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        Emerging Infectious Diseases Journal
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        Volume 2: No. 1, January 2005

        SPECIAL TOPIC
        Childhood Obesity ?What We Can Learn from Existing Data on Societal Trends, Part 1

          Minutes per week
        Age 3? 337
        Age 6? 442
        Age 9?2 408
        All ages 419

        Figure 1. Decline in discretionary time (in minutes per week) between 1981 and 1997 among U.S. children three to 12 years. Calculations based on data from Hofferth and Sandberg (5).

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          Minutes per week
        School, day care, studying, reading, art activity 366
        Personal care 107
        Sports/outdoors 73
        Shopping 61
        Playing -138
        Other passive leisure (e.g., conversations, church, visiting) -162
        Television -246

        Figure 2. Changes in time (in minutes per week) spent on activities between 1981 to 1997 by U.S. children aged three to 12 years. Calculations based on data from Hofferth and Sandberg (5).

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          Minutes per week
        School, day care, studying, reading, art activity 405
        Personal care 181
        Sports/outdoors 134
        Shopping 69
        Television -82
        Other passive leisure (e.g., conversations, church, visiting) -94
        Playing -509

        Figure 3. Changes in time (in minutes per week) spent between 1981 and 1997 on activities by U.S. children aged three to five years. Calculations based on data from Hofferth and Sandberg (5).

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          Minutes per week
        School, day care, studying, reading, art activity 485
        Personal care 100
        Shopping 99
        Sports/outdoors -46
        Other passive, conversations, church, visiting, leisure -135
        Television -181
        Playing -228

        Figure 4. Changes in time (in minutes per week) spent between 1981 and 1997 on activities by U.S. children aged six to eight years. Calculations based on data from Hofferth and Sandberg (5).

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          Minutes per week
        School, day care, studying, reading, art activity 369
        Sports/outdoors 92
        Personal care 92
        Playing 90
        Shopping 27
        Other passive, conversations, church, visiting, leisure -163
        Television -385

        Figure 5. Changes in time (in minutes per week) spent between 1981 to 1997 on activities by U.S. children aged nine to 12 years. Calculations based on data from Hofferth and Sandberg (5).

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          1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
        1 hour or less 28.9 29.6 29.7 31.4 31.5 31.9 32.7 32.9 32.4 34.8 35.6 34.1
        2-3 hours 41.9 41.3 41.8 41.0 41.6 41.6 40.9 40.4 41.3 39.5 38.9 39.9
        4 hours or more 29.1 29.0 28.5 27.6 26.9 26.6 26.4 26.7 26.3 25.7 25.5 26.0

        Figure 6. Percentage of teenagers who spend one hour or less, two to three hours, or four hours or more watching television on average weekday, 1991-2001. Analysis based on annual data from Monitoring the Future (18). Reprinted with permission from Child Trends.

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          1/1/1978 1/1/1980 1/1/1982 1/1/1984 1/1/1988 1/1/1990 1/1/1992 1/1/1994 1/1/1996 1/1/1999
        age 13   31 39 38 41 36 39 37 35 34
        age 17 33 33 37 40 38 37 36 39 35 35

        Figure 7. Proportion of U.S. students doing one hour or more of homework. Data available for every other year starting 1978–1996 (except 1986), plus 1999; data not available for children aged 13 in 1978. Data from Gill and Schlossman (20). Copyright 2003 by the American Educational Research Association. Reprinted with permission from publisher.

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          1/1/1984 1/1/1988 1/1/1990 1/1/1992 1/1/1994 1/1/1996 1/1/1999
        Homework assigned yesterday 64 71 69 68 68 74 74
        One hour or more 19 20 18 17 15 17 17

        Figure 8. Homework trends for children aged nine years. Data available every other year 1984–1996 (except 1986), plus 1999. Data from Gill and Schlossman (20). Copyright 2003 by the American Educational Research Association. Reprinted with permission from publisher.

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