) saliva has exhibited comparable sensitivity to nasopharyngeal swabs in detection of other respiratory pathogens, including endemic human coronaviruses, in previous studies. To validate the use of saliva for SARS-CoV-2 detection, we tested nasopharyngeal and saliva samples from confirmed COVID-19 patients and self-collected samples from healthcare workers on COVID-19 wards. When we compared SARS-CoV-2 detection from patient-matched nasopharyngeal and saliva samples, we found that saliva yielded greater detection sensitivity and consistency throughout the course of infection. Furthermore, we report less variability in self-sample collection of saliva. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that saliva is a viable and more sensitive alternative to nasopharyngeal swabs and could enable at-home self-administered sample collection for accurate large-scale SARS-CoV-2 testing.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementFunding sources had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the report. The corresponding authors had full access to all data in the study and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication.Author DeclarationsAll relevant ethical guidelines have been followed; any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained and details of the IRB/oversight body are included in the manuscript.YesAll necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll data generated and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. AU - Wyllie, Anne L. | Fournier, John | Casanovas-Massana, Arnau | Campbell, Melissa | Tokuyama, Maria | Vijayakumar, Pavithra | Geng, Bertie | Muenker, M. Catherine | Moore, Adam J. | Vogels, Chantal B. F. | Petrone, Mary E. | Ott, Isabel M. | Lu, Peiwen | Venkataraman, Arvind | Lu-Culligan, Alice | Klein, Jonathan | Earnest, Rebecca | Simonov, Michael | Datta, Rupak | Handoko, Ryan | Naushad, Nida | Sewanan, Lorenzo R. | Valdez, Jordan | White, Elizabeth B. | Lapidus, Sarah | Kalinich, Chaney C. | Jiang, Xiaodong | Kim, Daniel J. | Kudo, Eriko | Linehan, Melissa | Mao, Tianyang | Moriyama, Miyu | Oh, Ji Eun | Park, Annsea | Silva, Julio | Song, Eric | Takahashi, Takehiro | Taura, Manabu | Weizman, Orr-El | Wong, Patrick | Yang, Yexin | Bermejo, Santos | Odio, Camila | Omer, Saad B. | Dela Cruz, Charles S. | Farhadian, Shelli | Martinello, Richard A. | Iwasaki, Akiko | Grubaugh, Nathan D. | Ko, Albert I. C1 - 2020-05-05 C2 - Laboratory Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050520_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.04.16.20067835 L1 - internal-pdf://1518913577/Wyllie-2020-Saliva is more sensitive for SARS-.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Testing of self-collected saliva was at least as sensitive as NP swabs for detection of SARS-CoV-2 among hospitalized COVID-19 patients and asymptomatic health care workers. | Virus levels were significantly higher in saliva than NP specimens. | Methods: Comparison of quantitative RT-PCR testing of paired saliva and NP specimens from hospitalized COVID-19 patients (n = 29) and asymptomatic health care workers (n = 33). Saliva specimens were self-collected and NP specimens were collected by health care providers. Statistical comparisons with Wilcoxon test. Limitations: Patients with early and mild COVID-19 and asymptomatic infection were not included. | Implications: Collection of saliva, which is non-invasive and easy to self-administer, could enable at-home, self-administered sample collection for large-scale SARS-CoV-2 testing. However, larger studies, including those with patients with mild and asymptomatic infection, are needed to confirm these findings. SP - 2020.04.16.20067835 ST - Saliva is more sensitive for SARS-CoV-2 detection in COVID-19 patients than nasopharyngeal swabs T2 - medRxiv TI - Saliva is more sensitive for SARS-CoV-2 detection in COVID-19 patients than nasopharyngeal swabs TT - Published article: Saliva or Nasopharyngeal Swab Specimens for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2020/04/22/2020.04.16.20067835.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/04/22/2020.04.16.20067835.full.pdf ID - 126 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has shown clinicians and researchers the fundamental role played by asymptomatic carriers and presymptomatic individuals in the infectious outbreak, a feature that distinguishes severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus (MERS-CoV) [1].Recent findings have pointed out how the viral load in COVID-19 is high at the very onset of the disease and then decreases over time, underlining the probability of a high load also in the presymptomatic phase [2]. AD - Unit of Oral Medicine and Pathology, ASST dei Sette Laghi, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy. AN - 33083834 AU - Azzi, L. C1 - 2020-11-03 C2 - Laboratory Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/110320_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 21 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa1440 ET - 2020/10/22 IS - 3 KW - *covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Humans | Mass Screening | *SARS-CoV-2 | Saliva | *point-of-care testing | *saliva L1 - internal-pdf://3722174825/Azzi-2020-Saliva is the Key Element for SARS-C.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Azzi, Lorenzo; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Oct 21. pii: 5933821. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1440. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: saliva can be easily and noninvasively self-collected, minimizing transmission risk to clinicians and facilitating more frequent testing of contacts, which may be critical to containing spread of SARS-CoV-2. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - e566-e568 ST - Saliva is the Key Element for SARS-CoV-2 Mass Screening T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Saliva is the Key Element for SARS-CoV-2 Mass Screening UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33083834 VL - 73 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1163 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT anne.wyllie@yale.edu. | Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. | Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT. | Yale New Haven Health, New Haven, CT. | Yale Institute for Global Health, New Haven, CT. | Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT nathan.grubaugh@yale.edu albert.ko@yale.edu. AN - 32857487 AU - Wyllie, A. L. | Fournier, J. | Casanovas-Massana, A. | Campbell, M. | Tokuyama, M. | Vijayakumar, P. | Warren, J. L. | Geng, B. | Muenker, M. C. | Moore, A. J. | Vogels, C. B. F. | Petrone, M. E. | Ott, I. M. | Lu, P. | Venkataraman, A. | Lu-Culligan, A. | Klein, J. | Earnest, R. | Simonov, M. | Datta, R. | Handoko, R. | Naushad, N. | Sewanan, L. R. | Valdez, J. | White, E. B. | Lapidus, S. | Kalinich, C. C. | Jiang, X. | Kim, D. J. | Kudo, E. | Linehan, M. | Mao, T. | Moriyama, M. | Oh, J. E. | Park, A. | Silva, J. | Song, E. | Takahashi, T. | Taura, M. | Weizman, O. E. | Wong, P. | Yang, Y. | Bermejo, S. | Odio, C. D. | Omer, S. B. | Dela Cruz, C. S. | Farhadian, S. | Martinello, R. A. | Iwasaki, A. | Grubaugh, N. D. | Ko, A. I. C1 - 2020-09-08 C2 - PMC7484747 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090820_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 24 DO - 10.1056/NEJMc2016359 ET - 2020/08/29 IS - 13 KW - Betacoronavirus/*isolation & purification | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Clinical Laboratory Techniques | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis | Humans | Nasopharynx/*virology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis | SARS-CoV-2 | Saliva/*virology | Sensitivity and Specificity | Specimen Handling | Time Factors L1 - internal-pdf://2745432540/Wyllie-2020-Saliva or Nasopharyngeal Swab Spec.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Wyllie, Anne L; Fournier, John; Casanovas-Massana, Arnau; Campbell, Melissa; Tokuyama, Maria; Vijayakumar, Pavithra; Warren, Joshua L; Geng, Bertie; Muenker, M Catherine; Moore, Adam J; Vogels, Chantal B F; Petrone, Mary E; Ott, Isabel M; Lu, Peiwen; Venkataraman, Arvind; Lu-Culligan, Alice; Klein, Jonathan; Earnest, Rebecca; Simonov, Michael; Datta, Rupak; Handoko, Ryan; Naushad, Nida; Sewanan, Lorenzo R; Valdez, Jordan; White, Elizabeth B; Lapidus, Sarah; Kalinich, Chaney C; Jiang, Xiaodong; Kim, Daniel J; Kudo, Eriko; Linehan, Melissa; Mao, Tianyang; Moriyama, Miyu; Oh, Ji E; Park, Annsea; Silva, Julio; Song, Eric; Takahashi, Takehiro; Taura, Manabu; Weizman, Orr-El; Wong, Patrick; Yang, Yexin; Bermejo, Santos; Odio, Camila D; Omer, Saad B; Dela Cruz, Charles S; Farhadian, Shelli; Martinello, Richard A; Iwasaki, Akiko; Grubaugh, Nathan D; Ko, Albert I; eng; R01 AI137093/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; T32 GM007205/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/; U19 AI089992/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 AI089920/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Letter; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; N Engl J Med. 2020 Sep 24;383(13):1283-1286. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2016359. Epub 2020 Aug 28. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Test performance and easier collection supports saliva testing for SARS-CoV-2. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 1283-1286 ST - Saliva or Nasopharyngeal Swab Specimens for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Saliva or Nasopharyngeal Swab Specimens for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32857487 VL - 383 ID - 2249 ER - TY - JOUR AB - While several clinical and immunological parameters correlate with disease severity and mortality in SARS-CoV-2 infection, work remains in identifying unifying correlates of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that can be used to guide clinical practice. Here, we examine saliva and nasopharyngeal (NP) viral load over time and correlate them with patient demographics, and cellular and immune profiling. We found that saliva viral load was significantly higher in those with COVID-19 risk factors; that it correlated with increasing levels of disease severity and showed a superior ability over nasopharyngeal viral load as a predictor of mortality over time (AUC=0.90). A comprehensive analysis of immune factors and cell subsets revealed strong predictors of high and low saliva viral load, which were associated with increased disease severity or better overall outcomes, respectively. Saliva viral load was positively associated with many known COVID-19 inflammatory markers such as IL-6, IL-18, IL-10, and CXCL10, as well as type 1 immune response cytokines. Higher saliva viral loads strongly correlated with the progressive depletion of platelets, lymphocytes, and effector T cell subsets including circulating follicular CD4 T cells (cTfh). Anti-spike (S) and anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) IgG levels were negatively correlated with saliva viral load showing a strong temporal association that could help distinguish severity and mortality in COVID-19. Finally, patients with fatal COVID-19 exhibited higher viral loads, which correlated with the depletion of cTfh cells, and lower production of anti-RBD and anti-S IgG levels. Together these results demonstrated that viral load, as measured by saliva but not nasopharyngeal, is a dynamic unifying correlate of disease presentation, severity, and mortality over time. AN - 33442706 AU - Silva, J. | Lucas, C. | Sundaram, M. | Israelow, B. | Wong, P. | Klein, J. | Tokuyama, M. | Lu, P. | Venkataraman, A. | Liu, F. | Mao, T. | Oh, J. E. | Park, A. | Casanovas-Massana, A. | Vogels, C. B. F. | Muenker, C. M. | Zell, J. | Fournier, J. B. | Campbell, M. | Chiorazzi, M. | Ruiz Fuentes, E. | Petrone, M. | Kalinich, C. C. | Ott, I. M. | Watkins, A. | Moore, A. J. | Nakahata, M. I. | Grubaugh, N. D. | Farhadian, S. | Dela Cruz, C. | Ko, A. | Schulz, W. L. | Ring, A. M. | Ma, S. | Omer, S. | Wyllie, A. L. | Iwasaki, A. C1 - 2021-01-22 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01222021_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 10 DO - 10.1101/2021.01.04.21249236 ET - 2021/01/15 L1 - internal-pdf://1318003699/Silva-2021-Saliva viral load is a dynamic unif.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Silva, Julio; Lucas, Carolina; Sundaram, Maria; Israelow, Benjamin; Wong, Patrick; Klein, Jon; Tokuyama, Maria; Lu, Peiwen; Venkataraman, Arvind; Liu, Feimei; Mao, Tianyang; Oh, Ji Eun; Park, Annsea; Casanovas-Massana, Arnau; Vogels, Chantal B F; Muenker, Catherine M; Zell, Joseph; Fournier, John B; Campbell, Melissa; Chiorazzi, Michael; Ruiz Fuentes, Edwin; Petrone, Mary; Kalinich, Chaney C; Ott, Isabel M; Watkins, Annie; Moore, Adam J; Nakahata, Maura I; Grubaugh, Nathan D; Farhadian, Shelli; Dela Cruz, Charles; Ko, Albert; Schulz, Wade L; Ring, Aaron M; Ma, Shuangge; Omer, Saad; Wyllie, Anne L; Iwasaki, Akiko; eng; T32 AI007210/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; T32 AI007517/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; T32 GM136651/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/; Preprint; medRxiv. 2021 Jan 10. doi: 10.1101/2021.01.04.21249236. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; High saliva viral load correlated with greater disease severity and was a better predictor of mortality compared to nasopharyngeal viral load (Figure). | Saliva viral load was significantly higher in persons with COVID-19 risk-factors and decreased with rising levels of anti-RBD IgG. | Methods: Longitudinal cohort of 180 SARS-CoV-2-positive and 108 SARS-CoV-2-negative persons enrolled between March and June 2020 in the US were assessed for factors associated with disease severity and viral load kinetics. Limitations: Small sample size. | Implications: Saliva viral load is an important clinical measure of COVID-19 disease severity and mortality and should be monitored early. Serial saliva viral load monitoring could be useful, for example, in convalescent plasma treatment protocols. SP - 2021.01.04.21249236 ST - Saliva viral load is a dynamic unifying correlate of COVID-19 severity and mortality T2 - medRxiv TI - Saliva viral load is a dynamic unifying correlate of COVID-19 severity and mortality UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33442706 ID - 1432 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Current bottlenecks for improving accessibility and scalability of SARS-CoV-2 testing include diagnostic assay costs, complexity, and supply chain shortages. To resolve these issues, we developed SalivaDirect. The critical component of our approach is to use saliva instead of respiratory swabs, which enables non-invasive frequent sampling and reduces the need for trained healthcare professionals during collection. Furthermore, we simplified our diagnostic test by (1) not requiring nucleic acid preservatives at sample collection, (2) replacing nucleic acid extraction with a simple proteinase K and heat treatment step, and (3) testing specimens with a dualplex quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) assay. We validated SalivaDirect with reagents and instruments from multiple vendors to minimize the risk for supply chain issues. Regardless of our tested combination of reagents and instruments from different vendors, we found that SalivaDirect is highly sensitive with a limit of detection of 6-12 SARS-CoV-2 copies/µL. When comparing paired nasopharyngeal swabs and saliva specimens using the authorized ThermoFisher Scientific TaqPath COVID-19 combo kit and our SalivaDirect protocol, we found high agreement in testing outcomes (>94%). Being flexible and inexpensive ($1.29-$4.37/sample), SalivaDirect is a viable and accessible option to help alleviate SARS-CoV-2 testing demands. We submitted SalivaDirect as a laboratory developed test to the US Food and Drug Administration for Emergency Use Authorization on July 14th, 2020, and current details can be found on our website (covidtrackerct.com/about-salivadirect/).One sentence summary SalivaDirect is an extraction-free, dualplex RT-qPCR laboratory developed test validated with reagents and instruments from multiple vendors and submitted for FDA Emergency Use Authorization.Competing Interest StatementALW has received research funding through grants from Pfizer to Yale and has received consulting fees for participation in advisory boards for Pfizer. The other authors declare no competing interests. Funding StatementThis study was funded by a clinical research agreement with the National Basketball Association and the National Basketball Players Association (NDG), the Huffman Family Donor Advised Fund (NDG), Fast Grant funding support from the Emergent Ventures at the Mercatus Center, George Mason University (NDG), the Yale Institute for Global Health (NDG), and the Beatrice Kleinberg Neuwirth Fund (AIK). CBFV is supported by NWO Rubicon 019.181EN.004.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Institutional Review Board of the Yale Human Research Protection Program (FWA00002571, Protocol IDs. 2000027690 & 0409027018)All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll data are included in this article, the supplementary files, and the Source Data. AU - Vogels, Chantal B. F. | Watkins, Anne E. | Harden, Christina A. | Brackney, Doug E. | Shafer, Jared | Wang, Jianhui | Caraballo, César | Kalinich, Chaney C. | Ott, Isabel M. | Fauver, Joseph R. | Kudo, Eriko | Lu, Peiwen | Venkataraman, Arvind | Tokuyama, Maria | Moore, Adam J. | Muenker, M. Catherine | Casanovas-Massana, Arnau | Fournier, John | Bermejo, Santos | Campbell, Melissa | Datta, Rupak | Nelson, Allison | Dela Cruz, Charles S. | Ko, Albert I. | Iwasaki, Akiko | Krumholz, Harlan M. | Matheus, J. D. | Hui, Pei | Liu, Chen | Farhadian, Shelli F. | Sikka, Robby | Wyllie, Anne L. | Grubaugh, Nathan D. C1 - 2020-08-25 C2 - New Tools for Policy and Practice CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082520_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.08.03.20167791 L1 - internal-pdf://0978214853/Vogels-2020-SalivaDirect_ Simple and sensitive.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: An FDA EUA-approved SARS-CoV-2 testing protocol of saliva showing high level of agreement with NP swab. SP - 2020.08.03.20167791 ST - SalivaDirect: Simple and sensitive molecular diagnostic test for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance T2 - medRxiv TI - SalivaDirect: Simple and sensitive molecular diagnostic test for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance TT - Published article: SalivaDirect: A simplified and flexible platform to enhance SARS-CoV-2 testing capacity UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/08/04/2020.08.03.20167791.full.pdf | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/09/28/2020.08.03.20167791.full.pdf ID - 774 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Summary Background The banning of mass-gathering indoor events to prevent SARS-CoV-2 spread has had an important effect on local economies. Despite growing evidence on the suitability of antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic tests (Ag-RDT) for mass screening at the event entry, this strategy has not been assessed under controlled conditions. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of a prevention strategy during a live indoor concert. Methods We designed a randomised controlled open-label trial to assess the effectiveness of a comprehensive preventive intervention for a mass-gathering indoor event (a live concert) based on systematic same-day screening of attendees with Ag-RDTs, use of facial masks, and adequate air ventilation. The event took place in the Sala Apolo, Barcelona, Spain. Adults aged 18�?9 years with a negative result in an Ag-RDT from a nasopharyngeal swab collected immediately before entering the event were randomised 1:1 (block randomisation stratified by age and gender) to either attend the indoor event for 5 hours or go home. Nasopharyngeal specimens used for Ag-RDT screening were analysed by real-time reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) and cell culture (Vero E6 cells). 8 days after the event, a nasopharyngeal swab was collected and analysed by Ag-RDT, RT-PCR, and a transcription-mediated amplification test (TMA). The primary outcome was the difference in incidence of RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection at 8 days between the control and the intervention groups, assessed in all participants who were randomly assigned, attended the event, and had a valid result for the SARS-CoV-2 test done at follow-up. The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04668625. Findings Participant enrollment took place during the morning of the day of the concert, Dec 12, 2020. Of the 1140 people who responded to the call and were deemed eligible, 1047 were randomly assigned to either enter the music event (experimental group) or continue with normal life (control group). Of the 523 randomly assigned to the experimental group, 465 were included in the analysis of the primary outcome (51 did not enter the event and eight did not take part in the follow-up assessment), and of the 524 randomly assigned to the control group, 495 were included in the final analysis (29 did not take part in the follow-up). At baseline, 15 (3%) of 495 individuals in the control group and 13 (3%) of 465 in the experimental group tested positive on TMA despite a negative Ag-RDT result. The RT-PCR test was positive in one case in each group and cell viral culture was negative in all cases. 8 days after the event, two (<1%) individuals in the control arm had a positive Ag-RDT and PCR result, whereas no Ag-RDT nor RT-PCR positive results were found in the intervention arm. The Bayesian estimate for the incidence between the experimental and control groups was �?·15% (95% CI �?·72 to 0·44). Interpretation Our study provides preliminary evidence on the safety of indoor mass-gathering events during a COVID-19 outbreak under a comprehensive preventive intervention. The data could help restart cultural activities halted during COVID-19, which might have important sociocultural and economic implications. Funding Primavera Sound Group and the #YoMeCorono Initiative. Translation For the Spanish translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section. AD - Division of Infectious diseases and Foundation for Fighting AIDS, Infectious Diseases and Promoting Health and Science, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain. | Metropolitana Nord Laboratory, Institut Catala de la Salut, Badalona, Spain. | Primavera Sound Group, Barcelona, Spain. | IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain; Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Spain. | Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, Barcelona, Spain. | Clinical Research Unit, Institut Catala d'Oncologia, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. | IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain. | Division of Infectious diseases and Foundation for Fighting AIDS, Infectious Diseases and Promoting Health and Science, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain; Clinical Research Support Unit, Clinical Pharmacology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, University of Barcelona, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. | Division of Infectious diseases and Foundation for Fighting AIDS, Infectious Diseases and Promoting Health and Science, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain; IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain; Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya (UVIC-UCC), Vic, Spain; Department of Medicine, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. | Division of Infectious diseases and Foundation for Fighting AIDS, Infectious Diseases and Promoting Health and Science, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain. Electronic address: jmllibre@flsida.org. AN - 34051886 AU - Revollo, Boris | Blanco, Ignacio | Soler, Pablo | Toro, Jessica | Izquierdo-Useros, Nuria | Puig, Jordi | Puig, Xavier | Navarro-Pérez, Valent�T | Casañ, Cristina | Ruiz, Lidia | Perez-Zsolt, Daniel | Videla, Sebastià | Clotet, Bonaventura | Llibre, Josep M. C1 - 2021-06-04 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06042021_covidupdate.html DA - 2021/05/27/ DO - 10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00268-1 ET - 2021/05/31 IS - 10 L1 - internal-pdf://4140034643/1-s2.0-S1473309921002681-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Revollo, Boris | Blanco, Ignacio | Soler, Pablo | Toro, Jessica | Izquierdo-Useros, Nuria | Puig, Jordi | Puig, Xavier | Navarro-Perez, Valenti | Casan, Cristina | Ruiz, Lidia | Perez-Zsolt, Daniel | Videla, Sebastia | Clotet, Bonaventura | Llibre, Josep M | eng | Lancet Infect Dis. 2021 Oct;21(10):1365-1372. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00268-1. Epub 2021 May 27. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Of 980 adult volunteers randomly assigned to experimental and control groups with negative rapid antigen tests (Ag-RDT) prior to a 5-hour indoor concert: | None of the volunteers in the experimental group who wore N-95 masks but were otherwise unrestricted and attended the concert, tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR on day 8 (estimated incidence 0.14% [95% CI 0%-0.61%]) . | 2 of the volunteers in the control group, 0.31%, (95% CI 0.04%-0.73%), who were screened at the same time and did not attend the concert tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 on day 8. | Methods: Randomized controlled trial (ages 18�?8 years) to assess the effectiveness of a comprehensive preventive intervention (same-day screening with Ag-RDTs, required N-95 face masks, and adequate air ventilation) at an indoor concert held December 12, 2020, in Barcelona, Spain. The primary outcome was 7-day cumulative incidence of RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in the control (n = 465) and intervention (n = 465) groups. Limitations: Participants knew they were participating in a clinical trial. | Implications: Although less accurate than NAAT, the Ag-RDT, combined with masking and ventilation, reduced risk at a large indoor gathering. Indoor mass gatherings might be safe with appropriate efforts to pre-screen participants, compliance with masking, and adherence to air ventilation protocols. SN - 1473-3099 SP - 1365-1372 ST - Same-day SARS-CoV-2 antigen test screening in an indoor mass-gathering live music event: a randomised controlled trial T2 - Lancet Infect Dis TI - Same-day SARS-CoV-2 antigen test screening in an indoor mass-gathering live music event: a randomised controlled trial UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1473309921002681 VL - 21 ID - 1802 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has revealed the global importance of robust diagnostic testing to differentiate severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from other routine respiratory infections and guide appropriate clinical management. Given the limited testing capacity available in the United States early in the pandemic, individuals with a clinical syndrome consistent with COVID-19, but without travel or exposure history, were not tested. Therefore, it remains uncertain whether there may have been community circulation of SARS-CoV-2 prior to the identification of individuals with positive results through standard public health surveillance. Sample pooling, a strategy used for community monitoring of other infectious diseases such as trachoma, has not, to our knowledge, been deployed for the early comprehensive screening of SARS-CoV-2 in the United States. AD - Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. AN - 32250394 AU - Hogan, C. A. | Sahoo, M. K. | Pinsky, B. A. C1 - 2020-12-15 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/121520_covidupdate.html DA - May 19 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.5445 ET - 2020/04/07 IS - 19 KW - Betacoronavirus/genetics/*isolation & purification | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | California/epidemiology | *Clinical Laboratory Techniques/methods/statistics & numerical data | Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/epidemiology/*transmission | DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/genetics | *Disease Transmission, Infectious | Humans | Mass Screening | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis/epidemiology/*transmission | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://4077386559/Hogan-2020-Sample Pooling as a Strategy to Det.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Hogan, Catherine A; Sahoo, Malaya K; Pinsky, Benjamin A; eng; JAMA. 2020 May 19;323(19):1967-1969. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.5445. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: [describes] Pooled RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2 testing SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1967-1969 ST - Sample Pooling as a Strategy to Detect Community Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 T2 - JAMA TI - Sample Pooling as a Strategy to Detect Community Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32250394 VL - 323 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1324 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: New York City (NYC) experienced a surge of COVID-19 cases in March and April 2020. Since then, universal PCR based surveillance testing and PPE measures are in wide use in procedural settings. There is limited published experience on the utility and sustainability of PCR based surveillance testing in areas with receding and consistently low community COVID-19 rates. METHODS: The study was conducted at a tertiary care cancer center in NYC from March 22, 2020, until August 22, 2020. Asymptomatic patients underwent SARS CoV-2 testing before surgeries, interventional radiology procedures, and endoscopy. Contact tracing in procedural areas was done if a patient with an initial negative screen re-tested positive within 48 hours of the procedure. RESULTS: From March 22 until August 22, 2020, 11,540 unique patients underwent 14,233 tests before surgeries or procedures at MSKCC. Overall, 65 patients were positive, with a peak rate of 4.3% that fell below 0.3 % after April 2020. For the 65 positive cases, three were pre-symptomatic, and 38 were asymptomatic. Among asymptomatic test-positive patients, 76 % had PCR cycle threshold (Ct) > 30 at first detection. Five patients tested newly positive in the immediate post-operative period, exposing 82 employees with one case of probable transmission (1.2%). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection identified on pre-procedural surveillance was low in our study, which was conducted in an area with limited community spread at the later stage of the study Universal PPE is protective in procedural settings. Optimal and flexible diagnostic strategies are needed to accomplish and sustain the goals of comprehensive pre-procedure surveillance testing. AD - Infection Control, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY. | Infectious Diseases, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY. | Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY. | General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY. | Clinical Microbiology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY. AN - 33090210 AU - Aslam, A. | Singh, J. | Robilotti, E. | Chow, K. | Bist, T. | Reidy-Lagunes, D. | Shah, M. | Korenstein, D. | Babady, N. E. | Kamboj, M. C1 - 2020-11-06 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/110620_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 22 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa1607 ET - 2020/10/23 KW - Covid-19 | SARS CoV-2 | surgery | surveillance L1 - internal-pdf://1041512531/Aslam-2020-SARS CoV-2 Surveillance and Exposur.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Aslam, Anoshe; Singh, Jessica; Robilotti, Elizabeth; Chow, Karin; Bist, Tarun; Reidy-Lagunes, Diane; Shah, Monika; Korenstein, Deborah; Babady, N Esther; Kamboj, Mini; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Oct 22. pii: 5934921. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1607. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Rate of positive tests in patients mirrored the rate of positive tests for the New York City area but at a much lower rate (Figure). | 65 of 11,540 (0.6%) patients tested prior to procedures had positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR tests. | Three (4.6%) patients were pre-symptomatic, 38 were asymptomatic; and 24 were symptomatic. | Five (0.04%) patients with a negative SARS-CoV-2 test pre-procedure tested positive within two days following the procedure; all were pre-symptomatic (n = 1) or symptomatic (n = 4) prior to procedure. | 84 health care workers (HCWs) were in close contact with these five patients; 48 were tested and four (8.3%) were RT-PCR-positive for SARS-CoV-2. | Follow-up with these positive HCWs suggested only one likely nosocomial transmission, in a situation where the patient was not masked. | Methods: Surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients tested within 72 hours of a procedure at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center from March 22 to August 22, 2020. Patients with infection were characterized as pre-symptomatic, asymptomatic or symptomatic. Limitations: Data from one setting; transmission may have been missed in 84 exposed HCWs as only 48 (59%) were tested. | Implications: With standard universal personal protective equipment precautions, risk to HCWs from surgical patients was low, even at height of the pandemic in March and April 2020 in New York City. In areas of low community spread of SARS-CoV-2, universal pre-surgical testing may divert resources needed elsewhere. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) ST - SARS CoV-2 Surveillance and Exposure in the Perioperative Setting with Universal testing and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Policies T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - SARS CoV-2 Surveillance and Exposure in the Perioperative Setting with Universal testing and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Policies UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33090210 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1183 ER - TY - JOUR AB - SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2, a novel lineage of the coronavirus causing COVID-19, contains multiple mutations within two immunodominant domains of the spike protein. Here we show that this lineage exhibits complete escape from three classes of therapeutically relevant monoclonal antibodies. Furthermore 501Y.V2 shows substantial or complete escape from neutralizing antibodies in COVID-19 convalescent plasma. These data highlight the prospect of reinfection with antigenically distinct variants and may foreshadow reduced efficacy of current spike-based vaccines. AD - National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Johannesburg, South Africa. | Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. | KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform (KRISP), Department of Laboratory Medicine & Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. | South African National Blood Service, Weltevreden Park, South Africa. | Division of Clinical Haematology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. | Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. | Division for Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. | Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. | School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. | Department of Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. AN - 33501446 AU - Wibmer, C. K. | Ayres, F. | Hermanus, T. | Madzivhandila, M. | Kgagudi, P. | Oosthuysen, B. | Lambson, B. E. | de Oliveira, T. | Vermeulen, M. | van der Berg, K. | Rossouw, T. | Boswell, M. | Ueckermann, V. | Meiring, S. | von Gottberg, A. | Cohen, C. | Morris, L. | Bhiman, J. N. | Moore, P. L. C1 - 2021-01-29 C2 - Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01292021_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 19 DO - 10.1101/2021.01.18.427166 ET - 2021/01/28 L1 - internal-pdf://3503178984/Wibmer-2021-SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 escapes neutral.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Wibmer, Constantinos Kurt; Ayres, Frances; Hermanus, Tandile; Madzivhandila, Mashudu; Kgagudi, Prudence; Oosthuysen, Brent; Lambson, Bronwen E; de Oliveira, Tulio; Vermeulen, Marion; van der Berg, Karin; Rossouw, Theresa; Boswell, Michael; Ueckermann, Veronica; Meiring, Susan; von Gottberg, Anne; Cohen, Cheryl; Morris, Lynn; Bhiman, Jinal N; Moore, Penny L; eng; WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; D43 TW010345/TW/FIC NIH HHS/; R21 TW011454/TW/FIC NIH HHS/; U01IP001048/ACL/ACL HHS/; Preprint; bioRxiv. 2021 Jan 19. doi: 10.1101/2021.01.18.427166. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: The new lineage of SARS-CoV-2, 501Y.V2, that emerged in South Africa in December, contains nine spike mutations and is resistant to neutralizing antibodies found in convalescent serum from patients who recovered from wild-type infection, posing a significant risk of reinfection. SP - 2021.01.18.427166 ST - SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 escapes neutralization by South African COVID-19 donor plasma T2 - bioRxiv TI - SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 escapes neutralization by South African COVID-19 donor plasma TT - Published article: SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 escapes neutralization by South African COVID-19 donor plasma UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33501446 ID - 1445 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain. | Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain. Electronic address: gjpineir@clinic.cat. AN - 32423586 AU - Cuadrado-Payan, E. | Montagud-Marrahi, E. | Torres-Elorza, M. | Bodro, M. | Blasco, M. | Poch, E. | Soriano, A. | Pineiro, G. J. C1 - 2020-05-15 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051520_covidupdate.html DA - May 16 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31052-7 ET - 2020/05/20 IS - 10236 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | China | *Coinfection | Coronavirus Infections | Humans | Inpatients | *Orthomyxoviridae | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral | Retrospective Studies | Risk Factors | *SARS Virus | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://0270916826/Cuadrado-Payan-2020-SARS-CoV-2 and influenza v.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Cuadrado-Payan, Elena; Montagud-Marrahi, Enrique; Torres-Elorza, Manuel; Bodro, Marta; Blasco, Miquel; Poch, Esteban; Soriano, Alex; Pineiro, Gaston J; eng; Letter; Comment; England; Lancet. 2020 May 16;395(10236):e84. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31052-7. Epub 2020 May 5. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Clinical presentation of 4 cases of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza co-infection; one patient did not undergo treatment or suffer complications while the other 3 required mechanical ventilation. SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - e84 ST - SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus co-infection T2 - Lancet TI - SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus co-infection UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32423586 VL - 395 Y2 - 2021/05/12 ID - 186 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), clinicians have tried every effort to understand the disease, and a brief portrait of its clinical features have been identified. In clinical practice, we noticed that many severe or critically ill COVID-19 patients developed typical clinical manifestations of shock, including cold extremities and weak peripheral pulses, even in the absence of overt hypotension. Understanding the mechanism of viral sepsis in COVID-19 is warranted for exploring better clinical care for these patients. With evidence collected from autopsy studies on COVID-19 and basic science research on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and SARS-CoV, we have put forward several hypotheses about SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis after multiple rounds of discussion among basic science researchers, pathologists, and clinicians working on COVID-19. We hypothesise that a process called viral sepsis is crucial to the disease mechanism of COVID-19. Although these ideas might be proven imperfect or even wrong later, we believe they can provide inputs and guide directions for basic research at this moment. AD - Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. | Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. | Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, China. | Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing, China. | National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China. | Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. | Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, China; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. Electronic address: caobin_ben@163.com. AN - 32311318 AU - Li, H. | Liu, L. | Zhang, D. | Xu, J. | Dai, H. | Tang, N. | Su, X. | Cao, B. C1 - 2020-04-28 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/042820_covidupdate.html DA - May 9 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30920-X ET - 2020/04/21 IS - 10235 KW - Autopsy | Betacoronavirus/*pathogenicity | Blood Coagulation Disorders/virology | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus Infections/complications | Critical Illness | Cytokines/*metabolism | Endothelium | Epithelium | Humans | Inflammation | *Lung/immunology/pathology | Macrophages | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral/complications | SARS-CoV-2 | Sepsis/*virology | Severity of Illness Index | Shock/etiology L1 - internal-pdf://2513843380/Li-2020-SARS-CoV-2 and viral sepsis_ observati.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Li, Hui; Liu, Liang; Zhang, Dingyu; Xu, Jiuyang; Dai, Huaping; Tang, Nan; Su, Xiao; Cao, Bin; eng; England; Lancet. 2020 May 9;395(10235):1517-1520. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30920-X. Epub 2020 Apr 17. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Discusses characteristics and mechanisms of viral sepsis. SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 1517-1520 ST - SARS-CoV-2 and viral sepsis: observations and hypotheses T2 - Lancet TI - SARS-CoV-2 and viral sepsis: observations and hypotheses UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32311318 VL - 395 Y2 - 2021/05/12 ID - 97 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance The persistence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies may be a predictive correlate of protection for both natural infections and vaccinations. Identifying predictors of robust antibody responses is important to evaluate the risk of re-infection / vaccine failure and may be translatable to vaccine effectiveness.Objective To 1) determine the durability of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and neutralizing antibodies in subjects who experienced mild and moderate to severe COVID-19, and 2) to evaluate the correlation of age and IgG responses to both endemic human seasonal coronaviruses (HCoVs) and SARS-CoV-2 according to infection outcome.Design Longitudinal serum samples were collected from PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 positive participants (U.S. active duty service members, dependents and military retirees, including a range of ages and demographics) who sought medical treatment at seven U.S. military hospitals from March 2020 to March 2021 and enrolled in a prospective observational cohort study.Results We observed SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity in 100% of inpatients followed for six months (58/58) to one year (8/8), while we observed seroreversion in 5% (9/192) of outpatients six to ten months after symptom onset, and 18% (2/11) of outpatients followed for one year. Both outpatient and inpatient anti-SARS-CoV-2 binding-IgG responses had a half-life (T1/2) of >1000 days post-symptom onset. The magnitude of neutralizing antibodies (geometric mean titer, inpatients: 378 [246-580, 95% CI] versus outpatients: 83 [59-116, 95% CI]) and durability (inpatients: 65 [43-98, 95% CI] versus outpatients: 33 [26-40, 95% CI]) were associated with COVID-19 severity. Older age was a positive correlate with both higher IgG binding and neutralizing antibody levels when controlling for COVID-19 hospitalization status. We found no significant relationships between HCoV antibody responses and COVID-19 clinical outcomes, or the development of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies.Conclusions and Relevance This study demonstrates that humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection are robust on longer time-scales, including those arising from milder infections.However, the magnitude and durability of the antibody response after natural infection was lower and more variable in younger participants who did not require hospitalization for COVID-19. These findings support vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in all suitable populations including those individuals that have recovered from natural infection.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis project has been funded by the Defense Health Program, U.S. DoD, under awards HU0001190002 and HU00012020067, and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, under award HU00011920111 and Inter-Agency Agreement Y1-AI-5072.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The referenced human subjects protocol (IDCRP-085) was approved by the Uniformed Services University Institutional Review Board and participating sites. All subjects or their legally authorized representative provide written or verbal informed consent using approved documents and procedures; the consent forms include clauses allowing use of specimens for investigations including those conducted in this study.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the stu y was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThe data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. AU - Laing, Eric D. | Epsi, Nusrat J. | Richard, Stephanie A. | Samuels, Emily C. | Wang, Wei | Vassell, Russell | Ewing, Daniel F. | Herrup, Rachel | Sterling, Spencer L. | Lindholm, David A. | Millar, Eugene V. | Maves, Ryan C. | Larson, Derek T. | Colombo, Rhonda E. | Chi, Sharon | Madar, Cristian | Lalani, Tahaniyat | Ganesan, Anuradha | Fries, Anthony | Colombo, Christopher J. | Mende, Katrin | Simons, Mark P. | Schully, Kevin L. | Weiss, Carol D. | Tribble, David R. | Agan, Brian K. | Pollett, Simon D. | Broder, Christopher C. | Burgess, Timothy H. | for the, Epicc Study team C1 - 2021-05-14 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05142021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.04.27.21256207 L1 - internal-pdf://2710632890/Laing-2021-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies remain detect.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; After 6 months, 4.7% of patients were no longer seropositive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and at 12 months 18.2% were seronegative. | All patients that became seronegative were outpatients. | Compared with outpatients, the geometric mean neutralizing antibody titer (GMT) for inpatients was (Figure): | Higher during early convalescence, 378 [95% CI 246-580] vs 83 [95% CI 59-116] (P <0.001); Higher after six months, 65 [95% CI 43-98] vs 33 [95% CI 26-40] (P = 0.006),; Similar after 12 months. | Methods: Prospective cohort study of SARS-CoV-2 positive participants who sought medical treatment at US military hospitals between March 2020 and March 2021. Participants had blood drawn for neutralizing antibody titers at approximately 6 and 12 months after symptom onset but prior to vaccination (outpatient n = 192, inpatient n = 58 at baseline for total antibody; for combined inpatients and outpatients, n = 72 at 6 months and n = 11 at 12 months). Limitation: Small sample size for inpatient group; high loss to follow-up at 12 months. | Implications: Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 are still present in the majority of COVID-19 patients after 12 months of follow-up, but the reversion of almost one-fifth of patients to seronegative emphasizes the importance of vaccination in all populations including individuals who have recovered from natural infection. SP - 2021.04.27.21256207 ST - SARS-CoV-2 antibodies remain detectable 12 months after infection and antibody magnitude is associated with age and COVID-19 severity T2 - medRxiv TI - SARS-CoV-2 antibodies remain detectable 12 months after infection and antibody magnitude is associated with age and COVID-19 severity UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/05/02/2021.04.27.21256207.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/05/02/2021.04.27.21256207.full.pdf ID - 1916 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Convalescent plasma therapy is a leading treatment for conferring temporary immunity to COVID-19-susceptible individuals or for use as post-exposure prophylaxis. However, not all recovered patients develop adequate antibody titers for donation and the relationship between avidity and neutralizing titers is currently not well understood. METHODS: SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike and anti-nucleocapsid IgG titers and avidity were measured in a longitudinal cohort of COVID-19 hospitalized patients (n = 16 individuals) and a cross-sectional sample of convalescent plasma donors (n = 130). Epidemiologic correlates of avidity were examined in donors by linear regression. The association of avidity and a high neutralizing titer (NT) were also assessed in donors using modified Poisson regression. RESULTS: Antibody avidity increased over duration of infection and remained elevated. In convalescent plasma donors, higher levels of anti-spike avidity were associated with older age, male sex, and hospitalization. Higher NTs had a stronger positive correlation with anti-spike IgG avidity (Spearman rho = 0.386; P < .001) than with anti-nucleocapsid IgG avidity (Spearman rho = 0.211; P = .026). Increasing levels of anti-spike IgG avidity were associated with high NT (>/=160) (adjusted prevalence ratio = 1.58 [95% confidence interval = 1.19-2.12]), independent of age, sex, and hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: SARS-CoV-2 antibody avidity correlated with duration of infection and higher neutralizing titers, suggesting a potential alternative screening parameter for identifying optimal convalescent plasma donors. AD - Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. | Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. | Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. | Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. | W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. AN - 32910175 AU - Benner, S. E. | Patel, E. U. | Laeyendecker, O. | Pekosz, A. | Littlefield, K. | Eby, Y. | Fernandez, R. E. | Miller, J. | Kirby, C. S. | Keruly, M. | Klock, E. | Baker, O. R. | Schmidt, H. A. | Shrestha, R. | Burgess, I. | Bonny, T. S. | Clarke, W. | Caturegli, P. | Sullivan, D. | Shoham, S. | Quinn, T. C. | Bloch, E. M. | Casadevall, A. | Tobian, A. A. R. | Redd, A. D. C1 - 2020-09-22 C2 - Convalescent Plasma CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/092220_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 13 DO - 10.1093/infdis/jiaa581 ET - 2020/09/11 IS - 12 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Antibodies, Neutralizing/*administration & dosage/blood | Antibodies, Viral/*administration & dosage/blood | *Antibody Affinity | Blood Donors | COVID-19/*therapy | Cohort Studies | Cross-Sectional Studies | Female | Humans | Immunization, Passive | Immunoglobulin G/*administration & dosage/blood | Linear Models | Male | Middle Aged | *SARS-CoV-2 | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology | Young Adult | *anti-nucleocapsid | *anti-spike | *avidity | *convalescent plasma L1 - internal-pdf://2730250872/Benner-2020-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Avidity Respon.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Benner, Sarah E; Patel, Eshan U; Laeyendecker, Oliver; Pekosz, Andrew; Littlefield, Kirsten; Eby, Yolanda; Fernandez, Reinaldo E; Miller, Jernelle; Kirby, Charles S; Keruly, Morgan; Klock, Ethan; Baker, Owen R; Schmidt, Haley A; Shrestha, Ruchee; Burgess, Imani; Bonny, Tania S; Clarke, William; Caturegli, Patrizio; Sullivan, David; Shoham, Shmuel; Quinn, Thomas C; Bloch, Evan M; Casadevall, Arturo; Tobian, Aaron A R; Redd, Andrew D; eng; T32 AI102623/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; K23 HL151826/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; R01 HL059842/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; UM1 AI068613/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 AI052733/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R21 HL117140/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; R01 AI120938/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 AI152078/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 AI095068/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 AI128779/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. | J Infect Dis. 2020 Nov 13;222(12):1974-1984. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa581. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among hospitalized patients, antibody avidity as well as anti-spike and anti-nucleocapsid IgG titers increased from days 10 to 20 after symptom onset (Figure 1). | Among CP donors, age correlated with antibody avidity (strength of binding between antibody and antigen) for men (p = 0.008) but not women (p = 0.872) (Figure 2A). | CP donors who were hospitalized had stronger anti-spike IgG avidity than donors who were not hospitalized (Figure 2B). | Neutralizing antibody titers had a positive correlation with anti-spike IgG avidity (Spearman’s rho = 0.386; p <0.001) and anti-spike IgG binding (Spearman’s rho = 772, p <0.001). | Methods: Samples from hospitalized patients (n = 16) with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and CP donors (n = 130) were assessed for anti-spike IgG, anti-nucleocapsid IgG titers, and antibody avidity. Limitations: Different methods used for anti-spike IgG versus anti-nucleocapsid IgG antibody titers; antibody assays were semi-quantitative; may not be applicable to mild or asymptomatic infections; short observation period. | Implications for 2 studies (Salazar et al & Benner et al): Effect of CP in the treatment of COVID-19 likely depends on numerous characteristics including antibody level, avidity, and target as well as neutralization activity. Understanding how to best screen CP donors to identify those with NAb titers and characteristics that may optimize use of CP as treatment may be important. SN - 1537-6613 (Electronic); 0022-1899 (Linking) SP - 1974-1984 ST - SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Avidity Responses in COVID-19 Patients and Convalescent Plasma Donors T2 - J Infect Dis TI - SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Avidity Responses in COVID-19 Patients and Convalescent Plasma Donors UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32910175 VL - 222 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 934 ER - TY - JOUR AB - SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses in children remain poorly characterized. Here, we show that pediatric patients with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) possess higher SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG titers compared to those with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), likely reflecting a longer time since onset of infection in MIS-C patients. AD - Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA. | These authors contributed equally to this work: Elizabeth M. Anderson and Caroline Diorio. | Immune Dysregulation Frontier Program, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. | Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. | Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. | School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA. | Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. | Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. | Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. | Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. | Penn Center for Research on Coronavirus and Other Emerging Pathogens, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA. AN - 32839782 AU - Anderson, E. M. | Diorio, C. | Goodwin, E. C. | McNerney, K. O. | Weirick, M. E. | Gouma, S. | Bolton, M. J. | Arevalo, C. P. | Chase, J. | Hicks, P. | Manzoni, T. B. | Baxter, A. E. | Andrea, K. P. | Burudpakdee, C. | Lee, J. H. | Vella, L. A. | Henrickson, S. E. | Harris, R. M. | Wherry, E. J. | Bates, P. | Bassiri, H. | Behrens, E. M. | Teachey, D. T. | Hensley, S. E. C1 - 2020-11-17 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/111720_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 18 DO - 10.1101/2020.08.17.20176552 DP - NLM ET - 2020/08/26 L1 - internal-pdf://3054501182/Anderson-2020-SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses in.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Anderson, Elizabeth M; Diorio, Caroline; Goodwin, Eileen C; McNerney, Kevin O; Weirick, Madison E; Gouma, Sigrid; Bolton, Marcus J; Arevalo, Claudia P; Chase, Julie; Hicks, Philip; Manzoni, Tomaz B; Baxter, Amy E; Andrea, Kurt P; Burudpakdee, Chakkapong; Lee, Jessica H; Vella, Laura A; Henrickson, Sarah E; Harris, Rebecca M; Wherry, E John; Bates, Paul; Bassiri, Hamid; Behrens, Edward M; Teachey, David T; Hensley, Scott E; eng; R21 AI142638/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 AI152236/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; T32 AR007442/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/; K08 AI135091/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; T32 AI055400/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R21 AI129531/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; T32 AI007324/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Preprint; medRxiv. 2020 Aug 18. doi: 10.1101/2020.08.17.20176552. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Pediatric patients with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) had higher antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG compared to those with severe COVID-19. ST - SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses in children with MIS-C and mild and severe COVID-19 T2 - medRxiv TI - SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses in children with MIS-C and mild and severe COVID-19 TT - Published article: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) Antibody Responses in Children With Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) and Mild and Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32839782 ID - 1248 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1NY, UK. Electronic address: b.flower@imperial.ac.uk. | School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK. AN - 32987009 AU - Flower, B. | Atchison, C. C1 - 2020-10-06 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100620_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 25 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32006-7 ET - 2020/09/29 IS - 10259 KW - Antibodies, Viral | *covid-19 | Humans | Renal Dialysis/adverse effects | *SARS-CoV-2 | Seroepidemiologic Studies | United States/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://2358495905/Flower-2020-SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Flower, Barnaby; Atchison, Christina; eng; England; Lancet. 2020 Sep 25. pii: S0140-6736(20)32006-7. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32006-7. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: even though persons who receive dialysis may not be representative of the general population, dialysis patients may be a good sentinel group for serosurveillance given regular blood tests, established vascular access, and a high proportion of patients with multiple risk factors for COVID-19. SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 1308-1309 ST - SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence in patients receiving dialysis in the USA T2 - Lancet TI - SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence in patients receiving dialysis in the USA UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32987009 VL - 396 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 995 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Epidemiological studies have revealed the emergence of multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC), including the lineage B.1.1.7 that is rapidly replacing old variants. The B.1.1.7 variant has been linked to increased morbidity rates, transmissibility, and potentially mortality (1). To assess viral fitness in vivo and to address whether the B.1.1.7 variant is capable of immune escape, we conducted infection and re-infection studies in naive and convalescent Syrian hamsters (>10 months old). Hamsters infected by either a B.1.1.7 variant or a B.1 (G614) variant exhibited comparable viral loads and pathology. Convalescent hamsters that were previously infected by the original D614 variant were protected from disease following B.1.1.7 challenge with no observable clinical signs or lung pathology. Altogether, our study did not find that the B.1.1.7 variant significantly differs from the B.1 variant in pathogenicity in hamsters and that natural infection-induced immunity confers protection against a secondary challenge by the B1.1.7 variant. AD - Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA, 20993. | Division of Veterinary Resources, Diagnostic and Research Services Branch, National Institutes of Health, Rockville Pike, USA. AN - 33821266 AU - Nunez, I. A. | Lien, C. Z. | Selvaraj, P. | Stauft, C. B. | Liu, S. | Starost, M. F. | Wang, T. T. C1 - 2021-04-16 C2 - Animal Models of Viral Immunity CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04162021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 2 DO - 10.1101/2021.04.02.438186 ET - 2021/04/07 L1 - internal-pdf://0833861632/Nunez-2021-SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 infection of Syr.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Nunez, Ivette A; Lien, Christopher Z; Selvaraj, Prabhuanand; Stauft, Charles B; Liu, Shufeng; Starost, Matthew F; Wang, Tony T; eng; Preprint; bioRxiv. 2021 Apr 2. doi: 10.1101/2021.04.02.438186. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In hamsters, the B.1.1.7 variant did not differ from the B.1 variant in pathogenicity, and infection from the original D614 variant conferred protection against a secondary challenge with B.1.1.7. SP - 2021.04.02.438186 ST - SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 infection of Syrian hamster does not cause more severe disease and is protected by naturally acquired immunity T2 - bioRxiv TI - SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 infection of Syrian hamster does not cause more severe disease and is protected by naturally acquired immunity TT - Published article: SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 Infection of Syrian Hamster Does Not Cause More Severe Disease, and Naturally Acquired Immunity Confers Protection UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33821266 ID - 1664 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant was first identified in the state of Maharashtra in late 2020 and has spread throughout India, displacing the B.1.1.7 (Alpha) variant and other pre-existing lineages. Mathematical modelling indicates that the growth advantage is most likely explained by a combination of increased transmissibility and immune evasion. Indeed in vitro, the delta variant is less sensitive to neutralising antibodies in sera from recovered individuals, with higher replication efficiency as compared to the Alpha variant. In an analysis of vaccine breakthrough in over 100 healthcare workers across three centres in India, the Delta variant not only dominates vaccine-breakthrough infections with higher respiratory viral loads compared to non-delta infections (Ct value of 16.5 versus 19), but also generates greater transmission between HCW as compared to B.1.1.7 or B.1.617.1 (p=0.02). In vitro, the Delta variant shows 8 fold approximately reduced sensitivity to vaccine-elicited antibodies compared to wild type Wuhan-1 bearing D614G. Serum neutralising titres against the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant were significantly lower in participants vaccinated with ChadOx-1 as compared to BNT162b2 (GMT 3372 versus 654, p AU - Petra, Mlcochova | Steven, Kemp | Mahesh Shanker, Dhar | Guido, Papa | Bo, Meng | Swapnil, Mishra | Charlie, Whittaker | Thomas, Mellan | Isabella, Ferreira | Rawlings, Datir | Dami, A. Collier | Sujeet, Singh | Rajesh, Pandey | Robin, Marwal | Meena, Datta | Shantanu, Sengupta | Kalaiarasan, Ponnusamy | V. S. Radhakrishnan | Adam, Abdullahi | Niluka, Goonawardne | Jonathan, Brown | Oscar, Charles | Partha, Chattopadhyay | Priti, Devi | Daniela, Caputo | Tom, Peacock | Dr Chand, Wattal | Neeraj, Goel | Raju, Vaishya | Meenakshi, Agarwal | The Indian, Sars-CoV-Genomics Consortium | Citiid-Nihr BioResource Covid-19 Collaboration, Antranik Mavousian | o Hyeon, Lee | Wendy, S. Barcla | Samir, Bhatt | Seth, Flaxman | Leo, James | Partha, Rakshit | Anurag, Agrawal | Ravindra, K. Gupta C1 - 2021-07-02 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07022021_covidupdate.html DA - 2021/07/16 DO - 10.21203/rs.3.rs-637724/v1 L1 - internal-pdf://2208739329/Petra-2021-SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 Delta variant.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - (INSACOG) PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Vaccine breakthrough infections in a cohort of healthcare workers at 3 centers in India were predominantly B.1.617.2 (Delta) (98/133). Compared to wild-type (WT Wuhan-1), B.1.617.2 showed an approximate 8-fold reduction in vaccine-elicited antibody production. Serum neutralizing titers were lower in participants vaccinated with ChAdOx-1 (Oxford/AstraZeneca) compared to BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) (GMT 654 vs. 3372, p = .0006). SN - 2693-5015 ST - SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 Delta variant emergence and vaccine breakthrough T2 - Res Sq TI - SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 Delta variant emergence and vaccine breakthrough UR - https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-637724/v1 | https://assets.researchsquare.com/files/rs-637724/v1_covered.pdf?c=1624377344 ID - 1933 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance While COVID-19 vaccines are highly effective against disease, breakthrough infections may occur in the context of rising variants of concern.Objective We paired random and passive surveillance nucleic acid testing with analysis of viral whole genomic sequences to detect and describe breakthrough infections, focusing in a university community.Design Anterior nasal swabs were collected from individuals for a nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) for detection of SARS-CoV-2. A subset of NAAT positive samples was sequenced to determine variants associated with infections. Included in the testing and sequencing protocol were individuals that were fully vaccinated.Setting This study was performed as part of a surveillance program for SARS-CoV-2 on a university campus with 49,700 students and employees.Participants Surveillance testing was random and included approximately 10% of the population each week. Additionally, individuals self-identified with COVID-19 related symptoms or those that had close contact with SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals were also tested.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis research was in part funded by support to G.C. from the Purdue Department of Biological Sciences.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Data were obtained in deidentified format from the electronic health record system from One-to-One Health. Approval from the One-to-One Health review board was obtained. The Institutional Review Board from the Purdue University Human Research Protection Program determined that viral genome sequencing of deidentified remnant RNA samples included in this study is not research involving human subjects (IRB-2021-438)All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesGenomic data are available on GISAID (see Table 1 for accession numbers). https://www.gisaid.org AU - Ramirez, Esteban | Wilkes, Rebecca P. | Carpi, Giovanna | Dorman, Jack | Bowen, Craig | Smith, Lisa C1 - 2021-07-09 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07092021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.06.21.21258990 L1 - internal-pdf://0873602744/Ramirez-2021-SARS-CoV-2 Breakthrough Infection.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: 2,551/68,428 random surveillance nasal-pharyngeal swabs collected on a university campus between February and May 2021 were from fully vaccinated individuals, 14 of whom tested positive by Nucleic acid amplification testing (0.55%, 95% CI: 0.30 �?0.92). The single B.1.617.2 (Delta) breakthrough was in a symptomatic female (56-65 years old) previously vaccinated with Ad26.COV2.S (Johnson & Johnson/Janssen) who had three Ct values <18. SP - 2021.06.21.21258990 ST - SARS-CoV-2 Breakthrough Infections in Fully Vaccinated Individuals T2 - medRxiv TI - SARS-CoV-2 Breakthrough Infections in Fully Vaccinated Individuals UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/06/25/2021.06.21.21258990.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/06/25/2021.06.21.21258990.full.pdf ID - 1952 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Hecht, Jonathon L. | Quade, Bradley | Deshpande, Vikram | Mino-Kenudson, Mari | Ting, David T. | Desai, Niyati | Dygulska, Beata | Heyman, Taryn | Salafia, Carolyn | Shen, Dejun | Bates, Sara V. | Roberts, Drucilla J. | Quade, Bradley | Deshpande, Vikram | Mino-Kenudson, Mari | Ting, David T. | Desai, Niyati | Dygulska, Beata | Heyman, Taryn | Salafia, Carolyn | Shen, Dejun | Bates, Sara V. | Roberts, Drucilla J. C1 - 2020-08-07 C2 - Collateral Damage CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/080720_covidupdate.html DO - 10.2139/ssrn.3624233 KW - SARS-CoV-2 | placental pathology | ACE2 | TMPRSS2 | placental infection L1 - internal-pdf://0411461971/SSRN-id3624233.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Discusses effects of economic, food, and health systems disruptions resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic on malnutrition. SN - 1556-5068 ST - SARS-CoV-2 Can Infect the Placenta and Is Not Associated with Specific Placental Histopathology: A Series of 19 Placentas from COVID-19+ Mothers T2 - SSRN TI - SARS-CoV-2 Can Infect the Placenta and Is Not Associated with Specific Placental Histopathology: A Series of 19 Placentas from COVID-19+ Mothers TT - Published article: SARS-CoV-2 can infect the placenta and is not associated with specific placental histopathology: a series of 19 placentas from COVID-19-positive mothers UR - https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3624233 ID - 670 ER - TY - JOUR AB - COVID-19 poses an exceptional threat to global public health and well-being. Recognition of the need to develop effective vaccines at unprecedented speed has led to calls to accelerate research pathways ethically, including by conducting challenge studies (also known as controlled human infection studies (CHIs)) with SARS-CoV-2 (the virus which causes COVID-19). Such research is controversial, with concerns being raised about the social, legal, ethical and clinical implications of infecting healthy volunteers with SARS-CoV-2 for research purposes. Systematic risk evaluations are critical to inform assessments of the ethics of any proposed SARS-CoV-2 CHIs. Such evaluations will necessarily take place within a rapidly changing and at times contested epidemiological landscape, in which differing criteria for the ethical acceptability of research risks have been proposed. This paper critically reviews two such criteria and evaluates whether the use of effective treatment should be a necessary condition for the ethical acceptability of SARS-CoV-2 CHIs, and whether the choice of study sites should be influenced by COVID-19 incidence levels. The paper concludes that ethical evaluations of proposed SARS-CoV-2 CHIs should be informed by rigorous, consultative and holistic approaches to systematic risk assessment. AD - The Ethox Centre & Wellcome Centre for Ethics and the Humanities, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK susan.bull@ethox.ox.ac.uk. | Monash Bioethics Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. | Department of Philosophy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. | The Ethox Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. AN - 32978304 AU - Bull, S. | Jamrozik, E. | Binik, A. | Parker, M. J. C1 - 2020-10-06 C2 - Care and Treatment CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100620_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 25 DO - 10.1136/medethics-2020-106504 ET - 2020/09/27 KW - clinical trials | ethics | research ethics | scientific research L1 - internal-pdf://2862873305/Bull-2020-SARS-CoV-2 challenge studies_ ethics.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Bull, Susan; Jamrozik, Euzebiusz; Binik, Ariella; Parker, Michael J; eng; England; J Med Ethics. 2020 Sep 25. pii: medethics-2020-106504. doi: 10.1136/medethics-2020-106504. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Explores approaches to risk minimization and reasonableness in SARS-CoV-2 controlled human infection studies with a particular focus on whether effective treatment is always necessary for the ethical acceptability of such studies. SN - 1473-4257 (Electronic); 0306-6800 (Linking) SP - medethics-2020-106504 ST - SARS-CoV-2 challenge studies: ethics and risk minimisation T2 - J Med Ethics TI - SARS-CoV-2 challenge studies: ethics and risk minimisation UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32978304 ID - 993 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Little is known about clusters of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in acute care hospitals. OBJECTIVE: To describe the detection, mitigation, and analysis of a large cluster of SARS-CoV-2 infections in an acute care hospital with mature infection control policies. DESIGN: Descriptive study. SETTING: Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. PARTICIPANTS: Patients and staff with cluster-related SARS-CoV-2 infections. INTERVENTION: Close contacts of infected patients and staff were identified and tested every 3 days, patients on affected units were preemptively isolated and repeatedly tested, affected units were cleaned, room ventilation was measured, and specimens were sent for whole-genome sequencing. A case-control study was done to compare clinical interactions, personal protective equipment use, and breakroom and workroom practices in SARS-CoV-2-positive versus negative staff. MEASUREMENTS: Description of the cluster, mitigation activities, and risk factor analysis. RESULTS: Fourteen patients and 38 staff members were included in the cluster per whole-genome sequencing and epidemiologic associations. The index case was a symptomatic patient in whom isolation was discontinued after 2 negative results on nasopharyngeal polymerase chain reaction testing. The patient subsequently infected multiple roommates and staff, who then infected others. Seven of 52 (13%) secondary infections were detected only on second or subsequent tests. Eight of 9 (89%) patients who shared rooms with potentially contagious patients became infected. Potential contributing factors included high viral loads, nebulization, and positive pressure in the index patient's room. Risk factors for transmission to staff included presence during nebulization, caring for patients with dyspnea or cough, lack of eye protection, at least 15 minutes of exposure to case patients, and interactions with SARS-CoV-2-positive staff in clinical areas. Whole-genome sequencing confirmed that 2 staff members were infected despite wearing surgical masks and eye protection. LIMITATION: Findings may not be generalizable. CONCLUSION: SARS-CoV-2 clusters can occur in hospitals despite robust infection control policies. Insights from this cluster may inform additional measures to protect patients and staff. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: None. AD - Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.K., M.A.B., C.R.). | Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (R.T., K.F., D.G., C.B., H.S., N.W., E.G., A.R., M.P., K.B., J.S., C.A.M.). | Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (R.W.). | Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts (G.R.G., A.S.L., T.F., S.B., S.S., L.M.). AN - 33556277 AU - Klompas, M. | Baker, M. A. | Rhee, C. | Tucker, R. | Fiumara, K. | Griesbach, D. | Bennett-Rizzo, C. | Salmasian, H. | Wang, R. | Wheeler, N. | Gallagher, G. R. | Lang, A. S. | Fink, T. | Baez, S. | Smole, S. | Madoff, L. | Goralnick, E. | Resnick, A. | Pearson, M. | Britton, K. | Sinclair, J. | Morris, C. A. C1 - 2021-02-19 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02192021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 9 DO - 10.7326/M20-7567 ET - 2021/02/09 IS - 0 KW - Adult | Boston/epidemiology | COVID-19/*epidemiology/*transmission | COVID-19 Testing | Case-Control Studies | Cross Infection/*epidemiology | Disease Outbreaks | Female | Humans | Infection Control/*methods | *Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional | Male | Personal Protective Equipment | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/*transmission/virology | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://1354387808/Klompas-2021-A SARS-CoV-2 Cluster in an Acute.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Klompas, Michael; Baker, Meghan A; Rhee, Chanu; Tucker, Robert; Fiumara, Karen; Griesbach, Diane; Bennett-Rizzo, Carin; Salmasian, Hojjat; Wang, Rui; Wheeler, Noah; Gallagher, Glen R; Lang, Andrew S; Fink, Timelia; Baez, Stephanie; Smole, Sandra; Madoff, Larry; Goralnick, Eric; Resnick, Andrew; Pearson, Madelyn; Britton, Kathryn; Sinclair, Julia; Morris, Charles A; eng; Ann Intern Med. 2021 Feb 9. doi: 10.7326/M20-7567. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Discontinuation of isolation in a symptomatic index case with 2 negative SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR results 12 hours apart led to 52 secondary infections; the patient was not diagnosed with COVID-19 until day 11. | 7/52 (13%) secondary infections were detected only on second or subsequent serial tests. | 6 /14 (43%) patients and 13/38 (34%) employees were asymptomatic. | Risk factors for transmission to employees included presence during nebulization, caring for patients with dyspnea or cough, lack of eye protection, at least 15 minutes of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 patients, and interactions with SARS-CoV-2�?positive employees in clinical areas. | There were at least 2 patient-to-staff transmissions detected via whole-genome sequencing that occurred despite staff wearing both masks and face shields and in the absence of aerosol-generating procedures. | Methods: Whole-genome sequencing to identify SARS-CoV-2 clusters in large acute care hospital. SARS-CoV-2-positive and negative employees were enrolled in a case–control study to compare clinical interactions, personal protective equipment use, breakroom and workroom practices, and exposures outside the hospital. Limitations: Difficult to isolate exact transmission routes due to interconnections between patients and employees; recall bias may have led to either underestimation or overestimation of adherence to infection control practices; | Implications: SARS-CoV-2 clusters can occur in hospitals despite robust infection control policies and may be contributed to by the inherent insensitivity of testing at specific points in infection time course. Surgical mask and face shields may not provide adequate protection for close and sustained encounters with highly contagious patients, especially if they cannot wear a mask. SN - 1539-3704 (Electronic); 0003-4819 (Linking) SP - null ST - A SARS-CoV-2 Cluster in an Acute Care Hospital T2 - Ann Intern Med TI - A SARS-CoV-2 Cluster in an Acute Care Hospital UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33556277 VL - 0 ID - 1522 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant has caused a dramatic resurgence in infections in the United Sates, raising questions regarding potential transmissibility among vaccinated individuals.Methods Between October 2020 and July 2021, we sequenced 4,439 SARS-CoV-2 full genomes, 23% of all known infections in Alachua County, Florida, including 109 vaccine breakthrough cases. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were conducted to evaluate associations between viral load (VL) level and patient characteristics. Contact tracing and phylogenetic analysis were used to investigate direct transmissions involving vaccinated individuals.Results The majority of breakthrough sequences with lineage assignment were classified as Delta variants (74.6%) and occurred, on average, about three months (104 �u 57.5 days) after full vaccination, at the same time (June-July 2021) of Delta variant exponential spread within the county. Six Delta variant transmission pairs between fully vaccinated individuals were identified through contact tracing, three of which were confirmed by phylogenetic analysis. Delta breakthroughs exhibited broad VL values during acute infection (IQR 1.2 �?8.64 Log copies/ml), on average 38% lower than matched unvaccinated patients (3.29 �?10.81 Log copies/ml, p<0.00001). Nevertheless, 49-50% of all breakthroughs, and 56-60% of Delta-infected breakthroughs exhibited VL above the transmissibility threshold (4 Log copies/ml) irrespective of time post vaccination.Conclusions Delta infection transmissibility and general VL patterns in vaccinated individuals suggest limited levels of sterilizing immunity that need to be considered by public health policies. In particular, ongoing evaluation of vaccine boosters should address whether extra vaccine doses might curb breakthrough contribution to epidemic spread.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis work was supported by the Stephany W. Holloway University of Florida Chair and by funds of the University of Florida Office of Research and Health Science Center with resources from the Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research Gene Expression Core (RRID:SCR_019145), NextGen Sequencing Core (RRID:SCR_019152) and Bioinformatics Core (RRID:SCR_019120). Funding for this work was also provided by National Science Foundation (NSF) - Division of Environmental Biology (DEB) award no. 2028221, The AIDS HealthCare Foundation Award No. OS00000633 and The Rockefeller Foundation Award 2021 HTH 012. The co-authors are thankful to Maureen Long for her critical reading of the manuscript.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The study was reviewed and approved under the category of Public Health practice by the University of Florida Institutional Review Board (IRB) and the Florida Department of Health IRB.I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that any patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplem ntary files, if applicable.YesAll data produced in the present study are available upon reasonable request to the authors AU - Magalis, Brittany Rife | Rich, Shannan | Tagliamonte, Massimiliano S. | Mavian, Carla | Cash, Melanie N. | Riva, Alberto | Marini, Simone | Amador, David Moraga | Zhang, Yanping | Shapiro, Jerne | Horine, Amelia | Starostik, Petr | Pieretti, Maura | Vega, Samantha | Lacombe, Ana Paula | Salinas, Jessica | Stevenson, Mario | Myers, Paul | Morris, J. Glenn | Lauzardo, Michael | Prosperi, Mattia | Salemi, Marco C1 - 2021-11-19 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/11192021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1101/2021.11.10.21266134 L1 - internal-pdf://0600430830/Magalis-2021-SARS-CoV-2 Delta vaccine breakthr.pdf LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Viral load (VL) among breakthrough cases infected with the Delta variant (n = 56) and those infected with other variants (n = 13) were similar. When compared with unvaccinated age- and gender-matched cases infected with Delta (n = 36) or other variants (n = 75), Delta breakthroughs exhibited 38% lower VL than unvaccinated Delta cases (p <0.00001). SP - 2021.11.10.21266134 ST - SARS-CoV-2 Delta vaccine breakthrough transmissibility in Alachua, Florida T2 - medRxiv TI - SARS-CoV-2 Delta vaccine breakthrough transmissibility in Alachua, Florida UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/11/11/2021.11.10.21266134.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/11/11/2021.11.10.21266134.full.pdf ID - 2638 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Sheikh, Aziz | McMenamin, Jim | Taylor, Bob | Robertson, Chris C1 - 2021-06-25 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06252021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01358-1 IS - 10293 L1 - internal-pdf://1327786993/Sheikh-2021-SARS-CoV-2 Delta VOC in Scotland_.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In May 2021, the B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant became the dominant SARS-CoV-2 strain in Scotland (Figure). | B.1.617.2 made up 97% of S-gene positive cases, which comprises 40% (7,723/19,543) of all cases and 36% (134/377) of hospitalizations. | S-gene positive cases were associated with increased hospitalization risk (aHR 1.85, 95% CI 1.39-2.47) compared to S-gene negative cases. | Both BNT1682b (Pfizer/BioNTech) and ChAdOx1 (Oxford/AstraZeneca) vaccines were effective in preventing hospitalization regardless of S-gene status. | Methods: S-gene positive and S-gene negative (i.e., B.1.1.7, Alpha variant) infections and genomic sequencing obtained from multi-target SARS-CoV-2 PCR tests. Hospitalization risk for S-gene positive cases and estimated BNT1682b and ChAdOx1 vaccine effectiveness in preventing hospitalizations �?4 days after 2nd dose determined from surveillance data (n = 19,543) collected between April 1 and June 6, 2021. Limitations: Observational study. | Implications: The SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 variant rapidly replaced B.1.1.7 in Scotland and was associated with increased hospitalization risk. However, COVID-19 vaccines appear effective in preventing hospitalization from B.1.617.2. SE - 2461 SN - 0140-6736 SP - 2461-2462 ST - SARS-CoV-2 Delta VOC in Scotland: demographics, risk of hospital admission, and vaccine effectiveness T2 - Lancet TI - SARS-CoV-2 Delta VOC in Scotland: demographics, risk of hospital admission, and vaccine effectiveness UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01358-1 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8201647/pdf/main.pdf VL - 397 Y2 - 2021/06/29 ID - 1856 ER - TY - JOUR AB - To investigate the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in the immune population, we co-incubated authentic virus with a highly neutralizing plasma from a COVID-19 convalescent patient. The plasma fully neutralized the virus for 7 passages, but after 45 days, the deletion of F140 in the spike N-terminal domain (NTD) N3 loop led to partial breakthrough. At day 73, an E484K substitution in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) occurred, followed at day 80 by an insertion in the NTD N5 loop containing a new glycan sequon, which generated a variant completely resistant to plasma neutralization. Computational modeling predicts that the deletion and insertion in loops N3 and N5 prevent binding of neutralizing antibodies. The recent emergence in the United Kingdom and South Africa of natural variants with similar changes suggests that SARS-CoV-2 has the potential to escape an effective immune response and that vaccines and antibodies able to control emerging variants should be developed. One Sentence Summary: Three mutations allowed SARS-CoV-2 to evade the polyclonal antibody response of a highly neutralizing COVID-19 convalescent plasma. AD - Monoclonal Antibody Discovery (MAD) Lab, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy. | VisMederi S.r.l, Siena, Italy. | ARGO Open Lab Platform for Genome sequencing, AREA Science Park, Padriciano, 99, 34149, Trieste, Italy. | Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. | Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA. | VisMederi Research S.r.l., Siena, Italy. | Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy. | Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom. AN - 33398278 AU - Andreano, E. | Piccini, G. | Licastro, D. | Casalino, L. | Johnson, N. V. | Paciello, I. | Monego, S. D. | Pantano, E. | Manganaro, N. | Manenti, A. | Manna, R. | Casa, E. | Hyseni, I. | Benincasa, L. | Montomoli, E. | Amaro, R. E. | McLellan, J. S. | Rappuoli, R. C1 - 2021-01-15 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01152021_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 28 DO - 10.1101/2020.12.28.424451 ET - 2021/01/06 L1 - internal-pdf://1931910614/Andreano-2020-SARS-CoV-2 escape in vitro from.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Andreano, Emanuele; Piccini, Giulia; Licastro, Danilo; Casalino, Lorenzo; Johnson, Nicole V; Paciello, Ida; Monego, Simeone Dal; Pantano, Elisa; Manganaro, Noemi; Manenti, Alessandro; Manna, Rachele; Casa, Elisa; Hyseni, Inesa; Benincasa, Linda; Montomoli, Emanuele; Amaro, Rommie E; McLellan, Jason S; Rappuoli, Rino; eng; Preprint; bioRxiv. 2020 Dec 28. doi: 10.1101/2020.12.28.424451. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Convalescent plasma initially neutralized SARS-CoV-2 (titer 1:640), but after multiple passages, neutralization activity declined (titer 1:40) in association with development of 3 viral mutations (Figure): | A deletion of F140 in the spike N-terminal domain (NTD) N3 loop; An E484K substitution in the receptor-binding domain (RBD); An insertion in the NTD N5 loop; Convalescent plasma samples and neutralizing monoclonal antibodies showed reduced neutralization activity against variant SARS-CoV-2 virus with 1 or more of the 3 mutations. | Methods: Incubated SARS-CoV-2 virus for more than 90 days with a highly neutralizing plasma from a COVID-19 convalescent patient, selecting a viral escape mutant, and then tested 20 plasma samples from COVID-19 convalescent patients and a panel of 13 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for neutralization efficacy against the viral variant. Limitations: Single in vitro model of stepwise selection. | Implications for both studies (Greaney et al. & Andreano et al.): A first case of reinfection with the E484K variant of SARS-CoV-2 was recently reported in Brazil (Nonaka et alexternal icon.). Another recent paper (Kemp et al.external icon) suggests selection pressure on SARS-CoV-2 during convalescent plasma therapy might be associated with emergence of viral variants. Because we are now seeing variants that can evade immune defenses, new monoclonal antibody therapies and possibly new vaccines against emerging variants may be needed. There is an urgent need for widespread uptake of comprehensive prevention measures to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission. We should not rely on vaccination alone. SP - 2020.12.28.424451 ST - SARS-CoV-2 escape in vitro from a highly neutralizing COVID-19 convalescent plasma T2 - bioRxiv TI - SARS-CoV-2 escape in vitro from a highly neutralizing COVID-19 convalescent plasma UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33398278 ID - 1408 ER - TY - JOUR AB - This research addresses public speculation that SARS-CoV-2 might be transmitted by mosquitoes. The World Health Organization has stated "To date there has been no information nor evidence to suggest that the new coronavirus could be transmitted by mosquitoes". Here we provide the first experimental data to investigate the capacity of SARS-CoV-2 to infect and be transmitted by mosquitoes. Three widely distributed species of mosquito; Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus, representing the two most significant genera of arbovirus vectors that infect people, were tested. We demonstrate that even under extreme conditions, SARS-CoV-2 virus is unable to replicate in these mosquitoes and therefore cannot be transmitted to people even in the unlikely event that a mosquito fed upon a viremic host. AD - Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA. | Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA. | Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA. shiggs@bri.ksu.edu. | Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA. shiggs@bri.ksu.edu. AN - 32681089 AU - Huang, Y. S. | Vanlandingham, D. L. | Bilyeu, A. N. | Sharp, H. M. | Hettenbach, S. M. | Higgs, S. C1 - 2020-07-28 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072820_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 17 DO - 10.1038/s41598-020-68882-7 ET - 2020/07/19 IS - 1 KW - Aedes/virology | Animals | Betacoronavirus/isolation & purification/*physiology | Chlorocebus aethiops | Culex/virology | Culicidae/*virology | Insect Vectors/virology | SARS-CoV-2 | Vero Cells L1 - internal-pdf://0103996289/Huang-2020-SARS-CoV-2 failure to infect or rep.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Huang, Yan-Jang S; Vanlandingham, Dana L; Bilyeu, Ashley N; Sharp, Haelea M; Hettenbach, Susan M; Higgs, Stephen; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Sci Rep. 2020 Jul 17;10(1):11915. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-68882-7. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; SARS-CoV-2 was not detected in the 277 inoculated mosquitoes collected at any time point beyond 24 hours (Figure). | Methods: Three widely distributed species of mosquito, Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus were inoculated with SARS-CoV-2. To recover infectious virus at specified time points, inoculated mosquitoes were individually ground to fine powder in 1 ml of medium and cultured in Vero76 cells. Limitations: Not generalizable to all species. | Implications: Some of the most common species of mosquitos that can transmit viral infections in humans are not vectors for SARS-CoV-2. There remains no evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted by mosquitos. SN - 2045-2322 (Electronic); 2045-2322 (Linking) SP - 11915 ST - SARS-CoV-2 failure to infect or replicate in mosquitoes: an extreme challenge T2 - Sci Rep TI - SARS-CoV-2 failure to infect or replicate in mosquitoes: an extreme challenge UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32681089 VL - 10 ID - 596 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the coronavirus disease COVID-19, a public health emergency worldwide, and Italy is among the most severely affected countries. The first autochthonous Italian case of COVID-19 was documented on February 21, 2020. We investigated the possibility that SARS-CoV-2 emerged in Italy earlier than that date, by analysing 40 composite influent wastewater samples collected - in the framework of other wastewater-based epidemiology projects - between October 2019 and February 2020 from five wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in three cities and regions in northern Italy (Milan/Lombardy, Turin/Piedmont and Bologna/Emilia Romagna). Twenty-four additional samples collected in the same WWTPs between September 2018 and June 2019 (i.e. long before the onset of the epidemic) were included as 'blank' samples. Viral concentration was performed according to the standard World Health Organization procedure for poliovirus sewage surveillance, with modifications. Molecular analysis was undertaken with both nested RT-PCR and real-rime RT-PCR assays. A total of 15 positive samples were confirmed by both methods. The earliest dates back to 18 December 2019 in Milan and Turin and 29 January 2020 in Bologna. Virus concentration in the samples ranged from below the limit of detection (LOD) to 5.6 x 10(4) genome copies (g.c.)/L, and most of the samples (23 out of 26) were below the limit of quantification of PCR. Our results demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 was already circulating in northern Italy at the end of 2019. Moreover, it was circulating in different geographic regions simultaneously, which changes our previous understanding of the geographical circulation of the virus in Italy. Our study highlights the importance of environmental surveillance as an early warning system, to monitor the levels of virus circulating in the population and identify outbreaks even before cases are notified to the healthcare system. AD - Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy. Electronic address: giuseppina.larosa@iss.it. | Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy. | Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy. AN - 32835962 AU - La Rosa, G. | Mancini, P. | Bonanno Ferraro, G. | Veneri, C. | Iaconelli, M. | Bonadonna, L. | Lucentini, L. | Suffredini, E. C1 - 2020-08-25 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082520_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 1 DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141711 ET - 2020/08/25 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus Infections | *Environmental Monitoring | Humans | Italy/epidemiology | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral | SARS-CoV-2 | Coronavirus | Sewage | Surveillance | Wastewater | below certify that they have NO affiliations with or involvement in any | organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria | educational grants | participation in speakers' bureaus | membership, employment, | consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest | and expert testimony or | patent-licensing arrangements), or non-financial interest (such as personal or | professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge or beliefs) in the subject | matter or materials discussed in this manuscript. This statement is signed by all | the authors to indicate agreement that the above information is true and correct L1 - internal-pdf://1482803861/La Rosa-2021-SARS-CoV-2 has been circulating i.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - La Rosa, Giuseppina; Mancini, Pamela; Bonanno Ferraro, Giusy; Veneri, Carolina; Iaconelli, Marcello; Bonadonna, Lucia; Lucentini, Luca; Suffredini, Elisabetta; eng; Netherlands; Sci Total Environ. 2021 Jan 1;750:141711. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141711. Epub 2020 Aug 15. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Epidemiology of wastewater tested for SARS CoV-2 virus in Northern Italy between October 2019 and February 2020. Positive tests occurred much earlier than previously thought. Good demonstration of the utility of sewage monitoring for community public health surveillance. SN - 1879-1026 (Electronic); 0048-9697 (Linking) SP - 141711 ST - SARS-CoV-2 has been circulating in northern Italy since December 2019: Evidence from environmental monitoring T2 - Sci Total Environ TI - SARS-CoV-2 has been circulating in northern Italy since December 2019: Evidence from environmental monitoring UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32835962 VL - 750 ID - 768 ER - TY - JOUR AB - SARS-CoV-2 entry is mediated by the spike (S) glycoprotein which contains the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and the N-terminal domain (NTD) as the two main targets of neutralizing antibodies (Abs). A novel variant of concern (VOC) named CAL.20C (B.1.427/B.1.429) was originally detected in California and is currently spreading throughout the US and 29 additional countries. It is unclear whether antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection or to the prototypic Wuhan-1 isolate-based vaccines will be impacted by the three B.1.427/B.1.429 S mutations: S13I, W152C and L452R. Here, we assessed neutralizing Ab responses following natural infection or mRNA vaccination using pseudoviruses expressing the wildtype or the B.1.427/B.1.429 S protein. Plasma from vaccinated or convalescent individuals exhibited neutralizing titers, which were reduced 3-6 fold against the B.1.427/B.1.429 variant relative to wildtype pseudoviruses. The RBD L452R mutation reduced or abolished neutralizing activity of 14 out of 35 RBD-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), including three clinical-stage mAbs. Furthermore, we observed a complete loss of B.1.427/B.1.429 neutralization for a panel of mAbs targeting the N-terminal domain due to a large structural rearrangement of the NTD antigenic supersite involving an S13I-mediated shift of the signal peptide cleavage site. These data warrant closer monitoring of signal peptide variants and their involvement in immune evasion and show that Abs directed to the NTD impose a selection pressure driving SARS-CoV-2 viral evolution through conventional and unconventional escape mechanisms. AN - 33821281 AU - McCallum, M. | Bassi, J. | Marco, A. | Chen, A. | Walls, A. C. | Iulio, J. D. | Tortorici, M. A. | Navarro, M. J. | Silacci-Fregni, C. | Saliba, C. | Agostini, M. | Pinto, D. | Culap, K. | Bianchi, S. | Jaconi, S. | Cameroni, E. | Bowen, J. E. | Tilles, S. W. | Pizzuto, M. S. | Guastalla, S. B. | Bona, G. | Pellanda, A. F. | Garzoni, C. | Van Voorhis, W. C. | Rosen, L. E. | Snell, G. | Telenti, A. | Virgin, H. W. | Piccoli, L. | Corti, D. | Veesler, D. C1 - 2021-04-09 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04092021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 1 DO - 10.1101/2021.03.31.437925 ET - 2021/04/07 L1 - internal-pdf://3207019463/McCallum-2021-SARS-CoV-2 immune evasion by var.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - McCallum, Matthew; Bassi, Jessica; Marco, Anna De; Chen, Alex; Walls, Alexandra C; Iulio, Julia Di; Tortorici, M Alejandra; Navarro, Mary-Jane; Silacci-Fregni, Chiara; Saliba, Christian; Agostini, Maria; Pinto, Dora; Culap, Katja; Bianchi, Siro; Jaconi, Stefano; Cameroni, Elisabetta; Bowen, John E; Tilles, Sasha W; Pizzuto, Matteo Samuele; Guastalla, Sonja Bernasconi; Bona, Giovanni; Pellanda, Alessandra Franzetti; Garzoni, Christian; Van Voorhis, Wesley C; Rosen, Laura E; Snell, Gyorgy; Telenti, Amalio; Virgin, Herbert W; Piccoli, Luca; Corti, Davide; Veesler, David; eng; Preprint; bioRxiv. 2021 Apr 1. doi: 10.1101/2021.03.31.437925. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Since December 2020, the number of B.1.427/B.1.429 genome sequences in the US and in California have increased rapidly, with a prevalence exceeding 50% in California in February 2021 (Figure). Neutralizing titers in plasma from vaccinated or convalescent individuals were reduced 3-6 fold against B.1.427/B.1.429 variants relative to wildtype pseudoviruses. SP - 2021.03.31.437925 ST - SARS-CoV-2 immune evasion by variant B.1.427/B.1.429 T2 - bioRxiv TI - SARS-CoV-2 immune evasion by variant B.1.427/B.1.429 TT - Published article: SARS-CoV-2 immune evasion by the B.1.427/B.1.429 variant of concern UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33821281 ID - 1643 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Understanding immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 is crucial to understanding disease pathogenesis and the usefulness of bridge therapies, such as hyperimmune globulin and convalescent human plasma, and to developing vaccines, antivirals, and monoclonal antibodies. A mere 11 months ago, the canvas we call COVID-19 was blank. Scientists around the world have worked collaboratively to fill in this blank canvas. In this Review, we discuss what is currently known about human humoral and cellular immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and relate this knowledge to the COVID-19 vaccines currently in phase 3 clinical trials. AD - Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. Electronic address: poland.gregory@mayo.edu. | Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. AN - 33065034 AU - Poland, G. A. | Ovsyannikova, I. G. | Kennedy, R. B. C1 - 2020-11-24 C2 - Vaccines CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/112420_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 14 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32137-1 ET - 2020/10/17 IS - 10262 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic | Coronavirus Infections/immunology/*prevention & control | Humans | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/immunology/*prevention & control | SARS-CoV-2 | Viral Vaccines/*pharmacology L1 - internal-pdf://1498344197/Poland-2020-SARS-CoV-2 immunity_ review and ap.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Poland, Gregory A; Ovsyannikova, Inna G; Kennedy, Richard B; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review; England; Lancet. 2020 Nov 14;396(10262):1595-1606. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32137-1. Epub 2020 Oct 13. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Summarizes current knowledge on immune responses against the spike protein and T cell epitopes and how this has used to guide vaccine development. SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 1595-1606 ST - SARS-CoV-2 immunity: review and applications to phase 3 vaccine candidates T2 - Lancet TI - SARS-CoV-2 immunity: review and applications to phase 3 vaccine candidates UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33065034 VL - 396 Y2 - 2021/05/14 ID - 1254 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Electronic address: maridol@usp.br. | Instituto da Crianca, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Servico de Verificacao de Obitos da Capital, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. AN - 32828177 AU - Dolhnikoff, M. | Ferreira Ferranti, J. | de Almeida Monteiro, R. A. | Duarte-Neto, A. N. | Soares Gomes-Gouvea, M. | Viu Degaspare, N. | Figueiredo Delgado, A. | Montanari Fiorita, C. | Nunes Leal, G. | Rodrigues, R. M. | Taverna Chaim, K. | Rebello Pinho, J. R. | Carneiro-Sampaio, M. | Mauad, T. | Ferraz da Silva, L. F. | Brunow de Carvalho, W. | Saldiva, P. H. N. | Garcia Caldini, E. C1 - 2020-09-01 C2 - Post-Mortem Pathology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090120_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30257-1 ET - 2020/08/24 IS - 10 KW - Atrial Fibrillation/diagnosis/*etiology | Betacoronavirus/*genetics/isolation & purification | Covid-19 | Child | Coronavirus Infections/*complications/epidemiology | Echocardiography | Electrocardiography | Fatal Outcome | Female | Humans | Myocarditis/*complications/diagnosis/virology | Myocardium/*pathology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications/epidemiology | RNA, Viral/*analysis | SARS-CoV-2 | Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/*complications/diagnosis L1 - internal-pdf://3418527100/Dolhnikoff-2020-SARS-CoV-2 in cardiac tissue o.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Variants | N1 - Dolhnikoff, Marisa; Ferreira Ferranti, Juliana; de Almeida Monteiro, Renata Aparecida; Duarte-Neto, Amaro Nunes; Soares Gomes-Gouvea, Michele; Viu Degaspare, Natalia; Figueiredo Delgado, Artur; Montanari Fiorita, Carolina; Nunes Leal, Gabriela; Rodrigues, Regina Maria; Taverna Chaim, Khallil; Rebello Pinho, Joao Renato; Carneiro-Sampaio, Magda; Mauad, Thais; Ferraz da Silva, Luiz Fernando; Brunow de Carvalho, Werther; Saldiva, Paulo Hilario Nascimento; Garcia Caldini, Elia; eng; Case Reports; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020 Oct;4(10):790-794. doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30257-1. Epub 2020 Aug 20. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Virus was present in cardiac tissues by RT-PCR and electron microscopy at autopsy in a pediatric patient with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and cardiac failure. | DNA sequencing of the patient showed no primary immunodeficiency that could explain the disease outcome. | Methods: Case report of 11-year old female with MIS-C who developed cardiac failure and died, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Post-mortem electron microscopy, histology, RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 and patient’s DNA sequencing was performed. Limitations: Single case. | Implications for 3 studies (Hanley et al., Skok et al., & Dolhnikoff et al.): Although the lungs are the primary site of infection and injury, virus found outside of the lungs may be common in severe COVID-19 and be seen in all age groups. Injury as a result of tissue invasion or inflammatory response is likely. SN - 2352-4650 (Electronic); 2352-4642 (Linking) SP - 790-794 ST - SARS-CoV-2 in cardiac tissue of a child with COVID-19-related multisystem inflammatory syndrome T2 - Lancet Child Adolesc Health TI - SARS-CoV-2 in cardiac tissue of a child with COVID-19-related multisystem inflammatory syndrome UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32828177 VL - 4 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 801 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 were detected in 303/673 rural Ecuadorian adults (45%), 77% of whom had compatible clinical manifestations. Seropositivity was associated with the use of open latrines. Our findings support the fears of mass spread of SARS-CoV-2 in rural Latin America and cannot exclude a contributing role for fecal-oral transmission. AD - School of Medicine, Universidad Espiritu Santo - Ecuador, Guayaquil, Ecuador. | Community Center, the Atahualpa Project, Atahualpa, Ecuador. | Department of Epidemiology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, CA, USA. | Center for Global Health, Department of Microbiology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru. AN - 32717052 AU - Del Brutto, O. H. | Costa, A. F. | Mera, R. M. | Recalde, B. Y. | Bustos, J. A. | Garcia, H. H. C1 - 2020-08-07 C2 - COVID-19 Across the World CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/080720_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 27 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa1055 ET - 2020/07/28 IS - 2 KW - Covid-19 | Coronavirus-19 | Ecuador | Population study | Rural setting | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://2732623464/Del Brutto-2020-SARS-CoV-2 in rural Latin Amer.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Del Brutto, Oscar H; Costa, Aldo F; Mera, Robertino M; Recalde, Bettsy Y; Bustos, Javier A; Garcia, Hector H; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Jul 27. pii: 5876901. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1055. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Suggests widespread transmission in rural Ecuador on the basis of SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence in a sample of rural adults. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - 314-317 ST - SARS-CoV-2 in rural Latin America. A population-based study in coastal Ecuador T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - SARS-CoV-2 in rural Latin America. A population-based study in coastal Ecuador UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32717052 VL - 73 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 660 ER - TY - JOUR AD - From the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD. AN - 33176076 AU - Michael, N. L. C1 - 2020-11-24 C2 - Transmission in Military Settings CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/112420_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 17 DO - 10.1056/NEJMe2032179 ET - 2020/11/12 IS - 25 KW - Aircraft | *covid-19 | Disease Outbreaks | Humans | *Military Personnel | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://0366424008/Michael-2020-SARS-CoV-2 in the U.S. Military -.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Michael, Nelson L; eng; Editorial; Comment; N Engl J Med. 2020 Dec 17;383(25):2472-2473. doi: 10.1056/NEJMe2032179. Epub 2020 Nov 11. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: suggests a mandatory 14-day quarantine prior to confinement in close quarters [to protect service members] SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 2472-2473 ST - SARS-CoV-2 in the U.S. Military - Lessons for Civil Society T2 - N Engl J Med TI - SARS-CoV-2 in the U.S. Military - Lessons for Civil Society UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33176076 VL - 383 ID - 1260 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK. Electronic address: robin.n.thompson@warwick.ac.uk. | Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK. | Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. AN - 33861968 AU - Thompson, R. N. | Hill, E. M. | Gog, J. R. C1 - 2021-04-23 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04232021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 13 DO - 10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00202-4 ET - 2021/04/17 IS - 7 KW - *covid-19 | Humans | Incidence | SARS-CoV-2 | *Vaccines L1 - internal-pdf://4201749985/Thompson-2021-SARS-CoV-2 incidence and vaccine.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Thompson, Robin N; Hill, Edward M; Gog, Julia R; eng; Letter; Lancet Infect Dis. 2021 Apr 13. pii: S1473-3099(21)00202-4. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00202-4. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The risk of a SARS CoV-2 escape variant appearing is a function of incidence and time (Figure). | A reduction in cases leads to both a reduction in the risk of escape variants appearing and a reduction in their subsequent establishment in the population. | Methods: A model illustrating the relationship between incidence of SARS-CoV-2 cases and the probability of developing a vaccine escape variant. Assuming a fixed vaccine escape mutation probability per infection (p), the risk of a vaccine escape variant arising in a specified time period is 1 –�?1 – p)N, where N represents the number of cases in that period. Limitations: Model does not consider potential of vaccine escape variants in vaccinated hosts, nor the escape variant’s fitness. | Implications: Strategies to mitigate vaccine escape risk, including non-pharmaceutical interventions and vaccination, should be fully implemented. SN - 1474-4457 (Electronic); 1473-3099 (Linking) SP - 913-914 ST - SARS-CoV-2 incidence and vaccine escape T2 - Lancet Infect Dis TI - SARS-CoV-2 incidence and vaccine escape UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33861968 VL - 21 Y2 - 2021/05/17 ID - 1692 ER - TY - JOUR AD - UC San Diego Health, San Diego, CA. | David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA. | David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA. | UC San Diego Health, San Diego, CA ftorriani@health.ucsd.edu. AN - 33755376 AU - Keehner, J. | Horton, L. E. | Pfeffer, M. A. | Longhurst, C. A. | Schooley, R. T. | Currier, J. S. | Abeles, S. R. | Torriani, F. J. C1 - 2021-04-02 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04022021_covidupdate.html DA - May 6 DO - 10.1056/NEJMc2101927 ET - 2021/03/24 IS - 18 KW - *Asymptomatic Diseases | COVID-19/diagnosis/*epidemiology | COVID-19 Testing | *COVID-19 Vaccines | California/epidemiology | *Health Personnel | Humans | SARS-CoV-2/*isolation & purification | Vaccination | Vaccines, Synthetic L1 - internal-pdf://1595512884/Keehner-2021-SARS-CoV-2 Infection after Vaccin.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Keehner, Jocelyn; Horton, Lucy E; Pfeffer, Michael A; Longhurst, Christopher A; Schooley, Robert T; Currier, Judith S; Abeles, Shira R; Torriani, Francesca J; eng; Letter; N Engl J Med. 2021 May 6;384(18):1774-1775. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2101927. Epub 2021 Mar 23. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Two weeks or more after health care workers (HCWs) at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) and at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) received a 2nd dose of mRNA vaccine, SARS-CoV-2 incidence was rare (positivity rate = 0.05%). | Risk of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 after vaccination was 1.19% among UCSD HCWs and 0.97% among UCLA HCWs. | Methods: Between December 16, 2020 and February 9, 2021, 36,659 HCWs at UCSD and UCLA received the 1st dose of vaccine; 28,184 of these persons received the 2nd dose. At UCSD, in addition to testing symptomatic persons, mandated weekly testing of asymptomatic persons began December 2, 2020. UCLA instituted an optional testing programs for HCWs on December 26, 2020. Limitations: Results from HCWs may not be generalizable; did not differentiate by vaccine. | Implications for both studies (Keehner et al. and Shah et al.): Data from large studies of HCWs in the US (Keehner et alexternal icon. and Daniel et al.external icon), Scotlandexternal icon, and Israelexternal icon show that vaccination is effective at reducing SARS-CoV-2 incidence in a real world setting. Shah et al. found that SARS-CoV-2 vaccination also reduced documented cases and hospitalization in household members. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 1774-1775 ST - SARS-CoV-2 Infection after Vaccination in Health Care Workers in California T2 - N Engl J Med TI - SARS-CoV-2 Infection after Vaccination in Health Care Workers in California UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33755376 VL - 384 ID - 1631 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is believed to be predominantly through respiratory droplets from infected persons in close proximity to uninfected persons, although airborne transmission may also play a role. Face shields have been proposed to prevent transmission in the community, but data are lacking. We describe transmission in a community setting before and after the use of face shields. AD - Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Porur, Chennai, India. | Community Research Network, Saligramam, Chennai, India. AN - 32808979 AU - Bhaskar, M. E. | Arun, S. C1 - 2020-08-28 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082820_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 6 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.15586 ET - 2020/08/19 IS - 13 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Clinical Laboratory Techniques | *Community Health Workers | Contact Tracing | Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/*prevention & control/transmission | Decontamination/methods | Female | Humans | India | Male | Masks | Pandemics/*prevention & control | *Personal Protective Equipment | Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis/*prevention & control/transmission | SARS-CoV-2 | Transportation/methods L1 - internal-pdf://1938877447/Bhaskar-2020-SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Commun.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Bhaskar, M Emmanuel; Arun, Santhanam; eng; Comparative Study; JAMA. 2020 Oct 6;324(13):1348-1349. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.15586. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: After face shields were added to PPE (mask, gloves, hand sanitizer, and shoe covers), community health worker infection rate decreased from 19% to 0%. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1348-1349 ST - SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Community Health Workers in India Before and After Use of Face Shields T2 - JAMA TI - SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Community Health Workers in India Before and After Use of Face Shields UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32808979 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 788 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Understanding severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and transmission in educational settings is crucial for ensuring the safety of staff and children during the COVID-19 pandemic. We estimated the rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection and outbreaks among staff and students in educational settings during the summer half-term (June-July, 2020) in England. METHODS: In this prospective, cross-sectional analysis, Public Health England initiated enhanced national surveillance in educational settings in England that had reopened after the first national lockdown, from June 1 to July 17, 2020. Educational settings were categorised as early years settings (<5-year-olds), primary schools (5-11-year-olds; only years 1 and 6 allowed to return), secondary schools (11-18-year-olds; only years 10 and 12), or mixed-age settings (spanning a combination of the above). Further education colleges were excluded. Data were recorded in HPZone, an online national database for events that require public health management. RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 event rates and case rates were calculated for staff and students, and direction of transmission was inferred on the basis of symptom onset and testing dates. Events were classified as single cases, coprimary cases (at least two confirmed cases within 48 h, typically within the same household), and outbreaks (at least two epidemiologically linked cases, with sequential cases diagnosed within 14 days in the same educational setting). All events were followed up for 28 days after educational settings closed for the summer holidays. Negative binomial regression was used to correlate educational setting events with regional population, population density, and community incidence. FINDINGS: A median of 38 000 early years settings (IQR 35 500-41 500), 15 600 primary schools (13 450-17 300), and 4000 secondary schools (3700-4200) were open each day, with a median daily attendance of 928 000 students (630 000-1 230 000) overall. There were 113 single cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection, nine coprimary cases, and 55 outbreaks. The risk of an outbreak increased by 72% (95% CI 28-130) for every five cases per 100 000 population increase in community incidence (p<0.0001). Staff had higher incidence than students (27 cases [95% CI 23-32] per 100 000 per day among staff compared with 18 cases [14-24] in early years students, 6.0 cases [4.3-8.2] in primary schools students, and 6.8 cases [2.7-14] in secondary school students]), and most cases linked to outbreaks were in staff members (154 [73%] staff vs 56 [27%] children of 210 total cases). Probable direction of transmission was staff to staff in 26 outbreaks, staff to student in eight outbreaks, student to staff in 16 outbreaks, and student to student in five outbreaks. The median number of secondary cases in outbreaks was one (IQR 1-2) for student index cases and one (1-5) for staff index cases. INTERPRETATION: SARS-CoV-2 infections and outbreaks were uncommon in educational settings during the summer half-term in England. The strong association with regional COVID-19 incidence emphasises the importance of controlling community transmission to protect educational settings. Interventions should focus on reducing transmission in and among staff. FUNDING: Public Health England. AD - Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, Public Health England, London, UK; Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK. Electronic address: sharif.ismail@phe.gov.uk. | Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, Public Health England, London, UK. | Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, Public Health England, London, UK; Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, St George's University of London, London, UK. AN - 33306981 AU - Ismail, S. A. | Saliba, V. | Lopez Bernal, J. | Ramsay, M. E. | Ladhani, S. N. C1 - 2020-12-22 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/122220_covidupdate.html DA - Mar DO - 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30882-3 ET - 2020/12/12 IS - 3 KW - Adolescent | COVID-19/*epidemiology/*transmission | Child | Cross-Sectional Studies | Databases, Factual | Disease Transmission, Infectious | England/epidemiology | Humans | Incidence | Pandemics | Prospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification | Schools/*statistics & numerical data | Students/statistics & numerical data | Universities/statistics & numerical data L1 - internal-pdf://0373112059/Ismail-2021-SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmiss.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Ismail, Sharif A; Saliba, Vanessa; Lopez Bernal, Jamie; Ramsay, Mary E; Ladhani, Shamez N; eng; WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; 215654/Z/19/Z/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Lancet Infect Dis. 2021 Mar;21(3):344-353. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30882-3. Epub 2020 Dec 8. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; The risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in schools was low upon re-opening, and school-based outbreaks increased as the community incidence increased (p <0.0001) (Figure). | Staff had a higher incidence of SARS-CoV-2 than students and most cases linked to outbreaks were in staff members. | Of the 55 outbreaks, staff-to-staff transmission was most common (47%), followed by student-to-staff (29%), staff-to-student (15%), and student-to-student (9%). | Methods: Single case and outbreak data from a national database of schools and childcare settings in England from June 1 to July 17, 2020 were used to assess the correlation of school infection rates with population data and community incidence. Case rates were calculated using SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR-confirmed cases and negative binomial regression. Limitations: Generalizability; cross-sectional design shows correlation not causation. | Implications: The overall risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection among staff and students is thought to be low; however, as Flasche and Edmundsexternal icon noted, children are often asymptomatic and their cases could be missed. The strong correlation between COVID-19 outbreaks in schools and regional incidence emphasizes the importance of controlling community transmission to protect schools and allow for safe re-openings. SN - 1474-4457 (Electronic); 1473-3099 (Linking) SP - 344-353 ST - SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission in educational settings: a prospective, cross-sectional analysis of infection clusters and outbreaks in England T2 - Lancet Infect Dis TI - SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission in educational settings: a prospective, cross-sectional analysis of infection clusters and outbreaks in England UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33306981 VL - 21 Y2 - 2021/05/14 ID - 1374 ER - TY - JOUR AD - NIHR clinical lecturer, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK and Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK. | Clinical fellow, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK. | Clinical lecturer and endocrinologist, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK and Aston Medical School, Birmingham, UK. | Group clinical director medicine, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK. | Chief nursing officer, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK. | Clinical scientist virology, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK. | Director of research and development, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK and Aston Medical School, Birmingham, UK. AN - 33762401 AU - Robbins, T. | Baitule, S. | Kyrou, I. | Ray, P. | Morgan, N. | Berry, L. | Randeva, H. C1 - 2021-04-09 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04092021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar DO - 10.7861/clinmed.Let.21.2.6 ET - 2021/03/26 IS - 2 KW - *covid-19 | Humans | Reinfection | *SARS-CoV-2 | United Kingdom | Vaccination L1 - internal-pdf://3409433401/Robbins-2021-SARS-CoV-2 infection despite vacc.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Robbins, Tim; Baitule, Sudhanshu; Kyrou, Ioannis; Ray, Pijush; Morgan, Nina; Berry, Lisa; Randeva, Harpal; eng; Letter; Comment; England; Clin Med (Lond). 2021 Mar;21(2):e243. doi: 10.7861/clinmed.Let.21.2.6. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In this cross-sectional review of SARS-CoV-2 positive swabs from 174 non-ICU inpatients conducted in the UK in February 2021, 27 patients (mean age 82.3 years) had previously received a vaccine at a mean of 18.19 days before testing positive; 11/27 tested positive within 14 days of vaccination. SN - 1473-4893 (Electronic); 1470-2118 (Linking) SP - e243 ST - SARS-CoV-2 infection despite vaccination: an under-reported COVID-19 cohort T2 - Clin Med (Lond) TI - SARS-CoV-2 infection despite vaccination: an under-reported COVID-19 cohort UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33762401 VL - 21 ID - 1646 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Respiratory disease and increased mortality occurred in minks on two farms in the Netherlands, with interstitial pneumonia and SARS-CoV-2 RNA in organ and swab samples. On both farms, at least one worker had coronavirus disease-associated symptoms before the outbreak. Variations in mink-derived viral genomes showed between-mink transmission and no infection link between the farms. Inhalable dust contained viral RNA, indicating possible exposure of workers. One worker is assumed to have attracted the virus from mink. AD - Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University and Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands. | GD Animal Health, Deventer, the Netherlands. | Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. | Regional Public Health Service Brabant-Zuid-Oost, Eindhoven, the Netherlands. | Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands. | Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, The Hague, the Netherlands. | Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, the Netherlands. AN - 32553059 AU - Oreshkova, N. | Molenaar, R. J. | Vreman, S. | Harders, F. | Oude Munnink, B. B. | Hakze-van der Honing, R. W. | Gerhards, N. | Tolsma, P. | Bouwstra, R. | Sikkema, R. S. | Tacken, M. G. | de Rooij, M. M. | Weesendorp, E. | Engelsma, M. Y. | Bruschke, C. J. | Smit, L. A. | Koopmans, M. | van der Poel, W. H. | Stegeman, A. C1 - 2020-06-23 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/062320_covidupdate.html DA - Jun DO - 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.23.2001005 ET - 2020/06/20 IS - 23 KW - Animals | Antibodies, Viral/immunology | Betacoronavirus/immunology | Covid-19 | Coronavirus/genetics/*isolation & purification | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis/transmission/veterinary | Disease Outbreaks/*prevention & control/veterinary | *Farms | Genome, Viral | *Mink | Netherlands | Pandemics/veterinary | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis/transmission/veterinary | RNA, Viral/*genetics | SARS-CoV-2 | Sequence Analysis, RNA/*veterinary | Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/epidemiology | *SARS-CoV-2 | *interstitial pneumonia | *transmission L1 - internal-pdf://2663342670/Oreshkova-2020-SARS-CoV-2 infection in farmed.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Oreshkova, Nadia; Molenaar, Robert Jan; Vreman, Sandra; Harders, Frank; Oude Munnink, Bas B; Hakze-van der Honing, Renate W; Gerhards, Nora; Tolsma, Paulien; Bouwstra, Ruth; Sikkema, Reina S; Tacken, Mirriam Gj; de Rooij, Myrna Mt; Weesendorp, Eefke; Engelsma, Marc Y; Bruschke, Christianne Jm; Smit, Lidwien Am; Koopmans, Marion; van der Poel, Wim Hm; Stegeman, Arjan; eng; Sweden; Euro Surveill. 2020 Jun;25(23). doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.23.2001005. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 among minks on farms in the Netherlands. SN - 1560-7917 (Electronic); 1025-496X (Linking) SP - 2001005 ST - SARS-CoV-2 infection in farmed minks, the Netherlands, April and May 2020 T2 - Euro Surveill TI - SARS-CoV-2 infection in farmed minks, the Netherlands, April and May 2020 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32553059 VL - 25 ID - 413 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Long-lived bone marrow plasma cells (BMPCs) are a persistent and essential source of protective antibodies1�?. Individuals who have recovered from COVID-19 have a substantially lower risk of reinfection with SARS-CoV-28�?0. Nonetheless, it has been reported that levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 serum antibodies decrease rapidly in the first few months after infection, raising concerns that long-lived BMPCs may not be generated and humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 may be short-lived11�?3. Here we show that in convalescent individuals who had experienced mild SARS-CoV-2 infections (n = 77), levels of serum anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S) antibodies declined rapidly in the first 4 months after infection and then more gradually over the following 7 months, remaining detectable at least 11 months after infection. Anti-S antibody titres correlated with the frequency of S-specific plasma cells in bone marrow aspirates from 18 individuals who had recovered from COVID-19 at 7 to 8 months after infection. S-specific BMPCs were not detected in aspirates from 11 healthy individuals with no history of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We show that S-binding BMPCs are quiescent, which suggests that they are part of a stable compartment. Consistently, circulating resting memory B cells directed against SARS-CoV-2 S were detected in the convalescent individuals. Overall, our results indicate that mild infection with SARS-CoV-2 induces robust antigen-specific, long-lived humoral immune memory in humans. AD - Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA. | Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA. | Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of lnternal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA. | Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. | Clinical Trials Unit, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA. | Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA. | Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA. | Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA. ellebedy@wustl.edu. | Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA. ellebedy@wustl.edu. | The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA. ellebedy@wustl.edu. AN - 34030176 AU - Turner, Jackson S. | Kim, Wooseob | Kalaidina, Elizaveta | Goss, Charles W. | Rauseo, Adriana M. | Schmitz, Aaron J. | Hansen, Lena | Haile, Alem | Klebert, Michael K. | Pusic, Iskra | O’Halloran, Jane A. | Presti, Rachel M. | Ellebedy, Ali H. C1 - 2021-06-04 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06042021_covidupdate.html DA - 2021/05/24 DO - 10.1038/s41586-021-03647-4 ET - 2021/05/25 IS - 7867 KW - Adult | Aged | Bone Marrow Cells/*cytology/*immunology | COVID-19/*immunology | Cell Survival | Female | Humans | Immunologic Memory | Male | Middle Aged | Plasma Cells/*cytology/*immunology | SARS-CoV-2/immunology | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://4230406894/Turner-2021-SARS-CoV-2 infection induces long-.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Turner, Jackson S | Kim, Wooseob | Kalaidina, Elizaveta | Goss, Charles W | Rauseo, Adriana M | Schmitz, Aaron J | Hansen, Lena | Haile, Alem | Klebert, Michael K | Pusic, Iskra | O'Halloran, Jane A | Presti, Rachel M | Ellebedy, Ali H | eng | UL1 TR002345/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ | U01 AI141990/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | 1U01 AI150747/NH/NIH HHS/ | 5T32 CA009547/NH/NIH HHS/ | Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | England | Nature. 2021 Jul;595(7867):421-425. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03647-4. Epub 2021 May 24. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Spike protein-specific bone marrow plasma cells, the source of long-lived antibodies, were detected from bone marrow aspirates of 15 of 19 persons evaluated 7 and 11 months after mild SARS-CoV-2 infection but not from 11 healthy controls with no history of SARS-CoV-2 infection. SN - 1476-4687 SP - 421-425 ST - SARS-CoV-2 infection induces long-lived bone marrow plasma cells in humans T2 - Nature TI - SARS-CoV-2 infection induces long-lived bone marrow plasma cells in humans UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03647-4 | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03647-4.pdf VL - 595 ID - 1816 ER - TY - JOUR AB - SARS-CoV-2 has caused a global pandemic with millions infected and numerous fatalities. Questions regarding the robustness, functionality and longevity of the antibody response to the virus remain unanswered. Here we report that the vast majority of infected individuals with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 experience robust IgG antibody responses against the viral spike protein, based on a dataset of 19,860 individuals screened at Mount Sinai Health System in New York City. We also show that titers are stable for at least a period approximating three months, and that anti-spike binding titers significantly correlate with neutralization of authentic SARS-CoV-2. Our data suggests that more than 90% of seroconverters make detectible neutralizing antibody responses and that these titers are stable for at least the near-term future.One Sentence Summary Antibody responses induced by natural mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection are robust, neutralizing and are stable for at least 3 months.Competing Interest StatementMount Sinai has licensed serological assays to commercial entities and has filed for patent protection for serological assays.Funding StatementThis work was partially supported by the NIAID Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS) contract HHSN272201400008C (FK), Collaborative Influenza Vaccine Innovation Centers (CIVIC) contract 75N93019C00051 (FK), and the generous support of the JPB foundation, the Open Philanthropy Project (#2020-215611) and other philanthropic donations.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Mount Sinai Hospital Institutional Review BoardAll necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesRaw data is available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request. AU - Wajnberg, Ania | Amanat, Fatima | Firpo, Adolfo | Altman, Deena R. | Bailey, Mark J. | Mansour, Mayce | McMahon, Meagan | Meade, Philip | Mendu, Damodara Rao | Muellers, Kimberly | Stadlbauer, Daniel | Stone, Kimberly | Strohmeier, Shirin | Aberg, Judith | Reich, David L. | Krammer, Florian | Cordon-Cardo, Carlos C1 - 2020-07-28 C2 - Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072820_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.07.14.20151126 L1 - internal-pdf://1124061551/Wajnberg-2020-SARS-CoV-2 infection induces rob.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among persons who recovered from COVID-19, >90% had detectable neutralizing antibodies that lasted in some cases at least three months. | Among a subset of plasma donors, neutralizing IgG titers were stable for approximately three months after symptom onset (Figure). | Binding titers of anti-spike antibodies significantly correlated with neutralization of SARS-CoV-2. | Methods: Anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein IgG was measured in 19,763 persons from the NYC area who recovered from mild-to-moderate COVID-19. Longevity of antibody response was assessed among 121 persons with prior COVID-19 who donated plasma 30 and 82 days post symptom onset. Limitations: Self-reported symptom onset and previous PCR positive results; limited subset of plasma donors assessed for antibody over time. | Implications for 3 studies (Ibarrondo et al., Seow et al., & Wajnberg et al.): The results show antibody response increased with severity of disease with possible decline over time. Further studies are needed to quantify correlates of protection from SARS-CoV-2 over longer periods of time, assess the magnitude and durability of the immune response, and understand how this impacts protection from recurrent infection in order to develop correlates of protection after natural infection. SP - 2020.07.14.20151126 ST - SARS-CoV-2 infection induces robust, neutralizing antibody responses that are stable for at least three months T2 - medRxiv TI - SARS-CoV-2 infection induces robust, neutralizing antibody responses that are stable for at least three months TT - Published article: Robust neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 infection persist for months UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/07/17/2020.07.14.20151126.full.pdf ID - 597 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Long-term antibody responses and neutralizing activities following SARS-CoV-2 infections have not yet been elucidated. We quantified immunoglobulin M (IgM) and G (IgG) antibodies recognizing the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) or the nucleocapsid (N) protein, and neutralizing antibodies during a period of six months following COVID-19 disease onset in 349 symptomatic COVID-19 patients, which were among the first world-wide being infected. The positivity rate and magnitude of IgM-S and IgG-N responses increased rapidly. High levels of IgM-S/N and IgG-S/N at 2-3 weeks after disease onset were associated with virus control and IgG-S titers correlated closely with the capacity to neutralize SARS-CoV-2. While specific IgM-S/N became undetectable 12 weeks after disease onset in most patients, IgG-S/N titers showed an intermediate contraction phase, but stabilized at relatively high levels over the six months observation period. At late time points the positivity rates for binding and neutralizing SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies was still over 70%. Taken together, our data indicate sustained humoral immunity in recovered patients who suffer from symptomatic COVID-19, suggesting prolonged immunity.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis work is supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project for Infectious Diseases of China (2018ZX10302206, 2018ZX10723203, and 2017ZX10304402-002-005);the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2020kfyXGYJ016, 2020kfyXGYJ028, and 2020kfyXGYJ046); the Tongji-Rongcheng Center for Biomedicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, the Medical Faculty of the University of Duisburg-Essen, and Stiftung Universitatsmedizin Essen, University Hospital Essen, Germany.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:This study was approved by the Ethics Commission of Union Hospital of Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Wuhan.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the submitted article.COVID-19Corona Virus Disease 2019SARS-CoV-2severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2SARSsevere acute respiratory syndromeMERSmiddle east respiratory syndromeELISAenzyme-linked Immunosorbent AssayRBDreceptor-binding domainRT-PCRreverse transcription-polymerase chain reactionPaO2/FiO2arterial oxygen tension to inspired oxygen fractionCLIAcapture chemiluminescence immunoassaysVNTvirus neutralization test AU - Wu, Jun | Liang, Boyun | Chen, Cunrong | Wang, Hua | Fang, Yaohui | Shen, Shu | Yang, Xiaoli | Wang, Baoju | Chen, Liangkai | Chen, Qi | Wu, Yang | Liu, Jia | Yang, Xuecheng | Li, Wei | Zhu, Bin | Zhou, Wenqing | Wang, Huan | Li, Shumeng | Lu, Sihong | Liu, Di | Li, Huadong | Krawczyk, Adalbert | Lu, Mengji | Yang, Dongliang | Deng, Fei | Dittmer, Ulf | Trilling, Mirko | Zheng, Xin C1 - 2020-08-04 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/080420_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.07.21.20159178 L1 - internal-pdf://2534122357/Wu-2020-SARS-CoV-2 infection induces sustained.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Symptomatic COVID-19 patients exhibit an early and rapid antibody response and maintain high levels of IgG that recognizes the spike protein (S) and the nucleocapsid protein (N) for at least 6 months after disease onset (Figure 1). | 87% of patients had a detectable IgG-N at week 2 that remained elevated for the duration of the study. | Among 17 patients with repetitive sampling, there was a rapid decline in IgM titers but a sustained IgG response (Figure 2). | At 2-3 weeks after symptom onset, antibody levels were significantly higher among patients for whom SARS-CoV-2 RNA was no longer detected. | Methods: Serologic evaluation of 349 symptomatic patients for up to 26 weeks. Antibody titers of 17 patients with repetitive sampling were analyzed to confirm results of the larger study group. Antibody titers were compared by disease severity, gender, and age in a subset of patients (n = 209). Limitations: Smaller numbers for longitudinal data; limited to symptomatic patients. | Implications: Immunity among recovered symptomatic COVID-19 patients appears to be maintained for at least 6 months, contributed mostly by IgG S/N. Continued evaluation of the correlates of protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection over longer periods of time and among asymptomatic patients is needed. SP - 2020.07.21.20159178 ST - SARS-CoV-2 infection induces sustained humoral immune responses in convalescent patients following symptomatic COVID-19 T2 - medRxiv TI - SARS-CoV-2 infection induces sustained humoral immune responses in convalescent patients following symptomatic COVID-19 TT - Published article: SARS-CoV-2 infection induces sustained humoral immune responses in convalescent patients following symptomatic COVID-19 UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/07/24/2020.07.21.20159178.full.pdf ID - 637 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Baric and Boucher Laboratories at University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC cehre@med.unc.edu. AN - 32877585 AU - Ehre, C. C1 - 2020-09-11 C2 - SARS-CoV-2 Detection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091120_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 3 DO - 10.1056/NEJMicm2023328 ET - 2020/09/03 IS - 10 KW - Betacoronavirus/*ultrastructure | Bronchi/cytology | Covid-19 | Cells, Cultured | Coronavirus Infections/*pathology | Epithelial Cells/*ultrastructure/*virology | Humans | Microscopy, Electron, Scanning | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*pathology | SARS-CoV-2 | Virus Cultivation L1 - internal-pdf://1946764913/Ehre-2020-SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Airway Cells.pdf LA - en N1 - Ehre, Camille; eng; P01 HL108808/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; P30 DK065988/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/; N Engl J Med. 2020 Sep 3;383(10):969. doi: 10.1056/NEJMicm2023328. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Electron micrographs show bronchial epithelial cells that have been infected by SARS-CoV-2 in a laboratory setting. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 969 ST - SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Airway Cells T2 - N Engl J Med TI - SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Airway Cells UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32877585 VL - 383 ID - 868 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC) has raised questions regarding the extent of protection of currently implemented vaccines. Ten “vaccination breakthrough�?infections were identified in Alachua County, Florida, among individuals fully vaccinated with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine as a result of social or household transmission. Eight individuals presented mild symptoms in the absence of infection with other common respiratory viruses, confirmed using viral genetic sequencing. SARS-CoV-2 genomes were successfully generated for five of the vaccine breakthroughs and 399 individuals in the surrounding area and were included for reference-based phylogenetic investigation. These five individuals were characterized by infection with both VOCs and low-frequency variants present within the surrounding population. Mutations, in the Spike glycoprotein, were consistent with their respective circulating lineages. However, we detected an additional mutation in Spike’s N-terminal domain of a B.1.1.7 strain, present at low-frequency (�?%) in the unvaccinated population, potentially affecting protein’s stability and functionality. The findings highlight the critical need for continued testing and monitoring of infection among individuals regardless of vaccination status.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis work was supported by the Stephany W. Holloway University of Florida Chair and by funds of the University of Florida Office of Research and Health Science Center .Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The study was approved by UF IRB: IRB202000633 has been ApprovedAll necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesGISAID sequences used for the study are described in the Supplementary Material. Newly added sequences will be submitted to GISAID following acceptance but are available from the authors (along with sequence quality information) until such time. AU - Magalis, Brittany Rife | Mavian, Carla | Tagliamonte, Massimiliano | Rich, Shannan N. | Cash, Melanie | Riva, Alberto | Loeb, Julia C. | Norris, Michael | Amador, David Moraga | Zhang, Yanping | Shapiro, Jerne | Starostik, Petr | Marini, Simone | Myers, Paul | Ostrov, David | Lednicky, John A. | Morris, J. Glenn | Lauzardo, Michael | Salemi, Marco C1 - 2021-06-04 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06042021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.05.19.21257237 L1 - internal-pdf://2527853854/Magalis-2021-SARS-CoV-2 infection of BNT162b2(.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: 10 SARS-CoV-2 infections were identified in fully vaccinated persons (Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2) between February and March 2021 in Alachua Co, FL where 59,000 persons were at least partially vaccinated by March 17th. 8 of these were <35 years old and worked in the healthcare field, but 7 had non-workplace contacts that were the likely source. SP - 2021.05.19.21257237 ST - SARS-CoV-2 infection of BNT162b2(mRNA)-vaccinated individuals is not restricted to variants of concern or high-risk exposure environments T2 - medRxiv TI - SARS-CoV-2 infection of BNT162b2(mRNA)-vaccinated individuals is not restricted to variants of concern or high-risk exposure environments UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/05/30/2021.05.19.21257237.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/05/30/2021.05.19.21257237.full.pdf ID - 1811 ER - TY - JOUR AB - An understanding of protective immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is critical for vaccine and public health strategies aimed at ending the global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. A key unanswered question is whether infection with SARS-CoV-2 results in protective immunity against reexposure. We developed a rhesus macaque model of SARS-CoV-2 infection and observed that macaques had high viral loads in the upper and lower respiratory tract, humoral and cellular immune responses, and pathologic evidence of viral pneumonia. After the initial viral clearance, animals were rechallenged with SARS-CoV-2 and showed 5 log10 reductions in median viral loads in bronchoalveolar lavage and nasal mucosa compared with after the primary infection. Anamnestic immune responses after rechallenge suggested that protection was mediated by immunologic control. These data show that SARS-CoV-2 infection induced protective immunity against reexposure in nonhuman primates. AD - Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. | Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA. | Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. | Oregon Health & Sciences University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA. | University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. | Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. | Bioqual, Rockville, MD 20852, USA. | Janssen Vaccines & Prevention BV, Leiden, Netherlands. | Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02215, USA. | Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. | Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. dbarouch@bidmc.harvard.edu. AN - 32434946 AU - Chandrashekar, A. | Liu, J. | Martinot, A. J. | McMahan, K. | Mercado, N. B. | Peter, L. | Tostanoski, L. H. | Yu, J. | Maliga, Z. | Nekorchuk, M. | Busman-Sahay, K. | Terry, M. | Wrijil, L. M. | Ducat, S. | Martinez, D. R. | Atyeo, C. | Fischinger, S. | Burke, J. S. | Slein, M. D. | Pessaint, L. | Van Ry, A. | Greenhouse, J. | Taylor, T. | Blade, K. | Cook, A. | Finneyfrock, B. | Brown, R. | Teow, E. | Velasco, J. | Zahn, R. | Wegmann, F. | Abbink, P. | Bondzie, E. A. | Dagotto, G. | Gebre, M. S. | He, X. | Jacob-Dolan, C. | Kordana, N. | Li, Z. | Lifton, M. A. | Mahrokhian, S. H. | Maxfield, L. F. | Nityanandam, R. | Nkolola, J. P. | Schmidt, A. G. | Miller, A. D. | Baric, R. S. | Alter, G. | Sorger, P. K. | Estes, J. D. | Andersen, H. | Lewis, M. G. | Barouch, D. H. C1 - 2020-05-26 C2 - Immunity Against Reinfection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052620_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 14 DO - 10.1126/science.abc4776 ET - 2020/05/22 IS - 6505 KW - Animals | Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood/immunology | Antibodies, Viral/blood/immunology | *Betacoronavirus/immunology/physiology | Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/virology | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*immunology/pathology/virology | Disease Models, Animal | Female | Immunity, Cellular | Immunity, Humoral | Immunologic Memory | Lung/immunology/pathology/virology | Lung Diseases, Interstitial/immunology/pathology/virology | Macaca mulatta | Male | Nasal Mucosa/virology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*immunology/pathology/virology | Recurrence | SARS-CoV-2 | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology | Viral Load | Virus Replication L1 - internal-pdf://0062335566/Chandrashekar-2020-SARS-CoV-2 infection protec.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Chandrashekar, Abishek; Liu, Jinyan; Martinot, Amanda J; McMahan, Katherine; Mercado, Noe B; Peter, Lauren; Tostanoski, Lisa H; Yu, Jingyou; Maliga, Zoltan; Nekorchuk, Michael; Busman-Sahay, Kathleen; Terry, Margaret; Wrijil, Linda M; Ducat, Sarah; Martinez, David R; Atyeo, Caroline; Fischinger, Stephanie; Burke, John S; Slein, Matthew D; Pessaint, Laurent; Van Ry, Alex; Greenhouse, Jack; Taylor, Tammy; Blade, Kelvin; Cook, Anthony; Finneyfrock, Brad; Brown, Renita; Teow, Elyse; Velasco, Jason; Zahn, Roland; Wegmann, Frank; Abbink, Peter; Bondzie, Esther A; Dagotto, Gabriel; Gebre, Makda S; He, Xuan; Jacob-Dolan, Catherine; Kordana, Nicole; Li, Zhenfeng; Lifton, Michelle A; Mahrokhian, Shant H; Maxfield, Lori F; Nityanandam, Ramya; Nkolola, Joseph P; Schmidt, Aaron G; Miller, Andrew D; Baric, Ralph S; Alter, Galit; Sorger, Peter K; Estes, Jacob D; Andersen, Hanne; Lewis, Mark G; Barouch, Dan H; eng; P51 OD011092/OD/NIH HHS/; R01 AI110700/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; T32 AI007151/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 AI108197/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; UM1 AI126603/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; S10 OD025002/OD/NIH HHS/; R01 AI146779/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; U01 AI149644/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; UM1 AI124377/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; U19 AI100625/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 AI129797/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; T32 AI007387/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; U54 CA225088/CA/NCI NIH HHS/; K08 AI135098/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 OD024917/OD/NIH HHS/; R01 AI132178/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; U19 AI128751/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Science. 2020 Aug 14;369(6505):812-817. doi: 10.1126/science.abc4776. Epub 2020 May 20. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 9 rhesus macaques inoculated with SARS-CoV-2 developed pneumonia, high viral loads, neutralizing antibody, and cellular immunity. | All 9 rhesus macaques recovered. | Upon rechallenge, the animals exhibited a robust increase in SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies with rapid clearance of virus (Figure). | Methods: 9 rhesus macaques (monkeys) infected with SARS-CoV-2; humoral and cellular immune responses were examined; on day 35, all were rechallenged. Limitations: There are differences between SARS-CoV-2 infection in rhesus macaques and humans (e.g., rhesus macaques do not develop respiratory failure or die from SARS-CoV-2 infection); studies are needed to determine if SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to subsequent immunity in humans. | Implications of 4 studies (Robbiani et al., Grifoni et al., Braun et al. & Chandrashekar et al.): Most people with COVID-19 develop neutralizing antibodies and helper T cells specific for SARS-CoV-2 that may help prevent reinfection. Similar defenses prevented reinfection of rhesus macaques with SARS-CoV-2. Studies are underway to ascertain whether a similar protective effect of natural infection with SARS-CoV-2 occurs in humans, which can help inform vaccine development. SN - 1095-9203 (Electronic); 0036-8075 (Linking) SP - 812-817 ST - SARS-CoV-2 infection protects against rechallenge in rhesus macaques T2 - Science TI - SARS-CoV-2 infection protects against rechallenge in rhesus macaques UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32434946 VL - 369 ID - 260 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Increased understanding of whether individuals who have recovered from COVID-19 are protected from future SARS-CoV-2 infection is an urgent requirement. We aimed to investigate whether antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were associated with a decreased risk of symptomatic and asymptomatic reinfection. METHODS: A large, multicentre, prospective cohort study was done, with participants recruited from publicly funded hospitals in all regions of England. All health-care workers, support staff, and administrative staff working at hospitals who could remain engaged in follow-up for 12 months were eligible to join The SARS-CoV-2 Immunity and Reinfection Evaluation study. Participants were excluded if they had no PCR tests after enrolment, enrolled after Dec 31, 2020, or had insufficient PCR and antibody data for cohort assignment. Participants attended regular SARS-CoV-2 PCR and antibody testing (every 2-4 weeks) and completed questionnaires every 2 weeks on symptoms and exposures. At enrolment, participants were assigned to either the positive cohort (antibody positive, or previous positive PCR or antibody test) or negative cohort (antibody negative, no previous positive PCR or antibody test). The primary outcome was a reinfection in the positive cohort or a primary infection in the negative cohort, determined by PCR tests. Potential reinfections were clinically reviewed and classified according to case definitions (confirmed, probable, or possible) and symptom-status, depending on the hierarchy of evidence. Primary infections in the negative cohort were defined as a first positive PCR test and seroconversions were excluded when not associated with a positive PCR test. A proportional hazards frailty model using a Poisson distribution was used to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRR) to compare infection rates in the two cohorts. FINDINGS: From June 18, 2020, to Dec 31, 2020, 30 625 participants were enrolled into the study. 51 participants withdrew from the study, 4913 were excluded, and 25 661 participants (with linked data on antibody and PCR testing) were included in the analysis. Data were extracted from all sources on Feb 5, 2021, and include data up to and including Jan 11, 2021. 155 infections were detected in the baseline positive cohort of 8278 participants, collectively contributing 2 047 113 person-days of follow-up. This compares with 1704 new PCR positive infections in the negative cohort of 17 383 participants, contributing 2 971 436 person-days of follow-up. The incidence density was 7.6 reinfections per 100 000 person-days in the positive cohort, compared with 57.3 primary infections per 100 000 person-days in the negative cohort, between June, 2020, and January, 2021. The adjusted IRR was 0.159 for all reinfections (95% CI 0.13-0.19) compared with PCR-confirmed primary infections. The median interval between primary infection and reinfection was more than 200 days. INTERPRETATION: A previous history of SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with an 84% lower risk of infection, with median protective effect observed 7 months following primary infection. This time period is the minimum probable effect because seroconversions were not included. This study shows that previous infection with SARS-CoV-2 induces effective immunity to future infections in most individuals. FUNDING: Department of Health and Social Care of the UK Government, Public Health England, The National Institute for Health Research, with contributions from the Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish governments. AD - Public Health England Colindale, Colindale, London, UK; The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at the University of Oxford, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Public Health England Colindale, Colindale, London, UK. | Public Health England Colindale, Colindale, London, UK; The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation at University of Bristol in partnership with Public Health England, Bristol, UK. | Public Health England Colindale, Colindale, London, UK; Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Public Health England Colindale, Colindale, London, UK; Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. | Public Health England Colindale, Colindale, London, UK; Guys and St Thomas's Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK. | Public Health England Colindale, Colindale, London, UK; The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at the University of Oxford, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. Electronic address: susan.hopkins@phe.gov.uk. AN - 33844963 AU - Hall, V. J. | Foulkes, S. | Charlett, A. | Atti, A. | Monk, E. J. M. | Simmons, R. | Wellington, E. | Cole, M. J. | Saei, A. | Oguti, B. | Munro, K. | Wallace, S. | Kirwan, P. D. | Shrotri, M. | Vusirikala, A. | Rokadiya, S. | Kall, M. | Zambon, M. | Ramsay, M. | Brooks, T. | Brown, C. S. | Chand, M. A. | Hopkins, S. | Siren Study Group C1 - 2021-04-23 C2 - Reinfection Among Healthcare Workers CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04232021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 17 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00675-9 ET - 2021/04/13 IS - 10283 KW - Adult | Antibodies, Viral/*blood | Asymptomatic Infections | COVID-19/diagnosis/*epidemiology/*immunology | COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing | England | Female | Follow-Up Studies | *Health Personnel | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Prospective Studies | Reinfection | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://4191548603/Hall-2021-SARS-CoV-2 infection rates of antibo.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Hall, Victoria Jane; Foulkes, Sarah; Charlett, Andre; Atti, Ana; Monk, Edward J M; Simmons, Ruth; Wellington, Edgar; Cole, Michelle J; Saei, Ayoub; Oguti, Blanche; Munro, Katie; Wallace, Sarah; Kirwan, Peter D; Shrotri, Madhumita; Vusirikala, Amoolya; Rokadiya, Sakib; Kall, Meaghan; Zambon, Maria; Ramsay, Mary; Brooks, Tim; Brown, Colin S; Chand, Meera A; Hopkins, Susan; eng; Multicenter Study; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Lancet. 2021 Apr 17;397(10283):1459-1469. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00675-9. Epub 2021 Apr 9. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Reinfection occurred at a lower rate in the cohort with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection (7.6 reinfections per 100,000 person-days) than did primary infection in a cohort without prior infection (57.3 primary infections per 100,000 person-days) (adjusted incidence rate ratio 0.159 [95% CI 0.13-0.19]) (Figure). | Median interval between primary infection and reinfection was >200 days. | Methods: Between June 18, 2020 and January 11, 2021, 25,661 UK healthcare workers underwent regular SARS-CoV-2 PCR and antibody testing. Of these, 13,401 were vaccinated between December 8, 2020 and January 11, 2021. Reinfection was defined as possible (two positive PCRs >90 days apart or antibody positive with a new PCR >4 weeks later), probable (requiring supportive serologic or genomic data), or confirmed (confirmed SARS CoV-2 negative between episodes). Limitations: Seroconversions were not included; results may not be generalizable to other communities due to varying SARS CoV-2 strain distributions. | Implications for both studies (Hall et al. and Brehm et al.): Individuals with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection may have a lower risk of future infections compared to individuals without prior infections. Reinfections have been reported, however, including a recent case in Brazil. Humoral response after primary infection may play an important role in determining viral neutralization upon reinfection. SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 1459-1469 ST - SARS-CoV-2 infection rates of antibody-positive compared with antibody-negative health-care workers in England: a large, multicentre, prospective cohort study (SIREN) T2 - Lancet TI - SARS-CoV-2 infection rates of antibody-positive compared with antibody-negative health-care workers in England: a large, multicentre, prospective cohort study (SIREN) UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33844963 VL - 397 Y2 - 2021/05/17 ID - 1700 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BackgroundOlder children have higher SARS-CoV-2 infection rates than younger children. We investigated SARS-CoV-2 infection, seroprevalence and seroconversion rates in staff and students following the full reopening of all secondary schools in England. AD - National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK. | Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, St. George's University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK. | East London NHS Foundation Trust, 9 Allie Street, London E1 8DE, UK. | University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust, Derby, UK, 201 London Road, Derby DE1 2TZ, UK. | Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK. | Birmingham Community Healthcare NHS Trust, Holt Street, Aston B7 4BN, UK. | Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Old Road, Oxford OX3 7HE, UK. | Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Wellington Square, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK. | Public Health England, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK. AN - 34386740 AU - Ladhani, Shamez N. | Ireland, Georgina | Baawuah, Frances | Beckmann, Joanne | Okike, Ifeanyichukwu O. | Ahmad, Shazaad | Garstang, Joanna | Brent, Andrew J. | Brent, Bernadette | Walker, Jemma | Aiano, Felicity | Amin-Chowdhury, Zahin | Letley, Louise | Flood, Jessica | Jones, Samuel E. I. | Kall, Meaghan | Borrow, Ray | Linley, Ezra | Zambon, Maria | Poh, John | Lackenby, Angie | Ellis, Joanna | Amirthalingam, Gayatri | Brown, Kevin E. | Ramsay, Mary E. C1 - 2021-06-18 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06182021_covidupdate.html DA - Jul DO - 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100948 ET - 2021/08/14 L1 - internal-pdf://2659070834/1-s2.0-S2589537021002285-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Ladhani, Shamez N | Ireland, Georgina | Baawuah, Frances | Beckmann, Joanne | Okike, Ifeanyichukwu O | Ahmad, Shazaad | Garstang, Joanna | Brent, Andrew J | Brent, Bernadette | Walker, Jemma | Aiano, Felicity | Amin-Chowdhury, Zahin | Letley, Louise | Flood, Jessica | Jones, Samuel E I | Kall, Meaghan | Borrow, Ray | Linley, Ezra | Zambon, Maria | Poh, John | Lackenby, Angie | Ellis, Joanna | Amirthalingam, Gayatri | Brown, Kevin E | Ramsay, Mary E | eng | England | EClinicalMedicine. 2021 Jun 9;37:100948. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100948. eCollection 2021 Jul. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was higher for students (12.8%) than for staff (9.2%) at the beginning of the term (September 2020) (Figure). | Overall PCR positivity was 0.38% (7/1,824; 95% CI 0.1-0.79). | Seroprevalence was similar for students (13.1%) and staff (13.3%) by end of term in December 2020 (Figure) and was comparable to community rates. | Overall PCR positivity was 0.93 (17/1834; 95% CI 0.54-1.48). | B.1.1.7 was not found in September, but the variant comprised 47% of sequenced strains by December. | Methods: SARS-CoV-2 surveillance study in staff and students following full reopening of 18 British secondary schools. PCR and SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing was done in round 1 (September 2020; 948 students and 877 staff) and round 2 (December 2020; 950 students and 852 staff). In round 2, 239 students and 128 staff did not return, and 341 students and 143 staff were newly enrolled. Four (57.1%) and 15 (88.2%) positive samples from rounds 1 and 2, respectively, were sequenced. Limitations: Selection bias to regions with study staff; not known if confirmed infections occurred within or outside of school; did not measure antibodies to spike proteins. | Implications: SARS-CoV-2 infection, seropositivity, and seroconversion rates were similar among students and staff in secondary schools and comparable to community rates by the end of the term. Ongoing surveillance will be important for monitoring the impact of new variants in educational settings. SN - 2589-5370 SP - 100948 ST - SARS-CoV-2 infection, antibody positivity and seroconversion rates in staff and students following full reopening of secondary schools in England: A prospective cohort study, September-December 2020 T2 - EClinicalMedicine TI - SARS-CoV-2 infection, antibody positivity and seroconversion rates in staff and students following full reopening of secondary schools in England: A prospective cohort study, September-December 2020 UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100948 VL - 37 Y2 - 2021/06/29 ID - 1842 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Introduction COVID-19 large scale immunization in the US has been associated with infrequent breakthrough positive molecular testing. Whether a positive test is associated with a high viral RNA load, specific viral variant, recovery of infectious virus, or symptomatic infection is largely not known.Methods In this study, we identified 133 SARS-CoV-2 positive patients who had received two doses of either Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2) or Moderna (mRNA-1273) vaccines, the 2nd of which was received between January and April of 2021. The positive samples were collected between January and May of 2021 with a time that extended from 2 to 100 days after the second dose. Samples were sequenced to characterize the whole genome and Spike protein changes and cycle thresholds that reflect viral loads were determined using a single molecular assay. Local SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies were examined using ELISA and specimens were grown on cell culture to assess the recovery of infectious virus as compared to a control unvaccinated cohort from a matched time frame.Results Of 133 specimens, 24 failed sequencing and yielded a negative or very low viral load on the repeat PCR. Of 109 specimens that were used for further genome analysis, 68 (62.4%) were from symptomatic infections, 11 (10.1%) were admitted for COVID-19, and 2 (1.8%) required ICU admission with no associated mortality. The predominant virus variant was the alpha (B.1.1.7), however a significant association between lineage B.1.526 and amino acid change S: E484K with positives after vaccination was noted when genomes were compared to a large control cohort from a matched time frame. A significant reduction of the recovery of infectious virus on cell culture as well as delayed time to the first appearance of cytopathic effect was accompanied by an increase in local IgG levels in respiratory samples of vaccinated individuals but upper respiratory tract IgG levels were not different between symptomatic or asymptomatic infections.Conclusions Vaccination reduces the recovery of infectious virus in breakthrough infections accompanied by an increase in upper respiratory tract local immune responses.Funding National Institute of Health (The Johns Hopkins Center of Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance, HHSN272201400007C), Johns Hopkins University, Maryland Department of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementHHM is supported by the HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) sponsored by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institute of Mental Health, and Office of AIDS Research, of the NIH, DHHS (UM1 AI068613) the NIH RADx-Tech program (3U54HL143541-02S2), National Institute of Health RADx-UP initiative (Grant R01 DA045556-04S1), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (Johns Hopkins Center of Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance HHSN272201400007C), the U. S. Centers for Disease Control (75D30121C11061), Johns Hopkins University President Fund Research Response, the Johns Hopkins Department of Pathology, and the Maryland Department of Health. This research was supported in part by the intramural research program of the National Institutes of Health.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Ethical considerations and Data availability The research Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions Institutional Review Board-X (JHM IRB-X) is constituted to meet the requirements of the Privacy Rule at section 45 CFR 164.512(i)(1)(i)(B) and is authorized and qualified to serve as the Privacy Board for human subjects research applications conducted by Johns Hopkins University faculty members. JHM IRB-3 approved IRB00221396 entitled: Genomic evolution of viral pathogens: mpact on clinical severity and molecular diagnosis. IRB review included the granting of a waiver of consent based on the following criteria: 1) the research involves no more than minimal risk to subjects; 2) the waiver will not adversely affect the rights and welfare of the subjects; 3) the research could not be practicably carried out without the waiver; and 4) the IRB will advise if it is appropriate for participants to be provided with additional pertinent information after participation. This study was also approved for the inclusion of children as 'research not involving greater than minimal risk'. The permission of parents/guardians is waived. Assent is waived for all children. JHM IRB-X determined that there is no requirement for continuing review or progress report for this application. Remnant nasopharyngeal or lateral mid-turbinate nasal (NMT) clinical swab specimens from patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 after the standard of care testing were used.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll data are available within the manuscript and in the supplemental tables. AN - 34268528 AU - Mostafa, Heba H. | Luo, Chun Huai | Morris, C. Paul | Li, Maggie | Swanson, Nicholas J. | Amadi, Adannaya | Gallagher, Nicholas | Pekosz, Andrew C1 - 2021-07-16 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07162021_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 7 DO - 10.1101/2021.07.05.21259105 ET - 2021/07/17 L1 - internal-pdf://2242563992/Mostafa-2021-SARS-CoV-2 Infections in mRNA Vac.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Mostafa, Heba H | Luo, Chun Huai | Morris, C Paul | Li, Maggie | Swanson, Nicholas J | Amadi, Adannaya | Gallagher, Nicholas | Pekosz, Andrew | eng | Preprint | medRxiv. 2021 Jul 7. doi: 10.1101/2021.07.05.21259105. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 133 SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections in individuals fully vaccinated with mRNA vaccines, 68 were symptomatic and 2 required ICU admission. Compared to controls, breakthrough cases were significantly associated with the S: E484K mutation. In an analysis of samples with Ct<25, 80.2% (77/96) of the control group were positive on cell culture compared to 34.7% (17/49) of the vaccinated group, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 transmission from vaccinated individuals might be reduced. SP - 2021.07.05.21259105 ST - SARS-CoV-2 Infections in mRNA Vaccinated Individuals are Biased for Viruses Encoding Spike E484K and Associated with Reduced Infectious Virus Loads that Correlate with Respiratory Antiviral IgG levels T2 - medRxiv TI - SARS-CoV-2 Infections in mRNA Vaccinated Individuals are Biased for Viruses Encoding Spike E484K and Associated with Reduced Infectious Virus Loads that Correlate with Respiratory Antiviral IgG levels UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/07/07/2021.07.05.21259105.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/07/07/2021.07.05.21259105.full.pdf ID - 1975 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Infection-related diabetes can arise as a result of virus-associated beta-cell destruction. Clinical data suggest that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), impairs glucose homoeostasis, but experimental evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect pancreatic tissue has been lacking. In the present study, we show that SARS-CoV-2 infects cells of the human exocrine and endocrine pancreas ex vivo and in vivo. We demonstrate that human beta-cells express viral entry proteins, and SARS-CoV-2 infects and replicates in cultured human islets. Infection is associated with morphological, transcriptional and functional changes, including reduced numbers of insulin-secretory granules in beta-cells and impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. In COVID-19 full-body postmortem examinations, we detected SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein in pancreatic exocrine cells, and in cells that stain positive for the beta-cell marker NKX6.1 and are in close proximity to the islets of Langerhans in all four patients investigated. Our data identify the human pancreas as a target of SARS-CoV-2 infection and suggest that beta-cell infection could contribute to the metabolic dysregulation observed in patients with COVID-19. AD - Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany. | Department of Internal Medicine 1, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany. | Department of Internal Medicine 4, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. | Department of Pathology, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany. | Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany. | Institute of Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany. | Institute of General Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany. | Institute for Computational Genomics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. | Institute of Diabetes and Regeneration Research, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Neuherberg, Germany. | Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen, Neuherberg, Germany. | German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany. | School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany. | Tissue Bank of the German Center for Infection Research, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany. | Department of Internal Medicine 3, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany. | CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria. | Institute of Neuroanatomy & Developmental Biology, Eberhard Karls University Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. | Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany. | Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. | Alberta Diabetes Institute and Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. | Department of Internal Medicine 1, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany. martin.wagner@uniklinik-ulm.de. | Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany. jan.muench@uni-ulm.de. | Department of Internal Medicine 1, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany. sandra.heller@uni-ulm.de. | Department of Internal Medicine 1, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany. alexander.kleger@uni-ulm.de. AN - 33536639 AU - Muller, J. A. | Gross, R. | Conzelmann, C. | Kruger, J. | Merle, U. | Steinhart, J. | Weil, T. | Koepke, L. | Bozzo, C. P. | Read, C. | Fois, G. | Eiseler, T. | Gehrmann, J. | van Vuuren, J. | Wessbecher, I. M. | Frick, M. | Costa, I. G. | Breunig, M. | Gruner, B. | Peters, L. | Schuster, M. | Liebau, S. | Seufferlein, T. | Stenger, S. | Stenzinger, A. | MacDonald, P. E. | Kirchhoff, F. | Sparrer, K. M. J. | Walther, P. | Lickert, H. | Barth, T. F. E. | Wagner, M. | Munch, J. | Heller, S. | Kleger, A. C1 - 2021-02-12 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02122021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb DO - 10.1038/s42255-021-00347-1 ET - 2021/02/05 IS - 2 KW - Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/biosynthesis/genetics | COVID-19/physiopathology | Cells, Cultured | Diabetes Mellitus | Female | Humans | Islets of Langerhans/cytology/physiopathology/*virology | Male | Pancreas, Exocrine/cytology/physiopathology/virology | Pancreatic Diseases/etiology/virology | SARS-CoV-2/*growth & development | Serine Endopeptidases/biosynthesis/genetics | Virus Internalization | Virus Replication L1 - internal-pdf://3800192984/Muller-2021-SARS-CoV-2 infects and replicates.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Muller, Janis A; Gross, Rudiger; Conzelmann, Carina; Kruger, Jana; Merle, Uta; Steinhart, Johannes; Weil, Tatjana; Koepke, Lennart; Bozzo, Caterina Prelli; Read, Clarissa; Fois, Giorgio; Eiseler, Tim; Gehrmann, Julia; van Vuuren, Joanne; Wessbecher, Isabel M; Frick, Manfred; Costa, Ivan G; Breunig, Markus; Gruner, Beate; Peters, Lynn; Schuster, Michael; Liebau, Stefan; Seufferlein, Thomas; Stenger, Steffen; Stenzinger, Albrecht; MacDonald, Patrick E; Kirchhoff, Frank; Sparrer, Konstantin M J; Walther, Paul; Lickert, Heiko; Barth, Thomas F E; Wagner, Martin; Munch, Jan; Heller, Sandra; Kleger, Alexander; eng; ExPoChip/Baden-Wurttemberg Stiftung (Baden-Wurttemberg Foundation); 376202546/Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation); GRK 2254/1/Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation); CRC1279/Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation); SPP1923/Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation); "focus funding on COVID-19" DFG KL 2544/8-1 - AO 673221/Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation); "Sachbeihilfe" KL 2544/7-1/Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation); "Heisenberg-Programm" KL 2544/6-1/Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation); K.L. 2544/1-1 and 1-2 and 5-1/Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation); Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Germany; Nat Metab. 2021 Feb;3(2):149-165. doi: 10.1038/s42255-021-00347-1. Epub 2021 Feb 3. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Although diabetes is a risk factor for severe COVID-19, this study showed that SARS-CoV-2 can directly infect human exocrine and endocrine pancreatic cells causing metabolic dysregulation. SN - 2522-5812 (Electronic); 2522-5812 (Linking) SP - 149-165 ST - SARS-CoV-2 infects and replicates in cells of the human endocrine and exocrine pancreas T2 - Nat Metab TI - SARS-CoV-2 infects and replicates in cells of the human endocrine and exocrine pancreas UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33536639 VL - 3 ID - 1491 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is spread mainly through respiratory droplets or direct contact. However, the infection condition of the genital system is unknown. Our aim in this study was to determine if SARS-CoV-2 is present in the vaginal fluid of women with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS: Ten women with confirmed severe COVID-19 pneumonia admitted to the Tongji Zhongfa Hospital intensive care unit from 4 February 2020 through 24 February 2020 were included. Clinical records, laboratory results, and computed tomography examinations were retrospectively reviewed. The potential for genital infection was accessed by testing for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in vaginal fluids obtained from vaginal swab samples. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to confirm the SARS-CoV-2 infection in vaginal fluids. RESULTS: The clinical characteristics of the 10 women were similar to those reported in other severe COVID-19 patients. All 10 patients were tested for SARS-CoV-2 in vaginal fluid, and all samples tested negative for the virus. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this small group of cases suggest that SARS-CoV-2 virus does not exist in the vaginal fluids of severe COVID-19 patients. AD - Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China. | Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China. | Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China. | Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts University Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. | Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China. AN - 32241022 AU - Qiu, L. | Liu, X. | Xiao, M. | Xie, J. | Cao, W. | Liu, Z. | Morse, A. | Xie, Y. | Li, T. | Zhu, L. C1 - 2020-04-14 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/041420_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 28 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa375 ET - 2020/04/03 IS - 15 KW - Betacoronavirus/genetics | Bodily Secretions/*virology | Body Fluids/*virology | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis/*virology | Female | Humans | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis/*virology | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 | Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/virology | Vagina/*virology | *COVID-19 pneumonia | *SARS-CoV-2 | *clinical features | *vaginal fluid L1 - internal-pdf://2063897162/Qiu-2020-SARS-CoV-2 Is Not Detectable in the V.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Qiu, Lin; Liu, Xia; Xiao, Meng; Xie, Jing; Cao, Wei; Liu, Zhengyin; Morse, Abraham; Xie, Yuhua; Li, Taisheng; Zhu, Lan; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Jul 28;71(15):813-817. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa375. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Vaginal fluid of post-menopausal women does not appear to contain detectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA. | Methods: Vaginal fluid samples from 10 post-menopausal women aged 52 to 80 years with severe COVID-19 pneumonia were tested for SARS-CoV-2 RNA by RT-PCR. Vaginal swab samples were collected 17 to 40 days after COVID-19 diagnosis. Limitations: Samples only from post-menopausal women; long period between diagnosis and testing. | Implications: Sexual transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from post-menopausal women appears highly unlikely. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - 813-817 ST - SARS-CoV-2 Is Not Detectable in the Vaginal Fluid of Women With Severe COVID-19 Infection T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - SARS-CoV-2 Is Not Detectable in the Vaginal Fluid of Women With Severe COVID-19 Infection UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32241022 VL - 71 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 35 ER - TY - JOUR AD - National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy (F.C., D.L., F.C., E.L., L.B., P.M., E.N., N.B., M.L.G., A.C., G.I., M.R.C., C.C.). AN - 32302380 AU - Colavita, F. | Lapa, D. | Carletti, F. | Lalle, E. | Bordi, L. | Marsella, P. | Nicastri, E. | Bevilacqua, N. | Giancola, M. L. | Corpolongo, A. | Ippolito, G. | Capobianchi, M. R. | Castilletti, C. C1 - 2020-04-24 C2 - Laboratory Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/042420_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 4 DO - 10.7326/M20-1176 DP - NLM ET - 2020/04/18 IS - 3 KW - Aged | Betacoronavirus/*isolation & purification | Covid-19 | Conjunctivitis/virology | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis | Eye/*virology | Female | Humans | Italy | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis | RNA, Viral/*isolation & purification | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://1513383538/Colavita-2020-SARS-CoV-2 Isolation From Ocular.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Colavita, Francesca; Lapa, Daniele; Carletti, Fabrizio; Lalle, Eleonora; Bordi, Licia; Marsella, Patrizia; Nicastri, Emanuele; Bevilacqua, Nazario; Giancola, Maria Letizia; Corpolongo, Angela; Ippolito, Giuseppe; Capobianchi, Maria Rosaria; Castilletti, Concetta; eng; Case Reports; Letter; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Ann Intern Med. 2020 Aug 4;173(3):242-243. doi: 10.7326/M20-1176. Epub 2020 Apr 17. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; A patient with mild illness but severe conjunctivitis had viraldetectable in conjunctival swabs. | Viral RNA was detected in conjunctival swabs for up to 27 days. | Conjunctivitis had resolved by day 21. | Viral RNA became undetectable in the nasal swabs after day 16 (Figure). | Viral culture from day 3 conjunctival swab may have yielded replication-competent SARS-CoV-2. | Methods: Case report of a 65-year-old hospitalized woman. Due to severe conjunctivitis at admission she underwent eye exams and with nasal and conjunctival swabs collections for 29 days. Swabs were tested for RNA by RT-PCR. Limitations: Culture methods did not include serial passage. | Implications: This may be the first report suggesting infectious virus is present in conjunctival secretions. SN - 1539-3704 (Electronic); 0003-4819 (Linking) SP - 242-243 ST - SARS-CoV-2 Isolation From Ocular Secretions of a Patient With COVID-19 in Italy With Prolonged Viral RNA Detection T2 - Ann Intern Med TI - SARS-CoV-2 Isolation From Ocular Secretions of a Patient With COVID-19 in Italy With Prolonged Viral RNA Detection UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32302380 VL - 173 ID - 81 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The SARS-CoV-2 lambda variant (lineage C.37) was designated by the World Health Organization as a variant of interest and is currently increasing in prevalence in South American and other countries. The lambda spike protein contains novel mutations within the receptor binding domain (L452Q and F490S) that may contribute to its increased transmissibility and could result in susceptibility to re-infection or a reduction in protection provided by current vaccines. In this study, the infectivity and susceptibility of viruses with the lambda variant spike protein to neutralization by convalescent sera and vaccine-elicited antibodies was tested. Virus with the lambda spike had higher infectivity and was neutralized by convalescent sera and vaccine-elicited antibodies with a relatively minor 2.3-3.3-fold decrease in titer on average. The virus was neutralized by the Regeneron therapeutic monoclonal antibody cocktail with no loss of titer. The results suggest that vaccines in current use will remain protective against the lambda variant and that monoclonal antibody therapy will remain effective.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest. AU - Tada, Takuya | Zhou, Hao | Dcosta, Belinda M. | Samanovic, Marie I. | Mulligan, Mark J. | Landau, Nathaniel R. C1 - 2021-07-16 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07162021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.07.02.450959 L1 - internal-pdf://0572496580/Tada-2021-SARS-CoV-2 Lambda Variant Remains Su.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: SARS-CoV-2 Lambda had a 3-fold reduction in neutralization compared to wild-type by sera from convalescents (n = 8) and BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech, n = 15) or mRNA-1273 (Moderna, n = 6) vaccinees. While Lambda was about 3.6-fold resistant to neutralization by REGN10987, it was neutralized well by REGN10933. SP - 2021.07.02.450959 ST - SARS-CoV-2 Lambda Variant Remains Susceptible to Neutralization by mRNA Vaccine-elicited Antibodies and Convalescent Serum T2 - bioRxiv TI - SARS-CoV-2 Lambda Variant Remains Susceptible to Neutralization by mRNA Vaccine-elicited Antibodies and Convalescent Serum UR - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2021/07/03/2021.07.02.450959.abstract | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2021/07/03/2021.07.02.450959.full.pdf ID - 1978 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Wide-scale SARS-CoV-2 genome sequencing is critical to monitoring and understanding viral evolution during the ongoing pandemic. Variants first detected in the United Kingdom, South Africa, and Brazil have spread to multiple countries. We have developed a software tool, Variant Database (VDB), for quickly examining the changing landscape of spike mutations. Using this tool, we detected an emerging lineage of viral isolates in the New York region that shares mutations with previously reported variants. The most common sets of spike mutations in this lineage (now designated as B.1.526) are L5F, T95I, D253G, E484K or S477N, D614G, and A701V. This lineage appeared in late November 2020, and isolates from this lineage account for ~25% of coronavirus genomes sequenced and deposited from New York during February 2021.Competing Interest StatementP.J.B. is a co-inventor on a provisional application from the California Institute of Technology for the use of mosaic nanoparticles as coronavirus immunogens. P.J.B. and C.O.B. are co-inventors on a provisional application for several anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies. AD - Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. | Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093. | New York City Public Health Laboratory, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY, 10016 USA. | Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093. | Pandemic Response Laboratory, Long Island City, NY 11101. | Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115. | Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA. | Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065 USA. AN - 33907745 AU - West, Anthony P. | Barnes, Christopher O. | Yang, Zhi | Bjorkman, Pamela J. C1 - 2021-03-05 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03052021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 22 DO - 10.1101/2021.02.14.431043 ET - 2021/04/29 L1 - internal-pdf://3773416153/West-2021-SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.526 emerging.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - West, Anthony P Jr | Wertheim, Joel O | Wang, Jade C | Vasylyeva, Tetyana I | Havens, Jennifer L | Chowdhury, Moinuddin A | Gonzalez, Edimarlyn | Fang, Courtney E | Di Lonardo, Steve S | Hughes, Scott | Rakeman, Jennifer L | Lee, Henry H | Barnes, Christopher O | Gnanapragasam, Priyanthi N P | Yang, Zhi | Gaebler, Christian | Caskey, Marina | Nussenzweig, Michel C | Keeffe, Jennifer R | Bjorkman, Pamela J | eng | R01 AI135992/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | R01 AI136056/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | Preprint | bioRxiv. 2021 Apr 22. doi: 10.1101/2021.02.14.431043. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; In New York state during November 2020-February 2021, B.1.526 isolates (with spike mutations T95I and D253G) increased from 0.2% to 27.8% of sequenced SARS-CoV-2 isolates. | In New York state during December 2020–February 2021, B.1.526 isolates (with the spike mutations L5F, T95I, D253G, E484K, D614G, and A701V) increased from 0.9% to 13.9% of sequenced SARS-CoV-2 isolates. | Methods: Developed a software tool, Variant Database, to detect changes in the spike protein mutational landscape by identifying collections of isolate sequences (clusters) reported to the Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data (GISAIDexternal icon). Limitations: Only a small proportion of SARS-CoV-2 infections are tested for genetic sequences and reported to GISAID; geographic sampling might have varied over time and was not necessarily random (i.e., representative). | Implications for both studies (West et al. and Annavajhala et al.): The B.1.526 variant emerged rapidly and may already be widespread in the northeastern US. This variant includes multiple mutations that might facilitate SARS-CoV-2 infection and spread, including through attenuation of antibody neutralization (E484K), escape from antibodies against the N-terminal domain (D253G), and ACE2 interactions that might enhance viral infectivity (S477N). Continued mitigation efforts and increased capacity for genetic surveillance will be critical to limit and detect further development and spread of mutations. SP - 2021.02.14.431043 ST - SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.526 emerging in the New York region detected by software utility created to query the spike mutational landscape T2 - bioRxiv TI - SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.526 emerging in the New York region detected by software utility created to query the spike mutational landscape UR - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2021/02/23/2021.02.14.431043.abstract | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2021/04/22/2021.02.14.431043.full.pdf ID - 1903 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background As of June 30, 2020, Malaysia had confirmed 8,639 cases of COVID-19. About 39% of these were associated with a religious mass gathering event held in Kuala Lumpur between February 27 and March 1, 2020, which drove community transmission during Malaysia’s main wave. We analysed genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 from Malaysia to understand the molecular epidemiology.Methods We obtained whole genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 from 58 COVID-19 patients in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and performed phylogenetic analyses on these and a further 50 Malaysian sequences available in the GISAID database. Malaysian lineage B.6 sequences were further analysed with all available worldwide lineage B.6 sequences.Results Nine different SARS-CoV-2 lineages (A, B, B.1, B.1.1, B.1.1.1, B.1.36, B.2, B.3 and B.6) were detected in Malaysia. The B.6 lineage was first reported a week after the mass gathering and became predominant (63%) despite being relatively rare (1.4%) among available global sequences. Increases in reported cases and community-acquired B.6 lineage strains were temporally linked. Non-B.6 lineages were mainly associated with travel and showed limited onward transmission. There were also temporally-correlated increases in B.6 sequences in other Southeast Asian countries, India and Australia, linked to participants returning from this event. We also report the presence of a nsp3-C6310A substitution found in 40.5% of global B.6 sequences which has associated with reduced sensitivity in a commercial assay.Conclusion Lineage B.6 became the predominant cause of community transmission in Malaysia after likely introduction during a religious mass gathering. This event also contributed to spikes of lineage B.6 in other countries in the region.Author Summary The COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia was driven mainly by transmission following a religious mass gathering held in Kuala Lumpur at the end of February. To study the genetic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Malaysia, we analysed 50 available and 58 newly-generated Malaysian whole genome virus sequences. We found that lineage B.6, rare (1.4%) globally, first appeared after the mass gathering and became the most predominant (62.9%) in Malaysia. Increases in COVID-19 cases and locally-acquired B.6 strains were temporally linked. Non-B.6 viruses were mainly associated with travel and showed limited spread. Increases in B.6 viruses in Southeast Asian countries, India and Australia were linked to participants returning from this mass gathering. Altogether, 95.3% of global B.6 sequences originated in Asia or Australia. We also report a mutation in the virus nsP3 gene found in 40.5% of global B.6 sequences and associated with reduced detection by a commercial diagnostic test. In conclusion, the religious mass gathering in Kuala Lumpur was associated with the main wave of COVID-19 cases of predominantly B.6 lineage in Malaysia, and subsequent spread of B.6 viruses regionally. Genome sequence data provides valuable insight into virus spread and is important for monitoring continued accuracy of diagnostic kits. AU - Chong, Yoong Min | Sam, I. Ching | Chong, Jennifer | Bador, Maria Kahar | Ponnampalavanar, Sasheela | Omar, Sharifah Faridah Syed | Kamarulzaman, Adeeba | Munusamy, Vijayan | Wong, Chee Kuan | Jamaluddin, Fadhil Hadi | Chan, Yoke Fun C1 - 2020-09-08 C2 - Phylogenetic Analysis CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090820_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.08.27.269738 L1 - internal-pdf://1316579675/Chong-2020-SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.6 is the major.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Although the B.6 lineage represents ~1.4% of virus sequences worldwide, 68/108 (62.9%) sequences from Malaysia were from the B.6 lineage. | In Malaysia, a spike of lineage B.6 began a week after a mass gathering in Kuala Lumpur that was attended by ~1,500 participants from nearby countries (Figure 1). | B.6 virus lineage sequences emerged in nearby countries soon after the mass gathering (Figure 2). | Methods: 108 Malaysian sequences were used to study the genetic diversity and epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Malaysia, relative to regional and worldwide virus lineages. To examine regional spread of the B.6 lineage, country of origin was analyzed for all B.6 lineage sequences (n = 970) in a global database of >60,000 viral sequences. Limitations: Potential sampling bias. | Implications for 2 studies (Lemieux et al. and Chong et al.): Phylogeny can be used to give insights into local and regional epidemiology as well as global epidemiology, as described by Gomez-Carballa et al. (Mapping genome variation of SARS-CoV-2 worldwide highlights the impact of COVID-19 super-spreadersexternal icon. Genome Research) and to identify superspreading events and their ability to cause sustained community transmission. Superspreading events that result in ongoing transmission may be the result of selection for greater viral fitness or special characteristics of infected populations, such as increased mobility or decreased control measures. SP - 2020.08.27.269738 ST - SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.6 is the major contributor to transmission in Malaysia T2 - bioRxiv TI - SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.6 is the major contributor to transmission in Malaysia TT - Published article: SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.6 was the major contributor to early pandemic transmission in Malaysia UR - https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2020/08/27/2020.08.27.269738.full.pdf ID - 842 ER - TY - JOUR AB - SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-based vaccines are about 95% effective in preventing COVID-191�?. The dynamics of antibody-secreting plasmablasts and germinal centre B cells induced by these vaccines in humans remain unclear. Here we examined antigen-specific B cell responses in peripheral blood (n = 41) and draining lymph nodes in 14 individuals who had received 2 doses of BNT162b2, an mRNA-based vaccine that encodes the full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) gene1. Circulating IgG- and IgA-secreting plasmablasts that target the S protein peaked one week after the second immunization and then declined, becoming undetectable three weeks later. These plasmablast responses preceded maximal levels of serum anti-S binding and neutralizing antibodies to an early circulating SARS-CoV-2 strain as well as emerging variants, especially in individuals who had previously been infected with SARS-CoV-2 (who produced the most robust serological responses). By examining fine needle aspirates of draining axillary lymph nodes, we identified germinal centre B cells that bound S protein in all participants who were sampled after primary immunization. High frequencies of S-binding germinal centre B cells and plasmablasts were sustained in these draining lymph nodes for at least 12 weeks after the booster immunization. S-binding monoclonal antibodies derived from germinal centre B cells predominantly targeted the receptor-binding domain of the S protein, and fewer clones bound to the N-terminal domain or to epitopes shared with the S proteins of the human betacoronaviruses OC43 and HKU1. These latter cross-reactive B cell clones had higher levels of somatic hypermutation as compared to those that recognized only the SARS-CoV-2 S protein, which suggests a memory B cell origin. Our studies demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-based vaccination of humans induces a persistent germinal centre B cell response, which enables the generation of robust humoral immunity. AD - Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA. | Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA. | Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA. | Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Clinical Trials Unit, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA. | University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. | Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA. | Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA. | The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA. prestir@wustl.edu. | Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA. prestir@wustl.edu. | Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA. ellebedy@wustl.edu. | Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA. ellebedy@wustl.edu. | The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA. ellebedy@wustl.edu. AN - 34182569 AU - Turner, Jackson S. | O’Halloran, Jane A. | Kalaidina, Elizaveta | Kim, Wooseob | Schmitz, Aaron J. | Zhou, Julian Q. | Lei, Tingting | Thapa, Mahima | Chen, Rita E. | Case, James Brett | Amanat, Fatima | Rauseo, Adriana M. | Haile, Alem | Xie, Xuping | Klebert, Michael K. | Suessen, Teresa | Middleton, William D. | Shi, Pei-Yong | Krammer, Florian | Teefey, Sharlene A. | Diamond, Michael S. | Presti, Rachel M. | Ellebedy, Ali H. C1 - 2021-07-09 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07092021_covidupdate.html DA - 2021/06/28 DO - 10.1038/s41586-021-03738-2 ET - 2021/06/29 IS - 7870 KW - Adult | Aged | Animals | Antibodies, Viral/immunology | COVID-19/*immunology/prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/*immunology | Chlorocebus aethiops | Clone Cells/cytology/immunology | Germinal Center/cytology/*immunology | Healthy Volunteers | Humans | Middle Aged | Plasma Cells/cytology/*immunology | SARS-CoV-2/immunology | Time Factors | Vaccines, Synthetic/*immunology | Vero Cells L1 - internal-pdf://3841117190/Turner-2021-SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce pe.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Turner, Jackson S | O'Halloran, Jane A | Kalaidina, Elizaveta | Kim, Wooseob | Schmitz, Aaron J | Zhou, Julian Q | Lei, Tingting | Thapa, Mahima | Chen, Rita E | Case, James Brett | Amanat, Fatima | Rauseo, Adriana M | Haile, Alem | Xie, Xuping | Klebert, Michael K | Suessen, Teresa | Middleton, William D | Shi, Pei-Yong | Krammer, Florian | Teefey, Sharlene A | Diamond, Michael S | Presti, Rachel M | Ellebedy, Ali H | eng | U01 AI141990/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | 1U01 AI150747/NH/NIH HHS/ | R01 AI157155/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | AI134907/NH/NIH HHS/ | UL1 TR001439/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/ | 5T32 CA009547/NH/NIH HHS/ | Observational Study | Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | England | Nature. 2021 Aug;596(7870):109-113. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03738-2. Epub 2021 Jun 28. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) vaccination induced strong IgG-dominated plasmablast (PB) responses, peaking 1 week post 2nd dose. | Robust S-binding germinal center (GC) B-cell responses were detected for up to 12 weeks in lymph node aspirates in a subset of 14 participants. | PB responses preceded high levels of anti-S binding and neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) to several emerging variants, especially in 8 participants infected prior to vaccination. | Methods: Antigen-specific B cell responses in blood (n = 41) and draining lymph nodes (n = 14) were examined after 2 doses of BNT162b2. PBs binding to SARS-CoV-2 protein was measured by enzyme-linked immune absorbent spot (ELISpot). Limitations: Small sample size, especially for subset analysis. | Implications: BNT162b2 vaccination elicits prolonged GC responses for antibody-mediated immunity in humans. Durable memory B cell immunity may indicate longer lasting humoral immunity than NAb levels alone may suggest. SN - 1476-4687 SP - 109-113 ST - SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce persistent human germinal centre responses T2 - Nature TI - SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce persistent human germinal centre responses UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03738-2 | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03738-2.pdf VL - 596 ID - 1962 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A qualitative real-time polymerase chain reaction of nasopharyngeal secretions is the criterion standard for identifying respiratory viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, major concerns have been raised regarding the rates of false-negative results in community testing locations. In an early retrospective review of community hospital testing in China, a sensitivity of only 71% was reported. Although there are many sources of false-negative results—including laboratory errors, patient misidentification, and inadequate collection of secretions—improper technique resulting in swabs not reaching the target site of the nasopharynx is a pervasive but modifiable error. AD - Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Communicative Disorders, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky. | Rhinology, Sinus & Skull Base, Kentuckiana Ear, Nose, and Throat, Louisville, Kentucky. | Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California. | Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis. AN - 32940647 AU - Higgins, T. S. | Wu, A. W. | Ting, J. Y. C1 - 2020-09-29 C2 - SARS-CoV-2 Testing CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/092920_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 1 DO - 10.1001/jamaoto.2020.2946 ET - 2020/09/18 IS - 11 KW - COVID-19/*diagnosis | COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing/*methods/standards | False Negative Reactions | Humans | Nasopharynx/*anatomy & histology/*virology | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://1804103588/Higgins-2020-SARS-CoV-2 Nasopharyngeal Swab Te.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Higgins, Thomas S; Wu, Arthur W; Ting, Jonathan Y; eng; JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020 Nov 1;146(11):993-994. doi: 10.1001/jamaoto.2020.2946. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Improper technique resulting in swabs not reaching the nasopharynx might be a source of false-negative results. SN - 2168-619X (Electronic); 2168-6181 (Linking) SP - 993-994 ST - SARS-CoV-2 Nasopharyngeal Swab Testing-False-Negative Results From a Pervasive Anatomical Misconception T2 - JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg TI - SARS-CoV-2 Nasopharyngeal Swab Testing-False-Negative Results From a Pervasive Anatomical Misconception UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32940647 VL - 146 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 960 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), which is most frequently mild yet can be severe and life-threatening. Virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies are predicted to reduce viral load, ameliorate symptoms, and prevent hospitalization. METHODS: In this ongoing phase 2 trial involving outpatients with recently diagnosed mild or moderate Covid-19, we randomly assigned 452 patients to receive a single intravenous infusion of neutralizing antibody LY-CoV555 in one of three doses (700 mg, 2800 mg, or 7000 mg) or placebo and evaluated the quantitative virologic end points and clinical outcomes. The primary outcome was the change from baseline in the viral load at day 11. The results of a preplanned interim analysis as of September 5, 2020, are reported here. RESULTS: At the time of the interim analysis, the observed mean decrease from baseline in the log viral load for the entire population was -3.81, for an elimination of more than 99.97% of viral RNA. For patients who received the 2800-mg dose of LY-CoV555, the difference from placebo in the decrease from baseline was -0.53 (95% confidence interval [CI], -0.98 to -0.08; P = 0.02), for a viral load that was lower by a factor of 3.4. Smaller differences from placebo in the change from baseline were observed among the patients who received the 700-mg dose (-0.20; 95% CI, -0.66 to 0.25; P = 0.38) or the 7000-mg dose (0.09; 95% CI, -0.37 to 0.55; P = 0.70). On days 2 to 6, the patients who received LY-CoV555 had a slightly lower severity of symptoms than those who received placebo. The percentage of patients who had a Covid-19-related hospitalization or visit to an emergency department was 1.6% in the LY-CoV555 group and 6.3% in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: In this interim analysis of a phase 2 trial, one of three doses of neutralizing antibody LY-CoV555 appeared to accelerate the natural decline in viral load over time, whereas the other doses had not by day 11. (Funded by Eli Lilly; BLAZE-1 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04427501.). AD - From the Department of Medicine, Women's Guild Lung Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles (P.C.), and Long Beach Clinical Trials, Long Beach (B.H.) - both in California; Eli Lilly, Indianapolis (A.N., A.C.A., J.V.N., K.L.C., L.S., M.D., G.O., A.E.S., J.S., D.R.P., P.K., D.M.S.), and Franciscan Health, Greenwood (I.S.) - both in Indiana; Baylor University Medical Center and Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas (R.L.G.); Vitalink Research, Union, SC (J.B.); Imperial Health, Lake Charles, LA (J.M.); Cook County Health (G.H.) and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine (V.S.), Chicago; Indago Research and Health Center, Hialeah, FL (J.C.); and Las Vegas Medical Research Center, Las Vegas (B.M.). AN - 33113295 AU - Chen, P. | Nirula, A. | Heller, B. | Gottlieb, R. L. | Boscia, J. | Morris, J. | Huhn, G. | Cardona, J. | Mocherla, B. | Stosor, V. | Shawa, I. | Adams, A. C. | Van Naarden, J. | Custer, K. L. | Shen, L. | Durante, M. | Oakley, G. | Schade, A. E. | Sabo, J. | Patel, D. R. | Klekotka, P. | Skovronsky, D. M. | Blaze- Investigators C1 - 2020-11-10 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/111020_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 21 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2029849 ET - 2020/10/29 IS - 3 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/*administration & dosage/adverse effects | Antibodies, Neutralizing/*administration & dosage/adverse effects | COVID-19/*drug therapy/virology | Dose-Response Relationship, Drug | Double-Blind Method | Female | Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data | Humans | Immunologic Factors/*administration & dosage/adverse effects | Male | Middle Aged | Outpatients | RNA, Viral/blood | Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction | SARS-CoV-2/genetics/*isolation & purification | Severity of Illness Index | Viral Load/*drug effects | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://1583109348/Chen-2021-SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody LY-.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Chen, Peter; Nirula, Ajay; Heller, Barry; Gottlieb, Robert L; Boscia, Joseph; Morris, Jason; Huhn, Gregory; Cardona, Jose; Mocherla, Bharat; Stosor, Valentina; Shawa, Imad; Adams, Andrew C; Van Naarden, Jacob; Custer, Kenneth L; Shen, Lei; Durante, Michael; Oakley, Gerard; Schade, Andrew E; Sabo, Janelle; Patel, Dipak R; Klekotka, Paul; Skovronsky, Daniel M; eng; UL1 TR001422/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; Clinical Trial, Phase II; Randomized Controlled Trial; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; N Engl J Med. 2021 Jan 21;384(3):229-237. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2029849. Epub 2020 Oct 28. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Decreases from baseline in SARS-CoV-2 log viral load were: | Greater in participants who received 2800 mg of LY-CoV555 than in those who received placebo (�?.53, 95% CI -0.98 to -0.08). | Not significantly different between participants who received 700 mg or 7000 mg of LY-CoV555 and those who received placebo. | Participants who received LY-CoV555 had less severe symptoms than those who received placebo (Figure). | 1.6% of participants in the LY-CoV555 group and 6.3% in the placebo group had a COVID-19–related hospitalization or emergency department visit. | No deaths were reported; one serious adverse event was reported in the placebo group. | Methods: Interim analysis of a phase 2 randomized, placebo-controlled trial evaluating neutralizing monoclonal antibody LY-CoV555 at 700 mg (n = 101), 2800 mg (n = 107), or 7000 mg (n = 101) vs placebo (n = 143) in outpatients with recently-diagnosed mild or moderate COVID-19. The primary outcome was change in RT-PCR viral load from baseline to Day 11. Secondary outcomes included reported symptom severity, COVID-19-related hospitalization or emergency department visit, and death. Limitations: SARS-CoV-2 viral load declines over time in most patients with COVID-19 and might not predict clinical disease course or of treatment effectiveness. | Implications: While another trial of LY-CoV555 was recently stopped given apparent lack of clinical benefit in hospitalized COVID-19 patientsexternal icon, LY-CoV555, known as banlanivimab, effects on early mild or moderate COVID-19 were effective enough for an FDA emergency use authorizationexternal icon issued November 9, 2020. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 229-237 ST - SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody LY-CoV555 in Outpatients with Covid-19 T2 - N Engl J Med TI - SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody LY-CoV555 in Outpatients with Covid-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33113295 VL - 384 ID - 1218 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We describe a multifactorial investigation of a SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in a large meat processing complex in Germany. Infection event timing, spatial, climate and ventilation conditions in the processing plant, sharing of living quarters and transport, and viral genome sequences were analyzed. Our results suggest that a single index case transmitted SARS-CoV-2 to co-workers over distances of more than 8 m, within a confined work area in which air is constantly recirculated and cooled. Viral genome sequencing shows that all cases share a set of mutations representing a novel sub-branch in the SARS-CoV-2 C20 clade. We identified the same set of mutations in samples collected in the time period between this initial infection cluster and a subsequent outbreak within the same factory, with the largest number of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases in a German meat processing facility reported so far. Our results indicate climate conditions, fresh air exchange rates, and airflow as factors that can promote efficient spread of SARS-CoV-2 via long distances and provide insights into possible requirements for pandemic mitigation strategies in industrial workplace settings. AD - Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany. | Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. | Health Office, Osnabruck, Germany. | Institute of Hygiene and Public Health, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. | Omikron Systems GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany. | Viral Immune Modulation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany. | Institute of Genetics, Technische Universitat Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany. AN - 33012091 AU - Gunther, T. | Czech-Sioli, M. | Indenbirken, D. | Robitaille, A. | Tenhaken, P. | Exner, M. | Ottinger, M. | Fischer, N. | Grundhoff, A. | Brinkmann, M. M. C1 - 2020-10-16 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/101620_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 7 DO - 10.15252/emmm.202013296 ET - 2020/10/05 IS - 12 KW - COVID-19/diagnosis/*epidemiology/transmission/virology | *Disease Outbreaks | Food Industry | Genotype | Germany/epidemiology | Humans | Open Reading Frames/genetics | Physical Distancing | RNA, Viral/metabolism | Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction | SARS-CoV-2/genetics/isolation & purification | Ventilation | Workplace | *SARS-CoV-2 super spreading event | *aerosol transmission | *meat processing plant outbreak | *viral genome sequencing L1 - internal-pdf://1557537429/Gunther-2020-SARS-CoV-2 outbreak investigation.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Gunther, Thomas; Czech-Sioli, Manja; Indenbirken, Daniela; Robitaille, Alexis; Tenhaken, Peter; Exner, Martin; Ottinger, Matthias; Fischer, Nicole; Grundhoff, Adam; Brinkmann, Melanie M; eng; SMART BIOTECS Alliance/International; W2/W3-090/Helmholtz Association ()/International; HPI-COVID-19/Federal Ministry of Health (Germany)/International; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; EMBO Mol Med. 2020 Dec 7;12(12):e13296. doi: 10.15252/emmm.202013296. Epub 2020 Oct 27. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Based on viral genome relatedness, a cluster of 29 infections among 147 workers from a single shift was attributable to a single index case (Figure). | Follow-up screening and testing identified ongoing transmission with more than 1,400 cases identified through June. | Workers within an 8-meter radius of the index case were at highest risk for infection (p <0.001). | Infection was associated with working at fixed stations at which air conditioners recirculated air above workers, fans recirculating the air did not have filters and fresh-air exchange rates were low (<1 exchange per hour). | Sharing a bedroom (p = 0.039) and sharing both an apartment and transportation (p = 0.048), were associated with infection. | Methods: Report of a large outbreak in a meat processing plant in Germany between May and June 2020, with genome sequencing of virus from cases. Limitations: All data on workers, including workplace location, sharing of housing, or transportation, were provided by the employer with no independent verification; genome type was not determined for all cases. | Implications: SARS-CoV-2 super spreading events have occurred in meat processing plants. In the absence of good ventilation, physical distance of 2 meters (6 feet) did not prevent transmission of SARS-CoV-2. SN - 1757-4684 (Electronic); 1757-4676 (Linking) SP - e13296 ST - SARS-CoV-2 outbreak investigation in a German meat processing plant T2 - EMBO Mol Med TI - SARS-CoV-2 outbreak investigation in a German meat processing plant UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33012091 VL - 12 ID - 1055 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Schools reopened during the fall of 2020 with various approaches to mitigate SARS-CoV-2 infection. At that time, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended a 14-day quarantine without testing for close contacts of anyone diagnosed with COVID-19.However, data indicated that the incubation period for SARS-CoV-2 infection is 4 to 5 days from exposure in adults and is 6 to 7 days from exposure in children, suggesting that most infected students should test positive by day 9. Therefore, Alachua County, Florida, implemented SARS-CoV-2 testing on day 9 and return to school on day 10 for student contacts of confirmed COVID-19 cases. We evaluated test positivity rates for SARS-CoV-2 infection among these student contacts. AD - Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville. | Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, College of Public Health and Health Professions, Gainesville. | Florida Department of Health, Jacksonville. | Florida Department of Health, Gainesville. | Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville. AN - 33605978 AU - Nelson, E. J. | McKune, S. L. | Ryan, K. A. | Lednicky, J. A. | Crowe, S. R. | Myers, P. D. | Morris, J. G., Jr. C1 - 2021-03-05 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03052021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 20 DO - 10.1001/jama.2021.2392 ET - 2021/02/20 IS - 15 KW - Adolescent | COVID-19/diagnosis/epidemiology/*transmission | COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing | Child | Contact Tracing | Female | Florida/epidemiology | Humans | Infectious Disease Incubation Period | Male | *Quarantine | SARS-CoV-2/genetics/*isolation & purification | *Students L1 - internal-pdf://1346950843/Nelson-2021-SARS-CoV-2 Positivity on or After.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Nelson, Eric J; McKune, Sarah L; Ryan, Kathleen A; Lednicky, John A; Crowe, Susanne R; Myers, Paul D; Morris, J Glenn Jr; eng; JAMA. 2021 Apr 20;325(15):1561-1562. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.2392. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Compared with a 14-day quarantine without testing, the 9-day quarantine with testing protocol instituted for student contacts of confirmed cases resulted in earlier return to school without risk for subsequent illness. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 1561-1562 ST - SARS-CoV-2 Positivity on or After 9 Days Among Quarantined Student Contacts of Confirmed Cases T2 - JAMA TI - SARS-CoV-2 Positivity on or After 9 Days Among Quarantined Student Contacts of Confirmed Cases UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33605978 VL - 325 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1547 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The black community has been disproportionally affected by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in the US. Emerging data highlight sharp increases in cases within the Latino community. We analyzed temporal trends in positivity rates for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the Baltimore–Washington, DC region by race/ethnicity. AD - Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. | Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. AN - 32556212 AU - Martinez, D. A. | Hinson, J. S. | Klein, E. Y. | Irvin, N. A. | Saheed, M. | Page, K. R. | Levin, S. R. C1 - 2020-06-30 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/063020_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 28 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.11374 ET - 2020/06/20 IS - 4 KW - Adolescent | Adult | African Continental Ancestry Group/statistics & numerical data | Age Factors | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Analysis of Variance | Baltimore/epidemiology/ethnology | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Clinical Laboratory Techniques/statistics & numerical data | Confidence Intervals | Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/epidemiology/*ethnology | District of Columbia/epidemiology/ethnology | European Continental Ancestry Group/statistics & numerical data | Female | Hispanic Americans/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Patient Admission/statistics & numerical data | Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis/epidemiology/*ethnology | SARS-CoV-2 | Time Factors | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://0294093995/Martinez-2020-SARS-CoV-2 Positivity Rate for L.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Martinez, Diego A; Hinson, Jeremiah S; Klein, Eili Y; Irvin, Nathan A; Saheed, Mustapha; Page, Kathleen R; Levin, Scott R; eng; R18 HS026640/HS/AHRQ HHS/; U01 CK000589/CK/NCEZID CDC HHS/; Multicenter Study; JAMA. 2020 Jul 28;324(4):392-395. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.11374. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Rates of SARS-CoV-2-RNA-positive NP swab were 43% among Latino patients, 18% among African American/black patients, 9% among White patients, and 17% among patients of other races/ethnicities. | 61.5% of Latino patients aged 18�?4 years who tested had a positive NP swab. | Testing volume increased over time and rate of positive tests declined (Figure). | Latino patients with infection were less likely to be hospitalized (29%) compared with White (40%) and African-American/black (42%) patients, possibly due to younger age and fewer comorbidities. | Methods: 37,727 patients were tested for SARS-CoV-2 at 5 hospitals and 30 outpatient clinics, Baltimore, MD, March 11–May 25, 2020. Limitations: Unclear if high positive rate among Latinos was due to low relative testing rates, high viral prevalence, or both. | Implications: High RT-PCR positivity was observed among Latinos in Baltimore. Addressing needs of Latino communities may prevent infection and address disparities. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 392-395 ST - SARS-CoV-2 Positivity Rate for Latinos in the Baltimore-Washington, DC Region T2 - JAMA TI - SARS-CoV-2 Positivity Rate for Latinos in the Baltimore-Washington, DC Region UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32556212 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 460 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can cause coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an influenza-like disease that is primarily thought to infect the lungs with transmission through the respiratory route. However, clinical evidence suggests that the intestine may present another viral target organ. Indeed, the SARS-CoV-2 receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is highly expressed on differentiated enterocytes. In human small intestinal organoids (hSIOs), enterocytes were readily infected by SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, as demonstrated by confocal and electron microscopy. Enterocytes produced infectious viral particles, whereas messenger RNA expression analysis of hSIOs revealed induction of a generic viral response program. Therefore, the intestinal epithelium supports SARS-CoV-2 replication, and hSIOs serve as an experimental model for coronavirus infection and biology. AD - Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands. | Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center, Utrecht, Netherlands. | The Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands. | Center for Molecular Medicine and Oncode Institute, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands. | Hartwig Medical Foundation, Amsterdam, Netherlands. | Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center, Utrecht, Netherlands. h.clevers@hubrecht.eu b.haagmans@erasmusmc.nl. AN - 32358202 AU - Lamers, M. M. | Beumer, J. | van der Vaart, J. | Knoops, K. | Puschhof, J. | Breugem, T. I. | Ravelli, R. B. G. | Paul van Schayck, J. | Mykytyn, A. Z. | Duimel, H. Q. | van Donselaar, E. | Riesebosch, S. | Kuijpers, H. J. H. | Schipper, D. | van de Wetering, W. J. | de Graaf, M. | Koopmans, M. | Cuppen, E. | Peters, P. J. | Haagmans, B. L. | Clevers, H. C1 - 2020-06-02 C2 - SARS-CoV-2 in Stool CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060220_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 3 DO - 10.1126/science.abc1669 DP - NLM ET - 2020/05/03 IS - 6499 KW - Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 | Betacoronavirus/*physiology/ultrastructure | Cell Culture Techniques | Cell Differentiation | Cell Lineage | Cell Proliferation | Culture Media | Enterocytes/metabolism/ultrastructure/*virology | Gene Expression | Humans | Ileum/metabolism/ultrastructure/*virology | Lung/virology | Male | Organoids | Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/genetics/metabolism | RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism | Receptors, Virus/genetics/metabolism | Respiratory Mucosa/virology | SARS Virus/physiology | SARS-CoV-2 | *Virus Replication L1 - internal-pdf://2453576934/Lamers-2020-SARS-CoV-2 productively infects hu.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Lamers, Mart M; Beumer, Joep; van der Vaart, Jelte; Knoops, Kevin; Puschhof, Jens; Breugem, Tim I; Ravelli, Raimond B G; Paul van Schayck, J; Mykytyn, Anna Z; Duimel, Hans Q; van Donselaar, Elly; Riesebosch, Samra; Kuijpers, Helma J H; Schipper, Debby; van de Wetering, Willine J; de Graaf, Miranda; Koopmans, Marion; Cuppen, Edwin; Peters, Peter J; Haagmans, Bart L; Clevers, Hans; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Science. 2020 Jul 3;369(6499):50-54. doi: 10.1126/science.abc1669. Epub 2020 May 1. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; SARS-CoV-2 is capable of infecting and replicating in a laboratory model of the human small intestine. | Viral replication occurred at levels lower than in an airway model and decreased after 24 hours (Figure). | In response to infection with SARS-CoV-2, the intestinal cells produced an antiviral, inflammatory immune response. | Methods: 3-dimensional organoid models of the human small intestine and airway were grown from differentiated adult stem cells. SARS-CoV-2 infection was measured over time by staining and visualizing viral particles and quantifying viral RNA. Limitations: Laboratory study. | Implications of 4 studies (Lamers et al., Wolf et al., Xiao et al., Zhang et al.): SARS-CoV-2 can replicate in human intestinal cells and viral RNA can be detected in stool, often at higher levels and for longer periods of time than in respiratory specimens. However, detection of RNA does not necessarily mean that live, intact virus is present and can cause infection. The cases of live virus isolation described here occur in the backdrop of extensive data from other coronavirus specialty labs that have consistently been unable to isolate live virus from stool samples (e.g. Wölfel et. al., 2020external icon). It is uncertain whether there are factors such as weakened immune function that may lead to shedding of live virus in feces. Based on available evidence, stool appears to pose a very low risk for spread of SARS-CoV-2. SN - 1095-9203 (Electronic); 0036-8075 (Linking) SP - 50-54 ST - SARS-CoV-2 productively infects human gut enterocytes T2 - Science TI - SARS-CoV-2 productively infects human gut enterocytes UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32358202 VL - 369 ID - 291 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Confirmed cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and case-fatality rates vary among countries. One reason could be national policies regarding childhood BCG vaccination, with fewer confirmed cases and a lower death toll reported in countries with vs without universal BCG vaccine coverage. Comparing outbreak characteristics between countries is influenced by potential confounders such as different phases of outbreak, mean age of affected population, management of the pandemic, amount of tests being administered, definitions of COVID-19–related deaths, or underreporting.The BCG vaccine was routinely administered to all newborns in Israel as part of the national immunization program between 1955 and 1982. Overall, the vaccine acceptance rate in Israel is high, with greater than 90% coverage. Since 1982, the vaccine has been administered only to immigrants from countries with high prevalence of tuberculosis. This change allowed comparison of infection rates and proportions with severe COVID-19 disease in 2 similar populations with differing BCG status: individuals born during the 3 years before and 3 years after cessation of the universal BCG vaccine program. AD - The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. AN - 32401274 AU - Hamiel, U. | Kozer, E. | Youngster, I. C1 - 2020-05-19 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051920_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 9 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.8189 ET - 2020/05/14 IS - 22 KW - Adult | *BCG Vaccine | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Clinical Laboratory Techniques | Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/*epidemiology | Female | Humans | Israel/epidemiology | Male | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis/*epidemiology | SARS-CoV-2 | Vaccination L1 - internal-pdf://1408141498/Hamiel-2020-SARS-CoV-2 Rates in BCG-Vaccinated.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Hamiel, Uri; Kozer, Eran; Youngster, Ilan; eng; JAMA. 2020 Jun 9;323(22):2340-2341. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.8189. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Rates of COVID-19 did not differ between cohorts of persons routinely vaccinated with BCG and those not vaccinated with BCG. | Methods: Cohort study comparing SARS-CoV-2 RNA RT-PCR-positive test results among individuals born during the 3-year time periods before and after cessation of Israel’s universal newborn BCG immunization program in 1982 (1979-1981 [N = 3,064] and 1983-1985 [N = 2,869], respectively). PCR results obtained for people with COVID-19 symptoms were tested during March 1 and April 5, 2020. The proportions and rates per 100,000 people of positive test results in the 2 groups (cohorts routinely vaccinated with BCG vs. not vaccinated with BCG) were compared using chi square tests. Limitations: Ecological study; individual BCG vaccination status was not assessed; only symptomatic individuals were tested for COVID-19. | Implications: In this study, BCG vaccination did not appear to provide protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 2340-2341 ST - SARS-CoV-2 Rates in BCG-Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Young Adults T2 - JAMA TI - SARS-CoV-2 Rates in BCG-Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Young Adults UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32401274 VL - 323 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 216 ER - TY - JOUR AB - So far, only a few reports about reinfections with SARS-CoV-2 have been published, and they often lack detailed immunological and virological data. We report about a SARS-CoV-2 reinfection with a genetically distinct SARS-CoV-2 variant in an immunocompetent female healthcare worker that has led to a mild disease course. No obvious viral escape mutations were observed in the second virus variant. The infectious virus was shed from the patient during the second infection episode despite the presence of neutralizing antibodies in her blood. Our data indicate that a moderate immune response after the first infection, but not a viral escape, did allow for reinfection and live virus shedding. AD - I.Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany. | German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lubeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany. | Institute of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany. | Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Strasse 74, 20359 Hamburg, Germany. | Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University of Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany. | Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Martinistrasse 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany. | Staff and Faculty Health Services, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany. AN - 33921216 AU - Brehm, T. T. | Pfefferle, S. | von Possel, R. | Kobbe, R. | Norz, D. | Schmiedel, S. | Grundhoff, A. | Olearo, F. | Emmerich, P. | Robitaille, A. | Gunther, T. | Braun, P. | Andersen, G. | Knobloch, J. K. | Addo, M. M. | Lohse, A. W. | Aepfelbacher, M. | Fischer, N. | Schulze Zur Wiesch, J. | Lutgehetmann, M. C1 - 2021-04-23 C2 - Reinfection Among Healthcare Workers CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04232021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 12 DO - 10.3390/v13040661 ET - 2021/05/01 IS - 4 KW - *covid-19 | *SARS-CoV-2 | *healthcare worker | *immunity | *neutralizing antibodies | *reinfection L1 - internal-pdf://2790189362/Brehm-2021-SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection in a Healthc.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Brehm, Thomas Theo; Pfefferle, Susanne; von Possel, Ronald; Kobbe, Robin; Norz, Dominik; Schmiedel, Stefan; Grundhoff, Adam; Olearo, Flaminia; Emmerich, Petra; Robitaille, Alexis; Gunther, Thomas; Braun, Platon; Andersen, Gabriele; Knobloch, Johannes K; Addo, Marylyn M; Lohse, Ansgar W; Aepfelbacher, Martin; Fischer, Nicole; Schulze Zur Wiesch, Julian; Lutgehetmann, Marc; eng; Switzerland; Viruses. 2021 Apr 12;13(4). pii: v13040661. doi: 10.3390/v13040661. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; An immunocompetent healthcare worker (27-year-old female nurse) developed mild illness upon SARS-CoV-2 reinfection 282 days after primary infection with a >4-fold increase in S1/S2 antibody levels (Figure). | A genetically distinct SARS-CoV-2 variant was isolated on reinfection. | There were no escape mutations noted in the reinfecting virus. | A moderate immune response was described after primary infection. | Despite the presence of neutralizing antibodies, viral shedding occurred during reinfection. | Methods: Viral properties and immune response were characterized using aRT-PCR, cell culture, antibody assays and genome analysis. Limitations: Single case. | Implications for both studies (Hall et al. and Brehm et al.): Individuals with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection may have a lower risk of future infections compared to individuals without prior infections. Reinfections have been reported, however, including a recent case in Brazil. Humoral response after primary infection may play an important role in determining viral neutralization upon reinfection. SN - 1999-4915 (Electronic); 1999-4915 (Linking) SP - 661 ST - SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection in a Healthcare Worker Despite the Presence of Detectable Neutralizing Antibodies T2 - Viruses TI - SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection in a Healthcare Worker Despite the Presence of Detectable Neutralizing Antibodies UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33921216 VL - 13 ID - 1693 ER - TY - JOUR AD - The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts (C.H.T., K.J.S., L.A.K., P.C.S.). | University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts (J.S.D., N.M.T., M.P.M., N.Y., V.K.V., B.M., A.B., K.S., J.L., S.M.L.). | The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.G., G.A., D.J.P., B.L.M.). | Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (J.E.L.). AN - 33872044 AU - Tomkins-Tinch, C. H. | Daly, J. S. | Gladden-Young, A. | Theodoropoulos, N. M. | Madaio, M. P. | Yu, N. | Vanguri, V. K. | Siddle, K. J. | Adams, G. | Krasilnikova, L. A. | Movahedi, B. | Bozorgzadeh, A. | Simin, K. | Lemieux, J. E. | Luban, J. | Park, D. J. | MacInnis, B. L. | Sabeti, P. C. | Levitz, S. M. C1 - 2021-04-30 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04302021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 20 DO - 10.7326/L21-0108 ET - 2021/04/20 IS - 0 KW - COVID-19/*diagnosis/virology | COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing | Humans | *Immunocompromised Host | Immunosuppressive Agents | *Liver Transplantation | Male | Middle Aged | Mycophenolic Acid/therapeutic use | Phylogeny | *Reinfection | SARS-CoV-2/genetics | Tacrolimus/therapeutic use L1 - internal-pdf://1398793326/l21-0108.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Tomkins-Tinch, Christopher H; Daly, Jennifer S; Gladden-Young, Adrianne; Theodoropoulos, Nicole M; Madaio, Michael P; Yu, Neng; Vanguri, Vijay K; Siddle, Katherine J; Adams, Gordon; Krasilnikova, Lydia A; Movahedi, Babak; Bozorgzadeh, Adel; Simin, Karl; Lemieux, Jacob E; Luban, Jeremy; Park, Daniel J; MacInnis, Bronwyn L; Sabeti, Pardis C; Levitz, Stuart M; eng; R37 AI147868/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Letter; Ann Intern Med. 2021 Apr 20. doi: 10.7326/L21-0108. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A liver transplant recipient had 2 distinct SARS-CoV-2 infections separated by 111 days based on clinical findings and genomic sequencing . No antibody response was detected after the 1st infection. SN - 1539-3704 (Electronic); 0003-4819 (Linking) SP - null ST - SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection in a Liver Transplant Recipient T2 - Ann Intern Med TI - SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection in a Liver Transplant Recipient UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33872044 VL - 0 ID - 1709 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study aimed to determine if SARS-CoV-2 RNA in serum at admission correlated with clinical outcome in COVID-19. METHODS: COVID-19 patients admitted to the Infectious Diseases department of a tertiary level Swedish hospital, and sampled for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in serum at admission, April 10 to June 30 2020 were included in a cohort. Primary outcomes were day 28 all-cause mortality and progress to critical disease. RESULTS: The cohort (N=167) consisted of 106 SARS-CoV-2 RNA serum negative and 61 positive patients. Median sampling time for initial SARS-CoV-2 in serum was 1 (IQR 1-2) day after admission corresponding to day 10 (IQR 8-12) after symptom onset. Median ages were 53 (IQR 44-67) and 63 (IQR 52-74) years for the PCR-negative and positive patients, respectively. In the serum PCR negative and positive groups 3/106 and 15/61 patients died, respectively.The hazard ratios for critical disease and all-cause mortality were 7.2 (95% CI 3.0-17) and 8.6 (95% CI 2.4-30), respectively for patients that were serum PCR positive compared to serum PCR negative.Conclusion: SARS-CoV-2 RNA in serum at hospital admission indicates a high-risk of progression to critical disease and death. AD - Department of Infectious Diseases, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. | Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. | Department of Microbiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm Sweden. | Karolinska University Laboratory, Stockholm, Sweden. AN - 32856036 AU - Hagman, K. | Hedenstierna, M. | Gille-Johnson, P. | Hammas, B. | Grabbe, M. | Dillner, J. | Ursing, J. C1 - 2020-09-08 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090820_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 28 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa1285 ET - 2020/08/29 KW - Covid-19 | Mortality | SARS-CoV-2 | Viral load | Viremia L1 - internal-pdf://0840697894/Hagman-2020-SARS-CoV-2 RNA in serum as predict.pdf LA - en LB - Health Equity | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Hagman, Karl; Hedenstierna, Magnus; Gille-Johnson, Patrik; Hammas, Berit; Grabbe, Malin; Dillner, Joakim; Ursing, Johan; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Aug 28. pii: 5898271. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1285. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 61 (37%) COVID-19 patients had SARS-CoV-2 detected in sera. | Those with SARS-CoV-2 detected were older (median age 62 vs 53; p <0.001) (Figure 1). | 44% of patients with SARS-CoV-2 detected were either admitted to the ICU or died vs 7% of patients without SARS-CoV-2 detected (Figure 2A). | 25% of patients with SARS-CoV-2 detected died vs 3% of patients without SARS-CoV-2 detected (Figure 2B). | Methods: Retrospective cohort study investigating SARS-CoV-2 RNA by PCR analysis in serum of 167 confirmed COVID-19 patients admitted between April 10 and June 30, 2020, Stockholm, Sweden. Samples were taken less than 3 days after admission and ~10 days after symptoms began. Patients were followed for 28 days. Multivariate analysis was performed using predictors for severe disease. Limitations: Until May 10, only severely ill patients were tested for SARS CoV-2 in blood. | Implications: Testing for virus in the blood at the time of admission may help identify COVID-19 patients who are at a high risk for critical disease and death. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) ST - SARS-CoV-2 RNA in serum as predictor of severe outcome in COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - SARS-CoV-2 RNA in serum as predictor of severe outcome in COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32856036 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 859 ER - TY - JOUR AB - College reopening decisions during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic represent a trade-off between competing risks to students, faculty and staff, and college finances. Additionally, risks taken in reopening colleges can impose significant burdens on individuals living in surrounding communities. Many colleges that reopened for in-person instruction have reported frequent SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks. La Crosse County, Wisconsin experienced a substantial SARS-CoV-2 outbreak (2,002 cases in September 2020) that coincided with the return to in-person instruction at three local academic institutions. Genomic sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 cases in La Crosse during that period found rapid expansion of two viral substrains. Although the majority of cases were among college-age individuals, from a total of 111 genomes sequenced we identified rapid transmission of the virus into more vulnerable populations. Eight sampled genomes represented two independent transmission events into two skilled nursing facilities, resulting in two fatalities. Our study highlights the very significant risks imposed by college administrator reopening decisions, not just on college-associated populations, but on vulnerable individuals in surrounding communities.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis work was supported by the Gundersen Medical Foundation. PK holds the Dr. Jon & Betty Kabara Endowed Chair in Precision Oncology.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Institutional Review Board of the Gundersen Health System, La Crosse, WI, USAAll necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll genomic data have been deposited in GISAID. https://www.gisaid.org/ AU - Richmond, Craig S. | Sabin, Arick P. | Jobe, Dean A. | Lovrich, Steven D. | Kenny, Paraic A. C1 - 2020-10-27 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/102720_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.10.12.20210294 L1 - internal-pdf://3106931541/Richmond-2020-SARS-CoV-2 sequencing reveals ra.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; A rapid increase in SARS-CoV-2 cases coincided with the return of college students to in-person instruction at three colleges in La Crosse, Wisconsin (Figure). | Growth in cases was concentrated in the immediate vicinity of the three colleges. | Genomic sequencing revealed: | Majority of the increase was explained by two clusters, College A and College B. | 56.7% of isolates from College A and College B were from persons aged 17�?9 years and 17.1% from persons �?0 years. | Spread was rapid among persons aged 20�?9 years. | College B cluster led to infections in two skilled nursing facilities infecting five patients and two staff and resulted in two patient deaths. | Methods: Surveillance between March 18 and September 23, 2020 of COVID-19 cases diagnosed by an integrated healthcare system providing care to area around La Crosse, WI with investigation of a rapid rise of cases in September 2020. Genomic sequencing was performed on viral isolates from 514 cases. Limitations: Unclear what incidence was prior to students�?return to campus; case counts only from one health system and one college conducted diagnostic testing separately—neither captured all cases within the area; samples were not available for genomic sequencing and were not performed on all cases; investigation still ongoing. | Implications: Interim findings support an association between the start of college classes and increased SARS-CoV-2 cases among young adults, and also an increased risk of infection in older people in surrounding communities. Public health and university officials should consider the risks and develop plans to prevent SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks and community spread when reopening college campuses. SP - 2020.10.12.20210294 ST - SARS-CoV-2 sequencing reveals rapid transmission from college student clusters resulting in morbidity and deaths in vulnerable populations T2 - medRxiv TI - SARS-CoV-2 sequencing reveals rapid transmission from college student clusters resulting in morbidity and deaths in vulnerable populations UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/10/14/2020.10.12.20210294.full.pdf ID - 1137 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Summary of new variant | �?New variant detected in South Africa (lineage B.1.1.529) with high number of | mutations, which are concerning for predicted immune evasion and | transmissibility | �?B.1.1.529 genomes produced from samples collected 12-20 Nov from Gauteng, SA | (n=77), Botswana (n=4) and Hong Kong (n=1, traveler from SA) | �?B.1.1.529 can be detected by one particular PCR assay (before whole genome | sequencing) �?this will help us to track and understand spread | �?Early signs from diagnostic laboratories that B.1.1.529 has rapidly increased in | Gauteng and may already be present in most provinces | �?We can make some predictions about the impact of mutations in this variant, but | full significance uncertain and the vaccines remain the critical tool to protect us | against severe disease AU - Network for Genomic Surveillance South Africa C1 - 2021-12-03 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/12032021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief L1 - internal-pdf://0742430332/25Nov2021_B.1.1.529_Media.pdf LB - Natural History | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: South Africa released initial data on a new SARS-CoV-2 variant (lineage B.1.1.529) with a number of mutations. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the U.S. government SARS-CoV-2 Interagency Group (SIG) subsequently designated B.1.1.529 a variant of concern, named Omicron. ST - SARS-CoV-2 Sequencing Update T2 - Media Presentation TI - SARS-CoV-2 Sequencing Update UR - https://www.krisp.org.za/manuscripts/25Nov2021_B.1.1.529_Media.pdf ID - 2668 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: The interdependencies of viral replication and the host immune response in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remain to be defined. We investigated the viral determinants of antibody response, the predictors of nonseroconversion, and the role of antibodies on viral dynamics. Methods: This was a prospective study in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 that was microbiologically confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Serial nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs and plasma samples were obtained for measuring severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA and antibodies (total and S-IgG/N-IgG), respectively. Results: Of 132 patients included, 99 (75%) showed positive antibody titers after a median (Q1-Q3) of 11 (8-14) days. The median (Q1-Q3) follow-up was 74.5 (63.0-87.0) days. In an adjusted linear regression model, time to seropositivity was inversely associated with peak log SARS-CoV-2 viral load (P = .009) and positively with time to viral clearance (P = .004). Adjusted predictors of S-IgG levels were time to viral clearance (P < .001), bilateral lung infiltrates on admission (P = .011), and the time-dependent SARS-CoV-2 RNA (P < .001) and SARS-CoV-2 RNA area under the curve (P = .001). Thirty-three (25%) patients showed undetectable antibody titers. Patients who did not seroconvert had higher cycle threshold values of RT-PCR (38.0 vs 28.0; P < .001), had shorter time to viral clearance (3.0 vs 41.0; P < .001), and were more likely to have SARS-CoV-2 only detected on fecal samples (P < .001). Nonseroconvertors had also lower levels of blood inflammatory biomarkers on admission and lower disease severity. Conclusions: Viral replication determines the magnitude of antibody response to SARS-CoV-2, which, in turn, contributes to viral clearance. COVID-19 patients who do not seroconvert exhibit a differential virological and clinical profile. AD - Hospital General Universitario de Elche and Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche, Alicante, Spain. | Hospital General Universitario de Elche, Elche, Alicante, Spain. | Operational Research Center, Universidad Miguel Hernandez, Elche, Alicante, Spain. AN - 33614814 AU - Masia, M. | Telenti, G. | Fernandez, M. | Garcia, J. A. | Agullo, V. | Padilla, S. | Garcia-Abellan, J. | Guillen, L. | Mascarell, P. | Asenjo, J. C. | Gutierrez, F. C1 - 2021-03-12 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03122021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb DO - 10.1093/ofid/ofab005 ET - 2021/02/23 IS - 2 KW - Covid-19 | SARS-CoV-2 | antibody responses | coronavirus | seroconversion | viral clearance | viral load L1 - internal-pdf://3000158989/Masia-2021-SARS-CoV-2 Seroconversion and Viral.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Masia, Mar; Telenti, Guillermo; Fernandez, Marta; Garcia, Jose A; Agullo, Vanesa; Padilla, Sergio; Garcia-Abellan, Javier; Guillen, Lucia; Mascarell, Paula; Asenjo, Jose C; Gutierrez, Felix; eng; Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021 Jan 5;8(2):ofab005. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofab005. eCollection 2021 Feb. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Peak viral load was inversely associated with time to seropositivity (Figure A). Time to seropositivity was positively associated with time to viral clearance (Figure B). | High viral loads were associated with an earlier antibody response. There was a positive association between time to antibody response and time to viral clearance. | 25% (n=33) of participants did not seroconvert. These participants were older, had a high frequency of comorbidities, the lowest viral loads, shorter time to viral clearance, and were more likely to have SARS-CoV-2 RNA only detected in fecal samples. | Methods: Prospective study among Spanish patients (n = 132) hospitalized with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 between March 10, 2020 and May 19, 2020. Serial nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs were taken >14 days since initiation of symptoms to test for SARS-CoV-2 RNA and antibodies. Limitations: All patients received treatments that could affect viral dynamics and/or immune response. | Implications: Viral replication determines the magnitude of the antibody response, which contributes to viral clearance. Persons infected with SARS-CoV-2 who do not seroconvert have a different virologic and clinical response to infection. Understanding both the immune response among those who seroconvert and lack of immune response among non-seroconverters is important in the development of vaccine strategies for previously infected persons. SN - 2328-8957 (Print); 2328-8957 (Linking) SP - ofab005 ST - SARS-CoV-2 Seroconversion and Viral Clearance in Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19: Viral Load Predicts Antibody Response T2 - Open Forum Infect Dis TI - SARS-CoV-2 Seroconversion and Viral Clearance in Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19: Viral Load Predicts Antibody Response UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33614814 VL - 8 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1576 ER - TY - JOUR AB - In a study of US Marine recruits, seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 IgG was 9.0%. Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black participants and participants from states affected earlier in the pandemic had higher seropositivity rates. These results suggest the need for targeted public health strategies among young adults at increased risk for infection. AN - 33529569 AU - Letizia, A. G. | Ge, Y. | Goforth, C. W. | Weir, D. L. | Lizewski, R. | Lizewski, S. | Soares-Schanoski, A. | Vangeti, S. | Marjanovic, N. | Sealfon, S. C. | Ramos, I. C1 - 2021-02-12 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02122021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr DO - 10.3201/eid2704.204732 ET - 2021/02/03 IS - 4 KW - Age Factors | *COVID-19/diagnosis/epidemiology/immunology/prevention & control | COVID-19 Serological Testing/methods/statistics & numerical data | Cross-Sectional Studies | Demography | Female | Humans | Male | *Military Health/ethnology/statistics & numerical data | Military Health Services | Military Personnel/*statistics & numerical data | *Personnel Selection/methods/statistics & numerical data | Quarantine | *SARS-CoV-2/immunology/isolation & purification | Seroepidemiologic Studies | United States/epidemiology | Young Adult | *covid-19 | *SARS-CoV-2 | *United States | *coronavirus disease | *military recruits | *respiratory infections | *seroprevalence | *severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 | *viruses | *young adults | *zoonoses L1 - internal-pdf://2562290277/Letizia-2021-SARS-CoV-2 Seropositivity among U.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Letizia, Andrew G; Ge, Yongchao; Goforth, Carl W; Weir, Dawn L; Lizewski, Rhonda; Lizewski, Stephen; Soares-Schanoski, Alessandra; Vangeti, Sindhu; Marjanovic, Nada; Sealfon, Stuart C; Ramos, Irene; eng; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. | Emerg Infect Dis. 2021 Apr;27(4):1188-1192. doi: 10.3201/eid2704.204732. Epub 2021 Feb 2. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 3,196 persons who enrolled in the COVID-19 Health Action Response for Marines Study from May 11 to September 7, 2020, 9% were IgG seropositive; seropositivity was significantly greater among women compared with men, and among Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black persons compared with non-Hispanic White persons (Figure). SN - 1080-6059 (Electronic); 1080-6040 (Linking) SP - 1188-1192 ST - SARS-CoV-2 Seropositivity among US Marine Recruits Attending Basic Training, United States, Spring-Fall 2020 T2 - Emerg Infect Dis TI - SARS-CoV-2 Seropositivity among US Marine Recruits Attending Basic Training, United States, Spring-Fall 2020 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33529569 VL - 27 ID - 1490 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background The risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) subsequent infection among seropositive young adults was studied prospectively.Methods The study population comprised 3,249 predominantly male, 18-20-year-old Marine recruits. Upon arrival at a Marine-supervised two-week quarantine, participants were assessed for baseline SARS-CoV-2 IgG seropositivity, defined as a 1:150 dilution or greater on receptor binding domain and full-length spike protein enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assays. SARS-CoV-2 infection was assessed by PCR at initiation, middle and end of the quarantine. After appropriate exclusions, including participants with a positive PCR during quarantine, we performed three biweekly PCR tests in both seropositive and in seronegative groups once recruits left quarantine and entered basic training and baseline neutralizing antibody titers on all subsequently infected seropositive and selected seropositive uninfected participants.Findings Among 189 seropositive participants, 19 (10.1%) had at least one positive PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 during the six-week follow-up (1.1 cases per person-year). In contrast, 1,079 (48.0%) of the 2,247 seronegative participants tested positive (6.2 cases per person-year). The incidence rate ratio was 0.18 (95% CI 0.11-0.28, p<0.00001). Among seropositive recruits, infection was associated with lower baseline full-length spike protein IgG titers (p<0.0001). Compared with seronegative recruits, seropositive recruits had about 10-fold lower viral loads (ORF1ab gene, p<0.005), and trended towards shorter duration of PCR positivity (p=0.18) and more frequent asymptomatic infections (p=0.13). Among seropositive participants, baseline neutralizing titers were detected in 45 of 54 (83.3%) uninfected and in 6 of 19 (31.6%) infected participants during the 6 weeks of observation (ID50 difference p<.0001).Interpretation Seropositive young adults had about one-fifth the risk of subsequent infection compared with seronegative individuals. Although antibodies induced by initial infection are largely protective, they do not guarantee effective SARS-CoV-2 neutralization activity or immunity against subsequent infection. These findings may be relevant for optimization of mass vaccination strategies.Funding Defense Health Agency and Defense Advanced Research Projects AgencyCompeting Interest StatementDP owned stock in Co-Diagnostics Inc during the conduct of the study. DP held stock in Co-Diagnostics, Inc. DS and FK have filed a patent regarding serological assays and for SARS-CoV-2 and Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai has founded a company to commercialize serological assays they developedFunding StatementThis work received funding from the Defense Health Agency through the Naval Medical Research Center (9700130) and from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (contract number N6600119C4022).Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Institutional Review Board approval was obtained from the Naval Medical Research Center (protocol number NMRC.2020.0006) in compliance with all applicable U.S. federal regulations governing the protection of human subjects.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and u loaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAnonymized data will be made available on request. AD - Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA. | Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Department of Pathology University of Texas Medical Branch and Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA. | Naval Medical Research Unit SIX, Lima, Peru. | Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA. | Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | and Naval Medical Readiness and Training Command Beaufort, Beaufort, SC, USA. AN - 33865504 AU - Letizia, Andrew G. | Ge, Yongchao | Vangeti, Sindhu | Goforth, Carl | Weir, Dawn L. | Kuzmina, Natalia A. | Chen, Hua Wei | Ewing, Dan | Soares-Schanoski, Alessandra | George, Mary-Catherine | Graham, William D. | Jones, Franca | Bharaj, Preeti | Lizewski, Rhonda A. | Lizewski, Stephen A. | Marayag, Jan | Marjanovic, Nada | Miller, Clare | Mofsowitz, Sagie | Nair, Venugopalan D. | Nunez, Edgar | Parent, Danielle M. | Porter, Chad K. | Ana, Ernesto Santa | Schilling, Megan | Stadlbauer, Daniel | Sugiharto, Victor | Termini, Michael | Sun, Peifang | Tracy, Russell P. | Krammer, Florian | Bukreyev, Alexander | Ramos, Irene | Sealfon, Stuart C. C1 - 2021-02-05 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02052021_covidupdate.html DA - Jul DO - 10.1101/2021.01.26.21250535 ET - 2021/04/19 IS - 7 KW - Adolescent | Antibodies, Viral/*blood | COVID-19/*blood/diagnosis/*epidemiology | COVID-19 Serological Testing | Cohort Studies | Female | Humans | Male | Prospective Studies | Quarantine | Risk Assessment | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://0529638594/Letizia-2021-SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity and sub.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Letizia, Andrew G | Ge, Yongchao | Vangeti, Sindhu | Goforth, Carl | Weir, Dawn L | Kuzmina, Natalia A | Balinsky, Corey A | Chen, Hua Wei | Ewing, Dan | Soares-Schanoski, Alessandra | George, Mary-Catherine | Graham, William D | Jones, Franca | Bharaj, Preeti | Lizewski, Rhonda A | Lizewski, Stephen E | Marayag, Jan | Marjanovic, Nada | Miller, Clare M | Mofsowitz, Sagie | Nair, Venugopalan D | Nunez, Edgar | Parent, Danielle M | Porter, Chad K | Santa Ana, Ernesto | Schilling, Megan | Stadlbauer, Daniel | Sugiharto, Victor A | Termini, Michael | Sun, Peifang | Tracy, Russell P | Krammer, Florian | Bukreyev, Alexander | Ramos, Irene | Sealfon, Stuart C | eng | 9700130/Naval Medical Research Center | N6600119C4022/Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency | Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. | England | Lancet Respir Med. 2021 Jul;9(7):712-720. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00158-2. Epub 2021 Apr 15. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Although seropositivity conferred an 82% reduced incidence rate, 1% of 189 seropositive participants had �? positive RT-PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 (compared with 48.0% of 2,247 seronegative participants) (Figure). | Among those infected, seropositive participants had only a modest, approximately 10-fold decrease in nares virus load compared with seronegative participants. | Among seropositive participants; New infection was associated with significantly lower baseline full-length spike protein IgG titers. | Baseline neutralizing titers were detected in 83.3% of the first 54 participants who never became PCR positive compared with 31.6% of the 19 infected participants. | Methods: Prospective 6-week observational study of 3,249 predominantly male, 18�?0-year-old Marine recruits, who underwent baseline 2-week supervised quarantine and SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR and IgG antibody testing. Serial RT-PCR testing was conducted and questionnaires on development of symptoms were completed during and after quarantine. Limitations: Overall high attack rate might not be generalizable to other populations and settings; unknown when seropositive participants were initially infected. | Implications: Although persons with SARS-CoV-2 antibodies are largely protected, subsequent infection is possible for some persons due to lack of sterilizing immunity. Some re-infected individuals could have a similar capacity to transmit virus as those infected for the first time. | SN - 2213-2619 (Electronic) | 2213-2600 (Linking) SP - 2021.01.26.21250535 ST - SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity and subsequent infection risk in healthy young adults: a prospective cohort study T2 - medRxiv TI - SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity and subsequent infection risk in healthy young adults: a prospective cohort study TT - Published article: SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity and subsequent infection risk in healthy young adults: a prospective cohort study UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/01/29/2021.01.26.21250535.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/01/29/2021.01.26.21250535.full.pdf VL - 9 ID - 2066 ER - TY - JOUR AB - To estimate seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) among healthcare, first response, and public safety personnel, antibody testing was conducted in emergency medical service agencies and 27 hospitals in the Detroit, Michigan, USA, metropolitan area during May-June 2020. Of 16,403 participants, 6.9% had SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. In adjusted analyses, seropositivity was associated with exposure to SARS-CoV-2-positive household members (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 6.18, 95% CI 4.81-7.93) and working within 15 km of Detroit (aOR 5.60, 95% CI 3.98-7.89). Nurse assistants (aOR 1.88, 95% CI 1.24-2.83) and nurses (aOR 1.52, 95% CI 1.18-1.95) had higher likelihood of seropositivity than physicians. Working in a hospital emergency department increased the likelihood of seropositivity (aOR 1.16, 95% CI 1.002-1.35). Consistently using N95 respirators (aOR 0.83, 95% CI 0.72-0.95) and surgical facemasks (aOR 0.86, 95% CI 0.75-0.98) decreased the likelihood of seropositivity. AN - 32956614 AU - Akinbami, L. J. | Vuong, N. | Petersen, L. R. | Sami, S. | Patel, A. | Lukacs, S. L. | Mackey, L. | Grohskopf, L. A. | Shehu, A. | Atas, J. C1 - 2020-10-02 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100220_covidupdate.html DA - Dec DO - 10.3201/eid2612.203764 ET - 2020/09/22 IS - 12 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | COVID-19/blood/*epidemiology/transmission | COVID-19 Serological Testing | Emergency Responders/*statistics & numerical data | Female | Health Personnel/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Male | Michigan/epidemiology | Middle Aged | Pandemics/statistics & numerical data | Personal Protective Equipment/*statistics & numerical data | SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification | Seroepidemiologic Studies | Surveys and Questionnaires | Young Adult | *2019 novel coronavirus disease | *covid-19 | *Detroit | *SARS-CoV-2 | *coronavirus disease | *emergency responders | *hospitals | *personal protective equipment | *public safety | *seroepidemiologic studies | *severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 | *viruses | *zoonoses L1 - internal-pdf://1656553825/Akinbami-2020-SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence among.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Akinbami, Lara J; Vuong, Nga; Petersen, Lyle R; Sami, Samira; Patel, Anita; Lukacs, Susan L; Mackey, Lisa; Grohskopf, Lisa A; Shehu, Amy; Atas, Jenny; eng; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. | Emerg Infect Dis. 2020 Dec;26(12):2863-2871. doi: 10.3201/eid2612.203764. Epub 2020 Sep 21. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Of 16,397 participants, 6.9% (95% CI 6.5% �?7.3%) were positive for SARS-CoV-2 IgG. | Seroprevalence was highest (11.0%, 95% CI 10.3% �?11.7%) at facilities within 15 km of Detroit’s center and lowest (1.8%, 95% CI 1.4% �?2.2%) at locations 30 �?55 km away (Figure). | Exposure to a household member with confirmed COVID-19 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 6.18, 95% CI 4.81 �?7.93) and working within 15 km of Detroit’s center (aOR 5.60, 95% CI 3.98 �?7.89) were strongly associated with seropositivity. | Consistently using N95 respirators (aOR 0.83, 95% CI 0.72 �?0.95) or surgical facemasks (aOR 0.86, 95% CI 0.75 �?0.98) decreased the likelihood of seropositivity. | Methods: Seroprevalence study in adults (�?8 years of age) working as first responders, healthcare providers, or in public safety settings from May to June 2020. Limitations: Convenience sample with ~80% response rate; comprehensive exposure data were not collected; infected participants may have failed to seroconvert or antibody levels may have decayed in cases of remote infection, or not yet present in cases of recent infection, leading to false negatives. | Implications: The association between seropositivity and working closer to the Detroit city center and exposure to a household member with COVID-19 illustrates the major role of community acquisition of SARS-CoV-2, even in healthcare personnel. Measures to reduce community transmission will be protective for all community members including health care personnel who may be at risk in settings where social distancing and personal protective equipment use may be difficult. SN - 1080-6059 (Electronic); 1080-6040 (Linking) SP - 2863-2871 ST - SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence among Healthcare, First Response, and Public Safety Personnel, Detroit Metropolitan Area, Michigan, USA, May-June 2020 T2 - Emerg Infect Dis TI - SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence among Healthcare, First Response, and Public Safety Personnel, Detroit Metropolitan Area, Michigan, USA, May-June 2020 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32956614 VL - 26 ID - 972 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVE: To determine the rates of asymptomatic viral carriage and seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in healthcare workers. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study of asymptomatic healthcare workers undertaken on 24/25 April 2020. SETTING: University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust (UHBFT), UK. PARTICIPANTS: 545 asymptomatic healthcare workers were recruited while at work. Participants were invited to participate via the UHBFT social media. Exclusion criteria included current symptoms consistent with COVID-19. No potential participants were excluded. INTERVENTION: Participants volunteered a nasopharyngeal swab and a venous blood sample that were tested for SARS-CoV-2 RNA and anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein antibodies, respectively. Results were interpreted in the context of prior illnesses and the hospital departments in which participants worked. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Proportion of participants demonstrating infection and positive SARS-CoV-2 serology. RESULTS: The point prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 viral carriage was 2.4% (n=13/545). The overall seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was 24.4% (n=126/516). Participants who reported prior symptomatic illness had higher seroprevalence (37.5% vs 17.1%, chi(2)=21.1034, p<0.0001) and quantitatively greater antibody responses than those who had remained asymptomatic. Seroprevalence was greatest among those working in housekeeping (34.5%), acute medicine (33.3%) and general internal medicine (30.3%), with lower rates observed in participants working in intensive care (14.8%). BAME (Black, Asian and minority ethnic) ethnicity was associated with a significantly increased risk of seropositivity (OR: 1.92, 95% CI 1.14 to 3.23, p=0.01). Working on the intensive care unit was associated with a significantly lower risk of seropositivity compared with working in other areas of the hospital (OR: 0.28, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.78, p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: We identify differences in the occupational risk of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 between hospital departments and confirm asymptomatic seroconversion occurs in healthcare workers. Further investigation of these observations is required to inform future infection control and occupational health practices. AD - Clinical Immunology Service, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK. | University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK. | Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. | Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. | School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. | Public Health England Midlands and East Region, Birmingham, UK. | Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. | Surgical Research Laboratory, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. | Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Birmingham, UK. | Clinical Immunology Service, University of Birmingham College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham, UK a.g.richter@bham.ac.uk. AN - 32917840 AU - Shields, A. | Faustini, S. E. | Perez-Toledo, M. | Jossi, S. | Aldera, E. | Allen, J. D. | Al-Taei, S. | Backhouse, C. | Bosworth, A. | Dunbar, L. A. | Ebanks, D. | Emmanuel, B. | Garvey, M. | Gray, J. | Kidd, I. M. | McGinnell, G. | McLoughlin, D. E. | Morley, G. | O'Neill, J. | Papakonstantinou, D. | Pickles, O. | Poxon, C. | Richter, M. | Walker, E. M. | Wanigasooriya, K. | Watanabe, Y. | Whalley, C. | Zielinska, A. E. | Crispin, M. | Wraith, D. C. | Beggs, A. D. | Cunningham, A. F. | Drayson, M. T. | Richter, A. G. C1 - 2020-09-18 C2 - Healthcare Setting Associated COVID-19 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091820_covidupdate.html DA - Dec DO - 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-215414 ET - 2020/09/13 IS - 12 KW - Adult | Antibodies, Viral/*blood | *Asymptomatic Diseases | COVID-19/*diagnosis/epidemiology/virology | Cross-Sectional Studies | Female | Health Personnel/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | *Pandemics | RNA, Viral/analysis | SARS-CoV-2/genetics/*immunology | Seroepidemiologic Studies | *clinical epidemiology | *infection control | *respiratory infection | *viral infection | submitted work. All other authors declare no competing interests. L1 - internal-pdf://4052197981/Shields-2020-SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and asy.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Shields, Adrian; Faustini, Sian E; Perez-Toledo, Marisol; Jossi, Sian; Aldera, Erin; Allen, Joel D; Al-Taei, Saly; Backhouse, Claire; Bosworth, Andrew; Dunbar, Lyndsey A; Ebanks, Daniel; Emmanuel, Beena; Garvey, Mark; Gray, Joanna; Kidd, I Michael; McGinnell, Golaleh; McLoughlin, Dee E; Morley, Gabriella; O'Neill, Joanna; Papakonstantinou, Danai; Pickles, Oliver; Poxon, Charlotte; Richter, Megan; Walker, Eloise M; Wanigasooriya, Kasun; Watanabe, Yasunori; Whalley, Celina; Zielinska, Agnieszka E; Crispin, Max; Wraith, David C; Beggs, Andrew D; Cunningham, Adam F; Drayson, Mark T; Richter, Alex G; eng; WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; MC_PC_17183/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; MR/M009157/1/MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; UM1 AI144462/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Thorax. 2020 Dec;75(12):1089-1094. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-215414. Epub 2020 Sep 11. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Over a 24-hour period, 2.4% (n = 13/545) of asymptomatic HCWs tested RT-PCR positive. | The seroprevalence among HCWs was 4 times higher than reported regionally (24% vs 6%). | Black, Asian, and minority ethnicity HCWs were at increased risk for seropositivity (adjusted OR: 1.92, 95% CI 1.14 to 3.23, p = 0.01), even after controlling for external risk factors. | Seropositivity was highest among housekeeping, acute medicine, and general internal medicine staff and lowest among intensive care, emergency department, and general surgery staff (Figure). | Methods: Cross-sectional convenience sample of 545 asymptomatic HCWs recruited at work in Birmingham, UK, on April 24 and April 25, 2020. Anyone with symptoms of COVID-19 on that day, who was home due to self-isolation, or had symptomatic illness was excluded. Participants were tested using RT-PCR and serology. Limitations: The study did not look at how representative the study respondents were of the worker cohort at the time of the study; single cross-sectional sampling may underestimate the seroprevalence. | Implications for 3 studies (Shields et al., Lentz et al. & Rhee et al.): Healthcare settings present risks for SARS-CoV-2 infection to both healthcare personnel and patients. Healthcare personnel face different risks based on occupation and afterwork activities. With comprehensive infection control programs, risk of nosocomial and healthcare-associated SARS-CoV-2 infection among patients and staff, respectively, can be minimized even in the context of high-risk procedures and settings. SN - 1468-3296 (Electronic); 0040-6376 (Linking) SP - 1089-1094 ST - SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and asymptomatic viral carriage in healthcare workers: a cross-sectional study T2 - Thorax TI - SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and asymptomatic viral carriage in healthcare workers: a cross-sectional study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32917840 VL - 75 ID - 911 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BackgroundThe proportion of asymptomatic carriers and transmission risk factors of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) among household and non-household contacts remains unclear. In Singapore, extensive contact tracing by the Ministry of Health for every diagnosed COVID-19 case, and legally enforced quarantine and intensive health surveillance of close contacts provided a rare opportunity to determine asymptomatic attack rates and SARS-CoV-2 transmission risk factors among community close contacts of patients with COVID-19. AU - Ng, Oon Tek | Marimuthu, Kalisvar | Koh, Vanessa | Pang, Junxiong | Linn, Kyaw Zaw | Sun, Jie | De Wang, Liang | Chia, Wan Ni | Tiu, Charles | Chan, Monica | Ling, Li Min | Vasoo, Shawn | Abdad, Mohammad Yazid | Chia, Po Ying | Lee, Tau Hong | Lin, Ray Junhao | Sadarangani, Sapna P. | Chen, Mark I. Cheng | Said, Zubaidah | Kurupatham, Lalitha | Pung, Rachael | Wang, Lin-Fa | Cook, Alex R. | Leo, Yee-Sin | Lee, Vernon J. M. C1 - 2020-11-10 C2 - Modeling and Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/111020_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30833-1 IS - 3 L1 - internal-pdf://1636926732/Ng-2021-SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and transmis.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Secondary infection rate was 11 (95% credible interval [CrI] 9�?4) per 100 household contacts, 4 (95% CrI 3�?) per 100 social contacts, and 5 (95% CrI 3�?) per 100 work contacts (Figure). | Symptom-based testing missed 62% (95% CrI 55%�?9%) of COVID-19 infections overall with 48% (95% CrI 39%�?7%) of COVID-19 infections missed in household contacts alone. | 36% of confirmed COVID-19 cases in household contacts were asymptomatic. | Methods: Retrospective cohort study of 7,518 close contacts (1,779 household, 2,231 work, and 3,508 social contacts) of 1,114 COVID-19 RT-PCR-positive index cases, in Singapore, between January 23, 2020 and April 3, 2020. All index cases were hospitalized, and all close contacts were quarantined for 14 days and assessed for symptoms three times per day; PCR testing was performed if contacts reported symptoms. Limitations: Variable times from symptom onset to testing of close contact groups; <15% of contacts without a COVID-19 diagnosis consented to serologic testing and questionnaire completion at the end of quarantine. | Implications: Additional precautions are needed to the overcome increased transmission risk in household settings. Asymptomatic close contacts of confirmed COVID-19 cases should be routinely tested as this group may have SARS-CoV-2 infection and unknowingly contribute to ongoing secondary infections. SE - 333 SN - 14733099 SP - 333-343 ST - SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and transmission risk factors among high-risk close contacts: a retrospective cohort study T2 - Lancet Infect Dis TI - SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and transmission risk factors among high-risk close contacts: a retrospective cohort study UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30833-1 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7831879/pdf/main.pdf VL - 21 Y2 - 2021/05/14 ID - 1206 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BackgroundEthnic and religious minorities have been disproportionately affected by SARS-CoV-2 worldwide. The UK strictly-Orthodox Jewish community has been severely affected by the pandemic. This group shares characteristics with other ethnic minorities including larger family sizes, higher rates of household crowding and relative socioeconomic deprivation. We studied a UK strictly-Orthodox Jewish population to understand transmission of COVID-19 within this community. AD - Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK. | Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, UK. | Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. | Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT UK. | School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH8 9AB. | Centre for Health, Law and Society, University of Bristol Law School, Bristol BS1 1RJ, UK. | Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190501, UK. | Department of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK. AN - 34308409 AU - Gaskell, Katherine M. | Johnson, Marina | Gould, Victoria | Hunt, Adam | Stone, Neil R. H. | Waites, William | Kasstan, Ben | Chantler, Tracey | Lal, Sham | Roberts, Chrissy H. | Goldblatt, David | Eggo, Rosalind M. | Marks, Michael C1 - 2021-05-28 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05282021_covidupdate.html DA - Jul DO - 10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100127 ET - 2021/07/27 L1 - internal-pdf://3948775543/1-s2.0-S2666776221001046-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Gaskell, Katherine M | Johnson, Marina | Gould, Victoria | Hunt, Adam | Stone, Neil Rh | Waites, William | Kasstan, Ben | Chantler, Tracey | Lal, Sham | Roberts, Chrissy H | Goldblatt, David | Eggo, Rosalind M | Marks, Michael | eng | England | Lancet Reg Health Eur. 2021 Jul;6:100127. doi: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100127. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in an Orthodox Jewish community in the UK was 64.3% (95% CI 61.6%-67.0%), >5 times higher than the estimated national seroprevalence. | Seroprevalence was 27.6% in children <5 years old, rising to 73.8% in secondary school students, and remaining high through all ages (Figure). | Methods: A cross-sectional serosurvey of 343 households in the UK between late October and early December 2020 to determine the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2, stratified by age and sex, and factors associated with transmission. Limitations: Only 38% of households approached were included; participants who provided serum samples were older than those who did not. | Implications: Interventions are needed to reduce the disproportionate burden of SARS-CoV-2 in some religious and ethnic minority populations, especially those characterized by high density and frequent communal gatherings. SN - 2666-7762 SP - 100127 ST - SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in a strictly-Orthodox Jewish community in the UK: A retrospective cohort study T2 - Lancet Reg Health Eur TI - SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in a strictly-Orthodox Jewish community in the UK: A retrospective cohort study UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100127 VL - 6 Y2 - 2021/06/29 ID - 1780 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Most cohorts show similar or lower COVID-19 incidence among people living with HIV compared with the general population. However, incidence might be affected by lower testing rates among vulnerable populations. We aimed to compare SARS-CoV-2 IgG seroprevalence, disease severity, and neutralising antibody activity after infection among people with and without HIV receiving care in a county hospital system over a 3-month period. METHODS: In this matched case-control observational study, remnant serum samples were collected between Aug 1 and Oct 31, 2020, from all people living with HIV who underwent routine outpatient laboratory testing in a municipal health-care system (San Francisco General Hospital, CA, USA). Samples from people living with HIV were date of collection-matched (same day) and age-matched (+/-5 years) to samples from randomly selected adults (aged 18 years or older) without HIV receiving care for chronic conditions at the same hospital. We compared seroprevalence by HIV status via mixed-effects logistic regression models, accounting for the matched structure of the data (random effects for the matched group), adjusting for age, sex, race or ethnicity, and clinical factors (ie, history of cardiovascular or pulmonary disease, and type 2 diabetes). Severe COVID-19 was assessed in participants with past SARS-CoV-2 (IgG or PCR) infection by chart review and compared with multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression, adjusting for age and sex. SARS-CoV-2 IgG, neutralising antibody titres, and antibody avidity were measured in serum of participants with previous positive PCR tests and compared with multivariable mixed-effects models, adjusting for age, sex, and time since PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. FINDINGS: 1138 samples from 955 people living with HIV and 1118 samples from 1062 people without HIV were tested. SARS-CoV-2 IgG seroprevalence was 3.7% (95% CI 2.4 to 5.0) among people with HIV compared with 7.4% (5.7 to 9.2) among people without HIV (adjusted odds ratio 0.50, 95% CI 0.30 to 0.83). Among 31 people with HIV and 70 people without HIV who had evidence of past infection, the odds of severe COVID-19 were 5.52 (95% CI 1.01 to 64.48) times higher among people living with HIV. Adjusting for time since PCR-confirmed infection, SARS-CoV-2 IgG concentrations were lower (percentage change -53%, 95% CI -4 to -76), pseudovirus neutralising antibody titres were lower (-67%, -25 to -86), and avidity was similar (7%, -73 to 87) among people living with HIV compared with those without HIV. INTERPRETATION: Although fewer infections were detected by SARS-CoV-2 IgG testing among people living with HIV than among those without HIV, people with HIV had more cases of severe COVID-19. Among people living with HIV with past SARS-CoV-2 infection, lower IgG concentrations and pseudovirus neutralising antibody titres might reflect a diminished serological response to infection, and the similar avidity could be driven by similar time since infection. FUNDING: US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, US National Institutes of Health. AD - Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. Electronic address: matthew.spinelli@ucsf.edu. | Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. | Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. | Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. AN - 33933189 AU - Spinelli, M. A. | Lynch, K. L. | Yun, C. | Glidden, D. V. | Peluso, M. J. | Henrich, T. J. | Gandhi, M. | Brown, L. B. C1 - 2021-05-07 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05072021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 29 DO - 10.1016/S2352-3018(21)00072-2 ET - 2021/05/03 IS - 6 L1 - internal-pdf://0058739292/1-s2.0-S2352301821000722-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Spinelli, Matthew A; Lynch, Kara L; Yun, Cassandra; Glidden, David V; Peluso, Michael J; Henrich, Timothy J; Gandhi, Monica; Brown, Lillian B; eng; R01 AI158013/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Netherlands; Lancet HIV. 2021 Apr 29. pii: S2352-3018(21)00072-2. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(21)00072-2. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among people living with HIV, the adjusted seroprevalence for SARS-CoV-2 IgG was 3.7% (95% CI 2.4-5.0%) compared with 7.4% (5.7-9.2%) in people without HIV (adjusted OR [aOR] 0.50, 95% CI 0.30-0.83). | People living with HIV had lower IgG pseudovirus neutralizing antibody titers than those without HIV (percentage difference �?3%, 95% CI �? to �?8%) (Figure). | Among people with a positive SARS-CoV-2 IgG test, the odds of severe COVID-19 were 5.52 (95% CI 1.01-64.48) times higher for people with HIV compared with those without HIV. | Methods: Matched case-control observational study of 955 participants with HIV and 1062 participants without HIV conducted between August 1 and October 31, 2020. Remnant serum samples were tested for SARS-CoV-2 antibody concentrations and virus neutralization titer using a “pseudovirus�?neutralization. Severe COVID-19 was assessed via chart review. Limitation: The SARS-CoV-2 IgG used in this study showed low sensitivity (89%); study did not report testing rates or test positivity, thus, data regarding current infections is limited. | Implications: People living with HIV were not at higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection than are those without HIV, however, the risk of severe COVID-19 after SARS-CoV-2 infection might be higher among people living with HIV. People living with HIV should be followed up after vaccination, to ensure they mount a sufficient immune response to prevent severe COVID-19. SE - e334 SN - 2352-3018 (Electronic); 2352-3018 (Linking) SP - e334-e341 ST - SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence, and IgG concentration and pseudovirus neutralising antibody titres after infection, compared by HIV status: a matched case-control observational study T2 - Lancet HIV TI - SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence, and IgG concentration and pseudovirus neutralising antibody titres after infection, compared by HIV status: a matched case-control observational study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33933189 VL - 8 Y2 - 2021/05/17 ID - 1725 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BackgroundA cruise ship is a closed-off environment that simulates the basic functioning of a city in terms of living conditions and interpersonal interactions. Thus, the Diamond Princess cruise ship, which was quarantined because of an onboard outbreak of COVID-19 in February, 2020, provides an opportunity to define the shedding pattern of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and patient antibody responses before and after the onset of symptoms. AU - Hung, Ivan Fan-Ngai | Cheng, Vincent Chi-Chung | Li, Xin | Tam, Anthony Raymond | Hung, Derek Ling-Lung | Chiu, Kelvin Hei-Yeung | Yip, Cyril Chik-Yan | Cai, Jian-Piao | Ho, Deborah Tip-Yin | Wong, Shuk-Ching | Leung, Sally Sau-Man | Chu, Man-Yee | Tang, Milky Oi-Yan | Chen, Jonathan Hon-Kwan | Poon, Rosana Wing-Shan | Fung, Agnes Yim-Fong | Zhang, Ricky Ruiqi | Yan, Erica Yuen-Wing | Chen, Lin-Lei | Choi, Charlotte Yee-Ki | Leung, Kit-Hang | Chung, Tom Wai-Hin | Lam, Sonia Hiu-Yin | Lam, Tina Poy-Wing | Chan, Jasper Fuk-Woo | Chan, Kwok-Hung | Wu, Tak-Chiu | Ho, Pak-Leung | Chan, Johnny Wai-Man | Lau, Chak-Sing | To, Kelvin Kai-Wang | Yuen, Kwok-Yung C1 - 2020-06-23 C2 - Findings from the Diamond Princess CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/062320_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30364-9 IS - 9 L1 - internal-pdf://4018265793/Hung-2020-SARS-CoV-2 shedding and seroconversi.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Of 9 participants found to have SARS-CoV-2 infection (by PCR or serology) following enrollment, 6 were asymptomatic. | 3/6 asymptomatic individuals had lung inflammation by CT; 2/3 symptomatic participants had lung inflammation by CT. | At baseline; | 8/9 participants had serum IgG against spike receptor-binding protein (a protein on the surface of the virus); the 9th seroconverted by day 8 of quarantine. | 4/9 had IgG against nucleoprotein (a structural protein inside the virus); this rose to 7/9 by day 8. | IgG levels were higher among those with lung inflammation by CT (Figures 1&2). | Methods: Prospective study of 215 individuals who were PCR-negative while aboard the Diamond Princess cruise ship and were repatriated to Hong Kong, February 20�?1, 2020. During 14 day-quarantine, specimens collected at baseline and every 4 days for RT-PCR, IgG, and IgM. Limitations: Small sample size. | Implications for 3 studies (Tabata et al., Hung et al. & Sakurai et al.): Among older persons with SARS-CoV-2, over 1/4 developed severe COVID-19. Even in asymptomatic persons with SARS-CoV-2, lung inflammation may be present and spur more robust immune responses. SARS-CoV-2 infections may resolve more slowly in older asymptomatic adults than in younger asymptomatic adults. SE - 1051 SN - 14733099 SP - 1051-1060 ST - SARS-CoV-2 shedding and seroconversion among passengers quarantined after disembarking a cruise ship: a case series T2 - Lancet Infect Dis TI - SARS-CoV-2 shedding and seroconversion among passengers quarantined after disembarking a cruise ship: a case series UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30364-9 | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7292581/pdf/main.pdf VL - 20 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 422 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The breadth of the humoral immune response following SARS-CoV-2 infection was indicated to be important for recovery from COVID-19. Recent studies have provided valuable insights regarding the dynamics of the antibody response in symptomatic COVID-19 patients. However, the information regarding the dynamics of the serological and cellular memory in COVID-19 recovered patients in scarce. It is imperative to determine the persistence of humoral memory in COVID-19 recovered patients as it will help to evaluate the susceptibility of recovered patients to re-infection. Here, we describe the dynamics of both the SARS-CoV-2 specific serological and B cell response in COVID-19 recovered patients. We found that symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 patients mount a robust antibody response following infection however, the serological memory decays in recovered patients over the period of 6 months. On the other hand, the B cell response as observed in the SARS-CoV-2 specific memory B cell compartment, was found to be stable over time. Moreover, the frequency of SARS-CoV-2 specific B cell plasmablasts was found to be associated with the SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody levels. These data, suggests that the differentiation of short-lived plasmablasts to become long-lived plasma cells is impaired and the main contributor of antibody production are the short-lived plasmablasts.Overall, our data provides insights regarding the humoral memory persistence in recovered COVID-19 patients. Notwithstanding the insights from this study, it is still to be determined if the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 memory B cells can be considered as a correlate of protection in the absence of serological memory.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementNo funding statementAuthor DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Institutional review board approvals number: 0001281-4 and 0000406-1. Ethical approval number: 0265-20All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThe data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, [YW], upon reasonable request. AU - Vaisman-Mentesh, A. | Dror, Y. | Tur-Kaspa, R. | Markovitch, D. | Kournos, Tatiana | Dicker, D. | Wine, Y. C1 - 2020-09-04 C2 - Laboratory Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090420_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.08.23.20179796 L1 - internal-pdf://0125541020/Vaisman-Mentesh-2020-SARS-CoV-2 specific memor.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Receptor binding domain (RBD)-specific memory B cells were stable over six months in recovered patients, whereas antibody levels declined (Figure 1). | Frequency of SARS-CoV-2-specific B cell plasmablasts (activated B cells) were correlated with IgG levels (Figure 2). | Methods: Blood samples from 54 patients with symptomatic COVID-19, 57 recovered COVID-19 patients, and 26 healthy controls were tested by ELISA to determine the levels of RBD-specific antibodies (IgG, IgM, and IgA). Memory B cells were isolated from plasmablasts in recovered patients. Limitations: Follow-up period limited generalizability; some analyses limited to subsets of patients. | Implications: Memory B cells may indicate protection against SARS-CoV-2 reinfection. Long-term follow-up of recovered patients may inform the duration of protection. SP - 2020.08.23.20179796 ST - SARS-CoV-2 specific memory B cells frequency in recovered patient remains stable while antibodies decay over time T2 - medRxiv TI - SARS-CoV-2 specific memory B cells frequency in recovered patient remains stable while antibodies decay over time UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/08/25/2020.08.23.20179796.full.pdf ID - 821 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background SARS-CoV-2 has become a global pandemic. Given the challenges in implementing widespread SARS-CoV-2 testing, there is increasing interest in alternative surveillance strategies.Methods We tested nasopharyngeal swabs from 821 decedents in the Wayne County Medical Examiner’s office for SARS-CoV-2. All decedents were assessed by a COVID-19 checklist, and decedents flagged by the checklist (237) were preferentially tested. A random sample of decedents not flagged by the checklist were also tested (584). We statistically analyzed the characteristics of decedents (age, sex, race, and manner of death), differentiating between those flagged by the checklist and not and between those SARS-CoV-2 positive and not.Results Decedents were more likely to be male (70% vs 48%) and Black (55% vs 36%) than the catchment population. Seven-day average percent positivity among flagged decedents closely matched the trajectory of percent positivity in the catchment population, particularly during the peak of the outbreak (March and April). After a lull in May to mid-June, new positive tests in late June coincided with increased case detection in the catchment. We found large racial disparities in test results: despite no statistical difference in the racial distribution between those flagged and not, SARS-CoV-2 positive decedents were substantially more likely to be Black (89% vs 51%). SARS-CoV-2 positive decedents were also more likely to be older and to have died of natural causes, including of COVID-19 disease.Conclusions Disease surveillance through medical examiners and coroners could supplement other forms of surveillance and may serve as a possible early outbreak warning sign.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementData collection was funded by the Wayne County Medical Examiner through the office's normal operating budget.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The subjects of this research are decedents in a medical examiner's office. Research involving data/biospecimens from decedents is not regulated as human subjects research, and medical examiners are not HIPAA covered entities. Thus, this work is exempt from IRB and privacy board review. All records analyzed in this paper are publicly accessible from the medical examiner through FOIA request.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesRelevant data will be made available once the manuscript has been accepted in a peer-reviewed journal. AU - Brouwer, Andrew F. | Myers, Jeffrey L. | Martin, Emily T. | Konopka, Kristine E. | Lauring, Adam S. | Eisenberg, Marisa C. | Lephart, Paul R. | Nguyen, Teresa | Jaworski, Andrea | Schmidt, Carl J. C1 - 2020-08-18 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/081820_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.08.03.20162883 L1 - internal-pdf://3027901765/Brouwer-2020-SARS-CoV-2 surveillance in decede.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 72/821 (8.8%) decedents assessed by medical examiner were SARS-CoV-2 positive, matching the general population prevalence. | Decedents suspected of having had COVID-19 were more often positive than decedents randomly selected for SARS-CoV-2 testing (20% vs. 5%; p <0.001). (Figure). | Deceased persons positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA were more likely to be older and Black (all p-values <0.001). | 55% of the tested decedents and 89% of those with a SARS-CoV-2 positive test were Black. | Methods: SARS-CoV-2 testing by NP RT-PCR performed for 230 decedents tested due to meeting criteria for suspected COVID-19 and 591 random decedents, March 16 to July 10, 2020, Michigan. Limitations: No serology; race but not ethnicity included; non-representative population sample. | Implications: Surveillance for SAR-CoV-2 among deceased persons may be useful. The large racial disparity in decedents with a positive test for SARS-CoV-2 underscores the disproportionate effect of COVID-19 among Black people. | SP - 2020.08.03.20162883 ST - SARS-CoV-2 surveillance in decedents in a large, urban medical examiner’s office T2 - medRxiv TI - SARS-CoV-2 surveillance in decedents in a large, urban medical examiner’s office TT - Published article: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Surveillance in Decedents in a Large, Urban Medical Examiner’s Office UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2020/08/07/2020.08.03.20162883.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/08/07/2020.08.03.20162883.full.pdf ID - 2029 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BackgroundMandatory Day 2 and Day 8 PCR testing and variant sequencing of international arrivals has been recently introduced by the UK Government to mitigate against cross-border transmission of high-risk SARS-CoV-2 variants. AD - Oncologica UK Ltd. Suite 2, The Newnham Building, Chesterford Research Park, Cambridge CB10 1XL, United Kingdom. AN - 34278277 AU - Williams, Gareth H. | Llewelyn, Alexander | Brandao, Ruben | Chowdhary, Kaiya | Hardisty, Keeda-Marie | Loddo, Marco C1 - 2021-07-23 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07232021_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101021 ET - 2021/07/20 L1 - internal-pdf://2944398376/1-s2.0-S2589537021003011-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Williams, Gareth H | Llewelyn, Alexander | Brandao, Ruben | Chowdhary, Kaiya | Hardisty, Keeda-Marie | Loddo, Marco | eng | England | EClinicalMedicine. 2021 Aug;38:101021. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101021. Epub 2021 Jul 14. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 1.9% of international travelers (3,855/203,065) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 after arriving in the UK. | Prevalence of infection was 2.4% in unvaccinated travelers (2449/105,193), 1.6% in travelers with 1 vaccine dose (244/15,415) and 0.5% in travelers with 2 vaccine doses (31/5,844). | While 49 variants were identified from 1,635 sequences, Alpha (B.1.1.7) accounted for 80.6%, Beta (B.1.351) for 4.2% and Delta (B.1.617.2) for 1.7% of infections. | Among 81 vaccinated travelers Alpha represented 63% of infections, compared to 80% of 759 unvaccinated travelers (Figure). | Methods: International travelers entering the United Kingdom between March 11, 2021 and April 14, 2021 had mandatory RT-PCR tests done 2- and 8-days post arrival. Specimens with Ct < 30 from Day 2 were chosen for sequencing (n = 1,913), which yielded 1,635 reads of sufficient quality for analysis. Limitations: Vaccination status was self-reported, missing for about 40% of travelers, and did not include vaccine type. | Implications: Cross-border introduction of variants is significant and traveler screening offers valuable information for understanding these introductions. SN - 2589-5370 SP - 101021 ST - SARS-CoV-2 testing and sequencing for international arrivals reveals significant cross border transmission of high risk variants into the United Kingdom T2 - EClinicalMedicine TI - SARS-CoV-2 testing and sequencing for international arrivals reveals significant cross border transmission of high risk variants into the United Kingdom UR - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101021 VL - 38 Y2 - 2021/07/26 ID - 2141 ER - TY - JOUR AB - While there have been several case reports and simulation models of SARS-CoV-2 transmission associated with air travel, there are limited data to guide testing strategy to minimize the risk of SARS-CoV-2 exposure and transmission onboard commercial aircraft. Among 9,853 passengers with a negative SARS-CoV-2 PCR performed within 72 hours of departure from December 2020 through May 2021, five (0.05%) passengers with active SARS-CoV-2 infection were identified with rapid antigen tests and confirmed with rapid molecular test performed before and after an international flight from the United States to Italy. This translates to a case detection rate of one per 1970 travelers during a time of high prevalence of active infection in the United States. A negative molecular test for SARS-CoV-2 within 72 hours of international airline departure results in a low probability of active infection identified on antigen testing during commercial airline flight. AU - Tande, Aaron J. | Binnicker, Matthew J. | Ting, Henry H. | Del Rio, Carlos | Jalil, Lindsey | Brawner, Matthew | Carter, Peter W. | Toomey, Kathleen | Shah, Nilay D. | Berbari, Elie F. C1 - 2021-09-17 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/09172021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - 2021/09/02/ DO - 10.1016/j.mayocp.2021.08.019 KW - COVID-19 | SARS-CoV-2 testing | international travel | Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection L1 - internal-pdf://2789117048/1-s2.0-S0025619621006443-main.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 9,853 passengers with a negative SARS-CoV-2 PCR test conducted �?72 hours of departure, 5 passengers (0.05%) were identified as SARS-CoV-2 positive from rapid antigen tests and confirmed with rapid molecular tests performed both before and after commercial flights from the US to Italy between December 2020 and May 2021. This translates to a low case detection rate of 1/1970 travelers during a time of high SARS-CoV-2 infection rates in the US. SN - 0025-6196 ST - SARS-CoV-2 Testing Prior to International Airline Travel, December 2020-May 2021 T2 - Mayo Clin Proc TI - SARS-CoV-2 Testing Prior to International Airline Travel, December 2020-May 2021 UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025619621006443 ID - 2326 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Ascertaining preferences for SARS-CoV-2 testing and incorporating findings into the design and implementation of strategies for delivering testing services may enhance testing uptake and engagement, a prerequisite to reducing onward transmission. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine important drivers of decisions to obtain a SARS-CoV-2 test in the context of increasing community transmission. METHODS: We used a discrete choice experiment to assess preferences for SARS-CoV-2 test type, specimen type, testing venue, and results turnaround time. Participants (n=4793) from the US national longitudinal Communities, Households and SARS-CoV-2 Epidemiology (CHASING) COVID Cohort Study completed our online survey from July 30 to September 8, 2020. We estimated the relative importance of testing method attributes and part-worth utilities of attribute levels, and simulated the uptake of an optimized testing scenario relative to the current typical testing scenario of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) via nasopharyngeal swab in a provider's office or urgent care clinic with results in >5 days. RESULTS: Test result turnaround time had the highest relative importance (30.4%), followed by test type (28.3%), specimen type (26.2%), and venue (15.0%). In simulations, immediate or same-day test results, both PCR and serology, or oral specimens substantially increased testing uptake over the current typical testing option. Simulated uptake of a hypothetical testing scenario of PCR and serology via a saliva sample at a pharmacy with same-day results was 97.7%, compared to 0.6% for the current typical testing scenario, with 1.8% opting for no test. CONCLUSIONS: Testing strategies that offer both PCR and serology with noninvasive methods and rapid turnaround time would likely have the most uptake and engagement among residents in communities with increasing community transmission of SARS-CoV-2. AD - Institute for Implementation Science in Population Health, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States. | The Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States. | Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States. | Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States. | Department of Environmental, Occupational, and Geospatial Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States. | Department of Community Health and Social Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States. AN - 33315584 AU - Zimba, R. | Kulkarni, S. | Berry, A. | You, W. | Mirzayi, C. | Westmoreland, D. | Parcesepe, A. | Waldron, L. | Rane, M. | Kochhar, S. | Robertson, M. | Maroko, A. | Grov, C. | Nash, D. C1 - 2021-01-22 C2 - Social, Behavioral, and Communication Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01222021_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 31 DO - 10.2196/25546 ET - 2020/12/15 IS - 4 KW - Adult | COVID-19/epidemiology | COVID-19 Testing/*methods | Choice Behavior | Cohort Studies | Consumer Behavior/*statistics & numerical data | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Patient Acceptance of Health Care/*psychology/statistics & numerical data | United States/epidemiology | *covid-19 | *SARS-CoV-2 | *cohort study | *discrete choice experiment | *engagement | *implementation science | *pandemic | *stated preference study | *testing L1 - internal-pdf://2405424047/33315584.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Zimba, Rebecca; Kulkarni, Sarah; Berry, Amanda; You, William; Mirzayi, Chloe; Westmoreland, Drew; Parcesepe, Angela; Waldron, Levi; Rane, Madhura; Kochhar, Shivani; Robertson, McKaylee; Maroko, Andrew; Grov, Christian; Nash, Denis; eng; P2C HD050924/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/; UH3 AI133675/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Canada; JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2020 Dec 31;6(4):e25546. doi: 10.2196/25546. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Online survey of 4,793 participants in a longitudinal cohort study found testing strategies with noninvasive methods and rapid turnaround time would improve uptake of SARS-CoV-2 testing. SN - 2369-2960 (Electronic); 2369-2960 (Linking) SP - e25546 ST - SARS-CoV-2 Testing Service Preferences of Adults in the United States: Discrete Choice Experiment T2 - JMIR Public Health Surveill TI - SARS-CoV-2 Testing Service Preferences of Adults in the United States: Discrete Choice Experiment UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33315584 VL - 6 ID - 1430 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: The efficacy of public health measures to control the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has not been well studied in young adults. METHODS: We investigated SARS-CoV-2 infections among U.S. Marine Corps recruits who underwent a 2-week quarantine at home followed by a second supervised 2-week quarantine at a closed college campus that involved mask wearing, social distancing, and daily temperature and symptom monitoring. Study volunteers were tested for SARS-CoV-2 by means of quantitative polymerase-chain-reaction (qPCR) assay of nares swab specimens obtained between the time of arrival and the second day of supervised quarantine and on days 7 and 14. Recruits who did not volunteer for the study underwent qPCR testing only on day 14, at the end of the quarantine period. We performed phylogenetic analysis of viral genomes obtained from infected study volunteers to identify clusters and to assess the epidemiologic features of infections. RESULTS: A total of 1848 recruits volunteered to participate in the study; within 2 days after arrival on campus, 16 (0.9%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, 15 of whom were asymptomatic. An additional 35 participants (1.9%) tested positive on day 7 or on day 14. Five of the 51 participants (9.8%) who tested positive at any time had symptoms in the week before a positive qPCR test. Of the recruits who declined to participate in the study, 26 (1.7%) of the 1554 recruits with available qPCR results tested positive on day 14. No SARS-CoV-2 infections were identified through clinical qPCR testing performed as a result of daily symptom monitoring. Analysis of 36 SARS-CoV-2 genomes obtained from 32 participants revealed six transmission clusters among 18 participants. Epidemiologic analysis supported multiple local transmission events, including transmission between roommates and among recruits within the same platoon. CONCLUSIONS: Among Marine Corps recruits, approximately 2% who had previously had negative results for SARS-CoV-2 at the beginning of supervised quarantine, and less than 2% of recruits with unknown previous status, tested positive by day 14. Most recruits who tested positive were asymptomatic, and no infections were detected through daily symptom monitoring. Transmission clusters occurred within platoons. (Funded by the Defense Health Agency and others.). AD - From the Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring (A.G.L., C.G., D.L.W., L.E., W.D.G., R.G., F.J., J.M., E.N., B.L.P., C.P., J.R., E.S.A., M.P.S., V.S., C.W.) and the Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University (E.V.M.), Bethesda - both in Maryland; the Naval Medical Research Unit 6, Lima, Peru (R.L., S.L.); the Departments of Neurology (I.R., Y.G., M.-C.G., A.K., N.M., V.D.N., G.N., S.R., A.S.-S., S.V., S.C.S.) and Genetics and Genomic Sciences (A.O., J.D., E.E., A.S.G.-R., A.G., R.S., H.B.), Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology (E.E., R.S., H.B.), the Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (R.S.), and the Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute (R.S.G.S., O.G.T.) - all in New York; the University of Alabama at Birmingham Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama Medical School, Birmingham (M.M.B.); Sema4, Stamford, CT (R.S.); the Navy Medicine Readiness and Training Command Beaufort, Beaufort, SC (M.T.); and the Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton, NJ (O.G.T.). AN - 33176093 AU - Letizia, A. G. | Ramos, I. | Obla, A. | Goforth, C. | Weir, D. L. | Ge, Y. | Bamman, M. M. | Dutta, J. | Ellis, E. | Estrella, L. | George, M. C. | Gonzalez-Reiche, A. S. | Graham, W. D. | van de Guchte, A. | Gutierrez, R. | Jones, F. | Kalomoiri, A. | Lizewski, R. | Lizewski, S. | Marayag, J. | Marjanovic, N. | Millar, E. V. | Nair, V. D. | Nudelman, G. | Nunez, E. | Pike, B. L. | Porter, C. | Regeimbal, J. | Rirak, S. | Santa Ana, E. | Sealfon, R. S. G. | Sebra, R. | Simons, M. P. | Soares-Schanoski, A. | Sugiharto, V. | Termini, M. | Vangeti, S. | Williams, C. | Troyanskaya, O. G. | van Bakel, H. | Sealfon, S. C. C1 - 2020-11-24 C2 - Transmission in Military Settings CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/112420_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 17 DO - 10.1056/NEJMoa2029717 ET - 2020/11/12 IS - 25 KW - Asymptomatic Infections | COVID-19/diagnosis/epidemiology/*transmission | *COVID-19 Testing | Disease Transmission, Infectious/*statistics & numerical data | Genome, Viral | Humans | Male | *Military Personnel | Phylogeny | *Quarantine | Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2/genetics/*isolation & purification | South Carolina/epidemiology | Whole Genome Sequencing | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://2811192233/Letizia-2020-SARS-CoV-2 Transmission among Mar.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Letizia, Andrew G; Ramos, Irene; Obla, Ajay; Goforth, Carl; Weir, Dawn L; Ge, Yongchao; Bamman, Marcas M; Dutta, Jayeeta; Ellis, Ethan; Estrella, Luis; George, Mary-Catherine; Gonzalez-Reiche, Ana S; Graham, William D; van de Guchte, Adriana; Gutierrez, Ramiro; Jones, Franca; Kalomoiri, Aspasia; Lizewski, Rhonda; Lizewski, Stephen; Marayag, Jan; Marjanovic, Nada; Millar, Eugene V; Nair, Venugopalan D; Nudelman, German; Nunez, Edgar; Pike, Brian L; Porter, Chad; Regeimbal, James; Rirak, Stas; Santa Ana, Ernesto; Sealfon, Rachel S G; Sebra, Robert; Simons, Mark P; Soares-Schanoski, Alessandra; Sugiharto, Victor; Termini, Michael; Vangeti, Sindhu; Williams, Carlos; Troyanskaya, Olga G; van Bakel, Harm; Sealfon, Stuart C; eng; S10 OD018522/OD/NIH HHS/; S10 OD026880/OD/NIH HHS/; 9700130/Defense Health Agency/International; N6600119C4022/Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency/International; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; N Engl J Med. 2020 Dec 17;383(25):2407-2416. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2029717. Epub 2020 Nov 11. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; There were 77 infections (2.3%) detected among 3,402 recruits. | 16 recruits were SARS-CoV-2-positive on arrival to the closed campus and 15 were asymptomatic. | 55 recruits had a positive test by day 14 and of these, 46 were asymptomatic. | 24 (31%) of the 77 infected recruits had an infected roommate. | No infections were detected by daily symptom monitoring. | Genotyping identified six clusters indicating local transmission. | Methods: A study in Marine recruits who self-quarantined 2 weeks at home and then were under supervised quarantine (double occupancy sleeping rooms, shared bathrooms and dining halls) at a closed campus for another 2 weeks between May 15 and July 14, 2020. While at the closed campus, they were tested by RT-PCR on days 0-2, 7, and 14. Phylogenic analysis of viral genomes were conducted to assess transmission routes. Limitations: On-campus quarantine was done with 2 persons per room and interactions were not closely tracked; 1,554 (45.7%) recruits were retested only on day 14. | Implications from 2 studies Kasper et al. & Letizia et al.: In close quarters, rapid extensive transmission of SARS-CoV-2 may occur. To protect service members, Michaelexternal icon, N. suggests a mandatory 14-day quarantine prior to confinement in close quarters, but Letizia et al.external icon suggest that even two weeks of prior self-quarantine plus two-weeks on-base quarantine was not adequate. These data provide evidence of the need to test asymptomatic individuals, particularly when dealing with young, healthy individuals, especially in settings with close quarters. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 2407-2416 ST - SARS-CoV-2 Transmission among Marine Recruits during Quarantine T2 - N Engl J Med TI - SARS-CoV-2 Transmission among Marine Recruits during Quarantine UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33176093 VL - 383 ID - 1261 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has caused a pandemic in humans. Farmed mink (Neovison vison) are also susceptible. In Denmark, this virus has spread rapidly among farmed mink, resulting in some respiratory disease. Full-length virus genome sequencing revealed novel virus variants in mink. These variants subsequently appeared within the local human community. AN - 33207152 AU - Hammer, A. S. | Quaade, M. L. | Rasmussen, T. B. | Fonager, J. | Rasmussen, M. | Mundbjerg, K. | Lohse, L. | Strandbygaard, B. | Jorgensen, C. S. | Alfaro-Nunez, A. | Rosenstierne, M. W. | Boklund, A. | Halasa, T. | Fomsgaard, A. | Belsham, G. J. | Botner, A. C1 - 2020-12-08 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/120820_covidupdate.html DA - Feb DO - 10.3201/eid2702.203794 ET - 2020/11/19 IS - 2 KW - Animals | COVID-19/*transmission/veterinary/virology | Denmark/epidemiology | Disease Transmission, Infectious/*veterinary | Farms | Humans | Mink/*virology | SARS-CoV-2/*genetics | Viral Zoonoses/*transmission/virology | 2019 novel coronavirus disease | Covid-19 | Coronavirus | Denmark | SARS-CoV-2 | coronavirus disease | full-genome sequence | mink | respiratory infections | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 | virus adaptation | virus transmission | viruses | zoonoses L1 - internal-pdf://4198652065/Hammer-2021-SARS-CoV-2 Transmission between Mi.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Hammer, Anne Sofie; Quaade, Michelle Lauge; Rasmussen, Thomas Bruun; Fonager, Jannik; Rasmussen, Morten; Mundbjerg, Karin; Lohse, Louise; Strandbygaard, Bertel; Jorgensen, Charlotte Svaerke; Alfaro-Nunez, Alonzo; Rosenstierne, Maiken Worsoe; Boklund, Anette; Halasa, Tariq; Fomsgaard, Anders; Belsham, Graham J; Botner, Anette; eng; Emerg Infect Dis. 2021 Feb;27(2):547-551. doi: 10.3201/eid2702.203794. Epub 2020 Nov 18. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Seroprevalence among minks during an initial farm visit was 97% (29/30) on farm 1, 3% (1/30) on farm 2, and 67% (20/30) on farm 3. On a follow-up visit 12 days later, seroprevalence on farm 2 was >95%. | Mink infections occurred with little clinical disease or death. | Evidence of linkage between mink and human infections on these farms included: | Viral sequences from infected minks and nine humans were closely grouped (Figure). | Two viral gene mutations found in linked mink and human cases were not seen in humans prior to June 10, 2020 but were present in >40% of human sequences from the area around the farms from June 10 to July 1, 2020. | Methods: SARS-CoV-2 RNA was assayed from minks and nine human workers at three farms in Denmark between June and July 2020. Thirty adult minks were sampled at each farm at two separate visits to each farm. Positive RNA samples were sequenced, and phylogenetic analysis was performed. Mink serum samples were analyzed for SARS-CoV-2 antibody. Limitations: Small sample size; directionality of transmission difficult to establish. | Implications: SARS-CoV-2 can spread rapidly and may be undetected among minks, making mink farms a potential threat to farm workers and persons in surrounding communities. Direct evidence of SARS-CoV-2 transmission from minks to humans is still not definitively shown. SN - 1080-6059 (Electronic); 1080-6040 (Linking) SP - 547-551 ST - SARS-CoV-2 Transmission between Mink (Neovison vison) and Humans, Denmark T2 - Emerg Infect Dis TI - SARS-CoV-2 Transmission between Mink (Neovison vison) and Humans, Denmark UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33207152 VL - 27 ID - 1298 ER - TY - JOUR AB - It is generally agreed that striking a balance between resuming economic and social activities and keeping the effective reproductive number (R0) below 1 using non-pharmaceutical interventions is an important goal until and even after effective vaccines become available. Therefore, the need remains to understand how the virus is transmitted in order to identify high-risk environments and activities that disproportionately contribute to its spread so that effective preventative measures could be put in place. Contact tracing and household studies in particular provide robust evidence about the parameters of transmission. In this viewpoint, we discuss the available evidence from large-scale, well-conducted contact tracing studies from across the world and argue that SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics should inform policy decisions about mitigation strategies for targeted interventions according to the needs of the society by directing attention to the settings, activities and socioeconomic factors associated with the highest risks of transmission. AD - Division of Infection and Global Health Research, School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, UK. | Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, USA. | Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, USA. | College of Public Health, Kent State University, Kent, USA. AN - 32964919 AU - Cevik, M. | Marcus, J. L. | Buckee, C. | Smith, T. C. C1 - 2020-10-02 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100220_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 23 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa1442 ET - 2020/09/24 IS - Suppl 2 KW - Covid-19 | SARS-CoV-2 | coronavirus | novel coronavirus | transmission L1 - internal-pdf://4095111625/Cevik-2020-SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics sh.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Cevik, Muge; Marcus, Julia L; Buckee, Caroline; Smith, Tara C; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Sep 23. pii: 5910315. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1442. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Review of large-scale SARS-CoV-2 studies to provide guidance in developing policies to reduce the spread of COVID-19. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - S170-S176 ST - SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics should inform policy T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics should inform policy UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32964919 VL - 73 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 975 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is readily transmitted person to person. Optimal control of COVID-19 depends on directing resources and health messaging to mitigation efforts that are most likely to prevent transmission, but the relative importance of such measures has been disputed. Objective: To assess the proportion of SARS-CoV-2 transmissions in the community that likely occur from persons without symptoms. Design, Setting, and Participants: This decision analytical model assessed the relative amount of transmission from presymptomatic, never symptomatic, and symptomatic individuals across a range of scenarios in which the proportion of transmission from people who never develop symptoms (ie, remain asymptomatic) and the infectious period were varied according to published best estimates. For all estimates, data from a meta-analysis was used to set the incubation period at a median of 5 days. The infectious period duration was maintained at 10 days, and peak infectiousness was varied between 3 and 7 days (-2 and +2 days relative to the median incubation period). The overall proportion of SARS-CoV-2 was varied between 0% and 70% to assess a wide range of possible proportions. Main Outcomes and Measures: Level of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from presymptomatic, never symptomatic, and symptomatic individuals. Results: The baseline assumptions for the model were that peak infectiousness occurred at the median of symptom onset and that 30% of individuals with infection never develop symptoms and are 75% as infectious as those who do develop symptoms. Combined, these baseline assumptions imply that persons with infection who never develop symptoms may account for approximately 24% of all transmission. In this base case, 59% of all transmission came from asymptomatic transmission, comprising 35% from presymptomatic individuals and 24% from individuals who never develop symptoms. Under a broad range of values for each of these assumptions, at least 50% of new SARS-CoV-2 infections was estimated to have originated from exposure to individuals with infection but without symptoms. Conclusions and Relevance: In this decision analytical model of multiple scenarios of proportions of asymptomatic individuals with COVID-19 and infectious periods, transmission from asymptomatic individuals was estimated to account for more than half of all transmissions. In addition to identification and isolation of persons with symptomatic COVID-19, effective control of spread will require reducing the risk of transmission from people with infection who do not have symptoms. These findings suggest that measures such as wearing masks, hand hygiene, social distancing, and strategic testing of people who are not ill will be foundational to slowing the spread of COVID-19 until safe and effective vaccines are available and widely used. AD - COVID-19 Response, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia. | Office of the Deputy Directory for Infectious Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia. AN - 33410879 AU - Johansson, M. A. | Quandelacy, T. M. | Kada, S. | Prasad, P. V. | Steele, M. | Brooks, J. T. | Slayton, R. B. | Biggerstaff, M. | Butler, J. C. C1 - 2021-01-15 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01152021_covidupdate.html DA - Jan 4 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.35057 ET - 2021/01/08 IS - 1 KW - Basic Reproduction Number | COVID-19/epidemiology/*transmission | Carrier State/epidemiology/*transmission | Decision Support Techniques | Humans | Infectious Disease Incubation Period | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://2274661378/Johansson-2021-SARS-CoV-2 Transmission From Pe.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Johansson, Michael A; Quandelacy, Talia M; Kada, Sarah; Prasad, Pragati Venkata; Steele, Molly; Brooks, John T; Slayton, Rachel B; Biggerstaff, Matthew; Butler, Jay C; eng; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. | JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Jan 4;4(1):e2035057. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.35057. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Modelling estimates that over half of all transmission is attributable to asymptomatic individuals highlighting the need for mitigation measures and strategic testing of these individuals for SARS-CoV-2 control. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e2035057 ST - SARS-CoV-2 Transmission From People Without COVID-19 Symptoms T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - SARS-CoV-2 Transmission From People Without COVID-19 Symptoms UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33410879 VL - 4 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1407 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The magnitude of the COVID-19 pandemic underscores the urgency for a safe and effective vaccine. Many vaccine candidates focus on the Spike protein, as it is targeted by neutralizing antibodies and plays a key role in viral entry. Here we investigate the diversity seen in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequences and compare it to the sequence on which most vaccine candidates are based. Using 18,514 sequences, we perform phylogenetic, population genetics, and structural bioinformatics analyses. We find limited diversity across SARS-CoV-2 genomes: Only 11 sites show polymorphisms in >5% of sequences; yet two mutations, including the D614G mutation in Spike, have already become consensus. Because SARS-CoV-2 is being transmitted more rapidly than it evolves, the viral population is becoming more homogeneous, with a median of seven nucleotide substitutions between genomes. There is evidence of purifying selection but little evidence of diversifying selection, with substitution rates comparable across structural versus nonstructural genes. Finally, the Wuhan-Hu-1 reference sequence for the Spike protein, which is the basis for different vaccine candidates, matches optimized vaccine inserts, being identical to an ancestral sequence and one mutation away from the consensus. While the rapid spread of the D614G mutation warrants further study, our results indicate that drift and bottleneck events can explain the minimal diversity found among SARS-CoV-2 sequences. These findings suggest that a single vaccine candidate should be efficacious against currently circulating lineages. AD - Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910. | US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910. | Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817. | Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910. | Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109. | Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910; kayvon.modjarrad.civ@mail.mil mrolland@hivresearch.org. AN - 32868447 AU - Dearlove, B. | Lewitus, E. | Bai, H. | Li, Y. | Reeves, D. B. | Joyce, M. G. | Scott, P. T. | Amare, M. F. | Vasan, S. | Michael, N. L. | Modjarrad, K. | Rolland, M. C1 - 2020-09-11 C2 - Genomics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091120_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 22 DO - 10.1073/pnas.2008281117 ET - 2020/09/02 IS - 38 KW - Betacoronavirus/*genetics/immunology | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | Coronavirus Infections/genetics/prevention & control | Genetic Variation | *Genome, Viral | Humans | Pandemics/prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control | Point Mutation | SARS-CoV-2 | Selection, Genetic | Viral Vaccines/*genetics | *SARS-CoV-2 | *evolution | *vaccine L1 - internal-pdf://1726133764/Dearlove-2020-A SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate w.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Dearlove, Bethany; Lewitus, Eric; Bai, Hongjun; Li, Yifan; Reeves, Daniel B; Joyce, M Gordon; Scott, Paul T; Amare, Mihret F; Vasan, Sandhya; Michael, Nelson L; Modjarrad, Kayvon; Rolland, Morgane; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. | Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020 Sep 22;117(38):23652-23662. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2008281117. Epub 2020 Aug 31. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; An analysis of 18,514 SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences observed limited viral diversity. | 7,559 polymorphisms were detected (Figure). | 95% of sequences had 11 mutations or fewer. | The D614G mutation (found in 69.4% of sequences) in the spike (S) protein became dominant due to its presence in the early European cases (i.e., a founder effect), rather than adaption to host responses. | The D614G mutation was not predicted to interfere with vaccine-induced antibody binding. | Methods: Investigators analyzed SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences from infected persons in 84 countries as part of the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data to assess naturally occurring viral diversity compared with the sequence on which most vaccine candidates are based (reference sequence). | Implications: Current SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates are designed to elicit neutralizing antibodies against the S protein and are based on viral sequences derived early in the pandemic. Emergence of the D614G mutation raised concerns that SARS-CoV-2 strains may evolve and escape vaccine-induced immunity. The limited evolution of viral diversity observed thus far suggests these vaccines should provide broad coverage for current and future SARS-CoV-2 strains. A news feature from Callaway et al.external icon further describes research on viral mutations, particularly D614G, and how the slow mutation rate affects future vaccines. SN - 1091-6490 (Electronic); 0027-8424 (Linking) SP - 23652-23662 ST - A SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate would likely match all currently circulating variants T2 - Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A TI - A SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate would likely match all currently circulating variants UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32868447 VL - 117 ID - 872 ER - TY - JOUR AB - COVID-19 vaccine protection against infection in immunosuppressed solid organ transplant recipients is unknown but possibly weak with the low proportion of these patients mounting a robust humoral and cellular immune response after vaccination. Using a retrospective cohort study design with cross-over, we assessed vaccine effectiveness among 782 kidney transplant recipients registered at Hamad Medical Corporation, the national public healthcare provider in Qatar, where the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) and mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccines have been used in the national immunization campaign. Vaccine effectiveness against any SARS-CoV-2 infection was estimated at 46.6% (95% CI: 0.0-73.7%) �?4 days after the second dose, 66.0% (95% CI: 21.3-85.3%) �?2 days after the second dose, and 73.9% (95% CI: 33.0-89.9%) �?6 days after the second dose. Vaccine effectiveness against any severe, critical, or fatal COVID-19 disease was estimated at 72.3% (95% CI: 0.0-90.9%) �?4 days after the second dose, 85.0% (95% CI: 35.7-96.5%) �?2 days after the second dose, and 83.8% (95% CI: 31.3-96.2%) �?6 days after the second dose. Most vaccine breakthrough infections occurred in the first few weeks after receiving the first and/or second dose. Vaccine effectiveness reached considerable levels in kidney transplant recipients, but vaccine protection mounted slowly and did not reach a high level until several weeks after the second dose.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThe authors are grateful for support from the Biomedical Research Program, the Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Biomathematics Research Core, and the Genomics Core, all at Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, as well as for support provided by the Ministry of Public Health and Hamad Medical Corporation. The authors are also grateful for support from the Qatar Genome Programme for supporting the viral genome sequencing. Statements made herein are solely the responsibility of the authors. The funders of the study had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the article.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The study was approved by the Hamad Medical Corporation and Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar Institutional Review Boards with waiver of informed consent.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThe dataset of this study is a property of the Qatar Ministry of Public Health that was provided to the researchers through a restricted-access agreement that prevents sharing the dataset with a third party or publicly. Future access to this dataset can be considered through a direct application for data access to Her Excellency the Minister of Public Health (https://www.moph.gov.qa/english/Pages/default.aspx). Aggregate data are available within the manuscript and its Supplementary information. AU - Chemaitelly, Hiam | AlMukdad, Sawsan | Joy, Jobin Paravila | Ayoub, Houssein H. | Yassine, Hadi M. | Benslimane, Fatiha M. | Al Khatib, Hebah A. | Tang, Patrick | Hasan, Mohammad R. | Coyle, Peter | Al Kanaani, Zaina | Al Kuwari, Einas | Jeremijenko, Andrew | Kaleeckal, Anvar Hassan | Latif, Ali Nizar | Shaik, Riyazuddin Mohammad | Abdul Rahim, Hanan F. | Nasrallah, Gheyath K. | Al Kuwari, Mohamed Ghaith | Butt, Adeel A. | Al Romaihi, Hamad Eid | Al-Thani, Mohamed H. | Alkadi, Mohamad M. | Ali, Omar | Al-Maslamani, Muna | Bertollini, Roberto | Al Malki, Hassan | Almaslamani, Yousuf | Abu-Raddad, Laith J. | Al Khal, Abdullatif C1 - 2021-08-20 C2 - Vaccines CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08202021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.08.07.21261578 L1 - internal-pdf://0421946286/Chemaitelly-2021-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine effectiven.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 782 kidney transplant recipients in Qatar, vaccine effectiveness against severe, critical, or fatal COVID-19 increased slowly with time from 2nd dose, reaching 72.3% (95% CI 0-90.9%) at �?4 days, 85.0% (95% CI 35.7%-96.5%) at �?2 days, and 83.8% (95% CI 31.3%-96.2%) at �?6 days. Estimated cumulative incidence of infection through July 21, 2021, was 1.2% (95% CI 0.5%-2.6%) at �?6 days in vaccinated individuals, compared with 4.7% (95% CI 3.0%-7.1%) for unvaccinated individuals. SP - 2021.08.07.21261578 ST - SARS-CoV-2 vaccine effectiveness in immunosuppressed kidney transplant recipients T2 - medRxiv TI - SARS-CoV-2 vaccine effectiveness in immunosuppressed kidney transplant recipients UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/08/09/2021.08.07.21261578.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/08/09/2021.08.07.21261578.full.pdf ID - 2230 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We report SARS-CoV-2 vaccine effectiveness against infection (VE-I) and death (VE-D) by vaccine type (n = 780,225) in the Veterans Health Administration, covering 2.7% of the U.S. population. From February to October 2021, VE-I declined from 87.9% to 48.1%, and the decline was greatest for the Janssen vaccine resulting in a VE-I of 13.1%. Although breakthrough infection increased risk of death, vaccination remained protective against death in persons who became infected during the Delta surge. From July to October 2021, VE-D for age <65 years was 73.0% for Janssen, 81.5% for Moderna, and 84.3% for Pfizer-BioNTech; VE-D for age �?5 years was 52.2% for Janssen, 75.5% for Moderna, and 70.1% for Pfizer-BioNTech. Findings support continued efforts to increase vaccination, booster campaigns, and multiple, additional layers of protection against infection. AD - Public Health Institute; Oakland, CA, USA. | Veterans Affairs Medical Center in San Francisco; San Francisco, CA, USA. | School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Houston, TX, USA. | University of California, San Francisco; San Francisco, CA, USA. AN - 34735261 AU - Wallace, Barbara A. Cohn | Piera M. Cirillo | Caitlin C. Murphy | Nickilou Y. Krigbaum | Arthur W. C1 - 2021-11-15 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/11152021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - Nov 4 DO - 10.1126/science.abm0620 ET - 2021/11/05 IS - 0 L1 - internal-pdf://3692144229/science.abm0620.pdf LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Cohn, Barbara A | Cirillo, Piera M | Murphy, Caitlin C | Krigbaum, Nickilou Y | Wallace, Arthur W | eng | Science. 2021 Nov 4:eabm0620. doi: 10.1126/science.abm0620. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 780,225 U.S. veterans, vaccine effectiveness (VE) for any vaccine against infection during February 1–October 1, 2021 declined from 87.9% to 48.1%. The VE of Ad26.COV2.S declined to 13.1%. During July–October, VE against death among persons aged <65 years was 73.0% for Ad26.COV2.S, 81.5% for mRNA-1273, and 84.3% for BNT162b2; among persons aged �?5 years, VE against death was 52.2%, 75.5%, and 70.1%, respectively. SN - 1095-9203 (Electronic) | 0036-8075 (Linking) SP - eabm0620 ST - SARS-CoV-2 vaccine protection and deaths among US veterans during 2021 T2 - Science TI - SARS-CoV-2 vaccine protection and deaths among US veterans during 2021 UR - https://www.science.org/doi/abs/10.1126/science.abm0620 | https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abm0620 VL - 0 ID - 2622 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first reported in late 2019 in China and is the causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. To mitigate the effects of the virus on public health, the economy and society, a vaccine is urgently needed. Here I review the development of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Development was initiated when the genetic sequence of the virus became available in early January 2020, and has moved at an unprecedented speed: a phase I trial started in March 2020 and there are currently more than 180 vaccines at various stages of development. Data from phase I and phase II trials are already available for several vaccine candidates, and many have moved into phase III trials. The data available so far suggest that effective and safe vaccines might become available within months, rather than years. AD - Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. florian.krammer@mssm.edu. AN - 32967006 AU - Krammer, F. C1 - 2020-10-06 C2 - Vaccines CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100620_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1038/s41586-020-2798-3 ET - 2020/09/24 IS - 7830 KW - Animals | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | Clinical Trials as Topic | *Coronavirus Infections/immunology/prevention & control/virology | *Drug Development | Drug Industry | Humans | Immunity, Mucosal | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral/immunology/virology | *Viral Vaccines/adverse effects/immunology/supply & distribution L1 - internal-pdf://1449008485/Krammer-2020-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in developmen.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Krammer, Florian; eng; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review; England; Nature. 2020 Oct;586(7830):516-527. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2798-3. Epub 2020 Sep 23. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Review of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development including visual description of accelerated timelines and types of vaccines being developed. SN - 1476-4687 (Electronic); 0028-0836 (Linking) SP - 516-527 ST - SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in development T2 - Nature TI - SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in development UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32967006 VL - 586 ID - 997 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi, India. | BioInception, Cambridge, UK. | ICMR National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, India. | Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. hiras2@uw.edu. | Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi, India. seh@dbeb.iitd.ac.in. | Department of Life Science, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India. seh@dbeb.iitd.ac.in. AN - 34045737 AU - Singh, Jasdeep | Rahman, Syed Asad | Ehtesham, Nasreen Z. | Hira, Subhash | Hasnain, Seyed E. C1 - 2021-06-04 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06042021_covidupdate.html DA - 2021/05/27 DO - 10.1038/s41591-021-01397-4 ET - 2021/05/29 IS - 7 KW - Basic Reproduction Number | COVID-19/epidemiology/prevention & control/transmission/*virology | COVID-19 Vaccines/therapeutic use | Diagnostic Errors | False Negative Reactions | Humans | Immune Evasion | India/epidemiology | *SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://1462694496/Singh-2021-SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern are.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Singh, Jasdeep | Rahman, Syed Asad | Ehtesham, Nasreen Z | Hira, Subhash | Hasnain, Seyed E | eng | Letter | Nat Med. 2021 Jul;27(7):1131-1133. doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01397-4. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Since March 2021, COVID-19 cases in India have surged from 53 to >200 per million population; this surge has been associated with a succession of variant strains, including B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and B.1.1.28.1. There is now a steep rise in cases caused by the variant B.1.617.2, that has 3 key S-protein mutations (L452R, E484Q, P681R). SN - 1546-170X SP - 1131-1133 ST - SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern are emerging in India T2 - Nat Med TI - SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern are emerging in India UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01397-4 | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-021-01397-4.pdf VL - 27 ID - 1813 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants harboring mutations in the spike (S) protein has raised concern about potential immune escape. Here, we studied humoral and cellular immune responses to wild type SARS-CoV-2 and the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants of concern in a cohort of 121 BNT162b2 mRNA-vaccinated health care workers (HCW). Twenty-three HCW recovered from mild COVID-19 disease and exhibited a recall response with high levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific functional antibodies and virus-specific T cells after a single vaccination. Specific immune responses were also detected in seronegative HCW after one vaccination, but a second dose was required to reach high levels of functional antibodies and cellular immune responses in all individuals. Vaccination-induced antibodies cross-neutralized the variants B.1.1.7 and B.1.351, but the neutralizing capacity and Fc-mediated functionality against B.1.351 was consistently 2- to 4-fold lower than to the homologous virus. In addition, peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with peptide pools spanning the mutated S regions of B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 to detect cross-reactivity of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells with variants. Importantly, we observed no differences in CD4+ T-cell activation in response to variant antigens, indicating that the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 S proteins do not escape T-cell-mediated immunity elicited by the wild type S protein. In conclusion, this study shows that some variants can partially escape humoral immunity induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection or BNT162b2 vaccination, but S-specific CD4+ T-cell activation is not affected by the mutations in the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants. AD - Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC; Rotterdam, the Netherlands. | Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment; Bilthoven, the Netherlands. | Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC; Amsterdam, the Netherlands. | Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University; New York, NY 10021, USA. | Department of Occupational Health Services, Erasmus MC; Rotterdam, the Netherlands. | Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC; Rotterdam, the Netherlands. r.d.devries@erasmusmc.nl c.geurtsvankessel@erasmusmc.nl. AN - 34035118 AU - Geers, Daryl | Shamier, Marc C. | Bogers, Susanne | den Hartog, Gerco | Gommers, Lennert | Nieuwkoop, Nella N. | Schmitz, Katharina S. | Rijsbergen, Laurine C. | van Osch, Jolieke A.T. | Dijkhuizen, Emma | Smits, Gaby | Comvalius, Anouskha | van Mourik, Djenolan | Caniels, Tom G. | van Gils, Marit J. | Sanders, Rogier W. | Oude Munnink, Bas B. | Molenkamp, Richard | de Jager, Herbert J. | Haagmans, Bart L. | de Swart, Rik L. | Koopmans, Marion P.G. | van Binnendijk, Robert S. | de Vries, Rory D. | GeurtsvanKessel, Corine H. C1 - 2021-06-11 C2 - Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06112021_covidupdate.html DA - May 25 DO - 10.1126/sciimmunol.abj1750 ET - 2021/05/27 IS - 59 KW - Antibodies, Viral/*immunology | CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology | CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology | COVID-19/*immunology | COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology | Cell Line | Cross Reactions/immunology | Humans | Immunologic Memory/immunology | SARS-CoV-2/genetics/*immunology | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics/*immunology | Vaccination L1 - internal-pdf://0669399430/Geers-2021-SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern part.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Geers, Daryl | Shamier, Marc C | Bogers, Susanne | den Hartog, Gerco | Gommers, Lennert | Nieuwkoop, Nella N | Schmitz, Katharina S | Rijsbergen, Laurine C | van Osch, Jolieke A T | Dijkhuizen, Emma | Smits, Gaby | Comvalius, Anouskha | van Mourik, Djenolan | Caniels, Tom G | van Gils, Marit J | Sanders, Rogier W | Oude Munnink, Bas B | Molenkamp, Richard | de Jager, Herbert J | Haagmans, Bart L | de Swart, Rik L | Koopmans, Marion P G | van Binnendijk, Robert S | de Vries, Rory D | GeurtsvanKessel, Corine H | eng | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | Sci Immunol. 2021 May 25;6(59). pii: 6/59/eabj1750. doi: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abj1750. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; A 2nd dose of Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccination: | Was needed to boost antibody responses in SARS-CoV-2 naïve healthcare workers (HCW) (Figure). | Did not further boost antibody responses in COVID-19-recovered participants (Figure). | After full vaccination: | Neutralizing antibody to B.1.351 was 2- to 4-fold lower compared to wild-type SARS-CoV-2 (Figure). | CD4+ T-cell responses were observed in 5/7 COVID-19-naïve and 10/12 COVID-19-recovered participants. | CD4+ T cells responded similarly to wild-type, B.1.1.7, and B.1.351 variants. | CD8+ T cells were detected in too few participants to do further analysis. | Methods: From January 2021 onwards, healthcare workers in the Netherlands were included in a prospective vaccination study. All participants received 2 doses of the Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine with a 3-week interval between doses and followed for 23 weeks post-vaccination. Antibody tests were performed on samples from 98 SARS-CoV-2 naïve participants and 23 recovered from COVID-19; 25 participants were assessed for antibody responses to variants and 19 were assessed for T-cell responses. Limitations: Small sample size; most participants were female. | Implications: Patients recovered from COVID-19 mount strong antibody responses following a single mRNA vaccine dose similar to responses among people without COVID-19 infection after two vaccine doses. While antibody responses to some circulating variants are reduced, CD4+ T-cell-mediated responses to vaccination or to previous infection do not appear to be reduced against these variants and might contribute to protection. SN - 2470-9468 (Electronic) | 2470-9468 (Linking) SP - eabj1750 ST - SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern partially escape humoral but not T-cell responses in COVID-19 convalescent donors and vaccinees T2 - Sci Immunol TI - SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern partially escape humoral but not T-cell responses in COVID-19 convalescent donors and vaccinees UR - https://immunology.sciencemag.org/content/immunology/6/59/eabj1750.full.pdf VL - 6 ID - 1822 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused the global COVID-19 pandemic infecting more than 106 million people and causing 2.3 million deaths. The rapid deployment of antibody-based countermeasures has provided hope for curtailing disease and ending the pandemic (1) . However, the emergence of rapidly-spreading SARS-CoV-2 variants in the United Kingdom (B.1.1.7), South Africa (B.1.351), and elsewhere with mutations in the spike protein has raised concern for escape from neutralizing antibody responses and loss of vaccine efficacy based on preliminary data with pseudoviruses (2-4) . Here, using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), animal immune sera, human convalescent sera, and human sera from recipients of the Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2) mRNA vaccine, we report the impact on antibody neutralization of a panel of authentic SARS-CoV-2 variants including a B.1.1.7 isolate, a chimeric Washington strain with a South African spike gene (Wash SA-B.1.351), and isogenic recombinant variants with designed mutations or deletions at positions 69-70, 417, 484, 501, and/or 614 of the spike protein. Several highly neutralizing mAbs engaging the receptor binding domain (RBD) or N-terminal domain (NTD) lost inhibitory activity against Wash SA-B.1.351 or recombinant variants with an E484K spike mutation. Most convalescent sera and virtually all mRNA vaccine-induced immune sera tested showed markedly diminished neutralizing activity against the Wash SA-B.1.351 strain or recombinant viruses containing mutations at position 484 and 501. We also noted that cell line selection used for growth of virus stocks or neutralization assays can impact the potency of antibodies against different SARS-CoV-2 variants, which has implications for assay standardization and congruence of results across laboratories. As several antibodies binding specific regions of the RBD and NTD show loss-of-neutralization potency in vitro against emerging variants, updated mAb cocktails, targeting of highly conserved regions, enhancement of mAb potency, or adjustments to the spike sequences of vaccines may be needed to prevent loss of protection in vivo . AD - Washington University School of Medicine. | University of Texas Medical Branch. | Utmb. | Washington University. | Vanderbilt University Medical Center. | Washington University in St. Louis. | Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Inc. | Vir. | Vir Biotechnology, Washington University School of Medicine. | The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. AN - 33594356 AU - Diamond, M. | Chen, R. | Xie, X. | Case, J. | Zhang, X. | VanBlargan, L. | Liu, Y. | Liu, J. | Errico, J. | Winkler, E. | Suryadevara, N. | Tahan, S. | Turner, J. | Kim, W. | Schmitz, A. | Thapa, M. | Wang, D. | Boon, A. | Pinto, D. | Presti, R. | O'Halloran, J. | Kim, A. | Deepak, P. | Fremont, D. | Corti, D. | Virgin, H. | Crowe, J. | Droit, L. | Ellebedy, A. | Shi, P. Y. | Gilchuk, P. C1 - 2021-03-12 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03122021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 10 DO - 10.21203/rs.3.rs-228079/v1 DP - NLM ET - 2021/02/18 L1 - internal-pdf://4001950020/Diamond-2021-SARS-CoV-2 variants show resistan.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Diamond, Michael; Chen, Rita; Xie, Xuping; Case, James; Zhang, Xianwen; VanBlargan, Laura; Liu, Yang; Liu, Jianying; Errico, John; Winkler, Emma; Suryadevara, Naveenchandra; Tahan, Stephen; Turner, Jackson; Kim, Wooseob; Schmitz, Aaron; Thapa, Mahima; Wang, David; Boon, Andrianus; Pinto, Dora; Presti, Rachel; O'Halloran, Jane; Kim, Alfred; Deepak, Parakkal; Fremont, Daved; Corti, Davide; Virgin, Herbert; Crowe, James; Droit, Lindsay; Ellebedy, Ali; Shi, Pei-Yong; Gilchuk, Pavlo; eng; Preprint; Res Sq. 2021 Feb 10. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-228079/v1. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Monoclonal antibodies, convalescent sera and human sera from Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2) showed markedly diminished neutralizing activity against the Wash SA-B.1.351 (Washington strain with South African spike gene) or variants with an E484K spike mutation in a panel of SARS-CoV-2 variants. ST - SARS-CoV-2 variants show resistance to neutralization by many monoclonal and serum-derived polyclonal antibodies T2 - Res Sq TI - SARS-CoV-2 variants show resistance to neutralization by many monoclonal and serum-derived polyclonal antibodies TT - Published article: Resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants to neutralization by monoclonal and serum-derived polyclonal antibodies UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33594356 ID - 1568 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The factors that contribute to transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by children are unclear. We analysed viral load at the time of diagnosis in 53 children and 352 adults with COVID-19 in the first 5 days post symptom onset. No significant differences in SARS-CoV-2 RNA loads were seen between children and adults. AD - Division of Prison Health, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland. | Office of Corrections, Department of Justice and Home Affairs of the Canton of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. | Children's Hospital of Geneva, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland. | Laboratory of Virology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland. | Center for Vaccinology and Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. | Pediatric Platform for Clinical Research, Department of Woman, Child and Adolescent Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. | Center for Emerging Viral Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland. | Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland. | Primary Care Division, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland. | Department of Molecular Medicine and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universite de Geneve, Geneva, Switzerland. AN - 32761228 AU - Baggio, S. | L'Huillier, A. G. | Yerly, S. | Bellon, M. | Wagner, N. | Rohr, M. | Huttner, A. | Blanchard-Rohner, G. | Loevy, N. | Kaiser, L. | Jacquerioz, F. | Eckerle, I. C1 - 2020-08-18 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/081820_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 6 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa1157 ET - 2020/08/08 IS - 1 KW - Adult | *covid-19 | Child | Humans | RNA, Viral | Respiratory System | *SARS-CoV-2 | Viral Load L1 - internal-pdf://0499646383/Baggio-2020-SARS-CoV-2 viral load in the upper.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Baggio, Stephanie; L'Huillier, Arnaud G; Yerly, Sabine; Bellon, Mathilde; Wagner, Noemie; Rohr, Marie; Huttner, Angela; Blanchard-Rohner, Geraldine; Loevy, Natasha; Kaiser, Laurent; Jacquerioz, Frederique; Eckerle, Isabella; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Aug 6. pii: 5881997. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1157. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Children, adolescents, young adults and older adults had similar viral load in NP swabs with no correlation observed between age and virus concentrations from NP swabs (Figure). | Methods: Cross-sectional study of viral load (range 2.4-9.4 Log10 RNA copies/mL) in NP swabs within 5 days (mean 2.3) after symptom onset in 53 children <16 years old and 352 adults �?6 years old, March 10 to May 26, 2020, Geneva, Switzerland. Limitations: Symptomatic patients only; single center; small number of younger children. | Implications: Similar levels of virus in nasal passages of children and adults may indicate that symptomatic children may be as infectious as symptomatic adults. These findings are in contrast to those in Heald-Sargent et al.external icon described in the August 11, 2020 Science Update. Differences between these two studies could be due to study population, viral RNA quantification techniques, or analysis. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - 148-150 ST - SARS-CoV-2 viral load in the upper respiratory tract of children and adults with early acute COVID-19 T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - SARS-CoV-2 viral load in the upper respiratory tract of children and adults with early acute COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32761228 VL - 73 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 729 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China. | Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai, China. | Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China. | University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. | Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China 771276998@qq.com. AN - 32074444 AU - Zou, L. | Ruan, F. | Huang, M. | Liang, L. | Huang, H. | Hong, Z. | Yu, J. | Kang, M. | Song, Y. | Xia, J. | Guo, Q. | Song, T. | He, J. | Yen, H. L. | Peiris, M. | Wu, J. C1 - 2020-04-01 C2 - PMC7121626 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/040120_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 19 DO - 10.1056/NEJMc2001737 ET - 2020/02/20 IS - 12 KW - Adult | Aged | Betacoronavirus/*isolation & purification | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*virology | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Nose/*virology | Pharynx/*virology | Pneumonia, Viral/*virology | SARS-CoV-2 | *Viral Load L1 - internal-pdf://2029102827/Zou-2020-SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in Upper Respir.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Zou, Lirong; Ruan, Feng; Huang, Mingxing; Liang, Lijun; Huang, Huitao; Hong, Zhongsi; Yu, Jianxiang; Kang, Min; Song, Yingchao; Xia, Jinyu; Guo, Qianfang; Song, Tie; He, Jianfeng; Yen, Hui-Ling; Peiris, Malik; Wu, Jie; eng; Letter; N Engl J Med. 2020 Mar 19;382(12):1177-1179. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2001737. Epub 2020 Feb 19. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Note: Adapted from Zou et al. (SARS-CoV-2 viral load in upper respiratory specimens of infected patientsexternal icon, NEJM) and Xu et al available from NEJM 2020; 382:1177-1179. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc2001737. Copyright © 2020 Massachusetts Medical Society. Reprinted with permission from Massachusetts Medical Society. Xu et al. available via Nature Public Health Emergency Collection through PubMed Central. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 1177-1179 ST - SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in Upper Respiratory Specimens of Infected Patients T2 - N Engl J Med TI - SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in Upper Respiratory Specimens of Infected Patients UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32074444 VL - 382 ID - 10 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Patients with cancer may be at increased risk of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but the role of viral load on this risk is unknown. We measured SARS-CoV-2 viral load using cycle threshold (CT) values from reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assays applied to nasopharyngeal swab specimens in 100 patients with cancer and 2,914 without cancer who were admitted to three New York City hospitals. Overall, the in-hospital mortality rate was 38.8% among patients with a high viral load, 24.1% among patients with a medium viral load, and 15.3% among patients with a low viral load (p < 0.001). Similar findings were observed in patients with cancer (high, 45.2% mortality; medium, 28.0%; low, 12.1%; p = 0.008). Patients with hematologic malignancies had higher median viral loads (CT = 25.0) than patients without cancer (CT = 29.2; p = 0.0039). SARS-CoV-2 viral load results may offer vital prognostic information for patients with and without cancer who are hospitalized with COVID-19. AD - Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. | Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. | Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA. | NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital Queens, Queens, NY 11355, USA. | Department of Pathology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA. | Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA. | Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. | Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital Queens, Queens, NY 11355, USA. | Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY 10065, USA. Electronic address: mjs9012@med.cornell.edu. AN - 32997958 AU - Westblade, L. F. | Brar, G. | Pinheiro, L. C. | Paidoussis, D. | Rajan, M. | Martin, P. | Goyal, P. | Sepulveda, J. L. | Zhang, L. | George, G. | Liu, D. | Whittier, S. | Plate, M. | Small, C. B. | Rand, J. H. | Cushing, M. M. | Walsh, T. J. | Cooke, J. | Safford, M. M. | Loda, M. | Satlin, M. J. C1 - 2020-10-09 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100920_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 9 DO - 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.09.007 ET - 2020/10/01 IS - 5 KW - Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Betacoronavirus/*isolation & purification | Covid-19 | Case-Control Studies | Coronavirus Infections/*complications/transmission/virology | Female | Follow-Up Studies | Hospitalization/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Neoplasms/epidemiology/*mortality/virology | New York/epidemiology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications/transmission/virology | Prognosis | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 | Survival Rate | *Viral Load | *cancer | *coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) | *cycle threshold (C(T)) | *hematologic malignancy | *mortality | *severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) | *solid tumor | *viral load | from Roche Molecular Systems, Inc. M.M.S. receives grant support from Amgen, Inc. | All other authors declare no competing interests. L1 - internal-pdf://3978903771/Westblade-2020-SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load Predicts.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Westblade, Lars F; Brar, Gagandeep; Pinheiro, Laura C; Paidoussis, Demetrios; Rajan, Mangala; Martin, Peter; Goyal, Parag; Sepulveda, Jorge L; Zhang, Lisa; George, Gary; Liu, Dakai; Whittier, Susan; Plate, Markus; Small, Catherine B; Rand, Jacob H; Cushing, Melissa M; Walsh, Thomas J; Cooke, Joseph; Safford, Monika M; Loda, Massimo; Satlin, Michael J; eng; UL1 TR002384/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Cancer Cell. 2020 Nov 9;38(5):661-671.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.09.007. Epub 2020 Sep 15. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A retrospective analysis of over 3,000 individuals (100 with cancer) evaluating the relationship between viral load (represented by PCR cycle threshold [CT] value) and mortality. SN - 1878-3686 (Electronic); 1535-6108 (Linking) SP - 661-671 e2 ST - SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load Predicts Mortality in Patients with and without Cancer Who Are Hospitalized with COVID-19 T2 - Cancer Cell TI - SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load Predicts Mortality in Patients with and without Cancer Who Are Hospitalized with COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32997958 VL - 38 ID - 1025 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus and associated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease pandemic have rapidly spread around the world since December 2019. The high rate of droplet spread can endanger health care workers during procedures of the aerodigestive tract, particularly affecting otolaryngologists. Although there are no human data relating to the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the middle ear, the recommendations to mitigate these risks include precautions for middle ear and mastoid surgery because middle ear effusions have been shown to contain some non–SARS-CoV-2 coronaviruses. We present confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 colonization of the middle ear and mastoid in 2 of 3 patients. AD - Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. | Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. AN - 32701126 AU - Frazier, K. M. | Hooper, J. E. | Mostafa, H. H. | Stewart, C. M. C1 - 2020-08-04 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/080420_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 1 DO - 10.1001/jamaoto.2020.1922 ET - 2020/07/24 IS - 10 KW - Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Autopsy | COVID-19/diagnosis | COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing | Ear, Middle/*virology | Female | Humans | Male | Mastoid/*virology | Middle Aged | *Otologic Surgical Procedures | SARS-CoV-2/*isolation & purification L1 - internal-pdf://2409548859/Frazier-2020-SARS-CoV-2 Virus Isolated From th.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Frazier, Kaitlyn M; Hooper, Jody E; Mostafa, Heba H; Stewart, C Matthew; eng; T32 DC000027/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020 Oct 1;146(10):964-966. doi: 10.1001/jamaoto.2020.1922. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: The presence of SARS-CoV-2 virus in the middle ear and mastoid prompts precautions during middle ear procedures. SN - 2168-619X (Electronic); 2168-6181 (Linking) SP - 964-966 ST - SARS-CoV-2 Virus Isolated From the Mastoid and Middle Ear: Implications for COVID-19 Precautions During Ear Surgery T2 - JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg TI - SARS-CoV-2 Virus Isolated From the Mastoid and Middle Ear: Implications for COVID-19 Precautions During Ear Surgery UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32701126 VL - 146 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 649 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Scientists and the public were alarmed at the first large viral variant of SARS-CoV2 reported in December 2020. We have followed the time course of emerging viral mutants and variants during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in ten countries on four continents. We examined > 383.500 complete SARS-CoV-2 nucleotide sequences in GISAID, (Global Initiative of Sharing All Influenza Data) with sampling dates extending until April 05, 2021. These sequences originated from ten different countries: United Kingdom, South Africa, Brazil, USA, India, Russia, France, Spain, Germany, and China. Among the ~180 novel mutations, some previously reported mutations waned and some of them increased in prevalence over time. VUI2012/01 (B.1.1.7) and 501Y.V2 (B.1.351), the so-called UK and South Africa variants, respectively, and two variants from Brazil, 484K.V2, now called P.1 and P.2, increased in prevalence. Despite lockdowns, worldwide active replication in genetically and socio-economically diverse populations facilitated selection of new mutations. The data on mutant and variant SARS-CoV-2 strains provided here comprise a global resource for easy access to the myriad mutations and variants detected to date globally. Rapidly evolving new variant and mutant strains might give rise to escape variants, capable of limiting the efficacy of vaccines, therapies, and diagnostic tests. AD - Institute for Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU) Erlangen-Nurnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany. | Department of Biostatistics, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1772, USA. | Department of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA. | Institute of Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674, Cologne, Germany. AN - 33931941 AU - Weber, S. | Ramirez, C. M. | Weiser, B. | Burger, H. | Doerfler, W. C1 - 2021-05-14 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05142021_covidupdate.html DA - May 1 DO - 10.15252/emmm.202114062 ET - 2021/05/02 IS - n/a KW - South African and Brazil variants | Time course of SARS-CoV-2 mutant emergence | UK variant B.1.1.7 | high incidence of C to T transitions | numerous new mutations L1 - internal-pdf://3791886308/emmm.202114062.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Weber, Stefanie; Ramirez, Christina M; Weiser, Barbara; Burger, Harold; Doerfler, Walter; eng; England; EMBO Mol Med. 2021 May 1:e14062. doi: 10.15252/emmm.202114062. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Novel SARS-CoV-2 mutations increased from about 10 in April 2020 to approximately 180 in March 2021. | While most mutations were found in the well-characterized spike and nucleocapsid proteins, some were found in sequences for predicated proteins whose functions are not known. | By March 2021, prevalence of variants of concern B 1.1.7, B 1.351, and P.1 and P.2 had increased in multiple countries. | Methods: Complete SARS-CoV-2 RNA sequences (n = 383,570) within the Global Initiative of Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) database January 2020 thru March 2021, from 4 continents, were compared to the reference genome of wildtype SARS-CoV-2 and evaluated for mutations. Limitations: Analysis was limited to 10 countries and was subject to selection bias; sequences included in GISAID may not be representative of predominant circulating virus strains. | Implications: The rapid evolution of SARS-CoV-2 mutations and variants raises concerns about increased transmissibility, immune escape, and efficacy of existing vaccines. SN - 1757-4684 (Electronic); 1757-4676 (Linking) SP - e14062 ST - SARS-CoV-2 Worldwide Replication Drives Rapid Rise and Selection of Mutations across the Viral Genome: A Time-Course Study - Potential Challenge for Vaccines and Therapies T2 - EMBO Mol Med TI - SARS-CoV-2 Worldwide Replication Drives Rapid Rise and Selection of Mutations across the Viral Genome: A Time-Course Study - Potential Challenge for Vaccines and Therapies UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33931941 VL - n/a ID - 1740 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Following a year of development, several vaccines have been approved to contain the global COVID-19 pandemic. Real world comparative data on immune response following vaccination or natural infection are rare.Methods We conducted a longitudinal observational study in employees at a secondary care hospital affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Comparisons were made about the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunglobulin G (IgG) antibody ratio after natural infection, or vaccination with one or two doses of BioNTech/Pfizer (BNT162b2), or one dose of AstraZenca (Vaxzevria) vaccine.Results We found a 100% humoral response rate in participants after 2 doses of BNT162b2 vaccine. The antibody ratio in participants with one dose BNT162b2 and Vaxzevria did not differ significantly to those with previous PCR-confirmed infection, whereas this was significantly lower in comparison to two doses of BioNTech/Pfizer. We could not identify a correlation with previous comorbidities, obesity or age within this study. Smoking showed a negative effect on the antibody response (p=0.006)Conclusion Our data provide an overview about humoral immune response after natural SARS-CoV-2 infection or following vaccination, and supports the usage of booster vaccinations, especially in patients after a natural SARS-CoV-2 infection.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Clinical TrialDRKS00021270Funding StatementThis research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Ethics Committee of the Medical Association Schleswig-Holstein approved this study.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).Yes I have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesThe data generated and analysed during this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. AU - Herzberg, Jonas | Vollmer, Tanja | Fischer, Bastian | Becher, Heiko | Becker, Ann-Kristin | Honarpisheh, Human | Guraya, Salman Yousuf | Strate, Tim | Knabbe, Cornelius C1 - 2021-06-25 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06252021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.06.09.21258648 L1 - internal-pdf://0350254377/Herzberg-2021-SARS-CoV-2-antibody response in.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 2 doses of BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) vaccine elicited significantly higher antibody levels compared to: | A single dose of either BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 (AstraZeneca) vaccines (Figure). | Immunity obtained from previous PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (Figure). | Methods: Longitudinal study in Germany, April 2021, comparing anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody responses among hospital employees who had received 1 or both doses of BNT162b2 (n = 324) or 1 dose of ChAdOx1 (n = 117), had tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and had not been vaccinated (n = 52), or who were neither vaccinated nor previously infected (n = 69). Limitations: Single-center study, small sample size (n = 9) in single-dose BNT162b2 group, time frame between vaccination and blood sampling differed between groups of participants. | Implications: 2 doses of BNT162b2 elicit greater antibody response than prior PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection or a single dose of BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 vaccine. SP - 2021.06.09.21258648 ST - SARS-CoV-2-antibody response in health care workers after vaccination or natural infection in a longitudinal observational study T2 - medRxiv TI - SARS-CoV-2-antibody response in health care workers after vaccination or natural infection in a longitudinal observational study UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/06/13/2021.06.09.21258648.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/06/13/2021.06.09.21258648.full.pdf ID - 1863 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused the rapidly unfolding coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic(1,2). Clinical manifestations of COVID-19 vary, ranging from asymptomatic infection to respiratory failure. The mechanisms that determine such variable outcomes remain unresolved. Here we investigated CD4(+) T cells that are reactive against the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 in the peripheral blood of patients with COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2-unexposed healthy donors. We detected spike-reactive CD4(+) T cells not only in 83% of patients with COVID-19 but also in 35% of healthy donors. Spike-reactive CD4(+) T cells in healthy donors were primarily active against C-terminal epitopes in the spike protein, which show a higher homology to spike glycoproteins of human endemic coronaviruses, compared with N-terminal epitopes. Spike-protein-reactive T cell lines generated from SARS-CoV-2-naive healthy donors responded similarly to the C-terminal region of the spike proteins of the human endemic coronaviruses 229E and OC43, as well as that of SARS-CoV-2. This results indicate that spike-protein cross-reactive T cells are present, which were probably generated during previous encounters with endemic coronaviruses. The effect of pre-existing SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive T cells on clinical outcomes remains to be determined in larger cohorts. However, the presence of spike-protein cross-reactive T cells in a considerable fraction of the general population may affect the dynamics of the current pandemic, and has important implications for the design and analysis of upcoming trials investigating COVID-19 vaccines. AD - Si-M/'Der Simulierte Mensch', Technische Universitat Berlin and Charite-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany. | Regenerative Immunology and Aging, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charite-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany. | Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charite-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany. | Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany. | Department of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charite-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany. | Department of Tropical Medicine, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. | I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. | Medical Biotechnology, Institute for Biotechnology, Technische Universitat Berlin, Berlin, Germany. | Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charite-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany. | Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institut, Berlin, Germany. | Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany. | Interdisciplinary Metabolism Center, Biology of Aging (BoA) group, Charite-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany. | Institute of Virology, Charite-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany. | Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK. | JPT Peptide Technologies, Berlin, Germany. | Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany. giesecke@molgen.mpg.de. | Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany. leif-erik.sander@charite.de. | Si-M/'Der Simulierte Mensch', Technische Universitat Berlin and Charite-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany. andreas.thiel@charite.de. | Regenerative Immunology and Aging, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charite-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany. andreas.thiel@charite.de. AN - 32726801 AU - Braun, J. | Loyal, L. | Frentsch, M. | Wendisch, D. | Georg, P. | Kurth, F. | Hippenstiel, S. | Dingeldey, M. | Kruse, B. | Fauchere, F. | Baysal, E. | Mangold, M. | Henze, L. | Lauster, R. | Mall, M. A. | Beyer, K. | Rohmel, J. | Voigt, S. | Schmitz, J. | Miltenyi, S. | Demuth, I. | Muller, M. A. | Hocke, A. | Witzenrath, M. | Suttorp, N. | Kern, F. | Reimer, U. | Wenschuh, H. | Drosten, C. | Corman, V. M. | Giesecke-Thiel, C. | Sander, L. E. | Thiel, A. C1 - 2020-08-14 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08142020_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1038/s41586-020-2598-9 ET - 2020/07/30 IS - 7833 KW - Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Betacoronavirus/*immunology | CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology | Covid-19 | Cell Line | Coronavirus 229E, Human/immunology | Coronavirus Infections/*immunology | Coronavirus NL63, Human/immunology | Coronavirus OC43, Human/immunology | Cross Reactions | Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology | Female | Healthy Volunteers | Humans | Lymphocyte Activation | Male | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*immunology | SARS-CoV-2 | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/*immunology L1 - internal-pdf://1471787325/Braun-2020-SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells in heal.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Braun, Julian; Loyal, Lucie; Frentsch, Marco; Wendisch, Daniel; Georg, Philipp; Kurth, Florian; Hippenstiel, Stefan; Dingeldey, Manuela; Kruse, Beate; Fauchere, Florent; Baysal, Emre; Mangold, Maike; Henze, Larissa; Lauster, Roland; Mall, Marcus A; Beyer, Kirsten; Rohmel, Jobst; Voigt, Sebastian; Schmitz, Jurgen; Miltenyi, Stefan; Demuth, Ilja; Muller, Marcel A; Hocke, Andreas; Witzenrath, Martin; Suttorp, Norbert; Kern, Florian; Reimer, Ulf; Wenschuh, Holger; Drosten, Christian; Corman, Victor M; Giesecke-Thiel, Claudia; Sander, Leif Erik; Thiel, Andreas; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Nature. 2020 Nov;587(7833):270-274. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2598-9. Epub 2020 Jul 29. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; CD4 T lymphocytes from 67% of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients and 5.8% of healthy blood donors responded to spike glycoprotein I (S-I) (Figure). | CD4 T lymphocytes from 83% of patients and 35% of healthy donors responded to spike glycoprotein II (S-II) (Figure). | Of 18 healthy donors who were tested, all had IgG antibodies to all 4 of the endemic human coronaviruses, irrespective of the CD4+ cell response to S-II. | Methods: 68 healthy blood donors and 18 patients with SARS-CoV-2 diagnosed by RT-PCR, March 1 �?April 2, 2020 were examined to assess CD4+ T cell response to SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins S-I and S-II (note: SARS-CoV-2 S-II resembles the spike glycoprotein from the 4 endemic human coronaviruses). All 68 healthy donors had serology measured on day 0, and 65 donors at day 28 after enrollment. Limitations: Small number of patients with SARS-CoV-2; findings might not be generalizable to other settings. | Implications Response to S-II by CD4 T lymphocytes from healthy donors suggests potential cross-reactivity as a result of prior infection with endemic human coronaviruses that are best known as a cause of the common cold. Cell-mediated response might contribute to SARS-CoV-2 immunity independent of antibodies. | Note: adapted from Braun et al. CD4+ T cell response to SARS-CoV-2 S-II and S-I in HD (healthy donors) and P (patients). Used by permission of Springer Nature. SN - 1476-4687 (Electronic); 0028-0836 (Linking) SP - 270-274 ST - SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells in healthy donors and patients with COVID-19 T2 - Nature TI - SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells in healthy donors and patients with COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32726801 VL - 587 ID - 2248 ER - TY - JOUR AB - End of April 2020, French clinicians observed an increase in cases presenting with paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome (PIMS). Nationwide surveillance was set up and demonstrated temporospatial association with the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic for 156 reported cases as at 17 May: 108 were classified as confirmed (n=79), probable (n=16) or possible (n=13) post-COVID-19 PIMS cases. A continuum of clinical features from Kawasaki-like disease to myocarditis was observed, requiring intensive care in 67% of cases. AD - Filiere de sante des maladies auto-immunes et auto-inflammatoires rares (FAI2R), Lyon, France. | Sante Publique France, Agence nationale de Sante publique, Saint-Maurice cedex, France. | Groupe francophone de reanimation et d'urgences pediatriques (GFRUP), Paris, France. | Groupe de pathologies infectieuses pediatriques (GPIP), Nice, France. | Societe Francaise de Pediatrie (SFP), Paris, France. | Societe Francaise de Cardiologie, filiale de Cardiologie pediatrique et congenitale (FCPC), Paris, France. | Societe francophone dediee a l'etude des maladies inflammatoires pediatriques (SOFREMIP), Paris, France. AN - 32524957 AU - Belot, A. | Antona, D. | Renolleau, S. | Javouhey, E. | Hentgen, V. | Angoulvant, F. | Delacourt, C. | Iriart, X. | Ovaert, C. | Bader-Meunier, B. | Kone-Paut, I. | Levy-Bruhl, D. C1 - 2020-06-16 C2 - Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061620_covidupdate.html DA - Jun DO - 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.22.2001010 ET - 2020/06/12 IS - 22 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Child | Child, Preschool | Coronavirus/*isolation & purification | Coronavirus Infections/complications/*diagnosis/immunology | Disease Outbreaks | Female | France/epidemiology | Humans | Male | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/complications/*diagnosis/immunology | SARS-CoV-2 | Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/*epidemiology/etiology | *covid-19 | *Kawasaki disease | *SARS-CoV2 | *children | *inflammation | *myocarditis | *post-infectious disease L1 - internal-pdf://0416725804/Belot-2020-SARS-CoV-2-related paediatric infla.pdf LA - en LB - Natural History | Testing | N1 - Belot, Alexandre; Antona, Denise; Renolleau, Sylvain; Javouhey, Etienne; Hentgen, Veronique; Angoulvant, Francois; Delacourt, Christophe; Iriart, Xavier; Ovaert, Caroline; Bader-Meunier, Brigitte; Kone-Paut, Isabelle; Levy-Bruhl, Daniel; eng; Sweden; Euro Surveill. 2020 Jun;25(22). doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.22.2001010. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; SARS-CoV-2-related MIS-C cases increased 4�? weeks after peak COVID-19 hospitalizations (Figure). | Compared with 48 children with MIS-C without SARS-CoV-2, 108 hospitalized children with SARS-CoV-2-related MIS-C were: | older (median 8 years vs. 3 years); more likely to have heart inflammation (myocarditis) (70% vs. 10%); more often critically ill (67% vs. 8%). | Methods: French nationwide surveillance for MIS-C cases, between March 1 to May 17, 2020. MIS-C defined as having at 1 or more symptoms of: inflammation of lining around the heart, lungs, or abdomen (serositis) or of heart muscle (myocarditis), symptoms of autoimmune macrophage activation syndrome, or Kawasaki-like disease. Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 defined by positive RT-PCR or serology test, direct link with a confirmed COVID-19 case, or suggestive radiography. Limitations: Use of non-standard case definition; definition of “SARS-CoV-2-related�?did not require RT-PCR or IgG; unclear classification for 13 children. | Key findings:; Of 17 hospitalized children and adolescents with SARS-CoV-2-related MIS-C, median age was 8 years (range 1.8�?6); 12/17 (71%) were white; 3/17 (18%) had mild asthma. | GI symptoms were reported by 14/17 (82%); 1 had acute bowel inflammation (ileocolitis). | Moderate–severe cardiac dysfunction in 6/17 (35%); 1 had a coronary aneurysm. | 15/17 (88%) were critically ill: 13 were in shock on presentation; none were intubated or died. | IL-6 was elevated in 16/17 (94%). | Methods: Clinical case-series of 17 hospitalized children and adolescents with SARS-CoV-2-related MIS-C, New York City, April 18–May 5, 2020. Some patients might be included in Miller et al. Limitations: Single center, may not be representative. | Implications for 5 studies (Belot et al., Toubiana et al., Whittaker et al., Miller et al. & Cheung et al.): MIS-C can cause severe illness and seems to be a SARS-CoV-2 postinfectious complication. Patients with SARS-CoV-2-related MIS-C were older and required more intensive care than patients with Kawasaki disease. Pneumonia was noticeably absent; mechanical ventilation seemed to be used to support patients with cardiovascular collapse (shock) rather than respiratory failure. Early MIS-C with GI symptoms may be misdiagnosed as mild GI illness. Studies are needed to understand the spectrum of MIS-C severity, timing between SARS-CoV-2 infection and MIS-C, risk factors, possible long-term complications, and therapy. SN - 1560-7917 (Electronic); 1025-496X (Linking) SP - 2001010 ST - SARS-CoV-2-related paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome, an epidemiological study, France, 1 March to 17 May 2020 T2 - Euro Surveill TI - SARS-CoV-2-related paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome, an epidemiological study, France, 1 March to 17 May 2020 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32524957 VL - 25 ID - 375 ER - TY - JOUR AB - On December 20, 2020, Israel initiated a national vaccination program against COVID-19. One prioritized group was health care workers, many of whom are breastfeeding women. Despite the fact that the vaccine trial did not include this population and no other vaccine-related safety data had been published, breastfeeding women belonging to risk groups were encouraged to receive the vaccine. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has also recommended that breastfeeding women belonging to vaccine-target groups be immunized. We investigated whether maternal immunization results in secretion of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies into breast milk and evaluated any potential adverse events among women and their infants. AD - Pulmonary Institute, Shamir Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel. | The Center for Microbiome Research, Shamir Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel. | IVF Unit, Shamir Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel. | Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel. | Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. AN - 33843975 AU - Perl, S. H. | Uzan-Yulzari, A. | Klainer, H. | Asiskovich, L. | Youngster, M. | Rinott, E. | Youngster, I. C1 - 2021-04-16 C2 - SARS CoV-2 Vitus and Antibodies in Breast Milk CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04162021_covidupdate.html DA - May 18 DO - 10.1001/jama.2021.5782 ET - 2021/04/13 IS - 19 KW - Adult | Antibodies, Viral/*analysis | *Breast Feeding | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines/*immunology | Female | Humans | Immunoglobulin A/*analysis | Immunoglobulin G/*analysis | Milk, Human/*immunology | Prospective Studies L1 - internal-pdf://3708485341/Perl-2021-SARS-CoV-2-Specific Antibodies in Br.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Perl, Sivan Haia; Uzan-Yulzari, Atara; Klainer, Hodaya; Asiskovich, Liron; Youngster, Michal; Rinott, Ehud; Youngster, Ilan; eng; JAMA. 2021 May 18;325(19):2013-2014. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.5782. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: SARS-CoV-2 specific IgA and IgG antibodies were found in breast milk from 84 women 6 weeks after Pfizer-BioNTech vaccination. No serious adverse events were found in infants or women post vaccination. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 2013-2014 ST - SARS-CoV-2-Specific Antibodies in Breast Milk After COVID-19 Vaccination of Breastfeeding Women T2 - JAMA TI - SARS-CoV-2-Specific Antibodies in Breast Milk After COVID-19 Vaccination of Breastfeeding Women UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33843975 VL - 325 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1661 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Memory T cells induced by previous pathogens can shape susceptibility to, and the clinical severity of, subsequent infections(1). Little is known about the presence in humans of pre-existing memory T cells that have the potential to recognize severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Here we studied T cell responses against the structural (nucleocapsid (N) protein) and non-structural (NSP7 and NSP13 of ORF1) regions of SARS-CoV-2 in individuals convalescing from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (n = 36). In all of these individuals, we found CD4 and CD8 T cells that recognized multiple regions of the N protein. Next, we showed that patients (n = 23) who recovered from SARS (the disease associated with SARS-CoV infection) possess long-lasting memory T cells that are reactive to the N protein of SARS-CoV 17 years after the outbreak of SARS in 2003; these T cells displayed robust cross-reactivity to the N protein of SARS-CoV-2. We also detected SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in individuals with no history of SARS, COVID-19 or contact with individuals who had SARS and/or COVID-19 (n = 37). SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in uninfected donors exhibited a different pattern of immunodominance, and frequently targeted NSP7 and NSP13 as well as the N protein. Epitope characterization of NSP7-specific T cells showed the recognition of protein fragments that are conserved among animal betacoronaviruses but have low homology to 'common cold' human-associated coronaviruses. Thus, infection with betacoronaviruses induces multi-specific and long-lasting T cell immunity against the structural N protein. Understanding how pre-existing N- and ORF1-specific T cells that are present in the general population affect the susceptibility to and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection is important for the management of the current COVID-19 pandemic. AD - Emerging Infectious Diseases Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore. | Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore. | National Centre of Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore. | Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore. | Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. | Division of Infectious Disease, University Medicine Cluster, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore. | Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. | Emerging Infectious Diseases Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore. antonio@duke-nus.edu.sg. | Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore. antonio@duke-nus.edu.sg. AN - 32668444 AU - Le Bert, N. | Tan, A. T. | Kunasegaran, K. | Tham, C. Y. L. | Hafezi, M. | Chia, A. | Chng, M. H. Y. | Lin, M. | Tan, N. | Linster, M. | Chia, W. N. | Chen, M. I. | Wang, L. F. | Ooi, E. E. | Kalimuddin, S. | Tambyah, P. A. | Low, J. G. | Tan, Y. J. | Bertoletti, A. C1 - 2020-07-24 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072420_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.1038/s41586-020-2550-z ET - 2020/07/16 IS - 7821 KW - Betacoronavirus/chemistry/*immunology | Covid-19 | Case-Control Studies | Coronavirus Infections/*immunology/virology | Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins | Cross Reactions/immunology | Humans | Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology | Nucleocapsid Proteins/chemistry/immunology | Pandemics | Phosphoproteins | Pneumonia, Viral/*immunology/virology | SARS-CoV-2 | Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/*immunology | T-Lymphocytes/*immunology L1 - internal-pdf://4010279366/Le Bert-2020-SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immuni.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Le Bert, Nina; Tan, Anthony T; Kunasegaran, Kamini; Tham, Christine Y L; Hafezi, Morteza; Chia, Adeline; Chng, Melissa Hui Yen; Lin, Meiyin; Tan, Nicole; Linster, Martin; Chia, Wan Ni; Chen, Mark I-Cheng; Wang, Lin-Fa; Ooi, Eng Eong; Kalimuddin, Shirin; Tambyah, Paul Anantharajah; Low, Jenny Guek-Hong; Tan, Yee-Joo; Bertoletti, Antonio; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Nature. 2020 Aug;584(7821):457-462. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2550-z. Epub 2020 Jul 15. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Describes how presence of pre-existing memory T cells in humans includes the potential to recognize SARS-CoV-2, including CD4 and CD8 T cells reactive to SARS-NP 17 years after the 2003 outbreak. SN - 1476-4687 (Electronic); 0028-0836 (Linking) SP - 457-462 ST - SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity in cases of COVID-19 and SARS, and uninfected controls T2 - Nature TI - SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity in cases of COVID-19 and SARS, and uninfected controls UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32668444 VL - 584 ID - 589 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: A debate about the scientific quality of COVID-19 themed research has emerged. We explored whether the quality of evidence of COVID-19 publications is lower when compared to nonCOVID-19 publications in the three highest ranked scientific medical journals. METHODS: We searched the PubMed Database from March 12 to April 12, 2020 and identified 559 publications in the New England Journal of Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association, and The Lancet which were divided into COVID-19 (cases, n = 204) and nonCOVID-19 (controls, n = 355) associated content. After exclusion of secondary, unauthored, response letters and non-matching article types, 155 COVID-19 publications (including 13 original articles) and 130 nonCOVID-19 publications (including 52 original articles) were included in the comparative analysis. The hierarchical level of evidence was determined for each publication included and compared between cases and controls as the main outcome. A quantitative scoring of quality was carried out for the subgroup of original articles. The numbers of authors and citation rates were also compared between groups. RESULTS: The 130 nonCOVID-19 publications were associated with higher levels of evidence on the level of evidence pyramid, with a strong association measure (Cramer's V: 0.452, P <0.001). The 155 COVID-19 publications were 186-fold more likely to be of lower evidence (95% confidence interval [CI] for odds ratio, 7.0-47; P <0.001). The quantitative quality score (maximum possible score, 28) was significantly different in favor of nonCOVID-19 (mean difference, 11.1; 95% CI, 8.5-13.7; P <0.001). There was a significant difference in the early citation rate of the original articles that favored the COVID-19 original articles (median [interquartile range], 45 [30-244] vs. 2 [1-4] citations; P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the quality of COVID-19 publications in the three highest ranked scientific medical journals is below the quality average of these journals. These findings need to be verified at a later stage of the pandemic. AD - Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Management, University Medical Centre Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia. | Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. | Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. AN - 33152034 AU - Zdravkovic, M. | Berger-Estilita, J. | Zdravkovic, B. | Berger, D. C1 - 2020-11-24 C2 - About COVID-19 Publications CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/112420_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0241826 ET - 2020/11/06 IS - 11 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus Infections | *Medical Writing | *Pandemics | Periodicals as Topic/*standards | *Pneumonia, Viral | Publications/*standards | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://0155522546/Zdravkovic-2020-Scientific quality of COVID-19.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Zdravkovic, Marko; Berger-Estilita, Joana; Zdravkovic, Bogdan; Berger, David; eng; PLoS One. 2020 Nov 5;15(11):e0241826. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241826. eCollection 2020. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Non-COVID-19 publications were associated with higher quality compared to COVID-19 publications based on higher scores on the Oxford Center Levels of Evidence pyramid (p <0.001). | Out of a maximum score of 28, the mean total score for the COVID-19 publications was 6 (95% CI 10.1�?5.1) compared with 23.7 (95% CI 22.9�?4.6) for the non-COVID-19 publications (p <0.001). | Non-COVID-19 publications had a greater median number of citations by other articles compared with COVID-19 publications (83.5 vs 2.5; p <0.001). | Methods: Comparative analysis of 155 COVID-19 publications and 130 non-COVID-19 publications from the three highest ranked scientific medical journals (NEJM, Lancet, JAMA) published from March 12 to April 12, 2020. Studies were scored by level of evidence based on the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine: Levels of Evidenceexternal icon criteria of methodological quality, quantitative analysis of strengths and weaknesses, and citation rate. Limitations: Used articles published very early in COVID pandemic and therefore not enough time for publication of studies with rigorous study designs; few original articles. | Implications for both studies (Zdravkovic et al. & Jung et al.): COVID-19 studies published early in the pandemic, including those from highly ranked scientific journals, were of lower quality than non-COVID-19 studies, likely due to the demand for information and limited availability of findings from rigorous scientific studies. Researchers publishing critical evidence related to COVID-19 as preprints should subsequently publish their findings in a peer-reviewed journal to ensure widespread reach and impact. SN - 1932-6203 (Electronic); 1932-6203 (Linking) SP - e0241826 ST - Scientific quality of COVID-19 and SARS CoV-2 publications in the highest impact medical journals during the early phase of the pandemic: A case control study T2 - PLoS One TI - Scientific quality of COVID-19 and SARS CoV-2 publications in the highest impact medical journals during the early phase of the pandemic: A case control study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33152034 VL - 15 ID - 1251 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. lakdawala@pitt.edu vimenach@utmb.edu. | Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA. lakdawala@pitt.edu vimenach@utmb.edu. AN - 32467379 AU - Lakdawala, S. S. | Menachery, V. D. C1 - 2020-06-05 C2 - Vaccine Development and Cliniacl Trials CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060520_covidupdate.html DA - May 29 DO - 10.1126/science.abc6141 ET - 2020/05/30 IS - 6494 KW - Animals | Animals, Domestic | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Cats | Coronavirus Infections | Dogs | Ferrets | Models, Animal | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral | *SARS Virus | SARS-CoV-2 | *Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome L1 - internal-pdf://1415239925/Lakdawala-2020-The search for a COVID-19 anima.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Lakdawala, Seema S; Menachery, Vineet D; eng; R00 AG049092/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Comment; Science. 2020 May 29;368(6494):942-943. doi: 10.1126/science.abc6141. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Animal models play a critical role in determining effectiveness of proposed SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic agents and vaccines. Non-human primates may be optimal for determining the best vaccine candidates, while cats and ferrets could be useful for studying transmissibility. SN - 1095-9203 (Electronic); 0036-8075 (Linking) SP - 942-943 ST - The search for a COVID-19 animal model T2 - Science TI - The search for a COVID-19 animal model UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32467379 VL - 368 ID - 323 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A key unsolved question in the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is the duration of acquired immunity. Insights from infections with the four seasonal human coronaviruses might reveal common characteristics applicable to all human coronaviruses. We monitored healthy individuals for more than 35 years and determined that reinfection with the same seasonal coronavirus occurred frequently at 12 months after infection. AD - Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. | INGENASA, Inmunologia y Genetica Aplicada S. A., Madrid, Spain. | Department of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine & Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium. | Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium. | Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. | Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. | Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. c.m.vanderhoek@amsterdamumc.nl. AN - 32929268 AU - Edridge, A. W. D. | Kaczorowska, J. | Hoste, A. C. R. | Bakker, M. | Klein, M. | Loens, K. | Jebbink, M. F. | Matser, A. | Kinsella, C. M. | Rueda, P. | Ieven, M. | Goossens, H. | Prins, M. | Sastre, P. | Deijs, M. | van der Hoek, L. C1 - 2020-09-22 | 2020-10-09 C2 - Immunity CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/092220_covidupdate.html | http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100920_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1038/s41591-020-1083-1 ET - 2020/09/16 IS - 11 KW - Adaptive Immunity/*physiology | Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | *COVID-19/blood/epidemiology/immunology/prevention & control | Cohort Studies | Coinfection/blood/epidemiology | Coronavirus/genetics/*immunology | Coronavirus Infections/blood/epidemiology/*immunology/virology | Follow-Up Studies | HIV Infections/complications/epidemiology | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Netherlands/epidemiology | Pandemics | RNA, Viral/analysis/blood | Reinfection/blood/epidemiology/*immunology/virology | SARS-CoV-2/genetics/immunology | *Seasons | Serologic Tests/methods | Time Factors | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://1093975820/Edridge-2020-Seasonal coronavirus protective i.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Edridge, Arthur W D; Kaczorowska, Joanna; Hoste, Alexis C R; Bakker, Margreet; Klein, Michelle; Loens, Katherine; Jebbink, Maarten F; Matser, Amy; Kinsella, Cormac M; Rueda, Paloma; Ieven, Margareta; Goossens, Herman; Prins, Maria; Sastre, Patricia; Deijs, Martin; van der Hoek, Lia; eng; 721367/EC | EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020 | H2020 Priority Excellent Science | H2020 Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions (H2020 Excellent Science - Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions)/International; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Nat Med. 2020 Nov;26(11):1691-1693. doi: 10.1038/s41591-020-1083-1. Epub 2020 Sep 14. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Reinfections with seasonal coronaviruses (CoVs) frequently occurred at 12 months, and in a few cases as early as 6 months (Figure). | Methods: Testing for antibodies to seasonal CoV using stored serum from 10 healthy adult males who gave blood every 3 to 6 months for 12 to 35 years as part of the Amsterdam Cohort Studies on HIV-1 infection and AIDS. Increases in antibody levels to seasonal CoVs (HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1) were used as a proxy for reinfection. Limitations: Ability to detect short-term reinfections was limited by the sampling interval; 1.4-fold increase in antibodies to CoV N antigen was used as a proxy for incident infection. | Implications: Natural reinfection occurred for 4 common seasonal endemic coronaviruses and may be a common feature of human coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2. Calculations of herd-immunity and vaccine strategies may need to consider this and other studies when determining population-level protection and planning vaccination intervals. SN - 1546-170X (Electronic); 1078-8956 (Linking) SP - 1691-1693 ST - Seasonal coronavirus protective immunity is short-lasting T2 - Nat Med TI - Seasonal coronavirus protective immunity is short-lasting UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32929268 VL - 26 ID - 922 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has rapidly spread within the human population. Although SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus, most humans had been previously exposed to other antigenically distinct common seasonal human coronaviruses (hCoVs) before the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we quantified levels of SARS-CoV-2-reactive antibodies and hCoV-reactive antibodies in serum samples collected from 204 humans before the COVID-19 pandemic. We then quantified pre-pandemic antibody levels in serum from a separate cohort of 252 individuals who became PCR-confirmed infected with SARS-CoV-2. Finally, we longitudinally measured hCoV and SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the serum of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Our studies indicate that most individuals possessed hCoV-reactive antibodies before the COVID-19 pandemic. We determined that approximately 23% of these individuals possessed non-neutralizing antibodies that cross-reacted with SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins. These antibodies were not associated with protection against SARS-CoV-2 infections or hospitalizations, but paradoxically these hCoV cross-reactive antibodies were boosted upon SARS-CoV-2 infection. AD - Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. | These authors contributed equally to this work: Elizabeth M. Anderson, Eileen C. Goodwin, and Anurag Verma. | Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. | School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA. | Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine and Center for Translational Lung Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia PA. | Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. | Current affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA. | Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. | Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. | Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA. | Penn Center for Research on Coronavirus and Other Emerging Pathogens, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA. AN - 33200143 AU - Anderson, E. M. | Goodwin, E. C. | Verma, A. | Arevalo, C. P. | Bolton, M. J. | Weirick, M. E. | Gouma, S. | McAllister, C. M. | Christensen, S. R. | Weaver, J. | Hicks, P. | Manzoni, T. B. | Oniyide, O. | Ramage, H. | Mathew, D. | Baxter, A. E. | Oldridge, D. A. | Greenplate, A. R. | Wu, J. E. | Alanio, C. | D'Andrea, K. | Kuthuru, O. | Dougherty, J. | Pattekar, A. | Kim, J. | Han, N. | Apostolidis, S. A. | Huang, A. C. | Vella, L. A. | U. Penn COVID Processing Unit | Wherry, E. J. | Meyer, N. J. | Cherry, S. | Bates, P. | Rader, D. J. | Hensley, S. E. C1 - 2020-12-08 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/120820_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 10 DO - 10.1101/2020.11.06.20227215 ET - 2020/11/18 L1 - internal-pdf://1715086309/Anderson-2020-Seasonal human coronavirus antib.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Anderson, Elizabeth M; Goodwin, Eileen C; Verma, Anurag; Arevalo, Claudia P; Bolton, Marcus J; Weirick, Madison E; Gouma, Sigrid; McAllister, Christopher M; Christensen, Shannon R; Weaver, JoEllen; Hicks, Phillip; Manzoni, Tomaz B; Oniyide, Oluwatosin; Ramage, Holly; Mathew, Divij; Baxter, Amy E; Oldridge, Derek A; Greenplate, Allison R; Wu, Jennifer E; Alanio, Cecile; D'Andrea, Kurt; Kuthuru, Oliva; Dougherty, Jeanette; Pattekar, Ajinkya; Kim, Justin; Han, Nicholas; Apostolidis, Sokratis A; Huang, Alex C; Vella, Laura A; Wherry, E John; Meyer, Nuala J; Cherry, Sara; Bates, Paul; Rader, Daniel J; Hensley, Scott E; eng; T32 AR076951/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/; R21 AI142638/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 AI152236/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 HL137006/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; R01 HL137915/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/; T32 AI055400/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R21 AI129531/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; T32 AI007324/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Preprint; medRxiv. 2020 Nov 10. doi: 10.1101/2020.11.06.20227215. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Of 204 pre-pandemic specimens, 11 (5.4%) had IgG against SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein, 4 (2.0%) against S receptor binding domain (S-RBD) and 38 (18.6%) against nucleocapsid (N) protein (Figure 1A). | IgG levels in pre-pandemic sera were lower compared with sera from SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals (Figure 1A). | Pre-pandemic sera did not neutralize SARS-CoV-2 in vitro (Figure 1B). | There was no difference in SARS-CoV-2- or seasonal betacoronavirus OC43-specific antibodies in archived sera samples from individuals who did or did not subsequently become infected with SARS-CoV-2. | There was an increase in IgG reactive to the S protein of OC43 and SARS-CoV-2, but not seasonal alphacoronaviruses 229E or NL63, in 27 COVID-19 patients during hospitalization (p <0.0001), but this was not associated with survival (p <0.04) (Figure 2). | Methods: Antibody titers to SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal coronaviruses were measured in 204 specimens collected in 2017, in pre-pandemic specimens from 251 individuals who later became infected with SARS-CoV-2, 251 controls who did not become infected, and 27 hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Antibody titers in pre-pandemic serum samples were compared with those from a subset of individuals who did and did not have a subsequent positive PCR test for SARS-CoV-2. Limitations: Small sample size. | Implications for three studies (Ng et al., Tso et al. & Anderson et al.): Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 proteins are not uncommon in pre-pandemic samples, suggesting cross-reactivity from prior infection with seasonal coronaviruses. Ng et al. saw high pre-existing SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in children/adolescents with neutralizing activity, whereas Anderson et al. did not and showed 2 lines of evidence suggesting no impact of pre-existing immunity on SARS-CoV-2 infection or outcomes. The biological implications of these findings regarding existing protective immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection remains unclear. Cross-reactivity needs to be considered in designing and conducting serosurveys to assess the extent of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a population. SP - 2020.11.06.20227215 ST - Seasonal human coronavirus antibodies are boosted upon SARS-CoV-2 infection but not associated with protection T2 - medRxiv TI - Seasonal human coronavirus antibodies are boosted upon SARS-CoV-2 infection but not associated with protection TT - Published article: Seasonal human coronavirus antibodies are boosted upon SARS-CoV-2 infection but not associated with protection UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33200143 ID - 1294 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The year 2020 has seen the world gripped by the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is not the first time, nor will it be last, that our increasingly globalized world has been significantly affected by the emergence of a new disease. In much of the Northern Hemisphere, the academic year begins in September, and for many countries, September 2020 marked the return to full schooling after some period of enforced closure due to COVID-19. In this paper, we focus on the airborne spread of disease and investigate the likelihood of transmission in school environments. It is crucial to understand the risk airborne infection from COVID-19 might pose to pupils, teachers, and their wider social groups. We use monitored CO2 data from 45 classrooms in 11 different schools from within the UK to estimate the likelihood of infection occurring within classrooms regularly attended by the same staff and pupils. We determine estimates of the number of secondary infections arising via the airborne route over pre/asymptomatic periods on a rolling basis. Results show that, assuming relatively quiet desk-based work, the number of secondary infections is likely to remain reassuringly below unity; however, it can vary widely between classrooms of the same school even when the same ventilation system is present. Crucially, the data highlight significant variation with the seasons with January being nearly twice as risky as July. We show that such seasonal variations in risk due to changes in ventilation rates are robust and our results hold for wide variations in disease parameterizations, suggesting our results may be applied to a number of different airborne diseases. AD - Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK. | School of Civil Engineering, Woodhouse Lane, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. | Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. AN - 33682974 AU - Vouriot, C. V. M. | Burridge, H. C. | Noakes, C. J. | Linden, P. F. C1 - 2021-03-19 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03192021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 8 DO - 10.1111/ina.12818 ET - 2021/03/09 IS - n/a KW - Covid-19 | SARS-CoV-2 | airborne infection risk | infection modeling | monitored CO2 | school L1 - internal-pdf://2544567285/Vouriot-2021-Seasonal variation in airborne in.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Vouriot, Carolanne V M; Burridge, Henry C; Noakes, Catherine J; Linden, Paul F; eng; EP/L016230/1 and EP/W001411/1/UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC); England; Indoor Air. 2021 Mar 8. doi: 10.1111/ina.12818. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Despite similar presumed occupancy and activity levels, secondary infection from airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 was estimated to be more than twice as likely in January as in July (Figure). | There can be wide variation between classrooms in the same school in expected secondary infections. | Methods: Data from 45 CO2 monitored classrooms in 11 UK schools were used to estimate likelihood of airborne transmission in classrooms and expected secondary infections, using a mathematical modeling approach successfully applied to influenza, measles, and rhinovirus. Limitations: Used pre-pandemic historical data (January and July 2018); seasonal variation in ventilation might differ in schools; variation in droplet and contact transmission, and in airborne transmission based on factors other than ventilation (e.g., humidity) was not evaluated. | Implications: SARS-CoV-2 transmission risk within classrooms should not be assumed to remain constant throughout the year even if mitigation measures such as distancing and masking and if community transmission rates remain similar. CO2 monitoring could be evaluated as marker for ventilation and associated SARS-CoV-2 transmission risk. SN - 1600-0668 (Electronic); 0905-6947 (Linking) SP - 1154-1163 ST - Seasonal variation in airborne infection risk in schools due to changes in ventilation inferred from monitored carbon dioxide T2 - Indoor Air TI - Seasonal variation in airborne infection risk in schools due to changes in ventilation inferred from monitored carbon dioxide UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33682974 VL - n/a ID - 1594 ER - TY - JOUR AB - No data exist regarding the effect on fetuses of maternal severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection during the first or second trimester of pregnancy, and data are limited regarding infections that occur during the third trimester. However, reports of newborns with fetal distress or requiring admission to the intensive care unit and a stillbirth after maternal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the third trimester suggest the possibility of COVID-19–induced placental pathology.We present a case of miscarriage during the second trimester in a pregnant woman with COVID-19. AD - Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland. | Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland. | Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland. AN - 32352491 AU - Baud, D. | Greub, G. | Favre, G. | Gengler, C. | Jaton, K. | Dubruc, E. | Pomar, L. C1 - 2020-05-08 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050820_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 2 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.7233 ET - 2020/05/01 IS - 21 KW - Abortion, Spontaneous/*virology | Adult | Autopsy | *Betacoronavirus/isolation & purification | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*complications | Female | Fetus/virology | Humans | Nasopharynx/virology | Pandemics | Placenta/virology | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications | Pregnancy | Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/*virology | Pregnancy Trimester, Second | SARS-CoV-2 | Stillbirth L1 - internal-pdf://3389595880/Baud-2020-Second-Trimester Miscarriage in a Pr.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Baud, David; Greub, Gilbert; Favre, Guillaume; Gengler, Carole; Jaton, Katia; Dubruc, Estelle; Pomar, Leo; eng; JAMA. 2020 Jun 2;323(21):2198-2200. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.7233. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: The fetal surface of the placenta was positive for SARS-CoV-2 and the umbilical cord connective tissue was inflamed, suggesting a role of a placental infection in a second-trimester miscarriage in a pregnant woman with SARS-CoV-2 infection. SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 2198-2200 ST - Second-Trimester Miscarriage in a Pregnant Woman With SARS-CoV-2 Infection T2 - JAMA TI - Second-Trimester Miscarriage in a Pregnant Woman With SARS-CoV-2 Infection UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32352491 VL - 323 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 154 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We measured serum SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in 215 children of healthcare workers to estimate secondary attack rates (SAR). Twenty-one families had a parent with confirmed COVID-19. There was strong evidence of family clustering (P<0.001): 20/21 (95.2%) children were seropositive in 9 families and none of 23 children in 12 other families. AD - Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, Colindale Avenue, London, UK. | Thomas Waterfield, Centre For Experimental Medicine, Wellcome Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK. AN - 33201219 AU - Ladhani, S. N. | Andrews, N. | Aiano, F. | Baawuah, F. | Amin-Chowdhury, Z. | Brown, K. E. | Amirthalingam, G. | Ramsay, M. E. | Waterfield, T. | Rapid- Investigation team C1 - 2020-12-08 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/120820_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 17 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa1737 ET - 2020/11/18 IS - 1 KW - Covid-19 | children | healthcare workers | secondary attack rates L1 - internal-pdf://3234175050/Ladhani-2020-Secondary attack rate and family.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Ladhani, Shamez N; Andrews, Nick; Aiano, Felicity; Baawuah, Frances; Amin-Chowdhury, Zahin; Brown, Kevin E; Amirthalingam, Gayatri; Ramsay, Mary E; Waterfield, Thomas; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Nov 17. pii: 5985642. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1737. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among 126 families of healthcare workers, 21 families (16.7%) reported at least one parent who developed COVID-19 symptoms and tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. | Among these 21 families, nine (42.9%) had a least one child positive for SARS-CoV-2 IgG and in these nine families, 20 (95%) of 21 total children were seropositive. | The healthcare worker parent was considered the likely index case in all households (based on symptom onset). | There was no difference in size, ethnicity, source of infection, degree of self-isolation by index case among families with and without seropositive children. | Estimated overall secondary attack rate was 36.2% (95% CI 9.0%-63.4%). | Methods: 126 healthcare workers and their family members were surveyed. Healthcare workers were tested by RT-PCR and children were tested for IgG. Clustering of cases was assessed using random effects logistic regression with household as random effect. Limitations: Retrospective parental recall of self-isolation practices and children’s symptoms; potential misclassification of asymptomatic index cases. | Implications: Strong evidence of familial clustering of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children of healthcare workers with confirmed COVID-19 supports household transmission, with a small proportion of cases responsible for most secondary transmission. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - e260-e263 ST - Secondary attack rate and family clustering of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children of healthcare workers with confirmed COVID-19 T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Secondary attack rate and family clustering of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children of healthcare workers with confirmed COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33201219 VL - 73 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1300 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the reliability of self-collection for SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses because swab collections for SARS-CoV-2 put health workers at risk of infection and require use of personal protective equipment (PPE). METHODS: In a prospective study, patients from two states in Australia attending dedicated COVID-19 collection clinics were offered the option to first self-collect (SC) nasal and throat swabs (SCNT) prior to health worker collect (HC) using throat and nasal swabs (Site 1) or throat and nasopharyngeal swabs (Site 2). Samples were analysed for SARS-CoV-2 as well as common respiratory viruses. Concordance of results between methods was assessed using Cohen's kappa (kappa) and Cycle threshold (Ct) values were recorded for all positive results as a surrogate measure for viral load. RESULTS: Of 236 patients sampled by HC and SC, 25 had SARS-CoV-2 (24 by HC and 25 by SC) and 63 had other respiratory viruses (56 by HC and 58 by SC). SC was highly concordant with HC (kappa=0.890) for all viruses including SARS-CoV-2 and more concordant than HC to positive results by any method (kappa=0.959 vs 0.933). Mean SARS-CoV-2 E-gene and N-gene, rhinovirus and parainfluenza Ct values did not differ between HC and SCNT. CONCLUSIONS: Self-collection of nasal and throat swabs offers a reliable alternative to health worker collection for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses and provides patients with easier access to testing, reduces exposure of the community and health workers to those being tested and reduces requirement for PPE. AD - Douglass Hanly Moir Pathology, 14 Giffnock Ave, Macquarie Park, NSW, 2113, Australia. Electronic address: mwehrhahn@dhm.com.au. | Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, 24 Hurworth St, Bowen Hills, QLD, 4006, Australia. | Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Hospital Ave, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia. | Clinipath Pathology, 310 Selby St, North Osborne Park, WA, 6017, Australia. | Douglass Hanly Moir Pathology, 14 Giffnock Ave, Macquarie Park, NSW, 2113, Australia. AN - 32403007 AU - Wehrhahn, M. C. | Robson, J. | Brown, S. | Bursle, E. | Byrne, S. | New, D. | Chong, S. | Newcombe, J. P. | Siversten, T. | Hadlow, N. C1 - 2020-05-22 C2 - Laboratory Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052220_covidupdate.html DA - Jul DO - 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104417 DP - NLM ET - 2020/05/14 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Australia | Betacoronavirus/*isolation & purification | Covid-19 | Child | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis/virology | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Nasopharynx/virology | Nose/virology | *Pandemics | Pharynx/virology | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis/virology | Prospective Studies | Reproducibility of Results | SARS-CoV-2 | Specimen Handling/*methods | Viral Load | Young Adult | *covid-19 | *Diagnosis | *pcr | *Respiratory viruses | *SARS-CoV-2 | *Self-collection L1 - internal-pdf://2514155805/Wehrhahn-2020-Self-collection_ An appropriate.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Wehrhahn, Michael C; Robson, Jennifer; Brown, Suzanne; Bursle, Evan; Byrne, Shane; New, David; Chong, Smathi; Newcombe, James P; Siversten, Terri; Hadlow, Narelle; eng; Comparative Study; Evaluation Study; Netherlands; J Clin Virol. 2020 Jul;128:104417. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104417. Epub 2020 May 4. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Self-collected throat and nasal swabs from study participants yielded as many positive test results for SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses as swabs collected by healthcare workers (Figure). | Methods: A prospective study in Australia of 236 participants to compare self-collection of throat and nasal (anterior 2-3 centimeters inside the nostril) swabs to healthcare worker collection for use in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and other respiratory viruses. Limitations: Small number of positive test results. | Implications: Self-collection of throat and nasal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 appears to be a reliable alternative to collection by healthcare workers. Self-collection may ease the testing process for patients, lower healthcare worker exposures, and reduce the need for PPE. SN - 1873-5967 (Electronic); 1386-6532 (Linking) SP - 104417 ST - Self-collection: An appropriate alternative during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic T2 - J Clin Virol TI - Self-collection: An appropriate alternative during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32403007 VL - 128 ID - 227 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to quantify the impact that self-quarantine has on behaviors associated with weight gain. METHODS: This was a quantitative descriptive/correlational research design. Research announcement was sent out via Facebook to 1200 possible participants. Six surveys were condensed into a single Survey Monkey questionnaire for participants to complete. Surveys asked questions relating to risk factors linked to weight gain. RESULTS: Ninety-one percent of our sample stated they spend more time at home now than before COVID-19. Twenty-two percent of the sample stated they gained 5-10 pounds. Within those who gained 5-10 pounds, there was a significantly higher percentage of the total sample who reported they increased eating in response to sight and smell (p = .048), eating in response to stress (p = .041), and snacking after dinner (p = .016) compared to those who stated they did not change those behaviors at all. There were significant relationships between predictor variables hours of sleep per night and physical activity time on reported weight gain (r = -.195, p = .021, r = -.155, p = .034, respectively). CONCLUSION: Risk factors for weight gain during self-quarantine are inadequate sleep, snacking after dinner, lack of dietary restraint, eating in response to stress, and reduced physical activity. AD - College of Science, Engineering, and Technology, Grand Canyon University. Phoenix, AZ, USA. Electronic address: zachary.zeigler@gcu.edu. | College of Science, Engineering, and Technology, Grand Canyon University. Phoenix, AZ, USA. AN - 32460966 AU - Zachary, Z. | Brianna, F. | Brianna, L. | Garrett, P. | Jade, W. | Alyssa, D. | Mikayla, K. C1 - 2020-06-02 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060220_covidupdate.html DA - May - Jun DO - 10.1016/j.orcp.2020.05.004 DP - NLM ET - 2020/05/29 IS - 3 KW - Adult | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/complications/*psychology | Diet/methods/*psychology | Exercise | Feeding Behavior/psychology | Female | Health Surveys | Humans | Male | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/complications/*psychology | Quarantine/*psychology | Risk Factors | SARS-CoV-2 | *Sedentary Behavior | Sleep Deprivation/complications/psychology | Stress, Psychological/etiology/psychology | *Weight Gain | *covid-19 | *Pandemic | *Quarantine L1 - internal-pdf://0327417126/Zachary-2020-Self-quarantine and weight gain r.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | N1 - Zachary, Zeigler; Brianna, Forbes; Brianna, Lopez; Garrett, Pedersen; Jade, Welty; Alyssa, Deyo; Mikayla, Kerekes; eng; Netherlands; Obes Res Clin Pract. 2020 May - Jun;14(3):210-216. doi: 10.1016/j.orcp.2020.05.004. Epub 2020 May 21. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; During self-quarantine, 22% of people reported gaining 5 to 10 pounds (Figure). | People who gained weight reported eating more in response to stress. | Methods: Online survey completed by people in self-quarantine with questions on demographics, social networks, weight & lifestyle inventory, sedentary behavior, physical activity, and perceived stress. Research announcement distributed to 1,200 adults on Facebook; 173 (14%) participated. Limitations: Sample may not be representative and results not generalizable; no details on inclusion criteria for who received the invite; self-reported outcomes. | Implications: Weight gain from stress may occur during COVID-19 self-quarantine. SN - 1871-403X (Print); 1871-403X (Linking) SP - 210-216 ST - Self-quarantine and weight gain related risk factors during the COVID-19 pandemic T2 - Obes Res Clin Pract TI - Self-quarantine and weight gain related risk factors during the COVID-19 pandemic UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32460966 VL - 14 ID - 307 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background The rapid rise in hospitalizations associated with the Delta-driven COVID-19 resurgence, and the imminent risk of hospital overcrowding, led the Israeli government to initialize a national third (booster) COVID-19 vaccination campaign in early August 2021, offering the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine to individuals who received their second dose over five months ago. However, the safety of the third (booster) dose has not been fully established yet.Objective Evaluate the short-term, self-reported and physiological reactions to the third BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 (booster) vaccine dose.Design A prospective observational study, in which participants are equipped with a smartwatch and fill in a daily questionnaire via a dedicated mobile application for a period of 21 days, starting seven days before the vaccination.Setting An Israel-wide third (booster) vaccination campaign.Participants A group of 1,609 (18+ years of age) recipients of at least one dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine between December 20, 2020, and September 15, 2021, out of a larger cohort of 2,912 prospective study participants. 1,344 of the participants were recipients of the third vaccine dose.Measurements Daily self-reported questionnaires regarding local and systemic reactions, mood level, stress level, sport duration, and sleep quality. Heart rate, heart rate variability and blood oxygen saturation level were continuously measured by Garmin Vivosmart 4 smartwatches.Results The extent of systemic reactions reported following the third (booster) dose administration is similar to that reported following the second dose (p-value=0.305) and considerably greater than that reported following the first dose (p-value<0.001). Our analyses of self-reported well-being indicators as well as the objective heart rate and heart rate variability measures recorded by the smartwatches further support this finding. Focusing on the third dose, reactions were more apparent in younger participants (p-value<0.01), in women (p-value<0.001), and in participants with no underlying medical conditions (p-value<0.001). Nevertheless, reported reactions and changes in physiological measures returned to their baseline levels within three days from inoculation with the third dose.Limitations Participants may not adequately represent the vaccinated population in Israel and elsewhere.Conclusion Our work further supports the safety of a third COVID-19 BNT162b2 mRNA (booster) vaccine dose from both a subjective and an objective perspective, particularly in individuals 65+ years of age and those with underlying medical conditions.Primary funding source European Research Council (ERC) project #949850.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Clinical TrialThis study is a prospective observational study and does not include any medical intervention.Funding StatementThis research was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) project #949850 and the Israel Science Foundation (ISF), grant No. 3409/19, within the Israel Precision Medicine Partnership program. MLB and GG received support from the Koret foundation grant for Smart Cities and Digital Living 2030. Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Before participating in the study, all subjects were advised, both orally and in writing, as to the nature of the study and gave written informed consent. The study was approved by MHS' Helsinki institutional review board, protocol number 0122-20-MHS.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been r gistered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesResearchers interested in obtaining an aggregated version of the data sufficient to reproduce the results reported in this paper should contact the corresponding author. AU - Mofaz, Merav | Yechezkel, Matan | Guan, Grace | Brandeau, Margaret L. | Patalon, Tal | Gazit, Sivan | Yamin, Dan | Shmueli, Erez C1 - 2021-10-01 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10012021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DO - 10.1101/2021.09.15.21263633 L1 - internal-pdf://4187247858/Mofaz-2021-Self-reported and physiological rea.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In a prospective observational study in Israel, self-reported reactions and biometrics were recorded for Israeli adults who received �? of 3 doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine. Reactions were similar following the 2nd and 3rd doses, and were more frequent than after the 1st dose. Reactions after the 3rd dose were more common in participants who were aged <65 years, female, and had no underlying medical conditions. SP - 2021.09.15.21263633 ST - Self-reported and physiological reactions to the third BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 (booster) vaccine dose T2 - medRxiv TI - Self-reported and physiological reactions to the third BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 (booster) vaccine dose UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/09/21/2021.09.15.21263633.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/09/22/2021.09.15.21263633.full.pdf ID - 2413 ER - TY - JOUR AD - III Infectious Diseases Unit, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale-Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy. | Luigi Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Italy. | Department of Infectious Diseases, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Fatebenefratelli Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy. | School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. AN - 32215618 AU - Giacomelli, A. | Pezzati, L. | Conti, F. | Bernacchia, D. | Siano, M. | Oreni, L. | Rusconi, S. | Gervasoni, C. | Ridolfo, A. L. | Rizzardini, G. | Antinori, S. | Galli, M. C1 - 2020-04-07 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/040720_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 28 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa330 DP - NLM ET - 2020/03/28 IS - 15 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | China | *Coronavirus | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Cross-Sectional Studies | Humans | *Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | SARS-CoV-2 | Self Report | Taste Disorders/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://2511004598/Giacomelli-2020-Self-reported Olfactory and Ta.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Giacomelli, Andrea; Pezzati, Laura; Conti, Federico; Bernacchia, Dario; Siano, Matteo; Oreni, Letizia; Rusconi, Stefano; Gervasoni, Cristina; Ridolfo, Anna Lisa; Rizzardini, Giuliano; Antinori, Spinello; Galli, Massimo; eng; Letter; Comment; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Jul 28;71(15):889-890. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa330. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Twenty of 59 COVID-19 patients reported olfactory and/or taste disorder (Figure). | 20.3% prior to hospitalization. | 13.5% during hospitalization. | Olfactory/taste disorders were more common among women (52.6%) than men (25%, p =0.04); those with olfactory/disorders were younger (median: 56 years) than those without (median: 66 years, p =0.04). | Methods: Cross-sectional study of interviewed COVID-19 patients hospitalized in Milan, Italy. Limitations: Small sample size. | Implications: One-third of COVID-19 patients from a small sample in Milan, Italy reported smell and/or taste disorders. These disorders were more prevalent among females, but females have a better sense of smellexternal icon and may be more likely to notice subtle losses. Better understanding of the timing of symptom onset, whether these symptoms occur in mild or otherwise pre-symptomatic COVID-19 cases, and viral load of patients with such symptoms are warranted. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - 889-890 ST - Self-reported Olfactory and Taste Disorders in Patients With Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus 2 Infection: A Cross-sectional Study T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Self-reported Olfactory and Taste Disorders in Patients With Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus 2 Infection: A Cross-sectional Study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32215618 VL - 71 ID - 16 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Nasopharyngeal swabs are the primary sampling method used for detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), but they require a trained health care professional and extensive personal protective equipment. PURPOSE: To determine the difference in sensitivity for SARS-CoV-2 detection between nasopharyngeal swabs and saliva and estimate the incremental cost per additional SARS-CoV-2 infection detected with nasopharyngeal swabs. DATA SOURCES: Embase, Medline, medRxiv, and bioRxiv were searched from 1 January to 1 November 2020. Cost inputs were from nationally representative sources in Canada and were converted to 2020 U.S. dollars. STUDY SELECTION: Studies including at least 5 paired nasopharyngeal swab and saliva samples and reporting diagnostic accuracy for SARS-CoV-2 detection. DATA EXTRACTION: Data were independently extracted using standardized forms, and study quality was assessed using QUADAS-2 (Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2). DATA SYNTHESIS: Thirty-seven studies with 7332 paired samples were included. Against a reference standard of a positive result on either sample, the sensitivity of saliva was 3.4 percentage points lower (95% CI, 9.9 percentage points lower to 3.1 percentage points higher) than that of nasopharyngeal swabs. Among persons with previously confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, saliva's sensitivity was 1.5 percentage points higher (CI, 7.3 percentage points lower to 10.3 percentage points higher) than that of nasopharyngeal swabs. Among persons without a previous SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis, saliva was 7.9 percentage points less (CI, 14.7 percentage points less to 0.8 percentage point more) sensitive. In this subgroup, if testing 100 000 persons with a SARS-CoV-2 prevalence of 1%, nasopharyngeal swabs would detect 79 more (95% uncertainty interval, 5 fewer to 166 more) persons with SARS-CoV-2 than saliva, but with an incremental cost per additional infection detected of $8093. LIMITATION: The reference standard was imperfect, and saliva collection procedures varied. CONCLUSION: Saliva sampling seems to be a similarly sensitive and less costly alternative that could replace nasopharyngeal swabs for collection of clinical samples for SARS-CoV-2 testing. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: McGill Interdisciplinary Initiative in Infection and Immunity. (PROSPERO: CRD42020203415). AD - McGill University and McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, and State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (M.L.B.). | McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.P.). | McGill University, McGill International TB Centre, and Montreal Chest Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (D.M.). | McGill University and McGill International TB Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (J.R.C.). AN - 33428446 AU - Bastos, Mayara | Perlman-Arrow, Sara | Menzies, Dick | Campbell, Jonathon R. C1 - 2021-01-22 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01222021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr DO - 10.7326/m20-6569 ET - 2021/01/12 IS - 4 KW - Antigens, Viral/analysis | COVID-19/*diagnosis | COVID-19 Testing/*economics | False Negative Reactions | False Positive Reactions | Humans | Nasopharynx/*virology | Point-of-Care Systems | SARS-CoV-2 | Saliva/*virology | Sensitivity and Specificity | Specimen Handling/methods L1 - internal-pdf://2751999259/m20-6569.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Bastos, Mayara Lisboa | Perlman-Arrow, Sara | Menzies, Dick | Campbell, Jonathon R | eng | Meta-Analysis | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | Systematic Review | Ann Intern Med. 2021 Apr;174(4):501-510. doi: 10.7326/M20-6569. Epub 2021 Jan 12. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Evidence suggests that saliva sampling for SARS-CoV-2 testing has similar sensitivity and costs less than nasopharyngeal swab collection. SN - 1539-3704 (Electronic) | 0003-4819 (Linking) SP - 501-510 ST - The Sensitivity and Costs of Testing for SARS-CoV-2 Infection With Saliva Versus Nasopharyngeal Swabs T2 - Ann Intern Med TI - The Sensitivity and Costs of Testing for SARS-CoV-2 Infection With Saliva Versus Nasopharyngeal Swabs UR - https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/abs/10.7326/M20-6569 VL - 174 ID - 1425 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants were first identified in the United Kingdom and South Africa, respectively, and have since spread to many countries. These variants harboring diverse mutations in the gene encoding the spike protein raise important concerns about their immune evasion potential. Here, we isolated infectious B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 strains from acutely infected individuals. We examined sensitivity of the two variants to SARS-CoV-2 antibodies present in sera and nasal swabs from individuals infected with previously circulating strains or who were recently vaccinated, in comparison with a D614G reference virus. We utilized a new rapid neutralization assay, based on reporter cells that become positive for GFP after overnight infection. Sera from 58 convalescent individuals collected up to 9 months after symptoms, similarly neutralized B.1.1.7 and D614G. In contrast, after 9 months, convalescent sera had a mean sixfold reduction in neutralizing titers, and 40% of the samples lacked any activity against B.1.351. Sera from 19 individuals vaccinated twice with Pfizer Cominarty, longitudinally tested up to 6 weeks after vaccination, were similarly potent against B.1.1.7 but less efficacious against B.1.351, when compared to D614G. Neutralizing titers increased after the second vaccine dose, but remained 14-fold lower against B.1.351. In contrast, sera from convalescent or vaccinated individuals similarly bound the three spike proteins in a flow cytometry-based serological assay. Neutralizing antibodies were rarely detected in nasal swabs from vaccinees. Thus, faster-spreading SARS-CoV-2 variants acquired a partial resistance to neutralizing antibodies generated by natural infection or vaccination, which was most frequently detected in individuals with low antibody levels. Our results indicate that B1.351, but not B.1.1.7, may increase the risk of infection in immunized individuals. AD - Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. | CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France. | Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France. | Universite de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France. | Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1222, Paris, France. | Molecular Genetics of RNA Viruses, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur CNRS UMR 3569, Universite de Paris, Paris, France. | National Reference Center for Respiratory Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. | G5 Evolutionary Genomics of RNA Viruses, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. | INSERM U1259, Universite de Tours, Tours, France. | CHI de Creteil, Service de Biologie Medicale, Creteil, France. | CHI de Creteil, Service de Reanimation, Creteil, France. | CHI de Creteil, Service des Urgences, Creteil, France. | CHU de Strasbourg, Service de Pathologie Professionnelle et Medecine du Travail, Strasbourg, France. | Centre d'investigation Clinique INSERM 1434, CHU Strasbourg, France. | CHU de Strasbourg, Service de Neurologie, Strasbourg, France. | INSERM, Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors (FunGeST), Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Universite de Paris and Sorbonne Universite, Paris, France. | Hopital Europeen Georges Pompidou, Service de Virologie, Paris, France. | CHR d'Orleans, Service de maladies infectieuses, Orleans, France. | CHU de Strasbourg, Laboratoire de Virologie, Strasbourg, France. | Universite de Strasbourg, INSERM, IRM UMR_S 1109, Strasbourg, France. | CHRU de Tours, National Reference Center for HIV-Associated laboratory, Tours, France. | Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. olivier.schwartz@pasteur.fr. | CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France. olivier.schwartz@pasteur.fr. | Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France. olivier.schwartz@pasteur.fr. AN - 33772244 AU - Planas, D. | Bruel, T. | Grzelak, L. | Guivel-Benhassine, F. | Staropoli, I. | Porrot, F. | Planchais, C. | Buchrieser, J. | Rajah, M. M. | Bishop, E. | Albert, M. | Donati, F. | Prot, M. | Behillil, S. | Enouf, V. | Maquart, M. | Smati-Lafarge, M. | Varon, E. | Schortgen, F. | Yahyaoui, L. | Gonzalez, M. | De Seze, J. | Pere, H. | Veyer, D. | Seve, A. | Simon-Loriere, E. | Fafi-Kremer, S. | Stefic, K. | Mouquet, H. | Hocqueloux, L. | van der Werf, S. | Prazuck, T. | Schwartz, O. C1 - 2021-04-09 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04092021_covidupdate.html DA - May DO - 10.1038/s41591-021-01318-5 ET - 2021/03/28 IS - 5 KW - Antibodies, Neutralizing/*immunology | Antibodies, Viral/*immunology | COVID-19/*immunology | COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology | Convalescence | Cross Reactions | Humans | Neutralization Tests | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology | Sensitivity and Specificity | Vaccination L1 - internal-pdf://0211686817/Planas-2021-Sensitivity of infectious SARS-CoV.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Planas, Delphine; Bruel, Timothee; Grzelak, Ludivine; Guivel-Benhassine, Florence; Staropoli, Isabelle; Porrot, Francoise; Planchais, Cyril; Buchrieser, Julian; Rajah, Maaran Michael; Bishop, Elodie; Albert, Melanie; Donati, Flora; Prot, Matthieu; Behillil, Sylvie; Enouf, Vincent; Maquart, Marianne; Smati-Lafarge, Mounira; Varon, Emmanuelle; Schortgen, Frederique; Yahyaoui, Layla; Gonzalez, Maria; De Seze, Jerome; Pere, Helene; Veyer, David; Seve, Aymeric; Simon-Loriere, Etienne; Fafi-Kremer, Samira; Stefic, Karl; Mouquet, Hugo; Hocqueloux, Laurent; van der Werf, Sylvie; Prazuck, Thierry; Schwartz, Olivier; eng; ANR-10-LABX-77/Agence Nationale de la Recherche (French National Research Agency); ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID/Agence Nationale de la Recherche (French National Research Agency); PROTEO-SARS-CoV-2/Agence Nationale de la Recherche (French National Research Agency); IDISCOVR/Agence Nationale de la Recherche (French National Research Agency); ANR-10-LABX-69-01/Agence Nationale de la Recherche (French National Research Agency); ANR-10-INSB-04-01/Agence Nationale de la Recherche (French National Research Agency); Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Nat Med. 2021 May;27(5):917-924. doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01318-5. Epub 2021 Mar 26. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Sensitivity of B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants were tested against sera from individuals infected with previously circulating strains or from those recently vaccinated. In both groups, neutralization was reduced against B.1.351 compared to B.1.1.7 and to D614G reference virus, indicating that B.1.351 might increase risk of infection even among immunized persons. SN - 1546-170X (Electronic); 1078-8956 (Linking) SP - 917-924 ST - Sensitivity of infectious SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants to neutralizing antibodies T2 - Nat Med TI - Sensitivity of infectious SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants to neutralizing antibodies UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33772244 VL - 27 ID - 1649 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is uncontrolled in many parts of the world; control is compounded in some areas by the higher transmission potential of the B.1.1.7 variant(1), which has now been reported in 94 countries. It is unclear whether the response of the virus to vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 on the basis of the prototypic strain will be affected by the mutations found in B.1.1.7. Here we assess the immune responses of individuals after vaccination with the mRNA-based vaccine BNT162b2(2). We measured neutralizing antibody responses after the first and second immunizations using pseudoviruses that expressed the wild-type spike protein or a mutated spike protein that contained the eight amino acid changes found in the B.1.1.7 variant. The sera from individuals who received the vaccine exhibited a broad range of neutralizing titres against the wild-type pseudoviruses that were modestly reduced against the B.1.1.7 variant. This reduction was also evident in sera from some patients who had recovered from COVID-19. Decreased neutralization of the B.1.1.7 variant was also observed for monoclonal antibodies that target the N-terminal domain (9 out of 10) and the receptor-binding motif (5 out of 31), but not for monoclonal antibodies that recognize the receptor-binding domain that bind outside the receptor-binding motif. Introduction of the mutation that encodes the E484K substitution in the B.1.1.7 background to reflect a newly emerged variant of concern (VOC 202102/02) led to a more-substantial loss of neutralizing activity by vaccine-elicited antibodies and monoclonal antibodies (19 out of 31) compared with the loss of neutralizing activity conferred by the mutations in B.1.1.7 alone. The emergence of the E484K substitution in a B.1.1.7 background represents a threat to the efficacy of the BNT162b2 vaccine. AD - Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Cambridge, UK. | Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. | Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK. | Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland. | Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. | Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA. | Clinic of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Clinica Luganese Moncucco, Lugano, Switzerland. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Luigi Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy. | NIHR Cambridge Clinical Research Facility, Cambridge, UK. | NIHR Bioresource, Cambridge, UK. | University of Kent, Canturbury, UK. | Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK. | Laboratorio de Inmunologia, UNAM, Cuautitlan, Mexico. | Institute of Biodiversity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. | Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. | Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland. dcorti@vir.bio. | Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Cambridge, UK. rkg20@cam.ac.uk. | Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. rkg20@cam.ac.uk. | Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. rkg20@cam.ac.uk. | University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa. rkg20@cam.ac.uk. | Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa. rkg20@cam.ac.uk. | Department of Infectious Diseases, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK. rkg20@cam.ac.uk. AN - 33706364 AU - Collier, D. A. | De Marco, A. | Ferreira, Iatm | Meng, B. | Datir, R. P. | Walls, A. C. | Kemp, S. A. | Bassi, J. | Pinto, D. | Silacci-Fregni, C. | Bianchi, S. | Tortorici, M. A. | Bowen, J. | Culap, K. | Jaconi, S. | Cameroni, E. | Snell, G. | Pizzuto, M. S. | Pellanda, A. F. | Garzoni, C. | Riva, A. | Citiid-Nihr BioResource COVID-19 Collaboration | Elmer, A. | Kingston, N. | Graves, B. | McCoy, L. E. | Smith, K. G. C. | Bradley, J. R. | Temperton, N. | Ceron-Gutierrez, L. | Barcenas-Morales, G. | Covid- Genomics UK Consortium | Harvey, W. | Virgin, H. W. | Lanzavecchia, A. | Piccoli, L. | Doffinger, R. | Wills, M. | Veesler, D. | Corti, D. | Gupta, R. K. C1 - 2021-03-26 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03262021_covidupdate.html DA - May DO - 10.1038/s41586-021-03412-7 ET - 2021/03/12 IS - 7857 KW - Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism | Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology/isolation & purification | Antibodies, Neutralizing/*immunology/isolation & purification | Antibodies, Viral/*immunology/isolation & purification | COVID-19/*immunology/metabolism/*therapy/virology | COVID-19 Vaccines/*immunology | Female | HEK293 Cells | Humans | Immune Evasion/genetics/immunology | Immunization, Passive | Male | Middle Aged | Models, Molecular | Mutation | Neutralization Tests | SARS-CoV-2/genetics/*immunology | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry/genetics/*immunology/metabolism | Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage/*immunology L1 - internal-pdf://2162036166/s41586-021-03412-7.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Collier, Dami A; De Marco, Anna; Ferreira, Isabella A T M; Meng, Bo; Datir, Rawlings P; Walls, Alexandra C; Kemp, Steven A; Bassi, Jessica; Pinto, Dora; Silacci-Fregni, Chiara; Bianchi, Siro; Tortorici, M Alejandra; Bowen, John; Culap, Katja; Jaconi, Stefano; Cameroni, Elisabetta; Snell, Gyorgy; Pizzuto, Matteo S; Pellanda, Alessandra Franzetti; Garzoni, Christian; Riva, Agostino; Elmer, Anne; Kingston, Nathalie; Graves, Barbara; McCoy, Laura E; Smith, Kenneth G C; Bradley, John R; Temperton, Nigel; Ceron-Gutierrez, Lourdes; Barcenas-Morales, Gabriela; (COG-UK); Harvey, William; Virgin, Herbert W; Lanzavecchia, Antonio; Piccoli, Luca; Doffinger, Rainer; Wills, Mark; Veesler, David; Corti, Davide; Gupta, Ravindra K; eng; MRC_/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom; 200871/Z/16/Z/WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; R01 GM120553/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/; DP1 AI158186/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; HHSN272201700059C/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Nature. 2021 May;593(7857):136-141. doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03412-7. Epub 2021 Mar 11. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Modest decreases in vaccine-elicited antibodies against the B.1.1.7 variant were observed compared to the wild type; when the E484K mutation was introduced in B.1.1.7, there was a greater loss of neutralizing activity (Figure). SN - 1476-4687 (Electronic); 0028-0836 (Linking) SP - 136-141 ST - Sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 to mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies T2 - Nature TI - Sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 to mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33706364 VL - 593 ID - 1606 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle. AN - 33606031 AU - Logue, J. K. | Franko, N. M. | McCulloch, D. J. | McDonald, D. | Magedson, A. | Wolf, C. R. | Chu, H. Y. C1 - 2021-02-26 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02262021_covidupdate.html DA - Feb 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.0830 ET - 2021/02/20 IS - 2 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | COVID-19/*complications | Cohort Studies | Disease Progression | Female | Humans | Longitudinal Studies | Male | Middle Aged | *Time | *Time Factors L1 - internal-pdf://3611990869/Logue-2021-Sequelae in Adults at 6 Months Afte.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Logue, Jennifer K; Franko, Nicholas M; McCulloch, Denise J; McDonald, Dylan; Magedson, Ariana; Wolf, Caitlin R; Chu, Helen Y; eng; T32 AI007044/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Feb 1;4(2):e210830. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.0830. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In a longitudinal prospective cohort study of adults with RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, the most common persistent symptoms (i.e. orange and yellow bars below) were fatigue (24/177 [13.6%]) and loss of smell or taste (24/177 [13.6%]). SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e210830 ST - Sequelae in Adults at 6 Months After COVID-19 Infection T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Sequelae in Adults at 6 Months After COVID-19 Infection UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33606031 VL - 4 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1523 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Since the beginning of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, there has been international concern about the emergence of virus variants with mutations that increase transmissibility, enhance escape from the human immune response, or otherwise alter biologically important phenotypes. In late 2020, several variants of concern emerged globally, including the UK variant (B.1.1.7), the South Africa variant (B.1.351), Brazil variants (P.1 and P.2), and two related California variants of interest (B.1.429 and B.1.427). These variants are believed to have enhanced transmissibility. For the South Africa and Brazil variants, there is evidence that mutations in spike protein permit it to escape from some vaccines and therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. On the basis of our extensive genome sequencing program involving 20,453 coronavirus disease 2019 patient samples collected from March 2020 to February 2021, we report identification of all six of these SARS-CoV-2 variants among Houston Methodist Hospital (Houston, TX) patients residing in the greater metropolitan area. Although these variants are currently at relatively low frequency (aggregate of 1.1%) in the population, they are geographically widespread. Houston is the first city in the United States in which active circulation of all six current variants of concern has been documented by genome sequencing. As vaccine deployment accelerates, increased genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 is essential to understanding the presence, frequency, and medical impact of consequential variants and their patterns and trajectory of dissemination. AD - Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York. | Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas. | Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, 22 University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Computing, Environment and Life Sciences, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois. | Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas. | Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas; CCDC Army Research Laboratory-South, University of Texas, Austin, Texas. | Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York. Electronic address: jmmusser@houstonmethodist.org. AN - 33741335 AU - Long, S. W. | Olsen, R. J. | Christensen, P. A. | Subedi, S. | Olson, R. | Davis, J. J. | Saavedra, M. O. | Yerramilli, P. | Pruitt, L. | Reppond, K. | Shyer, M. N. | Cambric, J. | Finkelstein, I. J. | Gollihar, J. | Musser, J. M. C1 - 2021-03-26 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03262021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 16 DO - 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.03.004 ET - 2021/03/21 IS - 6 KW - *COVID-19/epidemiology/genetics/transmission | Female | Humans | Male | *Mutation | *Pandemics | SARS-CoV-2/*genetics/isolation & purification | Texas/epidemiology L1 - internal-pdf://1521952630/Long-2021-Sequence Analysis of 20,453 Severe A.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Long, S Wesley; Olsen, Randall J; Christensen, Paul A; Subedi, Sishir; Olson, Robert; Davis, James J; Saavedra, Matthew Ojeda; Yerramilli, Prasanti; Pruitt, Layne; Reppond, Kristina; Shyer, Madison N; Cambric, Jessica; Finkelstein, Ilya J; Gollihar, Jimmy; Musser, James M; eng; Am J Pathol. 2021 Mar 16. pii: S0002-9440(21)00108-5. doi: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.03.004. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Multiple variants of concern, including the UK (B.1.1.7), South African (B.1.351), and Brazil (P.1) variants, contain large numbers of spike protein region mutations (Figure). These mutations have been associated with increased transmissibility, and in some cases may be associated with increased hospitalization and mortality (B.1.1.7). SN - 1525-2191 (Electronic); 0002-9440 (Linking) SP - 983-992 ST - Sequence Analysis of 20,453 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Genomes from the Houston Metropolitan Area Identifies the Emergence and Widespread Distribution of Multiple Isolates of All Major Variants of Concern T2 - Am J Pathol TI - Sequence Analysis of 20,453 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Genomes from the Houston Metropolitan Area Identifies the Emergence and Widespread Distribution of Multiple Isolates of All Major Variants of Concern UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33741335 VL - 191 Y2 - 2021/05/17 ID - 1607 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We report changes in viral load over time in a 27-day-old neonate with coronavirus disease 2019 who presented with fever, cough, and vomiting. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 RNA was detected in the nasopharynx, oropharynx, stool, saliva, plasma, and urine. The highest viral RNA copies in nasopharynx decreased over time while viral load in stool remained high. AD - Department of Pediatrics, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea. | Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea. | Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea. | Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea. | Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government-Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea. | Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. AN - 32297925 AU - Han, M. S. | Seong, M. W. | Heo, E. Y. | Park, J. H. | Kim, N. | Shin, S. | Cho, S. I. | Park, S. S. | Choi, E. H. C1 - 2020-04-24 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/042420_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 19 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa447 ET - 2020/04/17 IS - 16 KW - Body Fluids/virology | COVID-19/blood/*diagnosis/urine | Feces/virology | Female | Humans | Infant, Newborn | Korea | *Mothers | Nasopharynx/virology | RNA, Viral/*analysis | SARS-CoV-2 | Saliva/virology | *Viral Load | *covid-19 | *SARS-CoV-2 | *coronavirus | *neonate L1 - internal-pdf://1029098862/Han-2020-Sequential Analysis of Viral Load in.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Han, Mi Seon; Seong, Moon-Woo; Heo, Eun Young; Park, Ji Hong; Kim, Namhee; Shin, Sue; Cho, Sung Im; Park, Sung Sup; Choi, Eun Hwa; eng; Case Reports; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Nov 19;71(16):2236-2239. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa447. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; All samples from a neonate (respiratory tract, stool, urine, and blood) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. | Only respiratory and stool samples were positive in the mother, and viral load was low (mother’s breast milk tested negative). | The neonate had a fever and gastrointestinal symptoms, while the mother did not. | High levels of virus persisted in the neonate’s stool after all other samples tested negative and the neonate’s gastrointestinal symptoms improved (Figure). | Methods: Case-report of a mother and her 1-month old female neonate hospitalized in Seoul, South Korea. Samples from multiple sites were tested by RT-PCR to quantify SARS-CoV-2 viral load, and patients�?clinical manifestations of COVID-19 were assessed for 3 weeks. Limitations: No assessment for replication-competent virus; mode of neonatal infection uncertain but there was close contact with the infected mother during breast-feeding (breast milk tested negative for virus) and infection occurred within a family cluster. | Implications: A neonate shed SARS-CoV-2 RNA in stool longer than detectable RNA was shed in other anatomic sites including the respiratory tract. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - 2236-2239 ST - Sequential Analysis of Viral Load in a Neonate and Her Mother Infected With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Sequential Analysis of Viral Load in a Neonate and Her Mother Infected With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32297925 VL - 71 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 82 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Ministry of Health, Singapore, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK. Electronic address: rachaelpung@hotmail.com. | National Public Health Laboratory, National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore. | Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK. | Ministry of Health, Singapore, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore. AN - 34388398 AU - Pung, Rachael | Mak, Tze Minn | Kucharski, Adam J. | Lee, Vernon J. C1 - 2021-08-20 C2 - Variants CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08202021_covidupdate.html DA - 2021/08/10/ DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01697-4 ET - 2021/08/14 IS - 10303 KW - Basic Reproduction Number | COVID-19/*transmission/*virology | Humans | *SARS-CoV-2/growth & development | Singapore/epidemiology | Time Factors L1 - internal-pdf://1663132149/1-s2.0-S0140673621016974-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Pung, Rachael | Mak, Tze Minn | Kucharski, Adam J | Lee, Vernon J | eng | WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom | Letter | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | England | Lancet. 2021 Sep 4;398(10303):837-838. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01697-4. Epub 2021 Aug 10. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Drivers of rapid growth of COVID-19 cases in Singapore were examined using serial intervals (i.e., onset-to-onset delay, a proxy for the generation interval). Serial intervals were determined in household transmission pairs infected with Delta (B.1.617.2) from April 27–May 22, 2021 (n = 32) and compared to those of household pairs infected prior to the partial lockdown in Singapore during April 2020 (n = 63). Mean, median, and mode of the serial interval distributions were determined and found not to be statistically different between groups, supporting the hypothesis that recent rapid growth in SARS-CoV-2 infections is driven by an increase in the average number of secondary cases generated by each case infected with the Delta variant. SN - 0140-6736 SP - 837-838 ST - Serial intervals in SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 variant cases T2 - Lancet TI - Serial intervals in SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 variant cases UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673621016974 VL - 398 ID - 2242 ER - TY - JOUR AB - By conducting a retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in a ‘sentinel group�?(enriched for SARS-CoV-2 infections) and a ‘screening group�?(representative of the general population) using >5,000 plasma samples from patients at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City (NYC), we identified seropositive samples as early as in the week ending February 23, 2020. A stark increase in seropositivity in the sentinel group started the week ending March 22 and in the screening group in the week ending March 29. By the week ending April 19, the seroprevalence in the screening group reached 19.3%, which is well below the estimated 67% needed to achieve community immunity to SARS-CoV-2. These data potentially suggest an earlier than previously documented introduction of SARS-CoV-2 into the NYC metropolitan area.One Sentence Summary Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in cross-sectional samples from New York City rose from 0% to 19.3% from early February to mid-April.Competing Interest StatementMount Sinai has licensed serological assays to commercial entities and has filed for patent protection for serological assays.Funding StatementThis work was partially supported by the NIAID Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS) contract HHSN272201400008C (FK, for reagent generation), Collaborative Influenza Vaccine Innovation Centers (CIVIC) contract 75N93019C00051 (FK, for reagent generation), and the generous support of the JPB foundation, the Open Philanthropy Project (#2020-215611) and other philanthropic donations.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Mount Sinai Hospital Institutional Review BoardAll necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData shown in the manuscript is available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. AU - Stadlbauer, Daniel | Tan, Jessica | Jiang, Kaijun | Hernandez, Matthew M. | Fabre, Shelcie | Amanat, Fatima | Teo, Catherine | Arunkumar, Guha Asthagiri | McMahon, Meagan | Jhang, Jeffrey | Nowak, Michael D. | Simon, Viviana | Sordillo, Emilia Mia | Bakel, Harm van | Krammer, Florian C1 - 2020-07-07 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/070720_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.06.28.20142190 L1 - internal-pdf://0501675096/Stadlbauer-2020-Seroconversion of a city_ Long.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Seroprevalence among emergency department (ED) and hospitalized patients reached 58% by April 19 (Figure). | Seroprevalence among patients from other clinical settings reached 19.3% by April 19, 2020 (Figure). | Earliest seropositive samples were collected February 23, 2020. | Methods: Weekly SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in samples from 2,073 ED and hospitalized patients and 3,412 patients from other clinical settings, collected between February 9 and April 19, 2020, Mount Sinai Hospital, NYC. Limitations: Single center. | Implications: Seropositive samples pre-dated first COVID-19 detection in NYC (Feb 29, 2020). Seropositivity increased and is relatively high among Mount Sinai Hospital patients. SP - 2020.06.28.20142190 ST - Seroconversion of a city: Longitudinal monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in New York City T2 - medRxiv TI - Seroconversion of a city: Longitudinal monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in New York City TT - Published article: Repeated cross-sectional sero-monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 in New York City UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2020/06/29/2020.06.28.20142190.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/06/29/2020.06.28.20142190.full.pdf ID - 472 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Summary As COVID-19 adversely affects patients with cancer, prophylactic strategies are critically needed. Using a validated antibody assay against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, we determined a high seroconversion rate (94%) in 200 patients with cancer in New York City that had received full dosing with one of the FDA-approved COVID-19 vaccines. On comparison with solid tumors (98%), a significantly lower rate of seroconversion was observed in patients with hematologic malignancies (85%), particularly recipients following highly immunosuppressive therapies such as anti-CD20 therapies (70%) and stem cell transplantation (73%). Patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy (97%) or hormonal therapies (100%) demonstrated high seroconversion post vaccination. Patients with prior COVID-19 infection demonstrated higher anti-spike IgG titers post vaccination. Relatively lower IgG titers were observed following vaccination with the adenoviral than with mRNA-based vaccines. These data demonstrate generally high immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccination in oncology patients and identify immunosuppressed cohorts that need novel vaccination or passive immunization strategies. AD - Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. | Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. | Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. | Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. Electronic address: amit.verma@einsteinmed.org. | Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. Electronic address: bahalmos@montefiore.org. AN - 34133951 AU - Thakkar, Astha | Gonzalez-Lugo, Jesus D. | Goradia, Niyati | Gali, Radhika | Shapiro, Lauren C. | Pradhan, Kith | Rahman, Shafia | Kim, So Yeon | Ko, Brian | Sica, R. Alejandro | Kornblum, Noah | Bachier-Rodriguez, Lizamarie | McCort, Margaret | Goel, Sanjay | Perez-Soler, Roman | Packer, Stuart | Sparano, Joseph | Gartrell, Benjamin | Makower, Della | Goldstein, Yitz D. | Wolgast, Lucia | Verma, Amit | Halmos, Balazs C1 - 2021-06-18 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06182021_covidupdate.html DA - 2021/06/05/ DO - 10.1016/j.ccell.2021.06.002 ET - 2021/06/17 IS - 8 KW - cancer | COVID-19 | vaccine | hematologi malignancies L1 - internal-pdf://3994985190/1323484.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Thakkar, Astha | Gonzalez-Lugo, Jesus D | Goradia, Niyati | Gali, Radhika | Shapiro, Lauren C | Pradhan, Kith | Rahman, Shafia | Kim, So Yeon | Ko, Brian | Sica, R Alejandro | Kornblum, Noah | Bachier-Rodriguez, Lizamarie | McCort, Margaret | Goel, Sanjay | Perez-Soler, Roman | Packer, Stuart | Sparano, Joseph | Gartrell, Benjamin | Makower, Della | Goldstein, Yitz D | Wolgast, Lucia | Verma, Amit | Halmos, Balazs | eng | P30 CA013330/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ | UG1 CA189859/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ | Cancer Cell. 2021 Aug 9;39(8):1081-1090.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2021.06.002. Epub 2021 Jun 5. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 187/200 (94%) of cancer patients developed SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike protein antibodies, post-vaccination. | Seroconversion rates for persons with solid tumors (98%) were significantly higher than those with hematologic cancers (85%), and especially those on highly immunosuppressive therapies (~70%). | In a sub-group of 185 patients, anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody titers were significantly lower for: | Persons with hematological cancers versus solid tumors (Figure, left panel). | Persons vaccinated with the Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) Ad26.COV2.S vaccine compared with an mRNA vaccine (Figure, right panel). | Methods: Cross-sectional study examining SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike protein antibody responses in 200 cancer patients in New York City >7 days following complete vaccination with Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2 (n = 115), Moderna mRNA1273 (n = 62), Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) Ad26.COV2.S (n = 20), or unspecified mRNA vaccine (n = 3). Antibody responses were compared to vaccinated controls without a cancer diagnosis (n = 26) and between cancer subtypes and treatments. Limitations: Underrepresentation of less common malignancies and overrepresentation of persons on active therapy. | Implications: Although most cancer patients vaccinated against COVID-19 seroconvert, persons with hematologic cancers and those on highly immunosuppressive therapies may have reduced antibody response and might benefit from an additional vaccine dose and continued non-pharmaceutical interventions such as masking and social distancing. SN - 1535-6108 SP - 1081-1090 e2 ST - Seroconversion rates following COVID-19 vaccination among patients with cancer T2 - Cancer Cell TI - Seroconversion rates following COVID-19 vaccination among patients with cancer UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1535610821002853 | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1535610821002853?via%3Dihub VL - 39 ID - 1837 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Serologic studies are crucial for clarifying dynamics of the coronavirus disease pandemic. Past work on serologic studies (e.g., during influenza pandemics) has made relevant contributions, but specific conditions of the current situation require adaptation. Although detection of antibodies to measure exposure, immunity, or both seems straightforward conceptually, numerous challenges exist in terms of sample collection, what the presence of antibodies actually means, and appropriate analysis and interpretation to account for test accuracy and sampling biases. Successful deployment of serologic studies depends on type and performance of serologic tests, population studied, use of adequate study designs, and appropriate analysis and interpretation of data. We highlight key questions that serologic studies can help answer at different times, review strengths and limitations of different assay types and study designs, and discuss methods for rapid sharing and analysis of serologic data to determine global transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. AN - 32544053 AU - Clapham, H. | Hay, J. | Routledge, I. | Takahashi, S. | Choisy, M. | Cummings, D. | Grenfell, B. | Metcalf, C. J. E. | Mina, M. | Barraquer, I. R. | Salje, H. | Tam, C. C. C1 - 2020-06-26 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/062620_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.3201/eid2609.201840 ET - 2020/06/17 IS - 9 KW - Antibodies, Viral/analysis | Betacoronavirus/*immunology | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Clinical Laboratory Techniques/*methods | Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/*epidemiology | *Epidemiologic Research Design | Humans | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | SARS-CoV-2 | *Seroepidemiologic Studies | coronavirus disease | immunity | respiratory infections | seroepidemiologic | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 | study design | viruses | zoonoses L1 - internal-pdf://4029490058/Clapham-2020-Seroepidemiologic Study Designs f.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Clapham, Hannah; Hay, James; Routledge, Isobel; Takahashi, Saki; Choisy, Marc; Cummings, Derek; Grenfell, Bryan; Metcalf, C Jessica E; Mina, Michael; Barraquer, Isabel Rodriguez; Salje, Henrik; Tam, Clarence C; eng; Emerg Infect Dis. 2020 Sep;26(9):1978-1986. doi: 10.3201/eid2609.201840. Epub 2020 Jun 16. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Considerations for conducting serological studies. SN - 1080-6059 (Electronic); 1080-6040 (Linking) SP - 1978-1986 ST - Seroepidemiologic Study Designs for Determining SARS-COV-2 Transmission and Immunity T2 - Emerg Infect Dis TI - Seroepidemiologic Study Designs for Determining SARS-COV-2 Transmission and Immunity UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32544053 VL - 26 ID - 449 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The efficacy and safety profile of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have been acquired from phase 3 studies; however, patients with cancer were not represented in these trials. Owing to the recommendation to prioritize high-risk populations for vaccination, further data are warranted.To evaluate the use and safety of the BNT162b2 vaccine in patients undergoing treatment for cancer.In January 2021, mass SARS-CoV-2 vaccination of high-risk populations, including patients with cancer, was initiated in Israel. This cohort study prospectively enrolled and followed up patients with cancer and healthy participants between January 15 and March 14, 2021. The study was conducted at the Division of Oncology of Rambam Health Care Campus, the major tertiary (referral) medical center of northern Israel. Participants included 232 patients with cancer who were receiving active treatment after the first and second doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine and 261 healthy, age-matched health care workers who served as controls.Serum samples were collected after each vaccine dose and in cases of seronegativity. Questionnaires regarding sociodemographic characteristics and adverse reactions were administered at serum collection. A regulatory agencies–approved assay was used to assess IgG at all time points. Patients�?electronic medical records were reviewed for documentation of COVID-19 infection and results of blood cell counts, liver enzyme levels, and imaging studies.Seroconversion rate after the first and second doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine and documented COVID-19 infection.Of the 232 patients undergoing treatment for cancer, 132 were men (57%); mean (SD) age was 66 (12.09) years. After the first dose of BNT162b2 vaccine, 29% (n�?�?5) patients were seropositive compared with 84% (n�?�?20) of the controls (P�?lt;�?001). After the second dose, the seropositive rate reached 86% (n�?�?87) in the patients. Testing rate ratios per 1000 person-days after the first dose were 12.5 (95% CI, 3.4-45.7) for the patients and 48.5 (95% CI, 37.2-63.2) for the controls. Patients undergoing chemotherapy showed reduced immunogenicity (odds ratio, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.17-0.98). In seronegative patients, the rate of documented absolute leukopenia reached 39%. No COVID-19 cases were documented throughout the study period; however, 2 cases in the patient cohort were noted immediately after the first dose. Reported adverse events were similar to data in former trials comprising mostly healthy individuals.In this cohort study, the SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 vaccine appeared to be safe and achieve satisfactory serologic status in patients with cancer. There was a pronounced lag in antibody production compared with the rate in noncancer controls; however, seroconversion occurred in most patients after the second dose. Future real-world data are warranted to determine the long-term efficacy of the vaccine with regard to type of anticancer treatment. AD - Division of Oncology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel. | Virology Laboratory, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel. | Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel. | General Management, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel. | Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel. | Technion-Integrated Cancer Center, Technion, Haifa, Israel. AN - 34236381 AU - Goshen-Lago, Tal | Waldhorn, Ithai | Holland, Roy | Szwarcwort-Cohen, Moran | Reiner-Benaim, Anat | Shachor-Meyouhas, Yael | Hussein, Khetam | Fahoum, Liana | Baruch, Mali | Peer, Avivit | Reiter, Yoram | Almog, Ronit | Halberthal, Michael | Ben-Aharon, Irit C1 - 2021-07-16 C2 - COVID-19 Vaccines in Cancer Patients CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07162021_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 8 DO - 10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.2675 ET - 2021/07/09 L1 - internal-pdf://0315604842/Goshen-Lago-2021-Serologic Status and Toxic Ef.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Goshen-Lago, Tal | Waldhorn, Ithai | Holland, Roy | Szwarcwort-Cohen, Moran | Reiner-Benaim, Anat | Shachor-Meyouhas, Yael | Hussein, Khetam | Fahoum, Liana | Baruch, Mali | Peer, Avivit | Reiter, Yoram | Almog, Ronit | Halberthal, Michael | Ben-Aharon, Irit | eng | JAMA Oncol. 2021 Jul 8. pii: 2781608. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.2675. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Only 29% (25/86) of BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) vaccinated patients undergoing cancer treatment seroconverted after 1st dose compared to 84% (220/261) of controls (P <.001). | After 2nd dose, seropositivity increased to 86% (187/218) in cancer patients with no difference by age, sex, or disease stage. | Reported local and systemic reactions included pain: 69% (Figure A), and fatigue: 24% (Figure B). | Overall, adverse events resembled those of healthy individuals. | Methods: An Israeli prospective serologic study of 232 BNT162b2-vaccinated cancer patients with solid tumors receiving cancer treatment, and age-matched healthcare worker controls. Sero-immunogenicity (IgG) was determined >10 days after 1st dose, and at ~14 days after 2nd dose. Limitations: Median age of 68 years may limit generalizability; no information on corticosteroid use; fewer patients tested for immunogenicity after 1st dose compared with 2nd dose. | Implications from Goshen-Lago et al. and Maneikis et al.: Among cancer patients, immunogenicity and seropositivity was low after a single dose of BNT162b2, higher seropositvity was achieved following a 2nd vaccine dose but immunogenicity remained lower than healthy controls and was even lower among those on certain treatments such as anti-CD20. Nonpharmaceutical interventions in addition to vaccination likely will play an important role in protecting immunocompromised populations. SN - 2374-2437 ST - Serologic Status and Toxic Effects of the SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 Vaccine in Patients Undergoing Treatment for Cancer T2 - JAMA Oncol TI - Serologic Status and Toxic Effects of the SARS-CoV-2 BNT162b2 Vaccine in Patients Undergoing Treatment for Cancer UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.2675 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/articlepdf/2781608/jamaoncology_goshenlago_2021_oi_210040_1624496187.90194.pdf Y2 - 7/19/2021 ID - 1968 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND It is unclear how, when and where health care workers (HCW) working in hospitals are infected with SARS-CoV-2.METHODS Prospective cohort study comprising 4-weekly measurement of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies and questionnaires from March to June 2020. We compared SARS-CoV-2 incidence between HCW working in Covid-19 patient care, HCW working in non-Covid-19 patient care and HCW not in patient care. Phylogenetic analyses of SARS-CoV-2 samples from patients and HCW were performed to identify potential transmission clusters.RESULTS We included 801 HCW: 439 in the Covid-19 patient care group, 164 in the non-Covid-19 patient care group and 198 in the no patient care group. SARS-CoV-2 incidence was highest in HCW working in Covid-19 patient care (13.2%), as compared with HCW in non-Covid-19 patient care (6.7%, hazard ratio [HR] 2.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2 to 4.3) and in HCW not working in patient care (3.6%, HR 3.9, 95% CI 1.8 to 8.6). Within the group of HCW caring for Covid-19 patients, SARS-CoV-2 cumulative incidence was highest in HCW working on Covid-19 wards (25.7%), as compared with HCW working on intensive care units (7.1%, HR 3.6, 95% CI 1.9 to 6.9), and HCW working in the emergency room (8.0%, HR 3.3, 95% CI 1.5 to 7.1). Phylogenetic analyses on Covid-19 wards identified multiple potential HCW-to-HCW transmission clusters while no patient-to-HCW transmission clusters were identified.CONCLUSIONS HCW working on Covid-19 wards are at increased risk for nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 infection, with an important role for HCW-to-HCW transmission.(Funded by the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development ZonMw & the Corona Research Fund Amsterdam UMC; Netherlands Trial Register number NL8645)Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Clinical TrialNetherlands Trial Register number NL8645Funding StatementFunded by the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development ZonMw & the Corona Research Fund Amsterdam UMCAuthor DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Amsterdam UMC location VUmc institutional review boardAll necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData are not made public at the moment. Please contact corresponding author for data requests. AD - Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. | Section Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. | Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. | Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. | Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. | Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. AN - 34319354 AU - Sikkens, Jonne J. | Buis, David T. P. | Peters, Edgar J. G. | Dekker, Mireille | Schinkel, Michiel | Reijnders, Tom D. Y. | Schuurman, Alex R. | Brabander, Justin de | Lavell, Ayesha H. A. | Maas, Jaap J. | Koopsen, Jelle | Han, Alvin X. | Russell, Colin A. | Schinkel, Janke | Jonges, Marcel | Matamoros, Sebastien P. F. | Jurriaans, Suzanne | van Mansfeld, Rosa | Wiersinga, W. Joost | Smulders, Yvo M. | de Jong, Menno D. | Bomers, Marije K. C1 - 2021-01-22 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/01222021_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 1 DO - 10.1101/2021.01.10.21249440 ET - 2021/07/29 IS - 7 KW - Adult | Antibodies, Viral/*blood | COVID-19/*blood/diagnosis/epidemiology/*genetics | COVID-19 Serological Testing | Cohort Studies | Female | Humans | Incidence | Male | Middle Aged | *Personnel, Hospital | *Phylogeny | *Population Surveillance | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology L1 - internal-pdf://3082662300/Sikkens-2021-Serologic Surveillance and Phylog.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Sikkens, Jonne J | Buis, David T P | Peters, Edgar J G | Dekker, Mireille | Schinkel, Michiel | Reijnders, Tom D Y | Schuurman, Alex R | de Brabander, Justin | Lavell, A H Ayesha | Maas, Jaap J | Koopsen, Jelle | Han, Alvin X | Russell, Colin A | Schinkel, Janke | Jonges, Marcel | Matamoros, Sebastien | Jurriaans, Suzanne | van Mansfeld, Rosa | Wiersinga, W Joost | Smulders, Yvo M | de Jong, Menno D | Bomers, Marije K | eng | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Jul 1;4(7):e2118554. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.18554. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Cumulative incidence of SARS CoV-2 infection was highest among healthcare workers (HCWs) working in COVID-19 patient care (13.2%) compared with HCWs in non-COVID-19 patient care (6.7%, hazard ratio [HR] 2.2, 95% CI 1.2-4.3) and HCWs not in patient care (3.6%, HR 3.9, 95% CI 1.8-8.6). | Multiple potential HCW-to-HCW transmission clusters but no patient-to-HCW clusters were identified (Figure). | Methods: Prospective cohort study of 801 HCWs at 2 Dutch hospitals between March 23 and June 25, 2020 with SARS-CoV-2 serology testing and phylogenetic analyses of sequence data from viral samples. Limitations: Selection bias could cause underestimation of incidence; not all samples were available for phylogenetic analysis. | Implications: HCW-to-HCW transmission may play an important role in incidence of nosocomial SARS CoV-2 infection. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic) | 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - 2021.01.10.21249440 ST - Serologic Surveillance and Phylogenetic Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Hospital Health Care Workers T2 - medRxiv TI - Serologic Surveillance and Phylogenetic Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Hospital Health Care Workers TT - Published article: Serologic Surveillance and Phylogenetic Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Hospital Health Care Workers UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/01/12/2021.01.10.21249440.full.pdf VL - 4 ID - 1439 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19 disease, was first identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019, with subsequent worldwide spread. The first U.S. cases were identified in January 2020. METHODS: To determine if SARS-CoV-2 reactive antibodies were present in sera prior to the first identified case in the U.S. on January 19, 2020, residual archived samples from 7,389 routine blood donations collected by the American Red Cross from December 13, 2019 to January 17, 2020, from donors resident in nine states (California, Connecticut, Iowa, Massachusetts, Michigan, Oregon, Rhode Island, Washington, and Wisconsin) were tested at CDC for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Specimens reactive by pan-immunoglobulin (pan Ig) enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) against the full spike protein were tested by IgG and IgM ELISAs, microneutralization test, Ortho total Ig S1 ELISA, and receptor binding domain / Ace2 blocking activity assay. RESULTS: Of the 7,389 samples, 106 were reactive by pan Ig. Of these 106 specimens, 90 were available for further testing. Eighty four of 90 had neutralizing activity, 1 had S1 binding activity, and 1 had receptor binding domain / Ace2 blocking activity >50%, suggesting the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2-reactive antibodies. Donations with reactivity occurred in all nine states. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that SARS-CoV-2 may have been introduced into the United States prior to January 19, 2020. AD - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta GA, USA. | American Red Cross, Scientific Affairs, Gaithersburg, MD, USA. | Synergy America Inc, Atlanta GA, USA. | Eagle Global Scientific, Atlanta GA, USA. | IHRC, Atlanta, GA. | CFD Research Corporation. | Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN. AN - 33252659 AU - Basavaraju, S. V. | Patton, M. E. | Grimm, K. | Rasheed, M. A. U. | Lester, S. | Mills, L. | Stumpf, M. | Freeman, B. | Tamin, A. | Harcourt, J. | Schiffer, J. | Semenova, V. | Li, H. | Alston, B. | Ategbole, M. | Bolcen, S. | Boulay, D. | Browning, P. | Cronin, L. | David, E. | Desai, R. | Epperson, M. | Gorantla, Y. | Jia, T. | Maniatis, P. | Moss, K. | Ortiz, K. | Park, S. H. | Patel, P. | Qin, Y. | Steward-Clark, E. | Tatum, H. | Vogan, A. | Zellner, B. | Drobeniuc, J. | Sapiano, M. R. P. | Havers, F. | Reed, C. | Gerber, S. | Thornburg, N. J. | Stramer, S. L. C1 - 2020-12-08 C2 - Detection, Prevention, and Response CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/120820_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 30 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa1785 DP - NLM ET - 2020/12/01 IS - 12 KW - Antibodies, Viral | Blood Donors | *covid-19 | China | Connecticut | Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay | Humans | Immunoglobulin G | Iowa | Massachusetts | Michigan | Oregon | Rhode Island | *SARS-CoV-2 | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus | Washington | Wisconsin | *antibody | *blood donors L1 - internal-pdf://1609974029/Basavaraju-2020-Serologic testing of U.S. bloo.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Basavaraju, Sridhar V; Patton, Monica E; Grimm, Kacie; Rasheed, Mohammed Ata Ur; Lester, Sandra; Mills, Lisa; Stumpf, Megan; Freeman, Brandi; Tamin, Azaibi; Harcourt, Jennifer; Schiffer, Jarad; Semenova, Vera; Li, Han; Alston, Bailey; Ategbole, Muyiwa; Bolcen, Shanna; Boulay, Darbi; Browning, Peter; Cronin, Li; David, Ebenezer; Desai, Rita; Epperson, Monica; Gorantla, Yamini; Jia, Tao; Maniatis, Panagiotis; Moss, Kimberly; Ortiz, Kristina; Park, So Hee; Patel, Palak; Qin, Yunlong; Steward-Clark, Evelene; Tatum, Heather; Vogan, Andrew; Zellner, Briana; Drobeniuc, Jan; Sapiano, Matthew R P; Havers, Fiona; Reed, Carrie; Gerber, Susan; Thornburg, Natalie J; Stramer, Susan L; eng; Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Nov 30. pii: 6012472. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1785. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: SARS-CoV-2-reactive antibodies were detected in 106 archived serum specimens from routine donations from California, Oregon, and Washington as early as December 13, 2019. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - e1004-e1009 ST - Serologic testing of U.S. blood donations to identify SARS-CoV-2-reactive antibodies: December 2019-January 2020 T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Serologic testing of U.S. blood donations to identify SARS-CoV-2-reactive antibodies: December 2019-January 2020 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33252659 VL - 72 ID - 1312 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Accurate surveillance of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) incidence requires large-scale testing of the population. Current testing methods require in-person collection of biospecimens by a healthcare worker, limiting access of individuals who do not have access to testing facilities while placing both patients and healthcare workers at risk of exposure to infection. We report the development and validation of a at-home finger-prick dried blood spot collection kit and an analysis method. We demonstrated 100% sensitivity and specificity using at-home collected specimens across the US. Such methods may facilitate the conduct of unbiased serosurveys within hard to reach populations and help reduce the sample collection burden of serological testing on both health care systems and individuals alike. AD - Enable Biosciences Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA. | Enable Biosciences Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA. peter@enablebiosciences.com. | Enable Biosciences Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA. jasontsai@enablebiosciences.com. AN - 33214612 AU - Karp, D. G. | Danh, K. | Espinoza, N. F. | Seftel, D. | Robinson, P. V. | Tsai, C. T. C1 - 2020-12-08 C2 - Detection, Prevention, and Response CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/120820_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 19 DO - 10.1038/s41598-020-76913-6 ET - 2020/11/21 IS - 1 KW - Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | COVID-19 Serological Testing/*methods/standards | Dried Blood Spot Testing/instrumentation/*standards | Female | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Reagent Kits, Diagnostic/*standards | Sensitivity and Specificity L1 - internal-pdf://2763224495/Karp-2020-A serological assay to detect SARS-C.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Karp, Donna Grace; Danh, Kenneth; Espinoza, Noemi Fonseca; Seftel, David; Robinson, Peter V; Tsai, Cheng-Ting; eng; R43 AI141118/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R44 AI141118/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; 2RAI141118-02/NIH SBIR/International; 2R44DK110005-02/NIH SBIR/International; Evaluation Study; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; England; Sci Rep. 2020 Nov 19;10(1):20188. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-76913-6. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: An at-home finger-prick dried blood spot collection method has demonstrated 100% sensitivity and specificity, which may be useful in pandemic monitoring and reduce sample collection burden for individuals and health care systems. SN - 2045-2322 (Electronic); 2045-2322 (Linking) SP - 20188 ST - A serological assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in at-home collected finger-prick dried blood spots T2 - Sci Rep TI - A serological assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in at-home collected finger-prick dried blood spots UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33214612 VL - 10 ID - 1315 ER - TY - JOUR AB - SARS-CoV-2 symptoms are non-specific and can range from asymptomatic presentation to severe pneumonia. Asymptomatic subjects carrying SARS-CoV-2 often remain undiagnosed and it is still debated whether they develop immunoglobulins (Ig) and how long they persist. The aim of this study was to investigate the development and persistence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in asymptomatic subjects infected by the virus. This follow-up study was performed on the 31 asymptomatic subjects who presented a positive nasal swab or serology against SARS-CoV-2 (Ig against Spike-RBD) in the first part of the UNICORN study (March 2020) aimed at attesting previous or current contacts with the virus in the personnel of the University of Milan. Eight weeks after the first Ig measure, these subjects were invited to donate a second blood sample for testing serum antibodies (IgM, IgG and total antibodies) and to fill-in a structured questionnaire. About 80% of asymptomatic subjects did not present circulating immunoglobulins against SARS-CoV-2 after 8 weeks from a positive nasal swab against the virus. Moreover, in more than 40% of these subjects, no Ig against SARS-CoV-2 were detected at any time. Finally, about two third of subjects with immunoglobulins at baseline did not present IgG against SARS-CoV-2 after 8 weeks. The majority of subjects who developed an asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection do not present antibodies against the RBD-spike protein after 8 weeks of follow-up. These data should be taken into account for the interpretation of the serological evidences on SARS-CoV-2 that are emerging nowadays. AD - Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. | Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy. | EPIGET Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. | Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), Universita degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. | Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Laboratory of Translational Research, Via Carlo Pascal 36, 20133, Milano, Italy. | Occupational Health Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122, Milan, Italy. | Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy. | EPIGET Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. valentina.bollati@unimi.it. AN - 33208819 AU - Milani, G. P. | Dioni, L. | Favero, C. | Cantone, L. | Macchi, C. | Delbue, S. | Bonzini, M. | Montomoli, E. | Bollati, V. | Unicorn Consortium C1 - 2020-12-15 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/121520_covidupdate.html DA - Nov 18 DO - 10.1038/s41598-020-77125-8 ET - 2020/11/20 IS - 1 KW - Adult | Antibodies, Viral/blood | *Asymptomatic Infections | COVID-19/*blood/diagnosis/immunology | COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing/statistics & numerical data | COVID-19 Serological Testing/*statistics & numerical data | Female | Follow-Up Studies | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | Nasal Mucosa/virology | SARS-CoV-2/immunology/pathogenicity | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology L1 - internal-pdf://1433047678/Milani-2020-Serological follow-up of SARS-CoV-.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Milani, Gregorio Paolo; Dioni, Laura; Favero, Chiara; Cantone, Laura; Macchi, Chiara; Delbue, Serena; Bonzini, Matteo; Montomoli, Emanuele; Bollati, Valentina; eng; "Ricerche Emergenza coronavirus" 2020/Universita degli Studi di Milano/International; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Sci Rep. 2020 Nov 18;10(1):20048. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-77125-8. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Of 29 participants with previous evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection, 15 (52%) did not have detectable IgM or IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein after 8 weeks (Figure). | 11 of 21 participants with a positive NP RT-PCR test never developed anti-S antibodies. | Only 6 (35%) of 17 participants who initially had detectable anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG or IgM antibodies had detectable IgG 8 weeks later (Figure). | Methods: Serologic follow-up of 29 homebound asymptomatic participants (of 31 originally enrolled) with one or more SARS-CoV-2-positive test (RT-PCR, IgM, or IgG) at a first time point (T1) in Italy in March 2020. IgG and IgM antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 S protein were assessed at the second time point (T2) 8 weeks after T1. Limitations: Small sample size; only assessed antibodies to S protein; initial NP sample for RT-PCR was self-collected. | Implications: Persons with asymptomatic or mild SARS-CoV-2 may not develop antibodies and the durability antibody-mediated immunity following mild SARS-CoV-2 may be short. SN - 2045-2322 (Electronic); 2045-2322 (Linking) SP - 20048 ST - Serological follow-up of SARS-CoV-2 asymptomatic subjects T2 - Sci Rep TI - Serological follow-up of SARS-CoV-2 asymptomatic subjects UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33208819 VL - 10 ID - 1328 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Concern has been raised in India regarding the probable third wave of COVID-19 where children and young age group is thought to get affected the most. There is a lack of serological prevalence data in this age group. We have some interim data from our research for WHO unity protocol, which might help policymakers and the research community to answer such questions based on evidence. Hence, we conducted a study to compare the COVID -19 sero-positivity rate between children and adultsMethods/Materials This is part of an ongoing large multi-centric population-based sero-epidemiological study. The study is being conducted in five selected states with a proposed total sample size of 10,000. We have data of 4,500 participants at the time of midterm analysis from four states of India. Total serum antibody against SARS-CoV-2 virus was assessed qualitatively by using a standard ELISA kit. Here we are reporting the interim data of serological prevalence among children aged between 2 to 17 years along with a comparison with �?8-year old participants.Results The data collection period was from 15th March 2021 to 10th June 2021. Total available data was of 4,509 participants out of which <18 years were 700 and �?8 years was 3,809. The site-wise number of available data among the 2-17 year age group were 92, 189, 165, 146 and 108 for the site of Delhi urban resettlement colony, Delhi rural (Villages in Faridabad district under Delhi NCR), Bhubaneswar rural, Gorakhpur rural and Agartala rural area respectively. The seroprevalence was 55.7% in the <18 years age group and 63.5% in the �?18 year age group. There was no statistically significant difference in prevalence between adult and children.Conclusion SARS-CoV-2 sero-positivity rate among children was high and were comparable to the adult population. Hence, it is unlikely that any future third wave by prevailing COVID-19 variant would disproportionately affect children two years or older.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis work was supported by a research grant (Ref No: 2020/1085497, Purchase Order: 202630166) from the WHO Country Office, New Delhi 110016, India.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The study received ethical clearance from all five participating institutes (Letter No. For AIIMS, New Delhi: IEC-959/04.09.2020, AIIMS Bhubaneswar: T/EMF/CM&FM/20/44, JIPMER Puducherry: JIP/IEC/2020/248, AIIMS Gorakhpur: IHEC/AIIMS-GKP/BMR/01/22, Agartala: F.4(5-234)/AGMC/ACADEMIC/IEC MEETING). Written informed consent, assent and parental consent for participants under the legal age of giving consent was taken from all the participants as per ICMR guidelines.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.Yesyes available with us and WHO AU - Misra, Puneet | Kant, Shashi | Guleria, Randeep | Rai, Sanjay K. C1 - 2021-06-25 C2 - Detection, Burden, and Impact CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06252021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.06.15.21258880 L1 - internal-pdf://0411863107/Misra-2021-Serological prevalence of SARS-CoV-.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Between March 15 and June 10, 2021, SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence rates were 55.7% in 3,809 adults and 63.5% in 700 children in 4 Indian states. There was no statistically significant difference in seroprevalence between adults (> 18 years) and children aged 2�?7 years. SP - 2021.06.15.21258880 ST - Serological prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibody among children and young age (between age 2-17 years) group in India: An interim result from a large multi-centric population-based seroepidemiological study T2 - medRxiv TI - Serological prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibody among children and young age (between age 2-17 years) group in India: An interim result from a large multi-centric population-based seroepidemiological study UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/06/16/2021.06.15.21258880.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/06/16/2021.06.15.21258880.full.pdf ID - 1865 ER - TY - JOUR AB - COVID-19 is a new respiratory illness caused by SARS-CoV-2, and has constituted a global public health emergency. Cat is susceptible to SARS-CoV-2. However, the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in cats remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the infection of SARS-CoV-2 in cats during COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan by serological detection methods. A cohort of serum samples were collected from cats in Wuhan, including 102 sampled after COVID-19 outbreak, and 39 prior to the outbreak. Fifteen sera collected after the outbreak were positive for the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 by indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Among them, 11 had SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies with a titer ranging from 1/20 to 1/1080. No serological cross-reactivity was detected between SARS-CoV-2 and type I or II feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV). In addition, we continuously monitored serum antibody dynamics of two positive cats every 10 days over 130 days. Their serum antibodies reached the peak at 10 days after first sampling, and declined to the limit of detection within 110 days. Our data demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 has infected cats in Wuhan during the outbreak and described serum antibody dynamics in cats, providing an important reference for clinical treatment and prevention of COVID-19. AD - National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China. | CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China. | College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China. | Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, People's Republic of China. AN - 32867625 AU - Zhang, Q. | Zhang, H. | Gao, J. | Huang, K. | Yang, Y. | Hui, X. | He, X. | Li, C. | Gong, W. | Zhang, Y. | Zhao, Y. | Peng, C. | Gao, X. | Chen, H. | Zou, Z. | Shi, Z. L. | Jin, M. C1 - 2020-09-11 C2 - Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091120_covidupdate.html DA - Dec DO - 10.1080/22221751.2020.1817796 ET - 2020/09/02 IS - 1 KW - Animals | Antibodies, Neutralizing/*blood | Antibodies, Viral/*blood | Betacoronavirus/*immunology | Covid-19 | Cats | China | Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/*veterinary | Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins | Coronavirus, Feline/immunology | Cross Reactions/immunology | Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods | Immunoglobulin G/blood | Nucleocapsid Proteins/immunology | Pandemics/*veterinary | Phosphoproteins | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/*veterinary | SARS-CoV-2 | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology | serological investigation | serum antibody dynamic L1 - internal-pdf://3589071584/Zhang-2020-A serological survey of SARS-CoV-2.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Zhang, Qiang; Zhang, Huajun; Gao, Jindong; Huang, Kun; Yang, Yong; Hui, Xianfeng; He, Xinglin; Li, Chengfei; Gong, Wenxiao; Zhang, Yufei; Zhao, Ya; Peng, Cheng; Gao, Xiaoxiao; Chen, Huanchun; Zou, Zhong; Shi, Zheng-Li; Jin, Meilin; eng; Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020 Dec;9(1):2013-2019. doi: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1817796. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; A serological survey of cats found that 15/102 (14.7%) had antibodies specific to SARS-CoV-2, and 11/102 (10.8%) had neutralizing antibodies (Figure). | None of the 15 positive samples cross-reacted with type I or II feline infectious peritonitis virus, a feline coronavirus. | Samples from 39 cats collected in 2019 were negative for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. | The three cats with the highest antibody levels to the SARS-CoV-2 S protein receptor binding domain (RBD) lived with individuals with COVID-19; neutralizing antibodies were found in 2 of the 3 cats. | Two cats whose owners were positive for COVID-19 had antibody levels that decreased to undetectable levels by 110 days after sampling began, a similar pattern was seen for neutralizing antibodies. | Methods: Between January and March 2020, 102 cats were sampled from animal shelters (n = 46), pet hospitals (n = 41), and families with COVID-19 (n = 15), Wuhan, China. Each cat had blood, NP swabs, and anal swabs collected. Sera collected from 39 cats from March to May 2019 were used as negative controls. Antibodies against the recombinant receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein were measured with an immunoassay and antibody-positive samples were tested for virus neutralization. | Implications: SARS-CoV-2 infection in some animals such as cats appears to have been introduced by humans in close proximity. Further study of zoonotic transmission is an important area for surveillance to identify potential reservoirs and determine risk factors for people and animals. SN - 2222-1751 (Electronic); 2222-1751 (Linking) SP - 2013-2019 ST - A serological survey of SARS-CoV-2 in cat in Wuhan T2 - Emerg Microbes Infect TI - A serological survey of SARS-CoV-2 in cat in Wuhan UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32867625 VL - 9 ID - 861 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. florian.krammer@mssm.edu viviana.simon@mssm.edu. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. | Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. AN - 32414781 AU - Krammer, F. | Simon, V. C1 - 2020-05-26 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052620_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 5 DO - 10.1126/science.abc1227 ET - 2020/05/18 IS - 6495 KW - Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood | Antibodies, Viral/*blood | Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Clinical Laboratory Techniques | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis | Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay | Humans | Neutralization Tests | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis | SARS-CoV-2 | Sensitivity and Specificity L1 - internal-pdf://1074663924/Krammer-2020-Serology assays to manage COVID-1.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Krammer, Florian; Simon, Viviana; eng; 75N93019C00051/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; HHSN272201400008C/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Science. 2020 Jun 5;368(6495):1060-1061. doi: 10.1126/science.abc1227. Epub 2020 May 15. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Discussion of serologic assays to measure antibodies to SARS CoV-2. SN - 1095-9203 (Electronic); 0036-8075 (Linking) SP - 1060-1061 ST - Serology assays to manage COVID-19 T2 - Science TI - Serology assays to manage COVID-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32414781 VL - 368 ID - 253 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The collapse of global cooperation and a failure of international solidarity have led to many low-income and middle-income countries being denied access to molecular diagnostics in the COVID-19 pandemic response. Yet the scarcity of knowledge on the dynamics of the immune response to infection has led to hesitation on recommending the use of rapid immunodiagnostic tests, even though rapid serology tests are commercially available and scalable. On the basis of our knowledge and understanding of viral infectivity and host response, we urge countries without the capacity to do molecular testing at scale to research the use of serology tests to triage symptomatic patients in community settings, to test contacts of confirmed cases, and in situational analysis and surveillance. The WHO R&D Blue Print expert group identified eight priorities for research and development, of which the highest is to mobilise research on rapid point-of-care diagnostics for use at the community level. This research should inform control programmes of the required performance and utility of rapid serology tests, which, when applied specifically for appropriate public health measures to then be put in place, can make a huge difference. AD - Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK. Electronic address: rosanna.peeling@lshtm.ac.uk. | Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Neuroscience Institute and Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. | Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru. | Global Health Impact Group, Atlanta, GA, USA. | Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK. | Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. | Institut Pasteur Dakar, Dakar, Senegal. | Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. AN - 32687805 AU - Peeling, R. W. | Wedderburn, C. J. | Garcia, P. J. | Boeras, D. | Fongwen, N. | Nkengasong, J. | Sall, A. | Tanuri, A. | Heymann, D. L. C1 - 2020-07-28 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072820_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30517-X ET - 2020/07/21 IS - 9 KW - Antibodies, Viral/blood/*metabolism | Betacoronavirus/genetics/immunology/*isolation & purification | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | *Clinical Laboratory Techniques | Contact Tracing/methods | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis/immunology/prevention & control/transmission | Humans | Immunoglobulin G/blood/metabolism | Immunoglobulin M/blood/metabolism | Pandemics/prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis/immunology/prevention & control/transmission | RNA, Viral/analysis | SARS-CoV-2 | Time Factors | Triage/methods | Virus Shedding L1 - internal-pdf://2885619757/Peeling-2020-Serology testing in the COVID-19.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Peeling, Rosanna W; Wedderburn, Catherine J; Garcia, Patricia J; Boeras, Debrah; Fongwen, Noah; Nkengasong, John; Sall, Amadou; Tanuri, Amilcar; Heymann, David L; eng; Review; Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Sep;20(9):e245-e249. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30517-X. Epub 2020 Jul 17. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Urges and describes appropriate use of rapid serologic testing to guide triage, self-isolation, and quarantine decisions in countries with little or no access to molecular testing. SN - 1474-4457 (Electronic); 1473-3099 (Linking) SP - e245-e249 ST - Serology testing in the COVID-19 pandemic response T2 - Lancet Infect Dis TI - Serology testing in the COVID-19 pandemic response UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32687805 VL - 20 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 606 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Experimental Medicine Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. | Health Management Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. AN - 33095246 AU - Liu, A. | Li, Y. | Wan, Z. | Wang, W. | Lei, X. | Lv, Y. C1 - 2020-11-06 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/110620_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.25717 ET - 2020/10/24 IS - 10 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | China/epidemiology | *Coronavirus Infections | Disease Outbreaks | Humans | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral | Prevalence | *Public Health | *SARS Virus | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://0191170145/Liu-2020-Seropositive Prevalence of Antibodies.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Liu, Anding; Li, Ying; Wan, Zhengce; Wang, Wenjie; Lei, Xiaomei; Lv, Yongman; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Comment; JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Oct 1;3(10):e2025717. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.25717. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: A serosurvey conducted between March 27 and May 26, 2020 of over 35,000 >18-year-olds with no history of COVID-19 showed 3.9% seropositivity to SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e2025717 ST - Seropositive Prevalence of Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Seropositive Prevalence of Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33095246 VL - 3 Y2 - 5/14/2021 ID - 1191 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Wuhan was the epicentre of the COVID-19 outbreak in China. We aimed to determine the seroprevalence and kinetics of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies at population level in Wuhan to inform the development of vaccination strategies. METHODS: In this longitudinal cross-sectional study, we used a multistage, population-stratified, cluster random sampling method to systematically select 100 communities from the 13 districts of Wuhan. Households were systematically selected from each community and all family members were invited to community health-care centres to participate. Eligible individuals were those who had lived in Wuhan for at least 14 days since Dec 1, 2019. All eligible participants who consented to participate completed a standardised electronic questionnaire of demographic and clinical questions and self-reported any symptoms associated with COVID-19 or previous diagnosis of COVID-19. A venous blood sample was taken for immunological testing on April 14-15, 2020. Blood samples were tested for the presence of pan-immunoglobulins, IgM, IgA, and IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein and neutralising antibodies were assessed. We did two successive follow-ups between June 11 and June 13, and between Oct 9 and Dec 5, 2020, at which blood samples were taken. FINDINGS: Of 4600 households randomly selected, 3599 families (78.2%) with 9702 individuals attended the baseline visit. 9542 individuals from 3556 families had sufficient samples for analyses. 532 (5.6%) of 9542 participants were positive for pan-immunoglobulins against SARS-CoV-2, with a baseline adjusted seroprevalence of 6.92% (95% CI 6.41-7.43) in the population. 437 (82.1%) of 532 participants who were positive for pan-immunoglobulins were asymptomatic. 69 (13.0%) of 532 individuals were positive for IgM antibodies, 84 (15.8%) were positive for IgA antibodies, 532 (100%) were positive for IgG antibodies, and 212 (39.8%) were positive for neutralising antibodies at baseline. The proportion of individuals who were positive for pan-immunoglobulins who had neutralising antibodies in April remained stable for the two follow-up visits (162 [44.6%] of 363 in June, 2020, and 187 [41.2%] of 454 in October-December, 2020). On the basis of data from 335 individuals who attended all three follow-up visits and who were positive for pan-immunoglobulins, neutralising antibody levels did not significantly decrease over the study period (median 1/5.6 [IQR 1/2.0 to 1/14.0] at baseline vs 1/5.6 [1/4.0 to 1/11.2] at first follow-up [p=1.0] and 1/6.3 [1/2.0 to 1/12.6] at second follow-up [p=0.29]). However, neutralising antibody titres were lower in asymptomatic individuals than in confirmed cases and symptomatic individuals. Although titres of IgG decreased over time, the proportion of individuals who had IgG antibodies did not decrease substantially (from 30 [100%] of 30 at baseline to 26 [89.7%] of 29 at second follow-up among confirmed cases, 65 [100%] of 65 at baseline to 58 [92.1%] of 63 at second follow-up among symptomatic individuals, and 437 [100%] of 437 at baseline to 329 [90.9%] of 362 at second follow-up among asymptomatic individuals). INTERPRETATION: 6.92% of a cross-sectional sample of the population of Wuhan developed antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, with 39.8% of this population seroconverting to have neutralising antibodies. Our durability data on humoral responses indicate that mass vaccination is needed to effect herd protection to prevent the resurgence of the epidemic. FUNDING: Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, National Natural Science Foundation, and Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology. TRANSLATION: For the Chinese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section. AD - Wuhan Center for Disease Control & Prevention, Wuhan, China. | National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Merieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China. | State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. | School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. | National Immunization Program, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China. | Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Hospital, National Center for Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China. | National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Merieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. | National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Merieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China. Electronic address: wangjw28@163.com. | School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. Electronic address: yangweizhong@cams.cn. | School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China; Chinese Academy of Engineering, Beijing, China. Electronic address: wangchen@pumc.edu.cn. AN - 33743869 AU - He, Z. | Ren, L. | Yang, J. | Guo, L. | Feng, L. | Ma, C. | Wang, X. | Leng, Z. | Tong, X. | Zhou, W. | Wang, G. | Zhang, T. | Guo, Y. | Wu, C. | Wang, Q. | Liu, M. | Wang, C. | Jia, M. | Hu, X. | Wang, Y. | Zhang, X. | Hu, R. | Zhong, J. | Yang, J. | Dai, J. | Chen, L. | Zhou, X. | Wang, J. | Yang, W. | Wang, C. C1 - 2021-04-02 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04022021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 20 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00238-5 ET - 2021/03/22 IS - 10279 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Antibodies, Neutralizing/*blood/immunology | Antibodies, Viral/*blood/immunology | COVID-19/blood/epidemiology/*immunology/prevention & control | Child | Child, Preschool | China/epidemiology | Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins/immunology | Cross-Sectional Studies | Female | Follow-Up Studies | Humans | Immunity, Herd/immunology | Immunity, Humoral | Infant | Infant, Newborn | Longitudinal Studies | Male | Mass Vaccination/organization & administration | Middle Aged | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology | Seroepidemiologic Studies | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://3893049748/He-2021-Seroprevalence and humoral immune dura.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - He, Zhenyu; Ren, Lili; Yang, Juntao; Guo, Li; Feng, Luzhao; Ma, Chao; Wang, Xia; Leng, Zhiwei; Tong, Xunliang; Zhou, Wang; Wang, Geng; Zhang, Ting; Guo, Yan; Wu, Chao; Wang, Qing; Liu, Manqing; Wang, Conghui; Jia, Mengmeng; Hu, Xuejiao; Wang, Ying; Zhang, Xingxing; Hu, Rong; Zhong, Jingchuan; Yang, Jin; Dai, Juan; Chen, Lan; Zhou, Xiaoqi; Wang, Jianwei; Yang, Weizhong; Wang, Chen; eng; Observational Study; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Lancet. 2021 Mar 20;397(10279):1075-1084. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00238-5. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; More than 50,000 COVID-19 cases were reported in Wuhan as of April 8, 2020, when lockdown was lifted; few cases were reported after this date (Figure). | Baseline seroprevalence among Wuhan residents was 6.92% (95% CI 6.41%-7.43%): | 40% of antibody-positive individuals had neutralizing antibodies detected. | >80% of antibody-positive individuals were asymptomatic. | Levels of neutralizing antibodies did not significantly decrease over the study period. | Methods: Multistage, population-stratified, cluster random sample (n = 9,702) in Wuhan, China, of persons residing there for at least 14 days since December 1, 2019. Pan-immunoglobulin detection and neutralizing antibody activity were measured at baseline (April 2020, after the lockdown), and at two subsequent timepoints (June, and October–December 2020). Limitations: Uncertain when individuals were infected relative to antibody testing; may not be generalizable to other communities. | Implications: While neutralizing antibody activity in previously infected individuals remained at a relatively stable level for months, most individuals were still susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection after the epidemic subsided in Wuhan. These findings highlight the need for vaccinations as the main driver of protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection, as natural infection alone is unlikely to lead to community level protection. SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 1075-1084 ST - Seroprevalence and humoral immune durability of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Wuhan, China: a longitudinal, population-level, cross-sectional study T2 - Lancet TI - Seroprevalence and humoral immune durability of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Wuhan, China: a longitudinal, population-level, cross-sectional study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33743869 VL - 397 Y2 - 2021/05/17 ID - 1641 ER - TY - JOUR AB - SARS-CoV-2 has emerged as a human pathogen, causing clinical signs, from fever to pneumonia-COVID-19-but may remain mild or asymptomatic. To understand the continuing spread of the virus, to detect those who are and were infected, and to follow the immune response longitudinally, reliable and robust assays for SARS-CoV-2 detection and immunological monitoring are needed. We quantified IgM, IgG, and IgA antibodies recognizing the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) or the Spike (S) protein over a period of 6 months following COVID-19 onset. We report the detailed setup to monitor the humoral immune response from over 300 COVID-19 hospital patients and healthcare workers, 2500 University staff, and 198 post-COVID-19 volunteers. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses follow a classic pattern with a rapid increase within the first three weeks after symptoms. Although titres reduce subsequently, the ability to detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies remained robust with confirmed neutralization activity for up to 6 months in a large proportion of previously virus-positive screened subjects. Our work provides detailed information for the assays used, facilitating further and longitudinal analysis of protective immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Importantly, it highlights a continued level of circulating neutralising antibodies in most people with confirmed SARS-CoV-2. AD - Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Joao Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal. | Centro Hospitalar Universitario Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal. | Instituto Portugues do Sangue e Transplantacao (IPST), Lisbon, Portugal. | Instituto de Ciencias de Saude, Universidade Catolica Portuguesa, Lisboa, Portugal. AN - 33084029 AU - Figueiredo-Campos, P. | Blankenhaus, B. | Mota, C. | Gomes, A. | Serrano, M. | Ariotti, S. | Costa, C. | Nunes-Cabaco, H. | Mendes, A. M. | Gaspar, P. | Pereira-Santos, M. C. | Rodrigues, F. | Condeco, J. | Escoval, M. A. | Santos, M. | Ramirez, M. | Melo-Cristino, J. | Simas, J. P. | Vasconcelos, E. | Afonso, A. | Veldhoen, M. C1 - 2020-11-03 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/110320_covidupdate.html DA - Dec DO - 10.1002/eji.202048970 ET - 2020/10/22 IS - 12 KW - Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Antibodies, Neutralizing/*immunology | Antibodies, Viral/*immunology | COVID-19/epidemiology/*immunology | Female | Healthy Volunteers | Humans | Male | Middle Aged | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology | Seroepidemiologic Studies | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/*immunology | Time Factors | Covid-19 | SARS-CoV-2 | Seroprevalence | neutralizing antibodies L1 - internal-pdf://0679062369/Figueiredo-Camp-2020-Seroprevalence of anti-SA.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Figueiredo-Campos, Patricia; Blankenhaus, Birte; Mota, Catarina; Gomes, Andreia; Serrano, Marta; Ariotti, Silvia; Costa, Catarina; Nunes-Cabaco, Helena; Mendes, Antonio M; Gaspar, Pedro; Pereira-Santos, M Conceicao; Rodrigues, Fabiana; Condeco, Jorge; Escoval, M Antonia; Santos, Matilde; Ramirez, Mario; Melo-Cristino, Jose; Simas, J Pedro; Vasconcelos, Eugenia; Afonso, Angela; Veldhoen, Marc; eng; 667824 - EXCELLtoINNOV/H2020 Health; PTDC/MED-IMU/28003/2017/Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia; SFRH/BD/131605/2017/Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia; 231_596873172/Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia; 729/Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia; Clinical Trial; Germany; Eur J Immunol. 2020 Dec;50(12):2025-2040. doi: 10.1002/eji.202048970. Epub 2020 Nov 10. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Study of 2,998 COVID-19 patients demonstrated that IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain protein lasted up to 6 months post-symptom onset and that titers were proportional to neutralizing activity. SN - 1521-4141 (Electronic); 0014-2980 (Linking) SP - 2025-2040 ST - Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in COVID-19 patients and healthy volunteers up to 6 months post disease onset T2 - Eur J Immunol TI - Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in COVID-19 patients and healthy volunteers up to 6 months post disease onset UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33084029 VL - 50 ID - 1169 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Assessing the burden of COVID-19 on the basis of medically attended case numbers is suboptimal given its reliance on testing strategy, changing case definitions, and disease presentation. Population-based serosurveys measuring anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (anti-SARS-CoV-2) antibodies provide one method for estimating infection rates and monitoring the progression of the epidemic. Here, we estimate weekly seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the population of Geneva, Switzerland, during the epidemic. METHODS: The SEROCoV-POP study is a population-based study of former participants of the Bus Sante study and their household members. We planned a series of 12 consecutive weekly serosurveys among randomly selected participants from a previous population-representative survey, and their household members aged 5 years and older. We tested each participant for anti-SARS-CoV-2-IgG antibodies using a commercially available ELISA. We estimated seroprevalence using a Bayesian logistic regression model taking into account test performance and adjusting for the age and sex of Geneva's population. Here we present results from the first 5 weeks of the study. FINDINGS: Between April 6 and May 9, 2020, we enrolled 2766 participants from 1339 households, with a demographic distribution similar to that of the canton of Geneva. In the first week, we estimated a seroprevalence of 4.8% (95% CI 2.4-8.0, n=341). The estimate increased to 8.5% (5.9-11.4, n=469) in the second week, to 10.9% (7.9-14.4, n=577) in the third week, 6.6% (4.3-9.4, n=604) in the fourth week, and 10.8% (8.2-13.9, n=775) in the fifth week. Individuals aged 5-9 years (relative risk [RR] 0.32 [95% CI 0.11-0.63]) and those older than 65 years (RR 0.50 [0.28-0.78]) had a significantly lower risk of being seropositive than those aged 20-49 years. After accounting for the time to seroconversion, we estimated that for every reported confirmed case, there were 11.6 infections in the community. INTERPRETATION: These results suggest that most of the population of Geneva remained uninfected during this wave of the pandemic, despite the high prevalence of COVID-19 in the region (5000 reported clinical cases over <2.5 months in the population of half a million people). Assuming that the presence of IgG antibodies is associated with immunity, these results highlight that the epidemic is far from coming to an end by means of fewer susceptible people in the population. Further, a significantly lower seroprevalence was observed for children aged 5-9 years and adults older than 65 years, compared with those aged 10-64 years. These results will inform countries considering the easing of restrictions aimed at curbing transmission. FUNDING: Swiss Federal Office of Public Health, Swiss School of Public Health (Corona Immunitas research program), Fondation de Bienfaisance du Groupe Pictet, Fondation Ancrage, Fondation Privee des Hopitaux Universitaires de Geneve, and Center for Emerging Viral Diseases. AD - Division of Primary Care, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; University Centre for General Medicine and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. Electronic address: silvia.stringhini@hcuge.ch. | Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. | Division of Primary Care, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Faculty of BioMedicine, Universita della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland. | Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. | Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. | Department of Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. | Division of Primary Care, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; University Centre for General Medicine and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. | Division of Primary Care, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland. | Division of Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Geneva Center for Emerging Viral Diseases and Laboratory of Virology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland. | Geneva Center for Emerging Viral Diseases and Laboratory of Virology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland. | Institut Ethique, Histoire, Humanites, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. | Division of General Pediatrics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland. | School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. | Infection Prevention and Control Program and World Health Organization Collaborating Centre on Patient Safety, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland. | Division of Penitentiary Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. | Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. | Geneva Center for Emerging Viral Diseases and Laboratory of Virology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. | Division of Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. | Department of Pathology and Immunology, Center for Vaccinology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Centre for Vaccinology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. | Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. | Geneva Center for Emerging Viral Diseases and Laboratory of Virology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. | Division of Primary Care, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. AN - 32534626 AU - Stringhini, S. | Wisniak, A. | Piumatti, G. | Azman, A. S. | Lauer, S. A. | Baysson, H. | De Ridder, D. | Petrovic, D. | Schrempft, S. | Marcus, K. | Yerly, S. | Arm Vernez, I. | Keiser, O. | Hurst, S. | Posfay-Barbe, K. M. | Trono, D. | Pittet, D. | Getaz, L. | Chappuis, F. | Eckerle, I. | Vuilleumier, N. | Meyer, B. | Flahault, A. | Kaiser, L. | Guessous, I. C1 - 2020-07-07 C2 - Children CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/070720_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 1 DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31304-0 ET - 2020/06/15 IS - 10247 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Age Distribution | Aged | Antibodies, Viral/*blood | Betacoronavirus/*immunology | Covid-19 | Child | Child, Preschool | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/*virology | Female | Humans | Immunoglobulin G/*blood | Male | Middle Aged | *Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/*virology | Prevalence | SARS-CoV-2 | Seroepidemiologic Studies | Sex Distribution | Switzerland/epidemiology | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://2201963721/Stringhini-2020-Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-Co.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Stringhini, Silvia; Wisniak, Ania; Piumatti, Giovanni; Azman, Andrew S; Lauer, Stephen A; Baysson, Helene; De Ridder, David; Petrovic, Dusan; Schrempft, Stephanie; Marcus, Kailing; Yerly, Sabine; Arm Vernez, Isabelle; Keiser, Olivia; Hurst, Samia; Posfay-Barbe, Klara M; Trono, Didier; Pittet, Didier; Getaz, Laurent; Chappuis, Francois; Eckerle, Isabella; Vuilleumier, Nicolas; Meyer, Benjamin; Flahault, Antoine; Kaiser, Laurent; Guessous, Idris; eng; R01 AI135115/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Lancet. 2020 Aug 1;396(10247):313-319. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31304-0. Epub 2020 Jun 11. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among 2,766 participants from 1,339 households in Geneva, weekly estimated SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence increased from 4.8% (95% CI 2.4�?%) to 10.8% (8.2�?3.9%) (Figure 1). | Seroprevalences estimated 11.6 infections for every 1 reported confirmed case. | Individuals aged 5�? years and ≥�?5 years had lower risks of being seropositive than those 10�?4 years of age (Figure 2). | Methods: Five consecutive weekly serosurveys (IgG by ELISA) of participants of annual representative study and their households, Geneva, between April 6 and May 9, 2020. Prevalence rates adjusted for sampling, test performance. Limitations: Relatively low response rate (30�?0%); possible that those with COVID-19 were more likely to participate. | Implications: Young children appear to have been less often infected than adults in Geneva during the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. SN - 1474-547X (Electronic); 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 313-319 ST - Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in Geneva, Switzerland (SEROCoV-POP): a population-based study T2 - Lancet TI - Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in Geneva, Switzerland (SEROCoV-POP): a population-based study UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32534626 VL - 396 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 474 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Reported cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection likely underestimate the prevalence of infection in affected communities. Large-scale seroprevalence studies provide better estimates of the proportion of the population previously infected. Objective: To estimate prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in convenience samples from several geographic sites in the US. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study performed serologic testing on a convenience sample of residual sera obtained from persons of all ages. The serum was collected from March 23 through May 12, 2020, for routine clinical testing by 2 commercial laboratory companies. Sites of collection were San Francisco Bay area, California; Connecticut; south Florida; Louisiana; Minneapolis-St Paul-St Cloud metro area, Minnesota; Missouri; New York City metro area, New York; Philadelphia metro area, Pennsylvania; Utah; and western Washington State. Exposures: Infection with SARS-CoV-2. Main Outcomes and Measures: The presence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was estimated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and estimates were standardized to the site populations by age and sex. Estimates were adjusted for test performance characteristics (96.0% sensitivity and 99.3% specificity). The number of infections in each site was estimated by extrapolating seroprevalence to site populations; estimated infections were compared with the number of reported coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases as of last specimen collection date. Results: Serum samples were tested from 16025 persons, 8853 (55.2%) of whom were women; 1205 (7.5%) were 18 years or younger and 5845 (36.2%) were 65 years or older. Most specimens from each site had no evidence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. Adjusted estimates of the proportion of persons seroreactive to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibodies ranged from 1.0% in the San Francisco Bay area (collected April 23-27) to 6.9% of persons in New York City (collected March 23-April 1). The estimated number of infections ranged from 6 to 24 times the number of reported cases; for 7 sites (Connecticut, Florida, Louisiana, Missouri, New York City metro area, Utah, and western Washington State), an estimated greater than 10 times more SARS-CoV-2 infections occurred than the number of reported cases. Conclusions and Relevance: During March to early May 2020, most persons in 10 diverse geographic sites in the US had not been infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus. The estimated number of infections, however, was much greater than the number of reported cases in all sites. The findings may reflect the number of persons who had mild or no illness or who did not seek medical care or undergo testing but who still may have contributed to ongoing virus transmission in the population. AD - CDC COVID-19 Response Team, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia. | Florida Department of Health, Tallahassee. | New York State Department of Health, Albany. | Division of State and Local Readiness, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia. | Utah Department of Health, Salt Lake City. | Louisiana Department of Health, New Orleans. | California Department of Health, Richmond. | Washington State Department of Health, Tumwater. | Minnesota Department of Health, St Paul. | Connecticut Department of Public Health, Hartford. | Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City. | Pennsylvania Department of Health, Harrisburg. AN - 32692365 AU - Havers, F. P. | Reed, C. | Lim, T. | Montgomery, J. M. | Klena, J. D. | Hall, A. J. | Fry, A. M. | Cannon, D. L. | Chiang, C. F. | Gibbons, A. | Krapiunaya, I. | Morales-Betoulle, M. | Roguski, K. | Rasheed, M. A. U. | Freeman, B. | Lester, S. | Mills, L. | Carroll, D. S. | Owen, S. M. | Johnson, J. A. | Semenova, V. | Blackmore, C. | Blog, D. | Chai, S. J. | Dunn, A. | Hand, J. | Jain, S. | Lindquist, S. | Lynfield, R. | Pritchard, S. | Sokol, T. | Sosa, L. | Turabelidze, G. | Watkins, S. M. | Wiesman, J. | Williams, R. W. | Yendell, S. | Schiffer, J. | Thornburg, N. J. C1 - 2020-07-31 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/073120_covidupdate.html DA - Jul 21 DO - 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.4130 ET - 2020/07/22 IS - 12 L1 - internal-pdf://2264078661/Havers-2020-Seroprevalence of Antibodies to SA.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Havers, Fiona P; Reed, Carrie; Lim, Travis; Montgomery, Joel M; Klena, John D; Hall, Aron J; Fry, Alicia M; Cannon, Deborah L; Chiang, Cheng-Feng; Gibbons, Aridth; Krapiunaya, Inna; Morales-Betoulle, Maria; Roguski, Katherine; Rasheed, Mohammad Ata Ur; Freeman, Brandi; Lester, Sandra; Mills, Lisa; Carroll, Darin S; Owen, S Michele; Johnson, Jeffrey A; Semenova, Vera; Blackmore, Carina; Blog, Debra; Chai, Shua J; Dunn, Angela; Hand, Julie; Jain, Seema; Lindquist, Scott; Lynfield, Ruth; Pritchard, Scott; Sokol, Theresa; Sosa, Lynn; Turabelidze, George; Watkins, Sharon M; Wiesman, John; Williams, Randall W; Yendell, Stephanie; Schiffer, Jarad; Thornburg, Natalie J; eng; JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Jul 21. pii: 2768834. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.4130. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Adjusted estimates of the proportion of persons with detectable SARS-CoV-2 antibodies ranged from 1.0% in the San Francisco Bay area (collected April 23-27, 2020) to 6.9% of persons in New York City (collected March 23-April 1, 2020) (Figure). | 6-24 times more infections were estimated per site with seroprevalence testing than COVID-19 case reports indicate. | In 7 sites (Connecticut, Florida, Louisiana, Missouri, New York City metro area, Utah, and western Washington State), there were more than 10 times more estimated SARS-CoV-2 infections than the number of reported cases. | Methods: A cross-sectional study of 16,025 residual clinical specimens from 2 commercial diagnostic laboratories to estimate the proportion of persons with detectable antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in 10 US sites, between March 23 and May 12, 2020. Estimates were standardized by age and sex and adjusted for test performance characteristics (96.0% sensitivity and 99.3% specificity). Estimates were extrapolated to site populations and compared with the number of reported COVID-19 cases. Limitations: Specimens were obtained from people seeking health care and might not be representative of the population. | Implications: Reported cases of COVID-19 substantially underestimate the prevalence of infection. SN - 2168-6114 (Electronic); 2168-6106 (Linking) SP - 1576-1586 ST - Seroprevalence of Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in 10 Sites in the United States, March 23-May 12, 2020 T2 - JAMA Intern Med TI - Seroprevalence of Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in 10 Sites in the United States, March 23-May 12, 2020 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32692365 VL - 180 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 627 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Among 249 healthcare personnel who worked in hospital units with COVID-19 patients for 1 month, 19 (7.6%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Only 11 (57.9%) of the 19 personnel with positive serology reported symptoms of a prior illness, suggesting asymptomatic healthcare personnel could be an important source of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. AD - Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. | Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. | Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. | CDC COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. | Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. | Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. AN - 32628750 AU - Stubblefield, W. B. | Talbot, H. K. | Feldstein, L. R. | Tenforde, M. W. | Ur Rasheed, M. A. | Mills, L. | Lester, S. N. | Freeman, B. | Thornburg, N. J. | Jones, I. D. | Ward, M. J. | Lindsell, C. J. | Baughman, A. | Halasa, N. | Grijalva, C. G. | Rice, T. W. | Patel, M. M. | Self, W. H. C1 - 2020-07-14 C2 - Epidemiology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/071420_covidupdate.html DA - May 4 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa936 ET - 2020/07/07 IS - 9 KW - Antibodies, Viral | *covid-19 | Delivery of Health Care | Health Personnel | Humans | Patient Care | *SARS-CoV-2 | Seroepidemiologic Studies | Tennessee/epidemiology | *coronavirus | *healthcare personnel | *serology L1 - internal-pdf://3786812668/Stubblefield-2021-Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Stubblefield, William B; Talbot, H Keipp; Feldstein, Leora R; Tenforde, Mark W; Ur Rasheed, Mohammed Ata; Mills, Lisa; Lester, Sandra N; Freeman, Brandi; Thornburg, Natalie J; Jones, Ian D; Ward, Michael J; Lindsell, Christopher J; Baughman, Adrienne; Halasa, Natasha; Grijalva, Carlos G; Rice, Todd W; Patel, Manish M; Self, Wesley H; eng; K24 AI148459/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; UL1 TR000445/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Clin Infect Dis. 2021 May 4;72(9):1645-1648. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa936. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among the 249 healthcare personnel (HCP), 35 (14.1%) reported a prior SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test. | 19 (7.6%) had antibodies detected. | 8/19 (42.1%) were asymptomatic. | 7/19 (36.8%) had prior RT-PCR test but only 3 of these 7 had a positive result. | Methods: Cross-sectional seroprevalence study of SARS-CoV-2 infection among HCP from April 3-13, 2020. Limitations: Convenience sampling at a single center. | Implications: Asymptomatic and minimally symptomatic HCP may be a source for SARS-CoV-2 transmission, emphasizing that enhanced surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 infection in HCP is an important prevention strategy. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - 1645-1648 ST - Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Among Frontline Healthcare Personnel During the First Month of Caring for Patients With COVID-19-Nashville, Tennessee T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Among Frontline Healthcare Personnel During the First Month of Caring for Patients With COVID-19-Nashville, Tennessee UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32628750 VL - 72 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 522 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The true extent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic in the US is unknown. The 3.4 million confirmed cases reported (as of July 15, 2020) likely represent only a fraction of all the infections that have occurred in the US thus far. Limited laboratory capacity and restrictive testing guidelines early in the epidemic resulted in large numbers of undetected incident infections. Approximately 40% of all SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) infections are thought to be asymptomatic, and active surveillance for infections without symptoms is limited even now, nearly 5 months after the first COVID-19 cases were reported in Seattle and Chicago. The true cumulative incidence of infection—a basic but critically important measurement—remains uncertain at a time when communities nationwide are struggling to navigate an ongoing, unprecedented public health emergency, and while apprehensions about the near-term and long-term trajectories of the epidemic loom large. AD - Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. | Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. | Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston. AN - 32692350 AU - Brown, T. S. | Walensky, R. P. C1 - 2020-07-31 C2 - SARS-CoV-2 Detection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/073120_covidupdate.html DA - Aug 25 DO - 10.1001/jama.2020.14017 ET - 2020/07/22 IS - 8 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology | Humans | *Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology | SARS-CoV-2 | Seroepidemiologic Studies | United States L1 - internal-pdf://2755540547/Brown-2020-Serosurveillance and the COVID-19 E.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Brown, Tyler S; Walensky, Rochelle P; eng; Editorial; Comment; JAMA. 2020 Aug 25;324(8):749-751. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.14017. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Emphasizes the need to uncover the cumulative incidence of infection in a comment on Havers et al. (this update). SN - 1538-3598 (Electronic); 0098-7484 (Linking) SP - 749-751 ST - Serosurveillance and the COVID-19 Epidemic in the US: Undetected, Uncertain, and Out of Control T2 - JAMA TI - Serosurveillance and the COVID-19 Epidemic in the US: Undetected, Uncertain, and Out of Control UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32692350 VL - 324 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 619 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Centre for Health Informatics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, AB, Canada. Electronic address: rahul.arora@balliol.ox.ac.uk. | Faculty of Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada. | Centre for Health Informatics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, AB, Canada; Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, AB, Canada. | Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. | Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. | Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. | McGill Interdisciplinary Initiative in Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. | Centre for Health Informatics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, AB, Canada. AN - 32763195 AU - Arora, R. K. | Joseph, A. | Van Wyk, J. | Rocco, S. | Atmaja, A. | May, E. | Yan, T. | Bobrovitz, N. | Chevrier, J. | Cheng, M. P. | Williamson, T. | Buckeridge, D. L. C1 - 2020-08-14 C2 - Novel Surveillance Approaches CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/08142020_covidupdate.html DA - Apr DO - 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30631-9 ET - 2020/08/09 IS - 4 KW - Antibodies, Viral | COVID-19/*epidemiology | Decision Making | Global Health | Humans | Information Dissemination/*methods | Pandemics | Public Health | SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification | Seroepidemiologic Studies L1 - internal-pdf://4018158432/Arora-2021-SeroTracker_ a global SARS-CoV-2 se.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Arora, Rahul K; Joseph, Abel; Van Wyk, Jordan; Rocco, Simona; Atmaja, Austin; May, Ewan; Yan, Tingting; Bobrovitz, Niklas; Chevrier, Jonathan; Cheng, Matthew P; Williamson, Tyler; Buckeridge, David L; eng; Letter; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Lancet Infect Dis. 2021 Apr;21(4):e75-e76. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30631-9. Epub 2020 Aug 4. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Sero Tracker, is a custom-built dashboard that systematically monitors and summarizes findings from SARS-CoV-2 serological studies and presents a visualization of seroprevalence estimates on a world map. SN - 1474-4457 (Electronic); 1473-3099 (Linking) SP - e75-e76 ST - SeroTracker: a global SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence dashboard T2 - Lancet Infect Dis TI - SeroTracker: a global SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence dashboard UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32763195 VL - 21 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 697 ER - TY - JOUR AB - We recently reported a patient with coronavirus disease 2019 reinfection. Here, we show that serum neutralizing antibodies could be detected during the first episode but not at the presentation of the second episode. During reinfection, neutralizing antibodies and high avidity immunoglobulin G were found within 8 days after hospitalization, whereas immunoglobulin M response was absent. AD - State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. | Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. | Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. | Department of Pathology, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. | Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China. AN - 32966566 AU - To, K. K. | Hung, I. F. | Chan, K. H. | Yuan, S. | To, W. K. | Tsang, D. N. | Cheng, V. C. | Chen, Z. | Kok, K. H. | Yuen, K. Y. C1 - 2020-10-02 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100220_covidupdate.html DA - May 18 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciaa1368 ET - 2020/09/24 IS - 10 KW - Antibodies, Neutralizing | Antibodies, Viral | *covid-19 | Humans | Immunoglobulin M | Reinfection | SARS-CoV-2 | *SARS-CoV-2 | *antibody | *immunity | *reinfection L1 - internal-pdf://3991684864/To-2020-Serum antibody profile of a patient wi.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - To, Kelvin Kai-Wang; Hung, Ivan Fan-Ngai; Chan, Kwok-Hung; Yuan, Shuofeng; To, Wing-Kin; Tsang, Dominic Ngai-Chong; Cheng, Vincent Chi-Chung; Chen, Zhiwei; Kok, Kin-Hang; Yuen, Kwok-Yung; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Clin Infect Dis. 2021 May 18;72(10):e659-e662. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1368. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Describing patients where seroconversion was either partial or failed to occur. SN - 1537-6591 (Electronic); 1058-4838 (Linking) SP - e659-e662 ST - Serum Antibody Profile of a Patient With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Reinfection T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Serum Antibody Profile of a Patient With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Reinfection UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32966566 VL - 72 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 971 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Moderna, Cambridge, MA. | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD. | Moderna, Cambridge, MA darin.edwards@modernatx.com. AN - 33730471 AU - Wu, K. | Werner, A. P. | Koch, M. | Choi, A. | Narayanan, E. | Stewart-Jones, G. B. E. | Colpitts, T. | Bennett, H. | Boyoglu-Barnum, S. | Shi, W. | Moliva, J. I. | Sullivan, N. J. | Graham, B. S. | Carfi, A. | Corbett, K. S. | Seder, R. A. | Edwards, D. K. C1 - 2021-02-26 | 2021-03-05 C2 - PMC8008744 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02262021_covidupdate.html | http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03052021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 15 DO - 10.1056/NEJMc2102179 ET - 2021/03/18 IS - 15 KW - Antibodies, Neutralizing/*blood | Antibodies, Viral/blood | COVID-19/*immunology/prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/*immunology | Humans | Mutation | SARS-CoV-2/genetics/*immunology | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics/immunology | Statistics, Nonparametric | Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology L1 - internal-pdf://1699034777/Wu-2021-Serum Neutralizing Activity Elicited b.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Wu, Kai; Werner, Anne P; Koch, Matthew; Choi, Angela; Narayanan, Elisabeth; Stewart-Jones, Guillaume B E; Colpitts, Tonya; Bennett, Hamilton; Boyoglu-Barnum, Seyhan; Shi, Wei; Moliva, Juan I; Sullivan, Nancy J; Graham, Barney S; Carfi, Andrea; Corbett, Kizzmekia S; Seder, Robert A; Edwards, Darin K; eng; Undergraduate Scholarship Program/NIH Office of the Director; Intramural Research Program of the Vaccine Researc/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; 75A50120C00034/TP/OPHPR CDC HHS/; Clinical Trial, Phase I; Letter; N Engl J Med. 2021 Apr 15;384(15):1468-1470. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2102179. Epub 2021 Mar 17. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Sera obtained from persons who received the mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccine showed a reduction in titers of neutralizing antibodies by a factor of 6.4 against the full panel of mutations in B.1.351 compared with D614G. Note: Adapted from Wu et al. Serum samples obtained from participants who received the mRNA-1273 vaccine in a phase 1 trial were collected on day 36 (7 days after the participants received the second dose of the vaccine). The dots indicate the results from serum samples of the individual participants, the diamonds the same samples tested against the B.1.351 variant, and the horizontal dashed line the lower limit of quantification. The reciprocal neutralizing titers on the pseudovirus neutralization assay at a 50% inhibitory dilution (ID50) are shown. From NEJM, Wu et al., Serum neutralizing activity elicited by mRNA-1273 vaccine �?preliminary report. Copyright © (2021) Massachusetts Medical Society. Reprinted with permission from Massachusetts Medical Society. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 1468-1470 ST - Serum Neutralizing Activity Elicited by mRNA-1273 Vaccine T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Serum Neutralizing Activity Elicited by mRNA-1273 Vaccine UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33730471 VL - 384 ID - 2253 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants has led to growing concerns over increased transmissibility and the ability of some variants to partially escape immunity. Sera from participants immunized on a prime-boost schedule with the mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine were tested for neutralizing activity against several SARS-CoV-2 variants, including variants of concern (VOCs) and variants of interest (VOIs), compared to neutralization of the wild-type SARS-CoV-2 virus (designated as D614G). Results showed minimal effects on neutralization titers against the B.1.1.7 (Alpha) variant (1.2-fold reduction compared with D614G); other VOCs such as B.1.351 (Beta, including B.1.351-v1, B.1.351-v2, and B.1.351-v3), B.1.617.2 (Delta), and P.1 (Gamma) showed decreased neutralization titers ranging from 2.1-fold to 8.4-fold reductions compared with D614G, although all remained susceptible to mRNA-1273–elicited serum neutralization.Competing Interest StatementA.C., M.K., K.W., G.D, J.O., H.L., G.S.-J., T.C., R.P. H.B., A.C. and D.K.E. are employed by Moderna Inc. and hold equities from the company. AD - Moderna Inc., 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA. AN - 34549975 AU - Choi, Angela | Koch, Matthew | Wu, Kai | Dixon, Groves | Oestreicher, Judy | Legault, Holly | Stewart□Jones, Guillaume B. E. | Colpitts, Tonya | Pajon, Rolando | Bennett, Hamilton | Carfi, Andrea | Edwards, Darin K. C1 - 2021-07-09 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/07092021_covidupdate.html DA - Sep 22 DO - 10.1101/2021.06.28.449914 ET - 2021/09/23 L1 - internal-pdf://1685378271/Choi-2021-Serum Neutralizing Activity of mRNA-.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Choi, Angela | Koch, Matthew | Wu, Kai | Dixon, Groves | Oestreicher, Judy | Legault, Holly | Stewart-Jones, Guillaume B E | Colpitts, Tonya | Pajon, Rolando | Bennett, Hamilton | Carfi, Andrea | Edwards, Darin K | eng | J Virol. 2021 Sep 22:JVI0131321. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01313-21. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: One week after 2nd dose of mRNA-1273 (Moderna), sera from 8 individuals showed reduced neutralization (range 1.2- to 8.4-fold) for SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern compared to wild-type. SN - 1098-5514 (Electronic) | 0022-538X (Linking) SP - 2021.06.28.449914 ST - Serum Neutralizing Activity of mRNA-1273 against SARS-CoV-2 Variants T2 - bioRxiv TI - Serum Neutralizing Activity of mRNA-1273 against SARS-CoV-2 Variants UR - http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2021/06/28/2021.06.28.449914.abstract | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2021/06/28/2021.06.28.449914.full.pdf ID - 1956 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Studies evaluating the safety and efficacy of currently available vaccines for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) do not include pregnant participants. No data are available to counsel on vaccine safety and potential for neonatal passive immunity. CASE: A 34-year-old multigravid patient working in health care received the Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2) mRNA vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 in the third trimester of pregnancy. Uncomplicated spontaneous vaginal delivery of a female neonate with Apgar scores of 9 and 9 occurred at term. The patient's blood as well as neonatal cord blood were evaluated for SARS-CoV-2–specific antibodies. Both the patient and the neonate were positive for antibodies at a titer of 1:25,600. CONCLUSION: In this case, passage of transplacental antibodies for SARS-CoV-2 was shown after vaccination in the third trimester of pregnancy. AD - Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. AN - 33684922 AU - Gill, Lisa | Jones, Cresta W. C1 - 2021-03-19 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/03192021_covidupdate.html DA - May 1 DO - 10.1097/aog.0000000000004367 ET - 2021/03/09 IS - 5 KW - Antibodies, Viral/*blood | COVID-19 Serological Testing | *COVID-19 Vaccines | Female | Fetal Blood/*immunology | Humans | Infant, Newborn | Pregnancy | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology | interest. L1 - internal-pdf://3782913887/Severe_Acute_Respiratory_Syndrome_Coronavirus_.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Gill, Lisa | Jones, Cresta W | eng | Case Reports | Obstet Gynecol. 2021 May 1;137(5):894-896. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000004367. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: documented passage of transplacental antibodies for SARS-CoV-2 following vaccination with an mRNA vaccine in the third trimester. SN - 0029-7844 SP - 894-896 ST - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Antibodies in Neonatal Cord Blood After Vaccination in Pregnancy T2 - Obstet Gynecol TI - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Antibodies in Neonatal Cord Blood After Vaccination in Pregnancy UR - https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/Fulltext/2021/05000/Severe_Acute_Respiratory_Syndrome_Coronavirus_2.21.aspx VL - 137 ID - 1906 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Both severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) reinfection and persistent infection have been reported, but sequence characteristics in these scenarios have not been described. We assessed published cases of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection and persistence, characterizing the hallmarks of reinfecting sequences and the rate of viral evolution in persistent infection.A systematic review of PubMed was conducted to identify cases of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection and persistence with available sequences. Nucleotide and amino acid changes in the reinfecting sequence were compared with both the initial and contemporaneous community variants. Time-measured phylogenetic reconstruction was performed to compare intrahost viral evolution in persistent SARS-CoV-2 to community-driven evolution.Twenty reinfection and 9 persistent infection cases were identified. Reports of reinfection cases spanned a broad distribution of ages, baseline health status, reinfection severity, and occurred as early as 1.5 months or >8 months after the initial infection. The reinfecting viral sequences had a median of 17.5 nucleotide changes with enrichment in the ORF8 and N genes. The number of changes did not differ by the severity of reinfection and reinfecting variants were similar to the contemporaneous sequences circulating in the community. Patients with persistent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) demonstrated more rapid accumulation of sequence changes than seen with community-driven evolution with continued evolution during convalescent plasma or monoclonal antibody treatment.Reinfecting SARS-CoV-2 viral genomes largely mirror contemporaneous circulating sequences in that geographic region, while persistent COVID-19 has been largely described in immunosuppressed individuals and is associated with accelerated viral evolution. AD - Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. | Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA. | Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. AN - 33906227 AU - Choudhary, Manish C | Crain, Charles R | Qiu, Xueting | Hanage, William | Li, Jonathan Z C1 - 2021-05-07 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/05072021_covidupdate.html DA - Apr 27 DO - 10.1093/cid/ciab380 ET - 2021/04/28 KW - SARS-CoV-2 | immunosuppression | persistent COVID-19 | reinfection | sequence analysis L1 - internal-pdf://0452653064/Choudhary-2021-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndro.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Choudhary, Manish C | Crain, Charles R | Qiu, Xueting | Hanage, William | Li, Jonathan Z | eng | Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Apr 27. pii: 6255966. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab380. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: suggests that reinfection may be due to waning SARS-CoV-2 antibodies or the presence of viral escape mutations. SN - 1058-4838 ST - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Sequence Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Persistence and Reinfection T2 - Clin Infect Dis TI - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Sequence Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Persistence and Reinfection UR - https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab380 Y2 - 7/16/2021 ID - 1915 ER - TY - JOUR AB - One of seven neonates born to women with symptomatic coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) infection tested positive for the infection and was asymptomatic. AD - Departments of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Clinical Laboratory, Tongji Hospital, and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Basic Medicine School, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and the Divisions of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatrics and Neonatal Critical Care, "A. Beclere" Medical Centre, Paris Saclay University Hospitals APHP and Paris Saclay University, Paris, France. AN - 32332320 AU - Hu, X. | Gao, J. | Luo, X. | Feng, L. | Liu, W. | Chen, J. | Benachi, A. | De Luca, D. | Chen, L. C1 - 2020-05-05 C2 - PMC7219851 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050520_covidupdate.html DA - Jul DO - 10.1097/AOG.0000000000003926 DP - NLM ET - 2020/04/26 IS - 1 KW - Adult | *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*transmission/virology | Female | Humans | Infant, Newborn | Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/*statistics & numerical data | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*transmission/virology | Pregnancy | Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/epidemiology/*virology | SARS-CoV-2 L1 - internal-pdf://2761004771/Hu-2020-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coro.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Hu, Xiaolin; Gao, Jinzhi; Luo, Xiaoping; Feng, Ling; Liu, Weiyong; Chen, Juan; Benachi, Alexandra; De Luca, Daniele; Chen, Ling; eng; Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Jul;136(1):65-67. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000003926. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; One neonate delivered by pre-labor caesarean section was positive for SARS-CoV-2 at 36 hours of life despite isolation from the infected mother (Figure). | Subsequent tests on this neonate for SARS-CoV-2 were negative. | Amniotic fluid samples obtained at delivery were negative for SARS-CoV-2. | The mother of the SARS-CoV-2-positive neonate had less time between symptom onset and delivery (8 hours) than other women in the study (range: 3 to 12 days) (Figure). | Methods: Observational study of 7 neonates born during January 20 and February 20, 2020 to women infected with SARS-CoV-2 in late-stage pregnancy. Women were tested for SARS-CoV-2 24 to 36 hours after birth. 6 out of 7 women had caesarean section. All neonates were immediately isolated from their mothers. Limitations: Convenience sample; could not distinguish neonate infection from transient maternal contamination. | Implications: Transplacental transmission of SARS-CoV-2 may be possible, but further research is needed that can distinguish between transplacental transmission and transient maternal contamination. SN - 1873-233X (Electronic); 0029-7844 (Linking) SP - 65-67 ST - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Vertical Transmission in Neonates Born to Mothers With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pneumonia T2 - Obstet Gynecol TI - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Vertical Transmission in Neonates Born to Mothers With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pneumonia UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32332320 VL - 136 ID - 124 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVE: To characterize the demographic and clinical features of pediatric severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) syndromes and identify admission variables predictive of disease severity. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a multicenter, retrospective, and prospective study of pediatric patients hospitalized with acute SARS-CoV-2 infections and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) at 8 sites in New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut. RESULTS: We identified 281 hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infections and divided them into 3 groups based on clinical features. Overall, 143 (51%) had respiratory disease, 69 (25%) had MIS-C, and 69 (25%) had other manifestations including gastrointestinal illness or fever. Patients with MIS-C were more likely to identify as non-Hispanic black compared with patients with respiratory disease (35% vs 18%, P = .02). Seven patients (2%) died and 114 (41%) were admitted to the intensive care unit. In multivariable analyses, obesity (OR 3.39, 95% CI 1.26-9.10, P = .02) and hypoxia on admission (OR 4.01; 95% CI 1.14-14.15; P = .03) were predictive of severe respiratory disease. Lower absolute lymphocyte count (OR 8.33 per unit decrease in 10(9) cells/L, 95% CI 2.32-33.33, P = .001) and greater C-reactive protein (OR 1.06 per unit increase in mg/dL, 95% CI 1.01-1.12, P = .017) were predictive of severe MIS-C. Race/ethnicity or socioeconomic status were not predictive of disease severity. CONCLUSIONS: We identified variables at the time of hospitalization that may help predict the development of severe SARS-CoV-2 disease manifestations in children and youth. These variables may have implications for future prognostic tools that inform hospital admission and clinical management. AD - Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, NY. Electronic address: dfernandes@montefiore.org. | Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. | Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, NY. | Department of Pediatrics, Kings County Hospital Center, Brooklyn, NY. | Department of Pediatrics, Maimonides Children's Hospital, Brooklyn, NY. | Department of Pediatrics, Joseph M. Sanzari Children's Hospital, Hackensack, NJ. | Department of Pediatrics, K. Hovnanian Children's Hospital, Neptune City, NJ. | Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Medical Center University Hospital, Brooklyn, NY. | Department of Pediatrics, Stony Brook University Renaissance Hospital, Stony Brook, NY. AN - 33197493 AU - Fernandes, D. M. | Oliveira, C. R. | Guerguis, S. | Eisenberg, R. | Choi, J. | Kim, M. | Abdelhemid, A. | Agha, R. | Agarwal, S. | Aschner, J. L. | Avner, J. R. | Ballance, C. | Bock, J. | Bhavsar, S. M. | Campbell, M. | Clouser, K. N. | Gesner, M. | Goldman, D. L. | Hammerschlag, M. R. | Hymes, S. | Howard, A. | Jung, H. J. | Kohlhoff, S. | Kojaoghlanian, T. | Lewis, R. | Nachman, S. | Naganathan, S. | Paintsil, E. | Pall, H. | Sy, S. | Wadowski, S. | Zirinsky, E. | Cabana, M. D. | Herold, B. C. | Tri-State Pediatric, Covid-Research Consortium C1 - 2020-12-08 C2 - Natural History of SARS-CoV-2 Infection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/120820_covidupdate.html DA - Mar DO - 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.11.016 ET - 2020/11/17 KW - Adolescent | Biomarkers/analysis | C-Reactive Protein/analysis | COVID-19/blood/*epidemiology | Child | Child, Preschool | Connecticut/epidemiology | Female | *Hospitalization | Humans | Hypoxia/epidemiology | Infant | Intensive Care Units | Lymphocyte Count | Male | Multivariate Analysis | New Jersey/epidemiology | New York/epidemiology | Pediatric Obesity/epidemiology | Procalcitonin/blood | Prospective Studies | Retrospective Studies | *Severity of Illness Index | Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/blood/*epidemiology | Troponin/blood | Young Adult | *covid-19 | *biomarkers L1 - internal-pdf://0301839891/Fernandes-2021-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndro.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Variants | N1 - Fernandes, Danielle M; Oliveira, Carlos R; Guerguis, Sandra; Eisenberg, Ruth; Choi, Jaeun; Kim, Mimi; Abdelhemid, Ashraf; Agha, Rabia; Agarwal, Saranga; Aschner, Judy L; Avner, Jeffrey R; Ballance, Cathleen; Bock, Joshua; Bhavsar, Sejal M; Campbell, Melissa; Clouser, Katharine N; Gesner, Matthew; Goldman, David L; Hammerschlag, Margaret R; Hymes, Saul; Howard, Ashley; Jung, Hee-Jin; Kohlhoff, Stephan; Kojaoghlanian, Tsoline; Lewis, Rachel; Nachman, Sharon; Naganathan, Srividya; Paintsil, Elijah; Pall, Harpreet; Sy, Sharlene; Wadowski, Stephen; Zirinsky, Elissa; Cabana, Michael D; Herold, Betsy C; eng; KL2 TR001862/TR/NCATS NIH HHS/; T32 AI007210/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; Multicenter Study; J Pediatr. 2021 Mar;230:23-31.e10. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.11.016. Epub 2020 Nov 14. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; 143 (51%) of 281 hospitalized pediatric patients presented with respiratory disease; multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) occurred in 69 (25%). | 95% of patients recovered and were discharged; all deaths occurred in patients with respiratory disease. | Obesity (adjusted [a]OR 3.39, 95% CI 1.26-9.10, p = 0.02), hypoxia (aOR 4.01, 95% CI 1.14-14.15, p = 0.03), and bilateral infiltrates on chest radiograph (aOR 3.69, 95% CI 1.46-9.32, p = 0.006) on admission were predictive of severe respiratory disease. | Lower absolute lymphocyte count (OR 8.33, 95% CI 2.32-33.33, p = 0.001) and higher C-reactive protein (OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.01-1.12, p = 0.017) were predictive of severe MIS-C. | Race/ethnicity or socioeconomic status were not predictive of disease severity. | Methods: A cohort study of 281 pediatric patients hospitalized between March 1 and May 22, 2020 with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection or MIS-C in New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut. Data were reviewed to identify characteristics on admission predictive of severe disease. Limitations: May not be generalizable. | Implications: Obesity, hypoxia, and bilateral infiltrates on chest radiograph on admission may serve as prognostic indicators of clinical decompensation. SN - 1097-6833 (Electronic); 0022-3476 (Linking) SP - 23-31 e10 ST - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Clinical Syndromes and Predictors of Disease Severity in Hospitalized Children and Youth T2 - J Pediatr TI - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Clinical Syndromes and Predictors of Disease Severity in Hospitalized Children and Youth UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33197493 VL - 230 ID - 1296 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. | Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. | Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China. | Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jie Fang Ave., Hankou, Wuhan 430030, China. | Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1095 Jie Fang Ave., Hankou, Wuhan 430030, China. Electronic address: shixuanwang@tjh.tjmu.edu.cn. AN - 32376320 AU - Cui, P. | Chen, Z. | Wang, T. | Dai, J. | Zhang, J. | Ding, T. | Jiang, J. | Liu, J. | Zhang, C. | Shan, W. | Wang, S. | Rong, Y. | Chang, J. | Miao, X. | Ma, X. | Wang, S. C1 - 2020-05-15 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/051520_covidupdate.html DA - Jul DO - 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.04.038 DP - NLM ET - 2020/05/08 IS - 1 KW - Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Anal Canal/virology | Betacoronavirus/*isolation & purification | Covid-19 | Cervix Uteri/virology | China | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis | Female | Genitalia, Female/*virology | Humans | Middle Aged | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis | SARS-CoV-2 | Vagina/virology L1 - internal-pdf://0610027387/Cui-2020-Severe acute respiratory syndrome cor.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Cui, Pengfei; Chen, Zhe; Wang, Tian; Dai, Jun; Zhang, Jinjin; Ding, Ting; Jiang, Jingjing; Liu, Jia; Zhang, Cong; Shan, Wanying; Wang, Sheng; Rong, Yueguang; Chang, Jiang; Miao, Xiaoping; Ma, Xiangyi; Wang, Shixuan; eng; Letter; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Jul;223(1):131-134. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.04.038. Epub 2020 May 4. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Among 35 female COVID-19 patients (median age 64 years, interquartile range 56 to 69 years), SARS-CoV-2 RNA was not detected in samples of vaginal fluid or cervical exfoliated cells, but was detected from one patient’s anal swab. | Methods: A case report of 35 female COVID-19 patients from China, of whom 27 tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA by RT-PCR. Three types of samples (vaginal fluid, cervical exfoliated cells, and anal swabs) were obtained and tested for SARS-CoV-2. Limitations: Small sample size; few women included of childbearing age. | Implications: The digestive tract may be a possible transmission route for SARS-CoV-2, while the lower female genital tract is likely not a transmission route; however larger studies are needed. SN - 1097-6868 (Electronic); 0002-9378 (Linking) SP - 131-134 ST - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 detection in the female lower genital tract T2 - Am J Obstet Gynecol TI - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 detection in the female lower genital tract UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32376320 VL - 223 ID - 201 ER - TY - JOUR AB - BACKGROUND: Convalescent plasma (CP) is a potentially important therapy for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, knowledge regarding neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers in donor plasma and their impact in patients with acute COVID-19 remains largely undetermined. We measured NAb titers in CP and in patients with acute COVID-19 before and after transfusion through the traditional Food and Drug Administration investigational new drug pathway. METHODS: We performed a single-arm interventional trial measuring NAb and total antibody titers before and after CP transfusion over a 14-day period in hospitalized patients with laboratory-confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. RESULTS: NAb titers in the donor CP units were low (<1:40 to 1:160) and had no effect on recipient neutralizing activity 1 day after transfusion. NAb titers were detected in 6 of 12 patients on enrollment and in 11 of 12 at >/=2 time points. Average titers peaked on day 7 and declined toward day 14 (P = .004). Nab titers and immunoglobulin G levels were correlated in donor plasma units (rho = 0.938; P < .001) and in the cumulative patient measures (rho = 0.781; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: CP infusion did not alter recipient NAb titers. Prescreening of CP may be necessary for selecting donors with high titers of neutralizing activity for infusion into patients with COVID-19. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT04434131. AD - Center for Global Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. | Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. | Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. | Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. AN - 32779705 AU - Bradfute, S. B. | Hurwitz, I. | Yingling, A. V. | Ye, C. | Cheng, Q. | Noonan, T. P. | Raval, J. S. | Sosa, N. R. | Mertz, G. J. | Perkins, D. J. | Harkins, M. S. C1 - 2020-08-21 C2 - Neutralizing Antibody Titers CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/082120_covidupdate.html DA - Oct 13 DO - 10.1093/infdis/jiaa505 ET - 2020/08/12 IS - 10 KW - Adult | Aged | Aged, 80 and over | Antibodies, Neutralizing/*blood | Antibodies, Viral/*blood | Betacoronavirus/genetics/*immunology | *Blood Donors | Covid-19 | Cohort Studies | Coronavirus Infections/*epidemiology/*therapy/virology | Female | Humans | Immunization, Passive | Immunoglobulin G/blood | Male | Middle Aged | New Mexico/epidemiology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*epidemiology/*therapy/virology | RNA, Viral/genetics | Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction | SARS-CoV-2 | Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology | Treatment Outcome | *SARS-CoV-2 | *antibodies | *convalescent | *coronavirus | *neutralizing | *plasma L1 - internal-pdf://2888245443/Bradfute-2020-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrom.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Bradfute, Steven B; Hurwitz, Ivy; Yingling, Alexandra V; Ye, Chunyan; Cheng, Qiuying; Noonan, Timothy P; Raval, Jay S; Sosa, Nestor R; Mertz, Gregory J; Perkins, Douglas J; Harkins, Michelle S; eng; Clinical Trial; J Infect Dis. 2020 Oct 13;222(10):1620-1628. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa505. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers in donor convalescent plasma (CP) units were low (<1:40 to 1:160) and had no effect on recipient NAb titer one day after transfusion (Figure 1). | NAb and the total amount of IgG antibody (IgG titers) in donor plasma were correlated, Spearman correlation (ρ) = 0.938; positive correlation was also observed in CP recipients (r) = 0.781, both p <0.0001 (Figure 2). | Methods: Single-arm interventional trial measuring NAb and total IgG titers before and after CP transfusion over a 14-day period among 12 hospitalized COVID-19 patients, median age 52 years, New Mexico, May 11 to 29, 2020. Limitations: Single arm, non-randomized controlled trial, small cohort, short follow up time. | Implications for 3 studies (Bradfute et al., Salazar et al., & Joyner et al.): Early initiation of transfusion of CP with sufficient levels of NAbs may promote better clinical outcomes of critically ill COVID-19 patients. CP therapy merits as a treatment for hospitalized COVID-19 patients; however, randomized controlled trials may still be needed. SN - 1537-6613 (Electronic); 0022-1899 (Linking) SP - 1620-1628 ST - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Neutralizing Antibody Titers in Convalescent Plasma and Recipients in New Mexico: An Open Treatment Study in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 T2 - J Infect Dis TI - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Neutralizing Antibody Titers in Convalescent Plasma and Recipients in New Mexico: An Open Treatment Study in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32779705 VL - 222 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 742 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A 37-year-old healthcare worker from the northeastern region of Brazil experienced 2 clinical episodes of coronavirus disease. Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 was confirmed by reverse transcription PCR in samples collected 116 days apart. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that the 2 infections were caused by the most prevalent lineage in Brazil, B.1.1.33, and the emerging lineage P.2. The first infection occurred in June 2020; Bayesian analysis suggests reinfection at some point during September 14–October 11, 2020, a few days before the second episode of coronavirus disease. Of note, P.2 corresponds to an emergent viral lineage in Brazil that contains the mutation E484K in the spike protein. The P.2 lineage was initially detected in the state of Rio de Janeiro, and since then it has been found throughout the country. Our findings suggest not only a reinfection case but also geographic dissemination of the emerging Brazil clade P.2. AN - 33883059 AU - Resende, Paola Cristina | Bezerra, João Felipe | Teixeira Vasconcelos, Romero Henrique | Arantes, Ighor | Appolinario, Luciana | Mendonça, Ana Carolina | Paixao, Anna Carolina | Duarte, Ana Carolina | Silva, Thauane | Rocha, Alice Sampaio | Lima, Ana Beatriz Machado | Pauvolid-Corr�^a, Alex | Motta, Fernando Couto | Teixeira, Dalane Loudal Florentino | de Oliveira Carneiro, Thiago Franco | Neto, Francisco Paulo Freire | Herbster, Isabel Diniz | Leite, Anderson Brandao | Riediger, Irina Nastassja | do Carmo Debur, Maria | Naveca, Felipe Gomes | Almeida, Walquiria | Livorati, Mirian | Bello, Gonzalo | Siqueira, Marilda C1 - 2021-04-23 C2 - Reinfection Among Healthcare Workers CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04232021_covidupdate.html DA - Jul DO - 10.3201/eid2707.210401 ET - 2021/04/23 IS - 7 KW - COVID-19 | coronavirus disease | SARS-CoV-2 | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 | viruses | respiratory infections | zoonoses | reinfection | secondary infection | P.2 | Brazil L1 - internal-pdf://2312983814/Resende-2021-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Resende, Paola Cristina | Bezerra, Joao Felipe | Teixeira Vasconcelos, Romero Henrique | Arantes, Ighor | Appolinario, Luciana | Mendonca, Ana Carolina | Paixao, Anna Carolina | Duarte, Ana Carolina | Silva, Thauane | Rocha, Alice Sampaio | Lima, Ana Beatriz Machado | Pauvolid-Correa, Alex | Motta, Fernando Couto | Teixeira, Dalane Loudal Florentino | de Oliveira Carneiro, Thiago Franco | Neto, Francisco Paulo Freire | Herbster, Isabel Diniz | Leite, Anderson Brandao | Riediger, Irina Nastassja | do Carmo Debur, Maria | Naveca, Felipe Gomes | Almeida, Walquiria | Livorati, Mirian | Bello, Gonzalo | Siqueira, Marilda M | eng | Case Reports | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | Emerg Infect Dis. 2021 Jul;27(7):1789-1794. doi: 10.3201/eid2707.210401. Epub 2021 Apr 22. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: [report of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in Brazil] SN - 1080-6059 SP - 1789 ST - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 P.2 Lineage Associated with Reinfection Case, Brazil, June–October 2020 T2 - Emerg Infect Dis TI - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 P.2 Lineage Associated with Reinfection Case, Brazil, June–October 2020 UR - https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/27/7/21-0401_article | https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/27/7/pdfs/21-0401.pdf VL - 27 ID - 1912 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVES: To detect possible severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA contamination of inanimate surfaces in areas at high risk of aerosol formation by patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS: Sampling was performed in the emergency unit and the sub-intensive care ward. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was extracted from swabbed surfaces and objects and subjected to real-time RT-PCR targeting RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and E genes. Virus isolation from positive samples was attempted in vitro on Vero E6 cells. RESULTS: Twenty-six samples were collected and only two were positive for low-level SARS-CoV-2 RNA, both collected on the external surface of continuous positive airway pressure helmets. All transport media were inoculated onto susceptible cells, but none induced a cytopathic effect on day 7 of culture. CONCLUSIONS: Even though daily contact with inanimate surfaces and patient fomites in contaminated areas may be a medium of infection, our data obtained in real-life conditions suggest that it might be less extensive than hitherto recognized. AD - Division of Infectious Diseases I, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy. | Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. | Molecular Virology Unit, Microbiology and Virology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic, and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. | Division of Infectious Diseases I, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic, and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. | Division of Infectious Diseases II and Immunology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Pavia, Italy. Electronic address: mario.mondelli@unipv.it. AN - 32450255 AU - Colaneri, M. | Seminari, E. | Novati, S. | Asperges, E. | Biscarini, S. | Piralla, A. | Percivalle, E. | Cassaniti, I. | Baldanti, F. | Bruno, R. | Mondelli, M. U. | Covid Irccs San Matteo Pavia Task Force C1 - 2020-10-09 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/100920_covidupdate.html DA - Aug DO - 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.05.009 ET - 2020/05/26 IS - 8 KW - Animals | Betacoronavirus/genetics/*growth & development | Chlorocebus aethiops | Coronavirus Envelope Proteins | Equipment Contamination | Fomites/*virology | Humans | Intensive Care Units | Microbial Viability | RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase/*genetics | Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction | SARS-CoV-2 | Vero Cells | Viral Envelope Proteins/*genetics | Viral Proteins/genetics | Coronavirus disease 2019 | Environmental contamination | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 | Surfaces | Vero E6 cells L1 - internal-pdf://3992626998/Colaneri-2020-Severe acute respiratory syndrom.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Colaneri, M; Seminari, E; Novati, S; Asperges, E; Biscarini, S; Piralla, A; Percivalle, E; Cassaniti, I; Baldanti, F; Bruno, R; Mondelli, M U; eng; England; Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020 Aug;26(8):1094.e1-1094.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.05.009. Epub 2020 May 22. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Environmental sampling of an emergency room unit showed little SARS-CoV-2 RNA on surfaces, suggesting environmental contamination might be less extensive than previously suggested. SN - 1469-0691 (Electronic); 1198-743X (Linking) SP - 1094 e1-1094 e5 ST - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 RNA contamination of inanimate surfaces and virus viability in a health care emergency unit T2 - Clin Microbiol Infect TI - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 RNA contamination of inanimate surfaces and virus viability in a health care emergency unit UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32450255 VL - 26 Y2 - 2021/05/13 ID - 1009 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Because of high rates of 2019 novel coronavirus disease in Wuhan, China, Wuhan Blood Center began screening for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 RNA on January 25, 2020. We screened donations in real-time and retrospectively and found plasma samples positive for viral RNA from 4 asymptomatic donors. AN - 32243255 AU - Chang, L. | Zhao, L. | Gong, H. | Wang, L. | Wang, L. C1 - 2020-04-14 C2 - Laboratory Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/041420_covidupdate.html DA - Jul DO - 10.3201/eid2607.200839 ET - 2020/04/04 IS - 7 KW - Betacoronavirus/genetics/*isolation & purification | *Blood Donors | Humans | RNA, Viral/*blood | Retrospective Studies | SARS-CoV-2 | 2019 novel coronavirus disease | Covid-19 | China | Sars | blood donors | coronavirus | respiratory infections | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 | viruses | zoonoses L1 - internal-pdf://3527810138/Chang-2020-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome C.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Chang, Le; Zhao, Lei; Gong, Huafei; Wang, Lunan; Wang, Lan; eng; Emerg Infect Dis. 2020 Jul;26(7):1631-1633. doi: 10.3201/eid2607.200839. Epub 2020 Jun 21. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in 0.05% of blood donors in Wuhan during the epidemic peak (Figure). | All persons who had detectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA in their blood were asymptomatic at blood donation and had no detectable IgG and IgM antibodies. | Telephone follow-up revealed 33 people who reported symptoms consistent with SARS-CoV-2 infection; donations from these individuals were removed from circulation. | Methods: Wuhan Blood Center, China, screened 7,425 blood donations collected between December 21, 2019 and March 4, 2020 for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Retrospective screening by pooled RT-PCR occurred between December 21, 2019 and January 22, 2020 and prospective real-time screening began on January 24, 2020. All donors in January and February 2020 were followed-up by telephone; donations from donors reporting symptoms were tested by RT-PCR. Limitations: SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection does not necessarily indicate infection or transmissibility. | Implications: Screening potential blood donors for SARS-CoV-2 might help identify early SARS-COV-2 infections. No current data indicate transmissibility through blood products. But if blood-borne transmission is possible, screening donors, might prevent transmission via contaminated blood products. SN - 1080-6059 (Electronic); 1080-6040 (Linking) SP - 1631-1633 ST - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 RNA Detected in Blood Donations T2 - Emerg Infect Dis TI - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 RNA Detected in Blood Donations UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32243255 VL - 26 ID - 37 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A new coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has recently emerged to cause a human pandemic. Although molecular diagnostic tests were rapidly developed, serologic assays are still lacking, yet urgently needed. Validated serologic assays are needed for contact tracing, identifying the viral reservoir, and epidemiologic studies. We developed serologic assays for detection of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing, spike protein-specific, and nucleocapsid-specific antibodies. Using serum samples from patients with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections, other coronaviruses, or other respiratory pathogenic infections, we validated and tested various antigens in different in-house and commercial ELISAs. We demonstrated that most PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2-infected persons seroconverted by 2 weeks after disease onset. We found that commercial S1 IgG or IgA ELISAs were of lower specificity, and sensitivity varied between the 2 assays; the IgA ELISA showed higher sensitivity. Overall, the validated assays described can be instrumental for detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies for diagnostic, seroepidemiologic, and vaccine evaluation studies. AN - 32267220 AU - Okba, N. M. A. | Muller, M. A. | Li, W. | Wang, C. | GeurtsvanKessel, C. H. | Corman, V. M. | Lamers, M. M. | Sikkema, R. S. | de Bruin, E. | Chandler, F. D. | Yazdanpanah, Y. | Le Hingrat, Q. | Descamps, D. | Houhou-Fidouh, N. | Reusken, Cbem | Bosch, B. J. | Drosten, C. | Koopmans, M. P. G. | Haagmans, B. L. C1 - 2020-04-24 C2 - Laboratory Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/042420_covidupdate.html DA - Jul DO - 10.3201/eid2607.200841 ET - 2020/04/09 IS - 7 KW - Antibodies, Viral/*blood | Betacoronavirus/*immunology | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | Clinical Laboratory Techniques/*methods | Coronavirus Infections/*diagnosis | Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay | Humans | Neutralization Tests | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/*diagnosis | SARS-CoV-2 | Sensitivity and Specificity | Serologic Tests | Elisa | HCoV | Rbd | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 | antibodies | coronavirus | coronavirus disease 2019 | human coronavirus | neutralization | nucleocapsid protein | receptor-binding domain | respiratory infections | serologic analysis | spike protein | viruses | zoonoses L1 - internal-pdf://2583429003/Okba-2020-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Co.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Okba, Nisreen M A; Muller, Marcel A; Li, Wentao; Wang, Chunyan; GeurtsvanKessel, Corine H; Corman, Victor M; Lamers, Mart M; Sikkema, Reina S; de Bruin, Erwin; Chandler, Felicity D; Yazdanpanah, Yazdan; Le Hingrat, Quentin; Descamps, Diane; Houhou-Fidouh, Nadhira; Reusken, Chantal B E M; Bosch, Berend-Jan; Drosten, Christian; Koopmans, Marion P G; Haagmans, Bart L; eng; Emerg Infect Dis. 2020 Jul;26(7):1478-1488. doi: 10.3201/eid2607.200841. Epub 2020 Jun 21. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Commercial tests for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA produced false-positive results when used to test serum samples from patients with other coronavirus infections, including common seasonal human coronaviruses (HCoV) that generally cause of mild human illness (gold arrows) and SARS-CoV-1 (cause of SARS, blue arrows) (Figure). | Methods: Investigators validated commercial tests for SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA antibodies (EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG) using serum samples from 45 healthy blood donors, 76 patients with non-CoV respiratory infections, 75 with HCoV infections, 7 with MERS-CoV infections, 3 with SARS-CoV-1 infection and 12 with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Limitation: Only two commercial assays evaluated. | Implications: Because most people have antibodies against seasonal HCoVs, it is important to ensure SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests will not produce false-positive results because they detect these other (cross-reacting) antibodies. SN - 1080-6059 (Electronic); 1080-6040 (Linking) SP - 1478-1488 ST - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2-Specific Antibody Responses in Coronavirus Disease Patients T2 - Emerg Infect Dis TI - Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2-Specific Antibody Responses in Coronavirus Disease Patients UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32267220 VL - 26 ID - 72 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVE: The adverse effects of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) have been documented for pneumonia; however, there is no consensus regarding whether the use of PPIs might be harmful regarding the risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. In this regard, we aimed to measure the potential associations of the current use of PPIs with the infection rates of COVID-19 among patients who underwent SARS-CoV-2 testing. DESIGN: Data were derived from a Korean nationwide cohort study with propensity score matching. We included 132 316 patients older than 18 years who tested for SARS-CoV-2 between 1 January and 15 May 2020. Endpoints were SARS-CoV-2 positivity (primary) and severe clinical outcomes of COVID-19 (secondary: admission to intensive care unit, administration of invasive ventilation or death). RESULTS: In the entire cohort, there were 111 911 non-users, 14 163 current PPI users and 6242 past PPI users. After propensity score matching, the SARS-CoV-2 test positivity rate was not associated with the current or past use of PPIs. Among patients with confirmed COVID-19, the current use of PPIs conferred a 79% greater risk of severe clinical outcomes of COVID-19, while the relationship with the past use of PPIs remained insignificant. Current PPI use starting within the previous 30 days was associated with a 90% increased risk of severe clinical outcomes of COVID-19. CONCLUSION: Patients taking PPIs are at increased risk for severe clinical outcomes of COVID-19 but not susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. This suggests that physicians need to assess benefit-risk assessments in the management of acid-related diseases amid the COVID-19 pandemic. AD - Department of Data Science, Sejong University College of Software Convergence, Seoul, Korea lsw2920@gmail.com lemonherb12@cha.ac.kr yonkkang@gmail.com. | Department of Pediatrics, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. | Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University Faculty of Medicine, Tokat, Turkey. | Department of Data Science, Sejong University College of Software Convergence, Seoul, Korea. | Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea. | F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. | Department of Ophthalmology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. | Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea. | Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. | Department of Gastroenterology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea. | Department of Gastroenterology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea lsw2920@gmail.com lemonherb12@cha.ac.kr yonkkang@gmail.com. | Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea lsw2920@gmail.com lemonherb12@cha.ac.kr yonkkang@gmail.com. | Armed Force Medical Command, Republic of Korea Armed Forces, Seongnam, Korea. AN - 32732368 AU - Lee, S. W. | Ha, E. K. | Yeniova, A. O. | Moon, S. Y. | Kim, S. Y. | Koh, H. Y. | Yang, J. M. | Jeong, S. J. | Moon, S. J. | Cho, J. Y. | Yoo, I. K. | Yon, D. K. C1 - 2020-08-11 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/081120_covidupdate.html DA - Jan DO - 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322248 ET - 2020/08/01 IS - 1 KW - *COVID-19/complications/mortality/therapy | *COVID-19 Testing/methods/statistics & numerical data | Cause of Death | Comorbidity | Female | Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data | Humans | Intensive Care Units/*statistics & numerical data | Male | Middle Aged | Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care | *Proton Pump Inhibitors/administration & dosage/adverse effects | Republic of Korea/epidemiology | Respiration, Artificial/*statistics & numerical data | SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification | Severity of Illness Index | *Stomach Diseases/drug therapy/epidemiology | *epidemiology | *proton pump inhibition L1 - internal-pdf://3791990665/Lee-2021-Severe clinical outcomes of COVID-19.pdf LA - en LB - Testing | N1 - Lee, Seung Won; Ha, Eun Kyo; Yeniova, Abdullah Ozgur; Moon, Sung Yong; Kim, So Young; Koh, Hyun Yong; Yang, Jee Myung; Jeong, Su Jin; Moon, Sun Joon; Cho, Joo Young; Yoo, In Kyung; Yon, Dong Keon; eng; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Gut. 2021 Jan;70(1):76-84. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322248. Epub 2020 Jul 30. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Current use of PPIs, especially within 1 month of testing for SARS-CoV-2, was associated with more serious clinical outcomes (i.e., ICU admission, intubation, or death). | Methods: Cohort study (N = 132,316) of persons age > 18 years tested for SARS-CoV-2, January 1-May 1, 2020, using the Korean national health insurance claims database. Examined differences in SARS-CoV-2 positivity and clinical outcomes associated with PPI use (current user n = 14,163; former user n = 6,242; never-PPI user n = 111,911). Current users took PPIs 1�?0 days before the testing date; past users took PPIs 31�?65 days before the testing date; never users had never received PPIs within 1 year before the testing date. Propensity score matching was used to calculate predicted probabilities for COVID-19 positivity and clinical outcomes. Limitations: Observational cohort study, PPI use categories were defined based only on past 1 year. | Implications: Clinicians may wish to carefully consider initiating use of PPIs in patients during the current COVID-19 pandemic as well as consider alternatives to PPIs for patients diagnosed with COVID-19 who are already using them. Additional studies may be needed to further explain these findings. SN - 1468-3288 (Electronic); 0017-5749 (Linking) SP - 76-84 ST - Severe clinical outcomes of COVID-19 associated with proton pump inhibitors: a nationwide cohort study with propensity score matching T2 - Gut TI - Severe clinical outcomes of COVID-19 associated with proton pump inhibitors: a nationwide cohort study with propensity score matching UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32732368 VL - 70 ID - 680 ER - TY - JOUR AD - From Weill Cornell Medicine, New York. AN - 32412710 AU - Berlin, D. A. | Gulick, R. M. | Martinez, F. J. C1 - 2020-05-26 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052620_covidupdate.html DA - Dec 17 DO - 10.1056/NEJMcp2009575 ET - 2020/05/16 IS - 25 KW - Adenosine Monophosphate/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use | Alanine/analogs & derivatives/therapeutic use | Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use | Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use | Brain/diagnostic imaging | COVID-19/complications/diagnosis/*therapy | COVID-19 Testing | Dexamethasone/therapeutic use | Dyspnea/etiology | Humans | Lung/diagnostic imaging/pathology | Male | Middle Aged | Patient Acuity | Radiography, Thoracic | Respiration, Artificial | Respiratory Distress Syndrome/etiology/therapy | SARS-CoV-2/genetics/*isolation & purification | Tomography, X-Ray Computed L1 - internal-pdf://3282582358/Berlin-2020-Severe Covid-19.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | N1 - Berlin, David A; Gulick, Roy M; Martinez, Fernando J; eng; Review; N Engl J Med. 2020 Dec 17;383(25):2451-2460. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp2009575. Epub 2020 May 15. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Discussion of the clinical management of severe COVID-19. SN - 1533-4406 (Electronic); 0028-4793 (Linking) SP - 2451-2460 ST - Severe Covid-19 T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Severe Covid-19 UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32412710 VL - 383 ID - 247 ER - TY - JOUR AB - There are few cases of pregnant women with novel corona virus 2019 (COVID-19) in the literature, most of them with a mild illness course. There is limited evidence about in utero infection and early positive neonatal testing. A 41-year-old G3P2 with a history of previous cesarean deliveries and diabetes mellitus presented with a 4-day history of malaise, low-grade fever, and progressive shortness of breath. A nasopharyngeal swab was positive for COVID-19, COVID-19 serology was negative. The patient developed respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation on day 5 of disease onset. The patient underwent a cesarean delivery, and neonatal isolation was implemented immediately after birth, without delayed cord clamping or skin-to-skin contact. The neonatal nasopharyngeal swab, 16 hours after delivery, was positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and immunoglobulin (Ig)-M and IgG for SARS-CoV-2 were negative. Maternal IgM and IgG were positive on postpartum day 4 (day 9 after symptom onset). We report a severe presentation of COVID-19 during pregnancy. To our knowledge, this is the earliest reported positive PCR in the neonate, raising the concern for vertical transmission. We suggest pregnant women should be considered as a high-risk group and minimize exposures for these reasons. KEY POINTS: . We report a severe presentation of COVID-19 in pregnancy requiring invasive ventilatory support.. . This is a case of positive RT-PCR in first day of life, suggesting possible vertical transmission.. . There were no detectable maternal antibodies for COVID-19 until after delivery.. AD - Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, British American Hospital, Lima, Peru. | Division of Neonatology, British American Hospital, Lima, Peru. | Division of Pulmonary Medicine, British American Hospital, Lima, Peru. | Division of Infectious Disease, University of Texas Medical Branch, Texas. | Tropical Medicine Institute "Alexander von Humbolt," Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru. | Division of Infectious Disease, British American Hospital, Lima, Peru. | Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Texas. AN - 32305046 AU - Alzamora, M. C. | Paredes, T. | Caceres, D. | Webb, C. M. | Valdez, L. M. | La Rosa, M. C1 - 2020-05-05 C2 - PMC7356080 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/050520_covidupdate.html DA - Jun DO - 10.1055/s-0040-1710050 DP - NLM ET - 2020/04/19 IS - 8 KW - Adult | *Betacoronavirus/isolation & purification/pathogenicity | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Testing | COVID-19 Vaccines | Cesarean Section/*methods | Clinical Laboratory Techniques/methods | *Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis/physiopathology/therapy/transmission | Female | Humans | Infant, Newborn | *Infant, Newborn, Diseases/physiopathology/therapy/virology | Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis/physiopathology/therapy/transmission | Pregnancy | *Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/physiopathology/therapy/virology | Pregnancy Outcome | Respiration, Artificial/*methods | *Respiratory Insufficiency/etiology/physiopathology/therapy | SARS-CoV-2 | Severity of Illness Index L1 - internal-pdf://4005454188/Alzamora-2020-Severe COVID-19 during Pregnancy.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Alzamora, Maria Claudia; Paredes, Tania; Caceres, David; Webb, Camille M; Valdez, Luis M; La Rosa, Mauricio; eng; Case Reports; Am J Perinatol. 2020 Jun;37(8):861-865. doi: 10.1055/s-0040-1710050. Epub 2020 Apr 18. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; A pregnant woman with COVID-19 required invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) with Caesarian section at 33 weeks. | SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG negative 1 day postpartum, but positive 4 days postpartum (Figure). | Neonate was SARS-CoV-2 positive by RT-PCR from NP swab at 16 and 64 hours of life (Figure). | Chest X-ray normal, IMV required for 12 hours. | SARS-CoV-2 Ig-M and Ig-G negative on days 1, 4, and 5. | Methods: Case study of a 41-year-old woman with diabetes and obesity presenting with severe COVID-19 during pregnancy. Mechanical ventilation was required from day 5 of symptom onset. After Cesarean delivery, neonate was immediately isolated without delayed cord clamp, skin-to-skin contact, or breast feeding. Neonatal RT-PCR on days 1 and 3 and serial serologic testing of mother and neonate. Limitations: Could not distinguish neonate infection from transient contamination. No testing of other pregnancy-related specimens (e.g., amniotic fluid, umbilical cord blood, or pregnancy tissues), maternal vaginal fluid, or stool. | Implications: A neonate born to a mother with COVID-19 was infected with SARS-CoV-2. However, the method of transmission and severity of disease is uncertain. SN - 1098-8785 (Electronic); 0735-1631 (Linking) SP - 861-865 ST - Severe COVID-19 during Pregnancy and Possible Vertical Transmission T2 - Am J Perinatol TI - Severe COVID-19 during Pregnancy and Possible Vertical Transmission UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32305046 VL - 37 ID - 123 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Meyer Children University Hospital. | Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence. | Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Meyer Children University Hospital; Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence. | Pediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Meyer Children University Hospital; Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy. AN - 32444222 AU - Venturini, E. | Palmas, G. | Montagnani, C. | Chiappini, E. | Citera, F. | Astorino, V. | Trapani, S. | Galli, L. C1 - 2020-05-29 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052920_covidupdate.html DA - Jul DO - 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.04.051 ET - 2020/05/24 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/complications/*diagnosis/therapy | Female | Humans | Infant | Infant, Newborn | Neutropenia/diagnosis/therapy/*virology | Pandemics | Pneumonia, Viral/complications/*diagnosis/therapy | SARS-CoV-2 | Severity of Illness Index L1 - internal-pdf://0224941346/Venturini-2020-Severe neutropenia in infants w.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Venturini, Elisabetta; Palmas, Giordano; Montagnani, Carlotta; Chiappini, Elena; Citera, Francesco; Astorino, Valeria; Trapani, Sandra; Galli, Luisa; eng; Case Reports; Letter; J Pediatr. 2020 Jul;222:259-261. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.04.051. Epub 2020 May 19. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: This is the first description of severe neutropenia in infants infected with SARS-CoV-2. SN - 1097-6833 (Electronic); 0022-3476 (Linking) SP - 259-261 ST - Severe neutropenia in infants with severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by the novel coronavirus 2019 infection T2 - J Pediatr TI - Severe neutropenia in infants with severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by the novel coronavirus 2019 infection UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32444222 VL - 222 Y2 - 2021/05/12 ID - 282 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Recent surges in coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) is attributed to the emergence of more transmissible severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern (VOCs). However, the relative severity of SARS-CoV-2 VOCs in children is unknown.Methods This retrospective single-center cohort study was performed at the Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital of Chicago, academic free-standing children’s hospital. We included all children �?18 years-old diagnosed with COVID-19 between October 15th, 2020 and August 31st, 2021 and whose SARS-CoV-2 isolate was sequenced using the Illumina platform. For each patient sample, we identified the SARS-CoV-2 lineage, which was assigned to one of the following groups: Non-VOC, alpha VOC, beta VOC, gamma VOC, or delta VOC. We measured frequency of 5 markers of COVID-19 severity: hospitalization; COVID-19 pharmacologic treatment; respiratory support; intensive care unit admission; and severe disease as classified by the COVID-19 World Health Organization (WHO) Clinical Progression Scale (severe disease; score �?6). A series of logistic regression models were fitted to estimate odds of each severity marker with each VOC (in comparison to non-VOCs), adjusting for COVID-19 community incidence and demographic and clinical co-variates.Results During the study period, 2,025 patients tested positive for SARS-CoV-2; 1,422 (70.2%) had sufficient viral load to permit sequencing. Among the 499 (35.1%) patients whose isolate was sequenced, median (inter-quartile range) age was 7 (1,12) years; 256 (51.3%) isolates were a VOC: 96 (37.5%) alpha, 38 (14.8%) gamma, and 119 (46.5%) delta. After adjusting for age, Black race, Hispanic ethnicity, high-risk medical conditions, and COVID-19 community incidence, neither alpha nor delta was associated with severe COVID-19. Gamma was independently associated with hospitalization (OR 5.9, 95% CI 1.6-21.5, p=0.007), respiratory support (OR 8.3, 95% CI 1.5-56.3, p=0.02), and severe disease as classified by the WHO Clinical Progression Scale (OR 7.7, 95% CI 1.0-78.1, p=0.05).Conclusions Compared to non-VOC COVID-19 infections, the gamma VOC, but not the alpha or delta VOCs, was associated with increased severity. These data suggest that recent increased in pediatric COVID-19 hospitalizations are related to increased delta COVID-19 incidence rather than increased delta virulence in children.Competing Interest StatementL.K.K. reports having received research funding from Merck, unrelated to this study. J.F.H. reports having received research funding from Gilead, unrelated to this study. All other authors report no conflicts of interest.Funding StatementThis work was partially supported by funding to L.K.K., J.F.H., E.A.O., L.M.S., and R.L.R. from the Walder Foundation Chicago Coronavirus Assessment Network (Chicago CAN) Initiative. Research reported in this publication was also supported, in part, by: the National Institutes of Health's (NIH) National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) UL1 TR001422 (L.K.K., J.F.H., E.A.O., L.M.S., and R.L.R.); a Dixon Translational Research Grant made possible by the generous support of the Dixon Family Foundation (E.A.O. and J.F.H.); an NIH CTSA supplement to UL1 TR002389 (J.F.H., E.A.O., R.L.R.); a supplement to the Northwestern University Cancer Center P30 CA060553 (J.F.H.); and NIH grant U19 AI135964 (E.A.O.). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:The Lurie Childrens Institutional Review Board approved this study (IRB 2020-3792).I confirm that all necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived, and that an patient/participant/sample identifiers included were not known to anyone (e.g., hospital staff, patients or participants themselves) outside the research group so cannot be used to identify individuals.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesAll data produced in the present work are contained in the manuscript AN - 34729568 AU - Edward, Priya R. | Lorenzo-Redondo, Ramon | Reyna, Megan E. | Simons, Lacy M. | Hultquist, Judd F. | Patel, Ami B. | Ozer, Egon A. | Muller, William J. | Heald-Sargent, Taylor | McHugh, Matthew | Dean, Taylor J. | Dalal, Raj M. | John, Jordan | Manz, Shannon C. | Kociolek, Larry K. C1 - 2021-11-05 C2 - PMC8562552 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/11052021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - Oct 26 DO - 10.1101/2021.10.23.21265402 ET - 2021/11/04 L1 - internal-pdf://0823424829/Edward-2021-Severity of Illness Caused by Seve.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Edward, Priya R | Lorenzo-Redondo, Ramon | Reyna, Megan E | Simons, Lacy M | Hultquist, Judd F | Patel, Ami B | Ozer, Egon A | Muller, William J | Heald-Sargent, Taylor | McHugh, Matthew | Dean, Taylor J | Dalal, Raj M | John, Jordan | Manz, Shannon C | Kociolek, Larry K | eng | Preprint | medRxiv. 2021 Oct 26. doi: 10.1101/2021.10.23.21265402. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among 499 children infected with SARS-CoV-2 whose isolate was sequenced (October 2020–August 2021, Chicago), 46.5% of infections were Delta, 37.5% were Alpha, and 14.8% were Gamma variants. After adjusting for confounding variables, Gamma was associated with severe COVID-19 (OR 7.7, 95% CI 1.0-78.1), but Alpha and Delta were not. SP - 2021.10.23.21265402 ST - Severity of Illness Caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Variants of Concern in Children: A Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study T2 - medRxiv TI - Severity of Illness Caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Variants of Concern in Children: A Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2021/10/26/2021.10.23.21265402.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/10/26/2021.10.23.21265402.full.pdf ID - 2588 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Qatar had a first wave of infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from March through June 2020, after which approximately 40% of the population had detectable antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. The country subsequently had two back-to-back waves from January through May 2021, triggered by the introduction of the B.1.1.7 (or alpha) and B.1.351 (or beta) variants.1 This created an epidemiologic opportunity to assess reinfections. AD - Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar lja2002@qatar-med.cornell.edu. | Ministry of Public Health, Doha, Qatar. AN - 34818474 AU - Abu-Raddad, Laith J. | Chemaitelly, Hiam | Bertollini, Roberto C1 - 2021-12-03 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/12032021_covidupdate.html#anchor_InBrief DA - Nov 24 DO - 10.1056/NEJMc2108120 ET - 2021/11/25 L1 - internal-pdf://2513999437/Abu-Raddad-2021-Severity of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfec.pdf LB - Natural History | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Abu-Raddad, Laith J | Chemaitelly, Hiam | Bertollini, Roberto | eng | Letter | N Engl J Med. 2021 Nov 24. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2108120. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Among unvaccinated persons with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in Qatar during February 2020–April 2021, reinfections were associated with lower odds of severe disease (OR 0.12, 95% CI 0.03-0.31) than initial infections. Among persons with reinfection, odds of a composite outcome of severe, critical, and/or fatal disease were 0.10 times (95% CI 0.03-0.25) that among persons with primary infection. No cases of critical or fatal disease were identified among 1,300 persons with re-infections. SN - 0028-4793 ST - Severity of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfections as Compared with Primary Infections T2 - N Engl J Med TI - Severity of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfections as Compared with Primary Infections UR - https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2108120 | https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMc2108120?articleTools=true Y2 - 2021/12/06 ID - 2662 ER - TY - JOUR AB - There is increasing evidence that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) produces more severe symptoms and higher mortality among men than among women(1-5). However, whether immune responses against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) differ between sexes, and whether such differences correlate with the sex difference in the disease course of COVID-19, is currently unknown. Here we examined sex differences in viral loads, SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody titres, plasma cytokines and blood-cell phenotyping in patients with moderate COVID-19 who had not received immunomodulatory medications. Male patients had higher plasma levels of innate immune cytokines such as IL-8 and IL-18 along with more robust induction of non-classical monocytes. By contrast, female patients had more robust T cell activation than male patients during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Notably, we found that a poor T cell response negatively correlated with patients' age and was associated with worse disease outcome in male patients, but not in female patients. By contrast, higher levels of innate immune cytokines were associated with worse disease progression in female patients, but not in male patients. These findings provide a possible explanation for the observed sex biases in COVID-19, and provide an important basis for the development of a sex-based approach to the treatment and care of male and female patients with COVID-19. AD - Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. | Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA. | Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. | Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science, New Haven, CT, USA. | Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. | Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. | Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. | Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. | Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. | Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA. | Yale Institute for Global Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. | Yale School of Nursing, Yale University, Orange, CT, USA. | Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. akiko.iwasaki@yale.edu. | Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA. akiko.iwasaki@yale.edu. AN - 32846427 AU - Takahashi, T. | Ellingson, M. K. | Wong, P. | Israelow, B. | Lucas, C. | Klein, J. | Silva, J. | Mao, T. | Oh, J. E. | Tokuyama, M. | Lu, P. | Venkataraman, A. | Park, A. | Liu, F. | Meir, A. | Sun, J. | Wang, E. Y. | Casanovas-Massana, A. | Wyllie, A. L. | Vogels, C. B. F. | Earnest, R. | Lapidus, S. | Ott, I. M. | Moore, A. J. | Yale, Impact Research Team | Shaw, A. | Fournier, J. B. | Odio, C. D. | Farhadian, S. | Dela Cruz, C. | Grubaugh, N. D. | Schulz, W. L. | Ring, A. M. | Ko, A. I. | Omer, S. B. | Iwasaki, A. C1 - 2020-09-04 C2 - Immunology CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/090420_covidupdate.html DA - Dec DO - 10.1038/s41586-020-2700-3 ET - 2020/08/28 IS - 7837 KW - COVID-19/blood/*immunology/virology | Chemokines/blood/immunology | Cohort Studies | Cytokines/blood/*immunology | Disease Progression | Female | Humans | Immunity, Innate/*immunology | Lymphocyte Activation | Male | Monocytes/immunology | Phenotype | Prognosis | RNA, Viral/analysis | SARS-CoV-2/*immunology/pathogenicity | *Sex Characteristics | T-Lymphocytes/*immunology | Viral Load L1 - internal-pdf://3718504169/Takahashi-2020-Sex differences in immune respo.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Takahashi, Takehiro; Ellingson, Mallory K; Wong, Patrick; Israelow, Benjamin; Lucas, Carolina; Klein, Jon; Silva, Julio; Mao, Tianyang; Oh, Ji Eun; Tokuyama, Maria; Lu, Peiwen; Venkataraman, Arvind; Park, Annsea; Liu, Feimei; Meir, Amit; Sun, Jonathan; Wang, Eric Y; Casanovas-Massana, Arnau; Wyllie, Anne L; Vogels, Chantal B F; Earnest, Rebecca; Lapidus, Sarah; Ott, Isabel M; Moore, Adam J; Shaw, Albert; Fournier, John B; Odio, Camila D; Farhadian, Shelli; Dela Cruz, Charles; Grubaugh, Nathan D; Schulz, Wade L; Ring, Aaron M; Ko, Albert I; Omer, Saad B; Iwasaki, Akiko; eng; R01 AI127429/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R37 AI041699/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 AI157488/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; HHMI/Howard Hughes Medical Institute/; T32 AI007210/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; K24 AG042489/AG/NIA NIH HHS/; Comparative Study; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Nature. 2020 Dec;588(7837):315-320. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2700-3. Epub 2020 Aug 26. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Certain cytokines and chemokines were higher in males infected with SARS-CoV-2; T-cell activation was greater in women infected with SARS-CoV-2. SN - 1476-4687 (Electronic); 0028-0836 (Linking) SP - 315-320 ST - Sex differences in immune responses that underlie COVID-19 disease outcomes T2 - Nature TI - Sex differences in immune responses that underlie COVID-19 disease outcomes UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32846427 VL - 588 ID - 831 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Long-term shedding of viral RNA in COVID-19 prevents timely discharge from the hospital or de-escalation of infection prevention and control practices. Key questions are the duration and determinants of infectious virus shedding. We assessed these questions using virus cultures of respiratory tract samples from hospitalized COVID-19 patients as a proxy for infectious virus shedding.Methods Clinical and virological data were obtained from 129 hospitalized COVID-19 patients (89 intensive care, 40 medium care). Generalized estimating equations were used to identify if viral RNA load, detection of viral subgenomic RNA, serum neutralizing antibody response, duration of symptoms, or immunocompromised status were predictive for a positive virus culture.Findings Infectious virus shedding was detected in 23 of the 129 patients (17,8%). The median duration of shedding was 8 days post onset of symptoms (IQR 5 �?11) and the probability of detecting infectious virus dropped below 5% after 15,2 days post onset of symptoms (95% confidence interval (CI) 13,4 �?17,2). Multivariate analyses identified viral loads above 7 log10 RNA copies/mL (odds ratio [OR]; CI 14,7 (3,57-58,1; p<0,001) as independently associated with isolation of infectious SARS-CoV-2 from the respiratory tract. A serum neutralizing antibody titre of at least 1:20 (OR of 0,01 (CI 0,003-0,08; p<0,001) was independently associated with non-infectious SARS-CoV-2.Interpretation Infection prevention and control guidelines should take into account that patients with severe or critical COVID-19 may shed infectious virus for longer periods of time compared to what has been reported for in patients with mild COVID-19. Infectious virus shedding drops to undetectable levels below a viral RNA load threshold and once serum neutralizing antibodies are present, which warrants the use of quantitative viral RNA load assays and serological assays in test-based strategies to discontinue or de-escalate infection prevention and control precautions.Evidence before this study We searched PubMed, bioRxiv, and medRxiv for articles that reported on shedding of infectious virus in COVID-19 patients using the search terms (“coronavirus�?OR “SARS�?OR “SARS-CoV-2�?OR “COVID-19�? AND (“shedding�?OR “infectivity�?OR “infectious�?OR “virus culture�? with no language or time restrictions. A detailed study on nine patients with mild COVID-19 reported that infectious virus could not be isolated after more than eight days of symptoms. The probability of isolating infectious virus was less than 5% when viral loads dropped below 6,51 Log10 RNA copies/mL. Similar results were obtained with a larger diagnostic sample set, but that study did not report on clinical parameters such as disease severity. Finally there is a report of a single patient shedding infectious virus up to 18 days after onset of symptoms. No published works were found on the shedding of infectious virus in patients with severe or critical COVID-19, and no published works were found on factors independently associated with shedding of infectious virus.Added value of this study We assessed the duration and determinants of infectious virus shedding in 129 patients with severe or critical COVID-19. The duration of infectious virus shedding ranged from 0 to 20 days post onset of symptoms (median 8 days, IQR 5 �?11). The probability of detecting infectious virus dropped below 5% after 15,2 days post onset of symptoms (95% confidence interval (CI) 13,4 �?17,2). Viral loads above 7 log10 RNA copies/mL were independently associated with detection of infectious SARS-CoV-2 from the respiratory tract (odds ratio [OR]; CI 14,7 (3,57-58,1; p<0,001). A serum neutralizing antibody titre of at least 1:20 (OR of 0,01 (CI 0,003-0,08; p<0,001) was independently associated with non-infectious SARS-CoV-2.Implications of all the available evidence Infection prevention and control guidelines should take into account that patients with severe or critical COVID-19 may shed infectiou virus for longer periods of time compared to what has been reported for in patients with mild COVID-19. Quantitative viral RNA load assays and serological assays should be used for test-based strategies to discontinue or de-escalate infection prevention and control precautions.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis work partially was funded through EU COVID-19 grant RECOVER 101003589. The study sponsors were not involved in the study design, the collection, analysis and interpretation of the data, writing of the report, nor in the decision to submit the paper for publication. The corresponding author had full access to all the data in the study and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:All patient samples and data used in this study were collected in the context of routine clinical patient care. Additional analyses were performed only on surplus of patient material collected in the context of routine clinical patient care. Our institutional review board approved the use of these data and samples (METC-2015-306) and written informed consent was waived.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData available upon request. AU - van Kampen, Jeroen J. A. | van de Vijver, David A. M. C. | Fraaij, Pieter L. A. | Haagmans, Bart L. | Lamers, Mart M. | Okba, Nisreen | van den Akker, Johannes P. C. | Endeman, Henrik | Gommers, Diederik A. M. P. J. | Cornelissen, Jan J. | Hoek, Rogier A. S. | van der Eerden, Menno M. | Hesselink, Dennis A. | Metselaar, Herold J. | Verbon, Annelies | de Steenwinkel, Jurriaan E. M. | Aron, Georgina I. | van Gorp, Eric C. M. | van Boheemen, Sander | Voermans, Jolanda C. | Boucher, Charles A. B. | Molenkamp, Richard | Koopmans, Marion P. G. | Geurtsvankessel, Corine | van der Eijk, Annemiek A. C1 - 2020-06-19 C2 - Modeling and Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061920_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.06.08.20125310 L1 - internal-pdf://0741023213/van Kampen-2020-Shedding of infectious virus i.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Respiratory samples from 23 severely ill COVID-19 patients were SARS-CoV-2 culture-positive. | Live virus shedding (indicated by culture-positive samples) sometimes occurred more than 10 days after symptom onset (Figure). | 23% also had moderate to severe immunocompromise. | High levels of neutralizing antibodies (serum titer > 1:20) greatly decreased odds of live viral shedding (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and 95% CI: 0.01 [0.002-0.08]). | High viral load (>107 copies/ml) was associated with live viral shedding (aOR and 95% CI: 14.7 [3.7-58.1]). | The likelihood of isolating virus was < 5% which was not observed at 6.63 log10 copies/mL viral transport medium (VTM, swabs were placed in ~ 4 mL of VTM). | Methods: Duration and predictors of infectious SARS-CoV-2 shedding were examined in 129 severely ill COVID-19 patients by conducting RT-PCR and virus culture on respiratory samples and measuring neutralizing antibodies. Limitations: Only patients with severe or critical disease; samples were not prospectively collected at specified timepoints but reflect routine virologic monitoring of patients. | Implications: COVID-19 patients with severe disease or who are immunocompromised may be infectious 20 days or more after presenting with symptoms. There is also a consistent viral burden below which patients are no longer likely infectious. SP - 2020.06.08.20125310 ST - Shedding of infectious virus in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): duration and key determinants T2 - medRxiv TI - Shedding of infectious virus in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): duration and key determinants TT - Published article: Duration and key determinants of infectious virus shedding in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) UR - http://medrxiv.org/content/early/2020/06/09/2020.06.08.20125310.abstract | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2020/06/09/2020.06.08.20125310.full.pdf ID - 394 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Objectives. To examine shelter characteristics and infection prevention practices in relation to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection point prevalence during universal testing at homeless shelters in the United States.Methods. SARS-CoV-2 testing was offered to clients and staff at homeless shelters, irrespective of symptoms. Site assessments were conducted from March 30 to June 1, 2020, to collect information on shelter characteristics and infection prevention practices. We assessed the association between SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence and shelter characteristics, including 20 infection prevention practices by using crude risk ratios (RRs) and exact unconditional 95% confidence intervals (CIs).Results. Site assessments and SARS-CoV-2 testing results were reported for 63 homeless shelters in 7 US urban areas. Median infection prevalence was 2.9% (range = 0%-71.4%). Shelters implementing head-to-toe sleeping and excluding symptomatic staff from working were less likely to have high infection prevalence (RR = 0.5; 95% CI = 0.3, 0.8; and RR = 0.5; 95% CI = 0.4, 0.6; respectively); shelters with medical services available were less likely to have very high infection prevalence (RR = 0.5; 95% CI = 0.2, 1.0).Conclusions. Sleeping arrangements and staffing policies are modifiable factors that might be associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence in homeless shelters. Shelters should follow recommended practices to reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. AD - Julie L. Self, Martha P. Montgomery, Karrie-Ann Toews, Temet M. McMichael, Grace E. Marx, Isaac Ghinai, and Emily Mosites are with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Elizabeth A. Samuels is with the Rhode Island Department of Health, Providence. Elizabeth Imbert is with the University of California, San Francisco. Cortland Lohff is with the Southern Nevada Health District, Las Vegas. Tom Andrews is with Mercy Care of Atlanta. AN - 33734836 AU - Self, J. L. | Montgomery, M. P. | Toews, K. A. | Samuels, E. A. | Imbert, E. | McMichael, T. M. | Marx, G. E. | Lohff, C. | Andrews, T. | Ghinai, I. | Mosites, E. | Covid- Homelessness Response Team C1 - 2021-04-23 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04232021_covidupdate.html DA - May DO - 10.2105/AJPH.2021.306198 ET - 2021/03/19 IS - 5 KW - COVID-19/*epidemiology | COVID-19 Testing/*statistics & numerical data | Health Personnel/*statistics & numerical data | Homeless Persons/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Prevalence | United States | *Urban Population L1 - internal-pdf://0946906128/ajph.2021.306198.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Self, Julie L; Montgomery, Martha P; Toews, Karrie-Ann; Samuels, Elizabeth A; Imbert, Elizabeth; McMichael, Temet M; Marx, Grace E; Lohff, Cortland; Andrews, Tom; Ghinai, Isaac; Mosites, Emily; eng; Am J Public Health. 2021 May;111(5):854-859. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2021.306198. Epub 2021 Mar 18. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In a study including 63 shelters, those that implemented head-to-toe sleeping, excluded symptomatic staff from work, and offered on-site medical services were less likely to have high infection prevalence. SN - 1541-0048 (Electronic); 0090-0036 (Linking) SP - 854-859 ST - Shelter Characteristics, Infection Prevention Practices, and Universal Testing for SARS-CoV-2 at Homeless Shelters in 7 US Urban Areas T2 - Am J Public Health TI - Shelter Characteristics, Infection Prevention Practices, and Universal Testing for SARS-CoV-2 at Homeless Shelters in 7 US Urban Areas UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33734836 VL - 111 ID - 1689 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Most states enacted shelter-in-place orders when mitigating the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Emerging evidence indicates that these orders have reduced COVID-19 cases. Using data starting at different dates in March and going through May 15, 2020, we examined the effects of shelter-in-place orders on daily growth rates of both COVID-19 deaths and hospitalizations, using event study models. We found that shelter-in-place orders reduced both the daily mortality growth rate nearly three weeks after their enactment and the daily growth rate of hospitalizations two weeks after their enactment. After forty-two days from enactment, the daily mortality growth rate declined by up to 6.1 percentage points. Projections suggest that as many as 250,000-370,000 deaths were possibly averted by May 15 in the forty-two states plus Washington, D.C., that had statewide shelter-in-place orders. The daily hospitalization growth rate examined in nineteen states with shelter-in-place orders and three states without them that had data on hospitalizations declined by up to 8.4 percentage points after forty-two days. This evidence suggests that shelter-in-place orders have been effective in reducing the daily growth rates of COVID-19 deaths and hospitalizations. AD - Wei Lyu is a research associate in the Department of Health Management and Policy, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, in Iowa City, Iowa. | George L. Wehby (george-wehby@uiowa.edu) is a professor in the Department of Health Management and Policy, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, and a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research. AN - 32644825 AU - Lyu, W. | Wehby, G. L. C1 - 2020-07-21 C2 - Modeling and Transmission CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072120_covidupdate.html DA - Sep DO - 10.1377/hlthaff.2020.00719 ET - 2020/07/10 IS - 9 KW - Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology/*prevention & control | Female | Hospitalization/*statistics & numerical data | Humans | Male | Mortality/*trends | Pandemics/*prevention & control/statistics & numerical data | Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology/*prevention & control | Policy Making | Primary Prevention/*legislation & jurisprudence | Quality Improvement | Quarantine/*legislation & jurisprudence | United States | Diseases | Government programs and policies | Hospital care | Hospital quality | Hospital stays | Hospitalizations | Mortality | Pandemics | Patients | Policy mandates | Shelter in place | State mandates | Stay at home | coronavirus | health policy | hospitals | nursing homes L1 - internal-pdf://3372618955/hlthaff.2020.00719.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Lyu, Wei; Wehby, George L; eng; Review; Health Aff (Millwood). 2020 Sep;39(9):1615-1623. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2020.00719. Epub 2020 Jul 9. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Six weeks after enacting shelter in place orders (SIPOs), there were significant reductions in COVID-19 mortality and hospitalizations. | The average daily mortality growth rate declined by 6.1 percentage points (Figure). | The average hospitalization growth rate declined by 8.4 percentage points. | Models indicate the average daily death growth rate would have been 8.6% without SIPOs instead of 2.8% with SIPOs. | By May 15, the projections suggest as many as 250,000-370,000 deaths and 750,000�?40,000 hospitalizations were possibly averted with SIPOs in place. | Methods: An event study model examining effects of SIPOs on mortality (data from 42 states plus DC with statewide SIPOs and 5 without SIPOs) and hospitalizations (data from 22 states, 19 with statewide SIPOs and 3 with no SIPOs), between March 21 and May 15, 2020. Limitations: Underreporting of deaths and hospitalizations; no demographic or clinical data; results are not generalizable. | Implications: SIPOs can play a key role in slowing COVID-19 deaths and hospitalizations. SN - 1544-5208 (Electronic); 0278-2715 (Linking) SP - 1615-1623 ST - Shelter-In-Place Orders Reduced COVID-19 Mortality And Reduced The Rate Of Growth In Hospitalizations T2 - Health Aff (Millwood) TI - Shelter-In-Place Orders Reduced COVID-19 Mortality And Reduced The Rate Of Growth In Hospitalizations UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32644825 VL - 39 ID - 559 ER - TY - JOUR AD - MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. | Winton Centre for Risk and Evidence Communication, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. AN - 32467287 AU - Smith, G. D. | Spiegelhalter, D. C1 - 2020-06-09 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/060920_covidupdate.html DA - May 28 DO - 10.1136/bmj.m2063 ET - 2020/05/30 KW - Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*prevention & control | Humans | Models, Theoretical | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*prevention & control | *Risk Assessment | SARS-CoV-2 | *Vulnerable Populations | interests and have no interests to declare. L1 - internal-pdf://2169717310/Smith-2020-Shielding from covid-19 should be s.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Smith, George Davey; Spiegelhalter, David; eng; Editorial; England; BMJ. 2020 May 28;369:m2063. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m2063. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: As countries re-open, this editorial discusses a strategy (“stratify and shield�? for identifying and targeting enhanced prevention measures at groups at high risk of dying from COVID-19. SN - 1756-1833 (Electronic); 0959-8138 (Linking) SP - m2063 ST - Shielding from covid-19 should be stratified by risk T2 - BMJ TI - Shielding from covid-19 should be stratified by risk UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32467287 VL - 369 ID - 335 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Our country’s safety-net health system, including public hospitals and community health centers that are often the singular lifeline for many of the 100 million patients who have Medicaid or no insurance, is doubly hit by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In just 2 months, US jobless claims have exceeded 30 million, and the coronavirus has proven to be a disproportionate burden in low-income neighborhoods and communities of color. These realities imply that the safety net must rapidly scale to absorb new patients and attend to needs directly and indirectly associated with COVID-19. AU - Mullangi, Samyukta | Knudsen, Janine | Chokshi, Dave A. C1 - 2021-07-02 C2 - N/A CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/070220_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1001/jamahealthforum.2020.0730 IS - 6 L1 - internal-pdf://2147503852/Mullangi-2020-Shoring Up the US Safety Net in.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Discusses how the structure of safety-net hospitals puts them in a unique position to endure the COVID-19 pandemic and that with enough resources they can adequately serve underinsured and uninsured persons while also providing financial protection to neighboring hospitals. SE - e200730 SN - 2689-0186 SP - e200730-e200730 ST - Shoring Up the US Safety Net in the Era of Coronavirus Disease 2019 T2 - JAMA Health Forum TI - Shoring Up the US Safety Net in the Era of Coronavirus Disease 2019 UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamahealthforum.2020.0730 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama-health-forum/articlepdf/2767380/mullangi_2020_is_200066_1617992165.50369.pdf VL - 1 Y2 - 5/13/2021 ID - 492 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Short-term and long-term persistent postacute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) have not been systematically evaluated. The incidence and evolution of PASC are dependent on time from infection, organ systems and tissue affected, vaccination status, variant of the virus, and geographic region.To estimate organ system–specific frequency and evolution of PASC.PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, the World Health Organization Global Literature on Coronavirus Disease, and CoronaCentral databases were searched from December 2019 through March 2021. A total of 2100 studies were identified from databases and through cited references. Studies providing data on PASC in children and adults were included. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for abstracting data were followed and performed independently by 2 reviewers. Quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for cohort studies. The main outcome was frequency of PASC diagnosed by (1) laboratory investigation, (2) radiologic pathology, and (3) clinical signs and symptoms. PASC were classified by organ system, ie, neurologic; cardiovascular; respiratory; digestive; dermatologic; and ear, nose, and throat as well as mental health, constitutional symptoms, and functional mobility.From a total of 2100 studies identified, 57 studies with 250�?51 survivors of COVID-19 met inclusion criteria. The mean (SD) age of survivors was 54.4 (8.9) years, 140�?96 (56%) were male, and 197�?77 (79%) were hospitalized during acute COVID-19. High-income countries contributed 45 studies (79%). The median (IQR) proportion of COVID-19 survivors experiencing at least 1 PASC was 54.0% (45.0%-69.0%; 13 studies) at 1 month (short-term), 55.0% (34.8%-65.5%; 38 studies) at 2 to 5 months (intermediate-term), and 54.0% (31.0%-67.0%; 9 studies) at 6 or more months (long-term). Most prevalent pulmonary sequelae, neurologic disorders, mental health disorders, functional mobility impairments, and general and constitutional symptoms were chest imaging abnormality (median [IQR], 62.2% [45.8%-76.5%]), difficulty concentrating (median [IQR], 23.8% [20.4%-25.9%]), generalized anxiety disorder (median [IQR], 29.6% [14.0%-44.0%]), general functional impairments (median [IQR], 44.0% [23.4%-62.6%]), and fatigue or muscle weakness (median [IQR], 37.5% [25.4%-54.5%]), respectively. Other frequently reported symptoms included cardiac, dermatologic, digestive, and ear, nose, and throat disorders.In this systematic review, more than half of COVID-19 survivors experienced PASC 6 months after recovery. The most common PASC involved functional mobility impairments, pulmonary abnormalities, and mental health disorders. These long-term PASC effects occur on a scale that could overwhelm existing health care capacity, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. AD - Department of Surgery, Penn State College of Medicine and Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania. | Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine and Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania. | Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. | Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Department of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. | Department of Neurology, Penn State College of Medicine and Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania. | Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine and Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania. | Center for Neural Engineering, Department of Engineering, Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, State College. AN - 34643720 AU - Groff, Destin | Sun, Ashley | Ssentongo, Anna E. | Ba, Djibril M. | Parsons, Nicholas | Poudel, Govinda R. | Lekoubou, Alain | Oh, John S. | Ericson, Jessica E. | Ssentongo, Paddy | Chinchilli, Vernon M. C1 - 2021-10-29 C2 - PMC8515212 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/10292021_covidupdate.html#anchor_NaturalHistory DA - Oct 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.28568 ET - 2021/10/14 IS - 10 KW - COVID-19/*epidemiology | Fatigue/epidemiology | Humans | Lung Diseases/epidemiology | Mental Disorders/epidemiology | Mobility Limitation | Muscle Weakness/epidemiology | Nervous System Diseases | *Survivors L1 - internal-pdf://0870835659/Groff-2021-Short-term and Long-term Rates of P.pdf LB - Health Equity | Natural History | Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Groff, Destin | Sun, Ashley | Ssentongo, Anna E | Ba, Djibril M | Parsons, Nicholas | Poudel, Govinda R | Lekoubou, Alain | Oh, John S | Ericson, Jessica E | Ssentongo, Paddy | Chinchilli, Vernon M | eng | R01 AI145057/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ | Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural | Systematic Review | JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Oct 1;4(10):e2128568. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.28568. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Over half of COVID-19 survivors experienced at least 1 persistent post-acute sequela of COVID-19 (PASC) at 30 days–≥6 months after acute infection, based on data from a systematic review. | The median PASC prevalence across studies was 54% at 1 month, 55% at 2�? months, and 54% at �? months. | Among evaluated PASC symptoms, dyspnea (29.7%), cough (13.1%), and fatigue or muscle weakness (37.5%) were common (Figure). | Difficulty concentrating, memory deficits, cognitive impairment, generalized anxiety, sleep disorders, and depression were also commonly reported (Figure). | Methods: Systematic review of 57 studies that included 250,351 COVID-19 survivors (79% were hospitalized for COVID-19) evaluated for 38 PASCs occurring 30 days�? months after acute infection. Limitations: Meta-analysis not performed; may not be representative of patients with mild COVID-19 or patients from middle-to-low income countries; lack of standardized PASC definition; lack of standardized PASC reporting. | | Implications: PASC (also called post-COVID conditions or “long COVID�? appear to be common following COVID-19 infection, may significantly affect survivors�?health, and may place an additional burden on healthcare systems. SN - 2574-3805 SP - e2128568-e2128568 ST - Short-term and Long-term Rates of Postacute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Systematic Review T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Short-term and Long-term Rates of Postacute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Systematic Review UR - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.28568 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/articlepdf/2784918/groff_2021_oi_210832_1633112280.05388.pdf VL - 4 Y2 - 11/2/2021 ID - 2549 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background Patients with end-stage kidney disease receiving in-center hemodialysis are at high risk of exposed to, and dying from, SARS-CoV-2. As impairments in both humoral and cellular immunity are common in this population, their response to vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 is uncertain.Methods We have followed in-center hemodialysis patients in the Réseau Rénal Québécois since March 2020 with serial PCRs for COVID-19 and clinical outcomes. Plasma samples were taken from 58 patients from one center before, and 4 weeks after, vaccination with one dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. Anti-RBD (region binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein) IgG levels were measured using ELISA and compared to levels in 32 health care worker (HCW) controls, as well as levels in convalescent plasma taken from 12 hemodialysis patients 4-12 weeks after COVID-19 infection. Patients were stratified based on evidence of previous infection with COVID-19 (positive PCR or antiRBD detectable at baseline).Results Compared with health-care workers, hemodialysis patients without prior COVID-19 exhibited significantly lower anti-RBD IgG levels 4 weeks after vaccination (p=0.0007). Anti-RBD IgG was non-detectable in 1/16 (6%) of HCWs, and 25/46 (54%) of dialysis patients (p=0.0008). In dialysis patients previously infected with COVID-19, mean anti-RBD levels were significantly lower than their HCW controls (p=0.0031), but not signficantly different than those in convalescent plasma of recently infected dialysis patients (p=NS). No patients reported any symptoms 7 days after vaccination on a standardized questionnaire.Conclusion The BNT162b2 vaccine was well-tolerated in hemodialysis patients, but failed to elicit a humoral immune response in >50% patients by 4 weeks. Whether these patients develop antibodies or T-cell responses after prolonged observation requires further study. Until then, we recommend that rigorous infection prevention and control measures in the dialysis unit and outside of it be continued to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection in this susceptible population.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementThis study was funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Rapid Research COVID-19 funding opportunity. This work was also supported by le Minist؈re de l'Économie et de l'Innovation du Québec, Programme de soutien aux organismes de recherche et d'Innovation to AF, by the Fondation du CHUM and by a CIHR Foundation Grant #352417 to AF. RS, RG, ACNF, and WBS are supported by the Fonds de Recherche du Québec Santé (FRQS) Clinician-Researcher Awards. AF is the recipient of Canada Research Chair on Retroviral Entry no. RCHS0235950-232424.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:Comité d'éthique de la recherche clinique du CR-CHUM and l'Hôpital Sacre-CoeurAll necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesDe-identified aggregate data is available upon request to the lead author, RS (rita.sur{at}mcgill.ca), provided the necessary institutional approvals are received. Further information on the assays used and req ests for reagents should be directed to and will be fulfilled by AF (andres.finzi{at}umontreal.ca). AU - Goupil, Rémi | Benlarbi, Mehdi | Beaubien-Souligny, William | Nadeau-Fredette, Annie-Claire | Chatterjee, Debashree | Goyette, Guillaume | Lamarche, Caroline | Tom, Alexander | Finzi, Andrés | Suri, Rita S. C1 - 2021-04-09 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04092021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.03.30.21254652 L1 - internal-pdf://1308183321/Goupil-2021-Short-term antibody response and t.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Hemodialysis patients tolerated the BNT162b2 vaccine well, but more frequently had a non-detectable antibody response (54%) compared to healthcare workers (6%) following vaccination (Figure). SP - 2021.03.30.21254652 ST - Short-term antibody response and tolerability of one dose of BNT162b2 vaccine in patients receiving hemodialysis T2 - medRxiv TI - Short-term antibody response and tolerability of one dose of BNT162b2 vaccine in patients receiving hemodialysis TT - Published article: Short-term antibody response after 1 dose of BNT162b2 vaccine in patients receiving hemodialysis UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/04/01/2021.03.30.21254652.full.pdf | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/04/08/2021.03.30.21254652.full.pdf ID - 1642 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA edward.melnick@yale.edu jioannid@stanford.edu. | Departments of Medicine, of Epidemiology and Population Health, of Biomedical Data Sciences, and of Statistics; and Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA edward.melnick@yale.edu jioannid@stanford.edu. AN - 32493767 AU - Melnick, E. R. | Ioannidis, J. P. A. C1 - 2020-06-12 C2 - Lockdowns and School Closures CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/061220_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 3 DO - 10.1136/bmj.m1924 ET - 2020/06/05 KW - Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*prevention & control/transmission | Government | Humans | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*prevention & control/transmission | Quarantine/*legislation & jurisprudence/methods | Travel/legislation & jurisprudence | interests and declare the following interests. JPAI declares no competing | interests. ERM is supported in part by grant number UH3DA047003 from the National | Institute on Drug Abuse and two Practice Transformation Initiatives from the | American Medical Association. The content is solely the responsibility of the | authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of any funding | agency. L1 - internal-pdf://1266312128/Melnick-2020-Should governments continue lockd.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Melnick, Edward R; Ioannidis, John P A; eng; England; BMJ. 2020 Jun 3;369:m1924. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m1924. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Pros and cons of government shutdowns. SE - m1924 SN - 1756-1833 (Electronic); 0959-8138 (Linking) SP - m1924 ST - Should governments continue lockdown to slow the spread of covid-19? T2 - BMJ TI - Should governments continue lockdown to slow the spread of covid-19? UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32493767 VL - 369 ID - 365 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Qaseem, Amir | Yost, Jennifer | Etxeandia-Ikobaltzeta, Itziar | Abraham, George M. | Jokela, Janet A. | Forcicea, Mary Ann | Miller, Matthew C. | Humphrey, Linda L. C1 - 2020-10-13 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/101320_covidupdate.html DO - 10.7326/m20-5831 IS - 2 L1 - internal-pdf://3867957778/m20-5831.pdf LA - en PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Summary of the evidence of the effectiveness and harms of remdesivir and whether these vary by symptom duration, disease severity, and treatment duration; document to be updated every two months. SE - 229 SN - 0003-4819 | 1539-3704 SP - 229-236 ST - Should Remdesivir Be Used for the Treatment of Patients With COVID-19? Rapid, Living Practice Points From the American College of Physicians (Version 1) T2 - Ann Intern Med TI - Should Remdesivir Be Used for the Treatment of Patients With COVID-19? Rapid, Living Practice Points From the American College of Physicians (Version 1) UR - https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/abs/10.7326/M20-5831 VL - 174 ID - 1042 ER - TY - JOUR AB - OBJECTIVE: To assess the degree of hypoxia and subjective dyspnea elicited by a 6-minute walking test (6MWT) in COVID-19 patients prior to discharge. METHODS: A 6MWT was performed in 26 discharge-ready COVID-19 patients without chronic pulmonary disease or cardiac failure. Heart rate, oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2), respiratory rate, and subjective dyspnea measured on the Borg CR-10 scale were measured before and immediately after the 6MWT, with continuous monitoring of SpO2 and heart rate during the 6MWT. The 6MWT was terminated if SpO2 dropped below 90%. A historical cohort of 204 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) was used for comparison. RESULTS: 13 (50%) of the COVID-19 patients developed exercise-induced hypoxia (SpO2 < 90%) during the 6MWT, of which one third had pulmonary embolism. COVID-19 patients experienced less hypoxia-related dyspnea during the 6MWT compared with patients with IPF. CONCLUSION: The 6MWT is a potential tool in the diagnosis of asymptomatic exercise-induced hypoxia in hospitalized COVID-19 patients prior to discharge. Due to important methodological limitations, further studies are needed to confirm our findings and to investigate their clinical consequences. AD - Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Nordsjaellands University Hospital, Denmark. | Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Nordsjaellands University Hospital, Denmark. Electronic address: zitta.barrella.harboe@regionh.dk. AN - 32663601 AU - Fuglebjerg, N. J. U. | Jensen, T. O. | Hoyer, N. | Ryrso, C. K. | Lindegaard, B. | Harboe, Z. B. C1 - 2020-07-24 C2 - Clinical Treatment and Management CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072420_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.07.014 ET - 2020/07/15 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | Coronavirus Infections/*complications | Exercise Test | Humans | Hypoxia/*diagnosis/*etiology | Pandemics | *Patient Discharge | Pneumonia, Viral/*complications | SARS-CoV-2 | Discharge | Dyspnea | Hypoxia L1 - internal-pdf://2976343659/Fuglebjerg-2020-Silent hypoxia in patients wit.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Fuglebjerg, Natascha Josephine Ulstrand; Jensen, Tomas Oestergaard; Hoyer, Nils; Ryrso, Camilla Koch; Lindegaard, Birgitte; Harboe, Zitta Barrella; eng; Canada; Int J Infect Dis. 2020 Oct;99:100-101. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.07.014. Epub 2020 Jul 11. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Description of exercise-induced hypoxia (SpO2 <90%) and subjective dyspnea elicited by a 6-minute walking test in COVID-19 patients without pre-existing pulmonary or cardiac disease prior to discharge from hospital. SN - 1878-3511 (Electronic); 1201-9712 (Linking) SP - 100-101 ST - Silent hypoxia in patients with SARS CoV-2 infection before hospital discharge T2 - Int J Infect Dis TI - Silent hypoxia in patients with SARS CoV-2 infection before hospital discharge UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32663601 VL - 99 ID - 592 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Systematic, large-scale testing of asymptomatic subjects is an important strategy in the management of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. In order to increase the capacity of laboratory-based molecular SARS-CoV-2 testing, it has been suggested to combine several samples and jointly measure them in a sample pool. While saving cost and labour at first sight, pooling efficiency depends on the pool size and the presently experienced prevalence of positive samples. Here we address the question of the optimum pool size at a given prevalence. We demonstrate the relation between analytical effort and pool size and delineate the effects of the target prevalence on the optimum pool size. Finally, we derive a simple-to-use formula and table that allow laboratories performing sample pooling to assess the optimum pool size at the currently experienced target prevalence rate. AD - Charite - Universitatsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universitat Berlin, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany. Electronic address: francesca.regen@charite.de. | Charite - Universitatsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universitat Berlin, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany. AN - 32866638 AU - Regen, F. | Eren, N. | Heuser, I. | Hellmann-Regen, J. C1 - 2020-09-11 C2 - SARS-CoV-2 Detection CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/091120_covidupdate.html DA - Nov DO - 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.063 ET - 2020/09/01 KW - Covid-19 | *COVID-19 Testing | Data Collection | Humans | Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/*methods | Pandemics | SARS-CoV-2 | Pool size | RT-qPCR | Sample pooling | Testing capacity L1 - internal-pdf://0277287313/Regen-2020-A simple approach to optimum pool s.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Regen, Francesca; Eren, Neriman; Heuser, Isabella; Hellmann-Regen, Julian; eng; Canada; Int J Infect Dis. 2020 Nov;100:324-326. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.063. Epub 2020 Aug 28. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Pooling samples for RT-PCR analysis is optimized when the number of samples used is based on the prevalence in the community; a formula is provided to calculate optimum sample size. SN - 1878-3511 (Electronic); 1201-9712 (Linking) SP - 324-326 ST - A simple approach to optimum pool size for pooled SARS-CoV-2 testing T2 - Int J Infect Dis TI - A simple approach to optimum pool size for pooled SARS-CoV-2 testing UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32866638 VL - 100 ID - 870 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Previous studies have demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 is stable on surfaces for extended periods under indoor conditions. In the present study, simulated sunlight rapidly inactivated SARS-CoV-2 suspended in either simulated saliva or culture media and dried on stainless steel coupons. Ninety percent of infectious virus was inactivated every 6.8 minutes in simulated saliva and every 14.3 minutes in culture media when exposed to simulated sunlight representative of the summer solstice at 40 degrees N latitude at sea level on a clear day. Significant inactivation also occurred, albeit at a slower rate, under lower simulated sunlight levels. The present study provides the first evidence that sunlight may rapidly inactivate SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces, suggesting that persistence, and subsequently exposure risk, may vary significantly between indoor and outdoor environments. Additionally, these data indicate that natural sunlight may be effective as a disinfectant for contaminated nonporous materials. AD - National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Operated by Battelle National Biodefense Institute for the US Department of Homeland Security, Frederick, Maryland, USA. AN - 32432672 AU - Ratnesar-Shumate, S. | Williams, G. | Green, B. | Krause, M. | Holland, B. | Wood, S. | Bohannon, J. | Boydston, J. | Freeburger, D. | Hooper, I. | Beck, K. | Yeager, J. | Altamura, L. A. | Biryukov, J. | Yolitz, J. | Schuit, M. | Wahl, V. | Hevey, M. | Dabisch, P. C1 - 2020-05-29 C2 - Laboratory Science CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052920_covidupdate.html DA - Jun 29 DO - 10.1093/infdis/jiaa274 ET - 2020/05/21 IS - 2 KW - *Betacoronavirus | Covid-19 | *Coronavirus Infections | Humans | *Pandemics | *Pneumonia, Viral | *SARS Virus | SARS-CoV-2 | Sunlight | * covid-19 | *SARS-CoV-2 | *environmental persistence | *sunlight L1 - internal-pdf://3712192072/Ratnesar-Shumat-2020-Simulated Sunlight Rapidl.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Ratnesar-Shumate, Shanna; Williams, Gregory; Green, Brian; Krause, Melissa; Holland, Brian; Wood, Stewart; Bohannon, Jordan; Boydston, Jeremy; Freeburger, Denise; Hooper, Idris; Beck, Katie; Yeager, John; Altamura, Louis A; Biryukov, Jennifer; Yolitz, Jason; Schuit, Michael; Wahl, Victoria; Hevey, Michael; Dabisch, Paul; eng; Comment; J Infect Dis. 2020 Jun 29;222(2):214-222. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa274. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) light�?like that found in sunlight�?inactivated SARS-CoV-2 in minutes. | 90% of infectious virus was inactivated every 7 minutes in simulated sunlight that was equivalent to noon during summertime at the same latitude as New York City. | Slower inactivation occurred at lower levels of simulated sunlight. | In darkness, infectious virus persisted. | Methods: Dried samples of SARS-CoV-2 in a solution mimicking saliva were exposed to various levels of simulated sunlight in an environmentally controlled chamber for 2-18 minutes, with measurement of recovered virus after exposure. Infectious dose of virus was plotted over time. Limitations: 5μL droplets were used, whereas a range of droplet sizes are present in humans and droplet size may affect virus survival. | Implications: Sunlight can inactivate SARS-CoV-2, and exposure risk may vary between indoor and outdoor environments. The extent of inactivation by sunlight will depend on time of year and the extent of cloud cover. SN - 1537-6613 (Electronic); 0022-1899 (Linking) SP - 214-222 ST - Simulated Sunlight Rapidly Inactivates SARS-CoV-2 on Surfaces T2 - J Infect Dis TI - Simulated Sunlight Rapidly Inactivates SARS-CoV-2 on Surfaces UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32432672 VL - 222 Y2 - 5/12/2021 ID - 271 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Importance: Resurgent COVID-19 cases have resulted in the reinstitution of nonpharmaceutical interventions, including school closures, which can have adverse effects on families. Understanding the associations of school closures with the number of incident and cumulative COVID-19 cases is critical for decision-making. Objective: To estimate the association of schools being open or closed with the number of COVID-19 cases compared with community-based nonpharmaceutical interventions. Design, Setting, and Participants: This decision analytical modelling study developed an agent-based transmission model using a synthetic population of 1000000 individuals based on the characteristics of the population of Ontario, Canada. Members of the synthetic population were clustered into households, neighborhoods, or rural districts, cities or rural regions, day care facilities, classrooms (ie, primary, elementary, or high school), colleges or universities, and workplaces. Data were analyzed between May 5, 2020, and October 20, 2020. Exposures: School reopening on September 15, 2020, vs schools remaining closed under different scenarios for nonpharmaceutical interventions. Main Outcomes and Measures: Incident and cumulative COVID-19 cases between September 1, 2020, and October 31, 2020. Results: Among 1000000 simulated individuals, the percentage of infections among students and teachers acquired within schools was less than 5% across modeled scenarios. Incident COVID-19 case numbers on October 31, 2020, were 4414 (95% credible interval [CrI], 3491-5382) cases in the scenario with schools remaining closed and 4740 (95% CrI, 3863-5691) cases in the scenario for schools reopening, with no other community-based nonpharmaceutical intervention. In scenarios with community-based nonpharmaceutical interventions implemented, the incident case numbers on October 31 were 714 (95% CrI, 568-908) cases for schools remaining closed and 780 (95% CrI, 580-993) cases for schools reopening. When scenarios applied the case numbers observed in early October in Ontario, the cumulative case numbers were 777 (95% CrI, 621-993) cases for schools remaining closed and 803 (95% CrI, 617-990) cases for schools reopening. In scenarios with implementation of community-based interventions vs no community-based interventions, there was a mean difference of 39355 cumulative COVID-19 cases by October 31, 2020, while keeping schools closed vs reopening them yielded a mean difference of 2040 cases. Conclusions and Relevance: This decision analytical modeling study of a synthetic population of individuals in Ontario, Canada, found that most COVID-19 cases in schools were due to acquisition in the community rather than transmission within schools and that the changes in COVID-19 case numbers associated with school reopenings were relatively small compared with the changes associated with community-based nonpharmaceutical interventions. AD - Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. | Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment Collaborative, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada. | Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada. | Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. | Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. | Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. | MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada. | University Health Network, Toronto, Canada. | Escola de Matematica Aplicada, Fundacao Getulio Vargas, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. | ICES, Toronto, Canada. | Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Canada. AN - 33787909 AU - Naimark, D. | Mishra, S. | Barrett, K. | Khan, Y. A. | Mac, S. | Ximenes, R. | Sander, B. C1 - 2021-04-09 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/04092021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 1 DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.3793 ET - 2021/04/01 IS - 3 KW - COVID-19/*prevention & control/transmission | Computer Simulation | Humans | Models, Biological | Ontario | *Pandemics | *Physical Distancing | *Residence Characteristics | School Teachers | *Schools | Students | Universities | Workplace L1 - internal-pdf://2194433727/Naimark-2021-Simulation-Based Estimation of SA.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | N1 - Naimark, David; Mishra, Sharmistha; Barrett, Kali; Khan, Yasin A; Mac, Stephen; Ximenes, Raphael; Sander, Beate; eng; Comparative Study; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Mar 1;4(3):e213793. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.3793. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Community-level nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) focusing on reducing contacts and masking had a larger impact on incident and cumulative COVID-19 cases compared to closing schools and daycares (Figure). | Simulations found >95% of new COVID-19 cases to be community acquired and <5% to be acquired within schools among students and teachers. | Methods: Agent-based model of two school/daycare reopening scenarios (do or do not reopen on 9/15/2020) with three community-level NPI scenarios (no additional NPI, NPI beginning in October 2020, and NPI limiting new infections to 0.8% per day-replicating October case data from Ontario), using a simulated population representative of Ontario. Limitations: Assumed schools have SARS-CoV-2 risk reduction measures in place; Ontario might not be representative of other areas. | Implications: Findings highlight the importance of prioritizing community-level NPI interventions over closing school and daycare to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Other recent studies (Bosslet et alexternal icon. and Bignami-van Assche et alexternal icon.) support implementing precautions, including physical distancing and face coverings, when opening schools. SN - 2574-3805 (Electronic); 2574-3805 (Linking) SP - e213793 ST - Simulation-Based Estimation of SARS-CoV-2 Infections Associated With School Closures and Community-Based Nonpharmaceutical Interventions in Ontario, Canada T2 - JAMA Netw Open TI - Simulation-Based Estimation of SARS-CoV-2 Infections Associated With School Closures and Community-Based Nonpharmaceutical Interventions in Ontario, Canada UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33787909 VL - 4 Y2 - 5/17/2021 ID - 1654 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Singapore is trying a new way to get its residents to stay away from each other. | On Friday, the government announced it would start deploying Spot, Boston Dynamics' famous yellow and black canine robot, at one local park. | Singapore had a model coronavirus response, then cases spiked. What happened? | Singapore had a model coronavirus response, then cases spiked. What happened?; The four-legged robot "dog" will patrol the area starting this weekend and broadcast a pre-recorded message to visitors to remind them of the importance of social distancing, authorities said. | The device will also be equipped with cameras that will scan the surroundings and help officials estimate the number of people gathering in parks, they said. | "These cameras will not be able to track and/or recognize specific individuals, and no personal data will be collected," the government said in a statement. | The new measure is an experiment to improve enforcement of social distancing throughout Singapore as it contends with an alarming recent spike in cases. | The pilot project is currently set to run in a limited trial for two weeks at one park during off-peak hours. But if all goes well, authorities will consider expanding the program. | Not long ago, Singapore was being hailed as one of the countries that had gotten its coronavirus response right. | Then the second wave hit. Clusters that government testing appeared to have missed quickly grew and the number of daily cases shot up. Since March 17, Singapore's number of confirmed coronavirus cases grew from 266 to 21,707 cases, according to data from Johns Hopkins University. | As the situation worsens, the government has increasingly adopted technology in its response. | In March, it launched a nationwide contact-tracing app that uses Bluetooth to help users find out if they had close contact with someone confirmed to have been infected. | The government says it's also using Spot in another capacity �?at a local isolation facility where the robot helps bring medicine to patients. | Spot, the four-legged robot "dog." | Spot, the four-legged robot "dog."; Spot, which went viral in a series of online videos several years ago showing that it could run uphill, mount stairs and even get you a drink, is generally used for inspections on construction sites or similar situations, according to Boston Dynamics. | It also has been deployed for public safety reasons, such as helping "inspect hazardous packages from afar," the company states on its website. | Singapore's government said Friday that it had picked the model for its agility. "Unlike wheeled robots, Spot works well across different terrains and can navigate obstacles effectively, making it ideal for operation in public parks and gardens," it noted. | For now, at least one park ranger will be patrolling the area along with the robot, according to authorities. AU - Toh, Michelle C1 - 2020-05-29 CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/052920_covidupdate.html LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Robots are fighting the spread of COVID-19, too: To encourage social distancing, Singapore deployed Spot, the robot ‘dog�? ST - Singapore deploys robot 'dog' to encourage social distancing T2 - CNN Business TI - Singapore deploys robot 'dog' to encourage social distancing UR - https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/08/tech/singapore-coronavirus-social-distancing-robot-intl-hnk/index.html ID - 1879 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background: The ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine has been approved for emergency use by the UK regulatory authority, MHRA, with a regimen of two standard doses given with an interval of between 4 and 12 weeks. The planned rollout in the UK will involve vaccinating people in high risk categories with their first dose immediately, and delivering the second dose 12 weeks later.Here we provide both a further prespecified pooled analysis of trials of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and exploratory analyses of the impact on immunogenicity and efficacy of extending the interval between priming and booster doses. In addition, we show the immunogenicity and protection afforded by the first dose, before a booster dose has been offered. | Methods: We present data from phase III efficacy trials of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 in the United Kingdom and Brazil, and phase I/II clinical trials in the UK and South Africa, against symptomatic disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. The data cut-off date for these analyses was 7th December 2020. The accumulated cases of COVID-19 disease at this cut-off date exceeds the number required for a pre-specified final analysis, which is also presented. As previously described, individuals over 18 years of age were randomised 1:1 to receive two standard doses (SD) of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (5x1010 viral particles) or a control vaccine/saline placebo. In the UK trial efficacy cohort a subset of participants received a lower dose (LD, 2.2x1010 viral particles) of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 for the first dose. All cases with a nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) were adjudicated for inclusion in the analysis, by a blinded independent endpoint review committee. Studies are registered at ISRCTN89951424 and ClinicalTrials.gov; NCT04324606, NCT04400838, and NCT04444674. | Findings: 17,177 baseline seronegative trial participants were eligible for inclusion in the efficacy analysis, 8948 in the UK, 6753 in Brazil and 1476 in South Africa, with 619 documented NAAT +ve infections of which 332 met the primary endpoint of symptomatic infection >14 days post dose 2.The primary analysis of overall vaccine efficacy >14 days after the second dose including LD/SD and SD/SD groups, based on the prespecified criteria was 66.7% (57.4%, 74.0%). There were no hospitalisations in the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 group after the initial 21 day exclusion period, and 15 in the control group.Vaccine efficacy after a single standard dose of vaccine from day 22 to day 90 post vaccination was 76% (59%, 86%), and modelled analysis indicated that protection did not wane during this initial 3 month period. Similarly, antibody levels were maintained during this period with minimal waning by day 90 day (GMR 0.66, 95% CI 0.59, 0.74).In the SD/SD group, after the second dose, efficacy was higher with a longer prime-boost interval: VE 82.4% 95%CI 62.7%, 91.7% at 12+ weeks, compared with VE 54.9%, 95%CI 32.7%, 69.7% at <6 weeks. These observations are supported by immunogenicity data which showed binding antibody responses more than 2-fold higher after an interval of 12 or more weeks compared with and interval of less than 6 weeks GMR 2.19 (2.12, 2.26) in those who were 18-55 years of age. | Interpretation: ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination programmes aimed at vaccinating a large proportion of the population with a single dose, with a second dose given after a 3 month period is an effective strategy for reducing disease, and may be the optimal for rollout of a pandemic vaccine when supplies are limited in the short term. AD - Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Institute of Global Health, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Science and Innovation/National Research Foundation South African Research Chair Initiative in Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. | Department of Pediatrics, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. | Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | Family Centre for Research with Ubuntu, Department of Paediatrics, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa. | Soweto Clinical Trials Centre, Soweto, South Africa. | Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. | Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK. | Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK. | Division of Pulmonology, Groote Schuur Hospital and the University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK. | Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. | Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. | NIHR Southampton Clinical Research Facility and Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. | School of Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol and University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, UK. | St George's Vaccine Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK. | Department of Infection, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK; MRC Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, UK. | Clinical BioManufacturing Facility, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. | NIHR/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK. | AstraZeneca BioPharmaceuticals, Cambridge, UK. | Severn Pathology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK. | NIHR UCLH Clinical Research Facility and NIHR UCLH Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK. | Department of Infection, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, UK. | Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saude Publica, Salvador, Braziland Hospital Sao Rafael, Salvador, Brazil; Instituto D'Or, Salvador, Brazil. | Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil. | London Northwest University Healthcare, Harrow, UK. | Setshaba Research Centre, Pretoria, South Africa. | Hospital Quinta D'Or, Rede D'Or, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. | NIHR Imperial Clinical Research Facility and NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK. | Clinical Research Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil. | College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Glasgow Dental Hospital & School, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. | Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. | Clinical Infection Research Group, Regional Infectious Diseases Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK. | MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research & Department of Infectious Diseases, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK. | Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK; Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK. | Heart Lung Research Institute, Dept of Medicine, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Clinical Research Facility, Cambridge University Hospital and Royal Papworth NHS Foundation Trusts, Cambridge, UK. | University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK. | Public Health Wales, Cardiff, Wales; Aneurin Bevan University Health Board, Newport, Wales. | Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. Electronic address: andrew.pollard@paediatrics.ox.ac.uk. AN - 33617777 AU - Voysey, M. | Costa Clemens, S. A. | Madhi, S. A. | Weckx, L. Y. | Folegatti, P. M. | Aley, P. K. | Angus, B. | Baillie, V. L. | Barnabas, S. L. | Bhorat, Q. E. | Bibi, S. | Briner, C. | Cicconi, P. | Clutterbuck, E. A. | Collins, A. M. | Cutland, C. L. | Darton, T. C. | Dheda, K. | Dold, C. | Duncan, C. J. A. | Emary, K. R. W. | Ewer, K. J. | Flaxman, A. | Fairlie, L. | Faust, S. N. | Feng, S. | Ferreira, D. M. | Finn, A. | Galiza, E. | Goodman, A. L. | Green, C. M. | Green, C. A. | Greenland, M. | Hill, C. | Hill, H. C. | Hirsch, I. | Izu, A. | Jenkin, D. | Joe, C. C. D. | Kerridge, S. | Koen, A. | Kwatra, G. | Lazarus, R. | Libri, V. | Lillie, P. J. | Marchevsky, N. G. | Marshall, R. P. | Mendes, A. V. A. | Milan, E. P. | Minassian, A. M. | McGregor, A. | Mujadidi, Y. F. | Nana, A. | Padayachee, S. D. | Phillips, D. J. | Pittella, A. | Plested, E. | Pollock, K. M. | Ramasamy, M. N. | Ritchie, A. J. | Robinson, H. | Schwarzbold, A. V. | Smith, A. | Song, R. | Snape, M. D. | Sprinz, E. | Sutherland, R. K. | Thomson, E. C. | Torok, M. E. | Toshner, M. | Turner, D. P. J. | Vekemans, J. | Villafana, T. L. | White, T. | Williams, C. J. | Douglas, A. D. | Hill, A. V. S. | Lambe, T. | Gilbert, S. C. | Pollard, A. J. | Oxford, Covid Vaccine Trial Group | C1 - 2021-02-12 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02122021_covidupdate.html DA - Mar 6 DO - 10.2139/ssrn.3777268 ET - 2021/02/23 IS - 10277 KW - Adolescent | Adult | Aged | Antibody Formation | Asymptomatic Infections | COVID-19/*prevention & control | COVID-19 Vaccines/*administration & dosage/adverse effects/*immunology | Humans | *Immunization Schedule | *Immunization, Secondary | Middle Aged | Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic | SARS-CoV-2/immunology | Young Adult L1 - internal-pdf://2460367350/1-s2.0-S0140673621004323-main.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | N1 - Voysey, Merryn | Costa Clemens, Sue Ann | Madhi, Shabir A | Weckx, Lily Y | Folegatti, Pedro M | Aley, Parvinder K | Angus, Brian | Baillie, Vicky L | Barnabas, Shaun L | Bhorat, Qasim E | Bibi, Sagida | Briner, Carmen | Cicconi, Paola | Clutterbuck, Elizabeth A | Collins, Andrea M | Cutland, Clare L | Darton, Thomas C | Dheda, Keertan | Dold, Christina | Duncan, Christopher J A | Emary, Katherine R W | Ewer, Katie J | Flaxman, Amy | Fairlie, Lee | Faust, Saul N | Feng, Shuo | Ferreira, Daniela M | Finn, Adam | Galiza, Eva | Goodman, Anna L | Green, Catherine M | Green, Christopher A | Greenland, Melanie | Hill, Catherine | Hill, Helen C | Hirsch, Ian | Izu, Alane | Jenkin, Daniel | Joe, Carina C D | Kerridge, Simon | Koen, Anthonet | Kwatra, Gaurav | Lazarus, Rajeka | Libri, Vincenzo | Lillie, Patrick J | Marchevsky, Natalie G | Marshall, Richard P | Mendes, Ana V A | Milan, Eveline P | Minassian, Angela M | McGregor, Alastair | Mujadidi, Yama F | Nana, Anusha | Padayachee, Sherman D | Phillips, Daniel J | Pittella, Ana | Plested, Emma | Pollock, Katrina M | Ramasamy, Maheshi N | Ritchie, Adam J | Robinson, Hannah | Schwarzbold, Alexandre V | Smith, Andrew | Song, Rinn | Snape, Matthew D | Sprinz, Eduardo | Sutherland, Rebecca K | Thomson, Emma C | Torok, M Estee | Toshner, Mark | Turner, David P J | Vekemans, Johan | Villafana, Tonya L | White, Thomas | Williams, Christopher J | Douglas, Alexander D | Hill, Adrian V S | Lambe, Teresa | Gilbert, Sarah C | Pollard, Andrew J | eng | Meta-Analysis | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't | England | Lancet. 2021 Mar 6;397(10277):881-891. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00432-3. Epub 2021 Feb 19. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; A single standard vaccine dose had 76% (95% CI 59%-86%) efficacy from 22 to 90 days after vaccination. | When there was a longer interval between doses, efficacy was higher: 80.7% [95% CI 66.5%-88.9%] at �?2 weeks vs. 54.9% [95% CI 32.7%-69.7%] at <6 weeks. | Methods: Analysis of combined data for 17,177 participants �?8 years old through December 7, 2020 from randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 efficacy trials of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 against symptomatic COVID-19 in the UK and Brazil, and phase 1/2 clinical trials in the UK and South Africa. Modeled impact of varying the timing of the second dose of vaccine for each 20-day interval. Limitations: Post-hoc data analysis from studies not designed to evaluate efficacy by dosing interval; limited and varying follow-up duration after second dose might bias results; in the UK trial cohort, a subset of participants inadvertently received lower first dose then standard second dose (LD/SD) and were included in the analyses. | Implications: A 3-month dosing interval for the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine might optimize the number of people who receive the first dose quickly and reduce disease when supplies are limited. Prospective studies are warranted to confirm durable vaccine efficacy. The longer dosing interval among most participants inadvertently receiving LD/SD might explain the apparent increased efficacy found for this dosing regimen in the interim analysisexternal icon. SN - 1474-547X (Electronic) | 0140-6736 (Linking) SP - 881-891 ST - Single Dose Administration, And The Influence Of The Timing Of The Booster Dose On Immunogenicity and Efficacy Of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) Vaccine T2 - SSRN TI - Single Dose Administration, And The Influence Of The Timing Of The Booster Dose On Immunogenicity and Efficacy Of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) Vaccine TT - Published article: Single-dose administration and the influence of the timing of the booster dose on immunogenicity and efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine: a pooled analysis of four randomised trials UR - https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3777268 VL - 397 ID - 2074 ER - TY - JOUR AD - Department of Clinical Haematology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. | School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK. | Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, London, UK. | Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK. | Department of Medicine and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, UK. | Department of Clinical Haematology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. Donal.mclornan@nhs.net. | School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK. Donal.mclornan@nhs.net. AN - 34023850 AU - Harrington, Patrick | de Lavallade, Hugues | Doores, Katie J. | O’Reilly, Amy | Seow, Jeffrey | Graham, Carl | Lechmere, Thomas | Radia, Deepti | Dillon, Richard | Shanmugharaj, Yogita | Espehana, Andreas | Woodley, Claire | Saunders, Jamie | Curto-Garcia, Natalia | O’Sullivan, Jennifer | Raj, Kavita | Kordasti, Shahram | Malim, Michael H. | Harrison, Claire N. | McLornan, Donal P. C1 - 2021-06-04 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/06042021_covidupdate.html DA - 2021/05/22 DO - 10.1038/s41375-021-01300-7 ET - 2021/05/24 L1 - internal-pdf://3641705913/Harrington-2021-Single dose of BNT162b2 mRNA v.pdf LA - en LB - Prevention Strategies or NPIs | Testing | Vaccines | N1 - Harrington, Patrick | de Lavallade, Hugues | Doores, Katie J | O'Reilly, Amy | Seow, Jeffrey | Graham, Carl | Lechmere, Thomas | Radia, Deepti | Dillon, Richard | Shanmugharaj, Yogita | Espehana, Andreas | Woodley, Claire | Saunders, Jamie | Curto-Garcia, Natalia | O'Sullivan, Jennifer | Raj, Kavita | Kordasti, Shahram | Malim, Michael H | Harrison, Claire N | McLornan, Donal P | eng | WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom | RIA2020EF-3008 COVAB/European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP) | England | Leukemia. 2021 May 22. pii: 10.1038/s41375-021-01300-7. doi: 10.1038/s41375-021-01300-7. PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Of 21 patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms given a single dose of the Pfizer/BioNTech BTN162b2 vaccine, 17 had spike-specific IgG (4 of whom had spike-specific IgG prior to vaccination) and 18 had neutralizing antibody titers. 15/20 patients had SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells and 7/20 had SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cell responses. SN - 1476-5551 ST - Single dose of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 induces high frequency of neutralising antibody and polyfunctional T-cell responses in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms T2 - Leukemia TI - Single dose of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 induces high frequency of neutralising antibody and polyfunctional T-cell responses in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms UR - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41375-021-01300-7 | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41375-021-01300-7.pdf ID - 1818 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine shortages have led some experts and countries to consider untested dosing regimens. We studied antibody responses to a single dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna vaccines in healthcare workers (HCW) with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infection and compared to them to antibody responses of HCW who were IgG negative to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. HCW with prior COVID-19 showed clear secondary antibody responses to vaccination with IgG spike binding titers rapidly increasing by 7 days and peaking by days 10 and 14 post-vaccination. At all time points tested, HCW with prior COVID-19 infection showed statistically significant higher antibody titers of binding and functional antibody compared to HCW without prior COVID-19 infection (p<.0001for each of the time points tested). In times of vaccine shortage, and until correlates of protection are identified, our findings preliminarily suggest the following strategy as more evidence-based: a) a single dose of vaccine for patients already having had laboratory-confirmed COVID-19; and b) patients who have had laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 can be placed lower on the vaccination priority list.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest.Funding StatementADH supported by CDC grant U01CK000556-02-01.Author DeclarationsI confirm all relevant ethical guidelines have been followed, and any necessary IRB and/or ethics committee approvals have been obtained.YesThe details of the IRB/oversight body that provided approval or exemption for the research described are given below:All participants provided written informed consent. The University of Maryland, Baltimore Institutional Review Board approved this study.All necessary patient/participant consent has been obtained and the appropriate institutional forms have been archived.YesI understand that all clinical trials and any other prospective interventional studies must be registered with an ICMJE-approved registry, such as ClinicalTrials.gov. I confirm that any such study reported in the manuscript has been registered and the trial registration ID is provided (note: if posting a prospective study registered retrospectively, please provide a statement in the trial ID field explaining why the study was not registered in advance).YesI have followed all appropriate research reporting guidelines and uploaded the relevant EQUATOR Network research reporting checklist(s) and other pertinent material as supplementary files, if applicable.YesData is available upon request. AU - Saadat, Saman | Tehrani, Zahra Rikhtegaran | Logue, James | Newman, Michelle | Frieman, Matthew B. | Harris, Anthony D. | Sajadi, Mohammad M. C1 - 2021-02-12 C2 - Prevention, Mitigation, and Intervention Strategies CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/02122021_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2021.01.30.21250843 L1 - internal-pdf://1062772108/Saadat-2021-Single Dose Vaccination in Healthc.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | PY - 2021 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Healthcare workers (HCW) with prior symptomatic or asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection showed significantly higher antibody binding titers by day 7 after one mRNA vaccine dose compared with vaccinated HCW without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and compared with unvaccinated COVID-19 patients (Figure). | At 14 days, HCW with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection who received a single vaccination developed higher neutralization titers than HCW without SARS-CoV-2 infection and SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. | Methods: Measured antibody binding and neutralization titers after a single dose of the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) or mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccines in plasma from 59 healthcare workers (HCW) who were either SARS-CoV-2 negative (Group 1), asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 IgG-positive (Group 2), or symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 IgG-positive (group 3) at 0, 7, 10, and 14 days post-vaccination, and 38 controls (plasma from inpatients and outpatients with COVID-19 at 1 and 2 months after onset of COVID-19 symptoms). Limitations: Unknown how antibody binding and neutralization titers translate to protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection. | Implications for both studies (Krammer et al. and Saadat et al.): One mRNA vaccine dose against SARS-CoV-2 might boost immunity in individuals with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection; however, additional clinical data are needed to demonstrate protection from reinfection. Limiting vaccination to one dose among seropositive persons could reduce vaccine side effects and extend limited vaccine supply. SP - 2021.01.30.21250843 ST - Single Dose Vaccination in Healthcare Workers Previously Infected with SARS-CoV-2 T2 - medRxiv TI - Single Dose Vaccination in Healthcare Workers Previously Infected with SARS-CoV-2 TT - Published article: Binding and Neutralization Antibody Titers After a Single Vaccine Dose in Health Care Workers Previously Infected With SARS-CoV-2 UR - https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/02/01/2021.01.30.21250843.1.full.pdf | https://www.medrxiv.org/content/medrxiv/early/2021/02/18/2021.01.30.21250843.full.pdf ID - 1498 ER - TY - JOUR AB - The high mortality of severe 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) cases is mainly caused by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which is characterized by increased permeability of the alveolar epithelial barriers, pulmonary edema and consequently inflammatory tissue damage. Some but not all patients showed full functional recovery after the devastating lung damage, and so far there is little knowledge about the lung repair process1. Here by analyzing the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of COVID-19 patients through single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-Seq), we found that in severe (or critical) cases, there is remarkable expansion of TM4SF1+ and KRT5+ lung progenitor cells. The two distinct populations of progenitor cells could play crucial roles in alveolar cell regeneration and epithelial barrier re-establishment, respectively. In order to understand the function of KRT5+ progenitors in vivo, we transplanted a single KRT5+ cell-derived cell population into damaged mouse lung. Time-course single-cell transcriptomic analysis showed that the transplanted KRT5+ progenitors could long-term engrafted into host lung and differentiate into HOPX+ OCLN+ alveolar barrier cell which restored the epithelial barrier and efficiently prevented inflammatory cell infiltration. Similar barrier cells were also identified in some COVID-19 patients with massive leukocyte infiltration. Altogether this work uncovered the mechanism that how various lung progenitor cells work in concert to prevent and replenish alveoli loss post severe SARS-CoV-2 infection.Competing Interest StatementThe authors have declared no competing interest. AU - Zhao, Zixian | Zhao, Yu | Zhou, Yueqing | Wang, Xiaofan | Zhang, Ting | Zuo, Wei C1 - 2020-07-24 C2 - Other Topics CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/072420_covidupdate.html DO - 10.1101/2020.07.13.200188 L1 - internal-pdf://1146449483/Zhao-2020-Single-cell analysis reveals the fun.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: In severe and critical cases of COVID-19, expansion of two classes of lung progenitor cells could influence alveolar cell regeneration and reestablishment of the epithelial barrier. SP - 2020.07.13.200188 ST - Single-cell analysis reveals the function of lung progenitor cells in COVID-19 patients T2 - bioRxiv TI - Single-cell analysis reveals the function of lung progenitor cells in COVID-19 patients TT - Published article: Single-cell analysis identified lung progenitor cells in COVID-19 patients UR - https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2020/07/13/2020.07.13.200188.full.pdf ID - 587 ER - TY - JOUR AB - A safe and effective vaccine for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may be required to end the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic(1-8). For global deployment and pandemic control, a vaccine that requires only a single immunization would be optimal. Here we show the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a single dose of adenovirus serotype 26 (Ad26) vector-based vaccines expressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein in non-human primates. Fifty-two rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were immunized with Ad26 vectors that encoded S variants or sham control, and then challenged with SARS-CoV-2 by the intranasal and intratracheal routes(9,10). The optimal Ad26 vaccine induced robust neutralizing antibody responses and provided complete or near-complete protection in bronchoalveolar lavage and nasal swabs after SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Titres of vaccine-elicited neutralizing antibodies correlated with protective efficacy, suggesting an immune correlate of protection. These data demonstrate robust single-shot vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 in non-human primates. The optimal Ad26 vector-based vaccine for SARS-CoV-2, termed Ad26.COV2.S, is currently being evaluated in clinical trials. AD - Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. | Janssen Vaccines and Prevention BV, Leiden, The Netherlands. | Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA. | Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. | University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. | Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. | Bioqual, Rockville, MD, USA. | Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. | Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA. | Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. dbarouch@bidmc.harvard.edu. | Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA. dbarouch@bidmc.harvard.edu. | Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. dbarouch@bidmc.harvard.edu. | Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA, USA. dbarouch@bidmc.harvard.edu. AN - 32731257 AU - Mercado, N. B. | Zahn, R. | Wegmann, F. | Loos, C. | Chandrashekar, A. | Yu, J. | Liu, J. | Peter, L. | McMahan, K. | Tostanoski, L. H. | He, X. | Martinez, D. R. | Rutten, L. | Bos, R. | van Manen, D. | Vellinga, J. | Custers, J. | Langedijk, J. P. | Kwaks, T. | Bakkers, M. J. G. | Zuijdgeest, D. | Rosendahl Huber, S. K. | Atyeo, C. | Fischinger, S. | Burke, J. S. | Feldman, J. | Hauser, B. M. | Caradonna, T. M. | Bondzie, E. A. | Dagotto, G. | Gebre, M. S. | Hoffman, E. | Jacob-Dolan, C. | Kirilova, M. | Li, Z. | Lin, Z. | Mahrokhian, S. H. | Maxfield, L. F. | Nampanya, F. | Nityanandam, R. | Nkolola, J. P. | Patel, S. | Ventura, J. D. | Verrington, K. | Wan, H. | Pessaint, L. | Van Ry, A. | Blade, K. | Strasbaugh, A. | Cabus, M. | Brown, R. | Cook, A. | Zouantchangadou, S. | Teow, E. | Andersen, H. | Lewis, M. G. | Cai, Y. | Chen, B. | Schmidt, A. G. | Reeves, R. K. | Baric, R. S. | Lauffenburger, D. A. | Alter, G. | Stoffels, P. | Mammen, M. | Van Hoof, J. | Schuitemaker, H. | Barouch, D. H. C1 - 2020-08-11 C2 - Vaccine Development CA - http://www.cy118119.com/library/covid19/081120_covidupdate.html DA - Oct DO - 10.1038/s41586-020-2607-z ET - 2020/07/31 IS - 7830 KW - Animals | Betacoronavirus/*immunology | Covid-19 | COVID-19 Vaccines | Coronavirus Infections/*immunology/*prevention & control | Disease Models, Animal | Female | Immunity, Cellular | Immunity, Humoral | *Macaca mulatta/immunology/virology | Male | Pandemics/*prevention & control | Pneumonia, Viral/*immunology/*prevention & control | SARS-CoV-2 | Vaccination | Viral Load | Viral Vaccines/*administration & dosage/*immunology L1 - internal-pdf://2290558795/Mercado-2020-Single-shot Ad26 vaccine protects.pdf LA - en LB - Transmission | Vaccines | Variants | N1 - Mercado, Noe B; Zahn, Roland; Wegmann, Frank; Loos, Carolin; Chandrashekar, Abishek; Yu, Jingyou; Liu, Jinyan; Peter, Lauren; McMahan, Katherine; Tostanoski, Lisa H; He, Xuan; Martinez, David R; Rutten, Lucy; Bos, Rinke; van Manen, Danielle; Vellinga, Jort; Custers, Jerome; Langedijk, Johannes P; Kwaks, Ted; Bakkers, Mark J G; Zuijdgeest, David; Rosendahl Huber, Sietske K; Atyeo, Caroline; Fischinger, Stephanie; Burke, John S; Feldman, Jared; Hauser, Blake M; Caradonna, Timothy M; Bondzie, Esther A; Dagotto, Gabriel; Gebre, Makda S; Hoffman, Emily; Jacob-Dolan, Catherine; Kirilova, Marinela; Li, Zhenfeng; Lin, Zijin; Mahrokhian, Shant H; Maxfield, Lori F; Nampanya, Felix; Nityanandam, Ramya; Nkolola, Joseph P; Patel, Shivani; Ventura, John D; Verrington, Kaylee; Wan, Huahua; Pessaint, Laurent; Van Ry, Alex; Blade, Kelvin; Strasbaugh, Amanda; Cabus, Mehtap; Brown, Renita; Cook, Anthony; Zouantchangadou, Serge; Teow, Elyse; Andersen, Hanne; Lewis, Mark G; Cai, Yongfei; Chen, Bing; Schmidt, Aaron G; Reeves, R Keith; Baric, Ralph S; Lauffenburger, Douglas A; Alter, Galit; Stoffels, Paul; Mammen, Mathai; Van Hoof, Johan; Schuitemaker, Hanneke; Barouch, Dan H; eng; T32 AI007387/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; WT_/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom; UM1 AI126603/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; T32 GM007753/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/; R01 AI146779/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; UM1 AI124377/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; U19 AI128751/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 AI129797/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/; R01 OD024917/OD/NIH HHS/; T32 GM008313/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; England; Nature. 2020 Oct;586(7830):583-588. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2607-z. Epub 2020 Jul 30. PY - 2020 RN - COVID-19 Science Update summary or comments: Key findings:; Compared with control sham injections, vaccine candidates based on adenovirus serotype 26 (Ad26) vectors provided partial protection, although protection was optimal with the Ad26-S.PP vaccine. | Ad26-S.PP-vaccinated macaques (n = 6) had no detectable virus in bronchoalveolar lavage after challenge with SARS-CoV-2 (Figure). | Median neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers in the Ad26-S.PP-vaccinated macaques were 4-times higher than median NAb titers in previously reported cohorts of 9 macaques and 27 humans following recovery from SARS-CoV-2 infection (P < 0.0001) . | Methods: 32 adult rhesus macaques were immunized with a single dose of one of seven Ad26 vectors expressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein; 20 received a sham injection (control). Antibody responses were assessed using neutralization assays. At week 6, all animals were challenged with SARS-CoV-2 by the intranasal and intratracheal routes. Viral loads in bronchoalveolar lavage and nasal swabs were assessed by PCR. Limitations: Did not evaluate the durability of NAb responses; study was not designed to assess safety, vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease, or antibody-dependent enhancement of infection. | Implications: A single immunization with Ad26 vector-based vaccines provided complete or near-complete protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge in rhesus macaques. A single dose SARS-CoV-2 vaccine would have important logistic and practical advantages compared with multiple-dose vaccines for mass vaccination campaigns and pandemic control. The Ad26-S.PP vaccine from this study is currently being evaluated in clinical trials. SN - 1476-4687 (Electronic); 0028-0836 (Linking) SP - 583-588 ST - Single-shot Ad26 vaccine protects against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques T2 - Nature TI - Single-shot Ad26 vaccine protects against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques UR - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32731257 VL - 586 ID - 682 ER - TY - JOUR AB - Background BNT162b2 is a lipid nanoparticle-formulated, nucleoside-modified RNA vaccine encoding a prefusion-stabilized, membrane-anchored SARS-CoV-2 full-length spike protein. BNT162b2 is highly efficacious against COVID-19 and is currently authorized for emergency use or conditional approval worldwide. At the time of authorization, data beyond 2 months post-vaccination were unavailable.Methods In an ongoing, placebo-controlled, observer-blinded, multinational, pivotal efficacy study, 44,165 �?6-year-old participants and 2,264 12-15-year-old participants were randomized to receive 2 doses, 21 days apart, of 30 µg BNT162b2 or placebo. Study endpoints reported here are vaccine efficacy (VE) against laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 and safety data, both up to 6 months post-vaccination.Results BNT162b2 continued to be safe and well tolerated. Few participants had adverse events leading to study withdrawal. VE against COVID-19 was 91% (95% CI 89.0-93.2) through up to 6 months of follow-up, among evaluable participants and irrespective of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. VE of 86%-100% was seen across countries and in populations with diverse characteristics of age, sex, race/ethnicity, and COVID-19 risk factors in participants without evidence of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. VE against severe disease was 97% (95% CI 80.3�?9.9). In South Africa, where the SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern, B.1.351 (beta), was predominant, 100% (95% CI 53.5, 100.0) VE was observed.Conclusion With up to 6 months of follow-up and despite a gradually declining trend in vaccine efficacy, BNT162b2 had a favorable safety profile and was ��Ʒ�þþþþ�һ��ëƬ